10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________ 

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 1-6003

  _____________________________________________

 

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	36-1063330
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1415 West 22nd Street, Oak Brook, Illinois

(Address of principal executive offices)

60523

(Zip code)

(630) 954-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

  _____________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share	FSS	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☑

As of April 30, 2023, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock was 60,888,266.

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
	Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	7
	Note 2 – Acquisitions	8
	Note 3 – Revenue Recognition	10
	Note 4 – Inventories	10
	Note 5 – Debt	11
	Note 6 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	12
	Note 7 – Income Taxes	13
	Note 8 – Pensions	13
	Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies	13
	Note 10 – Earnings Per Share	19
	Note 11 – Stockholders’ Equity	19
	Note 12 – Segment Information	21
	Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements	21
	Note 14 – Subsequent Events	23
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	31
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	31
Item 5.	Other Information	31
Item 6.	Exhibits	32
SIGNATURE		33

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) is being filed by Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to collectively as the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” herein, unless the context otherwise indicates) with the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and includes comments made by management that may contain words such as “may,” “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “estimate” and “objective” or similar terminology, or the negative thereof, concerning the Company’s future financial performance, business strategy, plans, goals and objectives. These expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include information concerning the Company’s possible or assumed future performance or results of operations and are not guarantees. While these statements are based on assumptions and judgments that management has made in light of industry experience as well as perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors believed to be appropriate under the circumstances, they are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different.

These risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, include the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. These factors may not constitute all factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in any forward-looking statement. The Company operates in a continually changing business environment and new factors emerge from time to time, including, for example, the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and the government response to the pandemic. The Company cannot predict such factors, nor can it assess the impact, if any, of such factors on its results of operations, financial condition or cash flow. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a predictor of actual results. The Company disclaims any responsibility to update any forward-looking statement provided in this Form 10-Q.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the Exchange Act and, as a result, is obligated to file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other reports and information with the SEC, as well as amendments to those reports. The Company makes these filings available free of charge through our website at www.federalsignal.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information on our website does not constitute part of this Form 10-Q. In addition, the SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically.

1

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.     Financial Statements (Unaudited).

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2023		2022
Net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Cost of sales	289.7		254.5
Gross profit	95.8		75.7
Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses	52.0		43.6
Amortization expense	3.6		3.3
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.7		0.3
Operating income	39.5		28.5
Interest expense	4.7		1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1		(0.4)
Income before income taxes	34.7		27.6
Income tax expense	7.3		7.1
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.45	$	0.34
Diluted	0.45		0.33
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	60.7		60.7
Diluted	61.3		61.4

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment	1.5		(1.6)
Change in unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost related to pension benefit plans, net of income tax expense of $0.0 and $0.4 respectively	—		1.0
Change in unrealized gain or loss on interest rate swaps, net of income tax (benefit) expense of $(0.3) and $0.7, respectively	(0.9)		2.1
Total other comprehensive income	0.6		1.5
Comprehensive income	$	28.0	$	22.0

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
(in millions, except per share data)	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	38.4	$	47.5
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $2.8 and $2.5, respectively	191.6		173.8
Inventories	317.6		292.7
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	18.7		17.4
Total current assets	566.3		531.4
Properties and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $161.6 and $156.4, respectively	180.8		179.3
Rental equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $46.1 and $45.4, respectively	121.9		109.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets	25.8		24.7
Goodwill	458.4		453.4
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $59.0 and $55.4, respectively	212.8		208.2
Deferred tax assets	8.6		8.8
Other long-term assets	9.7		9.4
Total assets	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$	2.3	$	1.5
Accounts payable	95.6		72.4
Customer deposits	26.1		25.4
Accrued liabilities:
Compensation and withholding taxes	21.8		31.1
Current operating lease liabilities	7.5		6.9
Other current liabilities	49.8		43.2
Total current liabilities	203.1		180.5
Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	373.2		361.5
Long-term operating lease liabilities	19.4		18.5
Long-term pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	39.9		38.9
Deferred tax liabilities	50.3		51.0
Other long-term liabilities	16.4		13.0
Total liabilities	702.3		663.4
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 90.0 shares authorized, 69.7 and 69.5 shares issued, respectively	69.7		69.5
Capital in excess of par value	274.7		271.8
Retained earnings	804.1		782.2
Treasury stock, at cost, 8.8 and 8.8 shares, respectively	(183.1)		(178.6)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(83.4)		(84.0)
Total stockholders’ equity	882.0		860.9
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Operating activities:
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14.3		13.4
Stock-based compensation expense	2.0		2.4
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration	(0.2)		—
Amortization of interest rate swap settlement gain	(0.6)		—
Deferred income taxes	(0.3)		0.3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities	(35.5)		(29.6)
Net cash provided by operating activities	7.1		7.0
Investing activities:
Purchases of properties and equipment	(6.0)		(33.7)
Payments for acquisition-related activity, net of cash acquired	(13.5)		(1.0)
Other, net	0.1		0.4
Net cash used for investing activities	(19.4)		(34.3)
Financing activities:
Increase in revolving lines of credit, net	12.6		46.8
Purchases of treasury stock	—		(13.6)
Redemptions of common stock to satisfy withholding taxes related to stock-based compensation	(3.8)		(1.5)
Payments for acquisition-related activity	(0.5)		—
Cash dividends paid to stockholders	(5.5)		(5.5)
Proceeds from stock-based compensation activity	0.4		—
Other, net	(0.1)		(0.1)
Net cash provided by financing activities	3.1		26.1
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	0.1		(0.1)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(9.1)		(1.3)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	47.5		40.5
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	38.4	$	39.2

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(in millions)	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	69.5	$	271.8	$	782.2	$	(178.6)	$	(84.0)	$	860.9
Net income					27.4						27.4
Total other comprehensive income									0.6		0.6
Cash dividends declared ($0.09 per share)					(5.5)						(5.5)
Stock-based payments:
Stock-based compensation			2.0								2.0
Stock option exercises and other	0.1		1.0				(1.2)				(0.1)
Performance share unit transactions	0.1		(0.1)				(3.3)				(3.3)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	69.7	$	274.7	$	804.1	$	(183.1)	$	(83.4)	$	882.0

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(in millions)	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	68.9	$	256.7	$	683.6	$	(151.0)	$	(74.2)	$	784.0
Net income					20.5						20.5
Total other comprehensive income									1.5		1.5
Cash dividends declared ($0.09 per share)					(5.5)						(5.5)
Stock-based payments:
Stock-based compensation			2.4								2.4
Stock option exercises and other	0.1		0.3				(0.6)				(0.2)
Performance share unit transactions	0.1		(0.1)				(1.3)				(1.3)
Stock repurchase program							(13.6)				(13.6)
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	69.1	$	259.3	$	698.6	$	(166.5)	$	(72.7)	$	787.8

6

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization and Description of the Business

Federal Signal Corporation was founded in 1901 and was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1969. References herein to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Products manufactured and services rendered by the Company are divided into two reportable segments: Environmental Solutions Group and Safety and Security Systems Group. The individual operating businesses are organized as such because they share certain characteristics, including technology, marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies. These segments are discussed in Note 12 – Segment Information.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements represent the consolidation of Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries included herein and have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures presented herein are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. Except as otherwise noted, these condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and should be read in conjunction with those consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

These condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that we considered necessary to present a fair statement of our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. While we label our quarterly information using a calendar convention whereby our first, second and third quarters are labeled as ending on March 31, June 30 and September 30, respectively, it is our longstanding practice to establish interim quarterly closing dates based on a 13-week period ending on a Saturday, with our fiscal year ending on December 31. The effects of this practice are not material and exist only within a reporting year.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

There are no new accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet adopted, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flow.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

7

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 2 – ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Blasters

On January 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all the assets and operations of Blasters, Inc. and Blasters Technologies, LLC (collectively, “Blasters”), a leading U.S. manufacturer of truck-mounted waterblasting equipment. The Company expects that the Blasters acquisition will further bolster its position as an industry leading diversified industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance and infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding products, and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.

The assets and liabilities of Blasters have been consolidated into the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, and the post-acquisition results of operations have been included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, within the Environmental Solutions Group.

The initial cash consideration paid by the Company to acquire Blasters was $13.4 million, inclusive of certain preliminary closing adjustments, and was funded through existing cash and borrowings under the Company’s credit agreement. In addition, there is a contingent earn-out payment of up to $8.0 million, based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a specified performance period. Any additional closing adjustments are expected to be finalized before the end of the third quarter of 2023.

The acquisition is being accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the total purchase price has been allocated on a preliminary basis to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition based on their estimated fair values as of the completion of the acquisition. A single estimate of fair value results from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and relies heavily on estimates and assumptions. The Company’s judgments used to determine the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact the Company’s results of operations. Due to the proximity of the date of acquisition to the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company’s purchase price allocation as of March 31, 2023 reflects various provisional estimates that were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the filing date of this Form 10-Q. The Company believes that information provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; however, the determination of those fair values is not yet finalized. Thus, the preliminary measurements of fair value set forth in the table below are subject to change during the measurement period as valuations are finalized. The Company expects to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable.

8

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

(in millions)
Purchase price, inclusive of preliminary closing adjustments	$	13.4
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	4.0
Total consideration	17.4
Accounts receivable	0.7
Inventories	4.6
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	0.1
Properties and equipment	1.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets (b)	1.1
Customer relationships (c)	5.3
Trade names (d)	2.6
Other intangible assets	0.3
Operating lease liabilities (b)	(1.1)
Accounts payable	(0.9)
Accrued liabilities	(0.3)
Customer deposits	(0.5)
Finance lease obligations	(0.1)
Net assets acquired	12.9
Goodwill (e)	$	4.5

(a)    Represents the preliminary estimated fair value of the contingent earn-out payment as of the acquisition date, of which $1.0 million is included in Other current liabilities and $3.0 million is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements for discussion of the methodology used to determine the fair value of the contingent earn-out payment.

(b)    In connection with the acquisition, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the Blasters facility, which is owned by affiliates of the sellers. The related-party lease contains a market-based annual rent of $0.2 million, an initial lease term of five years, and options to renew.

(c)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to customer relationships, which are considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, with a preliminary estimated useful life of approximately 12 years.

(d)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to trade names, which are considered to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.

(e)    Goodwill, which is tax-deductible, has been allocated to the Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will primarily benefit this segment.

In the period between the January 3, 2023 closing date and March 31, 2023, Blasters generated $5.9 million of net sales and $0.6 million of operating income. The acquisition was not, and would not have been, material to the Company’s net sales or results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Accordingly, the Company’s consolidated results do not differ materially from historical performance as a result of the acquisition, and therefore, unaudited pro-forma results are not presented.

9

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 3 – REVENUE RECOGNITION

The following table presents the Company’s Net sales disaggregated by geographic region, based on the location of the end customer, and by major product line:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Geographic Region:
U.S.	$	309.1	$	264.4
Canada	43.9		42.3
Europe/Other	32.5		23.5
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Major Product Line:
Environmental Solutions
Vehicles and equipment (a)	$	245.3	$	217.4
Parts	54.8		40.8
Rental income (b)	11.0		9.7
Other (c)	7.7		6.3
Total	318.8		274.2
Safety and Security Systems
Public safety and security equipment	40.2		36.1
Industrial signaling equipment	18.6		14.2
Warning systems	7.9		5.7
Total	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2

(a)    Includes net sales from the sale of new and used vehicles and equipment, including sales of rental equipment.

(b)    Represents income from vehicle and equipment lease arrangements with customers.

(c)    Primarily includes revenues from services, such as maintenance and repair work, and the sale of extended warranty contracts.

Contract Balances

The Company recognizes contract liabilities when cash payments, such as customer deposits, are received in advance of the Company’s satisfaction of the related performance obligations. Contract liabilities are recognized as Net sales when the related performance obligations are satisfied, which generally occurs within three to six months of the cash receipt. Contract liability balances are not materially impacted by any other factors. The Company’s contract liabilities were $29.8 million and $28.9 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Contract assets, such as unbilled receivables, were not material as of any of the periods presented herein.

NOTE 4 – INVENTORIES

The following table summarizes the components of Inventories:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	107.0	$	97.5
Raw materials	175.0		164.3
Work in process	35.6		30.9
Total inventories	$	317.6	$	292.7

10

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 5 – DEBT

The following table summarizes the components of Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
2022 Credit Agreement (a)	$	373.6	$	361.0
Finance lease obligations	1.9		2.0
Total borrowings and finance lease obligations, including current portion	375.5		363.0
Less: Current borrowings	1.6		0.8
Less: Current finance lease obligations	0.7		0.7
Total long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$	373.2	$	361.5

(a)     Defined as the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, as amended.

As more fully described within Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements, the Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The fair value of the Company’s borrowings and finance lease obligations is based on interest rates that we believe are currently available to us for issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities (Level 2 input). The carrying amounts of the Company’s borrowings and finance lease obligations approximate their fair values as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a base rate or an Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple SONIA Rate (as each is defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from zero to 0.75% for base rate borrowings and 1.00% to 1.75% for Adjusted Term SOFR, Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple SONIA Rate borrowings. The Company must also pay a commitment fee to the lenders ranging between 0.10% to 0.25% per annum on the unused portion of the $675 million Revolver along with other standard fees. Applicable margin, issuance fees and other customary expenses are payable on outstanding letters of credit.

The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio financial covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement that are measured at each fiscal quarter-end. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, there was $373.6 million of cash drawn and $11.2 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $415.2 million of net availability for borrowings. As of December 31, 2022, there was $361.0 million cash drawn and $11.2 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $427.8 million of net availability for borrowings.

The following table summarizes the gross borrowings and gross payments under the Company’s credit facilities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Gross borrowings	$	37.6	$	55.0
Gross payments	25.0		8.2

Interest Rate Swaps

On October 21, 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate swap (the “2022 Swap”) with a notional amount of $75.0 million, as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on $75.0 million of its variable-rate debt. The 2022 Swap is designated as a cash flow hedge, with an original maturity date of October 31, 2025.

As a result of the application of hedge accounting treatment, all unrealized gains and losses related to the derivative instrument are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into operations in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedge effectiveness is assessed quarterly. The Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) and measured on a recurring basis in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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(Unaudited)

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the 2022 Swap was a liability of $0.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively, which was included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, unrealized pre-tax losses of $0.5 million and unrealized pre-tax gains of $2.9 million, respectively, were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. No ineffectiveness was recorded in either period.

In connection with entering into the 2022 Credit Agreement in October 2022, the Company terminated an interest rate swap initially entered into in 2019, receiving proceeds of $4.3 million upon settlement. The settlement gain was recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and is being amortized into earnings ratably through the original maturity date of July 30, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized a $0.6 million non-cash settlement gain as a component of Interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, an unrealized settlement gain of $3.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, was included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 6 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill, and the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2023, by segment:

(in millions)	Environmental Solutions		Safety & Security Systems		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	343.8	$	109.6	$	453.4
Acquisitions	4.5		—		4.5
Translation adjustments	—		0.5		0.5
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	348.3	$	110.1	$	458.4

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets for each major class of intangible assets:

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in millions)	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships (a)	$	159.0	$	(55.4)	$	103.6	$	153.7	$	(52.0)	$	101.7
Other (a)	6.0		(3.6)		2.4		5.7		(3.4)		2.3
Total definite-lived intangible assets	165.0		(59.0)		106.0		159.4		(55.4)		104.0
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	102.5		—		102.5		99.9		—		99.9
Other	4.3		—		4.3		4.3		—		4.3
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets	106.8		—		106.8		104.2		—		104.2
Total intangible assets	$	271.8	$	(59.0)	$	212.8	$	263.6	$	(55.4)	$	208.2

(a)    Average useful life of customer relationships and other definite-lived intangible assets are estimated to be approximately 12 years and 7 years, respectively. The average useful life across all definite-lived intangible assets is estimated to be approximately 12 years.

The table above includes preliminary estimates of the fair value and useful lives of certain definite and indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the acquisitions of Blasters and TowHaul Corporation (“TowHaul”), which were completed during the first quarter of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively. As further described in Note 2 – Acquisitions, the preliminary measurements of fair value included in the table above are subject to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party valuations are finalized.

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively.

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(Unaudited)

The Company currently estimates that aggregate amortization expense will be approximately $10.7 million for the remainder of 2023, $14.2 million in 2024, $14.2 million in 2025, $14.1 million in 2026, $13.1 million in 2027, and $39.7 million thereafter. Actual amounts of amortization may differ from estimated amounts due to acquisitions completed after the three months ended March 31, 2023, changes in foreign currency rates, measurement period adjustments for the TowHaul and Blasters acquisitions, impairment of intangible assets and other events.

NOTE 7 – INCOME TAXES

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.3 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 21.0%. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.1 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.7%. The Company’s effective tax rate in the current-year quarter was lower than the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation activity and a $0.5 million benefit associated with changes in tax reserves.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company filed amended U.S. federal income tax returns for the 2015 through 2018 tax years to claim a worthless stock deduction. The aggregate refund claim associated with the worthless stock deduction was $13.2 million, including interest of $1.4 million, and the Company recognized an offsetting increase to its liability for unrecognized tax benefits.

NOTE 8 – PENSIONS

The following table summarizes the components of Net periodic pension (benefit) expense: 

	U.S. Benefit Plan				Non-U.S. Benefit Plan
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest cost	$	1.5	$	1.1	$	0.4	$	0.2
Amortization of actuarial loss	0.3		0.5		0.2		0.2
Expected return on plan assets	(1.9)		(1.7)		(0.5)		(0.5)
Net periodic pension (benefit) expense	$	(0.1)	$	(0.1)	$	0.1	$	(0.1)

The items that comprise Net periodic pension (benefit) expense are included as a component of Other expense (income), net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 9 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Commitments

The Company provides indemnifications and other guarantees in the ordinary course of business, the terms of which range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. Specifically, the Company is occasionally required to provide letters of credit and bid and performance bonds to various customers, principally to act as security for retention levels related to casualty insurance policies and to guarantee the performance of subsidiaries that engage in export and domestic transactions. At March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding performance and financial standby letters of credit, as well as outstanding bid and performance bonds, aggregating to $30.5 million. If any such letters of credit or bonds are called, the Company would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the letter of credit or bond. The Company believes the likelihood of any currently outstanding letter of credit or bond being called is remote.

The Company has transactions involving the sale of equipment to certain of its customers which include (i) guarantees to repurchase the equipment for a fixed price at a future date and (ii) guarantees to repurchase the equipment from the third-party lender in the event of default by the customer. As of March 31, 2023, both the single year and maximum potential cash payments the Company could be required to make to repurchase equipment under these agreements amounted to $1.9 million. The Company’s risk under these repurchase arrangements would be partially mitigated by the value of the products repurchased as part of the transaction. Historical cash requirements and losses associated with these obligations have not been significant but could increase if customer defaults exceed current expectations.

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(Unaudited)

The Company has certain lease agreements for facilities owned by affiliates which include provisions requiring the Company to guarantee any remaining lease payments in the event of default. As of March 31, 2023, the total amount of future payments guaranteed under these agreements was approximately $1.1 million. The Company believes the likelihood of defaulting on these leases is remote.

Product Warranties

The Company issues product performance warranties to customers with the sale of its products. The specific terms and conditions of these warranties vary depending upon the product sold and country in which the Company does business, with warranty periods generally ranging from one to five years. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic limited warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the sale of the related product is recognized. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include (i) the number of units under warranty, (ii) historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and (iii) costs per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s warranty liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Balance at January 1	$	9.3	$	9.7
Provisions to expense	1.8		1.4
Acquisitions	0.1		—
Payments	(2.0)		(1.8)
Balance at March 31	$	9.2	$	9.3

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to various claims, including pending and possible legal actions for product liability and other damages, and other matters arising in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews uninsured material legal claims against the Company and accrues for the costs of such claims as appropriate in the exercise of management’s best judgment and experience. However, due to a lack of factual information available to the Company about a claim, or the procedural stage of a claim, it may not be possible for the Company to reasonably assess either the probability of a favorable or unfavorable outcome of the claim or to reasonably estimate the amount of loss should there be an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, for many claims, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss.

The Company believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that the outcome of such claims and actions will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition. However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of such matters, if unfavorable, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flow.

