General (Policy)	9 Months Ended
Apr. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Principles of Consolidation	The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Comtech Telecommunications Corp. and its subsidiaries ("Comtech," "we," "us," or "our") as of and for the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. In the opinion of management, the information furnished reflects all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the unaudited interim periods. Our results of operations for such periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year. The preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reported period. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023 and the notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, and all of our other filings with the SEC. Liquidity and Going Concern The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that we will continue in operation one year after the date these unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued and will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Topic 205-40, "Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern," we are required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of our plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within our control as of the date the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of our plans, however, is only considered if both (i) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued, and (ii) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. As of the date these financial statements were issued (the "issuance date"), we evaluated whether the following conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date. Over the past three fiscal years, we incurred operating losses of $14,660,000, $33,752,000, and $68,298,000 in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. More recently, we recognized an operating loss of $3,470,000 in the three months ended April 30, 2024 and operating income of $1,589,000 in the nine months ended April 30, 2024. In addition, over the past three fiscal years, net cash used in operating activities was $4,433,000 and $40,638,000 in fiscal 2023 and 2021, respectively, and net cash provided by operating activities was $1,997,000 in fiscal 2022. More recently, net cash used in operating activities was $44,998,000 in the nine months ended April 30, 2024. As of April 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all restrictive and financial covenants under our Prior Credit Facility (see Note (10) – “Credit Facility” for defined terms). As of April 30, 2024, our Secured Leverage Ratio was 2.89x TTM Adjusted EBITDA compared to the maximum allowable Secured Leverage Ratio of 3.50x TTM Adjusted EBITDA. Our Interest Expense Coverage Ratio as of April 30, 2024 was 3.36x TTM Adjusted EBITDA compared to the Minimum Interest Expense Coverage Ratio of 3.25x TTM Adjusted EBITDA. Our Minimum Liquidity as of April 30, 2024 was $26,800,000 compared to the Minimum Liquidity requirement of $25,000,000. As discussed in Note (10) – “Credit Facility,” on June 17, 2024, we entered into a $222,000,000 credit facility with a new syndicate of lenders (the “New Credit Facility”), which replaces our Prior Credit Facility and which is expected to fund on or around June 18, 2024. The New Credit Facility matures on July 31, 2028, consists of a committed $162,000,000 term loan (“Term Loan”) and $60,000,000 revolver loan facility (“Revolver”) and is expected to have outstanding borrowings at close of $187,000,000, reflecting $25,000,000 drawn on the Revolver. The New Credit Facility, among other things, requires compliance with new restrictive and financial covenants. Considering the New Credit Facility entered into subsequent to quarter end and our forecasted results over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date, we anticipate in the future that we will be in compliance with all restrictive and financial covenants under our New Credit Facility. As of the issuance date and closing of the New Credit Facility, our available sources of liquidity will approximate $63,000,000, consisting of qualified cash and cash equivalents of approximately $28,000,000 and $35,000,000 of excess availability under the Revolver, both as defined in the New Credit Facility. Our ability to meet our current obligations as they come due may be impacted by our ability to remain compliant with the financial covenants under our New Credit Facility or to obtain waivers or amendments that impact the related financial covenants. If we are unable to satisfy certain covenants and not able to obtain waivers or amendments, such event would constitute an Event of Default and could cause an immediate acceleration and repayment of all outstanding principal, interest and fees due under our New Credit Facility. If there is an Event of Default, there can be no assurances that we will be able to continue as a going concern, which could force us to delay, reduce or discontinue certain aspects of our business strategy. Additionally, our ability to meet future anticipated liquidity needs will largely depend on our ability to generate positive cash inflows from operations and/or secure other sources of outside capital. As it relates to sources of outside capital, we can raise up to $50,000,000 through the issuance of common shares without the consent of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock. Based on our current business plans, including projected capital expenditures, we believe our current level of cash and cash equivalents, excess availability under our Revolver and liquidity expected to be generated from future cash flows will be sufficient to fund our operations over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date. However, such a determination is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, general business conditions and our ability to reduce investments in working capital (such as unbilled receivables). If we are unable to maintain our current level of cash and cash equivalents, excess availability under our Revolver or generate sufficient liquidity from future cash flows, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our ability to generate cash in the future or have sufficient access to credit from financial institutions and/or financing from public and/or private debt and equity markets on acceptable terms, or at all, (i) is subject to (a) general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control and (b) under certain circumstances, a majority vote consent right of the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock (as discussed further in Note (17) – "Convertible Preferred Stock"), and (ii) could (x) dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders, (y) include terms that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders, or (z) restrict our ability to take specific actions such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Also, our transition to sustained profitability is dependent upon the