Stock Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2016

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock Compensation [Text Block]

Stock Compensation

The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approved the grant of RSUs and performance share units (PSUs) shown in the table below during the first half of 2016. 

		Weighted-average Per Share
	Granted (In millions)	Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs	1.1	$	13.24
PSUs	0.4	$	13.21

We calculated the fair value of the RSUs at grant date based on the closing market price of our common stock at the date of grant. The number of PSUs that ultimately vest is contingent on achieving specified return on invested capital targets and specified total shareholder return targets relative to peer companies. For the portion of the award based on the return on invested capital performance metric, we estimated the fair value of the PSUs at grant date based on the closing market price of our common stock at the date of grant adjusted for the value of assumed dividends over the period because the award is not dividend protected. For the portion of the award based on shareholder returns, we estimated the fair value of the PSUs at grant date using various assumptions as part of a Monte Carlo simulation. The expected term represents the period from the grant date to the end of the three-year performance period. The risk-free interest rate of 1.00% was based on U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates at the grant date. The dividend yield of 1.40% was calculated by dividing the expected annual dividend by the average stock price over the prior year. The expected volatility of 33.4% was based on historical volatility over the prior three years using daily stock price observations.

We paid $1 of cash to settle RSUs during 2016 and issued 0.4 million shares of common stock based on the vesting of RSUs. We recognized stock compensation expense of $5 during the second quarters of both 2016 and 2015 and $7 and $8 during the first half of 2016 and 2015. At June 30, 2016, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested awards granted and expected to vest was $28. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.