Hearing Loss Litigation

The Company has been sued for monetary damages by firefighters who claim that exposure to the Company’s sirens has impaired their hearing and that the sirens are therefore defective. There were 33 cases filed during the period of 1999 through 2004, involving a total of 2,443 plaintiffs, in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. These cases involved more than 1,800 firefighter plaintiffs from locations outside of Chicago. In 2009, six additional cases were filed in Cook County, involving 299 Pennsylvania firefighter plaintiffs. During 2013, another case was filed in Cook County involving 74 Pennsylvania firefighter plaintiffs.

The trial of the first 27 of these plaintiffs’ claims occurred in 2008, whereby a Cook County jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the Company.

An additional 40 Chicago firefighter plaintiffs were selected for trial in 2009. Plaintiffs’ counsel later moved to reduce the number of plaintiffs from 40 to nine. The trial for these nine plaintiffs concluded with a verdict against the Company and for the plaintiffs in varying amounts totaling $0.4 million. The Company appealed this verdict. On September 13, 2012, the Illinois Appellate Court rejected this appeal. The Company thereafter filed a petition for rehearing with the Illinois Appellate Court, which was denied on February 7, 2013. The Company sought further review by filing a petition for leave to appeal with the

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(Unaudited)

Illinois Supreme Court on March 14, 2013. On May 29, 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court issued a summary order declining to accept review of this case. On July 1, 2013, the Company satisfied the judgments entered for these plaintiffs, which resulted in final dismissal of these cases.

A third consolidated trial involving eight Chicago firefighter plaintiffs occurred during November 2011. The jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the Company at the conclusion of this trial.

Following this trial, on March 12, 2012 the trial court entered an order certifying a class of the remaining Chicago Fire Department firefighter plaintiffs for trial on the sole issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. The Company petitioned the Illinois Appellate Court for interlocutory appeal of this ruling. On May 17, 2012, the Illinois Appellate Court accepted the Company’s petition. On June 8, 2012, plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal, agreeing with the Company that the trial court had erred in certifying a class action trial in this matter. Pursuant to plaintiffs’ motion, the Illinois Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s certification order.

Thereafter, the trial court scheduled a fourth consolidated trial involving three firefighter plaintiffs, which began in December 2012. Prior to the start of this trial, the claims of two of the three firefighter plaintiffs were dismissed. On December 17, 2012, the jury entered a complete defense verdict for the Company.

Following this defense verdict, plaintiffs again moved to certify a class of Chicago Fire Department plaintiffs for trial on the sole issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. Over the Company’s objection, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on March 11, 2013 and scheduled a class action trial to begin on June 10, 2013. The Company filed a petition for review with the Illinois Appellate Court on March 29, 2013 seeking reversal of the class certification order.

On June 25, 2014, a unanimous three-judge panel of the First District Illinois Appellate Court issued its opinion reversing the class certification order of the trial court. Specifically, the Appellate Court determined that the trial court’s ruling failed to satisfy the class-action requirements that the common issues of the firefighters’ claims predominate over the individual issues and that there is an adequate representative for the class. During a status hearing on October 8, 2014, plaintiffs represented to the Court that they would again seek to certify a class of firefighters on the issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. On January 12, 2015, plaintiffs filed motions to amend their complaints to add class action allegations with respect to Chicago firefighter plaintiffs, as well as the approximately 1,800 firefighter plaintiffs from locations outside of Chicago. On March 11, 2015, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motions to amend their complaints. On April 24, 2015, the cases were transferred to Cook County chancery court to decide the class certification issues. On March 23, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify as a class all firefighters from the Chicago Fire Department who have filed lawsuits in this matter. The Company objected to certification and the parties engaged in discovery and other matters related to this motion.

Thereafter, on December 20, 2021, the parties executed a settlement agreement to resolve claims of approximately 462 firefighters still involved in the Cook County litigation, as well as the DuPage County litigation discussed below. Under the

terms of the settlement agreement, the Company agreed to pay a lump sum of $0.2 million to resolve the claims of these firefighters. The estimated settlement amount was accrued by the Company. The Company agreed to pay this lump sum amount based upon its assessment of firefighters who meet minimal bilateral hearing loss standards, which is a subset of the larger group referenced above. The settlement agreement did not require the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. The settlement agreement also provided that plaintiffs’ attorney would withdraw from representing firefighters who do not agree to the settlement. The Company had discretion to void the settlement agreement if less than 93% of these firefighters agreed to settle their claims; the settlement agreement would also be voided if less than 70% of eligible firefighters agreed to the settlement. The settlement agreement was subject to review and approval by the Court. In July 2022, the Company issued the $0.2 million settlement payment for eligible plaintiffs who submitted a release. The claims of all other eligible plaintiffs were dismissed for want of prosecution on August 5, 2022.

The Company also filed motions to dismiss cases involving firefighters who worked for fire departments located outside of the State of Illinois based on improper venue. On February 24, 2017, the Circuit Court of Cook County entered orders dismissing the cases of 1,770 such firefighter plaintiffs from the jurisdiction of the State of Illinois. Pursuant to these orders, these plaintiffs had six months thereafter to refile their cases in jurisdictions where these firefighters are located. Prior to this six-month deadline, attorneys representing some of these plaintiffs contacted the Company regarding possible settlement of their cases. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company entered into a global settlement agreement with two attorneys who represented approximately 1,090 of these plaintiffs. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company offered $700 per plaintiff to settle these cases and 717 plaintiffs accepted this offer as a final settlement. The settlement agreement did

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(Unaudited)

not require the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. The attorneys representing these plaintiffs agreed to withdraw from representing plaintiffs who did not respond to the settlement offer. It is the Company’s position that the non-settling plaintiffs who failed to timely refile their cases following the February 2017 dismissal by the Circuit Court of Cook County are now barred from doing so by the statute of limitations. The Company filed a venue motion seeking to transfer to DuPage County cases involving 10 plaintiffs who reside and work in Illinois but outside of Cook County. The Court granted this motion on June 28, 2017.

The Company was also sued on this issue outside of the Cook County, Illinois venue. Between 2007 and 2009, a total of 71 lawsuits involving 71 plaintiffs were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. Three of these cases were dismissed pursuant to pretrial motions filed by the Company. Another case was voluntarily dismissed. Prior to trial in four cases, the Company paid nominal sums to obtain dismissals.

Three trials occurred in Philadelphia involving these cases filed in 2007 through 2009. The first trial involving one of these plaintiffs occurred in 2010, when the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff. The jury found that the Company’s siren was not defectively designed, but that the Company negligently constructed the siren. The jury awarded damages in the amount of less than $0.1 million. The Company appealed this verdict. Another trial, involving nine Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs, also occurred in 2010 when the jury returned a defense verdict for the Company as to all claims and all plaintiffs involved in that trial. The third trial, also involving nine Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs, was completed during 2010 when the jury returned a defense verdict for the Company as to all claims and all plaintiffs involved in that trial.

Following defense verdicts in the last two Philadelphia trials, the Company negotiated settlements with respect to all remaining filed cases in Philadelphia at that time, as well as other firefighter claimants represented by the attorney who filed the Philadelphia cases. On January 4, 2011, the Company entered into a Global Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the law firm of the attorney representing the Philadelphia claimants, on behalf of 1,125 claimants the firm represented (the “Claimants”) and who had asserted product claims against the Company (the “Claims”). Three hundred eight of the Claimants had lawsuits pending against the Company in Cook County, Illinois.

The Settlement Agreement provided that the Company pay a total amount of $3.8 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to settle the Claims (including the costs, fees and other expenses of the law firm in connection with its representation of the Claimants), subject to certain terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the Settlement Agreement. In order for the Company to be required to make the Settlement Payment: (i) each Claimant who agreed to settle his or her claims had to sign a release acceptable to the Company (a “Release”), (ii) each Claimant who agreed to the settlement and who was a plaintiff in a lawsuit, had to dismiss his or her lawsuit with prejudice, (iii) by April 29, 2011, at least 93% of the Claimants identified in the Settlement Agreement must have agreed to settle their claims and provide a signed Release to the Company and (iv) the law firm had to withdraw from representing any Claimants who did not agree to the settlement, including those who filed lawsuits. If the conditions to the settlement were met, but less than 100% of the Claimants agreed to settle their Claims and sign a Release, the Settlement Payment would be reduced by the percentage of Claimants who did not agree to the settlement.

On April 22, 2011, the Company confirmed that the terms and conditions of the Settlement Agreement had been met and made a payment of $3.6 million to conclude the settlement. The amount was based upon the Company’s receipt of 1,069 signed releases provided by Claimants, which was 95% of all Claimants identified in the Settlement Agreement.

The Company generally denies the allegations made in the claims and lawsuits by the Claimants and denies that its products caused any injuries to the Claimants. Nonetheless, the Company entered into the Settlement Agreement for the purpose of minimizing its expenses, including legal fees, and avoiding the inconvenience, uncertainty and distraction of the claims and lawsuits.

During April through October 2012, 20 new cases were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. These cases were filed on behalf of 20 Philadelphia firefighters and involved various defendants in addition to the Company. Five of these cases were subsequently dismissed. The first trial involving these 2012 Philadelphia cases occurred during December 2014 and involved three firefighter plaintiffs. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company. Following this trial, all of the parties agreed to settle cases involving seven firefighter plaintiffs set for trial during January 2015 for nominal amounts per plaintiff.

In January 2015, plaintiffs’ attorneys filed two new complaints in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on behalf of approximately 70 additional firefighter plaintiffs. The vast majority of the firefighters identified in these complaints were located outside of Pennsylvania. One of the complaints in these cases, which involved 11 firefighter plaintiffs from the District of Columbia, was removed to federal court in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed all

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FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

claims in this case on May 31, 2016. The Company thereafter moved to recover various fees and costs in this case, asserting that plaintiffs’ counsel failed to properly investigate these claims prior to filing suit. The Court granted this motion on April 25, 2017, awarding $0.1 million to the Company (the “Order”). After plaintiffs appealed this Order, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the lower court decision awarding fees and costs to the Company.

With respect to claims of other out-of-state firefighters involved in these two cases, the Company moved to dismiss these claims as improperly filed in Pennsylvania. The Court granted this motion and dismissed these claims on November 5, 2015. During August through December 2015, another nine new cases were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. These cases involved a total of 193 firefighters, most of whom were located outside of Pennsylvania. The Company again moved to dismiss all claims filed by out-of-state firefighters in these cases as improperly filed in Pennsylvania. On May 24, 2016, the Court granted this motion and dismissed these claims. Plaintiffs appealed this decision and, on September 25, 2018, the appellate court reversed this dismissal. The Company then filed a petition with the appellate court requesting that the court reconsider its ruling. On December 7, 2018, the appellate court granted the Company’s petition and withdrew its prior decision. On June 25, 2020, the Court issued a decision affirming the trial court’s dismissal of these cases with prejudice.

On May 13, 2016, four new cases were filed in Philadelphia state court, involving a total of 55 Philadelphia firefighters who live in Pennsylvania. During August 2016, the Company settled a case for nominal amounts involving four Philadelphia firefighters that had been set for trial in Philadelphia state court during September 2016. During 2017, plaintiffs filed additional cases in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, involving over 100 Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs. During January 2017, plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate, similar to a motion filed in the Pittsburgh hearing loss cases, as described below. The Company filed an opposition to this motion. These cases were then transferred to the mass tort program in Philadelphia for pretrial purposes. Plaintiffs’ counsel thereafter dismissed several plaintiffs. During November 2017, a trial involving one Philadelphia firefighter occurred. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company in this trial. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 75 firefighters involved in cases pending in the Philadelphia mass tort program.

During March 2014, an action also was brought in the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, Pennsylvania on behalf of 61 firefighters. This case likewise involves various defendants in addition to the Company. After the Company filed pretrial motions, 33 Erie County firefighter plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 28 firefighters involved in cases filed in Erie County.

During August 2017, five cases involving 70 firefighter plaintiffs were filed in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. These cases involve firefighter plaintiffs who originally filed in Cook County several years ago and were dismissed pursuant to the Company’s forum non conveniens motion.

On September 17, 2014, 20 lawsuits, involving a total of 193 Buffalo Fire Department firefighters, were filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Erie County. All of the cases filed in Erie County, New York were removed to federal court in the Western District of New York. Plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate these cases, similar to the motion filed in the Pittsburgh hearing loss cases, as described below. The Company filed an opposition to the motion. During February 2015, a lawsuit involving one New York City firefighter plaintiff was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County. The plaintiff named the Company as well as several other parties as defendants. That case subsequently was transferred to federal court in the Northern District of New York and thereafter dismissed. During April 2015 through January 2016, 29 new cases involving a total of 235 firefighters were filed in various counties in the New York City area. During December 2016 through October 2017, additional cases were filed in these jurisdictions. On February 5, 2018, the Company was served with a complaint in an additional case filed in Kings County, New York. This case involved one plaintiff. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 536 firefighters involved in cases filed in the State of New York.

During November 2015, the Company was served with a complaint filed in Union County, New Jersey state court, involving 34 New Jersey firefighters. This case was transferred to federal court in the District of New Jersey. During the period from January through May 2016, eight additional cases were filed in various New Jersey state courts. Most of the firefighters in these cases resided in New Jersey and worked at New Jersey fire departments. During December 2016, a case involving one New Jersey firefighter was filed in the United States District Court of New Jersey. On May 2, 2017, plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate in the pending federal court case in New Jersey. This motion was similar to bifurcation motions filed by plaintiffs in Pittsburgh, Buffalo and Philadelphia. The Court denied the motion as premature. Pursuant to a petition filed by both parties,

17

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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(Unaudited)

all New Jersey state court cases were consolidated for pretrial purposes. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there were a total of 61 firefighters involved in cases filed in New Jersey.

During May through October 2016, nine cases were filed in Suffolk County, Massachusetts state court, naming the Company as a defendant. These cases involved 194 firefighters who lived and worked in the Boston area. During August 2017, plaintiffs filed additional cases in Suffolk County court. The Company moved to transfer various cases filed in Suffolk County to other counties in Massachusetts where plaintiffs resided and worked. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 218 firefighters involved in cases filed in Massachusetts.

During August and September 2017, plaintiffs’ attorneys filed additional hearing loss cases in Florida. The Company was the only named defendant. These cases were filed in several different counties in Florida, including Tampa, Miami and Orlando municipalities. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 166 firefighters involved in cases filed in Florida.

During April through July 2013, additional cases were filed in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on behalf of 247 plaintiff firefighters from Pittsburgh and against various defendants, including the Company. During May 2016, two additional cases were filed against the Company in Allegheny County involving 19 Pittsburgh firefighters. After the Company filed pretrial motions, the Court dismissed claims of 55 Pittsburgh firefighter plaintiffs. The Court scheduled trials for May, September and November 2016, for eight firefighters per trial. Prior to the first scheduled trial in Pittsburgh, the Court granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed all claims asserted by plaintiff firefighters involved in this trial. Following an appeal by the plaintiff firefighters, the appellate court affirmed this dismissal. The next trial for six Pittsburgh firefighters started on November 7, 2016. Shortly after this trial began, plaintiffs’ counsel moved for a mistrial because a key witness suddenly became unavailable. The Court granted this motion and rescheduled this trial for March 6, 2017. During January 2017, plaintiffs also moved to consolidate and bifurcate trials involving Pittsburgh firefighters. In particular, plaintiffs sought one trial involving liability issues to apply to all Pittsburgh firefighters who filed suit against the Company. The Company filed an opposition to this motion. On April 18, 2017, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion to bifurcate the next Pittsburgh trial. Pursuant to a motion for clarification filed by the Company, the Court ruled that the bifurcation order would only apply to six plaintiffs who were part of the next trial group in Pittsburgh. The Company thereafter sought an interlocutory appeal of the Court’s bifurcation order. The appellate court declined to accept the appeal at that time. A bifurcated trial began on September 27, 2017 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Prior to and during trial, two plaintiffs were dismissed, resulting in four plaintiffs remaining for trial. After approximately two weeks of trial, the jury found that the Company’s siren product was not defective or unreasonably dangerous and rendered a verdict in favor of the Company.

A second trial involving Pittsburgh firefighters began during January 2018. At the outset of this trial, plaintiffs’ attorneys, who represent all firefighters who have filed cases in Allegheny County, Philadelphia, Buffalo, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Florida, as described above, requested that the Company consider settlement of various cases. This trial was continued to allow the parties to further discuss possible settlement. During March 2018, the parties agreed in principle on a framework (the “Settlement Framework”) to resolve hearing loss claims and cases in all jurisdictions involved in the hearing loss litigation except in Cook County and Lackawanna County, and excluding one case involving one firefighter in New York City. The firefighters excluded from the Settlement Framework are represented by different attorneys. The Company settled the cases in Lackawanna County and settled the case involving one firefighter in New York City for nominal amounts. Pursuant to the Settlement Framework, the Company would pay $700 to each firefighter who filed a lawsuit and is eligible to be part of the settlement. The Company would pay $300 to each firefighter who has not yet filed a case and is eligible to be part of the settlement. The settlement agreement does not include the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. To be eligible for settlement, among other things, firefighters must provide proof that they have high frequency noise-induced hearing loss. There are approximately 2,160 firefighters whose claims may be considered as part of this settlement, including approximately 921 firefighters who have ongoing filed lawsuits. This Settlement Framework was finalized in a global settlement agreement executed on November 4, 2019. Pursuant to this global settlement agreement, the parties are now in the process of determining how many of the approximately 2,160 firefighters will be eligible to participate in the settlement. In order to minimize the parties’ respective legal costs and expenses during this settlement process, on July 5, 2018, the parties entered into a tolling agreement (the “Tolling Agreement”). Pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, counsel for the settling firefighters agreed to dismiss the pending lawsuits in all jurisdictions except for the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania cases, and the Company agreed to a tolling of any statute of limitations applicable to the dismissed cases. The Tolling Agreement continued in place until the parties executed the global settlement agreement on November 4, 2019. After execution of the global settlement agreement, the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) cases were dismissed. The global settlement agreement requires plaintiffs’ attorneys to withdraw from representing firefighters who elect not to participate in this settlement.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

As of March 31, 2023, the Company has recognized an estimated liability for the potential settlement amount under the Settlement Framework. While it is reasonably possible that the ultimate resolution of this matter may result in a loss in excess of the amount accrued, the incremental loss is not expected to be material.

From 2007 through 2009, firefighters also brought hearing loss claims against the Company in New Jersey, Missouri, Maryland and Kings County, New York. All of those cases, however, were dismissed prior to trial, including four cases in the Supreme Court of Kings County, New York that were dismissed upon the Company’s motion in 2008. On appeal, the New York appellate court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of these cases.

NOTE 10 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share, which requires that non-vested restricted stock containing non-forfeitable dividend rights should be treated as participating securities pursuant to the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is reduced by the amount of dividends declared in the period for common stock and participating securities. The remaining undistributed earnings are then allocated to common stock and participating securities as if all of the net income for the period had been distributed. The amounts of distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were insignificant and did not materially impact the calculation of basic or diluted EPS.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and non-vested restricted stock awards outstanding for the period.

Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock and non-vested restricted stock awards outstanding for the year, plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of common stock equivalents is determined using the more dilutive of the two-class method or alternative methods. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the potentially dilutive impact of our employee stock options and restricted stock units, and the contingently issuable method for our performance-based restricted stock unit awards.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the number of options to purchase shares of the Company’s stock that had an antidilutive effect on EPS was immaterial. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, options to purchase 0.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock had an anti-dilutive effect on EPS, and accordingly, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

The following table reconciles Net income to basic and diluted EPS:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2023		2022
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	60.7		60.7
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents	0.6		0.7
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	61.3		61.4
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.45	$	0.34
Diluted	0.45		0.33

NOTE 11 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Dividends

On February 14, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per common share. The dividend totaled $5.5 million and was distributed on March 31, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2023.

On April 25, 2023, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per common share payable on June 2, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on May 19, 2023.

19

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

Stock Repurchase Program

In March 2020, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, with the remaining authorization under our previously described repurchase program adopted in 2014 being subject to the March 2020 program. The stock repurchase program is intended primarily to facilitate purchases of Company stock as a means to provide cash returns to stockholders, enhance stockholder returns and manage the Company’s capital structure. Under its stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase, from time to time, shares of its outstanding common stock. Stock repurchases by the Company are subject to market conditions and other factors and may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time.

