Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Effective February 2013, we terminated our two existing stock compensation plans, the Stock Incentive Plan and the Non-Employee Director Stock Compensation Plan, and created a single plan, the 2013 Stock Incentive Plan, to cover all employees and directors (the "Stock Incentive Plan"). The Stock Incentive Plan is used to provide long-term incentive compensation through stock options, restricted share units, performance-based restricted share units and deferred stock units.

Stock Options

Options are granted under the Stock Incentive Plan to officers and other key employees and directors at an exercise price equal to the closing price on the date of grant. For grants prior to April 23, 2007, the exercise price is equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant, which is defined for purposes of the plans as the average of the high and low prices for our common stock on the 10 trading days ending on the date of grant. Unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee which administers the plan, options become exercisable at a rate of 25% after the first year, 50% after the second year, 75% after the third year and 100% after the fourth year from the date of grant. Options granted to officers and employees from 2004 to 2013 expire six years after the date of grant. All options granted to directors and options granted to officers and employees after 2014 expire ten years after the date of grant.

We determine the fair value of each grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions for grants made during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:



	2018		2017		2016
Dividend yield	1.74	%	2.27	%	4.08	%
Volatility	23.25	%	23.32	%	23.41	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.45	%	1.94	%	1.59	%
Expected lives in years	4.2		4.2		4.2

Expected dividend yield is based on our dividend rate. Expected stock volatility was determined based upon the historical volatility for the four year period preceding the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate was based on the yield curve in effect at the time the options were granted, using U.S. constant maturities over the expected life of the option. The expected lives of the awards represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding.

Activity in our stock option plans for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



Option Activity	Number of Shares (in 000’s)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
Options outstanding as of January 1, 2018	2,550		$	56.45
Granted	412		93.40
Exercised	(450	)	53.73
Canceled	(102	)	66.70
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2018	2,410		$	62.84	7.10
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2018	1,049		$	56.43	6.15

The weighted-average fair value of options granted during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $17.79, $12.98 and $6.52, respectively. The total fair value of shares vested during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $6.5 million, $6.3 million and $7.8 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $17.6 million, $16.9 million and $14.8 million, respectively. The total cash received from these option exercises during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $24.2 million, $31.2 million and $31.8 million, respectively. The tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises and vesting of restricted stock was $5.4 million and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable options was $16.7 million, $29.9 million and $15.8 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, there was $10.0 million of total future compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.73 years.

Restricted Stock and Performance-Based Restricted Share Units

Restricted share units vest at a rate of 25% after the first year, 50% after the second year, 75% after the third year and 100% after the fourth year from the date of grant and are subject to forfeiture restrictions which lapse over time. The vesting of performance-based restricted share units is determined in three years based on relative total shareholder return for Crane Co. compared to the S&P Midcap 400 Capital Goods Group, with payout potential ranging from 0% to 200% but capped at 100% if our three year total shareholder return is negative.

Included in our share-based compensation was expense recognized for our restricted stock, restricted share unit and performance-based restricted share unit awards of $15.7 million, $13.9 million and $13.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, there was $23.3 million of total future compensation cost related to restricted stock, restricted share unit and performance-based restricted share unit awards, to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.78 years.

Changes in our restricted stock and restricted share units for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



Restricted Stock and Restricted Share Unit Activity	Restricted Stock and Restricted Share Units (in 000’s)		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted Stock and Restricted Share Units as of January 1, 2018	670		$	59.69
Restricted Share Units granted	170		90.23
Restricted Share Units vested	(172	)	60.84
Restricted Share Units forfeited	(30	)	69.61
Performance-based Restricted Share Units granted	63		111.24
Performance-based Restricted Share Units vested	(185	)	53.10
Performance-based Restricted Share Units forfeited	(13	)	71.89
Restricted Stock and Restricted Share Units as of December 31, 2018	503		$	77.58