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Derivative And Credit-Related Financial Instruments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Derivative Instruments DERIVATIVE AND CREDIT-RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
In the normal course of business, the Corporation enters into various transactions involving derivative and credit-related financial instruments to manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rate, foreign currency and other market risks and to meet the financing needs of customers (customer-initiated derivatives). These financial instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of market and credit risk. Market and credit risk are included in the determination of fair value.
Market risk is the potential loss that may result from movements in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates or energy commodity prices that cause an unfavorable change in the value of a financial instrument. The Corporation manages this risk by establishing monetary exposure limits and monitoring compliance with those limits. Market risk inherent in interest rate and energy contracts entered into on behalf of customers is mitigated by taking offsetting positions, except in those circumstances when the amount, tenor and/or contract rate level results in negligible economic risk, whereby the cost of purchasing an offsetting contract is not economically justifiable. The Corporation mitigates most of the inherent market risk in foreign exchange contracts entered into on behalf of customers by taking offsetting positions and manages the remainder through individual foreign currency position limits and aggregate value-at-risk limits. These limits are established annually and positions are monitored quarterly. Market risk inherent in derivative instruments held or issued for risk management purposes is typically offset by changes in the fair value of the assets or liabilities being hedged.
Credit risk is the possible loss that may occur in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to a financial instrument. The Corporation attempts to minimize credit risk arising from customer-initiated derivatives by evaluating the creditworthiness of each customer, adhering to the same credit approval process used for traditional lending activities and obtaining collateral as deemed necessary. Derivatives with dealer counterparties are either cleared through a clearinghouse or settled directly with a single counterparty. For derivatives settled directly with dealer counterparties, the Corporation utilizes counterparty risk limits and monitoring procedures as well as master netting arrangements and bilateral collateral agreements to facilitate the management of credit risk.
Included in the fair value of derivative instruments are credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk. These adjustments are determined by applying a credit spread for the counterparty or the Corporation, as appropriate, to the total expected exposure of the derivative. Master netting arrangements effectively reduce credit valuation adjustments by permitting settlement of positive and negative positions and offset cash collateral held with the same counterparty on a net basis. Bilateral collateral agreements require daily exchange of cash or highly rated securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or other U.S. government entities to collateralize amounts due to either party. At December 31, 2023, counterparties with bilateral collateral agreements deposited $143 million of cash with the Corporation to secure the fair value of contracts in an unrealized gain position, and the Corporation had pledged $4 million of marketable investment securities and posted $14 million of cash as collateral for contracts in an unrealized loss position. For those counterparties not covered under bilateral collateral agreements, collateral is obtained, if deemed necessary, based on the results of management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral varies, but may include cash, investment securities, accounts receivable, equipment or real estate.
Derivative Instruments
Derivative instruments utilized by the Corporation are negotiated over-the-counter and primarily include swaps, caps and floors, forward contracts and options, each of which may relate to interest rates, energy commodity prices or foreign currency exchange rates. Swaps are agreements in which two parties periodically exchange cash payments based on specified indices applied to a specified notional amount until a stated maturity. Caps and floors are agreements which entitle the buyer to receive cash payments based on the difference between a specified reference rate or price and an agreed strike rate or price, applied to a specified notional amount until a stated maturity. Forward contracts are over-the-counter agreements to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date and price. Options are similar to forward contracts except the purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the asset during a specified period or at a specified future date.
Over-the-counter contracts are tailored to meet the needs of the counterparties involved and, therefore, contain a greater degree of credit risk and liquidity risk than exchange-traded contracts, which have standardized terms and readily available price information. The Corporation reduces exposure to market and liquidity risks from over-the-counter derivative instruments entered into for risk management purposes, and transactions entered into to mitigate the market risk associated with customer-initiated transactions, by taking offsetting positions with investment grade domestic and foreign financial institutions and subjecting counterparties to credit approvals, limits and collateral monitoring procedures similar to those used in making other extensions of credit. In addition, certain derivative contracts executed bilaterally with a dealer counterparty in the over-the-counter market are cleared through a clearinghouse, whereby the clearinghouse becomes the counterparty to the transaction.
The following table presents the composition of the Corporation’s derivative instruments held or issued for risk management purposes or in connection with customer-initiated and other activities at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The table excludes a derivative related to the Corporation's 2008 sale of its remaining ownership of Visa shares and includes accrued interest receivable and payable.