No shares were repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 395,370 shares for a total of $13.6 million.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following tables summarize the changes in each component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(16.0)	$	2.6	$	(84.0)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(0.4)		—		1.5		(0.4)		0.7
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.4		—		—		(0.5)		(0.1)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		1.5		(0.9)		0.6
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(14.5)	$	1.7	$	(83.4)

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	(67.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(3.4)	$	(0.5)	$	(74.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	0.5		—		(1.6)		1.9		0.8
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.5		—		—		0.2		0.7
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	1.0		—		(1.6)		2.1		1.5
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(66.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(5.0)	$	1.6	$	(72.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the affected line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Affected Line Item in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
	2023		2022
(in millions) (a)
Amortization of actuarial losses of defined benefit pension plans	$	(0.5)	$	(0.7)	Other expense (income), net
Interest rate swaps	0.7		(0.2)		Interest expense
Total before tax	0.2		(0.9)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(0.1)		0.2		Income tax expense
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$	0.1	$	(0.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

20

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 12 – SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group. Business units are organized under each reportable segment because they share certain characteristics, such as technology, marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies.

The following tables summarize the Company’s operations by segment, including Net sales, Operating income (loss), and Total assets:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net sales:
Environmental Solutions	$	318.8	$	274.2
Safety and Security Systems	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Operating income (loss):
Environmental Solutions	$	37.6	$	26.8
Safety and Security Systems	12.1		7.9
Corporate and eliminations	(10.2)		(6.2)
Total operating income	39.5		28.5
Interest expense	4.7		1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1		(0.4)
Income before income taxes	$	34.7	$	27.6

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total assets:
Environmental Solutions	$	1,265.5	$	1,206.4
Safety and Security Systems	283.3		279.3
Corporate and eliminations	35.5		38.6
Total assets	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3

NOTE 13 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. The three levels of inputs are classified as follows:

•Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 — observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 — unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

21

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents primarily consist of time-based deposits and interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less. The Company classified cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Interest Rate Swaps

As described in Note 5 – Debt, the Company may, from time to time, execute interest rate swaps as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on a portion of its floating-rate debt. The Company classifies its interest rate swaps as Level 2 due to the use of a discounted cash flow model based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) to calculate the fair value of the swaps.

Contingent Consideration

At March 31, 2023, the Company had contingent obligations to transfer up to $7.5 million, and $8.0 million to the former owners of Deist Industries, Inc. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Deist”), and Blasters, respectively, if specified financial results are met over future reporting periods (i.e., an earn-out). The Deist and Blasters acquisitions were completed on December 30, 2021 and January 3, 2023, respectively. The Deist contingent earn-out payment, if earned, would be due to be paid following the third anniversary of the closing date. The Blasters contingent earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to paid annually, in each of the three years following the anniversary of the closing date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid $0.5 million to settle the contingent consideration obligation due to the former owners of Mark Rite Lines Equipment Company, Inc. (“MRL”), which was acquired on July 1, 2019.

Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred. Subsequent changes in fair value are included as a component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company uses an income approach to value the contingent consideration liability based on the present value of risk-adjusted future cash flows under either a scenario-based or option-pricing method, as appropriate. Due to the lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs, such as prospective financial information or probabilities of future events as of March 31, 2023, the Company has classified the contingent consideration liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy outlined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. As further described in Note 2 – Acquisitions, the Company has recognized a preliminary estimate of the fair value of the Blasters contingent consideration liability as of the acquisition date, which is subject to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party valuation is finalized.

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16.3	$	—	$	—	$	16.3
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	—		—		6.0		6.0
Interest rate swaps	—		0.8		—		0.8

22

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (CONTINUED)

(Unaudited)

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Contingent consideration liability, at January 1	$	2.7	$	2.7
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	4.0		—
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(0.5)		—
Total gains included in earnings (a)	(0.2)		—
Contingent consideration liability, at March 31	$	6.0	$	2.7

(a)    Included as a component of acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 14 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Acquisition of Trackless

On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all the assets and operations of Trackless Vehicles Limited and Trackless Vehicles Asset Corp, including the wholly-owned subsidiary Work Equipment Ltd. (collectively, “Trackless”) for an initial purchase price of C$54.0 million (approximately $40.0 million). The initial purchase price, which is subject to certain post-closing adjustments, was funded through existing cash and borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility. In addition, there is a contingent earn-out payment of up to C$6.0 million (approximately $4.4 million), based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a specified performance period.

Trackless is a leading Canadian manufacturer of multi-purpose, off-road municipal tractors and attachments. The Company expects that the Trackless acquisition will further bolster its position as an industry leading diversified industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance and infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding products, and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.

The preliminary purchase price allocation has not been completed at this time due to the proximity of the date of acquisition to the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The post-acquisition operating results of Trackless are expected to be included within the Environmental Solutions Group.

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Item 2.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide information that is supplemental to, and should be read together with, the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Form 10-Q, as well as Federal Signal Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. References herein to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries. Information in MD&A is intended to assist the reader in obtaining an understanding of (i) the condensed consolidated financial statements, (ii) the Company’s business segments and how the results of those segments impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition as a whole and (iii) how certain accounting principles affect the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s results for interim periods should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

Executive Summary

The Company is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of (i) vehicles and equipment for maintenance and infrastructure end-markets, including sewer cleaners, industrial vacuum loaders, vacuum- and hydro-excavation trucks (collectively, “safe-digging trucks”), street sweepers, waterblasting equipment, road-marking and line-removal equipment, dump truck bodies, trailers and metal extraction support equipment, and (ii) public safety equipment, such as vehicle lightbars and sirens, industrial signaling equipment, public warning systems and general alarm/public address systems. In addition, we engage in the sale of parts, service and repair, equipment rentals and training as part of a comprehensive aftermarket offering to our customer base. We operate 22 principal manufacturing facilities in five countries and provide products and integrated solutions to municipal, governmental, industrial and commercial customers in all regions of the world.

As described in Note 12 – Segment Information to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company’s business units are organized in two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group.

Operating Results

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $55.3 million, or 17%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions and pricing actions. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported a net sales increase of $44.6 million, or 16%, primarily due to increases in sales of metal extraction support equipment, street sweepers, sewer cleaners and safe-digging trucks of $8.5 million, $7.3 million, $6.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. In addition, aftermarket revenues improved by $15.8 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was a $2.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact. Within our Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $10.7 million, or 19%, primarily due to improvements in sales of industrial signaling equipment, public safety equipment and warning systems of $5.0 million, $4.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, partially offset by a $1.0 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $11.0 million, or 39%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by an $20.1 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by a $8.4 million increase in Selling, Engineering, General and Administrative (“SEG&A”) expenses, a $0.4 million increase in acquisition and integration-related expenses, and a $0.3 million increase in amortization expense. Consolidated operating margin for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 10.2%, compared to 8.6% in the prior-year quarter.

Income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $7.1 million, or 26%, compared to the prior-year quarter. The increase resulted from the higher operating income, partially offset by a $3.4 million increase in interest expense and a $0.5 million decrease in other income.

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $6.9 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned increase in income before taxes, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in income tax expense. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 21.0%, compared to 25.7% in the prior-year quarter. We currently expect our full-year effective tax rate to be between 24% and 25%.

Total orders for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $475 million, an increase of $22 million, or 5%, as compared to the prior-year quarter. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported total orders of $396 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase of $8 million, or 2% in comparison to the prior-year quarter. Orders in the three months ended March 31, 2023 within our Safety and Security Systems Group were $79 million, an increase of $14 million, or 21%, compared to the prior-year quarter.

24

Our consolidated backlog at March 31, 2023 was $968 million, an increase of $216 million, or 29%, compared to the prior-year quarter.

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and illustrates the key financial indicators used to assess our consolidated financial results:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions, except per share data)	2023			2022			Change
Net sales	$	385.5		$	330.2		$	55.3
Cost of sales	289.7			254.5			35.2
Gross profit	95.8			75.7			20.1
Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses	52.0			43.6			8.4
Amortization expense	3.6			3.3			0.3
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.7			0.3			0.4
Operating income	39.5			28.5			11.0
Interest expense	4.7			1.3			3.4
Other expense (income), net	0.1			(0.4)			0.5
Income before income taxes	34.7			27.6			7.1
Income tax expense	7.3			7.1			0.2
Net income	$	27.4		$	20.5		$	6.9
Operating data:
Operating margin	10.2		%	8.6		%	1.6		%
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.45		$	0.33		$	0.12
Total orders	474.7			452.6			22.1
Backlog	967.6			751.2			216.4
Depreciation and amortization	14.3			13.4			0.9

Net sales

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $55.3 million, or 17%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions and pricing actions. The Environmental Solutions Group reported a net sales increase of $44.6 million, or 16%, primarily due to increases in sales of metal extraction support equipment, street sweepers, sewer cleaners and safe-digging trucks of $8.5 million, $7.3 million, $6.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. In addition, aftermarket revenues improved by $15.8 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was a $2.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $10.7 million, or 19%, primarily due to improvements in sales of industrial signaling equipment, public safety equipment and warning systems of $5.0 million, $4.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, partially offset by a $1.0 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales increased by $35.2 million, or 14%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to an increase of $29.9 million, or 14%, within the Environmental Solutions Group, primarily related to higher sales volumes, additional costs from prior-year acquisitions, and increases in material costs, partially offset by a $2.1 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, cost of sales increased by $5.3 million, or 15%, primarily related to higher sales volumes, partially offset by a $0.8 million favorable foreign currency translation impact.

Gross profit

Gross profit increased by $20.1 million, or 27%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $14.7 million improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a $5.4 million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues (“gross profit margin”) for the three months ended

25

March 31, 2023 was 24.9%, compared to 22.9% in the prior-year quarter, primarily due to improvements within the Safety and Security Systems Group and the Environmental Solutions Group of 230 basis points and 180 basis points, respectively.

SEG&A Expenses

SEG&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $8.4 million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to increases of $3.3 million and $1.2 million within the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group, respectively, in addition to a $3.9 million increase in Corporate SEG&A expenses. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses were 13.5% in the current-year quarter, compared to 13.2% in the prior-year quarter.

Operating income

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $11.0 million, or 39%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by the $20.1 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $8.4 million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $0.4 million increase in acquisition and integration-related expenses, and a $0.3 million increase in amortization expense. Consolidated operating margin for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 10.2%, compared to 8.6% in the prior-year quarter.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $3.4 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to an increase in average debt levels and higher interest rates.

Other expense (income), net

Other income, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $0.5 million compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to increases in net periodic pension expense and foreign currency transaction losses.

Income tax expense

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.3 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 21.0%. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.1 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.7%. The Company’s effective tax rate in the current-year quarter was lower than the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation activity and a $0.5 million benefit associated with changes in tax reserves.

Net income

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $6.9 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned improvement in operating income, partially offset by the $3.4 million increase in interest expense, a $0.2 million increase in income tax expense and the $0.5 million decrease in other income.

Environmental Solutions

The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group’s operating results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022			Change
Net sales	$	318.8		$	274.2		$	44.6
Operating income	37.6			26.8			10.8
Operating data:
Operating margin	11.8		%	9.8		%	2.0		%
Total orders	$	395.8		$	387.6		$	8.2
Backlog	901.8			690.1			211.7
Depreciation and amortization	13.2			12.4			0.8

Total orders for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $8.2 million, or 2%, compared to the prior-year quarter. U.S. orders increased by $2.0 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for street sweepers and road-marking and line-removal equipment of $19.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Additionally, aftermarket demand increased by $6.2 million. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in orders for dump truck bodies, sewer cleaners and trailers of

26

$11.5 million, $8.0 million and $5.4 million, respectively. Non-U.S. orders increased by $6.2 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for refuse trucks and metal extraction support equipment of $15.1 million and $6.7 million, respectively. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in orders for safe-digging trucks, sewer cleaners and street sweepers of $6.4 million, $4.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively, as well as a $3.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $44.6 million, or 16%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects of the TowHaul and Blasters acquisitions and pricing actions. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, U.S. sales increased by $37.0 million, largely due to increases in sales of sewer cleaners, street sweepers and safe-digging trucks of $8.1 million, $7.4 million and $5.2 million, respectively, and a $9.4 million improvement in aftermarket revenues. Non-U.S. sales increased by $7.6 million, largely due to a $6.4 million increase in aftermarket revenues and a $6.4 million increase in sales of metal extraction support equipment. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in shipments of safe-digging trucks and sewer cleaners of $2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, as well as a $2.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Cost of sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $29.9 million, or 14%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily related to higher sales volumes, additional costs from the TowHaul and Blasters acquisitions, and increases in material costs, partially offset by a $2.1 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Gross profit margin for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 22.0%, compared to 20.2% in the prior-year quarter, with the improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher sales volumes, benefits from pricing actions, and more favorable sales mix, associated with the increase in aftermarket demand, being partially offset by the impact of higher material costs.

SEG&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $3.3 million, or 13%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to additional costs from the TowHaul and Blasters acquisitions, as well as increases in sales commissions and incentive-based compensation expenses. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses were 9.0% in the current-year quarter, compared to 9.2% in the prior-year quarter.

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $10.8 million, or 40%, compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to a $14.7 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $3.3 million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $0.3 million increase in amortization expense, and a $0.3 million increase in acquisition and integration-related costs.

Backlog was $902 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $690 million at March 31, 2022.

27

Safety and Security Systems

The following table summarizes the Safety and Security Systems Group’s operating results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022			Change
Net sales	$	66.7		$	56.0		$	10.7
Operating income	12.1			7.9			4.2
Operating data:
Operating margin	18.1		%	14.1		%	4.0		%
Total orders	$	78.9		$	65.0		$	13.9
Backlog	65.8			61.1			4.7
Depreciation and amortization	1.1			1.0			0.1

Total orders for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $13.9 million, or 21%, compared with the prior-year quarter. U.S. orders increased by $1.0 million, primarily due to improvements in orders for warning systems and industrial signaling equipment of $1.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, partially offset by a $1.2 million reduction in orders for public safety equipment. Non-U.S. orders increased by $12.9 million, largely due to an $11.6 million improvement in orders for public safety equipment, inclusive of a large fleet order from a customer in Mexico, as well as increases in orders for industrial signaling equipment and warning systems of $1.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, partially offset by a $0.9 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $10.7 million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects of higher sales volumes and pricing actions. U.S. sales increased by $7.7 million, driven by improvements in sales of public safety equipment, industrial signaling equipment and warning systems of $3.5 million, $2.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Non-U.S. sales increased by $3.0 million, largely due to improvements in sales of industrial signaling equipment, public safety equipment and warning systems of $2.3 million, $1.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively, partially offset by a $1.0 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Cost of sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $5.3 million, or 15%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily related to higher sales volumes, partially offset by a $0.8 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Gross profit margin for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 38.4%, compared to 36.1% in the prior-year quarter, with the improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher sales volumes and benefits from pricing actions.

SEG&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $1.2 million, or 10%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher sales commissions and incentive-based compensation expense. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses decreased from 22.0% in the prior-year quarter, to 20.2% in the current-year quarter.

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $4.2 million, or 53%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $5.4 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $1.2 million increase in SEG&A expenses.

Backlog was $66 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $61 million at March 31, 2022.

Corporate Expenses

Corporate operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $10.2 million, compared to $6.2 million in the prior-year quarter, with the increase primarily due to higher post-retirement and incentive-based compensation expenses.

Seasonality of Company’s Business

Certain of the Company’s businesses are susceptible to the influences of seasonal factors, including buying patterns, delivery patterns and productivity influences from holiday periods and weather. In general, the Company tends to have lower equipment sales in the first calendar quarter of each year compared to other quarters as a result of these factors. In addition, rental income and parts sales are generally higher in the second and third quarters of the year, because many of the Company’s products are used for maintenance activities in North America, where usage is typically lower during periods of harsher weather conditions.

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Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company uses its cash flow from operations to fund growth and to make capital investments that sustain its operations, reduce costs, or both. Beyond these uses, remaining cash is used to pay down debt, repurchase shares, fund dividend payments and make pension contributions. The Company may also choose to invest in the acquisition of businesses. In the absence of significant unanticipated cash demands, we believe that the Company’s existing cash balances, cash flow from operations and borrowings available under the Company’s credit facility will provide funds sufficient for these purposes. As of March 31, 2023, there was $373.6 million of cash drawn and $11.2 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $415.2 million of availability for borrowings. The net cash flows associated with the Company’s rental equipment transactions are included in cash flow from operating activities.

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $38.4 million and $47.5 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, $15.9 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by foreign subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside the U.S. typically are held in the currency of the country in which it is located. The Company uses this cash to fund the operating activities of its foreign subsidiaries and for further investment in foreign operations. Generally, the Company has considered such cash to be permanently reinvested in its foreign operations and the Company’s current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate such cash to fund U.S. operations. However, in the event that these funds are needed to fund U.S. operations or to satisfy U.S. obligations, they generally could be repatriated. The repatriation of these funds may cause the Company to incur additional U.S. income tax expense, dependent on income tax laws and other circumstances at the time any such amounts are repatriated.

Net cash of $7.1 million was provided by operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $7.0 million in the prior-year period, with the year-over-year change primarily due to higher net income partially offset by increased rental fleet investments to support seasonal demand.

Net cash of $19.4 million was used for investing activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $34.3 million in the prior-year period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid initial consideration of $13.4 million to acquire Blasters, and funded $6.0 million of capital expenditures. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company completed the purchase of its University Park, Illinois manufacturing facility for $27.8 million and funded $5.9 million of other capital expenditures.

Net cash of $3.1 million was provided by financing activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $26.1 million in the prior-year period. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company increased debt borrowings by $12.6 million, funded cash dividends of $5.5 million and redeemed $3.8 million of stock in order to remit funds to tax authorities to satisfy employees’ tax withholdings following the vesting of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company also paid $0.5 million to settle the contingent consideration obligation due to the former owners of MRL. In the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company increased debt borrowings by $46.8 million, funded cash dividends and share repurchases of $5.5 million and $13.6 million, respectively, and redeemed $1.5 million of stock in order to remit funds to tax authorities to satisfy employees’ tax withholdings following the vesting of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options.

The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio financial covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement that are measured at each fiscal quarter-end. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2023.

The Company anticipates that capital expenditures for 2023 will be in the range of $25 million to $30 million.

On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Trackless for an initial purchase price of C$54.0 million (approximately $40.0 million).

The Company believes that its financial resources and major sources of liquidity, including cash flow from operations and increased borrowing capacity, will be adequate to meet its operating needs, capital needs and financial commitments.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there have been no material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations and off-balance sheet arrangements as described in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Item 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

See Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there have been no significant changes in our exposure to market risk.

Item 4.     Controls and Procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, the Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.

As a matter of practice, the Company’s management continues to review and document internal control and procedures for financial reporting. From time to time, the Company may make changes aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the controls and ensuring that the systems evolve with the business. SEC guidance permits management to omit an assessment of internal control over financial reporting for an acquired business from management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting for a period not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Blasters. As of March 31, 2023, management has not yet fully assessed Blasters’ internal control over financial reporting. Excluding the acquisition of Blasters, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings.

The information set forth under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as included in Part I of this Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in the Company’s risk factors as described in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s repurchase activity for its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (a)
January 2023 (1/1/23 - 2/4/23)	—	$	—	—	$	59,052,829
February 2023 (2/5/23 - 3/4/23)	—	—		—	59,052,829
March 2023 (3/5/23 - 4/1/23)	—	—		—	59,052,829

(a)    In March 2020, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, with the remaining authorization under our previously described repurchase program adopted in 2014 being subject to the March 2020 program.

Item 3.    Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information.

On May 2, 2023, the Company issued a press release announcing its financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The presentation slides for the first quarter 2023 earnings call were also posted on the Company’s website at that time. The full text of the first quarter financial results press release and earnings presentation are attached hereto as Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2, respectively, to this Form 10-Q.

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Item 6.    Exhibits.

3.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 30, 2010.
3.2	Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed February 9, 2016.
31.1	CEO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
31.2	CFO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.1	CEO Certification of Periodic Report under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.2	CFO Certification of Periodic Report under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
99.1	First Quarter Financial Results Press Release, Dated May 2, 2023.
99.2	First Quarter Earnings Call Presentation Slides.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Federal Signal Corporation
Date:	May 2, 2023	/s/ Ian A. Hudson
		Ian A. Hudson
		Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CEO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

I, Jennifer L. Sherman, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Federal Signal Corporation;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2023

/s/ Jennifer L. Sherman

Jennifer L. Sherman

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CFO Certification under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

I, Ian A. Hudson, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Federal Signal Corporation;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)), for the registrant and have:

(a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 2, 2023

/s/ Ian A. Hudson

Ian A. Hudson

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Federal Signal Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jennifer L. Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o (d)); and

(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 2, 2023

/s/ Jennifer L. Sherman

Jennifer L. Sherman

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification shall also not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Federal Signal Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Ian A. Hudson, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o (d)); and

(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 2, 2023

/s/ Ian A. Hudson

Ian A. Hudson

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. This certification shall also not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.

