Note 2. Acquisitions and Dispositions

2015 Acquisitions

On June 8, 2015, the Company acquired Courier Corporation (“Courier”), a leader in digital printing and publishing primarily in the United States, specializing in educational, religious and trade books. The acquisition expanded the Company’s digital printing and content management capabilities. The purchase price for Courier was $137.3 million in cash and 8.0 million shares of RR Donnelley common stock, or a total transaction value of $291.5 million based on the Company’s closing share price on June 5, 2015, plus the assumption of Courier’s debt of $78.2 million. Courier had $20.9 million of cash as of the date of acquisition. Immediately following the acquisition, the Company repaid substantially all of the debt assumed. Courier’s book manufacturing operations are included in the Publishing and Retail Services segment, publishing operations are included in the Strategic Services segment and Brazilian operations are included in the International segment.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included net sales of $185.6 million and a loss before income taxes of $13.1 million related to the Courier acquisition, including restructuring, impairment and other charges of $31.3 million and a charge of $10.8 million resulting from an inventory purchase accounting adjustment.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded $14.3 million of acquisition-related expenses associated with acquisitions completed or contemplated, within selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Courier acquisition was recorded by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the assets acquired, including other intangible assets, based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the cost over the net amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill associated with this acquisition is primarily attributable to the synergies expected to arise as a result of the acquisition.

In addition to the acquisition of Courier, the Company completed three insignificant acquisitions in 2015, one of which included the settlement of accounts receivable in exchange for the acquisition of the business.

The tax deductible goodwill related to acquisitions was $17.3 million.

Based on the valuations, the final purchase price allocation for the Courier acquisition as well as the purchase price allocation for three insignificant acquisitions was as follows:

Accounts receivable	$	36.2
Inventories		59.0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		38.8
Property, plant and equipment		163.8
Other intangible assets		108.8
Other noncurrent assets		7.9
Goodwill		66.3
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(24.6	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(10.5	)
Deferred taxes-net		(83.7	)
Total purchase price-net of cash acquired		362.0
Less: debt assumed		80.2
Less: settlement of accounts receivable for acquisition of a business		8.6
Less: value of common stock issued		155.2
Net cash paid	$	118.0

The fair values of other intangible assets, technology and goodwill associated with the acquisition of Courier were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents the fair value, valuation techniques and related unobservable inputs for these Level 3 measurements:

	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range
Customer relationships	$	98.4	Excess earnings	Discount rate Attrition rate	14.0% - 17.0% 0.0% - 7.5%

Trade names		10.1	Relief-from-royalty method	Discount rate Royalty rate (pre-tax)	12.0% 0.3% - 1.0%

Technology	1.6		Relief-from-royalty method	Discount rate Royalty rate (pre-tax)	11.0% 15.0%

Non-compete agreement		0.3	Excess earnings	Discount rate		17.0%

The fair values of property, plant and equipment associated with the Courier acquisition were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy and were estimated using either the market approach, if a secondhand market existed, or cost approach.

2015 Disposition

On April 29, 2015, the Company sold its 50.1% interest in its Venezuelan operating entity. The proceeds were de minimis, and the sale resulted in a net loss of $14.7 million, which was recognized in net investment and other expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company’s Venezuelan operations had net sales of $16.3 million and a loss before income taxes of $38.4 million, including the net loss as a result of the sale, for the year ended December 31, 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s Venezuelan operations had net sales of $101.5 million and earnings before income taxes of $4.3 million and net sales of $97.5 million and earnings before income taxes of $16.0 million, respectively. The operations of the Venezuela business were included in the International segment.

2014 Acquisitions

On March 25, 2014, the Company acquired substantially all of the North American operations of Esselte Corporation (“Esselte”), a developer and manufacturer of nationally branded and private label office and stationery products. The acquisition, combined with the Company’s existing products, created a more competitive and efficient office products supplier capable of supplying enhanced offerings across the combined customer base. The purchase price for Esselte included $82.3 million in cash and 1.0 million shares of RR Donnelley common stock, or a total transaction value of $100.6 million based on the Company’s closing share price on March 24, 2014. Esselte’s operations are included in the Variable Print segment.

On March 10, 2014, the Company acquired the assets of MultiCorpora R&D Inc. and MultiCorpora International Inc. (together “MultiCorpora”) for approximately $6.0 million. MultiCorpora is an international provider of translation technology solutions. The acquisition of MultiCorpora expanded the capabilities of the Company’s translation services offering which supports clients’ multi-lingual communications. MultiCorpora’s operations are included in the Strategic Services segment.

On January 31, 2014, the Company acquired Consolidated Graphics, Inc. (“Consolidated Graphics”), a provider of digital and commercial printing, fulfillment services, print management and proprietary Internet-based technology solutions, with operations in North America, Europe and Asia. The acquisition enhanced the Company’s ability to provide integrated communications solutions for its customers. The purchase price for Consolidated Graphics was $359.9 million in cash and 16.0 million shares of RR Donnelley common stock, or a total transaction value of $660.6 million based on the Company’s closing share price on January 30, 2014, plus the assumption of Consolidated Graphics’ debt of $118.4 million. Immediately following the acquisition, the Company repaid substantially all of the debt assumed. Consolidated Graphics’ operations are included in the Variable Print segment, with the exception of operations in the Czech Republic and Japan which are included in the International segment.

