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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets [Text Block] Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill —The increase in the carrying amount of goodwill in 2019 was due to the acquisitions of Nordresa, PEPS, ODS and SME and currency fluctuation. As a result of our annual goodwill impairment test performed in the fourth quarter of 2019, we concluded that the goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Magnum Gaskets in 2016 was unrecoverable. Accordingly, a full impairment charge of $6 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2019. The estimated fair value of our Off-Highway and Commercial Vehicle reporting units were greater than their carrying values at October 31, 2019. The change in the carrying amount of goodwill in 2018 was due to the acquisition of a 55% interest in TM4 and currency fluctuation. See Note 2 for additional information on recent acquisitions.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment —
 
Light Vehicle
 
Commercial Vehicle
 
Off-Highway
 
Power Technologies
 
Total
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
3

 
$
8

 
$
110

 
$
6

 
$
127

Acquisitions

 
148

 

 

 
148

Currency impact

 
(6
)
 
(5
)
 

 
(11
)
Balance, December 31, 2018
3

 
150

 
105

 
6

 
264

Acquisition

 
74

 
160

 

 
234

Impairment
 
 
 
 
 
 
(6
)
 
(6
)
Currency impact

 
4

 
(3
)
 

 
1

Balance, December 31, 2019
$
3

 
$
228

 
$
262

 
$
—

 
$
493



Non-amortizable intangible assets — Our non-amortizable intangible assets include a portion of our trademarks and trade names. Non-amortizable trademarks and trade names consist of the Dana®, Spicer® and TM4® trademarks and trade names utilized in our Commercial Vehicle and Off-Highway segments. We value trademarks and trade names using a relief from royalty method which is based on revenue streams. No impairment was recorded during the two years ended December 31, 2019 in connection with the required annual assessment for trademarks and trade names.

During the third quarter of 2012, we entered a strategic alliance with Fallbrook Technologies Inc. (Fallbrook). The transaction with Fallbrook was accounted for as a business combination and the original purchase price allocation included $20 of intangible assets used in research and development activities, which had been classified as indefinite-lived. Since the third quarter of 2012, we had been working with several customers to commercialize the continuously variable planetary (CVP) technology primarily in combustion engine applications. During the second quarter of 2018 key customers notified us of their intention to redirect their development efforts to electrification and cease further development efforts of the CVP technology in combustion engine applications. We determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the related intangible assets was less than their carrying amount. We used the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, to fair value the assets used in research and development activities. Given the lack of adequate identifiable future revenue streams, it was determined that the $20 of intangible assets used in research and development activities was fully impaired during the second quarter of 2018.

Amortizable intangible assets — Our amortizable intangible assets include core technology, customer relationships and a portion of our trademarks and trade names. Core technology includes the proprietary know-how and expertise that is inherent in our products and manufacturing processes. Customer relationships include the established relationships with our customers and the related ability of these customers to continue to generate future recurring revenue and income. Amortizable trademarks and trade names includes the GrazianoTM, Fairfield® and Brevini® trademarks and trade names utilized in our Off-Highway segment.

These assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We group the assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the undiscounted future cash flows. We use our internal forecasts, which we update quarterly, to develop our cash flow projections. These forecasts are based on our knowledge of our customers’ production forecasts, our assessment of market growth rates, net new business, material and labor cost estimates, cost recovery agreements with customers and our estimate of savings expected from our restructuring activities. The most likely factors that would significantly impact our forecasts are changes in customer production levels and loss of significant portions of our business. Our valuation is applied over the life of the primary assets within the asset groups. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group is recoverable, an impairment charge
is recorded if the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analyses or appraisals. There were no impairments recorded during the two years ended December 31, 2019.

Components of other intangible assets —
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Weighted
Average
Useful Life
(years)
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Impairment and
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Impairment and
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Amortizable intangible assets
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Core technology
8
 
$
133

 
$
(94
)
 
$
39

 
$
107

 
$
(89
)
 
$
18

Trademarks and trade names
13
 
30

 
(6
)
 
24

 
16

 
(4
)
 
12

Customer relationships
8
 
509

 
(407
)
 
102

 
460

 
(400
)
 
60

Non-amortizable intangible assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trademarks and trade names
 
 
75

 
 
 
75

 
74

 
 
 
74

Used in research and development activities
 
 


 


 
—

 
20

 
(20
)
 
—

 
 
 
$
747

 
$
(507
)
 
$
240

 
$
677

 
$
(513
)
 
$
164



The net carrying amounts of intangible assets, other than goodwill, attributable to each of our operating segments at December 31, 2019 were as follows: Light Vehicle – $25, Commercial Vehicle – $62, Off-Highway – $145 and Power Technologies – $8.

Amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets —
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Charged to cost of sales
$
5

 
$
2

 
$
2

Charged to amortization of intangibles
12

 
8

 
11

Total amortization
$
17

 
$
10

 
$
13



The following table provides the estimated aggregate pre-tax amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the next five years based on December 31, 2019 exchange rates. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates due to such factors as currency translation, customer turnover, impairments, additional intangible asset acquisitions and other events.
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
2024
Amortization expense
$
18

 
$
17

 
$
17

 
$
17

 
$
17