 December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
  Fair Value Fair Value
(in millions)Notional/
Contract
Amount (a)		Gross Derivative AssetsGross Derivative LiabilitiesNotional/
Contract
Amount (a)		Gross Derivative AssetsGross Derivative Liabilities
Risk management purposes
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate contracts:
Fair value swaps - receive fixed/pay floating$6,300 $— $— $3,150 $— $— 
Cash flow swaps - receive fixed/
pay floating (b)
24,850 — 8 26,600 — 50 
Derivatives used as economic hedges
Foreign exchange contracts:
Spot, forwards and swaps560 1 3 392 1 3 
Total risk management purposes31,710 1 11 30,142 1 53 
Customer-initiated and other activities
Interest rate contracts:
Caps and floors written1,577 — 18 924 — 25 
Caps and floors purchased1,577 18 — 924 25 — 
Swaps19,316 207 409 18,450 181 569 
Total interest rate contracts22,470 225 427 20,298 206 594 
Energy contracts:
Caps and floors written3,719 3 291 4,051 — 430 
Caps and floors purchased3,719 292 3 4,051 431 — 
Swaps6,368 463 442 6,419 589 576 
Total energy contracts13,806 758 736 14,521 1,020 1,006 
Foreign exchange contracts:
Spot, forwards, options and swaps2,751 35 32 2,704 52 42 
Total customer-initiated and other activities39,027 1,018 1,195 37,523 1,278 1,642 
Total gross derivatives$70,737 1,019 1,206 $67,665 1,279 1,695 
Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Netting adjustment - Offsetting derivative assets/liabilities(311)(311)(644)(644)
Netting adjustment - Cash collateral received/posted(143)(13)(180)(4)
Net derivatives included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (c)565 882 455 1,047 
Amounts not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Marketable securities pledged under bilateral collateral agreements(501)(4)(70)(202)
Net derivatives after deducting amounts not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets$64 $878 $385 $845 
(a)Notional or contractual amounts, which represent the extent of involvement in the derivatives market, are used to determine the contractual cash flows required in accordance with the terms of the agreement. These amounts are typically not exchanged, significantly exceed amounts subject to credit or market risk and are not reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(b)December 31, 2023 included $2.0 billion of forward starting swaps that will become effective on their contractual start dates in 2024.
(c)Net derivative assets are included in accrued income and other assets and net derivative liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Included in the fair value of net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities are credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk and credit risk of the Corporation. The fair value of net derivative assets included credit valuation adjustments for counterparty credit risk of $3 million and $2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Risk Management
The Corporation's derivative instruments used for managing interest rate risk include cash flow hedging strategies that convert variable-rate loans to fixed rates and fair value hedging strategies that convert fixed-rate medium-and long-term debt to variable rates. Interest and fees on loans included (expense) income related to swaps settlements of $(602) million, $(25) million and $95 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table details the effects of fair value hedging on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
(in millions)Interest on Medium- and Long-Term Debt
Years Ended December 31202320222021
Total interest on medium-and long-term debt (a)$378 $87 $35 
Fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items265 112 102 
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments113 (25)(68)
(a)Includes the effects of hedging.
The following tables summarize the expected weighted average remaining maturity of the notional amount of risk management interest rate swaps, the weighted average interest rates associated with amounts expected to be received or paid on interest rate swap agreements, and for fair value swaps, the carrying amount of the related hedged items, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Cash flow swaps - receive fixed/pay floating rate on variable-rate loans (a)
(dollar amounts in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Weighted average:
   Time to maturity (in years)3.9 4.6 
   Receive rate (b)
2.43 %2.35 %
   Pay rate (b), (c)
5.38 4.07 
(a)Includes $7.0 billion of de-designated interest rate swaps.
(b)Excludes forward starting swaps not effective as of the period shown. December 31, 2023 excluded $2.0 billion of forward starting swaps. December 31, 2022 excluded $4.6 billion of forward starting swaps.
(c)Variable rates paid on receive fixed swaps designated as cash flow hedges were based on BSBY or SOFR rates in effect at December 31, 2023 and LIBOR, BSBY or SOFR rates in effect at December 31, 2022.
Fair value swaps - receive fixed/pay floating rate on medium- and long-term debt
(dollar amounts in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying value of hedged items (a)6,206 3,024 
Weighted average:
   Time to maturity (in years)3.1 3.9 
   Receive rate3.67 %3.52 %
   Pay rate (b)5.74 4.90 
(a)Included $(93) million and $(124) million of cumulative hedging adjustments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which included $3 million and $4 million, respectively, of hedging adjustment on a discontinued hedging relationship.
(b)Floating rates paid on receive fixed swaps designated as fair value hedges were based on SOFR rates in effect at December 31, 2023 and SOFR and LIBOR rates in effect at December 31, 2022.
De-designated Interest Rate Swaps and Price Alignment Income
On November 15, 2023, the Bloomberg Index Services Limited announced a permanent cessation of BSBY and all of its tenors effective November 15, 2024. Accordingly, the Corporation de-designated $7.0 billion of interest rate swaps accounted for as cash flow hedges of BSBY-indexed loans, as of November 15, 2023, because it was no longer probable that the BSBY-based loan cash flows would occur through the duration of the hedging relationships.
As a result of the de-designation, a pre-tax loss of $195 million was reclassified out of AOCI and into earnings for cash flows no longer probable of occurring. In addition, periodic settlement losses of $29 million and fair market value gains of $133 million for de-designated positions were recognized as part of noninterest income from the de-designation date of November 15, 2023 through December 31, 2023. This resulted in a net loss of $91 million recorded as a component of risk management hedging (loss) income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
Amounts in AOCI related to cash flows that continue to be probable of occurring are amortized out of AOCI and into earnings from the de-designation date through BSBY cessation, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $26 million recognized as part of interest and fees on loans as of December 31, 2023. Along with settlements no longer recognized through margin, this resulted in a net benefit of $3 million to interest and fees on loans for the year ended December 31, 2023.
