Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Citizens, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Citizens, Inc. ("Citizens"), a Colorado corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CICA"), Citizens National Life Insurance Company ("CNLIC"), Security Plan Life Insurance Company ("SPLIC"), Security Plan Fire Insurance Company ("SPFIC"), Magnolia Guaranty Life Insurance Company ("MGLIC"), Computing Technology, Inc. ("CTI"), and Insurance Investors, Inc. ("III"). All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Citizens and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively referred to as "the Company", "we," or "our."

In accordance with our purchase agreement dated October 7, 2013, we finalized the MGLIC stock acquisition on March 7, 2014 for approximately $5.2 million in cash consideration. The assets recorded as of acquisition were $12.0 million, liabilities of $6.8 million and stockholders equity of $5.2 million. We recorded goodwill of $0.1 million related to this purchase. This entity is reported as part of our home service segment and is a wholly owned subsidiary of SPLIC.

We provide primarily life insurance and endowments, as well as a small amount of health insurance policies, through four of our subsidiaries - CICA, SPLIC, MGLIC and CNLIC. CICA and CNLIC issue ordinary whole-life policies, burial insurance, pre-need policies, and accident and health related policies throughout the Midwest and southern United States. CICA also issues ordinary whole-life and endowment policies to non-U.S. residents. SPLIC and MGLIC offer final expense and industrial life insurance in Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi, and SPFIC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of SPLIC, writes a limited amount of property insurance in Louisiana. CTI provides data processing systems and services, as well as furniture and equipment, to the Company. III provides aviation transportation to the Company.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts presented in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. No individual amounts were material.

Significant Accounting Policies

Investments

Investment securities are classified as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading. Management determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. The classification of securities is significant since it directly impacts the accounting for unrealized gains and losses on securities. Fixed maturity securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and the Company has the ability to hold the securities to maturity. Securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value, with the unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income and do not affect earnings until realized. Fixed maturities consist primarily of bonds classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. The Company does not classify any fixed maturities as trading. Equity securities (including non-redeemable preferred stock) are considered available-for-sale and are reported at fair value.

Unrealized gains (losses) of equity securities and fixed maturities held as available-for-sale is shown as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of tax, and is a separate component of comprehensive income.

The Company evaluates all securities on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic conditions warrant additional evaluations, for determining if an other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") exists pursuant to the accounting guidelines. In evaluating the possible impairment of securities, consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial conditions and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the ability and intent of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, the Company may consider whether the securities are issued by the Federal government or its agencies, by government-sponsored agencies, or whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and reviews of the issuer’s financial condition.

If management determines that an investment experienced an OTTI, management must then determine the amount of OTTI to be recognized in earnings. If management does not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period loss, the OTTI will be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of OTTI related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized in earnings. The amount of OTTI related to other factors will be recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings will become the new amortized cost basis of the investment. If management intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss, the OTTI will be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment's amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. Any recoveries related to the value of these securities are recorded as an unrealized gain (as other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity) and not recognized in income until the security is ultimately sold.

The Company from time to time may dispose of an impaired security in response to asset/liability management decisions, future market movements, business plan changes, or if the net proceeds can be reinvested at a rate of return that is expected to recover the loss within a reasonable period of time.

Mortgage loans on real estate and policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.

Real estate and other long-term investments consist primarily of land and buildings that are recorded at depreciated cost. If the fair value of the real estate is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized and charged to earnings.

Real estate held for sale represents a building we own in Little Rock, Arkansas in which we are a lessor. The building was sold subsequent to December 31, 2016. See Subsequent Events note.

Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income is recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company had cash equivalents, fixed maturities and equity securities with an aggregate fair value of $10.0 million and $10.2 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, on deposit with various state regulatory authorities to fulfill statutory requirements.

