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Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Business Description and Basis of Presentation

DPL, an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of AES, is a diversified regional energy company organized in 1985 under the laws of Ohio. DPL owns all of the outstanding common stock of DP&L, which does business as AES Ohio. Substantially all of DPL’s business consists of transmitting, distributing and selling of electric energy conducted through its principal subsidiary, AES Ohio. The terms “we”, “us”, “our” and “ours” are used to refer to DPL and its subsidiaries.

AES Ohio is a public utility incorporated in 1911 under the laws of Ohio. Beginning in 2001, Ohio law gave consumers the right to choose the electric generation supplier from whom they purchase retail generation service; however, transmission and distribution services are still regulated. AES Ohio has the exclusive right to provide such service to its approximately 539,000 customers located in West Central Ohio. Principal industries located in AES Ohio’s service territory include automotive, food processing, paper, plastic, manufacturing and defense. AES Ohio also provides retail SSO electric service to residential, commercial, industrial and governmental customers in a 6,000-square mile area of West Central Ohio. AES Ohio sources all of the generation for its SSO customers through a competitive bid process. AES Ohio's sales reflect the general economic conditions, seasonal weather patterns of the area, the market price of electricity and customer energy efficiency initiatives. AES Ohio owns numerous transmission facilities. AES Ohio records revenue and expenses for its proportional share of energy and capacity from its investment in OVEC.

DPL’s other primary subsidiaries are MVIC and Miami Valley Lighting. MVIC is our captive insurance company that provides insurance services to AES Ohio and our other subsidiaries, and Miami Valley Lighting provides street and outdoor lighting services to customers in the Dayton region. In prior periods, AES Ohio Generation was also a primary subsidiary, selling all of its energy and capacity into the wholesale market. AES Ohio Generation retired and sold its only remaining operating asset in 2020. See Note 14. Discontinued Operations for more information. DPL's subsidiaries are all wholly-owned. DPL also has a wholly-owned business trust, DPL Capital Trust II, formed for the purpose of issuing trust capital securities to investors.

AES Ohio’s electric transmission and distribution businesses are subject to rate regulation by federal and state regulators. Accordingly, AES Ohio applies the accounting standards for regulated operations to its electric transmission and distribution businesses and records regulatory assets when incurred costs are expected to be recovered in future customer rates and regulatory liabilities when current cost recoveries in customer rates relate to expected future costs or overcollections of riders.

Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Financial Statement Presentation

DPL’s Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of DPL and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, except for DPL Capital Trust II, which is not consolidated consistent with the provisions of GAAP. All material intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. We have evaluated subsequent events through the date this report was issued.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts from prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Management Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the revenue and expenses of the periods reported. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include: the carrying value of Property, plant and equipment; unbilled revenue; the valuation of allowances for receivables and deferred income taxes; regulatory assets and liabilities; reserves recorded for income tax exposures; litigation; contingencies; and assets and liabilities related to employee benefits.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. All highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash includes cash which is restricted as to withdrawal or usage. The nature of the restrictions includes restrictions imposed by agreements related to deposits held as collateral.

The following table summarizes cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash amounts reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that reconcile to the total of such amounts as shown on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	41.0	$	30.5
Restricted cash (included in Prepayments and other current assets)	0.1		0.1
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	41.1	$	30.6

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Accounts receivable, net
Customer receivables	$	71.0	$	61.3
Unbilled revenue	19.4		24.0
Amounts due from affiliates	0.8		3.2
Other	2.2		3.9
Allowance for credit losses	(0.9)		(0.5)
Total accounts receivable, net	$	92.5	$	91.9

The following table is a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses related to the accounts receivable balances for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	0.5	$	0.3
Current period provision	5.4		2.5
Write-offs charged against allowance	(6.0)		(4.1)
Recoveries collected	1.0		1.8
Ending balance	$	0.9	$	0.5

The allowance for credit losses primarily relates to utility customer receivables, including unbilled amounts. Expected credit loss estimates are developed by disaggregating customers into those with similar credit risk characteristics and using historical credit loss experience. In addition, we also consider how current and future economic conditions are expected to impact collectability. Amounts are written off when reasonable collections efforts have been exhausted.

