Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting PoliciesPrinciples of ConsolidationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Comtech Telecommunications Corp. and its subsidiaries ("Comtech," "we," "us," or "our"), all of which are wholly-owned. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.Nature of Business

We design, produce and market innovative products, systems and services for advanced communications solutions. We conduct our business through two reportable operating segments: Satellite and Space Communications and Terrestrial and Wireless Networks.

Our business is highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological change. Our growth and financial position depends on our ability to keep pace with such changes and developments and to respond to the sophisticated requirements of an increasing variety of secure wireless communications technology users, among other things. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, and have significantly greater financial, marketing and operating resources and broader product lines than our own. A significant technological or sales breakthrough by others, including smaller competitors or new companies, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, certain of our customers have technological capabilities in our product areas and could choose to replace our products with their own.

International sales expose us to certain risks, including barriers to trade, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates (which may make our products less price competitive), political and economic instability, availability of suitable export financing, export license requirements, tariff regulations, and other United States ("U.S.") and foreign regulations that may apply to the export of our products, as well as the generally greater difficulties of doing business abroad. We attempt to reduce the risk of doing business in foreign countries by seeking contracts denominated in U.S. dollars, advance or milestone payments, credit insurance and irrevocable letters of credit in our favor.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with FASB ASC 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), we record revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for goods or services promised to customers. Under ASC 606, we follow a five-step model to: (1) identify the contract with our customer; (2) identify our performance obligations in our contract; (3) determine the transaction price for our contract; (4) allocate the transaction price to our performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue using one of the following two methods:

•Over time - We recognize revenue using the over time method when there is a continuous transfer of control to the customer over the contractual period of performance. This generally occurs when we enter into a long-term contract relating to the design, development or manufacture of complex equipment or technology platforms to a buyer’s specification (or to provide services related to the performance of such contracts). Continuous transfer of control is typically supported by contract clauses which allow our customers to unilaterally terminate a contract for convenience, pay for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of work-in-process. Revenue recognized over time is generally based on the extent of progress toward completion of the related performance obligations. The selection of the method to measure progress requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services provided. In certain instances, typically for firm fixed-price contracts, we use the cost-to-cost measure because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion, including warranty costs. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill generally include direct labor, materials, subcontractor costs, other direct costs and an allocation of indirect costs. When these contracts are modified, the additional goods or services are generally not distinct from those already provided. As a result, these modifications form part of an existing contract and we must update the transaction price and our measure of progress for the single performance obligation and recognize a cumulative catch-up to revenue and gross profits.

For over time contracts using a cost-to-cost measure of progress, we have an estimate at completion ("EAC") process in which management reviews the progress and execution of our performance obligations. This EAC process requires management judgment relative to assessing risks, estimating contract revenue and costs, and making assumptions for schedule and technical issues. Since certain contracts extend over a long period of time, the impact of revisions in revenue and or cost estimates during the progress of work may impact current period earnings through a cumulative adjustment. Additionally, if the EAC process indicates a loss, a provision is made for the total anticipated loss in the period that it becomes evident. Contract revenue and cost estimates for significant contracts are generally reviewed and reassessed at least quarterly.

The cost-to-cost method is principally used to account for contracts in our Satellite and Space Communications segment and, to a lesser extent, certain location-based and messaging infrastructure contracts in our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment. For service-based contracts in our Terrestrial and Wireless Networks segment, we also recognize revenue over time. These services are typically recognized as a series of services performed over the contract term using the straight-line method, or based on our customers’ actual usage of the networks and platforms which we provide.

•Point in time - When a performance obligation is not satisfied over time, we must record revenue using the point in time accounting method which generally results in revenue being recognized upon shipment or delivery of a promised good or service to a customer. This generally occurs when we enter into short term contracts or purchase orders where items are provided to customers with relatively quick turn-around times. Modifications to such contracts and or purchase orders, which typically provide for additional quantities or services, are accounted for as a new contract because the pricing for these additional quantities or services are based on standalone selling prices.