EX-99.1

EXHIBIT 99.1

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Federal Signal Reports First Quarter Results Including Double-Digit Sales and Earnings Growth, Record Orders and Backlog; Raises Full-Year Outlook

Oak Brook, Illinois, May 2, 2023 — Federal Signal Corporation (NYSE:FSS) (the “Company”), a leader in environmental and safety solutions, today reported results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2023.

First Quarter Highlights

•Net sales of $386 million, up $55 million, or 17%, from last year; organic growth of $44 million, or 13%

•Operating income of $39.5 million, up $11.0 million, or 39%, from last year

•GAAP EPS of $0.45, up $0.12, or 36%, from last year

•Adjusted EPS of $0.46, up $0.12, or 35%, from last year

•Record quarterly orders of $475 million, up $22 million, or 5%, from last year

•Record backlog of $968 million, up $216 million, or 29%, from last year

•Raises 2023 adjusted EPS* outlook to a new range of $2.21 to $2.43, from the prior range of $2.15 to $2.40

•Increases low end of 2023 net sales outlook range by $40 million; new range of $1.62 billion to $1.72 billion

Consolidated net sales for the first quarter were $386 million, up $55 million, or 17%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Net income for the first quarter was $27.4 million, or $0.45 per diluted share, compared to $20.5 million, or $0.33 per diluted share, in the prior-year quarter.

The Company also reported adjusted net income for the first quarter of $27.9 million, or $0.46 per diluted share, compared to $20.7 million, or $0.34 per diluted share, in the prior-year quarter. The Company is reporting adjusted results to facilitate comparisons of underlying performance on a year-over-year basis. A reconciliation of these and other non-GAAP measures is provided at the conclusion of this news release.

Customer Demand Remains at Record Levels; Double-Digit Improvement in Net Sales and Earnings

“Our businesses were able to deliver double-digit year-over-year net sales and earnings growth, gross margin expansion, and a 130-basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin during the first quarter,” commented Jennifer L. Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer. “Within our Environmental Solutions Group, an improving supply chain supported higher production levels, and with increased sales volumes, contributions from recent acquisitions, robust aftermarket demand, and strong price realization, we were able to deliver a 16% year-over-year net sales increase and a 180-basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin. Our Safety and Security Systems Group also delivered impressive results, with double-digit top line growth and an adjusted EBITDA margin of approximately 20%. Demand for our products and aftermarket offerings remains at unprecedented levels, with our order intake this quarter representing the highest quarterly orders in our history, contributing to a record backlog of $968 million at the end of the quarter.”

In the Environmental Solutions Group, net sales for the first quarter were $319 million, up $45 million, or 16%, compared to the prior-year quarter. In the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales were $67 million, up $11 million, or 19%, compared to the prior-year quarter.

Consolidated operating income for the first quarter was $39.5 million, up $11.0 million, or 39%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Consolidated operating margin for the first quarter was 10.2%, compared to 8.6% in the prior-year quarter.

Consolidated adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (“adjusted EBITDA”) for the first quarter was $54.5 million, up $12.3 million, or 29%, compared to the prior-year quarter, and consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin was 14.1%, up from 12.8% in the prior-year quarter.

In the Environmental Solutions Group, adjusted EBITDA for the first quarter was $51.2 million, up $11.9 million, or 30%, compared to the prior-year quarter, and its adjusted EBITDA margin was 16.1%, up from 14.3% last year. In the Safety and

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Security Systems Group, adjusted EBITDA for the first quarter was $13.2 million, up $4.3 million, or 48%, compared to the prior-year quarter, and its adjusted EBITDA margin was 19.8%, up from 15.9% last year.

Consolidated orders for the first quarter were $475 million, the highest quarterly orders in the Company’s history, and an increase of $22 million, or 5%, compared to the prior-year quarter. With the strong momentum in customer demand, consolidated backlog at March 31, 2023 was at an all-time high level of $968 million, an increase of $216 million, or 29%, from last year.

Strong Financial Position Provides Flexibility to Fund Growth Opportunities and Cash Returns to Stockholders

Operating cash flow during the first quarter was $7 million, generally in line with the prior-year quarter. At March 31, 2023, consolidated debt was $376 million, total cash and cash equivalents were $38 million and the Company had $415 million of availability for borrowings under its previous credit facility.

During the first quarter, the Company completed the acquisition of Blasters, Inc. and also closed the acquisition of Trackless Vehicles Limited in April 2023.

“Our current financial position provides us significant flexibility to invest in organic growth initiatives and pursue strategic acquisitions, like Blasters and Trackless,” said Sherman. “As demonstrated with the recent increase in our dividend, we also remain committed to returning cash to stockholders.”

The Company funded dividends of $5.5 million during the first quarter, reflecting a dividend of $0.09 per share, and as recently announced, the Board of Directors increased the dividend that will be payable in the second quarter of 2023 to $0.10 per share, an 11% increase from the prior dividend.

Outlook

“Demand for our products and our aftermarket offerings remains at unprecedented levels, with both our orders and backlog this quarter again setting new Company records,” noted Sherman. “With our first quarter performance, our record backlog and improving supply chain conditions, we are raising our full-year adjusted EPS* outlook to a new range of $2.21 to $2.43, from the prior range of $2.15 to $2.40. We are also increasing the low end of our full-year net sales outlook range by $40 million, establishing a new range of $1.62 billion to $1.72 billion.”

CONFERENCE CALL

Federal Signal will host its first quarter conference call on Tuesday, May 2, 2023 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The call will last approximately one hour. The call may be accessed over the internet through Federal Signal’s website at www.federalsignal.com or by dialing phone number 1-844-826-3035 and entering the pin number 10178056. A replay will be available on Federal Signal’s website shortly after the call.

About Federal Signal

Federal Signal Corporation (NYSE: FSS) builds and delivers equipment of unmatched quality that moves material, cleans infrastructure, and protects the communities where we work and live. Founded in 1901, Federal Signal is a leading global designer, manufacturer and supplier of products and total solutions that serve municipal, governmental, industrial and commercial customers. Headquartered in Oak Brook, Ill., with manufacturing facilities worldwide, the Company operates two groups: Environmental Solutions and Safety and Security Systems. For more information on Federal Signal, visit: www.federalsignal.com.

“Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

This release contains unaudited financial information and various forward-looking statements as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements regardless of new developments or otherwise. Statements in this release that are not historical are forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from those stated. Such risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to: direct and indirect impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and the associated government response, risks and adverse economic effects associated with emerging geopolitical conflicts, product and price competition, supply chain disruptions, work stoppages, availability and pricing of raw materials, cybersecurity risks, risks associated with acquisitions such as integration of operations and achieving anticipated revenue and cost benefits, foreign currency exchange rate changes, interest rate changes, increased legal expenses and litigation results, legal and regulatory developments and other risks and uncertainties described in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Contact: Ian Hudson, Chief Financial Officer, +1-630-954-2000, ihudson@federalsignal.com

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* Adjusted earnings per share (“EPS”) is a non-GAAP measure, which includes certain adjustments to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS. In 2022, we made adjustments to exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and debt settlement charges, where applicable. Should any similar items occur in 2023, we would expect to exclude them from the determination of adjusted EPS. However, because of the underlying uncertainty in quantifying amounts which may not yet be known, a reconciliation of our Adjusted EPS outlook to the most applicable GAAP measure is excluded based on the unreasonable efforts exception in Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B).

3

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2023			2022
Net sales	$	385.5		$	330.2
Cost of sales	289.7			254.5
Gross profit	95.8			75.7
Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses	52.0			43.6
Amortization expense	3.6			3.3
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.7			0.3
Operating income	39.5			28.5
Interest expense	4.7			1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1			(0.4)
Income before income taxes	34.7			27.6
Income tax expense	7.3			7.1
Net income	$	27.4		$	20.5
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.45		$	0.34
Diluted	$	0.45		$	0.33
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	60.7			60.7
Diluted	61.3			61.4
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	0.09		$	0.09
Operating data:
Operating margin	10.2		%	8.6		%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	54.5		$	42.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin	14.1		%	12.8		%
Total orders	$	474.7		$	452.6
Backlog	967.6			751.2
Depreciation and amortization	14.3			13.4

4

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
(in millions, except per share data)	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	38.4	$	47.5
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $2.8 and $2.5, respectively	191.6		173.8
Inventories	317.6		292.7
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	18.7		17.4
Total current assets	566.3		531.4
Properties and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $161.6 and $156.4, respectively	180.8		179.3
Rental equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $46.1 and $45.4, respectively	121.9		109.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets	25.8		24.7
Goodwill	458.4		453.4
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $59.0 and $55.4, respectively	212.8		208.2
Deferred tax assets	8.6		8.8
Other long-term assets	9.7		9.4
Total assets	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$	2.3	$	1.5
Accounts payable	95.6		72.4
Customer deposits	26.1		25.4
Accrued liabilities:
Compensation and withholding taxes	21.8		31.1
Current operating lease liabilities	7.5		6.9
Other current liabilities	49.8		43.2
Total current liabilities	203.1		180.5
Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	373.2		361.5
Long-term operating lease liabilities	19.4		18.5
Long-term pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	39.9		38.9
Deferred tax liabilities	50.3		51.0
Other long-term liabilities	16.4		13.0
Total liabilities	702.3		663.4
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 90.0 shares authorized, 69.7 and 69.5 shares issued, respectively	69.7		69.5
Capital in excess of par value	274.7		271.8
Retained earnings	804.1		782.2
Treasury stock, at cost, 8.8 and 8.8 shares, respectively	(183.1)		(178.6)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(83.4)		(84.0)
Total stockholders’ equity	882.0		860.9
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3

5

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Operating activities:
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14.3		13.4
Stock-based compensation expense	2.0		2.4
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration	(0.2)		—
Amortization of interest rate swap settlement gain	(0.6)		—
Deferred income taxes	(0.3)		0.3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities	(35.5)		(29.6)
Net cash provided by operating activities	7.1		7.0
Investing activities:
Purchases of properties and equipment	(6.0)		(33.7)
Payments for acquisition-related activity, net of cash acquired	(13.5)		(1.0)
Other, net	0.1		0.4
Net cash used for investing activities	(19.4)		(34.3)
Financing activities:
Increase in revolving lines of credit, net	12.6		46.8
Purchases of treasury stock	—		(13.6)
Redemptions of common stock to satisfy withholding taxes related to stock-based compensation	(3.8)		(1.5)
Payments for acquisition-related activity	(0.5)		—
Cash dividends paid to stockholders	(5.5)		(5.5)
Proceeds from stock-based compensation activity	0.4		—
Other, net	(0.1)		(0.1)
Net cash provided by financing activities	3.1		26.1
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	0.1		(0.1)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(9.1)		(1.3)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	47.5		40.5
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	38.4	$	39.2

2

6

FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

GROUP RESULTS (Unaudited)

The following tables summarize group operating results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Environmental Solutions Group

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022			Change
Net sales	$	318.8		$	274.2		$	44.6
Operating income	37.6			26.8			10.8
Adjusted EBITDA	51.2			39.3			11.9
Operating data:
Operating margin	11.8		%	9.8		%	2.0		%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	16.1		%	14.3		%	1.8		%
Total orders	$	395.8		$	387.6		$	8.2
Backlog	901.8			690.1			211.7
Depreciation and amortization	13.2			12.4			0.8

Safety and Security Systems Group

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022			Change
Net sales	$	66.7		$	56.0		$	10.7
Operating income	12.1			7.9			4.2
Adjusted EBITDA	13.2			8.9			4.3
Operating data:
Operating margin	18.1		%	14.1		%	4.0		%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	19.8		%	15.9		%	3.9		%
Total orders	$	78.9		$	65.0		$	13.9
Backlog	65.8			61.1			4.7
Depreciation and amortization	1.1			1.0			0.1

Corporate Expenses

Corporate operating expenses were $10.2 million and $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

7

SEC REGULATION G NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION

The financial measures presented below are unaudited and are not in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The non-GAAP financial information presented herein should be considered supplemental to, and not a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. The Company has provided this supplemental information to investors, analysts, and other interested parties to enable them to perform additional analyses of operating results, to illustrate the results of operations giving effect to the non-GAAP adjustments shown in the reconciliations below, and to provide an additional measure of performance which management considers in operating the business.

Adjusted Net Income and Earnings Per Share (“EPS”):

The Company believes that modifying its 2023 and 2022 net income and diluted EPS provides additional measures which are representative of the Company’s underlying performance and improves the comparability of results across reporting periods. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 adjustments were made to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS to exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net income, as reported	$	27.4	$	20.5
Add:
Income tax expense	7.3		7.1
Income before income taxes	34.7		27.6
Add:
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.7		0.3
Adjusted income before income taxes	35.4		27.9
Adjusted income tax expense (a)	(7.5)		(7.2)
Adjusted net income	$	27.9	$	20.7
	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars per diluted share)	2023		2022
EPS, as reported	$	0.45	$	0.33
Add:
Income tax expense	0.12		0.12
Income before income taxes	0.57		0.45
Add:
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.01		0.01
Adjusted income before income taxes	0.58		0.46
Adjusted income tax expense (a)	(0.12)		(0.12)
Adjusted EPS	$	0.46	$	0.34

(a)    Adjusted income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was recomputed after excluding the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin:

The Company uses adjusted EBITDA and the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to net sales (“adjusted EBITDA margin”), at both the consolidated and segment level, as additional measures which are representative of its underlying performance and to improve the comparability of results across reporting periods. We believe that investors use versions of these metrics in a similar manner. For these reasons, the Company believes that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, at both the consolidated and segment level, are meaningful metrics to investors in evaluating the Company’s underlying financial performance.

Consolidated adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, acquisition and integration-related expenses, other income/expense, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, acquisition and integration-related expenses, other income/expense, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable period(s).

8

Segment adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and integration-related expenses and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and integration-related expenses and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable period(s). Segment operating income includes all revenues, costs and expenses directly related to the segment involved. In determining segment income, neither corporate nor interest expenses are included. Segment depreciation and amortization expense relates to those assets, both tangible and intangible, that are utilized by the respective segment.

Other companies may use different methods to calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin.

Consolidated

The following table summarizes the Company’s consolidated adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles net income to consolidated adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022
Net income	$	27.4		$	20.5
Add:
Interest expense	4.7			1.3
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.7			0.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1			(0.4)
Income tax expense	7.3			7.1
Depreciation and amortization	14.3			13.4
Consolidated adjusted EBITDA	$	54.5		$	42.2
Net sales	$	385.5		$	330.2
Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin	14.1		%	12.8		%

9

Environmental Solutions Group

The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group’s adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles operating income to adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022
Operating income	$	37.6		$	26.8
Add:
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	0.4			0.1
Depreciation and amortization	13.2			12.4
Adjusted EBITDA	$	51.2		$	39.3
Net sales	$	318.8		$	274.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin	16.1		%	14.3		%

Safety and Security Systems Group

The following table summarizes the Safety and Security Systems Group’s adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles operating income to adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2023			2022
Operating income	$	12.1		$	7.9
Add:
Depreciation and amortization	1.1			1.0
Adjusted EBITDA	$	13.2		$	8.9
Net sales	$	66.7		$	56.0
Adjusted EBITDA margin	19.8		%	15.9		%

10

EX-99.2

Federal Signal Q1 2023 Earnings Call May 2, 2023 Jennifer Sherman, President & Chief Executive Officer Ian Hudson, SVP, Chief Financial Officer

Safe Harbor This presentation contains unaudited financial information and various forward-looking statements as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation to update these forward- looking statements regardless of new developments or otherwise. Statements in this presentation that are not historical are forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from those stated. Such risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to: direct and indirect impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and the associated government response, risks and adverse economic effects associated with emerging geopolitical conflicts, product and price competition, supply chain disruptions, work stoppages, availability and pricing of raw materials, cybersecurity risks, risks associated with acquisitions such as integration of operations and achieving anticipated revenue and cost benefits, foreign currency exchange rate changes, interest rate changes, increased legal expenses and litigation results, legal and regulatory developments and other risks and uncertainties described in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This presentation also contains references to certain non-GAAP financial information. Such items are reconciled herein, in our earnings news release provided as of the date of this presentation or in other investor materials filed with the SEC. 2

Q1 Highlights * 3* Comparisons versus Q1 of 2022 • Net sales of $386 M, up $55 M, or 17% • Organic growth of $44 M, or 13% • Operating income of $39.5 M, up $11.0 M, or 39% • Adjusted EBITDA of $54.5 M, up $12.3 M, or 29% • Adjusted EBITDA margin of 14.1%, vs. 12.8% • GAAP EPS of $0.45, up $0.12, or 36% • Adjusted EPS of $0.46, up $0.12, or 35% • Record backlog of $968 M, up $216 M, or 29% • Record orders of $475 M, up $22 M, or 5%

4 Group and Corporate Results $ millions, except % Q1 2023 Q1 2022 % Change ESG Orders 395.8 387.6 2% Sales 318.8 274.2 16% Operating income 37.6 26.8 40% Operating margin 11.8% 9.8% Adjusted EBITDA 51.2 39.3 30% Adjusted EBITDA margin 16.1% 14.3% SSG Orders 78.9 65.0 21% Sales 66.7 56.0 19% Operating income 12.1 7.9 53% Operating margin 18.1% 14.1% Adjusted EBITDA 13.2 8.9 48% Adjusted EBITDA margin 19.8% 15.9% Corporate expenses 10.2 6.2 65% Consolidated Orders 474.7 452.6 5% Sales 385.5 330.2 17% Operating income 39.5 28.5 39% Operating margin 10.2% 8.6% Adjusted EBITDA 54.5 42.2 29% Adjusted EBITDA margin 14.1% 12.8%

Consolidated Statement of Operations 5 $ millions, except % and per share Q1 2023 Q1 2022 $ Change % Change Net sales 385.5$ 330.2$ 55.3$ 17% Gross profit 95.8 75.7 20.1 27% SEG&A expenses 52.0 43.6 8.4 19% Amortization expense 3.6 3.3 0.3 9% Acquisition and integration related expenses 0.7 0.3 0.4 NM Operating income 39.5 28.5 11.0 39% Interest expense 4.7 1.3 3.4 262% Other expense (income), net 0.1 (0.4) 0.5 NM Income tax expense 7.3 7.1 0.2 3% Net income 27.4 20.5 6.9 34% Diluted EPS 0.45$ 0.33$ 0.12$ 36% Diluted adjusted EPS 0.46$ 0.34$ 0.12$ 35% Gross Margin 24.9% 22.9% SEG&A expenses as a % of net sales 13.5% 13.2% Effective tax rate 21.0% 25.7%

6 Adjusted Earnings per Share ($ in millions) 2023 2022 Net income, as reported 27.4$ 20.5$ Add: Income tax expense 7.3 7.1 Income before income taxes 34.7 27.6 Add: Acquisition and integration-related expenses 0.7 0.3 Adjusted income before income taxes 35.4 27.9 Adjusted income tax expense (1) (7.5) (7.2) Adjusted net income 27.9$ 20.7$ Diluted EPS, as reported 0.45$ 0.33$ Adjusted diluted EPS 0.46$ 0.34$ Three Months Ended March 31, (1) Adjusted income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 w as recomputed after excluding the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses.

