4. Income taxes

The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following:


(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	426,933	$	613,009	$	590,120
Foreign		105		135		1,678
State		79,011		88,990		84,021
		506,049		702,134		675,819
Deferred:
Federal		(159,728)		11,053		6,410
Foreign		(22)		—		—
State		22,021		1,308		5,715
		(137,729)		12,361		12,125
	$	368,320	$	714,495	$	687,944

A reconciliation between actual income taxes and amounts computed by applying the federal statutory rate to income before income taxes is summarized as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	2017				2016				2015
U.S. federal statutory rate on earnings before income taxes	$	643,326	33.7	%	$	687,969	35.0	%	$	648,558	35.0	%
Impact of tax rate changes		(310,756)	(16.3)			—	—			—	—
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit		61,201	3.2			60,168	3.1			59,700	3.2
Jobs credits, net of federal income taxes		(26,759)	(1.4)			(18,952)	(1.0)			(21,366)	(1.2)
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowances, net of federal taxes		4,435	0.2			(1,474)	(0.1)			(1,371)	(0.1)
Stock-based compensation programs		(2,227)	(0.1)			(9,915)	(0.5)			—	—
Decrease in income tax reserves		(1,837)	(0.1)			(2,161)	(0.1)			(2,037)	(0.1)
Other, net		937	0.1			(1,140)	(0.1)			4,460	0.3
	$	368,320	19.3	%	$	714,495	36.3	%	$	687,944	37.1	%

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was signed into law. Among other changes, the Act reduces the federal corporate tax rate to 21% from 35% effective January 1, 2018, including a reduction in the Company’s current year federal corporate tax rate for 2017 to 33.7% as a result of the Company’s 2017 fiscal year ending approximately one month after the effective date of the Act.

Under accounting standards for income taxes, the impact of new tax legislation must be taken into account in the period in which the new legislation is enacted, including the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities at the tax rates that such items are expected to reverse in future periods. Subsequent to the Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, allowing companies to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to exceed one year after the enactment date while the accounting impact remains under analysis. The Company’s 2017 provision for income taxes reflects such estimates due to the changes in income tax law, including a provisional tax benefit of $335 million. The provisional tax benefit consists of $310.8 million related to the one-time remeasurement of the federal portion of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at the 21% rate and $24.2 million related to the reduced statutory tax rate of 33.7%, compared to 35% in prior years. The ultimate impact may differ from these provisional amounts due to additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company has made, additional regulatory guidance that may be issued and actions the Company may take as a result of the Act. Any subsequent adjustments to provisional estimates will be reflected in the Company’s income tax provision during one or more periods in 2018.

The effective income tax rate for 2017 was 19.3% compared to a rate of 36.3% for 2016 which represents a net decrease of 17 percentage points. The effective income tax rate was lower in 2017 primarily due to the one-time remeasurement of the federal portion of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at 21%, and the changes in the federal income tax laws pursuant to the Act that lowered the Company’s federal statutory tax rate to 33.7% for 2017, compared to 35% in 2016.

The 2016 effective tax rate was an expense of 36.3%. This expense was greater than the federal statutory tax rate of 35% due primarily to the inclusion of state income taxes in the total effective tax rate. The effective income tax rate was lower in 2016 due principally to the adoption of a change in accounting guidance related to employee share-based payments, requiring the recognition of excess tax benefits in the statement of income rather than in the balance sheet, as reported in prior years.

The 2015 effective tax rate was an expense of 37.1%. This expense was greater than the federal statutory tax rate of 35% primarily due to the inclusion of state income taxes in the total effective tax rate.

Deferred taxes reflect the effects of temporary differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:


	February 2,		February 3,
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred compensation expense	$	6,522	$	7,626
Accrued expenses		3,324		6,958
Accrued rent		23,418		24,077
Accrued insurance		8,630		72,990
Accrued incentive compensation		6,394		15,170
Share based compensation		13,442		18,908
Interest rate hedges		1,765		3,175
Tax benefit of income tax and interest reserves related to uncertain tax positions		365		746
Deferred gain on sale-leaseback		12,847		20,872
Other		3,900		12,591
State tax net operating loss carryforwards, net of federal tax		602		—
State tax credit carryforwards, net of federal tax		8,350		8,765
		89,559		191,878
Less valuation allowances, net of federal taxes		(4,435)		—
Total deferred tax assets		85,124		191,878
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(255,215)		(334,430)
Inventories		(46,244)		(65,844)
Trademarks		(269,820)		(434,045)
Prepaid insurance		(22,875)		—
Other		(6,672)		(10,400)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(600,826)		(844,719)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(515,702)	$	(652,841)

The Company has state tax credit carryforwards of approximately $10.6 million that will expire beginning in 2022 through 2027 and the Company has approximately $17.6 million of state apportioned net operating loss carryforwards, which will begin to expire in 2033 and will continue through 2038.

The Company established a valuation allowance for the state tax credit carryforwards, in the amount of $4.4 million (net of federal benefit) increasing income tax expense in 2017. Management believes that results from operations will not generate sufficient taxable income to realize certain state tax credits before they expire. In 2016, the Company reversed all of the previously recorded valuation allowance for state tax credit carryforwards in the amount of $1.5 million, which was recorded as a reduction in income tax expense.

Based upon expected future income, management believes that it is more likely than not that the results of operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the remaining deferred tax assets.

The Company’s 2013 and earlier tax years are not open for further examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The IRS, at its discretion, may choose to examine the Company’s 2014 through 2017 fiscal year income tax filings. The Company has various state income tax examinations that are currently in progress. Generally, with few exceptions, the Company’s 2014 and later tax years remain open for examination by the various state taxing authorities.

As of February 2, 2018, accruals for uncertain tax benefits, interest expense related to income taxes and potential income tax penalties were $1.0 million, $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for a total of $2.5 million. This total amount is reflected in noncurrent Other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

As of February 3, 2017, accruals for uncertain tax benefits, interest expense related to income taxes and potential income tax penalties were $3.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, for a total of $4.8 million. This total amount is reflected in noncurrent Other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company’s reserve for uncertain tax positions will not be reduced in the coming twelve months as a result of expiring statutes of limitations. As of February 2, 2018, approximately $1.0 million of the uncertain tax positions would impact the Company’s effective income tax rate if the Company were to recognize the tax benefit for these positions.

The amounts associated with uncertain tax positions included in income tax expense consists of the following:


(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(2,076)	$	(3,795)	$	(2,379)
Income tax related interest expense (benefit)		(123)		(31)		(23)
Income tax related penalty expense (benefit)		(9)		50		373

A reconciliation of the uncertain income tax positions from January 30, 2015 through February 2, 2018 is as follows:


(In thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Beginning balance	$	3,117	$	6,964	$	9,343
Increases—tax positions taken in the current year		66		41		214
Increases—tax positions taken in prior years		27		52		17
Decreases—tax positions taken in prior years		—		(1,435)		(106)
Statute expirations		(2,169)		(2,453)		(2,504)
Settlements		—		(52)		—
Ending balance	$	1,041	$	3,117	$	6,964