Inventories

Inventories are carried at average cost, net of reserves, and consist of materials and supplies used for utility operations.

Regulatory Accounting

As a regulated utility, AES Ohio applies the provisions of ASC 980 - Regulated Operations, which gives recognition to the ratemaking and accounting practices of the PUCO and the FERC. Regulatory assets generally represent incurred costs that have been deferred because such costs are probable of future recovery in customer rates. Regulatory assets can also represent performance incentives permitted by the regulator. Regulatory assets have been included as allowable costs for ratemaking purposes, as authorized by the PUCO or established regulatory practices. Regulatory liabilities generally represent obligations to make refunds or future rate reductions to customers for previous over collections or the deferral of revenue collected for costs that AES Ohio expects to incur in the future.

The deferral of costs (as regulatory assets) is appropriate only when the future recovery of such costs is probable. In assessing probability, we consider such factors as specific orders from the PUCO or the FERC, regulatory precedent and the current regulatory environment. To the extent recovery of costs is no longer deemed probable, related regulatory assets would be required to be expensed in current period earnings. Our regulatory assets and liabilities have been created pursuant to a specific order of the PUCO or the FERC or established regulatory practices, such as other utilities under the jurisdiction of the PUCO or the FERC being granted recovery of similar costs. It is probable, but not certain, that these regulatory assets will be recoverable, subject to approval by the PUCO or the FERC. Regulatory assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current based on the term in which recovery is expected. See Note 2. Regulatory Matters for more information.

Property, Plant and Equipment

New property, plant and equipment additions are stated at cost. For regulated transmission and distribution property, cost includes direct labor and material, allocable overhead expenses and AFUDC. AFUDC represents the cost of borrowed funds and equity used to finance regulated construction projects. Capitalization of AFUDC and interest ceases at either project completion or at the date specified by regulators.

For substantially all depreciable property, when a unit of property is retired, the original cost of that property, less any salvage value, is charged to Accumulated depreciation and amortization, consistent with composite depreciation practices. Depreciation expense is calculated using the straight-line method, which allocates the cost of property over its estimated useful life. For DPL’s transmission and distribution assets, straight-line depreciation is applied monthly on an average composite basis using group rates that approximated 3.2% in 2023, 3.3% in 2022 and 3.7% in 2021. Depreciation expense was $78.0 million, $76.7 million and $72.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented net of regulatory deferrals of depreciation expense and also includes amortization of intangible assets and amortization of previously deferred regulatory costs.

AFUDC

In accordance with the Uniform System of Accounts prescribed by FERC, AES Ohio capitalizes an allowance for the net cost of funds (interest on borrowed funds and a reasonable rate of return on equity funds) used for construction purposes during the period of construction with a corresponding credit to income. AFUDC equity and AFUDC debt were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022		2021
AFUDC equity	$	5.0	$	5.7	$	2.1
AFUDC debt	$	6.5	$	1.3	$	1.6

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

GAAP requires that we test long-lived assets for impairment when indicators of impairment exist. If an asset is deemed to be impaired, we are required to write down the asset to its fair value with a charge to current earnings. The net book value of our property, plant, and equipment was $2,221.0 million and $1,885.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We do not believe any of these assets are currently impaired. In making this assessment, we consider such factors as: the overall condition and distribution capacity of the assets; the expected ability to recover additional expenditures in the assets; and the anticipated demand and relative pricing of retail electricity in our service territory.

Intangible Assets

Intangibles include software and renewable energy credits. Renewable energy credits are carried on a weighted average cost basis and amortized as they are used or retired. Finite-lived intangible assets include capitalized

software amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. These capitalized software intangible assets have a seven year-weighted average amortization period.

The following table presents information related to the Company's capitalized software balances, including the gross amount capitalized and related amortization:


			December 31,
$ in millions			2023		2022
Capitalized software			$	146.5	$	105.0

Accumulated amortization			$	(32.5)	$	(36.1)

	Years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization expense	$	4.1	$	3.3	$	3.2

Estimated future amortization
Years ending December 31,
2024					$	6.3
2025					6.3
2026					5.9
2027					5.3
2028					4.9
Total					$	28.7

Implementation Costs Related to Software as a Service

DPL has recorded prepayments for implementation costs related to software as a service in support of utility customer services of $14.8 million and $12.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are recorded within Other non-current assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Debt Issuance Costs

Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and presented as a direct reduction from the face amount of that debt and amortized over the related financing period using the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit or revolving credit facility are deferred and presented as an asset and amortized over the related financing period. Make-whole payments in connection with early debt retirements are classified as cash flows from financing activities.

