Fair Value Measurements and Derivatives

In measuring the fair value of our assets and liabilities, we use market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability including assumptions about risk when appropriate. Our valuation techniques include a combination of observable and unobservable inputs.

Fair value measurements on a recurring basis — Assets and liabilities that are carried in our balance sheet at fair value are as follows:



			Fair Value
Category	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value Level	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Available-for-sale securities	Marketable securities	1	$	—	$	5
Available-for-sale securities	Marketable securities	2	21		35
Currency forward contracts
Cash flow hedges	Accounts receivable - Other	2	6		1
Cash flow hedges	Other accrued liabilities	2	5		5
Undesignated	Accounts receivable - Other	2	2		1
Undesignated	Other accrued liabilities	2	1		3
Currency swaps
Cash flow hedges	Other noncurrent liabilities	2	118		177

Fair Value Level 1 assets and liabilities reflect quoted prices in active markets. Fair Value Level 2 assets and liabilities reflect the use of significant other observable inputs.

Fair value of financial instruments — The financial instruments that are not carried in our balance sheet at fair value are as follows:



	2018				2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	1,500	$	1,442	$	1,500	$	1,592
Term Facility	265		265		275		275
Other indebtedness*	28		23		29		22
Total	$	1,793	$	1,730	$	1,804	$	1,889


*	The carrying value includes the unamortized portion of a fair value adjustment related to a terminated interest rate swap at both dates. The carrying value and fair value also include a financial liability associated with certain build-to-suit lease arrangements at December 31, 2017.

The fair value of our senior notes and Term Facility are estimated based upon a market approach (Level 2) while the fair value of our other indebtedness is based upon an income approach (Level 2). The fair value of the Term Facility approximates its carrying value as it is a floating-rate facility. See Note 14 for additional information about financing arrangements.

Fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis — Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These are long-lived assets that are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. These assets include intangible assets and property, plant and equipment which may be written down to fair value when they are held for sale or as a result of impairment.

Interest rate derivatives — Our portfolio of derivative financial instruments periodically includes interest rate swaps designed to mitigate our interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2018, no fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps remain outstanding. However, a $6 fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of our December 2024 Notes, associated with a fixed-to-floating interest rate swap that had been executed but was subsequently terminated during 2015, remains deferred at December 31, 2018. This amount is being amortized as a reduction of interest expense through the period ending December 2024, the scheduled maturity date of the December 2024 Notes. Approximately $1 was amortized as a reduction of interest expense during 2018.

Foreign currency derivatives — Our foreign currency derivatives include forward contracts associated with forecasted transactions, primarily involving the purchases and sales of inventory through the next eighteen months, as well as currency swaps associated with certain recorded external notes payable and intercompany loans receivable and payable. Periodically, our foreign currency derivatives also include net investment hedges of certain of our investments in foreign operations.

In 2017, in conjunction with the issuance of €281 of euro-denominated intercompany notes payable, issued by certain of our Luxembourg subsidiaries (the "Luxembourg Intercompany Notes") and payable to USD-functional Dana, Inc., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the Luxembourg Intercompany Notes. The risk management objective of these swaps is to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the euro / U.S. dollar exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

In 2017, in conjunction with the issuance of the $400 of U.S. dollar-denominated April 2025 Notes by euro-functional Dana Financing Luxembourg S.à r.l., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the April 2025 Notes to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the U.S. dollar / euro exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

In 2016, in conjunction with the issuance of the $375 of U.S. dollar-denominated June 2026 Notes by euro-functional Dana Financing Luxembourg S.à r.l., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the June 2026 Notes to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the U.S. dollar / euro exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

All of the underlying designated financial instruments, and any subsequent replacement debt, have been designated as the hedged items in each respective cash flow hedge relationship, as shown in the table below. Designated as cash flow hedges of the forecasted principal and interest payments of the underlying designated financial instruments, or subsequent replacement debt, all of the swaps economically convert the underlying designated financial instruments into the functional currency of each respective holder. The impact of the interest rate differential between the inflow and outflow rates on all fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps is recognized during each period as a component of interest expense.

The following fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps were outstanding at December 31, 2018:



Underlying Financial Instrument						Derivative Financial Instrument
Description	Type	Face Amount		Rate		Designated Notional Amount		Traded Amount		Inflow Rate		Outflow Rate
June 2026 Notes	Payable	$	375	6.50	%	$	375	€	338	6.50	%	5.14	%
April 2025 Notes	Payable	$	400	5.75	%	$	400	€	371	5.75	%	3.85	%
Luxembourg Intercompany Notes	Receivable	€	281	3.91	%	€	281	$	300	6.00	%	3.91	%

All of the swaps are expected to be highly effective in offsetting the corresponding currency-based changes in cash outflows related to the underlying designated financial instruments. Based on our qualitative assessment that the critical terms of all of the underlying designated financial instruments and all of the associated swaps match and that all other required criteria have been met, we do not expect to incur any ineffectiveness. As effective cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the swaps will be recorded in OCI during each period. Additionally, to the extent the swaps remain effective, the appropriate portion of AOCI will be reclassified to earnings each period as an offset to the foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the remeasurement of the underlying designated financial instruments. See Note 14 for additional information about the June 2026 Notes and the April 2025 Notes. To the extent the swaps are no longer effective, changes in their fair values will be recorded in earnings.

The total notional amount of outstanding foreign currency forward contracts, involving the exchange of various currencies, was $1,007 at December 31, 2018 and $306 at December 31, 2017. The total notional amount of outstanding foreign currency swaps, including the fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps, was $1,097 at December 31, 2018 and $1,112 at December 31, 2017.