successful completion of our ongoing One Comtech transformation and integration of individual businesses into two segments and related restructuring activities to optimize our cost structure and reduce investments in working capital and/or capital expenditures. As a result of the foregoing, although we have successfully refinanced our Prior Credit Facility and significantly enhanced our liquidity position as of the issuance date, we continue to believe that substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. This determination considers: (i) the proximity of the refinancing to the issuance date not allowing us adequate time to evaluate our financial performance subsequent to such refinancing, and (ii) those conditions and events as of the issuance date described above that could negatively impact our forecasted results and liquidity, which in turn could result in our inability to comply with the financial covenants contained in our New Credit Facility. Now having completed the refinancing of our Prior Credit Facility as of the issuance date, our other plans to address our ability to continue as a going concern include, among other things: •implementing certain cost savings and restructuring activities to reduce cash used in operations, as discussed further in Note (20) – “Cost Reduction;” •pursuing initiatives to reduce investments in working capital, namely accounts receivable and inventory; •improving process disciplines to attain and maintain profitable operations by entering into more favorable sales or service contracts; •reevaluating our business plans to identify opportunities to further reduce capital expenditures; •seeking opportunities to improve liquidity through any combination of debt and/or equity financing (including possibly restructuring our existing Convertible Preferred Stock); and •seeking other strategic transactions and/or measures including, but not limited to, the potential sale or divestiture of assets. While we believe the implementation of some or all of the elements of our plans over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date will be successful, these plans are not all solely within management’s control and, as such, we can provide no assurance our plans are probable of being effectively implemented as of the issuance date. Therefore, those potential adverse conditions and events described above raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as of the issuance date. We prepared these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis, assuming our financial resources will be sufficient to meet our capital needs over the next twelve months and did not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and realization of assets and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue in operation for the next twelve months.
Adoption of Accounting Standards and Updates	Adoption of Accounting Standards and Updates We are required to prepare our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with the FASB ASC, which is the source for all authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which are commonly referred to as "GAAP." The FASB ASC is subject to updates by the FASB, which are known as Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs"). During the nine months ended April 30, 2024, the following FASB ASUs have been issued and incorporated into the FASB ASC and have not yet been adopted by us as of April 30, 2024: •FASB ASU No. 2023-07, which requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses, by reportable segment, regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The disclosure of other segment items by reportable segment are also required and would constitute the difference between segment revenues less these significant segment expenses and reported segment profit or loss. On an annual basis, the update requires an entity to disclose the CODM's title and position, as well as describe how the CODM uses the reported measures. Additionally, all existing annual disclosures about segment profit or loss must be provided on an interim basis in addition to the disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 (our fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2024) and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (our interim period beginning on August 1, 2025), with early adoption permitted. •FASB ASU No. 2023-09 enhances and establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Most notably under the new requirements is greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation, including the inclusion of both percentages and amounts, specific categories, and additional information for reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold defined by the guidance. Additionally, disclosures of income taxes paid and income tax expense must be disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes, with income taxes paid further disaggregated for individual jurisdictions that represent 5 percent or more of total income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (our fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2025), with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the impact of this ASU on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosures.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition In accordance with FASB ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606"), we record revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for goods or services promised to customers. Under ASC 606, we follow a five-step model to: (1) identify the contract with our customer; (2) identify our performance obligations in our contract; (3) determine the transaction price for our contract; (4) allocate the transaction price to our performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue using one of the following two methods: •Over time - We recognize revenue using the over time method when there is a continuous transfer of control to the customer over the contractual period of performance. This generally occurs when we enter into a long-term contract relating to the design, development or manufacture of complex equipment or technology platforms to a buyer’s specification (or to provide services related to the performance of such contracts) for which we have determined there is no alternative use, as defined in ASC 606. Continuous transfer of control is typically supported by contract clauses which allow our customers to unilaterally terminate a contract for convenience, pay for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of work-in-process. Revenue recognized over time is generally based on the extent of progress toward completion of the related performance obligations. The selection of the method to measure progress requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services provided. In certain instances, typically for firm fixed-price contracts, we use the cost-to-cost measure because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion, including warranty costs. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill generally include direct labor, materials, subcontractor costs, other direct costs and an allocation of indirect costs. When these contracts are modified, the additional goods or services are generally not distinct from those already provided. As a result, these modifications form part of an existing contract and we must update the transaction price and our measure of progress for the single performance obligation and recognize a cumulative catch-up to revenue and gross profits. For over time contracts using a cost-to-cost measure of progress, we have an estimate at completion ("EAC") process in which management reviews the progress and execution of our performance obligations. This EAC process requires management judgment relative to assessing risks, estimating contract revenue and costs, and making assumptions for schedule and technical issues. Since certain contracts extend over a long period of time, the impact of revisions in revenue and/or cost estimates during the progress of work may impact current period earnings through a cumulative adjustment. Additionally, if the EAC process indicates a loss, a provision is made for the total anticipated loss in the period that it becomes evident. Contract revenue and cost estimates for significant contracts are generally reviewed and reassessed at least quarterly. The cost-to-cost method is principally used to account for contracts in our Satellite and Space Communications segment and, to a lesser extent, certain location-based and messaging infrastructure contracts in our public safety and location technologies product line within our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment. For service-based contracts in our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment, we also recognize revenue over time. These services are typically recognized as a series of services performed over the contract term using the straight-line method, or based on our customers’ actual usage of the networks and platforms which we provide. •Point in time - When a performance obligation is not satisfied over time, we must record revenue using the point in time accounting method which generally results in revenue being recognized upon shipment or delivery of a promised good or service to a customer. This generally occurs when we enter into short-term contracts or purchase orders where items are provided to customers with relatively quick turn-around times. Modifications to such contracts and/or purchase orders, which typically provide for additional quantities or services, are accounted for as a new contract because the pricing for these additional quantities or services are based on standalone selling prices. Point in time accounting is principally applied to contracts in our satellite ground station technologies product line (which includes satellite modems and traveling wave tube amplifiers). The contracts related to these product lines do not meet the requirements for over time revenue recognition because our customers cannot utilize the equipment for its intended purpose during any phase of our manufacturing process; customers do not simultaneously receive and/or consume the benefits provided by our performance; customers do not control the asset (i.e., prior to delivery, customers cannot direct the use of the asset, sell or exchange the equipment, etc.); and, although many of our contracts have termination for convenience clauses and/or an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, our performance creates an asset with an alternative use through the point of delivery. In determining that our equipment has alternative use, we considered the underlying manufacturing process for our products. In the early phases of manufacturing, raw materials and work in process (including subassemblies) consist of common parts that are highly fungible among many different types of products and customer applications. Finished products are either configured to our standard configuration or based on our customers’ specifications. Finished products, whether built to our standard specification or to a customers’ specification, can be sold to a variety of customers and across many different end use applications with minimal rework, if needed, and without incurring a significant economic loss. When identifying a contract with our customer, we consider when it has approval and commitment from both parties, if the rights of the parties are identified, if the payment terms are identified, if it has commercial substance and if collectability is probable. When identifying performance obligations, we consider whether there are multiple promises and how to account for them. In our contracts, multiple promises are separated if they are distinct, both individually and in the context of the contract. If multiple promises in a contract are highly interrelated or comprise a series of distinct services performed over time, they are combined into a single performance obligation. In some cases, we may also provide the customer with an additional service-type warranty, which we recognize as a separate performance obligation. Service-type warranties do not represent a significant portion of our consolidated net sales. When service-type warranties represent a separate performance obligation, the revenue is deferred and recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. Our contracts, from time-to-time, may also include options for additional goods and services. To date, these options have not represented material rights to the customer as the pricing for them reflects standalone selling prices. As a result, we do not consider options we offer to be performance obligations for which we must allocate a portion of the transaction price. In many cases, we provide assurance-type warranty coverage for some of our products for a period of at least one year from the date of delivery. When identifying the transaction price, we typically utilize the contract's stated price as a starting point. The transaction price in certain arrangements may include estimated amounts of variable consideration, including award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. We estimate variable consideration as the amount to which we expect to be entitled, and we include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the estimation uncertainty is resolved. The estimation of this variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (e.g., historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. When allocating the contract’s transaction price, we consider each distinct performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. We determine standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions, including geographic or regional specific factors, competitive positioning, internal costs, profit objectives and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. Most of our contracts with customers are denominated in U.S. dollars and typically are either firm fixed-price or cost reimbursable type