Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Net sales	$ 3,178	$ 3,680
Cost of sales	2,175	2,397
Gross margin	1,003	1,283
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses	421	434
Research, development and engineering expenses	254	248
Amortization of purchased intangibles	31	31
Operating income	297	570
Interest income	7	3
Interest expense	(76)	(71)
Translated earnings contract (loss) gain, net (Note 10)	(8)	129
Other income, net	8	152
Income before income taxes	228	783
Provision for income taxes (Note 3)	(37)	(180)
Net income	191	603
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	(15)	(22)
Net income attributable to Corning Incorporated	$ 176	$ 581
Earnings per common share available to common shareholders:
Basic (Note 4) (in dollars per share)	$ 0.21	$ 0.69
Diluted (Note 4) (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.68

The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use. Also included are the engineering expenses that are incurred while working on new product design, capacity, optimization programs, etc for products that are not currently being produced.

No definition available.