Contingencies

DPL accrues for loss contingencies when the amount of the loss is probable and estimable. We are subject to various environmental regulations and are involved in certain legal proceedings. If DPL’s actual environmental and/or legal obligations are different from our estimates, the recognition of the actual amounts may have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows; although that has not been the case during the periods covered by this report. Accruals for loss contingencies were not material as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 10. Contractual Obligations, Commercial Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

Financial Instruments

Our Master Trust investments in debt and equity financial instruments of publicly traded entities are classified as equity investments. These equity securities are carried at fair value and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are recorded in Other income. As these financial instruments are held to be used for the benefit of employees or former employees participating in employee benefit plans and are not used for general operating purposes, they are recorded within Other non-current assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 4. Fair Value for more information.

Financial Derivatives

We have contracts involving the physical delivery of energy. These contracts qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception in ASC 815 - Derivatives and Hedging, thus we have elected to account for them as accrual contracts, which are not adjusted for changes in fair value.

We have, in the past, used interest rate hedges to manage the interest rate risk of our variable rate debt. We used cash flow hedge accounting when the hedge or a portion of the hedge was deemed to be highly effective, which resulted in changes in fair value being recorded within accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholder’s equity / (deficit). We elected not to offset net derivative positions in the consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, we did not offset such derivative positions against the fair value of amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral under master netting agreements. See Note 5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for more information.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

The amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:


Details about AOCL Components	Affected line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions		2023		2022		2021





Gains and losses on cash flow hedges (Note 5):
	Interest expense, net	$	(1.0)	$	(1.0)	$	(1.0)



	Income tax effect	0.2		0.2		0.2
	Net of income taxes	(0.8)		(0.8)		(0.8)





Amortization of unfunded pension and other postretirement obligations (Note 8):
	Other expense	0.2		1.3		2.5
	Income tax effect	—		(0.3)		(0.6)
	Net of income taxes	0.2		1.0		1.9

Total reclassifications for the period, net of income taxes		$	(0.6)	$	0.2	$	1.1

The changes in the components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


$ in millions	Gains / (losses) on cash flow hedges		Change in unfunded pension and other postretirement obligations		Total
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	12.8	$	(17.6)	$	(4.8)

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	—		2.2		2.2
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings	(0.8)		1.0		0.2
Net current period other comprehensive income / (loss)	(0.8)		3.2		2.4




Balance at December 31, 2022	12.0		(14.4)		(2.4)

Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	—		(1.6)		(1.6)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings	(0.8)		0.2		(0.6)
Net current period other comprehensive loss	(0.8)		(1.4)		(2.2)

Balance at December 31, 2023	$	11.2	$	(15.8)	$	(4.6)

Insurance and Claims Costs

In addition to insurance obtained from third-party providers, MVIC, a wholly-owned captive subsidiary of DPL, provides insurance coverage solely to us and our subsidiaries for workers’ compensation, general liability and property damage on an ongoing basis. Insurance and claims costs associated with MVIC include estimated liabilities of approximately $1.8 million and $1.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, within Accrued and other current liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. DPL has estimated liabilities for medical, life, disability and other reserves for claims costs below certain coverage thresholds of third-party providers of approximately $8.0 million and $7.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, within

Accrued and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The estimated liabilities for workers’ compensation, medical, life and disability costs at DPL are actuarially determined using certain assumptions. There is uncertainty associated with these loss estimates, and actual results may differ from the estimates. Modification of these loss estimates based on experience and changed circumstances is reflected in the period in which the estimate is re-evaluated.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized from retail and wholesale electricity sales and electricity transmission and distribution delivery services. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Energy sales to customers are based on the reading of their meters that occurs on a systematic basis throughout the month. We recognize the revenue on our Consolidated Statements of Operations using an accrual method for retail and other energy sales that have not yet been billed, but where electricity has been consumed. This is termed “unbilled revenue” and is a widely recognized and accepted practice for utilities. At the end of each month, unbilled revenue is determined by the estimation of unbilled energy provided to customers since the date of the last meter reading, estimated line losses, the assignment of unbilled energy provided to customer classes and the average rate per customer class. For more information, see Note 13. Revenue.