contracts (including fixed-fee, incentive-fee and time-and-material type contracts). In almost all of our contracts with customers, we are the principal in the arrangement and report revenue on a gross basis. Transaction prices for contracts with U.S. domestic and international customers are usually based on specific negotiations with each customer and in the case of the U.S. government, sometimes based on estimated or actual costs of providing the goods or services in accordance with applicable regulations.Sales to U.S. government customers include sales to the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD"), intelligence and civilian agencies, as well as sales directly to or through prime contractors. Domestic sales include sales to commercial customers, as well as to U.S. state and local governments. For the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and three months ended April 30, 2023, except for the U.S. government, there were no customers that represented 10.0% or more of consolidated net sales. For the nine months ended April 30, 2023, i The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections results in receivables, unbilled receivables and contract liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Under typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for over time, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. For certain contracts with provisions that are intended to protect customers in the event we do not satisfy our performance obligations, billings occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in unbilled receivables. Under ASC 606, unbilled receivables constitute contract assets. There were no material impairment losses recognized on contract assets during the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On large long-term contracts, and for contracts with international customers that do not do business with us regularly, payment terms typically require advanced payments and deposits. Under ASC 606, payments received from customers in excess of revenue recognized to-date results in a contract liability. These contract liabilities are not considered to represent a significant financing component of the contract because we believe these cash advances and deposits are generally used to meet working capital demands which can be higher in the earlier stages of a contract. Also, advanced payments and deposits provide us with some measure of assurance that the customer will perform on its obligations under the contract. Under the typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for at a point in time, costs are accumulated in inventory until the time of billing, which generally coincides with revenue recognition. Of the current contract liability balance of $66,351,000 at July 31, 2023 and $64,601,000 at July 31, 2022, $39,877,000 and $43,125,000 was recognized as revenue during the nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We recognize the incremental costs to obtain or fulfill a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less; otherwise, such costs are capitalized and amortized over the estimated life of the contract. During the nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts with an amortization period greater than one year were not material. Commissions payable to our internal sales and marketing employees or contractors that are incremental to the acquisition of long-term customer contracts are capitalized and amortized consistent with the pattern of revenue recognition through cost of sales on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Commissions payable that are not incremental to the acquisition of long-term contracts are expensed as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed as of the end of a fiscal period. Remaining performance obligations, which we refer to as backlog, exclude unexercised contract options and potential orders under indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity ("IDIQ") contracts.
Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments	Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments Using the fair value hierarchy described in FASB ASC 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures," we valued our cash and cash equivalents using Level 1 inputs that were based on quoted market prices. We believe that the carrying amounts of our other current financial assets (such as accounts receivable) and other current liabilities (including accounts payable, accrued expenses and the current portion of long-term debt) approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of the non-current portion of our long-term debt approximates its carrying amount due to its variable interest rate and pricing grid dependent upon our leverage ratio as of such date. See Note (10) - "Credit Facility" for more information. As further discussed in Note (17) - "Convertible Preferred Stock," we used Level 3 inputs to value warrants contingently issuable under the terms of our Convertible Preferred Stock. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs developed using the best available information under the circumstances. Level 3 inputs are supported by little or no market activity, are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities and reflect our assumptions related to how market participants would use similar inputs to price the asset or liability. As of April 30, 2024, we determined the fair value of Convertible Preferred Stock warrants using the Monte Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions: expected life of six months; risk free rate of 4.7%; expected volatility of 55.0%; and dividend yield of 0%. As of April 30, 2024 and July 31, 2023, other than the cash and cash equivalents and warrants discussed above, we had no other significant assets or liabilities included in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets recorded at fair value, as such term is defined by FASB ASC 820.
Earnings Per Share	Earnings Per ShareOur basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares (including vested but unissued share units, performance shares and restricted stock units ("RSUs")) outstanding during each respective period. Our diluted EPS reflects the dilution from potential common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of equity-classified stock-based awards, settlement of escrow arrangements related to our acquisition of UHP Networks Inc. ("UHP") and the assumed conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock, if dilutive, outstanding during each respective period. Pursuant to FASB ASC 260 "Earnings Per Share" ("ASC 260"), shares whose issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain conditions are included in diluted EPS based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. When calculating our diluted earnings per share, we consider the amount an employee must pay upon assumed exercise of stock-based awards and the amount of stock-based compensation cost attributed to future services and not yet recognized.

