Other Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of other intangible assets by major class are as follows:



	Successor							Predecessor
	September 30, 2017							December 31, 2016
	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Intangible assets subject to amortization (Definite-lived):
Customer-related	$	9,383	$	(45	)	$	9,338	$	1,574	$	(586	)	$	988
Developed technology	4,112		(34		)	4,078		1,410		(838		)	572
Trademarks/trade names	1,071		(6		)	1,065		53		(15		)	38
Microbial cell factories¹	430		(2		)	428
Other²	297		(2		)	295		171		(82		)	89
Total other intangible assets with finite lives	15,293		(89		)	15,204		3,208		(1,521		)	1,687

Intangible assets not subject to amortization (Indefinite-lived):
In-process research and development ("IPR&D")	655		—			655		73		—			73
Microbial cell factories¹								306		—			306
Germplasm³	6,773		—			6,773		1,053		—			1,053
Trademarks / trade names	5,036		—			5,036		545		—			545
Total other intangible assets	12,464		—			12,464		1,977		—			1,977
Total	$	27,757	$	(89	)	$	27,668	$	5,185	$	(1,521	)	$	3,664

^1.

Microbial cell factories, derived from natural microbes, are used to sustainably produce enzymes, peptides and chemicals using natural metabolic processes. The company recognized the microbial cell factories as intangible assets upon the acquisition of Danisco. As a result of the valuation as part of the merger, it was determined that this now has a definite life and therefore it has been moved from indefinite-lived to definite-lived as of September 1, 2017.


^2.	Primarily consists of sales and grower networks, marketing and manufacturing alliances and noncompetition agreements.

^3.

Pioneer germplasm is the pool of genetic source material and body of knowledge gained from the development and delivery stage of plant breeding. The company recognized germplasm as an intangible asset upon the acquisition of Pioneer. This intangible asset is expected to contribute to cash flows beyond the foreseeable future and there are no legal, regulatory, contractual, or other factors which limit its useful life.

In connection with the Merger, the company recorded $27,844 million of intangible assets, as shown in the table below, representing the preliminary fair values at the Merger date. See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Merger.



Intangible Assets	Gross Carrying Amount		Weighted-average Amortization Period (years)
(In millions)	Gross Carrying Amount		Weighted-average Amortization Period (years)
Intangible assets with finite lives:
Customer-related	$	9,434	18
Developed technology	4,124		12
Trademarks/trade names	1,073		12
Microbial cell factories	430		23
Other	294		15
Total other intangible assets with finite lives	$	15,355
Intangible assets with indefinite lives:
IPR&D	$	655
Germplasm	6,773
Trademarks/trade names	5,061
Total intangible assets	$	27,844

The aggregate pre-tax amortization expense from continuing operations for definite-lived intangible assets was $89 million for the period September 1 through September 30, 2017, $31 million for the period July 1 through August 31, 2017, and $139 million for the period January 1 through August 31, 2017. The aggregate pre-tax amortization expense from continuing operations for definite-lived intangible assets was $46 million and $272 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Total estimated amortization expense for the next five fiscal years is as follows:



(In millions)
2017	$	512
2018	1,096
2019	1,090
2020	1,080
2021	1,067
2022	1,060