Point in time accounting is principally applied to contracts in our Satellite and Space Communications segment, which includes satellite modems, solid-state and traveling wave tube amplifiers and to certain contracts for our solid-state, high-power RF amplifiers. The contracts related to these products do not meet the requirements for over time revenue recognition because our customers cannot utilize the equipment for its intended purpose during any phase of our manufacturing process; customers do not simultaneously receive and or consume the benefits provided by our performance; customers do not control the asset (i.e., prior to delivery, customers cannot direct the use of the asset, sell or exchange the equipment, etc.); and, although many of our contracts have termination for convenience clauses and or an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, our performance creates an asset with an alternative use through the point of delivery.

In determining that our equipment has alternative use, we considered the underlying manufacturing process. In the early phases of manufacturing, raw materials and work in process (including subassemblies) consist of common parts that are highly fungible among many different types of products and customer applications. Finished products are either configured to our standard configuration or based on our customers’ specifications. Finished products, whether built to our standard specification or to a customers’ specification, can be sold to a variety of customers and across many different end use applications with minimal rework, if needed, and without incurring a significant economic loss.

When identifying a contract with our customer, we consider when it has approval and commitment from both parties, if the rights of the parties are identified, if the payment terms are identified, if it has commercial substance and if collectability is probable.

When identifying performance obligations, we consider whether there are multiple promises and how to account for them. In our contracts, multiple promises are separated if they are distinct, both individually and in the context of the contract. If multiple promises in a contract are highly interrelated or comprise a series of distinct services performed over time, they are combined into a single performance obligation. In some cases, we may also provide the customer with an additional service-type warranty, which we recognize as a separate performance obligation. Service-type warranties do not represent a significant portion of our consolidated net sales. When service-type warranties represent a separate performance obligation, the revenue is deferred and recognized ratably over the extended warranty period. Our contracts, from time-to-time, may also include options for additional goods and services. To date, these options have not represented material rights to the customer as the pricing for them reflects standalone selling prices. As a result, we do not consider options we offer to be performance obligations for which we must allocate a portion of the transaction price. In many cases, we provide assurance-type warranty coverage for some of our products for a period of at least one year from the date of delivery.

When identifying the transaction price, we typically utilize the contract's stated price as a starting point. The transaction price in certain arrangements may include estimated amounts of variable consideration, including award fees, incentive fees or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. We estimate variable consideration as the amount to which we expect to be entitled, and we include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the estimation uncertainty is resolved. The estimation of this variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (e.g., historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.

When allocating the contract’s transaction price, we consider each distinct performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. We determine standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions, including geographic or regional specific factors, competitive positioning, internal costs, profit objectives and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.

Most of our contracts with customers are denominated in U.S. dollars and typically are either firm fixed-price or cost reimbursable type contracts (including fixed-fee, incentive-fee and time-and-material type contracts). In almost all of our contracts with customers, we are the principal in the arrangement and report revenue on a gross basis. Transaction prices for contracts with U.S. domestic and international customers are usually based on specific negotiations with each customer and in the case of the U.S. government, sometimes based on estimated or actual costs of providing the goods or services in accordance with applicable regulations. Sales by geography and customer type, as a percentage of consolidated net sales, are as follows:

	Fiscal Years Ended July 31,
	2023		2022		2021
United States
U.S. government	31.3	%	27.2	%	34.6	%
Domestic	44.7	%	47.8	%	41.5	%
Total United States	76.0	%	75.0	%	76.1	%
International	24.0	%	25.0	%	23.9	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Sales to U.S. government customers include sales to the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD"), intelligence and civilian agencies, as well as sales directly to or through prime contractors. Domestic sales include sales to commercial customers, as well as to U.S. state and local governments. Included in domestic sales are sales to Verizon Communications Inc. ("Verizon"), which were 10.6%, 11.1% and 10.7% of consolidated net sales for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. International sales for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 (which include sales to U.S. domestic companies for inclusion in products that are sold to international customers) were $132,117,000, $121,392,000 and $138,943,000, respectively. Except for the U.S., no individual country (including sales to U.S. domestic companies for inclusion in products that are sold to a foreign country) represented more than 10.0% of consolidated net sales for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021.