General (Policy)

9 Months Ended

Apr. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Comtech Telecommunications Corp. and its subsidiaries ("Comtech," "we," "us," or "our") as of and for the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. In the opinion of management, the information furnished reflects all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the unaudited interim periods. Our results of operations for such periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year.

The preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reported period. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023 and the notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, and all of our other filings with the SEC.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that we will continue in operation one year after the date these unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued and will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Topic 205-40, "Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern," we are required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of our plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within our control as of the date the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of our plans, however, is only considered if both (i) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued, and (ii) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued.

As of the date these financial statements were issued (the "issuance date"), we evaluated whether the following conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date.

Over the past three fiscal years, we incurred operating losses of $14,660,000, $33,752,000, and $68,298,000 in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. More recently, we recognized an operating loss of $3,470,000 in the three months ended April 30, 2024 and operating income of $1,589,000 in the nine months ended April 30, 2024. In addition, over the past three fiscal years, net cash used in operating activities was $4,433,000 and $40,638,000 in fiscal 2023 and 2021, respectively, and net cash provided by operating activities was $1,997,000 in fiscal 2022. More recently, net cash used in operating activities was $44,998,000 in the nine months ended April 30, 2024.

As of April 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all restrictive and financial covenants under our Prior Credit Facility (see Note (10) – “Credit Facility” for defined terms). As of April 30, 2024, our Secured Leverage Ratio was 2.89x TTM Adjusted EBITDA compared to the maximum allowable Secured Leverage Ratio of 3.50x TTM Adjusted EBITDA. Our Interest Expense Coverage Ratio as of April 30, 2024 was 3.36x TTM Adjusted EBITDA compared to the Minimum Interest Expense Coverage Ratio of 3.25x TTM Adjusted EBITDA. Our Minimum Liquidity as of April 30, 2024 was $26,800,000 compared to the Minimum Liquidity requirement of $25,000,000.

As discussed in Note (10) – “Credit Facility,” on June 17, 2024, we entered into a $222,000,000 credit facility with a new syndicate of lenders (the “New Credit Facility”), which replaces our Prior Credit Facility and which is expected to fund on or around June 18, 2024. The New Credit Facility matures on July 31, 2028, consists of a committed $162,000,000 term loan (“Term Loan”) and $60,000,000 revolver loan facility (“Revolver”) and is expected to have outstanding borrowings at close of $187,000,000, reflecting $25,000,000 drawn on the Revolver. The New Credit Facility, among other things, requires compliance with new restrictive and financial covenants. Considering the New Credit Facility entered into subsequent to quarter end and our forecasted results over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date, we anticipate in the future that we will be in compliance with all restrictive and financial covenants under our New Credit Facility. As of the issuance date and closing of the New Credit Facility, our available sources of liquidity will approximate $63,000,000, consisting of qualified cash and cash equivalents of approximately $28,000,000 and $35,000,000 of excess availability under the Revolver, both as defined in the New Credit Facility.

Our ability to meet our current obligations as they come due may be impacted by our ability to remain compliant with the financial covenants under our New Credit Facility or to obtain waivers or amendments that impact the related financial covenants. If we are unable to satisfy certain covenants and not able to obtain waivers or amendments, such event would constitute an Event of Default and could cause an immediate acceleration and repayment of all outstanding principal, interest and fees due under our New Credit Facility. If there is an Event of Default, there can be no assurances that we will be able to continue as a going concern, which could force us to delay, reduce or discontinue certain aspects of our business strategy. Additionally, our ability to meet future anticipated liquidity needs will largely depend on our ability to generate positive cash inflows from operations and/or secure other sources of outside capital. As it relates to sources of outside capital, we can raise up to $50,000,000 through the issuance of common shares without the consent of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock.

Based on our current business plans, including projected capital expenditures, we believe our current level of cash and cash equivalents, excess availability under our Revolver and liquidity expected to be generated from future cash flows will be sufficient to fund our operations over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date. However, such a determination is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, general business conditions and our ability to reduce investments in working capital (such as unbilled receivables). If we are unable to maintain our current level of cash and cash equivalents, excess availability under our Revolver or generate sufficient liquidity from future cash flows, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to generate cash in the future or have sufficient access to credit from financial institutions and/or financing from public and/or private debt and equity markets on acceptable terms, or at all, (i) is subject to (a) general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control and (b) under certain circumstances, a majority vote consent right of the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock (as discussed further in Note (17) – "Convertible Preferred Stock"), and (ii) could (x) dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders, (y) include terms that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders, or (z) restrict our ability to take specific actions such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Also, our transition to sustained profitability is dependent upon the successful completion of our ongoing One Comtech transformation and integration of individual businesses into two segments and related restructuring activities to optimize our cost structure and reduce investments in working capital and/or capital expenditures.