7 Financial Strength and Flexibility * * Dollar amounts as of, or for the quarter ending 3/31/2023, unless otherwise noted ** Net debt is a non-GAAP measure and is computed as total debt of $375.5 M, less total cash and cash equivalents of $38.4 M Strong capital structure • Cash and cash equivalents of $38 M • Net debt of ~$337 M ** • In October 2022, executed a five-year, $800 M revolving credit facility, with opportunity to increase further by the greater of (i) $400 M or (ii) 100% of TTM consolidated EBITDA, subject to lenders approval • Net debt leverage remains low • Compliant with all covenants with significant headroom Healthy cash flow and access to cash facilitate organic growth investment, M&A and cash returns to stockholders • Generated ~$7 M of cash from operations in Q1 2023, in line with Q1 2022 • ~$415 M of availability under revolving credit facility • Anticipating cap ex of $25 M-$30 M in 2023, including investments in our plants to add capacity and gain efficiencies through automation • Completed acquisition of Blasters, Inc. on January 3, 2023 for an initial payment of ~$13.4 M • Completed acquisition of Trackless Vehicles on April 3, 2023 for an initial purchase price of ~$40 M • Paid $5.5 M for dividends, reflecting dividend of $0.09 per share; recently declared increased dividend of $0.10 per share for Q2 2023 • ~$59 M of authorization remaining under current share repurchase program (~2% of market cap)

CEO Remarks – Q1 Performance 8 • Impressive execution by both groups led to a strong start to the year, with Q1 results including the highest net sales and EPS of any first quarter in Company history • Environmental Solutions Group highlights:  YoY net sales growth of 16% and a 180-basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin  17% sequential quarterly production improvement at our two largest facilities; supply chain continuing to improve, overall  Aftermarket revenues up 22%, with noted strength in parts sales  Completed acquisition of Blasters in January 2023 • Safety and Security Group highlights:  YoY net sales growth of 19%, with higher sales of industrial signaling equipment and public safety equipment  390-basis point improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin  In-sourcing production of several key components at improved margins; reduced reliance on overseas suppliers

CEO Remarks – Market Conditions 9 Infrastructure Investments • American Rescue Plan Act  $350 B for maintenance of essential infrastructure, such as sewer systems and streets • Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act  $550 B earmarked for new investments in roads, bridges, power, water, and broadband infrastructure, public transportation, and airports  $6.5 B for FEMA, including outdoor warning systems Electrification • Showcased newest EV product offerings at recent trade shows • Growing demand for lithium-ion batteries expected to benefit metal extraction industry

CEO Remarks – Growth Initiatives 10 • Eighty-twenty improvement initiatives  Ox Bodies product line simplification  Dedicated resource onboarded to drive additional improvement projects, including at new acquisitions • Aftermarket expansion  Opened new facility in Colorado  Rental fleet investment during Q1 to support anticipated strength in demand for rentals and used equipment • M&A  Closed Trackless acquisition in April 2023 MT7 Tractor Snow Attachments Maintenance Attachments Grass Attachments

Raising 2023 Outlook Raising Full-Year Adjusted EPS* Outlook to a new range of $2.21 to $2.43, from the previous range of $2.15 to $2.40 Would represent highest EPS in Company’s history and YoY growth of 13%-24%, despite aggregate headwind of ~$0.23 from higher interest expense and normalization of tax rate 11  Also raising low end of full-year net sales outlook by $40 M, establishing new range of $1.62 B to $1.72 B  Represents YoY growth of 13% - 20% vs. $1.43 B in 2022  Double-digit improvement in pre-tax earnings  Depreciation and amortization expense of ~$62 M - $64 M  Capital expenditures of $25 M to $30 M  Interest expense of ~$20-21 M; YoY EPS headwind of ~$0.13 Key Assumptions  Effective tax rate resets to a normalized rate between 24% and 25%, excluding additional discrete items; YoY EPS headwind of ~$0.10  ~61-62 M weighted average shares outstanding  No significant deterioration in current supply chain environment; assumes supply chain improves throughout year, with steady flow of customer-provided chassis  No significant increase in current input costs  Includes nominal contribution from Trackless acquisition *Adjusted earnings per share (“EPS”) is a non-GAAP measure, which includes certain adjustments to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS. In 2022, we made adjustments to exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses (benefits) and debt settlement charges, where applicable. Should any similar items occur in 2023, we would expect to exclude them from the determination of adjusted EPS. However, because of the underlying uncertainty in quantifying amounts which may not yet be known, a reconciliation of our Adjusted EPS outlook to the most applicable GAAP measure is excluded based on the unreasonable efforts exception in Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B).

Federal Signal Q1 2023 Earnings Call 12 Q&A May 2, 2023 Jennifer Sherman, President & Chief Executive Officer Ian Hudson, SVP, Chief Financial Officer

Investor Information Stock Ticker - NYSE:FSS Company website: federalsignal.com/investors HEADQUARTERS 1415 West 22nd Street, Suite 1100 Oak Brook, IL 60523 INVESTOR RELATIONS CONTACTS 630-954-2000 Ian Hudson SVP, Chief Financial Officer IHudson@federalsignal.com 13

Federal Signal Q1 2023 Earnings Call 14 Appendix

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA 15 $ millions, except % Q1 2023 Q1 2022 Net income 27.4$ 20.5$ Add: Interest expense 4.7 1.3 Acquisition and integration-related expenses 0.7 0.3 Other expense (income), net 0.1 (0.4) Income tax expense 7.3 7.1 Depreciation and amortization 14.3 13.4 Consolidated adjusted EBITDA 54.5$ 42.2$ Net Sales 385.5$ 330.2$ Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin 14.1% 12.8%

Segment Adjusted EBITDA 16 ESG $ millions, except % Q1 2023 Q1 2022 Operating Income 37.6$ 26.8$ Add: Acquisition and integration-related expenses 0.4 0.1 Depreciation and amortization 13.2 12.4 Adjusted EBITDA 51.2$ 39.3$ Net Sales 318.8$ 274.2$ Adjusted EBITDA margin 16.1% 14.3% SSG $ millions, except % Q1 2023 Q1 2022 Operating Income 12.1$ 7.9$ Add: Depreciation and amortization 1.1 1.0 Adjusted EBITDA 13.2$ 8.9$ Net Sales 66.7$ 56.0$ Adjusted EBITDA margin 19.8% 15.9%

Non-GAAP Measures • Adjusted net income and earnings per share (“EPS”) - The Company believes that modifying its 2023 and 2022 net income and diluted EPS provides additional measures which are representative of the Company’s underlying performance and improves the comparability of results between reporting periods. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, adjustments were made to reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS to exclude the impact of acquisition and integration-related expenses. • Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin - The Company uses adjusted EBITDA and the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to net sales ("adjusted EBITDA margin"), at both the consolidated and segment level, as additional measures which are representative of its underlying performance and to improve the comparability of results across reporting periods. We believe that investors use versions of these metrics in a similar manner. For these reasons, the Company believes that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, at both the consolidated and segment level, are meaningful metrics to investors in evaluating the Company’s underlying financial performance. • Consolidated adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, acquisition and integration-related expenses, other expense/income, income tax expense/benefit, and depreciation and amortization expense. Consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, acquisition and integration-related expenses, other expense/income, income tax expense/benefit, and depreciation and amortization expense divided by net sales for the applicable period(s). • Segment adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and integration-related expenses, and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of segment operating income, acquisition and integration-related expenses, and depreciation and amortization expense, as applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable period(s). Segment operating income includes all revenues, costs and expenses directly related to the segment involved. In determining segment income, neither corporate nor interest expenses are included. Segment depreciation and amortization expense relates to those assets, both tangible and intangible, that are utilized by the respective segment. Other companies may use different methods to calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin. 17

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Apr. 30, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-6003
Entity Registrant Name	FEDERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Name	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	36-1063330
Entity Address, Address Line One	1415 West 22nd Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Oak Brook
Entity Address, State or Province	IL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	60523
City Area Code	630
Local Phone Number	954-2000
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share
Trading Symbol	FSS
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		60,888,266
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0000277509
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net sales	$ 385,500,000	$ 330,200,000
Cost of sales	289,700,000	254,500,000
Gross profit	95,800,000	75,700,000
Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses	52,000,000.0	43,600,000
Amortization expense	3,600,000	3,300,000
Acquisition and integration-related expenses	700,000	300,000
Operating income	39,500,000	28,500,000
Interest expense	4,700,000	1,300,000
Other expense (income), net	100,000	(400,000)
Income before income taxes	34,700,000	27,600,000
Income tax expense	7,300,000	7,100,000
Net income	$ 27,400,000	$ 20,500,000
Basic earnings per share:
Earnings per share (usd per share)	$ 0.45	$ 0.34
Diluted earnings per share:
Earnings per share (usd per share)	$ 0.45	$ 0.33
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic (shares)	60.7	60.7
Diluted (shares)	61.3	61.4

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 27.4	$ 20.5
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment	1.5	(1.6)
Change in unrecognized net actuarial loss and prior service cost related to pension benefit plans, net of income tax expense of $0.0 and $0.4 respectively	0.0	1.0
Change in unrealized gain or loss on interest rate swaps, net of income tax (benefit) expense of $(0.3) and $0.7, respectively	(0.9)	2.1
Total other comprehensive income	0.6	1.5
Comprehensive income	$ 28.0	$ 22.0

XML

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Tax expense on change in unrecognized net actuarial losses and prior service cost related to pension benefit plans	$ 0.0	$ 0.4
Tax expense on unrealized net gain on derivatives	$ (0.3)	$ 0.7

XML

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 38.4	$ 47.5
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $2.8 and $2.5, respectively	191.6	173.8
Inventories	317.6	292.7
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	18.7	17.4
Total current assets	566.3	531.4
Properties and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $161.6 and $156.4, respectively	180.8	179.3
Rental equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $46.1 and $45.4, respectively	121.9	109.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets	25.8	24.7
Goodwill	458.4	453.4
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $59.0 and $55.4, respectively	212.8	208.2
Deferred tax assets	8.6	8.8
Other long-term assets	9.7	9.4
Total assets	1,584.3	1,524.3
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	2.3	1.5
Accounts payable	95.6	72.4
Customer deposits	26.1	25.4
Accrued liabilities:
Compensation and withholding taxes	21.8	31.1
Current operating lease liabilities	7.5	6.9
Other current liabilities	49.8	43.2
Total current liabilities	203.1	180.5
Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	373.2	361.5
Long-term operating lease liabilities	19.4	18.5
Long-term pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	39.9	38.9
Deferred tax liabilities	50.3	51.0
Other long-term liabilities	16.4	13.0
Total liabilities	702.3	663.4
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 90.0 shares authorized, 69.7 and 69.5 shares issued, respectively	69.7	69.5
Capital in excess of par value	274.7	271.8
Retained earnings	804.1	782.2
Treasury stock, at cost, 8.8 and 8.8 shares, respectively	(183.1)	(178.6)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(83.4)	(84.0)
Total stockholders’ equity	882.0	860.9
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 1,584.3	$ 1,524.3

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 2.8	$ 2.5
Properties and equipment, accumulated depreciation	161.6	156.4
Rental Equipment, Accumulated Depreciation	46.1	45.4
Intangible assets, accumulated amortization	$ 59.0	$ 55.4
Common stock, par value (usd per share)	$ 1
Common stock, shares authorized	90.0
Common stock, shares issued	69.7	69.5
Treasury stock, shares	8.8	8.8

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Operating activities:
Net income	$ 27.4	$ 20.5
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	14.3	13.4
Stock-based compensation expense	2.0	2.4
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration	(0.2)	0.0
Amortization of interest rate swap settlement gain	(0.6)	0.0
Deferred income taxes	(0.3)	0.3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities	(35.5)	(29.6)
Net cash provided by operating activities	7.1	7.0
Investing activities:
Purchases of properties and equipment	(6.0)	(33.7)
Payments for acquisition-related activity, net of cash acquired	(13.5)	(1.0)
Other, net	0.1	0.4
Net cash used for investing activities	(19.4)	(34.3)
Financing activities:
Increase in revolving lines of credit, net	12.6	46.8
Purchases of treasury stock	0.0	(13.6)
Redemptions of common stock to satisfy withholding taxes related to stock-based compensation	(3.8)	(1.5)
Payments for acquisition-related activity	(0.5)	0.0
Cash dividends paid to stockholders	(5.5)	(5.5)
Proceeds from stock-based compensation activity	0.4	0.0
Other, net	(0.1)	(0.1)
Net cash provided by financing activities	3.1	26.1
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	0.1	(0.1)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(9.1)	(1.3)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	47.5	40.5
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$ 38.4	$ 39.2

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Capital in Excess of Par Value	Retained Earnings	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 784.0	$ 68.9	$ 256.7	$ 683.6	$ (151.0)	$ (74.2)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	20.5			20.5
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	1.5					1.5
Cash dividends declared	(5.5)			(5.5)
Stock-based payments:
Stock-based compensation	2.4		2.4
Stock option exercises and other	(0.2)	0.1	0.3		(0.6)
Performance share unit transactions	(1.3)	0.1	(0.1)		(1.3)
Stock repurchase program	(13.6)				(13.6)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	787.8	69.1	259.3	698.6	(166.5)	(72.7)
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	860.9	69.5	271.8	782.2	(178.6)	(84.0)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	27.4			27.4
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	0.6					0.6
Cash dividends declared	(5.5)			(5.5)
Stock-based payments:
Stock-based compensation	2.0		2.0
Stock option exercises and other	(0.1)	0.1	1.0		(1.2)
Performance share unit transactions	(3.3)	0.1	(0.1)		(3.3)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 882.0	$ 69.7	$ 274.7	$ 804.1	$ (183.1)	$ (83.4)

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared per common share (usd per share)	$ 0.09	$ 0.09

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization and Description of the Business

Federal Signal Corporation was founded in 1901 and was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1969. References herein to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Products manufactured and services rendered by the Company are divided into two reportable segments: Environmental Solutions Group and Safety and Security Systems Group. The individual operating businesses are organized as such because they share certain characteristics, including technology, marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies. These segments are discussed in Note 12 – Segment Information.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements represent the consolidation of Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries included herein and have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures presented herein are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. Except as otherwise noted, these condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and should be read in conjunction with those consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

These condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that we considered necessary to present a fair statement of our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. While we label our quarterly information using a calendar convention whereby our first, second and third quarters are labeled as ending on March 31, June 30 and September 30, respectively, it is our longstanding practice to establish interim quarterly closing dates based on a 13-week period ending on a Saturday, with our fiscal year ending on December 31. The effects of this practice are not material and exist only within a reporting year.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

There are no new accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet adopted, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flow.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Acquisitions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Blasters

On January 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all the assets and operations of Blasters, Inc. and Blasters Technologies, LLC (collectively, “Blasters”), a leading U.S. manufacturer of truck-mounted waterblasting equipment. The Company expects that the Blasters acquisition will further bolster its position as an industry leading diversified industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance and infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding products, and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.

The assets and liabilities of Blasters have been consolidated into the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, and the post-acquisition results of operations have been included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, within the Environmental Solutions Group.

The initial cash consideration paid by the Company to acquire Blasters was $13.4 million, inclusive of certain preliminary closing adjustments, and was funded through existing cash and borrowings under the Company’s credit agreement. In addition, there is a contingent earn-out payment of up to $8.0 million, based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a specified performance period. Any additional closing adjustments are expected to be finalized before the end of the third quarter of 2023.

The acquisition is being accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the total purchase price has been allocated on a preliminary basis to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition based on their estimated fair values as of the completion of the acquisition. A single estimate of fair value results from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and relies heavily on estimates and assumptions. The Company’s judgments used to determine the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact the Company’s results of operations. Due to the proximity of the date of acquisition to the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company’s purchase price allocation as of March 31, 2023 reflects various provisional estimates that were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the filing date of this Form 10-Q. The Company believes that information provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; however, the determination of those fair values is not yet finalized. Thus, the preliminary measurements of fair value set forth in the table below are subject to change during the measurement period as valuations are finalized. The Company expects to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable.

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

(in millions)
Purchase price, inclusive of preliminary closing adjustments	$	13.4
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	4.0
Total consideration	17.4
Accounts receivable	0.7
Inventories	4.6
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	0.1
Properties and equipment	1.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets (b)	1.1
Customer relationships (c)	5.3
Trade names (d)	2.6
Other intangible assets	0.3
Operating lease liabilities (b)	(1.1)
Accounts payable	(0.9)
Accrued liabilities	(0.3)
Customer deposits	(0.5)
Finance lease obligations	(0.1)
Net assets acquired	12.9
Goodwill (e)	$	4.5

(a)    Represents the preliminary estimated fair value of the contingent earn-out payment as of the acquisition date, of which $1.0 million is included in Other current liabilities and $3.0 million is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements for discussion of the methodology used to determine the fair value of the contingent earn-out payment.

(b)    In connection with the acquisition, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the Blasters facility, which is owned by affiliates of the sellers. The related-party lease contains a market-based annual rent of $0.2 million, an initial lease term of five years, and options to renew.

(c)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to customer relationships, which are considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, with a preliminary estimated useful life of approximately 12 years.

(d)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to trade names, which are considered to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.

(e)    Goodwill, which is tax-deductible, has been allocated to the Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will primarily benefit this segment.

In the period between the January 3, 2023 closing date and March 31, 2023, Blasters generated $5.9 million of net sales and $0.6 million of operating income. The acquisition was not, and would not have been, material to the Company’s net sales or results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Accordingly, the Company’s consolidated results do not differ materially from historical performance as a result of the acquisition, and therefore, unaudited pro-forma results are not presented.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE RECOGNITION

The following table presents the Company’s Net sales disaggregated by geographic region, based on the location of the end customer, and by major product line:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Geographic Region:
U.S.	$	309.1	$	264.4
Canada	43.9		42.3
Europe/Other	32.5		23.5
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Major Product Line:
Environmental Solutions
Vehicles and equipment (a)	$	245.3	$	217.4
Parts	54.8		40.8
Rental income (b)	11.0		9.7
Other (c)	7.7		6.3
Total	318.8		274.2
Safety and Security Systems
Public safety and security equipment	40.2		36.1
Industrial signaling equipment	18.6		14.2
Warning systems	7.9		5.7
Total	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2

(a)    Includes net sales from the sale of new and used vehicles and equipment, including sales of rental equipment.

(b)    Represents income from vehicle and equipment lease arrangements with customers.

(c)    Primarily includes revenues from services, such as maintenance and repair work, and the sale of extended warranty contracts.

Contract Balances

The Company recognizes contract liabilities when cash payments, such as customer deposits, are received in advance of the Company’s satisfaction of the related performance obligations. Contract liabilities are recognized as Net sales when the related performance obligations are satisfied, which generally occurs within three to six months of the cash receipt. Contract liability balances are not materially impacted by any other factors. The Company’s contract liabilities were $29.8 million and $28.9 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Contract assets, such as unbilled receivables, were not material as of any of the periods presented herein.

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Inventories

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

INVENTORIES

The following table summarizes the components of Inventories:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	107.0	$	97.5
Raw materials	175.0		164.3
Work in process	35.6		30.9
Total inventories	$	317.6	$	292.7

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Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt Disclosure

DEBT

The following table summarizes the components of Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
2022 Credit Agreement (a)	$	373.6	$	361.0
Finance lease obligations	1.9		2.0
Total borrowings and finance lease obligations, including current portion	375.5		363.0
Less: Current borrowings	1.6		0.8
Less: Current finance lease obligations	0.7		0.7
Total long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$	373.2	$	361.5

(a)     Defined as the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, as amended.

As more fully described within Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements, the Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The fair value of the Company’s borrowings and finance lease obligations is based on interest rates that we believe are currently available to us for issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities (Level 2 input). The carrying amounts of the Company’s borrowings and finance lease obligations approximate their fair values as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a base rate or an Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple SONIA Rate (as each is defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from zero to 0.75% for base rate borrowings and 1.00% to 1.75% for Adjusted Term SOFR, Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Adjusted Daily Simple SONIA Rate borrowings. The Company must also pay a commitment fee to the lenders ranging between 0.10% to 0.25% per annum on the unused portion of the $675 million Revolver along with other standard fees. Applicable margin, issuance fees and other customary expenses are payable on outstanding letters of credit.

The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio financial covenants under the 2022 Credit Agreement that are measured at each fiscal quarter-end. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, there was $373.6 million of cash drawn and $11.2 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $415.2 million of net availability for borrowings. As of December 31, 2022, there was $361.0 million cash drawn and $11.2 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2022 Credit Agreement, with $427.8 million of net availability for borrowings.

The following table summarizes the gross borrowings and gross payments under the Company’s credit facilities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Gross borrowings	$	37.6	$	55.0
Gross payments	25.0		8.2

Interest Rate Swaps

On October 21, 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate swap (the “2022 Swap”) with a notional amount of $75.0 million, as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on $75.0 million of its variable-rate debt. The 2022 Swap is designated as a cash flow hedge, with an original maturity date of October 31, 2025.

As a result of the application of hedge accounting treatment, all unrealized gains and losses related to the derivative instrument are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into operations in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedge effectiveness is assessed quarterly. The Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) and measured on a recurring basis in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the 2022 Swap was a liability of $0.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively, which was included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, unrealized pre-tax losses of $0.5 million and unrealized pre-tax gains of $2.9 million, respectively, were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. No ineffectiveness was recorded in either period.