The following currency derivatives were outstanding at December 31, 2018:



		Notional Amount (U.S. Dollar Equivalent)
Functional Currency	Traded Currency	Designated as Cash Flow Hedges		Undesignated		Total		Maturity
U.S. dollar	Swiss franc, Mexican peso, euro	$	142	$	607	$	749	Mar-20
Euro	U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, Hungarian forint, British pound, Swiss franc, Indian rupee, Russian ruble, Chinese renminbi	55		10		65		Mar-20
British pound	U.S. dollar, euro	3				3		Nov-19
Swedish krona	Euro, U.S. dollar	17				17		Dec-19
South African rand	U.S. dollar, euro, Thai baht	11		1		12		Nov-19
Canadian dollar	U.S. dollar	23				23		Feb-20
Thai baht	U.S. dollar, Australian dollar	31		1		32		Nov-19
Brazilian real	U.S. dollar, euro	28		42		70		Dec-19
Indian rupee	U.S. dollar, British pound, euro			36		36		Mar-20
Total forward contracts		310		697		1,007

U.S. dollar	Euro	322				322		Sep-23
Euro	U.S. dollar	775				775		Jun-26
Total currency swaps		1,097		—		1,097
Total currency derivatives		$	1,407	$	697	$	2,104

During the third quarter of 2018, we entered into a Swiss franc notional deal contingent forward to economically hedge the purchase price relating to the planned acquisition of the Drive Systems segment of the Oerlikon Group.

Cash flow hedges — With respect to contracts designated as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value during the period in which the contracts remain outstanding are reported in OCI to the extent such contracts remain effective. Effectiveness is measured by using regression analysis to determine the degree of correlation between the change in the fair value of the derivative instrument and the change in the associated foreign currency exchange rates. Changes in fair value of contracts not designated as cash flow hedges or as net investment hedges are recognized in other income (expense), net in the period in which the changes occur. Realized gains and losses from currency-related forward contracts associated with forecasted transactions or from other derivative instruments, including those that have been designated as cash flow hedges and those that have not been designated, are recognized in the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations in which the underlying forecasted transaction or other hedged item is recorded. Accordingly, amounts are potentially recorded in sales, cost of sales or, in certain circumstances, other income (expense), net.

The following table provides a summary of the impact on AOCI of derivative instruments that have been designated as cash flow hedges:



	Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
	Forward Contracts			Cross-Currency Swaps			Total Cash Flow Hedges
Balance in AOCI at December 31, 2017, before tax	$	(4	)	$	(64	)	$	(68	)
Gain (loss) recorded in OCI	7			59			66
(Gain) loss reclassified from AOCI to the consolidated statement of operations	(1		)	(55		)	(56		)
Balance in AOCI at December 31, 2018, before tax	$	2		(60		)	$	(58	)

The following table provides a summary of the location and amount of gains or losses recognized in the consolidated statement of operations associated with cash flow hedging relationships:



	Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
	2018
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges	Net sales		Cost of sales			Other income (expense), net
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	$	8,143	$	6,986		$	(29	)
(Gain) or loss on cash flow hedging relationships
Foreign currency forwards
Amount of (gain) loss reclassified from AOCI into income			(1		)
Cross-currency swaps
Amount of (gain) loss reclassified from AOCI into income						(55		)

The amounts reclassified from AOCI into income for the cross-currency swaps represent an offset to a foreign exchange loss on our foreign currency-denominated intercompany and external debt instruments.

Certain of our hedges of forecasted transactions have not formally been designated as cash flow hedges. As undesignated forward contracts, the changes in the fair value of such contracts are included in earnings for the duration of the outstanding forward contract. Any realized gain or loss on the settlement of such contracts is recognized in the same period and in the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations as the underlying transaction. The following table provides a summary of the location and amount of gains or losses recognized in the consolidated statement of operations associated with undesignated hedging relationships.



2018
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income			Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income
Foreign currency forward contracts	$	(5	)	Cost of sales
Foreign currency forward contracts	(5		)	Other income (expense), net

Net investment hedges — We periodically designate derivative contracts or underlying non-derivative financial instruments as net investment hedges. With respect to contracts designated as net investment hedges, we apply the forward method, but for non-derivative financial instruments designated as net investment hedges, we apply the spot method. Under both methods, we report changes in fair value in the CTA component of OCI during the period in which the contracts remain outstanding to the extent such contracts and non-derivative financial instruments remain effective.

In 2017, we designated the principal amount of an existing non-derivative Mexican peso-denominated intercompany note payable (the "MXN-denominated intercompany note") by Dana European Holdings Luxembourg S.à r.l. to Dana de Mexico Corporacion S. de R.L. de C.V., one of our Mexican subsidiaries, as a net investment hedge of the equivalent portion of the investment in the associated Mexican operations. During the third quarter of 2018 the intercompany note was repaid and no additional net investment hedges are outstanding. On a cumulative basis, a deferred loss of $4 has been recorded in the CTA component of AOCI for this non-derivative instrument. Amounts recorded in CTA remain deferred in AOCI until such time as the investments in the associated subsidiaries are substantially liquidated.

Amounts to be reclassified to earnings — Deferred gains or losses associated with effective cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions are reported in AOCI and are reclassified to earnings in the same periods in which the underlying transactions affect earnings. Amounts expected to be reclassified to earnings assume no change in the current hedge relationships or to December 31, 2018 exchange rates. Deferred gains of $2 at December 31, 2018 are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months, compared to deferred losses of $4 at December 31, 2017. Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings arising from the discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting treatment were not material during 2018.