Accounting for Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities

AES Ohio collects certain excise taxes levied by state or local governments from its customers. AES Ohio’s excise taxes and certain other taxes are accounted for on a net basis and recorded as a reduction in revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amounts of such taxes were as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022		2021
Excise taxes collected	$	46.6	$	49.2	$	48.7

Repair and Maintenance Costs

Costs associated with maintenance activities are recognized at the time the work is performed. These costs, which include labor, materials and supplies and outside services required to maintain equipment and facilities, are capitalized or expensed based on defined units of property.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits

We recognize in our Consolidated Balance Sheets an asset or liability reflecting the funded status of pension and other postretirement plans with current-year changes from actuarial gains or losses related to our regulated operations, which would otherwise be recognized in AOCL, recorded as a regulatory asset as this can be recovered through future rates. Such changes that are not related to our regulated operations are recognized in AOCL. All plan assets are recorded at fair value. We follow the measurement date provisions of the accounting guidance, which require a year-end measurement date of plan assets and obligations for all defined benefit plans.

We account for and disclose pension and postretirement benefits in accordance with the provisions of GAAP relating to the accounting for pension and other postretirement plans. These GAAP provisions require the use of assumptions, such as the discount rate for liabilities and long-term rate of return on assets, in determining the obligations, annual cost and funding requirements of the plans. Consistent with the requirements of ASC 715 - Compensation - Retirement Benefits, we apply a disaggregated discount rate approach for determining service cost and interest cost for our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement plans.

See Note 8. Benefit Plans for more information.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of the existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases. We establish an allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our tax positions are evaluated under a more likely than not recognition threshold and measurement analysis before they are recognized for consolidated financial statement reporting. Uncertain tax positions have been classified as noncurrent income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year. Our policy for interest and penalties is to recognize interest and penalties as a component of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Income taxes payable, which are includable in allowable costs for ratemaking purposes in future years, are recorded as regulatory assets or liabilities with a corresponding deferred tax liability or asset. Investment tax credits that reduced federal income taxes in the years they arose have been deferred and are being amortized to income over the useful lives of the properties in accordance with regulatory treatment. See Note 2. Regulatory Matters for more information.

DPL and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal income tax returns as part of the consolidated U.S. income tax return filed by AES. The consolidated tax liability is allocated to each subsidiary based on the separate return method as specified in our tax allocation agreement, and which provides a consistent, systematic and rational approach. See Note 7. Income Taxes for more information.

Related Party Transactions

In the normal course of business, DPL enters into transactions with related parties. All material intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in DPL’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 11. Related Party Transactions for more information.

In addition to the obligations under the note payable mentioned above, DPL also agreed to a security obligation, which represents a full and unconditional guarantee of payments to the capital security holders of the Master Trust.

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued operations reporting occurs only when the disposal of a business or a group of assets represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations and financial results. We report financial results for discontinued operations separately from continuing operations to distinguish the financial impact of disposal transactions from ongoing operations. Prior period amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Balance Sheets are retrospectively revised to reflect the businesses determined to be discontinued operations. The cash flows of businesses that are determined to be discontinued operations are included within the relevant categories within operating, investing and financing activities on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Transactions between the businesses determined to be discontinued operations and businesses that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held-for-sale. The results of discontinued operations include any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value. See Note 14. Discontinued Operations for further information.

New accounting pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of recent accounting pronouncements that could have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. Accounting pronouncements not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.