In connection with entering into the 2022 Credit Agreement in October 2022, the Company terminated an interest rate swap initially entered into in 2019, receiving proceeds of $4.3 million upon settlement. The settlement gain was recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and is being amortized into earnings ratably through the original maturity date of July 30, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized a $0.6 million non-cash settlement gain as a component of Interest expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, an unrealized settlement gain of $3.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, was included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill, and the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2023, by segment:

(in millions)	Environmental Solutions		Safety & Security Systems		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	343.8	$	109.6	$	453.4
Acquisitions	4.5		—		4.5
Translation adjustments	—		0.5		0.5
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	348.3	$	110.1	$	458.4

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets for each major class of intangible assets:

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in millions)	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships (a)	$	159.0	$	(55.4)	$	103.6	$	153.7	$	(52.0)	$	101.7
Other (a)	6.0		(3.6)		2.4		5.7		(3.4)		2.3
Total definite-lived intangible assets	165.0		(59.0)		106.0		159.4		(55.4)		104.0
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	102.5		—		102.5		99.9		—		99.9
Other	4.3		—		4.3		4.3		—		4.3
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets	106.8		—		106.8		104.2		—		104.2
Total intangible assets	$	271.8	$	(59.0)	$	212.8	$	263.6	$	(55.4)	$	208.2

(a)    Average useful life of customer relationships and other definite-lived intangible assets are estimated to be approximately 12 years and 7 years, respectively. The average useful life across all definite-lived intangible assets is estimated to be approximately 12 years.

The table above includes preliminary estimates of the fair value and useful lives of certain definite and indefinite-lived intangible assets related to the acquisitions of Blasters and TowHaul Corporation (“TowHaul”), which were completed during the first quarter of 2023 and the fourth quarter of 2022, respectively. As further described in Note 2 – Acquisitions, the preliminary measurements of fair value included in the table above are subject to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party valuations are finalized.

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively.

The Company currently estimates that aggregate amortization expense will be approximately $10.7 million for the remainder of 2023, $14.2 million in 2024, $14.2 million in 2025, $14.1 million in 2026, $13.1 million in 2027, and $39.7 million thereafter. Actual amounts of amortization may differ from estimated amounts due to acquisitions completed after the three months ended March 31, 2023, changes in foreign currency rates, measurement period adjustments for the TowHaul and Blasters acquisitions, impairment of intangible assets and other events.

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Income Taxes	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	INCOME TAXESFor the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.3 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 21.0%. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $7.1 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.7%. The Company’s effective tax rate in the current-year quarter was lower than the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation activity and a $0.5 million benefit associated with changes in tax reserves. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company filed amended U.S. federal income tax returns for the 2015 through 2018 tax years to claim a worthless stock deduction. The aggregate refund claim associated with the worthless stock deduction was $13.2 million, including interest of $1.4 million, and the Company recognized an offsetting increase to its liability for unrecognized tax benefits.

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Pensions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Pensions

PENSIONS

The following table summarizes the components of Net periodic pension (benefit) expense: 

	U.S. Benefit Plan				Non-U.S. Benefit Plan
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest cost	$	1.5	$	1.1	$	0.4	$	0.2
Amortization of actuarial loss	0.3		0.5		0.2		0.2
Expected return on plan assets	(1.9)		(1.7)		(0.5)		(0.5)
Net periodic pension (benefit) expense	$	(0.1)	$	(0.1)	$	0.1	$	(0.1)

The items that comprise Net periodic pension (benefit) expense are included as a component of Other expense (income), net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Commitments

The Company provides indemnifications and other guarantees in the ordinary course of business, the terms of which range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. Specifically, the Company is occasionally required to provide letters of credit and bid and performance bonds to various customers, principally to act as security for retention levels related to casualty insurance policies and to guarantee the performance of subsidiaries that engage in export and domestic transactions. At March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding performance and financial standby letters of credit, as well as outstanding bid and performance bonds, aggregating to $30.5 million. If any such letters of credit or bonds are called, the Company would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the letter of credit or bond. The Company believes the likelihood of any currently outstanding letter of credit or bond being called is remote.

The Company has transactions involving the sale of equipment to certain of its customers which include (i) guarantees to repurchase the equipment for a fixed price at a future date and (ii) guarantees to repurchase the equipment from the third-party lender in the event of default by the customer. As of March 31, 2023, both the single year and maximum potential cash payments the Company could be required to make to repurchase equipment under these agreements amounted to $1.9 million. The Company’s risk under these repurchase arrangements would be partially mitigated by the value of the products repurchased as part of the transaction. Historical cash requirements and losses associated with these obligations have not been significant but could increase if customer defaults exceed current expectations.

The Company has certain lease agreements for facilities owned by affiliates which include provisions requiring the Company to guarantee any remaining lease payments in the event of default. As of March 31, 2023, the total amount of future payments guaranteed under these agreements was approximately $1.1 million. The Company believes the likelihood of defaulting on these leases is remote.

Product Warranties

The Company issues product performance warranties to customers with the sale of its products. The specific terms and conditions of these warranties vary depending upon the product sold and country in which the Company does business, with warranty periods generally ranging from one to five years. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic limited warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the sale of the related product is recognized. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include (i) the number of units under warranty, (ii) historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims and (iii) costs per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s warranty liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Balance at January 1	$	9.3	$	9.7
Provisions to expense	1.8		1.4
Acquisitions	0.1		—
Payments	(2.0)		(1.8)
Balance at March 31	$	9.2	$	9.3

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to various claims, including pending and possible legal actions for product liability and other damages, and other matters arising in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews uninsured material legal claims against the Company and accrues for the costs of such claims as appropriate in the exercise of management’s best judgment and experience. However, due to a lack of factual information available to the Company about a claim, or the procedural stage of a claim, it may not be possible for the Company to reasonably assess either the probability of a favorable or unfavorable outcome of the claim or to reasonably estimate the amount of loss should there be an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, for many claims, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss.

The Company believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that the outcome of such claims and actions will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition. However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of such matters, if unfavorable, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flow.

Hearing Loss Litigation

The Company has been sued for monetary damages by firefighters who claim that exposure to the Company’s sirens has impaired their hearing and that the sirens are therefore defective. There were 33 cases filed during the period of 1999 through 2004, involving a total of 2,443 plaintiffs, in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. These cases involved more than 1,800 firefighter plaintiffs from locations outside of Chicago. In 2009, six additional cases were filed in Cook County, involving 299 Pennsylvania firefighter plaintiffs. During 2013, another case was filed in Cook County involving 74 Pennsylvania firefighter plaintiffs.

The trial of the first 27 of these plaintiffs’ claims occurred in 2008, whereby a Cook County jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the Company.

An additional 40 Chicago firefighter plaintiffs were selected for trial in 2009. Plaintiffs’ counsel later moved to reduce the number of plaintiffs from 40 to nine. The trial for these nine plaintiffs concluded with a verdict against the Company and for the plaintiffs in varying amounts totaling $0.4 million. The Company appealed this verdict. On September 13, 2012, the Illinois Appellate Court rejected this appeal. The Company thereafter filed a petition for rehearing with the Illinois Appellate Court, which was denied on February 7, 2013. The Company sought further review by filing a petition for leave to appeal with the

Illinois Supreme Court on March 14, 2013. On May 29, 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court issued a summary order declining to accept review of this case. On July 1, 2013, the Company satisfied the judgments entered for these plaintiffs, which resulted in final dismissal of these cases.

A third consolidated trial involving eight Chicago firefighter plaintiffs occurred during November 2011. The jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the Company at the conclusion of this trial.

Following this trial, on March 12, 2012 the trial court entered an order certifying a class of the remaining Chicago Fire Department firefighter plaintiffs for trial on the sole issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. The Company petitioned the Illinois Appellate Court for interlocutory appeal of this ruling. On May 17, 2012, the Illinois Appellate Court accepted the Company’s petition. On June 8, 2012, plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal, agreeing with the Company that the trial court had erred in certifying a class action trial in this matter. Pursuant to plaintiffs’ motion, the Illinois Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s certification order.

Thereafter, the trial court scheduled a fourth consolidated trial involving three firefighter plaintiffs, which began in December 2012. Prior to the start of this trial, the claims of two of the three firefighter plaintiffs were dismissed. On December 17, 2012, the jury entered a complete defense verdict for the Company.

Following this defense verdict, plaintiffs again moved to certify a class of Chicago Fire Department plaintiffs for trial on the sole issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. Over the Company’s objection, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on March 11, 2013 and scheduled a class action trial to begin on June 10, 2013. The Company filed a petition for review with the Illinois Appellate Court on March 29, 2013 seeking reversal of the class certification order.

On June 25, 2014, a unanimous three-judge panel of the First District Illinois Appellate Court issued its opinion reversing the class certification order of the trial court. Specifically, the Appellate Court determined that the trial court’s ruling failed to satisfy the class-action requirements that the common issues of the firefighters’ claims predominate over the individual issues and that there is an adequate representative for the class. During a status hearing on October 8, 2014, plaintiffs represented to the Court that they would again seek to certify a class of firefighters on the issue of whether the Company’s sirens were defective and unreasonably dangerous. On January 12, 2015, plaintiffs filed motions to amend their complaints to add class action allegations with respect to Chicago firefighter plaintiffs, as well as the approximately 1,800 firefighter plaintiffs from locations outside of Chicago. On March 11, 2015, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motions to amend their complaints. On April 24, 2015, the cases were transferred to Cook County chancery court to decide the class certification issues. On March 23, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify as a class all firefighters from the Chicago Fire Department who have filed lawsuits in this matter. The Company objected to certification and the parties engaged in discovery and other matters related to this motion.

Thereafter, on December 20, 2021, the parties executed a settlement agreement to resolve claims of approximately 462 firefighters still involved in the Cook County litigation, as well as the DuPage County litigation discussed below. Under the

terms of the settlement agreement, the Company agreed to pay a lump sum of $0.2 million to resolve the claims of these firefighters. The estimated settlement amount was accrued by the Company. The Company agreed to pay this lump sum amount based upon its assessment of firefighters who meet minimal bilateral hearing loss standards, which is a subset of the larger group referenced above. The settlement agreement did not require the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. The settlement agreement also provided that plaintiffs’ attorney would withdraw from representing firefighters who do not agree to the settlement. The Company had discretion to void the settlement agreement if less than 93% of these firefighters agreed to settle their claims; the settlement agreement would also be voided if less than 70% of eligible firefighters agreed to the settlement. The settlement agreement was subject to review and approval by the Court. In July 2022, the Company issued the $0.2 million settlement payment for eligible plaintiffs who submitted a release. The claims of all other eligible plaintiffs were dismissed for want of prosecution on August 5, 2022.

The Company also filed motions to dismiss cases involving firefighters who worked for fire departments located outside of the State of Illinois based on improper venue. On February 24, 2017, the Circuit Court of Cook County entered orders dismissing the cases of 1,770 such firefighter plaintiffs from the jurisdiction of the State of Illinois. Pursuant to these orders, these plaintiffs had six months thereafter to refile their cases in jurisdictions where these firefighters are located. Prior to this six-month deadline, attorneys representing some of these plaintiffs contacted the Company regarding possible settlement of their cases. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company entered into a global settlement agreement with two attorneys who represented approximately 1,090 of these plaintiffs. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company offered $700 per plaintiff to settle these cases and 717 plaintiffs accepted this offer as a final settlement. The settlement agreement did

not require the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. The attorneys representing these plaintiffs agreed to withdraw from representing plaintiffs who did not respond to the settlement offer. It is the Company’s position that the non-settling plaintiffs who failed to timely refile their cases following the February 2017 dismissal by the Circuit Court of Cook County are now barred from doing so by the statute of limitations. The Company filed a venue motion seeking to transfer to DuPage County cases involving 10 plaintiffs who reside and work in Illinois but outside of Cook County. The Court granted this motion on June 28, 2017.

The Company was also sued on this issue outside of the Cook County, Illinois venue. Between 2007 and 2009, a total of 71 lawsuits involving 71 plaintiffs were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. Three of these cases were dismissed pursuant to pretrial motions filed by the Company. Another case was voluntarily dismissed. Prior to trial in four cases, the Company paid nominal sums to obtain dismissals.

Three trials occurred in Philadelphia involving these cases filed in 2007 through 2009. The first trial involving one of these plaintiffs occurred in 2010, when the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff. The jury found that the Company’s siren was not defectively designed, but that the Company negligently constructed the siren. The jury awarded damages in the amount of less than $0.1 million. The Company appealed this verdict. Another trial, involving nine Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs, also occurred in 2010 when the jury returned a defense verdict for the Company as to all claims and all plaintiffs involved in that trial. The third trial, also involving nine Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs, was completed during 2010 when the jury returned a defense verdict for the Company as to all claims and all plaintiffs involved in that trial.

Following defense verdicts in the last two Philadelphia trials, the Company negotiated settlements with respect to all remaining filed cases in Philadelphia at that time, as well as other firefighter claimants represented by the attorney who filed the Philadelphia cases. On January 4, 2011, the Company entered into a Global Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the law firm of the attorney representing the Philadelphia claimants, on behalf of 1,125 claimants the firm represented (the “Claimants”) and who had asserted product claims against the Company (the “Claims”). Three hundred eight of the Claimants had lawsuits pending against the Company in Cook County, Illinois.

The Settlement Agreement provided that the Company pay a total amount of $3.8 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to settle the Claims (including the costs, fees and other expenses of the law firm in connection with its representation of the Claimants), subject to certain terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the Settlement Agreement. In order for the Company to be required to make the Settlement Payment: (i) each Claimant who agreed to settle his or her claims had to sign a release acceptable to the Company (a “Release”), (ii) each Claimant who agreed to the settlement and who was a plaintiff in a lawsuit, had to dismiss his or her lawsuit with prejudice, (iii) by April 29, 2011, at least 93% of the Claimants identified in the Settlement Agreement must have agreed to settle their claims and provide a signed Release to the Company and (iv) the law firm had to withdraw from representing any Claimants who did not agree to the settlement, including those who filed lawsuits. If the conditions to the settlement were met, but less than 100% of the Claimants agreed to settle their Claims and sign a Release, the Settlement Payment would be reduced by the percentage of Claimants who did not agree to the settlement.

On April 22, 2011, the Company confirmed that the terms and conditions of the Settlement Agreement had been met and made a payment of $3.6 million to conclude the settlement. The amount was based upon the Company’s receipt of 1,069 signed releases provided by Claimants, which was 95% of all Claimants identified in the Settlement Agreement.

The Company generally denies the allegations made in the claims and lawsuits by the Claimants and denies that its products caused any injuries to the Claimants. Nonetheless, the Company entered into the Settlement Agreement for the purpose of minimizing its expenses, including legal fees, and avoiding the inconvenience, uncertainty and distraction of the claims and lawsuits.

During April through October 2012, 20 new cases were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. These cases were filed on behalf of 20 Philadelphia firefighters and involved various defendants in addition to the Company. Five of these cases were subsequently dismissed. The first trial involving these 2012 Philadelphia cases occurred during December 2014 and involved three firefighter plaintiffs. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company. Following this trial, all of the parties agreed to settle cases involving seven firefighter plaintiffs set for trial during January 2015 for nominal amounts per plaintiff.

In January 2015, plaintiffs’ attorneys filed two new complaints in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on behalf of approximately 70 additional firefighter plaintiffs. The vast majority of the firefighters identified in these complaints were located outside of Pennsylvania. One of the complaints in these cases, which involved 11 firefighter plaintiffs from the District of Columbia, was removed to federal court in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed all

claims in this case on May 31, 2016. The Company thereafter moved to recover various fees and costs in this case, asserting that plaintiffs’ counsel failed to properly investigate these claims prior to filing suit. The Court granted this motion on April 25, 2017, awarding $0.1 million to the Company (the “Order”). After plaintiffs appealed this Order, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the lower court decision awarding fees and costs to the Company.

With respect to claims of other out-of-state firefighters involved in these two cases, the Company moved to dismiss these claims as improperly filed in Pennsylvania. The Court granted this motion and dismissed these claims on November 5, 2015. During August through December 2015, another nine new cases were filed in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. These cases involved a total of 193 firefighters, most of whom were located outside of Pennsylvania. The Company again moved to dismiss all claims filed by out-of-state firefighters in these cases as improperly filed in Pennsylvania. On May 24, 2016, the Court granted this motion and dismissed these claims. Plaintiffs appealed this decision and, on September 25, 2018, the appellate court reversed this dismissal. The Company then filed a petition with the appellate court requesting that the court reconsider its ruling. On December 7, 2018, the appellate court granted the Company’s petition and withdrew its prior decision. On June 25, 2020, the Court issued a decision affirming the trial court’s dismissal of these cases with prejudice.

On May 13, 2016, four new cases were filed in Philadelphia state court, involving a total of 55 Philadelphia firefighters who live in Pennsylvania. During August 2016, the Company settled a case for nominal amounts involving four Philadelphia firefighters that had been set for trial in Philadelphia state court during September 2016. During 2017, plaintiffs filed additional cases in the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, involving over 100 Philadelphia firefighter plaintiffs. During January 2017, plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate, similar to a motion filed in the Pittsburgh hearing loss cases, as described below. The Company filed an opposition to this motion. These cases were then transferred to the mass tort program in Philadelphia for pretrial purposes. Plaintiffs’ counsel thereafter dismissed several plaintiffs. During November 2017, a trial involving one Philadelphia firefighter occurred. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Company in this trial. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 75 firefighters involved in cases pending in the Philadelphia mass tort program.

During March 2014, an action also was brought in the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, Pennsylvania on behalf of 61 firefighters. This case likewise involves various defendants in addition to the Company. After the Company filed pretrial motions, 33 Erie County firefighter plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 28 firefighters involved in cases filed in Erie County.

During August 2017, five cases involving 70 firefighter plaintiffs were filed in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. These cases involve firefighter plaintiffs who originally filed in Cook County several years ago and were dismissed pursuant to the Company’s forum non conveniens motion.

On September 17, 2014, 20 lawsuits, involving a total of 193 Buffalo Fire Department firefighters, were filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Erie County. All of the cases filed in Erie County, New York were removed to federal court in the Western District of New York. Plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate these cases, similar to the motion filed in the Pittsburgh hearing loss cases, as described below. The Company filed an opposition to the motion. During February 2015, a lawsuit involving one New York City firefighter plaintiff was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County. The plaintiff named the Company as well as several other parties as defendants. That case subsequently was transferred to federal court in the Northern District of New York and thereafter dismissed. During April 2015 through January 2016, 29 new cases involving a total of 235 firefighters were filed in various counties in the New York City area. During December 2016 through October 2017, additional cases were filed in these jurisdictions. On February 5, 2018, the Company was served with a complaint in an additional case filed in Kings County, New York. This case involved one plaintiff. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 536 firefighters involved in cases filed in the State of New York.

During November 2015, the Company was served with a complaint filed in Union County, New Jersey state court, involving 34 New Jersey firefighters. This case was transferred to federal court in the District of New Jersey. During the period from January through May 2016, eight additional cases were filed in various New Jersey state courts. Most of the firefighters in these cases resided in New Jersey and worked at New Jersey fire departments. During December 2016, a case involving one New Jersey firefighter was filed in the United States District Court of New Jersey. On May 2, 2017, plaintiffs filed a motion to consolidate and bifurcate in the pending federal court case in New Jersey. This motion was similar to bifurcation motions filed by plaintiffs in Pittsburgh, Buffalo and Philadelphia. The Court denied the motion as premature. Pursuant to a petition filed by both parties,

all New Jersey state court cases were consolidated for pretrial purposes. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there were a total of 61 firefighters involved in cases filed in New Jersey.

During May through October 2016, nine cases were filed in Suffolk County, Massachusetts state court, naming the Company as a defendant. These cases involved 194 firefighters who lived and worked in the Boston area. During August 2017, plaintiffs filed additional cases in Suffolk County court. The Company moved to transfer various cases filed in Suffolk County to other counties in Massachusetts where plaintiffs resided and worked. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 218 firefighters involved in cases filed in Massachusetts.

During August and September 2017, plaintiffs’ attorneys filed additional hearing loss cases in Florida. The Company was the only named defendant. These cases were filed in several different counties in Florida, including Tampa, Miami and Orlando municipalities. Prior to a dismissal of these cases pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, discussed below, there was a total of 166 firefighters involved in cases filed in Florida.