For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded $8.6 million of acquisition-related expenses associated with acquisitions completed or contemplated, within selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Esselte, MultiCorpora and Consolidated Graphics acquisitions were recorded by allocating the cost of the acquisitions to the assets acquired, including other intangible assets, based on their estimated fair values at the applicable acquisition date. The excess of the cost of the MultiCorpora and Consolidated Graphics acquisitions over the net amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill associated with these acquisitions is primarily attributable to the synergies expected to arise as a result of the acquisitions.

For Esselte, the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired of approximately $110.1 million exceeded the purchase price of $100.6 million, resulting in a bargain purchase gain of $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, which was recorded in net investment and other expense. The gain on the bargain purchase was primarily attributable to the Company’s ability to utilize certain tax operating losses.

The tax deductible goodwill related to the Consolidated Graphics, Esselte and MultiCorpora acquisitions was $73.4 million.

Based on the valuations, the final purchase price allocations for these acquisitions as well as the purchase price allocation for an insignificant acquisition were as follows:

Accounts receivable	$	242.0
Inventories		89.6
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		17.5
Property, plant and equipment		337.0
Other intangible assets		205.0
Other noncurrent assets		11.9
Goodwill		300.1
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(221.0	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		(57.5	)
Deferred taxes-net		(96.6	)
Total purchase price-net of cash acquired		828.0
Less: debt assumed		118.4
Less: value of common stock issued		319.0
Less: gain on bargain purchase		9.5
Net cash paid	$	381.1

The fair values of other intangible assets, technology and goodwill associated with the acquisitions of Esselte, MultiCorpora and Consolidated Graphics were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents the fair values, valuation techniques and related unobservable inputs for these Level 3 measurements:

	Fair Value	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range
Customer relationships	$ 178.2	Excess earnings	Discount rate Attrition rate	17.0% - 21.0% 5.0% - 9.5%

Trade names	26.5	Relief-from-royalty method	Discount rate Royalty rate (pre-tax)	19.0% 0.5% - 1.5%

Technology	1.1	Excess earnings	Discount rate	17.0%

The fair values of property, plant and equipment associated with the Consolidated Graphics, Esselte, and MultiCorpora acquisitions were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. Property, plant and equipment values were estimated using either the cost or market approach, if a secondhand market existed.

2014 Dispositions

On August 15, 2014, the Company sold the assets and liabilities of Journalism Online, LLC (“Journalism Online”), a provider of online subscription management services, for net proceeds of $10.5 million, all of which was received as of June 30, 2015, resulting in a gain of $11.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2014. As a result of a final sale price adjustment in accordance with the agreement, a $0.2 million loss was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015, resulting in a total net gain of $11.0 million. The gain and loss were included in net investment and other expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The operations of the Journalism Online business were included in the Strategic Services segment.

On August 11, 2014, the Company’s subsidiary, RR Donnelley Argentina S.A. (“RRDA”), filed for bankruptcy liquidation in bankruptcy court in Argentina. The bankruptcy petition was approved by the court shortly thereafter and a bankruptcy trustee was appointed. As a result of the bankruptcy liquidation, the Company recorded a loss of $16.4 million in net investment and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2014. Effective as of the court’s approval, the operating results of RRDA are no longer included in the Company’s consolidated results of operations. RRDA had net sales of $22.1 million and a loss before income taxes of $3.4 million and net sales of $55.8 million and a loss before income taxes of $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The operations of RRDA were included in the International segment.

On February 7, 2014, the Company sold the assets and liabilities of Office Tiger Global Real Estate Service Inc. (“GRES”), its commercial and residential real estate advisory services, for net proceeds of $1.8 million and a loss of $0.8 million, which was recognized in net investment and other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The operations of the GRES business were included in the International segment.

2013 Disposition

During the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company sold the assets and liabilities of R.R. Donnelley SAS (“MRM France”), its direct mail business located in Cosne sur Loire, France, for a loss of $17.9 million, which was recognized in net investment and other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The loss included cash incentive payments due to the purchaser of $18.8 million, of which $16.4 million was paid as of December 31, 2014 with the remaining balance to be paid during the first quarter of 2016. The operations of the MRM France business were included in the International segment.

For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded $5.9 million of acquisition-related expenses associated with acquisitions contemplated or completed in subsequent periods within selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Pro forma results

The following unaudited pro forma financial information for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 presents the combined results of operations of the Company and the acquisitions described above, as if the acquisitions had occurred as of January 1 of the year prior to acquisition.

The unaudited pro forma net sales are not intended to represent or be indicative of the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition that would have been reported had these acquisitions been completed as of the beginning of the periods presented and should not be taken as indicative of the Company’s future consolidated results of operations or financial condition. Pro forma adjustments are tax-effected at the applicable statutory tax rates.

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2015		2014
Net sales	$	11,380.1	$	12,033.7
Net earnings attributable to RR Donnelley common shareholders		190.7		131.7
Net earnings per share attributable to RR Donnelley common shareholders:
Basic	$	0.91	$	0.63
Diluted	$	0.91	$	0.63

The following table outlines unaudited pro forma financial information for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2015		2014
Amortization of purchased intangibles	$	82.9	$	89.6
Restructuring, impairment and other charges		93.7		129.6

Additionally, the pro forma adjustments affecting net earnings attributable to RR Donnelley common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

	Year ended
	December 31,
	2015			2014
Depreciation and amortization of purchased assets, pre-tax	$	3.9		$	1.4
Acquisition-related expenses, pre-tax		18.9			16.0
Restructuring, impairment and other charges, pre-tax		29.4			8.1
Inventory fair value adjustments, pre-tax		10.8			3.5
Other pro forma adjustments, pre-tax		1.2			(3.2	)
Income taxes		(16.6	)		(1.9	)