ASU Number and Name	Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on the financial statements upon adoption
New Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
2023-06 Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative	In U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, issued August 17, 2018, the SEC referred certain of its disclosure requirements that overlap with, but require incremental information to, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to the FASB for potential incorporation into the Codification. The amendments in this Update are the result of the Board’s decision to incorporate into the Codification 14 of the 27 disclosures referred by the SEC. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Topics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations.	The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively	We will provide the required disclosures on a prospective basis on the date each amendment becomes effective. We do not expect ASU 2023-06 will have any impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures	The amendments in this section are designed to improve the disclosures related to Segment reporting on an interim and annual basis. Public companies must disclose significant segment expenses and an amount for other segment items. This will also require that a company disclose its annual disclosures under Topic 280 in each interim period. Furthermore, companies will need to disclose the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and how the CODM assesses the performance of a segment. Lastly, public companies that have a single reportable segment must report the required disclosures under topic 280.	The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.	We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures	The amendments in this Update require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Furthermore, companies are required to disclose a disaggregated amount of income taxes paid at a federal, state, and foreign level as well as a break down of income taxes paid in an jurisdiction that comprises 5% of a company's total income taxes paid. Lastly, this ASU requires that companies disclose income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax at a domestic and foreign level and that companies disclose income tax expense from continuing operations on a federal, state, and foreign level.	The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024	We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

THE DAYTON POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY [Member]

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Overview and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

DP&L, which does business as AES Ohio, is a public utility incorporated in 1911 under the laws of Ohio. Beginning in 2001, Ohio law gave consumers the right to choose the electric generation supplier from whom they purchase retail generation service; however, transmission and distribution services are still regulated. AES Ohio has the exclusive right to provide such service to its approximately 539,000 customers located in West Central Ohio. Principal industries located in AES Ohio’s service territory include automotive, food processing, paper, plastic, manufacturing and defense. AES Ohio also provides retail SSO electric service to residential, commercial, industrial and governmental customers in a 6,000 square mile area of West Central Ohio. AES Ohio sources all of the generation for its SSO customers through a competitive bid process AES Ohio's sales reflect the general economic conditions, seasonal weather patterns of the area, the market price of electricity and customer energy efficiency initiatives. AES Ohio owns numerous transmission facilities. AES Ohio records revenue and expenses for its proportional share of energy and capacity from its investment in OVEC. AES Ohio has only one reportable segment, the Utility segment. In addition to AES Ohio's electric transmission and distribution businesses, the Utility segment includes revenue and costs associated with AES Ohio's investment in OVEC. The terms “we,” “us,” “our” and “ours” are used to refer to AES Ohio.

Financial Statement Presentation

AES Ohio does not have any subsidiaries. We have evaluated subsequent events through the date this report was issued.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts from prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Management Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the revenue and expenses of the periods reported. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include: the carrying value of Property, plant and equipment; unbilled revenue; the valuation of allowances for receivables and deferred income taxes; regulatory assets and liabilities; reserves recorded for income tax exposures; litigation; contingencies; and assets and liabilities related to employee benefits.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. All highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash includes cash which is restricted as to withdrawal or usage. The nature of the restrictions includes restrictions imposed by agreements related to deposits held as collateral.

The following table summarizes cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash amounts reported within the Balance Sheets that reconcile to the total of such amounts as shown on the Statements of Cash Flows:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	15.5	$	19.7
Restricted cash (included in Prepayments and other current assets)	0.1		0.1
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	15.6	$	19.8

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Accounts receivable, net
Customer receivables	$	70.0	$	60.6
Unbilled revenue	19.4		24.0
Amounts due from affiliates	2.4		4.4
Other	2.2		3.8
Allowance for credit losses	(0.9)		(0.5)
Total accounts receivable, net	$	93.1	$	92.3

The following table is a rollforward of our allowance for credit losses related to the accounts receivable balances for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	0.5	$	0.3
Current period provision	5.4		2.5
Write-offs charged against allowances	(6.0)		(4.1)
Recoveries collected	1.0		1.8
Ending balance	$	0.9	$	0.5

Inventories

Inventories are carried at average cost, net of reserves, and include materials and supplies used for utility operations.

Regulatory Accounting

practices, such as other utilities under the jurisdiction of the PUCO or the FERC being granted recovery of similar costs. It is probable, but not certain, that these regulatory assets will be recoverable, subject to approval by the PUCO or the FERC. Regulatory assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current based on the term in which recovery is expected. See Note 2. Regulatory Matters for more information.