Premium Revenue and Related Expenses

Premiums on life policies are recognized as earned when due. Due premiums on the balance sheet are net of allowances. Accident and health policies are recognized as revenue over the contract period on a pro rata basis. Benefits and expenses are associated with earned premiums so as to result in the recognition of profits over the estimated lives of the contracts. This matching is accomplished by means of a provision for future policy benefits and the capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity policies, primarily flexible premium fixed annuity products, are accounted for in a manner consistent with accounting for interest bearing financial instruments. Premium receipts are not reported as revenue, rather as deposit liabilities to annuity contracts. The annuity products issued do not include fees or other such charges.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Acquisition costs, consisting of commissions and policy issuance, underwriting and agent convention expenses that are directly related to and vary with the successful production of new and renewal business, have been deferred. These deferred amounts, referred to as deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC"), are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized to income in a systematic manner, based on related contract revenues or gross profits as appropriate.

Traditional life insurance and accident and health insurance acquisition costs are being amortized over the premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing future policy benefit liabilities. For universal life type contracts and investment contracts that include significant surrender charges or that yield significant revenues from sources other than the investment contract holders' funds, the deferred contract acquisition cost amortization is matched to the recognition of gross profit. The effect on the DAC asset that would result from realization of unrealized gains or losses is recognized with an offset to accumulated other comprehensive income in consolidated stockholders' equity. If an internal replacement of insurance or investment contract modification substantially changes a contract as defined in current accounting guidance, then the DAC is written off immediately through income and any new deferrable costs associated with the new replacement are deferred. If a contract modification does not substantially change the contract, the DAC amortization on the original contract will continue and any acquisition costs associated with the related modification are immediately expensed.

We utilize the factor method to determine the amount of costs to be capitalized and the ending asset balance. The factor method is based on the ratio of premium revenue recognized for the policies in force at the end of each reporting period compared to the premium revenue recognized for policies in force at the beginning of the reporting period. The factor method ensures that policies lapsed or surrendered during the reporting period are no longer included in the deferred policy acquisition costs calculation. The factor method limits the amount of deferred costs to its estimated realizable value, provided actual experience is comparable to that contemplated in the factors.

Inherent in the capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs are certain management judgments about what acquisition costs are deferred, the ending asset balance and the annual amortization. Approximately 94% of our capitalized deferred acquisition costs are attributed to first year and renewal excess commissions. The remaining 6% are attributed to costs that vary with and are directly related to the successful acquisition of new insurance business. Those costs generally include costs related to the production, underwriting and issuance of new business.

DAC is subject to recoverability testing at the time of policy issuance and loss recognition testing on an annual basis, or when an event occurs that might require loss recognition testing. If loss recognition or impairment is necessary, DAC would be written off to the extent that anticipated future premiums and investment income is insufficient to cover expect future policy benefits and expenses. Loss recognition testing that considers, among other things, actual experience and projected future experience calculates the available premium (gross premium less the benefit and expense portion of premium) for the next 50 years. The available premium per policy and the deferred policy acquisition costs per policy are then calculated. The deferred policy acquisition costs are then evaluated for recoverability using best estimate assumptions. Management believes that our deferred policy acquisition costs and related amortization for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 limits the amount of deferred costs to its estimated realizable value. This belief is based upon the analysis performed on capitalized expenses that vary with and are directly related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance business, utilization of the factor method and recoverability testing at the time of policy issuance and the annual loss recognition testing.

The components of deferred acquisition costs from year to year are summarized as follows:



	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015		2014
	2016			(As adjusted)		(As adjusted)
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	163,692		155,859		145,101
Capitalized	32,732			31,104		32,071
Amortized	(28,515		)	(23,400	)	(21,083	)
Effects of unrealized (gains) losses	(119		)	129		(230	)
Balance at end of period	$	167,790		163,692		155,859

Cost of Customer Relationships Acquired

Cost of customer relationships acquired ("CCRA") is established when we purchase a block of insurance. CCRA is amortized primarily over the emerging profit of the related policies using the same assumptions as were used in computing liabilities for future policy benefits. Inherent in the amortization of CCRA are certain management judgments about the ending asset balance and the annual amortization. The assumptions used are based upon interest, mortality and lapses at the time of purchase.