As a result of the foregoing, although we have successfully refinanced our Prior Credit Facility and significantly enhanced our liquidity position as of the issuance date, we continue to believe that substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. This determination considers: (i) the proximity of the refinancing to the issuance date not allowing us adequate time to evaluate our financial performance subsequent to such refinancing, and (ii) those conditions and events as of the issuance date described above that could negatively impact our forecasted results and liquidity, which in turn could result in our inability to comply with the financial covenants contained in our New Credit Facility.

Now having completed the refinancing of our Prior Credit Facility as of the issuance date, our other plans to address our ability to continue as a going concern include, among other things:

•implementing certain cost savings and restructuring activities to reduce cash used in operations, as discussed further in Note (20) – “Cost Reduction;”

•pursuing initiatives to reduce investments in working capital, namely accounts receivable and inventory;

•improving process disciplines to attain and maintain profitable operations by entering into more favorable sales or service contracts;

•reevaluating our business plans to identify opportunities to further reduce capital expenditures;

•seeking opportunities to improve liquidity through any combination of debt and/or equity financing (including possibly restructuring our existing Convertible Preferred Stock); and

•seeking other strategic transactions and/or measures including, but not limited to, the potential sale or divestiture of assets.

While we believe the implementation of some or all of the elements of our plans over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date will be successful, these plans are not all solely within management’s control and, as such, we can provide no assurance our plans are probable of being effectively implemented as of the issuance date. Therefore, those potential adverse conditions and events described above raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as of the issuance date. We prepared these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis, assuming our financial resources will be sufficient to meet our capital needs over the next twelve months and did not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and realization of assets and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue in operation for the next twelve months.

Adoption of Accounting Standards and Updates

We are required to prepare our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with the FASB ASC, which is the source for all authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which are commonly referred to as "GAAP." The FASB ASC is subject to updates by the FASB, which are known as Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs"). During the nine months ended April 30, 2024, the following FASB ASUs have been issued and incorporated into the FASB ASC and have not yet been adopted by us as of April 30, 2024:

•FASB ASU No. 2023-07, which requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses, by reportable segment, regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The disclosure of other segment items by reportable segment are also required and would constitute the difference between segment revenues less these significant segment expenses and reported segment profit or loss. On an annual basis, the update requires an entity to disclose the CODM's title and position, as well as describe how the CODM uses the reported measures. Additionally, all existing annual disclosures about segment profit or loss must be provided on an interim basis in addition to the disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 (our fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2024) and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (our interim period beginning on August 1, 2025), with early adoption permitted.

•FASB ASU No. 2023-09 enhances and establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Most notably under the new requirements is greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation, including the inclusion of both percentages and amounts, specific categories, and additional information for reconciling items meeting a quantitative threshold defined by the guidance. Additionally, disclosures of income taxes paid and income tax expense must be disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes, with income taxes paid further disaggregated for individual jurisdictions that represent 5 percent or more of total income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (our fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2025), with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the impact of this ASU on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosures.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with FASB ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606"), we record revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for goods or services promised to customers. Under ASC 606, we follow a five-step model to: (1) identify the contract with our customer; (2) identify our performance obligations in our contract; (3) determine the transaction price for our contract; (4) allocate the transaction price to our performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue using one of the following two methods:

•Over time - We recognize revenue using the over time method when there is a continuous transfer of control to the customer over the contractual period of performance. This generally occurs when we enter into a long-term contract relating to the design, development or manufacture of complex equipment or technology platforms to a buyer’s specification (or to provide services related to the performance of such contracts) for which we have determined there is no alternative use, as defined in ASC 606. Continuous transfer of control is typically supported by contract clauses which allow our customers to unilaterally terminate a contract for convenience, pay for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of work-in-process. Revenue recognized over time is generally based on the extent of progress toward completion of the related performance obligations. The selection of the method to measure progress requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services provided. In certain instances, typically for firm fixed-price contracts, we use the cost-to-cost measure because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion, including warranty costs. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill generally include direct labor, materials, subcontractor costs, other direct costs and an allocation of indirect costs. When these contracts are modified, the additional goods or services are generally not distinct from those already provided. As a result, these modifications form part of an existing contract and we must update the transaction price and our measure of progress for the single performance obligation and recognize a cumulative catch-up to revenue and gross profits.