Property, Plant and Equipment

For substantially all depreciable property, when a unit of property is retired, the original cost of that property, less any salvage value, is charged to Accumulated depreciation and amortization, consistent with composite depreciation practices. Depreciation expense is calculated using the straight-line method, which allocates the cost of property over its estimated useful life. For AES Ohio’s transmission and distribution assets, straight-line depreciation is applied monthly on an average composite basis using group rates that approximated 2.6% in 2023, 2.8% in 2022 and 2.8% in 2021. Depreciation expense was $76.8 million, $75.6 million and $71.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

AFUDC


	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022		2021
AFUDC equity	$	5.0	$	5.7	$	2.1
AFUDC debt	$	6.5	$	1.3	$	1.6

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

GAAP requires that we test long-lived assets for impairment when indicators of impairment exist. If an asset is deemed to be impaired, we are required to write down the asset to its fair value with a charge to current earnings. The net book value of our property, plant, and equipment was $2,195.9 million and $1,861.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We do not believe any of these assets are currently impaired. In making this assessment, we consider such factors as: the overall condition and distribution capacity of the assets; the expected ability to recover additional expenditures in the assets; and the anticipated demand and relative pricing of retail electricity in our service territory.

Intangible Assets

software amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. These capitalized software intangible assets have a seven year-weighted average amortization period.

The following table presents information related to the Company's capitalized software balances, including the gross amount capitalized and related amortization:


			December 31,
$ in millions			2023		2022
Capitalized software			$	142.2	$	101.5

Accumulated amortization			$	(30.8)	$	(34.3)

	Years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization expense	$	3.9	$	3.1	$	3.0

Estimated future amortization
Years ending December 31,
2024					$	5.6
2025					5.6
2026					5.2
2027					4.6
2028					4.4
Total					$	25.4

Implementation Costs Related to Software as a Service

AES Ohio has recorded prepayments for implementation costs related to software as a service in support of utility customer services of $14.8 million and $12.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are recorded within Other non-current assets on the accompanying Balance Sheets.

Debt Issuance Costs

Contingencies

AES Ohio accrues for loss contingencies when the amount of the loss is probable and estimable. We are subject to various environmental regulations and are involved in certain legal proceedings. If AES Ohio’s actual environmental and/or legal obligations are different from our estimates, the recognition of the actual amounts may have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows; although that has not been the case during the periods covered by this report. Accruals for loss contingencies were not material as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 9. Contractual Obligations, Commercial Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

Financial Instruments

Our Master Trust investments in debt and equity financial instruments of publicly traded entities are classified as equity investments. These equity securities are carried at fair value and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are recorded in Other income. As these financial instruments are held to be used for the benefit of employees or former employees participating in employee benefit plans and are not used for general operating purposes, they are recorded within Other non-current assets on the accompanying Balance Sheets. See Note 4. Fair Value for more information.

Financial Derivatives

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

The amounts reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:


Details about AOCL Components	Affected line in the Statements of Operations	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions		2023		2022		2021
















Amortization of unfunded pension and other postretirement obligations (Note 7):
	Other expense	$	0.6	$	3.6	$	5.0
	Income tax effect	(0.2)		(0.9)		(1.1)


Total reclassifications for the period, net of income taxes		$	0.4	$	2.7	$	3.9

The changes in the components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


$ in millions	Change in Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Balance at January 1, 2022	$	(31.8)

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	2.3
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings	2.7
Net current period other comprehensive income	5.0



Balance at December 31, 2022	(26.8)

Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(1.5)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings	0.4
Net current period other comprehensive income	(1.1)

Balance at December 31, 2023	$	(27.9)

