Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Tax Expense (Benefit) [Table Text Block]

Income tax expense (benefit)—

	2018			2017		2016
Current
U.S. federal and state	$	14		$	6	$	(18	)
Non-U.S.	128			98		74
Total current	142			104		56
Deferred
U.S. federal and state	(47		)	164		(497		)
Non-U.S.	(17		)	15		17
Total deferred	(64		)	179		(480		)
Total expense (benefit)	$	78		$	283	$	(424	)

Income Before Income Taxes [Table Text Block]

Income before income taxes—

	2018		2017		2016
U.S. operations	$	26	$	60	$	(56	)
Non-U.S. operations	468		320		271
Earnings before income taxes	$	494	$	380	$	215

Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

Effective tax rate reconciliation —

	2018		2017		2016
U.S. federal income tax rate	21	%	35	%	35	%
Adjustments resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit	1		1		5
Non-U.S. income (expense)	5		(11	)	(15	)
Credits and tax incentives	(18	)	(16	)	(5	)
U.S. tax on non-U.S. earnings	3		12		(19	)
Intercompany sale of certain operating assets	1		(6	)	5
Settlement and return adjustments	6		(2	)	14
Enacted change in tax laws	1		49		4
Miscellaneous items			1		2
Valuation allowance adjustments	(4	)	11		(222	)
Effective income tax rate	16	%	74	%	(196	)%

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities [Table Text Block]

Deferred tax assets and liabilities — Temporary differences and carryforwards give rise to the following deferred tax assets and liabilities.

	2018			2017
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	255		$	319
Postretirement benefits, including pensions	98			119
Research and development costs	94			85
Expense accruals	75			78
Other tax credits recoverable	232			122
Capital loss carryforwards	40			43
Inventory reserves	13			16
Postemployment and other benefits	6			5
Total	813			787
Valuation allowances	(281		)	(301		)
Deferred tax assets	532			486
Unremitted earnings	(1		)	(30		)
Intangibles	(11		)	(22		)
Depreciation	(44		)	(60		)
Other	(59		)	(13		)
Deferred tax liabilities	(115		)	(125		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	417		$	361

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards [Table Text Block]

The following table identifies the net operating loss deferred tax asset components and the related allowances that existed at December 31, 2018. Due to time limitations on the ability to realize the benefit of the carryforwards, additional portions of these deferred tax assets may become unrealizable in the future.

	Deferred Tax Asset		Valuation Allowance			Carryforward Period	Earliest Year of Expiration
Net operating losses
U.S. federal	$	76	$	—		20	2029
U.S. state	88		(41		)	Various	2019
Brazil	20		(20		)	Unlimited
France	8					Unlimited
Australia	30		(30		)	Unlimited
Italy	6		(6		)	Unlimited
Germany	5		(5		)	Unlimited
U.K.	3		(3		)	Unlimited
Canada	16		(15		)	20	2026
Netherlands	1					9	2027
China	2		(2		)	5	2020
Total	$	255	$	(122	)

Reconciliation of Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Table Text Block]

Reconciliation of gross unrecognized tax benefits—

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of period	$	119		$	117		$	87
Decrease related to expiration of statute of limitations	(4		)	(3		)	(5		)
Decrease related to prior years tax positions	(15		)	(25		)	(1		)
Increase related to prior years tax positions	8			15			28
Increase related to current year tax positions	10			15			8
Decrease related to settlements	(11		)
Balance, end of period	$	107		$	119		$	117