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Operating, Selling and General (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
OPERATING, SELLING AND GENERAL  
Schedule of operating, selling and general

                                                                                                                                                                                    

($ millions)

 
2017

 
2016

 

Contract services(1)

 

3 551

 

3 363

 

Employee costs(1)

 

3 290

 

3 412

 

Materials

 
706

 
705

 

Energy

 

1 178

 
994

 

Equipment rentals and leases

 
279

 
267

 

Travel, marketing and other

 
241

 
409

 

 

 

9 245

 

9 150

 

 

 

 

 

(1)          

The company incurred $7.3 billion of contract services and employee costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 (2016 – $7.2 billion), of which $6.8 billion (2016 – $6.8 billion) was recorded in Operating, Selling and General expense and $0.5 billion was recorded as Property, Plant and Equipment (2016 – $0.4 billion). Employee costs include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation.