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Other (Loss) Income, Net
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2017
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other (Loss) Income, Net
Other (Loss) Income, Net 
 
Three Months Ended
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
June 30,
 
2017
2016
2017
2016
Royalty income
$
28

$
24

$
73

$
81

Interest income
33

27

58

43

Equity in earnings of affiliates, net
24

28

42

38

Net gain on sales of businesses and other assets1,2
10

11

202

384

Net exchange losses
(140
)
(15
)
(199
)
(136
)
Miscellaneous income and expenses, net3
24

(24
)
109

13

Other (loss) income, net
$
(21
)
$
51

$
285

$
423

 
1. 
Includes a pre-tax gain of $162 ($86 net of tax) for the six months ended June 30, 2017 related to the sale of the global food safety diagnostic business. See Note 3 for additional information.
2.  
Includes a pre-tax gain of $369 ($214 net of tax) for the six months ended June 30, 2016 related to the sale of DuPont (Shenzhen) Manufacturing Limited. See Note 3 for additional information.
3.  
Miscellaneous income and expenses, net, includes interest items, gains (losses) on available for sale securities, gains related to litigation settlements, licensing income, and other items. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the amount includes a $47 benefit associated with accrued interest reversals related to a reduction in the company's unrecognized tax benefits due to the closure of various tax statutes of limitations. See Note 6 for additional information.

The following table summarizes the impacts of the company's foreign currency hedging program on the company's results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. The company routinely uses foreign currency exchange contracts to offset its net exposures, by currency, related to the foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities. The objective of this program is to maintain an approximately balanced position in foreign currencies in order to minimize, on an after-tax basis, the effects of exchange rate changes on net monetary asset positions. The hedging program gains (losses) are largely taxable (tax deductible) in the U.S., whereas the offsetting exchange gains (losses) on the re-measurement of certain net monetary asset positions are not taxable (tax deductible) in their local jurisdictions. The net pre-tax exchange gains (losses) are recorded in other (loss) income, net and the related tax impact is recorded in provision for income taxes on continuing operations in the interim Consolidated Income Statements.
 
Three Months Ended
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
June 30,
 
2017
2016
2017
2016
Subsidiary Monetary Position Gain (Loss)
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax exchange (losses) gains
$
(54
)
$
146

$
(28
)
$
179

Local tax benefits (expenses)
94

(60
)
130

(47
)
Net after-tax impact from subsidiary exchange gains
$
40

$
86

$
102

$
132

 
 
 
 
 
Hedging Program Gain (Loss)
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax exchange losses
$
(86
)
$
(161
)
$
(171
)
$
(315
)
Tax benefits
31

58

61

113

Net after-tax impact from hedging program exchange losses
$
(55
)
$
(103
)
$
(110
)
$
(202
)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Exchange Gain (Loss)
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax exchange losses
$
(140
)
$
(15
)
$
(199
)
$
(136
)
Tax benefits (expenses)
125

(2
)
191

66

Net after-tax exchange losses
$
(15
)
$
(17
)
$
(8
)
$
(70
)