For over time contracts using a cost-to-cost measure of progress, we have an estimate at completion ("EAC") process in which management reviews the progress and execution of our performance obligations. This EAC process requires management judgment relative to assessing risks, estimating contract revenue and costs, and making assumptions for schedule and technical issues. Since certain contracts extend over a long period of time, the impact of revisions in revenue and/or cost estimates during the progress of work may impact current period earnings through a cumulative adjustment. Additionally, if the EAC process indicates a loss, a provision is made for the total anticipated loss in the period that it becomes evident. Contract revenue and cost estimates for significant contracts are generally reviewed and reassessed at least quarterly.

The cost-to-cost method is principally used to account for contracts in our Satellite and Space Communications segment and, to a lesser extent, certain location-based and messaging infrastructure contracts in our public safety and location technologies product line within our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment. For service-based contracts in our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment, we also recognize revenue over time. These services are typically recognized as a series of services performed over the contract term using the straight-line method, or based on our customers’ actual usage of the networks and platforms which we provide.

•Point in time - When a performance obligation is not satisfied over time, we must record revenue using the point in time accounting method which generally results in revenue being recognized upon shipment or delivery of a promised good or service to a customer. This generally occurs when we enter into short-term contracts or purchase orders where items are provided to customers with relatively quick turn-around times. Modifications to such contracts and/or purchase orders, which typically provide for additional quantities or services, are accounted for as a new contract because the pricing for these additional quantities or services are based on standalone selling prices.

Point in time accounting is principally applied to contracts in our satellite ground station technologies product line (which includes satellite modems and traveling wave tube amplifiers). The contracts related to these product lines do not meet the requirements for over time revenue recognition because our customers cannot utilize the equipment for its intended purpose during any phase of our manufacturing process; customers do not simultaneously receive and/or consume the benefits provided by our performance; customers do not control the asset (i.e., prior to delivery, customers cannot direct the use of the asset, sell or exchange the equipment, etc.); and, although many of our contracts have termination for convenience clauses and/or an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, our performance creates an asset with an alternative use through the point of delivery.

In determining that our equipment has alternative use, we considered the underlying manufacturing process for our products. In the early phases of manufacturing, raw materials and work in process (including subassemblies) consist of common parts that are highly fungible among many different types of products and customer applications. Finished products are either configured to our standard configuration or based on our customers’ specifications. Finished products, whether built to our standard specification or to a customers’ specification, can be sold to a variety of customers and across many different end use applications with minimal rework, if needed, and without incurring a significant economic loss.

When identifying a contract with our customer, we consider when it has approval and commitment from both parties, if the rights of the parties are identified, if the payment terms are identified, if it has commercial substance and if collectability is probable.

When identifying performance obligations, we consider whether there are multiple promises and how to account for them. In our contracts, multiple promises are separated if they are distinct, both individually and in the context of the contract. If multiple promises in a contract are highly interrelated or comprise a series of distinct services performed over time, they are combined into a single performance obligation. In some cases, we may also provide the customer with an additional service-type warranty, which we recognize as a separate performance obligation. Service-type warranties do not represent a significant portion of our consolidated net sales. When service-type warranties represent a separate performance obligation, the revenue is deferred and recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. Our contracts, from time-to-time, may also include options for additional goods and services. To date, these options have not represented material rights to the customer as the pricing for them reflects standalone selling prices. As a result, we do not consider options we offer to be performance obligations for which we must allocate a portion of the transaction price. In many cases, we provide assurance-type warranty coverage for some of our products for a period of at least one year from the date of delivery.

When identifying the transaction price, we typically utilize the contract's stated price as a starting point. The transaction price in certain arrangements may include estimated amounts of variable consideration, including award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. We estimate variable consideration as the amount to which we expect to be entitled, and we include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the estimation uncertainty is resolved. The estimation of this variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (e.g., historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.

When allocating the contract’s transaction price, we consider each distinct performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. We determine standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions, including geographic or regional specific factors, competitive positioning, internal costs, profit objectives and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.