The following tables summarize our disaggregation of revenue consistent with information reviewed by our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors which impact our business. See Note (11) - "Segment Information" for more information related to our segments.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2023
	Satellite and Space Communications		Terrestrial and Wireless Networks	Total
Geographical region and customer type
U.S. government	$	168,411,000	3,567,000	$	171,978,000
Domestic	56,568,000		189,331,000	245,899,000
Total United States	224,979,000		192,898,000	417,877,000
International	112,777,000		19,340,000	132,117,000
Total	$	337,756,000	212,238,000	$	549,994,000
Contract type
Firm fixed-price	$	288,482,000	212,238,000	$	500,720,000
Cost reimbursable	49,274,000		—	49,274,000
Total	$	337,756,000	212,238,000	$	549,994,000
Transfer of control
Point in time	$	197,808,000	2,968,000	$	200,776,000
Over time	139,948,000		209,270,000	349,218,000
Total	$	337,756,000	212,238,000	$	549,994,000

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2022
	Satellite and Space Communications		Terrestrial and Wireless Networks	Total
Geographical region and customer type
U.S. government	$	127,536,000	5,061,000	$	132,597,000
Domestic	50,274,000		181,976,000	232,250,000
Total United States	177,810,000		187,037,000	364,847,000
International	101,868,000		19,524,000	121,392,000
Total	$	279,678,000	206,561,000	$	486,239,000
Contract type
Firm fixed-price	$	249,497,000	206,561,000	$	456,058,000
Cost reimbursable	30,181,000		—	30,181,000
Total	$	279,678,000	206,561,000	$	486,239,000
Transfer of control
Point in time	$	186,052,000	2,633,000	$	188,685,000
Over time	93,626,000		203,928,000	297,554,000
Total	$	279,678,000	206,561,000	$	486,239,000

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2021
	Satellite and Space Communications		Terrestrial and Wireless Networks	Total
Geographical region and customer type
U.S. government	$	198,157,000	2,924,000	$	201,081,000
Domestic	57,246,000		184,425,000	241,671,000
Total United States	255,403,000		187,349,000	442,752,000
International	119,447,000		19,496,000	138,943,000
Total	$	374,850,000	206,845,000	$	581,695,000
Contract type
Firm fixed-price	$	292,043,000	206,845,000	$	498,888,000
Cost reimbursable	82,807,000		—	82,807,000
Total	$	374,850,000	206,845,000	$	581,695,000
Transfer of control
Point in time	$	234,690,000	1,704,000	$	236,394,000
Over time	140,160,000		205,141,000	345,301,000
Total	$	374,850,000	206,845,000	$	581,695,000

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections results in receivables, unbilled receivables and contract liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Under typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for over time, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. For certain contracts with provisions that are intended to protect customers in the event we do not satisfy our performance obligations, billings occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in unbilled receivables. Under ASC 606, unbilled receivables constitute contract assets. There were no material impairment losses recognized on contract assets during the fiscal years ended July 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. On large long-term contracts, and for contracts with international customers that do not do business with us regularly, payment terms typically require advanced payments and deposits. Under ASC 606, payments received from customers in excess of revenue recognized to-date results in a contract liability. These contract liabilities are not considered to represent a significant financing component of the contract because we believe these cash advances and deposits are generally used to meet working capital demands which can be higher in the earlier stages of a contract. Also, advanced payments and deposits provide us with some measure of assurance that the customer will perform on its obligations under the contract. Under the typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for at a point in time, costs are accumulated in inventory until the time of billing, which generally coincides with revenue recognition. Of the current contract liability balance of $64,601,000 at July 31, 2022 and $66,130,000 at July 31, 2021, $53,079,000 and $51,762,000 was recognized as revenue during fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We recognize the incremental costs to obtain or fulfill a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less. During fiscal years 2023 and 2022, incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts with an amortization period greater than one year were not material.

