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Share-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We have various share-based compensation programs, which include deferred stock units, stock options, and restricted stock. During the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020, we granted market-based and time-based deferred stock units. Under all programs, the terms of the awards are fixed at the grant date. We issue shares from treasury stock upon the payout of deferred stock units, the exercise of stock options, and the issuance of restricted stock awards. As of 30 September 2020, there were 4,341,614 shares available for future grant under our Long-Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP"), which is shareholder approved.
Share-based compensation cost recognized in the consolidated income statements is summarized below:
202020192018
Before-tax share-based compensation cost$55.8 $41.2 $38.8 
Income tax benefit(13.0)(9.7)(9.1)
After-tax share-based compensation cost$42.8 $31.5 $29.7 
Before-tax share-based compensation cost is primarily included in "Selling and administrative expense" on our consolidated income statements. The amount of share-based compensation cost capitalized in fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018 was not material.
Before-tax share-based compensation cost by type of program was as follows:
202020192018
Deferred stock units$55.8 $41.1 $38.3 
Stock options— — 0.2 
Restricted stock— 0.1 0.3 
Before-tax share-based compensation cost$55.8 $41.2 $38.8 

Deferred Stock Units
We have granted deferred stock units to executives, selected employees, and outside directors. These deferred stock units entitle the recipient to one share of common stock upon vesting, which is conditioned, for employee recipients, on continued employment during the deferral period and may be conditioned on achieving certain performance targets. We grant deferred stock unit awards with a two- to five-year deferral period that is subject to payout upon death, disability, or retirement. Deferred stock units issued to outside directors are paid after service on the Board of Directors ends at the time elected by the director (not to exceed 10 years after service ends). We generally expense the grant-date fair value of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period; however, expense recognition is accelerated for retirement eligible individuals who meet the requirements for vesting upon retirement. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than to estimate them. Forfeitures have not been significant historically.
Market-based deferred stock units vest as long as the employee continues to be employed by the Company and upon the achievement of the performance target. The performance target, which is approved by the Compensation Committee, is our share price appreciation and dividends paid, or "total shareholder return," in relation to a defined peer group over a three-year performance period beginning 1 October of the fiscal year of grant. We granted 80,215, 114,929, and 105,268 market-based deferred stock units in fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
The fair value of market-based deferred stock units was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model as these equity awards are tied to a market condition. The model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the grant and calculates the fair value of the awards. We generally expense the grant-date fair value of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated grant-date fair value of market-based deferred stock units was $275.19, $229.61, and $202.50 per unit in fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The calculation of the fair value of these market-based deferred stock units used the following assumptions:
202020192018
Expected volatility17.8 %17.5 %18.7 %
Risk-free interest rate1.6 %2.8 %1.9 %
Expected dividend yield2.4 %2.6 %2.6 %
In addition, we granted 123,448 time-based deferred stock units at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $230.92. In fiscal years 2019 and 2018, we granted 169,666 and 143,379 time-based deferred stock units at a weighted average grant-date fair value of and $168.68 and $162.11, respectively.
A summary of deferred stock unit activity in fiscal year 2020 is presented below:
Shares (000)Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Deferred stock units outstanding at 30 September 2019976 $156.31 
Granted203 252.53 
Paid out(300)141.08 
Forfeited/adjustments47 131.35 
Deferred stock units outstanding at 30 September 2020926 $181.14 
Cash payments made for deferred stock units totaled $4.8, $1.9, and $2.2 in fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. As of 30 September 2020, there was $52.7 of unrecognized compensation cost related to deferred stock units. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. The total fair value of deferred stock units paid out during fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018, including shares vested in prior periods, was $65.4, $19.2, and $38.5, respectively.
Stock Options
We have granted awards of options to purchase common stock to executives and selected employees. The exercise price of stock options equals the market price of our stock on the date of the grant. Options generally vest incrementally over three years and remain exercisable for ten years from the date of grant. We have not issued stock option awards since fiscal year 2015. As of 30 September 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost as all stock option awards were fully vested.
A summary of stock option activity in fiscal year 2020 is presented below:
Shares (000)Weighted Average
Exercise Price
Stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 20191,344 $93.75 
Exercised(403)86.28 
Forfeited— — 
Stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 2020941 $96.95 
The weighted average remaining contractual term of stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 2020 was 2.7 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of these stock options was $189, which represents the amount by which our closing stock price of $297.86 as of 30 September 2020 exceeds the exercise price multiplied by the number of in-the-money options outstanding or exercisable. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $65.7, $87.2, and $90.4, respectively.
Compensation cost is generally recognized over the stated vesting period consistent with the terms of the arrangement, which is either on a straight-line or graded-vesting basis. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement.
Cash received from option exercises during fiscal year 2020 was $34.1. The total tax benefit realized from stock option exercises in fiscal year 2020 was $15.4, of which $14.2 was the excess tax benefit.
Restricted Stock
The grant-date fair value of restricted stock is estimated on the date of grant based on the closing price of the stock, and compensation cost is generally amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur rather than to estimate them. Historically, forfeitures have not been significant.
We have issued shares of restricted stock to certain officers. Participants are entitled to cash dividends and to vote their respective shares. Restrictions on shares lift in one to four years or upon the earlier of retirement, death, or disability. The shares are nontransferable while subject to forfeiture.
A summary of restricted stock activity in fiscal year 2020 is presented below:
Shares (000)Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted stock outstanding at 30 September 201926 $138.00 
Vested(26)138.00 
Restricted stock outstanding at 30 September 2020— $— 
As of 30 September 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost as all restricted stock awards were fully vested. The total fair value of restricted stock vested during fiscal years 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $6.1, $2.6, and $2.2, respectively.