A recoverability test that considers, among other things, actual experience and projected future experience is performed at least annually. These annual recoverability tests initially calculate the available premium (gross premium less the benefit and expense portion of premium) for the next 50 years. The CCRA is then evaluated utilizing reasonable assumptions. Management believes that our CCRA and related amortization is recoverable for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. This belief is based upon the analysis performed on estimated future results of the block and our annual recoverability testing.

Cost of customer relationships acquired relative to purchased blocks of insurance is summarized as follows:



	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015		2014
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,585		23,542		23,374
Acquisitions	—			—		2,762
Amortization	(2,063		)	(2,317	)	(2,182	)
Change in effects of unrealized (gains) losses on CCRA	(107		)	360		(412	)
Balance at end of period	$	19,415		21,585		23,542

Estimated amortization of cost of customer relationship acquired in each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows. Actual future amortization will differ from these estimates due to variances from estimated future withdrawal assumptions.



	Amount
	(In thousands)
Year:
2017	$	1,791
2018	1,658
2019	1,495
2020	1,349
2021	1,220
Thereafter	12,461
	19,974
Effects of unrealized (gains) losses on CCRA	(559		)
Total	$	19,415

The value of CCRA in our various acquisitions, which is included in cost of customer relationships acquired in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, was determined based on the present value of future profits discounted at annual rates ranging from 3.7% to 8.5%.

Future Policy Benefits and Expenses

Future policy benefit reserves for traditional life insurance and accident and health insurance contract benefits and expenses are computed using a net level premium method, with assumptions as to investment yields, dividends on participating business, mortality and withdrawals based upon our experience, modified as necessary to reflect anticipated trends and to include provisions for possible unfavorable deviations.

The accrued account balance for non-traditional life insurance and investment contracts is computed as deposits net of withdrawals made by the contract holder, plus amounts credited based on contract specifications, less contract fees and charges assessed, plus any additional interest. Annuity interest crediting rates range from 3.0% to 5.5% annually. Benefits and expenses are charged against the account balance to recognize costs as incurred over the estimated lives of the contracts. Expenses include interest credited to contract account balances and benefits paid in excess of contract account balances.

Unpaid claims on accident and health and specialty property insurance policies represent the estimated liability for benefit expenses, both reported but not paid and incurred but not reported to the Company. The liability for incurred but not reported claims includes estimates for additional claim amounts due related to reported claims. Liabilities for unpaid claims are estimated using individual case basis valuations and statistical analysis. Those estimates are subject to the effects of trends in claim severity and frequency.

Anticipated investment income is not considered in determining whether a premium deficiency exists with respect to short-duration contracts. Premium deposits accrue interest at rates ranging from 3.0% to 8.25% per annum. The cost of insurance is included in the premium when collected and interest is credited annually to deposit accounts.

The development of liabilities for future policy benefits requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding mortality, morbidity, lapse, expense, and investment experience. These estimates are based primarily on historical experience and future expectations of mortality, morbidity, expense, persistency, and investment assumptions. Actual results could differ materially from estimates. We monitor actual experience and revise assumptions as necessary.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the difference between the purchase price in a business combination and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired, and is not amortized. Other intangible assets include various state insurance licenses, which have been determined to have indefinite useful lives and, therefore, are not amortized. Both goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are subject to annual impairment analysis.

The goodwill impairment test uses a two-step process as set forth under current accounting guidance. In the first step, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the impairment test is performed for purposes of measuring the impairment. In the second step, the fair value of projected new business is compared to the carrying value of goodwill. A requirement of this method is that the inforce must pass loss recognition testing. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the fair value of projected new business, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

Management’s determination of the fair value of each reporting unit incorporates multiple inputs including discounted cash flow calculations based on assumptions that market participants would make in valuing the reporting unit. Other assumptions can include levels of economic capital, future business growth, and earnings projections.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had goodwill of $12.6 million allocated to the Life Insurance segment and $4.6 million allocated to the Home Service Insurance segment. The Company completes its annual goodwill assessment for the individual reporting units within the Life Insurance segment and Home Service Insurance segment as of December 31 each year. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2016, 2015 or 2014.