As commissions payable to our internal sales and marketing employees or contractors are contingent upon multiple factors, such commissions are not considered direct costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer and are expensed as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. As for commissions payable to our third-party sales representatives related to large long-term contracts, we do consider these types of commissions both direct and incremental costs to obtain and fulfill such contracts. Therefore, such commissions are included in total estimated costs at completion for such contracts and expensed over time through cost of sales on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed as of the end of a fiscal period. Remaining performance obligations, which we refer to as backlog, exclude unexercised contract options and potential orders under indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity ("IDIQ") contracts. As of July 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $662,215,000 (which represents the amount of our consolidated backlog). We estimate that a substantial portion of our remaining performance obligations at July 31, 2023 will be completed and recognized as revenue during the next twenty-four month period, with the rest thereafter. During fiscal 2023, revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied, or partially satisfied, in previous periods (for example due to changes in the transaction price) was not material.

Cash and Cash EquivalentsOur cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and have insignificant risk of change in value as a result of changes in interest rates. Our cash and cash equivalents, as of July 31, 2023 and 2022, amounted to $18,961,000 and $21,654,000, respectively, and primarily consist of bank deposits and money market deposit accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.InventoriesOur inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, the latter of which is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Our inventories are reduced to their estimated net realizable value by a charge to cost of sales in the period such excess costs are determined. Our inventories are principally recorded using either average or standard costing methods. Work-in-process (including our contracts-in-progress) and finished goods inventory reflect all accumulated production costs, which are comprised of direct production costs and overhead, and is reduced by amounts recorded in cost of sales as the related revenue is recognized. Indirect costs relating to long-term contracts, which include expenses such as general and administrative, are charged to expense as incurred and are not included in our cost of sales or work-in-process (including our contracts-in-progress) and finished goods inventory.Long-Lived Assets

Our machinery and equipment, which are recorded at cost, are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives (three to eight years) under the straight-line method. Capitalized values of properties and leasehold improvements under leases are amortized over the life of the lease or the estimated life of the asset, whichever is less.

Goodwill represents the excess cost of a business acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. In accordance with FASB ASC 350 "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other" goodwill is not amortized. We periodically, at least on an annual basis in the first quarter of each fiscal year, review goodwill, considering factors such as projected cash flows and revenue and earnings multiples, to determine whether the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired. If we fail the quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment ("quantitative assessment"), we would be required to recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount that a reporting unit's carrying value exceeded its fair value; however, any loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We define our reporting units to be the same as our operating segments.

We performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment for fiscal 2024 on August 1, 2023 (the first day of our fiscal 2024). See Note (13) - "Goodwill" for more information. Unless there are future indicators that the fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not less than its carrying value, such as a significant adverse change in our future financial performance, our next impairment assessment for goodwill will be performed and completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Any impairment charges that we may record in the future could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.

We assess the recoverability of the carrying value of our other long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of such assets based upon the expectations of undiscounted cash flows from such assets. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss would be recognized for the difference between the fair value and the carrying amount.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We determine the uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-25 "Income Taxes," which prescribes a two-step evaluation process for tax positions. The first step is recognition based on a determination of whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements. Our policy is to recognize potential interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share

Our basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares (including vested but unissued stock units, share units, performance shares and restricted stock units ("RSUs")) outstanding during each respective period. Our diluted EPS reflects the dilution from potential common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of equity-classified stock-based awards, settlement of escrow arrangements related to our acquisition of UHP Networks Inc. ("UHP") and the assumed conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock, if dilutive, outstanding during each respective period. Pursuant to FASB ASC 260 "Earnings Per Share," shares whose issuance is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain conditions are included in diluted EPS based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. When calculating our diluted earnings per share, we consider the amount an employee must pay upon assumed exercise of stock-based awards and the amount of stock-based compensation cost attributed to future services and not yet recognized.

