	Years Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
U.S.	$	(7,101)	$	15,103	$	30,815
Non-U.S.		52,580		35,163		27,288
Total	$	45,479	$	50,266	$	58,103

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
Current:
U.S.	$	211	$	(391)	$	(397)
Non-U.S.		11,275		10,666		12,538
Total Current		11,486		10,275		12,141
Deferred:
U.S.		(2,815)		558		(330)
Non-U.S.		2,122		3,287		(240)
Total Deferred		(693)		3,845		(570)
Total provision for income taxes	$	10,793	$	14,120	$	11,571

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2019
Post-retirement benefits	$	1,259	$	1,100
Inventory reserves		477		708
Loss carry-forwards		5,128		4,724
Credit carry-forwards		17,401		15,964
Accrued expenses		5,693		4,932
Research expenditures		18,893		17,953
Operating lease liabilities		6,012		6,211
Stock compensation		1,969		2,232
Foreign exchange loss		2,166		1,986
Other		872		230
Gross deferred tax assets		59,870		56,040
Depreciation and amortization		13,004		12,453
Pensions		12,557		13,552
Operating lease assets		5,703		5,963
Subsidiaries' unremitted earnings		3,046		1,903
Gross deferred tax liabilities		34,310		33,871
Net deferred tax assets		25,560		22,169
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance		(8,320)		(8,011)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	17,240	$	14,158

The long-term deferred tax assets and long-term deferred tax liabilities are as follows below:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2019
Non-current deferred tax assets	$	24,250	$	19,795
Non-current deferred tax liabilities	$	(7,010)	$	(5,637)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	17,240	$	14,158

At each reporting date, we weigh all available positive and negative evidence to assess whether it is more-likely-than-not that the Company's deferred tax assets, including deferred tax assets associated with accumulated loss carryforwards and tax credits in the various jurisdictions in which it operates, will be realized. As of December 31, 2020, and 2019, we recorded deferred tax assets related to certain U.S. state and non-U.S. income tax loss carryforwards of $5,128 and $4,724, respectively, and U.S. and non-U.S. tax credits of $17,401 and $15,964, respectively. The deferred tax assets expire in various years primarily between 2021 and 2040.

Generally, we assess if it is more-likely-than-not that our net deferred tax assets will be realized during the available carry-forward periods. As a result, we have determined that valuation allowances of $8,320 and $8,011 should be provided for certain deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the valuation allowances relate to certain U.S. state and non-U.S. loss carry-forwards and certain U.S. state tax credits that management does not anticipate will be utilized.

A valuation allowance of $180 was recorded in 2020 against the U.S. federal foreign tax credit carryforwards of $7,467, which expire in varying amounts between 2028 and 2029. No valuation allowance was recorded in 2020 against the U.S. federal research and development tax credits of $7,502, which expire in varying amounts between 2021 and 2040. We assessed the anticipated realization of those tax credits utilizing future taxable income projections. Based on those projections, management believes it is more-likely-than-not that we will realize the benefits of these credit carryforwards.

The following table reconciles taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the effective income tax rate:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2020	2019		2018
Taxes at the U.S. statutory rate	21.0%	21.0%		21.0%
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit	(0.1)%	0.4%		1.2%
Non-U.S. earnings taxed at rates different than the U.S. statutory rate	(0.9)%	1.3%		0.8%
Foreign source earnings, net of associated foreign tax credits	(0.7)%	0.3%		4.1%
Benefit of tax credits	(0.7)%	(1.5)%		(0.9)%
Non-deductible expenses	(0.5)%	4.1%		1.3%
Stock compensation - excess tax benefits	(0.1)%	(1.1)%		(0.9)%
Adjustment to valuation allowances	1.6%	(0.4)%		(0.6)%
Other changes in tax laws and rates	—	0.1%		(6.1)%
Change in unrecognized tax benefits	(0.7)%	3.3%		(1.7)%
Impacts of unremitted foreign earnings	5.2%	1.3%		1.1%
Impacts related to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act	—		—%	(0.6)%
Other	(0.4)%	(0.7)%		1.2%
Effective income tax rate	23.7%	28.1%		19.9%

On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The remeasurement period for SAB 118 ended on December 22, 2018, and upon completion of our analysis we determined the final impact of the Tax Act resulted in an additional tax benefit of $348 during the fourth quarter of 2018.

Following the enactment of the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act and the associated one-time transition tax, in general, repatriation of foreign earnings to the U.S. can be completed with no incremental U.S. Tax. However, there are limited other taxes that continue to apply such as foreign withholding and certain state taxes. The company records a deferred tax liability for the estimated foreign earnings and state tax cost associated with the undistributed foreign earnings that are not permanently reinvested. In 2020 the Company made the decision to no longer permanently reinvest the earnings of its Taiwan subsidiary. As a result, a provision for the expected taxes on repatriation of those earnings has been recorded.

The Tax Act also includes provisions for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) wherein taxes on foreign income are imposed in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. We elected to recognize the tax on GILTI as an expense in the period the tax is incurred.

We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position when it is more-likely-than-not, based on its technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $3,128 of unrecognized tax benefits, which if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. We anticipate uncertain tax positions of approximately $900 to be settled in the next 12 months.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits is provided below:

	As of December 31,
	2020		2019
Balance at January 1	$	5,016	$	3,649
Increase related to current year tax positions		880		2,834
Decrease related to prior year tax positions		(1,156)		(10)
Decrease related to lapse in statute of limitation		—		(1,457)
Decrease related to settlements with taxing authorities		(1,612)		—
Balance at December 31	$	3,128	$	5,016

Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020, and 2019, $301 and $707, respectively, of interest and penalties were accrued.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S., various states, and in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our U.S. income tax returns are primarily subject to examination from 2017 through 2019; however, U.S. tax authorities also have the ability to review prior tax years to the extent loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards are utilized. The open years for the non-U.S. tax returns range from 2008 through 2019 based on local statutes.