Goodwill is summarized as follows:



	Net Amount
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2015 and 2016	$	17,255
Acquisition	—
Adjustments	—
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	17,255

Participating Policies

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, participating business approximated 62.2% and 61.3% of direct life insurance in force, respectively.

Future policy benefits on participating policies are estimated based on net level premium reserves for death and endowment policy benefits with interest rates ranging from 3.0% to 9.0%, and the cash surrender values described in such contracts. The scaling rate used for the 2016 portfolio ranged between 3.19% for 1 year and then going up to 4.45% over 20 years and remaining there for the duration. Earnings and dividends on participating policies are allocated based on policies in force.

Policyholder dividends are determined based on the discretion of the Board of Directors of the policy issuing subsidiary. Policyholder dividends are accrued over the premium paying periods of the insurance contract.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share are computed under the if-converted method for convertible securities and the treasury stock method for warrants, giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock, including options, warrants and convertible/redeemable preferred stock. The basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B common stock are one half the earnings per share of the Class A common stock.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share.



	Years Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
		2016		(As adjusted)		(As adjusted)
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic and diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss)		$	1,969	(3,143	)	(5,970	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Class A common stock		$	1,949	(3,112	)	(5,910	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Class B common stock		20		(31	)	(60	)
Net income (loss)		$	1,969	(3,143	)	(5,970	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - basic and diluted		49,080		49,080		49,080
Weighted average shares of Class B outstanding - basic and diluted		1,002		1,002		1,002
Total weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		50,082		50,082		50,082
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class A common stock		$	0.04	(0.06	)	(0.12	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class B common stock		0.02		(0.03	)	(0.06	)

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered.

A deferred tax asset is recorded only if a determination is made that it is more-likely-than-not that the tax treatment on which the deferred tax asset depends will be sustained in the event of an audit. These determinations inherently involve management's judgment. In addition, the Company must record a tax valuation allowance with respect to deferred tax assets if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax benefit will not be realized. This valuation allowance is in essence a contra account to the deferred tax asset. Management must determine the portion of the deferred tax asset and resulting tax benefit that may not be realized based upon judgment of expected outcomes.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets, ranging from three to thirty years. We amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the related lease term or the estimated life of the improvements. The Company has no capital leases.

The following is a summary of property and equipment.



	December 31,
	2016			2015
	(In thousands)
Property and equipment:
Home office, land and buildings	$	10,051		9,970
Furniture and equipment	2,994			2,531
Electronic data processing equipment and computer software	6,914			5,244
Automobiles and marine assets	175			293
Airplane	3,356			3,356
Total property and equipment	23,490			21,394
Accumulated depreciation	(15,600		)	(15,056	)
Balance at end of period	$	7,890		6,338

Reinsurance Recoverable

Reinsurance recoverable includes expected reimbursements for policyholder claim amounts in excess of the Company's retention, as well as profit sharing and experience refund accruals. Reinsurance recoverable is reduced for estimated uncollectible amounts, if any.

Reinsurance premiums, benefits and expenses are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The cost of reinsurance related to long duration contracts is accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. The cost of reinsurance related to short duration contracts is accounted for over the coverage period. Profit-sharing and similar adjustable provisions are accrued based on the experience of the underlying policies.

Contingencies

An estimated loss from a contingency is accrued and charged to results of operations only if both of the following conditions are met:


1.	Information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable (virtual certainty is not required) that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred as of the date of the financial statements; and


2.	The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Reasonable estimation of a possible loss does not require estimating a single amount of the loss. It requires that a loss be accrued if it can be estimated within a range. If an amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, that amount is accrued. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

A gain contingency is an uncertain situation that will be resolved in the future, possibly resulting in a gain. We do not allow the recognition of a gain contingency prior to settlement of the underlying event. If we were to have a material gain contingency, we would disclose it in the notes to the financial statements.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash equivalents as all securities whose duration does not exceed 90 days at the date of acquisition.