For more information on accumulated net losses on cash flow hedges, refer to Note 14.
Risk management hedging (loss) income also includes price alignment income, which is income received on payments made to a central clearing party for centrally cleared derivatives. Positions are settled daily based on derivative fair values and the party receiving net settlement amounts pays price alignment, based on an earning rate, to the party making settlement payments. Price alignment income totaled $51 million for the year ending December 31, 2023, $8 million for the year ending December 31, 2022 and was insignificant for the year ending December 31, 2021.
Customer-Initiated and Other
The Corporation enters into derivative transactions at the request of customers and generally takes offsetting positions with dealer counterparties to mitigate the inherent market risk. Income primarily results from the spread between the customer derivative and the offsetting dealer position.
For customer-initiated foreign exchange contracts where offsetting positions have not been taken, the Corporation manages the remaining inherent market risk through individual foreign currency position limits and aggregate value-at-risk limits. These limits are established annually and reviewed quarterly.
Fair values of customer-initiated and other derivative instruments represent the net unrealized gains or losses on such contracts and are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in fair value are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The net gains recognized in income on customer-initiated derivative instruments, net of the impact of offsetting positions included in derivative income, were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(in millions)202320222021
Interest rate contracts$22 $34 $36 
Energy contracts25 28 18 
Foreign exchange contracts51 47 45 
Total$98 $109 $99 
Credit-Related Financial Instruments
The Corporation issues off-balance sheet financial instruments in connection with commercial and consumer lending activities. The Corporation’s credit risk associated with these instruments is represented by the contractual amounts indicated in the following table.
(in millions)
December 3120232022
Unused commitments to extend credit:
Commercial and other$27,303 $30,800 
Bankcard, revolving credit and home equity loan commitments4,082 4,017 
Total unused commitments to extend credit$31,385 $34,817 
Standby letters of credit$3,586 $3,712 
Commercial letters of credit48 39 
The Corporation maintains an allowance to cover current expected credit losses inherent in lending-related commitments, including unused commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and financial guarantees. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $40 million and $51 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Unused Commitments to Extend Credit
Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a customer, provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total contractual amount of commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Corporation. Commercial and other unused commitments are primarily variable rate commitments. The allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments
included $38 million and $44 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for expected credit losses inherent in the Corporation’s unused commitments to extend credit.
Standby and Commercial Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit represent conditional obligations of the Corporation which guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. Commercial letters of credit are issued to finance foreign or domestic trade transactions. These contracts expire in decreasing amounts through the year 2033. The Corporation may enter into participation arrangements with third parties that effectively reduce the maximum amount of future payments which may be required under standby and commercial letters of credit. These risk participations covered $85 million and $107 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of the $3.6 billion and $3.8 billion of standby and commercial letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The carrying value of the Corporation’s standby and commercial letters of credit, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, totaled $34 million at December 31, 2023, including $32 million in deferred fees and $2 million in the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments. At December 31, 2022, the comparable amounts were $35 million, $28 million and $7 million, respectively.
The following table presents a summary of criticized standby and commercial letters of credit at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Corporation's criticized list is consistent with the Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful categories defined by regulatory authorities. The Corporation manages credit risk through underwriting, periodically reviewing and approving its credit exposures using Board committee approved credit policies and guidelines.
(dollar amounts in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Total criticized standby and commercial letters of credit$50 $37 
As a percentage of total outstanding standby and commercial letters of credit1.4 %1.0 %
Other Credit-Related Financial Instruments
The Corporation enters into credit risk participation agreements, under which the Corporation assumes credit exposure associated with a borrower’s performance related to certain interest rate derivative contracts. The Corporation is not a party to the interest rate derivative contracts and only enters into these credit risk participation agreements in instances in which the Corporation is also a party to the related loan participation agreement for such borrowers. The Corporation manages its credit risk on the credit risk participation agreements by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrowers, which is based on the normal credit review process as if the Corporation had entered into the derivative instruments directly with the borrower. The notional amount of such credit risk participation agreements reflects the pro-rata share of the derivative instrument, consistent with its share of the related participated loan. The total notional amount of the credit risk participation agreements was approximately $1.0 billion and $951 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the fair value was insignificant at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The maximum estimated exposure to these agreements, as measured by projecting a maximum value of the guaranteed derivative instruments as of the balance sheet date, assuming 100 percent default by all obligors on the maximum values, was $2 million at December 31, 2023 and insignificant at December 31, 2022. In the event of default, the lead bank has the ability to liquidate the assets of the borrower, in which case the lead bank would be required to return a percentage of the recouped assets to the participating banks. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining maturity of outstanding credit risk participation agreements was 4.1 years.