Insurance and Claims Costs

In addition to insurance obtained from third-party providers, MVIC, a wholly-owned captive subsidiary of DPL, provides insurance coverage solely to us and other DPL subsidiaries for workers’ compensation, general liability and property damage on an ongoing basis. AES Ohio is responsible for claims costs below certain coverage thresholds of MVIC and third-party insurers for the insurance coverage noted above. AES Ohio has estimated liabilities for medical, life, disability and other reserves for claims costs below certain coverage thresholds of third-party providers of approximately $3.5 million and $3.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, within Accrued and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the accompanying Balance Sheets. The estimated liabilities for workers’ compensation, medical, life and disability costs at AES Ohio are actuarially determined using certain assumptions. There is uncertainty associated with these loss estimates, and actual results may differ from the estimates. Modification of these loss estimates based on experience and changed circumstances is reflected in the period in which the estimate is re-evaluated.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized from retail and wholesale electricity sales and electricity transmission and distribution delivery services. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Energy sales to customers are based on the reading of their meters that occurs on a systematic basis throughout the month. We recognize the revenue on our Statements of Operations using an accrual method for retail and other energy sales that have not yet been billed, but where electricity has been consumed. This is termed “unbilled revenue” and is a widely recognized and accepted practice for utilities. At the end of each month, unbilled revenue is determined by the estimation of unbilled energy provided to customers since the date of the last meter reading, estimated line losses, the assignment of unbilled energy provided to customer classes and the average rate per customer class. For more information, see Note 11. Revenue.

Accounting for Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities

AES Ohio collects certain excise taxes levied by state or local governments from its customers. AES Ohio’s excise taxes and certain other taxes are accounted for on a net basis and recorded as a reduction in revenue in the accompanying Statements of Operations. The amounts of such taxes were as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
$ in millions	2023		2022		2021
Excise taxes collected	$	46.6	$	49.2	$	48.7

Repair and Maintenance Costs

Pension and Postretirement Benefits

We recognize in our Balance Sheets an asset or liability reflecting the funded status of pension and other postretirement plans with current-year changes from actuarial gains or losses related to our regulated operations, which would otherwise be recognized in AOCL, recorded as a regulatory asset as this can be recovered through future rates. Such changes that are not related to our regulated operations are recognized in AOCL. All plan assets are recorded at fair value. We follow the measurement date provisions of the accounting guidance, which require a year-end measurement date of plan assets and obligations for all defined benefit plans.

See Note 7. Benefit Plans for more information.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of the existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases. We establish an allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our tax positions are evaluated under a more likely than not recognition threshold and measurement analysis before they are recognized for financial statement reporting. Uncertain tax positions have been classified as noncurrent income tax liabilities unless expected to be paid within one year. Our policy for interest and penalties is to recognize interest and penalties as a component of the provision for income taxes in the Statements of Operations.

AES Ohio files U.S. federal income tax returns as part of the consolidated U.S. income tax return filed by AES. The consolidated tax liability is allocated to each subsidiary based on the separate return method as specified in our tax allocation agreement, and which provides a consistent, systematic and rational approach. See Note 6. Income Taxes for more information.

Related Party Transactions

In the normal course of business, AES Ohio enters into transactions with other subsidiaries of DPL or AES. See Note 10. Related Party Transactions for more information.

New accounting pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of recent accounting pronouncements that could have an impact on our financial statements. Accounting pronouncements not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.


ASU Number and Name	Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on the financial statements upon adoption
New Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
2023-06 Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative	In U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, issued August 17, 2018, the SEC referred certain of its disclosure requirements that overlap with, but require incremental information to, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to the FASB for potential incorporation into the Codification. The amendments in this Update are the result of the Board’s decision to incorporate into the Codification 14 of the 27 disclosures referred by the SEC. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Topics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations.	The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively	We will provide the required disclosures on a prospective basis on the date each amendment becomes effective. We do not expect ASU 2023-06 will have any impact on our Financial Statements.
2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures	The amendments in this section are designed to improve the disclosures related to Segment reporting on an interim and annual basis. Public companies must disclose significant segment expenses and an amount for other segment items. This will also require that a company disclose its annual disclosures under Topic 280 in each interim period. Furthermore, companies will need to disclose the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) and how the CODM assesses the performance of a segment. Lastly, public companies that have a single reportable segment must report the required disclosures under topic 280.	The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.	We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard on our Financial Statements.
2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures	The amendments in this Update require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Furthermore, companies are required to disclose a disaggregated amount of income taxes paid at a federal, state, and foreign level as well as a break down of income taxes paid in an jurisdiction that comprises 5% of a company's total income taxes paid. Lastly, this ASU requires that companies disclose income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax at a domestic and foreign level and that companies disclose income tax expense from continuing operations on a federal, state, and foreign level.	The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024	We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard on our Financial Statements.