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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is generally less than the U.S. federal statutory rate, primarily due to research and development (“R&D”) tax credits and deductions available for domestic production activities. Our effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year as new information is obtained, which may affect the assumptions used to estimate the annual effective tax rate, including factors such as expected utilization of R&D tax credits, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the recognition or derecognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities along with net operating loss and tax credit carryovers.
We record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets to reduce the net carrying value to an amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. When we establish or reduce our valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets, the provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period when that determination is made.
We recorded income tax expense of $0.9 million (effective tax rate of 16.8%) for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $1.2 million (effective tax rate of 19.8%) for the three months ended October 1, 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the three months ended October 1, 2016 was primarily due to tax benefits recognized from additional U.S. Federal research and development tax credits. FASB ASU 2016-09 became effective beginning January 1, 2017 and required all the tax effects related to share-based payments be recorded through the income statement. This could result in fluctuations in our effective tax rate from period to period, depending on the number of awards exercised and/or vested in the quarter as well as the volatility of our stock price. During the current year three month period, we recognized tax benefits from deductions of share-based payments in excess of compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes of $0.1 million, which decreased our effective tax rate by 0.6%.
We recorded income tax expense of $2.1 million (effective tax rate of 16.4%) for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $9.9 million (effective tax rate of 30.5%) for the nine months ended October 1, 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the nine months ended October 1, 2016 was primarily due to the preliminary gain on divestitures of our Pittsburgh and Miltec operations of $18.8 million, which resulted in a higher state tax liability, compared to the current year nine month period. In addition, during the current year nine month period, we recognized tax benefits from deductions of share-based payments in excess of compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes of $0.6 million, which decreased the effective tax rate by 4.8%, and we recognized additional tax benefits from U.S. Federal research and development tax credits.
Our total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $3.7 million and $3.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. If recognized, $2.4 million would affect the effective tax rate. We do not reasonably expect significant increases or decreases to our unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.
In 2016, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) commenced an audit of our 2014 and 2015 tax years. Although the outcome of tax examinations cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe we have adequately accrued for tax deficiencies or reductions in tax benefits, if any, that could result from the examination and all open audit years.