During April through July 2013, additional cases were filed in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on behalf of 247 plaintiff firefighters from Pittsburgh and against various defendants, including the Company. During May 2016, two additional cases were filed against the Company in Allegheny County involving 19 Pittsburgh firefighters. After the Company filed pretrial motions, the Court dismissed claims of 55 Pittsburgh firefighter plaintiffs. The Court scheduled trials for May, September and November 2016, for eight firefighters per trial. Prior to the first scheduled trial in Pittsburgh, the Court granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed all claims asserted by plaintiff firefighters involved in this trial. Following an appeal by the plaintiff firefighters, the appellate court affirmed this dismissal. The next trial for six Pittsburgh firefighters started on November 7, 2016. Shortly after this trial began, plaintiffs’ counsel moved for a mistrial because a key witness suddenly became unavailable. The Court granted this motion and rescheduled this trial for March 6, 2017. During January 2017, plaintiffs also moved to consolidate and bifurcate trials involving Pittsburgh firefighters. In particular, plaintiffs sought one trial involving liability issues to apply to all Pittsburgh firefighters who filed suit against the Company. The Company filed an opposition to this motion. On April 18, 2017, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion to bifurcate the next Pittsburgh trial. Pursuant to a motion for clarification filed by the Company, the Court ruled that the bifurcation order would only apply to six plaintiffs who were part of the next trial group in Pittsburgh. The Company thereafter sought an interlocutory appeal of the Court’s bifurcation order. The appellate court declined to accept the appeal at that time. A bifurcated trial began on September 27, 2017 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Prior to and during trial, two plaintiffs were dismissed, resulting in four plaintiffs remaining for trial. After approximately two weeks of trial, the jury found that the Company’s siren product was not defective or unreasonably dangerous and rendered a verdict in favor of the Company.

A second trial involving Pittsburgh firefighters began during January 2018. At the outset of this trial, plaintiffs’ attorneys, who represent all firefighters who have filed cases in Allegheny County, Philadelphia, Buffalo, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Florida, as described above, requested that the Company consider settlement of various cases. This trial was continued to allow the parties to further discuss possible settlement. During March 2018, the parties agreed in principle on a framework (the “Settlement Framework”) to resolve hearing loss claims and cases in all jurisdictions involved in the hearing loss litigation except in Cook County and Lackawanna County, and excluding one case involving one firefighter in New York City. The firefighters excluded from the Settlement Framework are represented by different attorneys. The Company settled the cases in Lackawanna County and settled the case involving one firefighter in New York City for nominal amounts. Pursuant to the Settlement Framework, the Company would pay $700 to each firefighter who filed a lawsuit and is eligible to be part of the settlement. The Company would pay $300 to each firefighter who has not yet filed a case and is eligible to be part of the settlement. The settlement agreement does not include the payment of any attorney fees by the Company. To be eligible for settlement, among other things, firefighters must provide proof that they have high frequency noise-induced hearing loss. There are approximately 2,160 firefighters whose claims may be considered as part of this settlement, including approximately 921 firefighters who have ongoing filed lawsuits. This Settlement Framework was finalized in a global settlement agreement executed on November 4, 2019. Pursuant to this global settlement agreement, the parties are now in the process of determining how many of the approximately 2,160 firefighters will be eligible to participate in the settlement. In order to minimize the parties’ respective legal costs and expenses during this settlement process, on July 5, 2018, the parties entered into a tolling agreement (the “Tolling Agreement”). Pursuant to the Tolling Agreement, counsel for the settling firefighters agreed to dismiss the pending lawsuits in all jurisdictions except for the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania cases, and the Company agreed to a tolling of any statute of limitations applicable to the dismissed cases. The Tolling Agreement continued in place until the parties executed the global settlement agreement on November 4, 2019. After execution of the global settlement agreement, the Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) cases were dismissed. The global settlement agreement requires plaintiffs’ attorneys to withdraw from representing firefighters who elect not to participate in this settlement.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company has recognized an estimated liability for the potential settlement amount under the Settlement Framework. While it is reasonably possible that the ultimate resolution of this matter may result in a loss in excess of the amount accrued, the incremental loss is not expected to be material.

From 2007 through 2009, firefighters also brought hearing loss claims against the Company in New Jersey, Missouri, Maryland and Kings County, New York. All of those cases, however, were dismissed prior to trial, including four cases in the Supreme Court of Kings County, New York that were dismissed upon the Company’s motion in 2008. On appeal, the New York appellate court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of these cases.

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Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share, which requires that non-vested restricted stock containing non-forfeitable dividend rights should be treated as participating securities pursuant to the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is reduced by the amount of dividends declared in the period for common stock and participating securities. The remaining undistributed earnings are then allocated to common stock and participating securities as if all of the net income for the period had been distributed. The amounts of distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were insignificant and did not materially impact the calculation of basic or diluted EPS.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and non-vested restricted stock awards outstanding for the period.

Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock and non-vested restricted stock awards outstanding for the year, plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of common stock equivalents is determined using the more dilutive of the two-class method or alternative methods. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the potentially dilutive impact of our employee stock options and restricted stock units, and the contingently issuable method for our performance-based restricted stock unit awards.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the number of options to purchase shares of the Company’s stock that had an antidilutive effect on EPS was immaterial. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, options to purchase 0.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock had an anti-dilutive effect on EPS, and accordingly, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

The following table reconciles Net income to basic and diluted EPS:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2023		2022
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	60.7		60.7
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents	0.6		0.7
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	61.3		61.4
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.45	$	0.34
Diluted	0.45		0.33

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Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Dividends

On February 14, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 per common share. The dividend totaled $5.5 million and was distributed on March 31, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2023.

On April 25, 2023, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per common share payable on June 2, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on May 19, 2023.

Stock Repurchase Program

In March 2020, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, with the remaining authorization under our previously described repurchase program adopted in 2014 being subject to the March 2020 program. The stock repurchase program is intended primarily to facilitate purchases of Company stock as a means to provide cash returns to stockholders, enhance stockholder returns and manage the Company’s capital structure. Under its stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase, from time to time, shares of its outstanding common stock. Stock repurchases by the Company are subject to market conditions and other factors and may be commenced, suspended or discontinued at any time.

No shares were repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 395,370 shares for a total of $13.6 million.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following tables summarize the changes in each component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(16.0)	$	2.6	$	(84.0)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(0.4)		—		1.5		(0.4)		0.7
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.4		—		—		(0.5)		(0.1)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		1.5		(0.9)		0.6
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(14.5)	$	1.7	$	(83.4)

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	(67.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(3.4)	$	(0.5)	$	(74.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	0.5		—		(1.6)		1.9		0.8
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.5		—		—		0.2		0.7
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	1.0		—		(1.6)		2.1		1.5
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(66.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(5.0)	$	1.6	$	(72.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the affected line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Affected Line Item in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
	2023		2022
(in millions) (a)
Amortization of actuarial losses of defined benefit pension plans	$	(0.5)	$	(0.7)	Other expense (income), net
Interest rate swaps	0.7		(0.2)		Interest expense
Total before tax	0.2		(0.9)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(0.1)		0.2		Income tax expense
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$	0.1	$	(0.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

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Segment Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group. Business units are organized under each reportable segment because they share certain characteristics, such as technology, marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies.

The following tables summarize the Company’s operations by segment, including Net sales, Operating income (loss), and Total assets:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net sales:
Environmental Solutions	$	318.8	$	274.2
Safety and Security Systems	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Operating income (loss):
Environmental Solutions	$	37.6	$	26.8
Safety and Security Systems	12.1		7.9
Corporate and eliminations	(10.2)		(6.2)
Total operating income	39.5		28.5
Interest expense	4.7		1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1		(0.4)
Income before income taxes	$	34.7	$	27.6

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total assets:
Environmental Solutions	$	1,265.5	$	1,206.4
Safety and Security Systems	283.3		279.3
Corporate and eliminations	35.5		38.6
Total assets	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. The three levels of inputs are classified as follows:

•Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 — observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 — unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents primarily consist of time-based deposits and interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less. The Company classified cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Interest Rate Swaps

As described in Note 5 – Debt, the Company may, from time to time, execute interest rate swaps as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on a portion of its floating-rate debt. The Company classifies its interest rate swaps as Level 2 due to the use of a discounted cash flow model based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) to calculate the fair value of the swaps.

Contingent Consideration

At March 31, 2023, the Company had contingent obligations to transfer up to $7.5 million, and $8.0 million to the former owners of Deist Industries, Inc. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Deist”), and Blasters, respectively, if specified financial results are met over future reporting periods (i.e., an earn-out). The Deist and Blasters acquisitions were completed on December 30, 2021 and January 3, 2023, respectively. The Deist contingent earn-out payment, if earned, would be due to be paid following the third anniversary of the closing date. The Blasters contingent earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to paid annually, in each of the three years following the anniversary of the closing date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid $0.5 million to settle the contingent consideration obligation due to the former owners of Mark Rite Lines Equipment Company, Inc. (“MRL”), which was acquired on July 1, 2019.

Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred. Subsequent changes in fair value are included as a component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company uses an income approach to value the contingent consideration liability based on the present value of risk-adjusted future cash flows under either a scenario-based or option-pricing method, as appropriate. Due to the lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs, such as prospective financial information or probabilities of future events as of March 31, 2023, the Company has classified the contingent consideration liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy outlined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. As further described in Note 2 – Acquisitions, the Company has recognized a preliminary estimate of the fair value of the Blasters contingent consideration liability as of the acquisition date, which is subject to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party valuation is finalized.

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16.3	$	—	$	—	$	16.3
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	—		—		6.0		6.0
Interest rate swaps	—		0.8		—		0.8

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Contingent consideration liability, at January 1	$	2.7	$	2.7
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	4.0		—
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(0.5)		—
Total gains included in earnings (a)	(0.2)		—
Contingent consideration liability, at March 31	$	6.0	$	2.7

(a)    Included as a component of acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Acquisition of Trackless

On April 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all the assets and operations of Trackless Vehicles Limited and Trackless Vehicles Asset Corp, including the wholly-owned subsidiary Work Equipment Ltd. (collectively, “Trackless”) for an initial purchase price of C$54.0 million (approximately $40.0 million). The initial purchase price, which is subject to certain post-closing adjustments, was funded through existing cash and borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility. In addition, there is a contingent earn-out payment of up to C$6.0 million (approximately $4.4 million), based upon the achievement of certain financial targets over a specified performance period.

Trackless is a leading Canadian manufacturer of multi-purpose, off-road municipal tractors and attachments. The Company expects that the Trackless acquisition will further bolster its position as an industry leading diversified industrial manufacturer of specialized vehicles for maintenance and infrastructure markets with leading brands of premium, value-adding products, and a strong supporting aftermarket platform.

The preliminary purchase price allocation has not been completed at this time due to the proximity of the date of acquisition to the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements. The post-acquisition operating results of Trackless are expected to be included within the Environmental Solutions Group.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Description of the Business

Organization and Description of the Business

Federal Signal Corporation was founded in 1901 and was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1969. References herein to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer collectively to Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Products manufactured and services rendered by the Company are divided into two reportable segments: Environmental Solutions Group and Safety and Security Systems Group. The individual operating businesses are organized as such because they share certain characteristics, including technology, marketing, distribution and product application, which create long-term synergies. These segments are discussed in Note 12 – Segment Information.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements represent the consolidation of Federal Signal Corporation and its subsidiaries included herein and have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures presented herein are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. Except as otherwise noted, these condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and should be read in conjunction with those consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

These condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that we considered necessary to present a fair statement of our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023. While we label our quarterly information using a calendar convention whereby our first, second and third quarters are labeled as ending on March 31, June 30 and September 30, respectively, it is our longstanding practice to establish interim quarterly closing dates based on a 13-week period ending on a Saturday, with our fiscal year ending on December 31. The effects of this practice are not material and exist only within a reporting year.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Changes

There are no new accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet adopted, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flow.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. The three levels of inputs are classified as follows:

•Level 1 — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 — observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 — unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents primarily consist of time-based deposits and interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less. The Company classified cash equivalents as Level 1 due to the short-term nature of these instruments and measured the fair value based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Interest Rate Swaps

As described in Note 5 – Debt, the Company may, from time to time, execute interest rate swaps as a means of fixing the floating interest rate component on a portion of its floating-rate debt. The Company classifies its interest rate swaps as Level 2 due to the use of a discounted cash flow model based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve (Level 2 inputs) to calculate the fair value of the swaps.

Contingent Consideration

At March 31, 2023, the Company had contingent obligations to transfer up to $7.5 million, and $8.0 million to the former owners of Deist Industries, Inc. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Deist”), and Blasters, respectively, if specified financial results are met over future reporting periods (i.e., an earn-out). The Deist and Blasters acquisitions were completed on December 30, 2021 and January 3, 2023, respectively. The Deist contingent earn-out payment, if earned, would be due to be paid following the third anniversary of the closing date. The Blasters contingent earn-out payments, if earned, would be due to paid annually, in each of the three years following the anniversary of the closing date. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid $0.5 million to settle the contingent consideration obligation due to the former owners of Mark Rite Lines Equipment Company, Inc. (“MRL”), which was acquired on July 1, 2019.

Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred. Subsequent changes in fair value are included as a component of Acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company uses an income approach to value the contingent consideration liability based on the present value of risk-adjusted future cash flows under either a scenario-based or option-pricing method, as appropriate. Due to the lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs, such as prospective financial information or probabilities of future events as of March 31, 2023, the Company has classified the contingent consideration liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy outlined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. As further described in Note 2 – Acquisitions, the Company has recognized a preliminary estimate of the fair value of the Blasters contingent consideration liability as of the acquisition date, which is subject to change during the measurement period as the applicable third-party valuation is finalized.

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Acquisitions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

(in millions)
Purchase price, inclusive of preliminary closing adjustments	$	13.4
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	4.0
Total consideration	17.4
Accounts receivable	0.7
Inventories	4.6
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	0.1
Properties and equipment	1.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets (b)	1.1
Customer relationships (c)	5.3
Trade names (d)	2.6
Other intangible assets	0.3
Operating lease liabilities (b)	(1.1)
Accounts payable	(0.9)
Accrued liabilities	(0.3)
Customer deposits	(0.5)
Finance lease obligations	(0.1)
Net assets acquired	12.9
Goodwill (e)	$	4.5

(a)    Represents the preliminary estimated fair value of the contingent earn-out payment as of the acquisition date, of which $1.0 million is included in Other current liabilities and $3.0 million is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 13 – Fair Value Measurements for discussion of the methodology used to determine the fair value of the contingent earn-out payment.

(b)    In connection with the acquisition, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the Blasters facility, which is owned by affiliates of the sellers. The related-party lease contains a market-based annual rent of $0.2 million, an initial lease term of five years, and options to renew.

(c)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to customer relationships, which are considered to be definite-lived intangible assets, with a preliminary estimated useful life of approximately 12 years.

(d)    Represents the preliminary fair value assigned to trade names, which are considered to be indefinite-lived intangible assets.

(e)    Goodwill, which is tax-deductible, has been allocated to the Environmental Solutions Group on the basis that the synergies identified will primarily benefit this segment.

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Net Sales Disaggregated By Geographic Region and Major Product Line

The following table presents the Company’s Net sales disaggregated by geographic region, based on the location of the end customer, and by major product line:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Geographic Region:
U.S.	$	309.1	$	264.4
Canada	43.9		42.3
Europe/Other	32.5		23.5
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Major Product Line:
Environmental Solutions
Vehicles and equipment (a)	$	245.3	$	217.4
Parts	54.8		40.8
Rental income (b)	11.0		9.7
Other (c)	7.7		6.3
Total	318.8		274.2
Safety and Security Systems
Public safety and security equipment	40.2		36.1
Industrial signaling equipment	18.6		14.2
Warning systems	7.9		5.7
Total	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2

(a)    Includes net sales from the sale of new and used vehicles and equipment, including sales of rental equipment.

(b)    Represents income from vehicle and equipment lease arrangements with customers.

(c)    Primarily includes revenues from services, such as maintenance and repair work, and the sale of extended warranty contracts.

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Inventories (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Inventories

The following table summarizes the components of Inventories:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	107.0	$	97.5
Raw materials	175.0		164.3
Work in process	35.6		30.9
Total inventories	$	317.6	$	292.7

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Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Components of Long-Term Borrowings and Finance Lease Obligations

The following table summarizes the components of Long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations:

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
2022 Credit Agreement (a)	$	373.6	$	361.0
Finance lease obligations	1.9		2.0
Total borrowings and finance lease obligations, including current portion	375.5		363.0
Less: Current borrowings	1.6		0.8
Less: Current finance lease obligations	0.7		0.7
Total long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$	373.2	$	361.5

(a)     Defined as the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, as amended.

Schedule of Gross Borrowings and Gross Payments

The following table summarizes the gross borrowings and gross payments under the Company’s credit facilities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Gross borrowings	$	37.6	$	55.0
Gross payments	25.0		8.2

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill, and the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2023, by segment:

(in millions)	Environmental Solutions		Safety & Security Systems		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	343.8	$	109.6	$	453.4
Acquisitions	4.5		—		4.5
Translation adjustments	—		0.5		0.5
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	348.3	$	110.1	$	458.4

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets for each major class of intangible assets:

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in millions)	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships (a)	$	159.0	$	(55.4)	$	103.6	$	153.7	$	(52.0)	$	101.7
Other (a)	6.0		(3.6)		2.4		5.7		(3.4)		2.3
Total definite-lived intangible assets	165.0		(59.0)		106.0		159.4		(55.4)		104.0
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	102.5		—		102.5		99.9		—		99.9
Other	4.3		—		4.3		4.3		—		4.3
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets	106.8		—		106.8		104.2		—		104.2
Total intangible assets	$	271.8	$	(59.0)	$	212.8	$	263.6	$	(55.4)	$	208.2

(a)    Average useful life of customer relationships and other definite-lived intangible assets are estimated to be approximately 12 years and 7 years, respectively. The average useful life across all definite-lived intangible assets is estimated to be approximately 12 years.

Schedule of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets for each major class of intangible assets:

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in millions)	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships (a)	$	159.0	$	(55.4)	$	103.6	$	153.7	$	(52.0)	$	101.7
Other (a)	6.0		(3.6)		2.4		5.7		(3.4)		2.3
Total definite-lived intangible assets	165.0		(59.0)		106.0		159.4		(55.4)		104.0
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names	102.5		—		102.5		99.9		—		99.9
Other	4.3		—		4.3		4.3		—		4.3
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets	106.8		—		106.8		104.2		—		104.2
Total intangible assets	$	271.8	$	(59.0)	$	212.8	$	263.6	$	(55.4)	$	208.2

(a)    Average useful life of customer relationships and other definite-lived intangible assets are estimated to be approximately 12 years and 7 years, respectively. The average useful life across all definite-lived intangible assets is estimated to be approximately 12 years.

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Pensions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Summary of Components of Net Periodic Pension (Benefit) Expense

The following table summarizes the components of Net periodic pension (benefit) expense: 

	U.S. Benefit Plan				Non-U.S. Benefit Plan
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest cost	$	1.5	$	1.1	$	0.4	$	0.2
Amortization of actuarial loss	0.3		0.5		0.2		0.2
Expected return on plan assets	(1.9)		(1.7)		(0.5)		(0.5)
Net periodic pension (benefit) expense	$	(0.1)	$	(0.1)	$	0.1	$	(0.1)

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Product Warranty Liability

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s warranty liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Balance at January 1	$	9.3	$	9.7
Provisions to expense	1.8		1.4
Acquisitions	0.1		—
Payments	(2.0)		(1.8)
Balance at March 31	$	9.2	$	9.3

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Net Income to Basic and Diluted EPS

The following table reconciles Net income to basic and diluted EPS:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)	2023		2022
Net income	$	27.4	$	20.5
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	60.7		60.7
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents	0.6		0.7
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	61.3		61.4
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.45	$	0.34
Diluted	0.45		0.33

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Changes in Each Component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following tables summarize the changes in each component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(16.0)	$	2.6	$	(84.0)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(0.4)		—		1.5		(0.4)		0.7
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.4		—		—		(0.5)		(0.1)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		1.5		(0.9)		0.6
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	(68.6)	$	(2.0)	$	(14.5)	$	1.7	$	(83.4)

(in millions) (a)	Actuarial Losses		Prior Service Costs		Foreign Currency Translation		Interest Rate Swaps		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	(67.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(3.4)	$	(0.5)	$	(74.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	0.5		—		(1.6)		1.9		0.8
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.5		—		—		0.2		0.7
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	1.0		—		(1.6)		2.1		1.5
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	(66.9)	$	(2.4)	$	(5.0)	$	1.6	$	(72.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

Reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax

The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and the affected line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss				Affected Line Item in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
	2023		2022
(in millions) (a)
Amortization of actuarial losses of defined benefit pension plans	$	(0.5)	$	(0.7)	Other expense (income), net
Interest rate swaps	0.7		(0.2)		Interest expense
Total before tax	0.2		(0.9)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(0.1)		0.2		Income tax expense
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$	0.1	$	(0.7)

(a)    Amounts in parentheses indicate losses.