Short-term Investments

The Company considers investments maturing within one year at acquisition as short-term. These securities are carried at amortized cost, which approximates market value.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

On May 21, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-09, Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts, addressing enhanced disclosure requirements for insurers relating to short-duration insurance contract claims and the unpaid claims liability rollforward for long and short-duration contracts. The disclosures are intended to provide users of financial statements with more transparent information about an insurance entity’s initial claim estimates and subsequent adjustments to those estimates, the methodologies and judgments used to estimate claims, and the timing, frequency, and severity of claims. The new disclosures required the accumulation and reporting of new and different groupings of claims data than previously reported. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. See Note 4, Policy Liabilities and Short Duration Contracts below for the new disclosures.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a five-step process to achieve that core principle. ASU 2014-09 requires disclosures enabling users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required about contracts with customers, significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period, using one of two retrospective application methods. Early application is not permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect the guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. We do not expect that any portion of our revenue will be effected by the new standard, primarily as the new guidance does not apply to revenue from insurance contracts. Our ongoing evaluation process includes identifying contracts that are in the scope of the standard and documenting our accounting for these contracts.

The FASB’s new lease accounting standard, ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), was issued on February 25, 2016. The ASU will require organizations that lease assets, referred to as “lessees”, to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The ASU also will require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. The accounting by organizations that own the assets leased by the lessee, also known as lessor accounting, will remain largely unchanged from current GAAP. However, the ASU contains some targeted improvements that are intended to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and with the updated revenue recognition guidance issued in 2014. The ASU on leases will take effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is assessing the impact of this new standard.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), with the main objective to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The amendments in this ASU require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The income statement reflects the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities should be measured in a manner similar to current GAAP; however the credit losses are recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a write-down. This approach is an improvement to current GAAP because an entity will be able to record reversals of credit losses (in situations in which the estimate of credit losses declines) in current period net income, which in turn should align the income statement recognition of credit losses with the reporting period in which changes occur. Current GAAP prohibits reflecting those improvements in current-period earnings. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

On January 26, 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. An entity will no longer perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure impairment, eliminating step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, impairment will be measured using the difference of the carrying amount to the fair value of the reporting unit. The ASU is effective prospectively for annual and interim periods in fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2019, but early adoption is permitted for goodwill impairment tests with measurement dates after January 1, 2017.

Regulatory Reform

Health Care Reform

The Affordable Care Act was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2010. The Company has considered its medical and dental plans provided for employees and agents. While the Company will incur additional costs associated with the implementation of this Act, it does not believe these costs or ongoing costs associated with this Act will have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements. The Company does not provide a separate prescription drug plan to its retirees. In addition, the Company does not sell any medical insurance or prescription drug coverage. The Company will continue to assess the information contained in this Act as additional guidance becomes available and as additional implications are understood or clarified. In addition, the Company is monitoring the impact that the new presidential administration and congress will have on this Act.

Financial Reform

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“the Dodd-Frank Act”) includes a provision to establish a Federal Insurance Office with the primary purpose of collecting information to better understand insurance issues at the federal level and to monitor the extent to which traditional underserved communities and consumers, minorities and low and moderate income persons have access to affordable insurance products. The Dodd-Frank Act also contains provisions affecting financial institutions, credit rating agencies and other commercial and consumer businesses. The Company is monitoring the impact that the new presidential administration and congress will have on this Act.

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Text Block]

Correction of Immaterial Errors and Reclassification of Certain Amounts

Correction of Immaterial Errors

In the course of preparing its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company identified immaterial errors in its previously filed financial statements. The errors were in the Company’s accounting for DAC and future policy benefits in the life insurance segment and several other immaterial errors in our other two segments.