Most of our contracts with customers are denominated in U.S. dollars and typically are either firm fixed-price or cost reimbursable type contracts (including fixed-fee, incentive-fee and time-and-material type contracts). In almost all of our contracts with customers, we are the principal in the arrangement and report revenue on a gross basis. Transaction prices for contracts with U.S. domestic and international customers are usually based on specific negotiations with each customer and in the case of the U.S. government, sometimes based on estimated or actual costs of providing the goods or services in accordance with applicable regulations.Sales to U.S. government customers include sales to the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD"), intelligence and civilian agencies, as well as sales directly to or through prime contractors. Domestic sales include sales to commercial customers, as well as to U.S. state and local governments. For the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and three months ended April 30, 2023, except for the U.S. government, there were no customers that represented 10.0% or more of consolidated net sales. For the nine months ended April 30, 2023, i

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections results in receivables, unbilled receivables and contract liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Under typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for over time, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. For certain contracts with provisions that are intended to protect customers in the event we do not satisfy our performance obligations, billings occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in unbilled receivables. Under ASC 606, unbilled receivables constitute contract assets. There were no material impairment losses recognized on contract assets during the three and nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On large long-term contracts, and for contracts with international customers that do not do business with us regularly, payment terms typically require advanced payments and deposits. Under ASC 606, payments received from customers in excess of revenue recognized to-date results in a contract liability. These contract liabilities are not considered to represent a significant financing component of the contract because we believe these cash advances and deposits are generally used to meet working capital demands which can be higher in the earlier stages of a contract. Also, advanced payments and deposits provide us with some measure of assurance that the customer will perform on its obligations under the contract. Under the typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for at a point in time, costs are accumulated in inventory until the time of billing, which generally coincides with revenue recognition. Of the current contract liability balance of $66,351,000 at July 31, 2023 and $64,601,000 at July 31, 2022, $39,877,000 and $43,125,000 was recognized as revenue during the nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We recognize the incremental costs to obtain or fulfill a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less; otherwise, such costs are capitalized and amortized over the estimated life of the contract. During the nine months ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts with an amortization period greater than one year were not material.

Commissions payable to our internal sales and marketing employees or contractors that are incremental to the acquisition of long-term customer contracts are capitalized and amortized consistent with the pattern of revenue recognition through cost of sales on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Commissions payable that are not incremental to the acquisition of long-term contracts are expensed as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed as of the end of a fiscal period. Remaining performance obligations, which we refer to as backlog, exclude unexercised contract options and potential orders under indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity ("IDIQ") contracts.

Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments

Using the fair value hierarchy described in FASB ASC 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures," we valued our cash and cash equivalents using Level 1 inputs that were based on quoted market prices. We believe that the carrying amounts of our other current financial assets (such as accounts receivable) and other current liabilities (including accounts payable, accrued expenses and the current portion of long-term debt) approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of the non-current portion of our long-term debt approximates its carrying amount due to its variable interest rate and pricing grid dependent upon our leverage ratio as of such date. See Note (10) - "Credit Facility" for more information.

As further discussed in Note (17) - "Convertible Preferred Stock," we used Level 3 inputs to value warrants contingently issuable under the terms of our Convertible Preferred Stock. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs developed using the best available information under the circumstances. Level 3 inputs are supported by little or no market activity, are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities and reflect our assumptions related to how market participants would use similar inputs to price the asset or liability. As of April 30, 2024, we determined the fair value of Convertible Preferred Stock warrants using the Monte Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions: expected life of six months; risk free rate of 4.7%; expected volatility of 55.0%; and dividend yield of 0%.

As of April 30, 2024 and July 31, 2023, other than the cash and cash equivalents and warrants discussed above, we had no other significant assets or liabilities included in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets recorded at fair value, as such term is defined by FASB ASC 820.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per ShareOur basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares (including vested but unissued share units, performance shares and restricted stock units ("RSUs")) outstanding during each respective period. Our diluted EPS reflects the dilution from potential common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of equity-classified stock-based awards, settlement of escrow arrangements related to our acquisition of UHP Networks Inc. ("UHP") and the assumed conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock, if dilutive, outstanding during each respective period. Pursuant to FASB ASC 260 "Earnings Per Share" ("ASC 260"), shares whose issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain conditions are included in diluted EPS based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. When calculating our diluted earnings per share, we consider the amount an employee must pay upon assumed exercise of stock-based awards and the amount of stock-based compensation cost attributed to future services and not yet recognized.