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Segment Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Net Sales, Operating Income (Loss), and Total Assets by Segment

The following tables summarize the Company’s operations by segment, including Net sales, Operating income (loss), and Total assets:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Net sales:
Environmental Solutions	$	318.8	$	274.2
Safety and Security Systems	66.7		56.0
Total net sales	$	385.5	$	330.2
Operating income (loss):
Environmental Solutions	$	37.6	$	26.8
Safety and Security Systems	12.1		7.9
Corporate and eliminations	(10.2)		(6.2)
Total operating income	39.5		28.5
Interest expense	4.7		1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1		(0.4)
Income before income taxes	$	34.7	$	27.6

(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Total assets:
Environmental Solutions	$	1,265.5	$	1,206.4
Safety and Security Systems	283.3		279.3
Corporate and eliminations	35.5		38.6
Total assets	$	1,584.3	$	1,524.3

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	16.3	$	—	$	—	$	16.3
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration	—		—		6.0		6.0
Interest rate swaps	—		0.8		—		0.8

Roll-Forward of Fair Value of Recurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)	2023		2022
Contingent consideration liability, at January 1	$	2.7	$	2.7
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	4.0		—
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(0.5)		—
Total gains included in earnings (a)	(0.2)		—
Contingent consideration liability, at March 31	$	6.0	$	2.7

(a)    Included as a component of acquisition and integration-related expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 Segment
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	2

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Acquisitions - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 03, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Net sales		$ 385.5	$ 330.2
Total operating income		39.5	$ 28.5
Blasters [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total consideration	$ 13.4
Net sales		5.9
Total operating income		$ 0.6
Lessee, Operating Lease, Initial Lease Term	5 years
Operating Lease, Cost	$ 0.2
Business Combination, Contingent Consideration, Liability	1.0
Business Combination, Contingent Consideration, Liability, Noncurrent	$ 3.0

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Acquisitions - Blasters Acquisition (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 03, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill (e)		$ 4.5
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life		12 years
Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life		12 years
Blasters [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Purchase price, inclusive of preliminary closing adjustments	$ 13.4
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	4.0
Total consideration	17.4
Accounts receivable	0.7
Inventories	4.6
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	0.1
Properties and equipment	1.1
Operating lease right-of-use assets (b)	1.1
Customer relationships (c)	5.3
Trade names (d)	2.6
Other intangible assets	0.3
Operating lease liabilities (b)	(1.1)
Accounts payable	(0.9)
Accrued liabilities	(0.3)
Customer deposits	(0.5)
Finance lease obligations	(0.1)
Net assets acquired	12.9
Goodwill (e)	$ 4.5
Blasters [Member] | Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	12 years

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Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue From Contracts With Customers (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		$ 385.5	$ 330.2
U.S.
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		309.1	264.4
Canada
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		43.9	42.3
Europe/Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		32.5	23.5
Environmental Solutions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		318.8	274.2
Environmental Solutions | Vehicles and equipment
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	[1]	245.3	217.4
Environmental Solutions | Parts
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		54.8	40.8
Environmental Solutions | Rental income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	[2]	11.0	9.7
Environmental Solutions | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	[3]	7.7	6.3
Safety and Security Systems
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		66.7	56.0
Safety and Security Systems | Public safety and security equipment
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		40.2	36.1
Safety and Security Systems | Industrial signaling equipment
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		18.6	14.2
Safety and Security Systems | Warning systems
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales		$ 7.9	$ 5.7

[1] Includes net sales from the sale of new and used vehicles and equipment, including sales of rental equipment.

[2] Represents income from vehicle and equipment lease arrangements with customers.

[3] Primarily includes revenues from services, such as maintenance and repair work, and the sale of extended warranty contracts.

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Revenue Recognition - Contract Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Description of performance obligation timing	Contract liabilities are recognized as Net sales when the related performance obligations are satisfied, which generally occurs within three to six months of the cash receipt.
Contract liabilities	$ 29.8	$ 28.9

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Inventories - Components of Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Finished goods	$ 107.0	$ 97.5
Raw materials	175.0	164.3
Work in process	35.6	30.9
Total inventories	$ 317.6	$ 292.7

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Debt - Summary of Components of Long-Term Borrowings and Finance Lease Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term borrowings	[1]	$ 373.6	$ 361.0
Finance lease obligations		1.9	2.0
Total borrowings and finance lease obligations, including current portion		375.5	363.0
Current finance lease obligations		0.7	0.7
Total long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations		373.2	361.5
Long-term Debt, Current Maturities	[1]	$ 1.6	$ 0.8

[1] Defined as the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 21, 2022, as amended.

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Debt - Summary of Carrying Amounts and Estimated Fair Values of Long-Term Borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term borrowings	$ 375.5	$ 363.0
Current portion of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations	$ 2.3	$ 1.5

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Debt - Schedule of Gross Borrowings and Gross Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Gross borrowings	$ 37.6	$ 55.0
Gross payments	$ 25.0	$ 8.2

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Debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions					3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Oct. 21, 2022	Oct. 02, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate swap liability, fair value		$ 0.3
Interest rate swap asset, fair value	$ 0.8				$ 0.8
2022 Credit Agreement | Minimum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage			0.10%
2022 Credit Agreement | Maximum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage			0.25%
2022 Credit Agreement | Base Rate | Minimum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base rate borrowings margin range			0.00%
2022 Credit Agreement | Base Rate | Maximum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base rate borrowings margin range			0.75%
2022 Credit Agreement | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Minimum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base rate borrowings margin range			1.00%
2022 Credit Agreement | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Maximum | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base rate borrowings margin range			1.75%
2022 Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility outstanding amount	373.6	361.0			373.6
Remaining borrowing capacity	415.2	427.8			415.2
2022 Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility maximum borrowings			$ 675.0
2022 Credit Agreement | Letter of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility outstanding amount	11.2	11.2			11.2
Interest Rate Swap
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility outstanding amount	75.0				75.0
Unrealized pre-tax gain (loss) on interest rate swap cash flow hedges, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss					(0.5)	$ 2.9
Interest rate swap, notional amount	75.0				75.0
Debt Securities, Unrealized Gain (Loss)	$ 3.2	$ 3.8
Debt and Equity Securities, Realized Gain (Loss)					$ 0.6
Proceeds from Hedge, Financing Activities				$ 4.3
Proceeds from Hedge, Financing Activities				$ 4.3

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Changes in Carrying Amount of Goodwill (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 453.4
Goodwill (e)	4.5
Translation adjustments	0.5
Goodwill, ending balance	458.4
Environmental Solutions
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	343.8
Goodwill (e)	4.5
Translation adjustments	0.0
Goodwill, ending balance	348.3
Safety and Security Systems
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	109.6
Goodwill (e)	0.0
Translation adjustments	0.5
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 110.1

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Gross Carrying Amount and Accumulated Amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	$ 165.0	$ 159.4
Accumulated Amortization	(59.0)	(55.4)
Net Carrying Value	106.0	104.0
Indefinite-lived intangible assets	106.8	104.2
Total intangible assets, gross carrying value	271.8	263.6
Total intangible assets, net	$ 212.8	208.2
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	12 years
Trade names
Finite-Lived and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Indefinite-lived intangible assets	$ 102.5	99.9
Distribution Rights
Finite-Lived and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Indefinite-lived intangible assets	4.3	4.3
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	159.0	153.7
Accumulated Amortization	(55.4)	(52.0)
Net Carrying Value	$ 103.6	101.7
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	12 years
Other
Finite-Lived and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	$ 6.0	5.7
Accumulated Amortization	(3.6)	(3.4)
Net Carrying Value	$ 2.4	$ 2.3
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	7 years

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization expense	$ 3,600,000	$ 3,300,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, remainder of 2023	10,700,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, 2024	14,200,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, 2025	14,200,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, 2026	14,100,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, 2027	13,100,000
Estimated amortization of intangibles, thereafter	$ 39,700,000

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense	$ 7.3	$ 7.1
Excess tax benefit from stock compensation activity	$ 0.9
Effective tax rate	21.00%	25.70%
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations, Adjustment of Deferred Tax (Asset) Liability	$ 13.2
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	0.5
Tax Benefit From Interest of Stock Deduction	$ 1.4

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Pensions - Summary of Components of Net Periodic Pension Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
U.S.
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Interest cost	$ 1.5	$ 1.1
Amortization of actuarial loss	0.3	0.5
Expected return on plan assets	(1.9)	(1.7)
Net periodic pension (benefit) expense	(0.1)	(0.1)
Non-U.S. Benefit Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Interest cost	0.4	0.2
Amortization of actuarial loss	0.2	0.2
Expected return on plan assets	(0.5)	(0.5)
Net periodic pension (benefit) expense	$ 0.1	$ (0.1)

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Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of Changes in Warranty Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Movement in Standard and Extended Product Warranty, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Balance at January 1	$ 9.3	$ 9.7
Provisions to expense	1.8	1.4
Acquisitions	0.1	0.0
Payments	(2.0)	(1.8)
Balance at March 31	$ 9.2	$ 9.3
Minimum
Product Warranty Liability [Line Items]
Warranty period	1 year
Maximum
Product Warranty Liability [Line Items]
Warranty period	5 years

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details)													1 Months Ended																			4 Months Ended	5 Months Ended		6 Months Ended	7 Months Ended		10 Months Ended		11 Months Ended	12 Months Ended								36 Months Ended			72 Months Ended
	Dec. 20, 2021 USD ($) Plaintiff	Jul. 05, 2018 plaintiff USD ($) Plaintiff	Feb. 05, 2018 Plaintiff	Jun. 28, 2017 Plaintiff	Apr. 25, 2017 USD ($)	Feb. 24, 2017 Plaintiff	May 13, 2016 case plaintiff	Jan. 12, 2015 Plaintiff	Sep. 17, 2014 case Plaintiff	Nov. 30, 2012 Plaintiff	Apr. 29, 2011 USD ($)	Apr. 22, 2011 USD ($) Plaintiff	Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 plaintiff	Mar. 31, 2018 Plaintiff	Nov. 30, 2017 plaintiff	Sep. 30, 2017 Plaintiff plaintiff	Aug. 31, 2017 Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2016 Plaintiff	Aug. 30, 2016 plaintiff	May 31, 2016 Plaintiff	Nov. 30, 2015 Plaintiff	Feb. 28, 2015 Plaintiff	Jan. 31, 2015 case	Jan. 31, 2015 Plaintiff	Jan. 31, 2015 Case	Dec. 31, 2014 Plaintiff	Mar. 31, 2014 Plaintiff plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2012 Plaintiff	Nov. 30, 2011 Plaintiff	Jul. 31, 2013 Plaintiff	May 31, 2016 Case	Dec. 31, 2015 Plaintiff case	Oct. 31, 2016 plaintiff Case	Nov. 30, 2016 plaintiff	Oct. 31, 2012 case Plaintiff Case	Jan. 31, 2016 Case	Nov. 05, 2015 Case	Sep. 30, 2017 plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) Plaintiff plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2013 plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2010 case	Dec. 31, 2010 plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2010 Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2009 USD ($) case Plaintiff plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2008 Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2009 case	Dec. 31, 2009 Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2009 Case	Dec. 31, 2004 plaintiff case	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jan. 04, 2011 Plaintiff
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Outstanding letters of credit and bonds | $																																																					$ 30,500,000
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																921
Gain contingency, unrecorded amount | $					$ 100,000
Settlement offer per eligible plaintiff who has already filed a lawsuit | $														$ 700
Settlement offer per eligible plaintiff who has not already filed a lawsuit | $														$ 300
Number of firefighters considered as part of the settlement																2,160
Number of plaintiffs cases dismissed (plaintiff)										2
Circuit Court Of Cook County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff																																																				2,443
Number of cases of plaintiff's claims (case)																																																27
Number of claimants settled (plaintiff)																																																						308
Number of new claims filed (case) | case																																															6					33
Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																																														1				71
Number of cases of plaintiff's claims (case)																																												2					3		4
Number of claims dismissed (case) | Case																																																			3
Damages maximum amount | $																																											$ 100,000
Number of claimants settled (plaintiff)																																																						1,125
Number of new claims filed (case) | Case																																																			71
Settlement Agreement
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)												1,069
Claims settled amount | $											$ 3,800,000
Percentage of claimants agreed for settlement											93.00%	95.00%
Percentage of claimants agreed for settlement as per settlement agreement											100.00%
Litigation settlement | $												$ 3,600,000
Supreme Court of Kings County New York
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of new claims filed (case) | case																																																	4
SettlementAgreementVoidable
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of claimants agreed for settlement as per settlement agreement	93.00%
SettlementAgreementVoid
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of claimants agreed for settlement as per settlement agreement	70.00%
Settlement Candidates
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)	462																																								1,090
Erie County Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff		28																											33
Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)						1,770
Responsive Settlement Candidates
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																																									717
Lackawanna Firefighter Plaintiffs | Lackawanna County Pennsylvania [Member]
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																			70
Number of new claims filed (case)																			5
Outside Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)				10				1,800
Outside Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs | Circuit Court Of Cook County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff																																																				1,800
Outside Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs | CookCountyandDupageCounty
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Litigation settlement | $	$ 200,000												$ 200,000
Pennsylvania Firefighter Plaintiffs | Circuit Court Of Cook County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff																																										74					299
Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)										3																				3	8
Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs | Maximum
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																																															40
Chicago Firefighter Plaintiffs | Circuit Court Of Cook County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																																															9
Litigation settlement | $																																									$ 700						$ 400,000
Philadelphia Firefighter Plaintiffs | Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)		75					55										1				4				7	70		3									20				100				9	9
Number of claims dismissed (case) | case																																					5
Number of new claims filed (case)							4																				2							9			20
District of Columbia Firefighter Plaintiffs | Federal Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																										11								193
Number of new claims filed (case) | case																									1
Outside Pennsylvania Firefighter Plaintiffs | Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of new claims filed (case) | Case																																							2
Pittsburgh Firefighter Plaintiffs | Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																						19										247				8				6
Number of claims dismissed (case)																						55
Number of new claims filed (case)																						2
Pittsburgh Firefighter Plaintiffs | Dismissed | Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff																		2
Pittsburgh Firefighter Plaintiffs | Remaining | Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																		4
Buffalo Firefighter Plaintiffs | Supreme Court of State of New York Erie County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)									193
Number of new claims filed (case) | case									20
New York City Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)															1	1
New York City Firefighter Plaintiffs | Supreme Court of State of New York, New York County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)		536																						1														235
Number of new claims filed (case) | Case																																						29
New York Kings County Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)			1
New Jersey Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)		61
Number of new claims filed (case) | Case																																	8
New Jersey Firefighter Plaintiffs | Superior Court of New Jersey, Union County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																				1			34
Massachusetts Firefighter Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | plaintiff		218																																	194
Number of new claims filed (case) | Case																																			9
Erie County Firefighter Plaintiffs | Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff)																													61
Florida Firefighters Plaintiffs
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs (plaintiff) | $		166
Property Lease Guarantee
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Guarantor obligation, single year maximum cash payments | $																																																					1,900,000
Guarantor obligation, maximum potential cash payments | $																																																					1,900,000
Property Lease Guarantee | Affiliated Entity
Commitments Disclosure [Line Items]
Guarantor obligation, maximum potential cash payments | $																																																					$ 1,100,000

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Earnings Per Share - Reconciliation of Net Income to Basic and Diluted EPS (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net income	$ 27.4	$ 20.5
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic (shares)	60.7	60.7
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents (shares)	0.6	0.7
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted (shares)	61.3	61.4
Basic earnings per share:
Earnings per share (usd per share)	$ 0.45	$ 0.34
Diluted earnings per share:
Earnings per share (usd per share)	$ 0.45	$ 0.33

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Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Details) shares in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 shares
Employee Stock Option
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS (shares)	0.2

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Stockholders' Equity - Changes in Each Component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ (84.0)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	0.6	$ 1.5
Ending balance	(83.4)
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment Attributable to Parent [Member]
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(68.6)	(67.9)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(0.4)	0.5
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.4	0.5
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	0.0	1.0
Ending balance	(68.6)	(66.9)
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment, Net Prior Service Attributable to Parent [Member]
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(2.0)	(2.4)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	0.0	0.0
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.0	0.0
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	0.0	0.0
Ending balance	(2.0)	(2.4)
Accumulated Foreign Currency Adjustment Attributable to Parent [Member]
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(16.0)	(3.4)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	1.5	(1.6)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0.0	0.0
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	1.5	(1.6)
Ending balance	(14.5)	(5.0)
Accumulated Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges Attributable to Parent [Member]
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	2.6	(0.5)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(0.4)	1.9
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(0.5)	0.2
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	(0.9)	2.1
Ending balance	1.7	1.6
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
AOCI Attributable to Parent, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(84.0)	(74.2)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	0.7	0.8
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(0.1)	0.7
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	0.6	1.5
Ending balance	$ (83.4)	$ (72.7)

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Stockholders' Equity - Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Details) - Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Amortization of actuarial losses of defined benefit pension plans	$ (0.5)	$ (0.7)
Interest rate swaps	0.7	(0.2)
Total before tax	0.2	(0.9)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(0.1)	0.2
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$ 0.1	$ (0.7)

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Stockholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 13, 2020
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Cash dividends declared per common share (usd per share)		$ 0.09	$ 0.09
Cash dividends paid to stockholders		$ 5,500,000	$ 5,500,000
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares repurchased		0	395,370
Treasury stock purchases		$ 0	$ 13,600,000
Subsequent Event
Dividends Payable [Line Items]
Cash dividends declared per common share (usd per share)	$ 0.10
March 2020 Repurchase Program
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount				$ 75,000,000

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Segment Information - Summary of Net Sales, Operating Income (Loss), and Total Assets by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total net sales	$ 385.5	$ 330.2
Total operating income	39.5	28.5
Interest expense	4.7	1.3
Other expense (income), net	0.1	(0.4)
Income before income taxes	34.7	27.6
Total assets	1,584.3		$ 1,524.3
Environmental Solutions
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total net sales	318.8	274.2
Total operating income	37.6	26.8
Environmental Solutions | Continuing Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	1,265.5		1,206.4
Safety and Security Systems
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total net sales	66.7	56.0
Total operating income	12.1	7.9
Safety and Security Systems | Continuing Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	283.3		279.3
Corporate And Eliminations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total operating income	(10.2)	$ (6.2)
Corporate And Eliminations | Continuing Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 35.5		$ 38.6

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Segment Information - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments	2

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Fair Value Measurements - Asset and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value (Details) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	$ 16.3
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	6.0
Interest rate swaps	0.8
Level 1
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	16.3
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	0.0
Interest rate swaps	0.0
Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	0.0
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	0.0
Interest rate swaps	0.8
Level 3
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	0.0
Estimated fair value of additional consideration (a)	6.0
Interest rate swaps	$ 0.0

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Fair Value Measurements - Roll-Forward of Fair Value of Recurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	$ (0.5)	$ 0.0
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	4.0	0.0
Contingent consideration liability	6.0	2.7
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration liability, beginning balance	2.7	2.7
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions	4.0	0.0
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	(0.5)	0.0
Total losses included in earnings	(0.2)	0.0
Contingent consideration liability, ending balance	$ 6.0	$ 2.7

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Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 03, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities	$ (0.5)	$ 0.0
Maximum | Deist
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Contingent consideration maximum	$ 7.5
Maximum | Blasters [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Contingent consideration maximum			$ 8.0

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Subsequent Events (Details) - Apr. 03, 2023 - Subsequent Event - Trackless $ in Millions, $ in Millions	USD ($)	CAD ($)	CAD ($)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Total consideration	$ 40.0	$ 54.0
Contingent consideration maximum	$ 4.4		$ 6.0