Two of the errors were discovered in connection with the Company’s ongoing conversion of its actuarial valuation from a third party service provider to an actuarial valuation modeling software system purchased from a vendor. The errors in valuing DAC and future policy benefits caused the Company to understate amortization of DAC over several years and to overstate the increase in future policy benefit reserves during the same periods, resulting in an overstatement of DAC of $0.3 million and an overstatement of future policy benefits of $7.9 million at December 31, 2015. There were several other immaterial errors that resulted in negligible impact at December 31, 2015 and 2014. The cumulative errors have been corrected via restatement with a net increase of $3.4 million to retained earnings as of January 1, 2014, the earliest period presented. Correcting the errors resulted in a reduction in the Company’s net losses of $436,000 in 2015 and $535,000 in 2014.

The Company assessed the materiality of these errors on its previously reported annual financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") No. 99, Materiality, and SAB No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements and determined that the errors were immaterial to each of the previously reported periods. However, the Company determined that the adjustment to correct the error, if recorded in 2016 operating results, would materially misstate the 2016 financial statements. Accordingly, we are correcting the errors by restating the prior period information, and therefore have revised the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2015, the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The line item effects of these immaterial error corrections are detailed below.



2015	As Reported			Restatement		As Adjusted
	(In thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

Deferred policy acquisition costs	$	165,362		(1,670	)	163,692
Deferred tax asset	68,764			(1,619	)	67,145
Total assets	1,484,040			(3,289	)	1,480,751
Liabilities:
Future policy benefit reserves:
Life insurance	$	995,972		(8,599	)	987,373
Total policy liabilities	1,140,879			(8,599	)	1,132,280
Current federal income tax payable	71,225			757		71,982
Other liabilities	24,205			144		24,349
Total liabilities	1,241,523			(7,698	)	1,233,825
Accumulated deficit	(22,626		)	4,409		(18,217	)
Total stockholders' equity	242,517			4,409		246,926
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	1,484,040			(3,289	)	1,480,751

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Increase in future policy benefit reserves	$	77,929		(869	)	77,060
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	167,555			(869	)	166,686
Other general expenses	33,143			144		33,287
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	23,339			61		23,400
Total benefits and expenses	238,875			(664	)	238,211
Income (loss) before federal income tax expense	(2,607		)	664		(1,943	)
Federal income tax expense	972			228		1,200
Net income (loss)	(3,579		)	436		(3,143	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class A common stock	(0.07		)	0.01		(0.06	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class B common stock	(0.04		)	0.01		(0.03	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(15,842		)	436		(15,406	)

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

Balance at December 31, 2014	$	258,359		3,973		262,332
Net income (loss)	(3,579		)	436		(3,143	)
Balance at December 31, 2015	242,517			4,409		246,926

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Net income (loss)	$	(3,579	)	436		(3,143	)
Net deferred policy acquisition costs	(7,765		)	61		(7,704	)
Deferred federal income tax benefit	4,043			(528	)	3,515
Future policy benefit reserves	77,770			(869	)	76,901
Commission payable and other liabilities	473			144		617
Federal income tax payable	(7,593		)	756		(6,837	)
Net cash provided by operating activities	87,153			—		87,153




2014	As Reported			Restatement		As Adjusted
	(In thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Increase in future policy benefit reserves	$	82,847		(849	)	81,998
Total insurance benefits paid or provided	161,218			(849	)	160,369
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	21,064			19		21,083
Total benefits and expenses	233,005			(830	)	232,175
Income (loss) before federal income tax expense	(2,780		)	830		(1,950	)
Federal income tax expense	3,725			295		4,020
Net income (loss)	(6,505		)	535		(5,970	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class A common stock	(0.13		)	0.01		(0.12	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class B common stock	(0.07		)	0.01		(0.06	)
Comprehensive income	12,550			535		13,085

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

Balance at December 31, 2013	$	245,809		3,438		249,247
Net income (loss)	(6,505		)	535		(5,970	)
Balance at December 31, 2014	258,359			3,973		262,332

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Net income (loss)	$	(6,505	)	535		(5,970	)
Net deferred policy acquisition costs	(11,007		)	19		(10,988	)
Deferred federal income tax benefit	(79,175		)	295		(78,880	)
Future policy benefit reserves	82,767			(849	)	81,918
Net cash provided by operating activities	97,934			—		97,934

See Note 13 - Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) for additional information regarding our unaudited quarterly financial information for the year ended December 31, 2015, which information reflects the corrections above.