There were no repurchases of our common stock during the fiscal years ended July 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See Note (16) - "Stockholders’ Equity" for more information.

Weighted average stock options, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding of 972,000, 1,656,000 and 1,440,000 shares for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were not included in our diluted EPS calculation because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Our EPS calculations exclude 385,000, 293,000 and 232,000 weighted average performance shares outstanding for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as the performance conditions have not yet been satisfied. However, the numerator for EPS calculations for each respective period is reduced by the compensation expense related to these awards.

Weighted average common shares of 260,000, 591,000 and 82,000 related to our acquisition of UHP in March 2021 were not included in our diluted EPS calculation for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Weighted average common shares of 4,570,000 and 3,342,000 underlying the assumed conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock, on an if-converted basis, were not included in our diluted EPS calculation for fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. As a result, the numerator for our basic and diluted EPS calculation for fiscal 2023 and 2022 is the respective net loss attributable to common stockholders.

The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators used in the basic and diluted EPS calculations:

	Fiscal Years Ended July 31,
	2023		2022	2021
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(26,899,000)	(33,052,000)	(73,480,000)
Convertible preferred stock issuance costs	—		(4,007,000)	—
Establishment of initial convertible preferred     stock purchase option liability	—		(1,005,000)	—
Dividend on convertible preferred stock	(7,007,000)		(5,204,000)	—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(33,906,000)	(43,268,000)	(73,480,000)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic and diluted calculation	28,002,000		26,506,000	25,685,000

As discussed further in Note (15) - "Convertible Preferred Stock," the Convertible Preferred Stock issued in October 2021 represents a "participating security" as defined in ASC 260. As a result, our EPS calculations for fiscal 2023 and 2022 were based on the two-class method. Given the net loss attributable to common stockholders for fiscal 2023 and 2022, there was no impact of applying the two-class method to our reported basic or diluted earnings per common share.

Fair Value Measurements and Financial InstrumentsUsing the fair value hierarchy described in FASB ASC 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures," we valued our cash and cash equivalents using Level 1 inputs that were based on quoted market prices. We believe that the carrying amounts of our other current financial assets (such as accounts receivable) and other current liabilities (including accounts payable and accrued expenses) approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of our Credit Facility that we entered into on October 31, 2018 approximates its carrying amount due to its variable interest rate and pricing grid that is dependent upon our leverage ratio as of the end of each fiscal quarter. As of July 31, 2023 and 2022, other than the financial instruments discussed above, we had no other significant assets or liabilities included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets recorded at fair value, as such term is defined by FASB ASC 820.Use of EstimatesThe preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reported period. We make significant estimates in many areas of our accounting, including but not limited to the following: long-term contracts, stock-based compensation, intangible assets and liabilities including goodwill, provision for excess and obsolete inventory, allowance for doubtful accounts, warranty obligations and income taxes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.Comprehensive IncomeIn accordance with FASB ASC 220 "Comprehensive Income," we report all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investment by owners and distribution to owners, for the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income is the total of net income and all other non-owner changes in equity (or other comprehensive income) such as unrealized gains/losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, foreign currency translation adjustments and minimum pension liability adjustments. Comprehensive income was the same as our net income in fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021.ReclassificationsCertain reclassifications have been made to previously reported consolidated financial statements to conform to the fiscal 2023 presentation. Adoption of Accounting Standards and UpdatesWe are required to prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") which is the source for all authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which are commonly referred to as "GAAP." The FASB ASC is subject to updates by the FASB, which are known as Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs"). ASUs issued, but not effective until after July 31, 2023, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.