Reclassification, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Reclassifications

Certain amounts presented in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. No individual amounts were material.

Investments [Policy Text Block]

Short-term Investments

The Company considers investments maturing within one year at acquisition as short-term. These securities are carried at amortized cost, which approximates market value.

Investments

Mortgage loans on real estate and policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.

Real estate held for sale represents a building we own in Little Rock, Arkansas in which we are a lessor. The building was sold subsequent to December 31, 2016. See Subsequent Events note.

Premium Revenue and Related Expenses [Policy Text Block]

Premium Revenue and Related Expenses

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Cost of Customer Relationships Acquired, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The components of deferred acquisition costs from year to year are summarized as follows:



	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015		2014
	2016			(As adjusted)		(As adjusted)
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	163,692		155,859		145,101
Capitalized	32,732			31,104		32,071
Amortized	(28,515		)	(23,400	)	(21,083	)
Effects of unrealized (gains) losses	(119		)	129		(230	)
Balance at end of period	$	167,790		163,692		155,859

Cost of Customer Relationships Acquired

Cost of customer relationships acquired relative to purchased blocks of insurance is summarized as follows:



	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015		2014
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,585		23,542		23,374
Acquisitions	—			—		2,762
Amortization	(2,063		)	(2,317	)	(2,182	)
Change in effects of unrealized (gains) losses on CCRA	(107		)	360		(412	)
Balance at end of period	$	19,415		21,585		23,542



	Amount
	(In thousands)
Year:
2017	$	1,791
2018	1,658
2019	1,495
2020	1,349
2021	1,220
Thereafter	12,461
	19,974
Effects of unrealized (gains) losses on CCRA	(559		)
Total	$	19,415

Future Policy Benefits and Expenses [Policy Text Block]

Future Policy Benefits and Expenses

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets [Policy Text Block]

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is summarized as follows:



	Net Amount
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2015 and 2016	$	17,255
Acquisition	—
Adjustments	—
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	17,255

Participating Policies [Policy Text Block]

Participating Policies

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, participating business approximated 62.2% and 61.3% of direct life insurance in force, respectively.

Earnings Per Share [Policy Text Block]

Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share.



	Years Ended December 31,
		2016		2015		2014
		2016		(As adjusted)		(As adjusted)
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic and diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Net income (loss)		$	1,969	(3,143	)	(5,970	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Class A common stock		$	1,949	(3,112	)	(5,910	)
Net income (loss) allocated to Class B common stock		20		(31	)	(60	)
Net income (loss)		$	1,969	(3,143	)	(5,970	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of Class A outstanding - basic and diluted		49,080		49,080		49,080
Weighted average shares of Class B outstanding - basic and diluted		1,002		1,002		1,002
Total weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted		50,082		50,082		50,082
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class A common stock		$	0.04	(0.06	)	(0.12	)
Basic and diluted earnings (losses) per share of Class B common stock		0.02		(0.03	)	(0.06	)

Income Taxes [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

Property and Equipment, Depreciation [Policy Text Block]

Property and Equipment

The following is a summary of property and equipment.



	December 31,
	2016			2015
	(In thousands)
Property and equipment:
Home office, land and buildings	$	10,051		9,970
Furniture and equipment	2,994			2,531
Electronic data processing equipment and computer software	6,914			5,244
Automobiles and marine assets	175			293
Airplane	3,356			3,356
Total property and equipment	23,490			21,394
Accumulated depreciation	(15,600		)	(15,056	)
Balance at end of period	$	7,890		6,338

Reinsurance Recoverable [Policy Text Block]

Reinsurance Recoverable

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Policy Text Block]

Contingencies

An estimated loss from a contingency is accrued and charged to results of operations only if both of the following conditions are met:


1.	Information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable (virtual certainty is not required) that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred as of the date of the financial statements; and


2.	The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Policy Text Block]

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash equivalents as all securities whose duration does not exceed 90 days at the date of acquisition.

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates