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Table of Contents



UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One) 
☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
________________________________________________________

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
____________________________________________________________

For the transition period from           to   
       
Commission File No. 001-36502
COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Missouri43-0889454
(State of Incorporation)(IRS Employer Identification No.)
1000 Walnut
Kansas City,MO64106
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
        
(816) 234-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of classTrading symbol(s)Name of exchange on which registered
$5 Par Value Common StockCBSHNASDAQ Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ     No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ     No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐     No ☑
As of November 2, 2022, the registrant had outstanding 119,352,570 shares of its $5 par value common stock, registrant’s only class of common stock.



Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Form 10-Q
Page
INDEX
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 (unaudited) and December 31, 2021

2
Table of Contents
PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

September 30,
2022		December 31, 2021
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)
ASSETS
Loans$15,898,958 $15,176,359 
  Allowance for credit losses on loans(143,377)(150,044)
Net loans15,755,581 15,026,315 
Loans held for sale (including $1,426,000 and $5,570,000 of residential mortgage loans carried at fair value at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)
8,062 8,615 
Investment securities: 
Available for sale debt, at fair value (amortized cost of $14,176,324,000 and $14,419,133,000 at
   September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and allowance for credit losses of $—
   at both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021)
12,632,510 14,450,027 
Trading debt39,222 46,235 
Equity8,954 9,202 
Other222,742 194,047 
Total investment securities12,903,428 14,699,511 
Federal funds sold14,020 2,800 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,275,000 1,625,000 
Interest earning deposits with banks642,943 3,971,217 
Cash and due from banks344,178 305,539 
Premises and equipment – net407,833 388,738 
Goodwill138,921 138,921 
Other intangible assets – net15,599 15,570 
Other assets1,097,031 506,862 
Total assets$32,602,596 $36,689,088 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Deposits: 
   Non-interest bearing$10,468,591 $11,772,374 
   Savings, interest checking and money market16,014,487 16,598,085 
   Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000391,145 435,960 
   Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over597,093 1,006,654 
Total deposits27,471,316 29,813,073 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,314,590 3,022,967 
Other borrowings1,831 12,560 
Other liabilities443,752 392,164 
Total liabilities30,231,489 33,240,764 
Commerce Bancshares, Inc. stockholders’ equity: 
   Common stock, $5 par value
 
Authorized 140,000,000; issued 122,160,705 shares at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021
610,804 610,804 
   Capital surplus2,683,631 2,689,894 
   Retained earnings353,446 92,493 
   Treasury stock of 2,553,242 shares at September 30, 2022
     and 476,392 shares at December 31, 2021, at cost
(176,943)(32,973)
   Accumulated other comprehensive income(1,119,344)77,080 
Total Commerce Bancshares, Inc. stockholders' equity2,351,594 3,437,298 
Non-controlling interest19,513 11,026 
Total equity2,371,107 3,448,324 
Total liabilities and equity$32,602,596 $36,689,088 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
3
Table of Contents
Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands, except per share data)2022202120222021
(Unaudited)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans$171,272 $142,887 $445,873 $433,809 
Interest and fees on loans held for sale159 187 470 736 
Interest on investment securities79,586 63,904 241,326 170,604 
Interest on federal funds sold94 1 114 3 
Interest on securities purchased under agreements to resell5,984 9,007 15,669 30,551 
Interest on deposits with banks5,571 995 9,150 2,108 
Total interest income262,666 216,981 712,602 637,811 
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest on deposits:
   Savings, interest checking and money market7,545 1,817 11,583 5,764 
   Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000411 206 755 1,006 
   Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over871 450 1,768 2,173 
Interest on federal funds purchased and securities sold under
   agreements to repurchase7,891 480 11,506 1,112 
Interest on other borrowings(425)(9)(554)(11)
Total interest expense16,293 2,944 25,058 10,044 
Net interest income246,373 214,037 687,544 627,767 
Provision for credit losses15,290 (7,385)12,594 (59,272)
Net interest income after credit losses231,083 221,422 674,950 687,039 
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Trust fees45,406 48,950 140,009 139,334 
Bank card transaction fees45,638 42,815 131,556 123,118 
Deposit account charges and other fees24,521 25,161 72,392 71,724 
Consumer brokerage services5,085 4,900 14,599 13,484 
Capital market fees3,393 3,794 10,845 12,102 
Loan fees and sales3,094 6,842 10,575 24,472 
Other11,377 5,044 29,734 28,460 
Total non-interest income138,514 137,506 409,710 412,694 
INVESTMENT SECURITIES GAINS, NET3,410 13,108 11,602 39,765 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits137,393 132,824 415,589 392,608 
Data processing and software28,050 25,598 82,701 76,015 
Net occupancy12,544 12,329 37,343 35,877 
Equipment5,036 4,440 14,338 13,398 
Supplies and communication4,581 4,530 13,655 12,688 
Marketing6,228 5,623 18,408 16,461 
Other19,052 26,276 50,003 55,272 
Total non-interest expense212,884 211,620 632,037 602,319 
Income before income taxes160,123 160,416 464,225 537,179 
Less income taxes33,936 34,662 97,859 111,947 
Net income 126,187 125,754 366,366 425,232 
Less non-controlling interest expense3,364 3,193 9,595 9,373 
Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc.$122,823 $122,561 $356,771 $415,859 
Net income per common share — basic$1.03 $1.00 $2.96 $3.38 
Net income per common share — diluted$1.02 $.99 $2.95 $3.37 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)2022202120222021
(Unaudited)
Net income$126,187 $125,754 $366,366 $425,232 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized losses on available for sale debt securities(345,565)(57,068)(1,181,031)(160,019)
Pension loss amortization
302 451 947 1,326 
Unrealized losses on cash flow hedge derivatives(7,187)(4,607)(16,340)(13,518)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(352,450)(61,224)(1,196,424)(172,211)
Comprehensive income (loss)(226,263)64,530 (830,058)253,021 
Less non-controlling interest expense3,364 3,193 9,595 9,373 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc.$(229,627)$61,337 $(839,653)$243,648 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.













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Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Shareholders
 
 

(In thousands, except per share data)
Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Non-Controlling InterestTotal
(Unaudited)
Balance June 30, 2022
$610,804 $2,682,161 $262,363 $(129,588)$(766,894)$16,467 $2,675,313 
Net income122,823 3,364 126,187 
Other comprehensive loss(352,450)(352,450)
Distributions to non-controlling interest(318)(318)
Purchases of treasury stock(50,116)(50,116)
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity
    compensation plans		(2,762)2,761 (1)
Stock-based compensation4,232 4,232 
Cash dividends paid on common stock
     ($0.265 per share)
(31,740)(31,740)
Balance September 30, 2022
$610,804 $2,683,631 $353,446 $(176,943)$(1,119,344)$19,513 $2,371,107 
Balance June 30, 2021
$589,352 $2,424,157 $304,739 $(53,018)$220,390 $8,210 $3,493,830 
Net Income122,561 3,193 125,754 
Other comprehensive loss(61,224)(61,224)
Distributions to non-controlling interest(193)(193)
Purchases of treasury stock(40,165)(40,165)
Sale of non-controlling interest of subsidiary659 (659)— 
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity
     compensation plans		(1,137)1,136 (1)
Stock-based compensation3,865 3,865 
Cash dividends paid on common stock
     ($.250 per share)
(30,645)(30,645)
Balance September 30, 2021
$589,352 $2,427,544 $396,655 $(92,047)$159,166 $10,551 $3,491,221 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Shareholders
 
 

(In thousands, except per share data)
Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Non-Controlling InterestTotal
(Unaudited)
Balance December 31, 2021
$610,804 $2,689,894 $92,493 $(32,973)$77,080 $11,026 $3,448,324 
Net income356,771 9,595 366,366 
Other comprehensive loss(1,196,424)(1,196,424)
Distributions to non-controlling interest(1,108)(1,108)
Purchases of treasury stock(163,321)(163,321)
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans(18,904)19,351 447 
Stock-based compensation12,641 12,641 
Cash dividends on common stock ($.795 per share)
(95,818)(95,818)
Balance September 30, 2022
$610,804 $2,683,631 $353,446 $(176,943)$(1,119,344)$19,513 $2,371,107 
Balance December 31, 2020
$589,352 $2,436,288 $73,000 $(32,970)$331,377 $2,925 $3,399,972 
Net income 415,859 9,373 425,232 
Other comprehensive loss(172,211)(172,211)
Distributions to non-controlling interest(1,088)(1,088)
Purchases of treasury stock(80,052)(80,052)
Sale of non-controlling interest of subsidiary659 (659)— 
Issuance of stock under purchase and equity compensation plans(20,991)20,975 (16)
Stock-based compensation11,588 11,588 
Cash dividends on common stock ($.750 per share)
(92,204)(92,204)
Balance September 30, 2021
$589,352 $2,427,544 $396,655 $(92,047)$159,166 $10,551 $3,491,221 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.



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Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)20222021
(Unaudited)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income$366,366 $425,232 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
  Provision for credit losses12,594 (59,272)
  Provision for depreciation and amortization35,350 33,554 
  Amortization of investment security premiums, net8,565 51,822 
  Investment securities gains, net (A)(11,602)(39,765)
  Net gains on sales of loans held for sale (2,607)(18,849)
  Originations of loans held for sale(114,765)(442,853)
  Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale116,421 485,231 
  Net (increase) decrease in trading debt securities, excluding unsettled transactions14,080 (9,093)
  Purchase of interest rate floor(16,849)— 
  Stock-based compensation12,641 11,588 
  (Increase) decrease in interest receivable (21,959)11,449 
  Increase (decrease) in interest payable1,097 (3,168)
  Increase in income taxes payable 168 19,831 
  Other changes, net70,285 20,418 
Net cash provided by operating activities469,785 486,125 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Distributions received from equity-method investment400 13,540 
Proceeds from sales of investment securities (A)55,690 10,060 
Proceeds from maturities/pay downs of investment securities (A)2,079,939 2,571,116 
Purchases of investment securities (A)(1,951,694)(4,457,716)
Net (increase) decrease in loans(736,474)1,166,769 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell(200,000)(900,000)
Repayments of securities purchased under agreements to resell550,000 — 
Purchases of premises and equipment(46,636)(37,385)
Sales of premises and equipment1,613 4,786 
Net cash used in investing activities(247,162)(1,628,830)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net increase (decrease) in non-interest bearing, savings, interest checking and money market deposits(2,078,327)1,428,561 
Net decrease in certificates of deposit(454,376)(228,916)
Net increase (decrease) in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase(708,377)155,370 
Net increase (decrease) in other borrowings(10,729)3,204 
Purchases of treasury stock(163,321)(80,052)
Issuance of stock under equity compensation plans447 (16)
Cash dividends paid on common stock(95,818)(92,204)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(3,510,501)1,185,947 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(3,287,878)43,242 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year4,296,954 2,208,328 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at September 30
$1,009,076 $2,251,570 
Income tax payments, net$92,646 $87,989 
Interest paid on deposits and borrowings$23,961 $13,213 
Loans transferred to foreclosed real estate$457 $172 
(A) Available for sale debt securities, equity securities, and other securities.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Restricted cash is comprised of cash collateral posted by the Company to secure interest rate swap agreements. This balance is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets and totaled $7.9 million and $18.6 million at September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2022 (Unaudited)
1. Principles of Consolidation and Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and all majority-owned subsidiaries (the Company). Most of the Company's operations are conducted by its subsidiary bank, Commerce Bank (the Bank). The consolidated financial statements in this report have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, but in the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position and the results of operations for the interim periods have been made. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications were made to 2021 data to conform to current year presentation. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheets and revenues and expenses for the periods. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure. The results of operations for the nine month period ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of results to be attained for the full year or any other interim period.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, the financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, containing the latest audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

2. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Major classifications within the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Commercial:
Business$5,528,895 $5,303,535 
Real estate – construction and land1,206,955 1,118,266 
Real estate – business3,331,627 3,058,837 
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal2,862,519 2,805,401 
Consumer2,116,371 2,032,225 
Revolving home equity286,026 275,945 
Consumer credit card563,349 575,410 
Overdrafts3,216 6,740 
Total loans$15,898,958 $15,176,359 

Accrued interest receivable totaled $46.2 million and $25.9 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and was included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company wrote-off accrued interest by reversing interest income of $48 thousand and $699 thousand in the Commercial and Personal Banking portfolios, respectively. Similarly, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company wrote-off accrued interest of $103 thousand and $2.4 million in the Commercial and Personal Banking portfolios, respectively.

At September 30, 2022, loans of $3.1 billion were pledged at the Federal Home Loan Bank as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit obtained to secure public deposits. Additional loans of $1.3 billion were pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank as collateral for discount window borrowings.

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Allowance for credit losses
The allowance for credit losses is measured using an average historical loss model which incorporates relevant information about past events (including historical credit loss experience on loans with similar risk characteristics), current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the loans. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis. Loans are aggregated into pools based on similar risk characteristics including borrower type, collateral type and expected credit loss patterns. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, primarily large loans on non-accrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis.

For loans evaluated for credit losses on a collective basis, average historical loss rates are calculated for each pool using the Company’s historical net charge-offs (combined charge-offs and recoveries by observable historical reporting period) and outstanding loan balances during a lookback period. Lookback periods can be different based on the individual pool and represent management’s credit expectations for the pool of loans over the remaining contractual life. In certain loan pools, if the Company’s own historical loss rate is not reflective of the loss expectations, the historical loss rate is augmented by industry and peer data. The calculated average net charge-off rate is then adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. These adjustments increase or decrease the average historical loss rate to reflect expectations of future losses given a single path economic forecast of key macroeconomic variables including GDP, disposable income, various interest rates, unemployment rate, consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate, housing price index (HPI), commercial real estate price index (CREPI) and market volatility. The adjustments are based on results from various regression models projecting the impact of the macroeconomic variables to loss rates. The forecast is used for a reasonable and supportable period before reverting back to historical averages using a straight-line method. The forecast adjusted loss rate is applied to the amortized cost of loans over the remaining contractual lives, adjusted for expected prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions (except for contractual extensions at the option of the customer), renewals and modifications unless there is a reasonable expectation that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed. Credit cards and certain similar consumer lines of credit do not have stated maturities and therefore, for these loan classes, remaining contractual lives are determined by estimating future cash flows expected to be received from customers until payments have been fully allocated to outstanding balances. Additionally, the allowance for credit losses considers other qualitative factors not included in historical loss rates or macroeconomic forecast such as changes in portfolio composition, underwriting practices, or significant unique events or conditions.

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Key assumptions in the Company’s allowance for credit loss model include the economic forecast, the reasonable and supportable period, forecasted macro-economic variables, prepayment assumptions and qualitative factors applied for portfolio composition changes, underwriting practices, or significant unique events or conditions. The assumptions utilized in estimating the Company’s allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2022 and June 30, 2022 are discussed below.

Key AssumptionSeptember 30, 2022June 30, 2022
Overall economic forecast
•High inflation, rising interest rates, supply chain difficulties and a weaker job market create an expectation of a mild recession in 2023
•Continued monetary policy tightening to rein in inflation
•Positive economic momentum faced with continued COVID challenges, supply constraints and high inflation
•Continued monetary policy tightening to rein in inflation
•Uncertainties related to supply chain issues and the timing and likelihood of a recession
Reasonable and supportable period and related reversion period
•One year for commercial and personal banking loans
•Reversion to historical average loss rates within two quarters using straight-line method
•One year for commercial and personal banking loans
•Reversion to historical average loss rates within two quarters using straight-line method
Forecasted macro-economic variables
•Unemployment rate ranging from 3.7% to 4.6% during the supportable forecast period
•Real GDP growth ranging from (.3)% to .2%
•Prime rate from 6.6% to 7.0%
•BBB corporate yield from 5.03% to 5.7%
•Unemployment rate ranging from 3.5% to 3.7% during the supportable forecast period
•Real GDP growth ranging from 1.5% to 2.7%
•Prime rate from 4.9% to 6.2%
Prepayment assumptions
Commercial loans
•5% for most loan pools
Personal banking loans
•Ranging from 16.5% to 28.1% for most loan pools
•67.7% for consumer credit cards
Commercial loans
•5% for most loan pools
Personal banking loans
•Ranging from 16.5% to 28.5% for most loan pools
•67.0% for consumer credit cards
Qualitative factors
Added qualitative factors related to:
•Certain portfolios sensitive to pandemic economic uncertainties
•Changes in the composition of the loan portfolios
•Uncertainty related to unusually high rate of inflation, geopolitical environment, and supply chain issues
•Loans downgraded to special mention, substandard, or non-accrual status
Added qualitative factors related to:
•Certain portfolios sensitive to pandemic economic uncertainties
•Changes in the composition of the loan portfolios
•Uncertainty related to unusually high rate of inflation, geopolitical environment, and supply chain issues
•Loans downgraded to special mention, substandard, or non-accrual status

The liability for unfunded lending commitments utilizes the same model as the allowance for credit losses on loans, however, the liability for unfunded lending commitments incorporates an assumption for the portion of unfunded commitments that are expected to be funded.

Sensitivity in the Allowance for Credit Loss model
The allowance for credit losses is an estimate that requires significant judgment including projections of the macro-economic environment. The forecasted macro-economic environment continuously changes which can cause fluctuations in estimated expected credit losses.

The current forecast projects a mild recession in 2023 due to high inflation, rising interest rates, supply chain difficulties and a weaker job market. The Russian invasion of Ukraine created additional uncertainty as the world responds to the economic impact. The geopolitical environment, trends in health conditions and impacted supply constraints could significantly modify economic projections used in the estimation of the allowance for credit losses and liability for unfunded lending commitments.

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A summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, follows:

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In thousands)CommercialPersonal Banking

Total
CommercialPersonal Banking

Total
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS
Balance at beginning of period$99,525 $38,514 $138,039 $97,776 $52,268 $150,044 
Provision for credit losses on loans4,014 6,136 10,150 5,851 900 6,751 
Deductions:
   Loans charged off509 6,721 7,230 893 20,539 21,432 
   Less recoveries on loans56 2,362 2,418 352 7,662 8,014 
Net loan charge-offs 453 4,359 4,812 541 12,877 13,418 
Balance September 30, 2022$103,086 $40,291 $143,377 $103,086 $40,291 $143,377 
LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS
Balance at beginning of period$23,617 $1,290 $24,907 $23,271 $933 $24,204 
Provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments5,182 (42)5,140 5,528 315 5,843 
Balance September 30, 2022$28,799 $1,248 $30,047 $28,799 $1,248 $30,047 
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS$131,885 $41,539 $173,424 $131,885 $41,539 $173,424 

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(In thousands)CommercialPersonal Banking

Total
CommercialPersonal Banking

Total
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS
Balance at beginning of period$98,038 $74,357 $172,395 $121,549 $99,285 $220,834 
Provision for credit losses on loans186 (6,147)(5,961)(28,302)(15,447)(43,749)
Deductions:
   Loans charged off190 6,387 6,577 692 27,694 28,386 
   Less recoveries on loans130 2,788 2,918 5,609 8,467 14,076 
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)60 3,599 3,659 (4,917)19,227 14,310 
Balance September 30, 2021$98,164 $64,611 $162,775 $98,164 $64,611 $162,775 
LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS
Balance at beginning of period$23,350 $858 $24,208 $37,259 $1,048 $38,307 
Provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments(1,564)140 (1,424)(15,473)(50)(15,523)
Balance September 30, 2021$21,786 $998 $22,784 $21,786 $998 $22,784 
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS$119,950 $65,609 $185,559 $119,950 $65,609 $185,559 

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Delinquent and non-accrual loans
The Company considers loans past due on the day following the contractual repayment date, if the contractual repayment was not received by the Company as of the end of the business day. The following table provides aging information on the Company’s past due and accruing loans, in addition to the balances of loans on non-accrual status, at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.




(In thousands)
Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due

30 – 89
Days Past Due
90 Days Past Due and Still AccruingNon-accrual



Total
September 30, 2022
Commercial:
Business$5,513,234 $9,480 $536 $5,645 $5,528,895 
Real estate – construction and land1,206,395 560 — — 1,206,955 
Real estate – business3,307,921 23,557 — 149 3,331,627 
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal 2,847,665 10,506 2,958 1,390 2,862,519 
Consumer2,091,670 21,135 3,566 — 2,116,371 
Revolving home equity284,595 541 890 — 286,026 
Consumer credit card553,815 4,989 4,545 — 563,349 
Overdrafts2,830 343 43 — 3,216 
Total $15,808,125 $71,111 $12,538 $7,184 $15,898,958 
December 31, 2021
Commercial:
Business$5,292,125 $3,621 $477 $7,312 $5,303,535 
Real estate – construction and land1,117,434 832 — — 1,118,266 
Real estate – business3,058,566 57 — 214 3,058,837 
Personal Banking:
Real estate – personal 2,796,662 4,125 2,983 1,631 2,805,401 
Consumer2,005,556 24,458 2,211 — 2,032,225 
Revolving home equity274,372 772 801 — 275,945 
Consumer credit card565,335 4,821 5,254 — 575,410 
Overdrafts6,425 315 — — 6,740 
Total $15,116,475 $39,001 $11,726 $9,157 $15,176,359 

At September 30, 2022, the Company had $4.1 million in non-accrual business loans that had no allowance for credit loss. At December 31, 2021, the Company had $5.3 million in non-accrual business loans that had no allowance for credit loss. The Company did not record any interest income on non-accrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Credit quality indicators
The following table provides information about the credit quality of the Commercial loan portfolio. The Company utilizes an internal risk rating system comprised of a series of grades to categorize loans according to perceived risk associated with the expectation of debt repayment based on borrower specific information including, but not limited to, current financial information, historical payment experience, industry information, collateral levels and collateral types. The “pass” category consists of a range of loan grades that reflect increasing, though still acceptable, risk. A loan is assigned the risk rating at origination and then monitored throughout the contractual term for possible risk rating changes. Movement of risk through the various grade levels in the “pass” category is monitored for early identification of credit deterioration. The “special mention” rating is applied to loans where the borrower exhibits negative financial trends due to borrower specific or systemic conditions that, if left uncorrected, threaten its capacity to meet its debt obligations. The borrower is believed to have sufficient financial flexibility to react to and resolve its negative financial situation. It is a transitional grade that is closely monitored for improvement or deterioration. The “substandard” rating is applied to loans where the borrower exhibits well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize its continued performance and are of a severity that the distinct possibility of default exists. Loans are placed on “non-accrual” when management does not expect to collect payments consistent with acceptable and agreed upon terms of repayment.

All loans are analyzed for risk rating updates annually. For larger loans, rating assessments may be more frequent if relevant information is obtained earlier through debt covenant monitoring or overall relationship management. Smaller loans
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are monitored as identified by the loan officer based on the risk profile of the individual borrower or if the loan becomes past due related to credit issues. Loans rated Special Mention, Substandard or Non-accrual are subject to quarterly review and monitoring processes. In addition to the regular monitoring performed by the lending personnel and credit committees, loans are subject to review by a credit review department which verifies the appropriateness of the risk ratings for the loans chosen as part of its risk-based review plan.

The risk category of loans in the Commercial portfolio as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)20222021202020192018PriorRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
September 30, 2022
Business
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$1,167,741 $902,680 $519,179 $396,052 $188,319 $255,455 $2,041,998 $5,471,424 
       Special mention2,205 5,535 224 635 70 7,994 1,923 18,586 
       Substandard6,600 5,409 794 3,690 2,817 10,064 3,866 33,240 
       Non-accrual430 55 60 51 956 4,093 — 5,645 
   Total Business:$1,176,976 $913,679 $520,257 $400,428 $192,162 $277,606 $2,047,787 $5,528,895 
Real estate-construction
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$399,880 $560,930 $140,643 $26,840 $1,362 $2,208 $17,474 $1,149,337 
       Special mention— — — — — — — — 
       Substandard— 19,500 9,999 — 14,926 13,193 — 57,618 
    Total Real estate-construction:$399,880 $580,430 $150,642 $26,840 $16,288 $15,401 $17,474 $1,206,955 
Real estate-business
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$876,470 $641,482 $576,752 $468,588 $167,190 $292,556 $90,112 $3,113,150 
       Special mention2,854 3,447 632 9,854 985 526 — 18,298 
       Substandard— 30,992 61,356 11,437 33,977 62,268 — 200,030 
       Non-accrual— — — — 140 9 — 149 
   Total Real estate-business:$879,324 $675,921 $638,740 $489,879 $202,292 $355,359 $90,112 $3,331,627 
Commercial loans
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$2,444,091 $2,105,092 $1,236,574 $891,480 $356,871 $550,219 $2,149,584 $9,733,911 
       Special mention5,059 8,982 856 10,489 1,055 8,520 1,923 36,884 
       Substandard6,600 55,901 72,149 15,127 51,720 85,525 3,866 290,888 
       Non-accrual430 55 60 51 1,096 4,102 — 5,794 
   Total Commercial loans:$2,456,180 $2,170,030 $1,309,639 $917,147 $410,742 $648,366 $2,155,373 $10,067,477 

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Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)20212020201920182017PriorRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
December 31, 2021
Business
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$1,473,869 $704,157 $554,759 $248,739 $159,238 $270,454 $1,795,073 $5,206,289 
       Special mention1,785 126 17,576 12,050 1,490 3,232 16,545 52,804 
       Substandard836 1,191 8,855 4,936 1 10,775 10,536 37,130 
       Non-accrual430 — 1 1,549 — 5,332 — 7,312 
   Total Business:$1,476,920 $705,474 $581,191 $267,274 $160,729 $289,793 $1,822,154 $5,303,535 
Real estate-construction
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$598,734 $346,507 $66,985 $2,110 $2,655 $2,252 $13,230 $1,032,473 
       Special mention44,649 — — 985 — — — 45,634 
       Substandard485 11,620 — 14,896 13,158 — — 40,159 
    Total Real estate-construction:$643,868 $358,127 $66,985 $17,991 $15,813 $2,252 $13,230 $1,118,266 
Real estate- business
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$775,561 $712,173 $551,697 $230,138 $170,888 $254,489 $76,641 $2,771,587 
       Special mention4,011 30,322 10,500 37,576 2,068 2,103 1 86,581 
       Substandard17,079 62,939 12,930 2,326 58,934 45,265 982 200,455 
       Non-accrual— — — 189 — 25 — 214 
   Total Real-estate business:$796,651 $805,434 $575,127 $270,229 $231,890 $301,882 $77,624 $3,058,837 
Commercial loans
    Risk Rating:
       Pass$2,848,164 $1,762,837 $1,173,441 $480,987 $332,781 $527,195 $1,884,944 $9,010,349 
       Special mention50,445 30,448 28,076 50,611 3,558 5,335 16,546 185,019 
       Substandard18,400 75,750 21,785 22,158 72,093 56,040 11,518 277,744 
       Non-accrual430 — 1 1,738 — 5,357 — 7,526 
   Total Commercial loans:$2,917,439 $1,869,035 $1,223,303 $555,494 $408,432 $593,927 $1,913,008 $9,480,638 


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The credit quality of Personal Banking loans is monitored primarily on the basis of aging/delinquency, and this information is provided as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 below:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)20222021202020192018PriorRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
September 30, 2022
Real estate-personal
       Current to 90 days past due$422,198 $602,071 $795,233 $299,702 $138,681 $590,278 $10,008 $2,858,171 
       Over 90 days past due198 617 907 71 114 1,051 — 2,958 
       Non-accrual— — — 172 104 1,114 — 1,390 
   Total Real estate-personal:$422,396 $602,688 $796,140 $299,945 $138,899 $592,443 $10,008 $2,862,519 
Consumer
       Current to 90 days past due$449,631 $409,063 $228,612 $122,966 $44,230 $71,452 $786,851 $2,112,805 
       Over 90 days past due50 344 784 183 325 274 1,606 3,566 
    Total Consumer:$449,681 $409,407 $229,396 $123,149 $44,555 $71,726 $788,457 $2,116,371 
Revolving home equity
       Current to 90 days past due$— $— $— $— $— $— $285,136 $285,136 
       Over 90 days past due— — — — — — 890 890 
   Total Revolving home equity:$— $— $— $— $— $— $286,026 $286,026 
Consumer credit card
       Current to 90 days past due$— $— $— $— $— $— $558,804 $558,804 
       Over 90 days past due— — — — — — 4,545 4,545 
   Total Consumer credit card:$— $— $— $— $— $— $563,349 $563,349 
Overdrafts
       Current to 90 days past due$3,173 $— $— $— $— $— $— $3,173 
       Over 90 days past due43 — — — — — — 43 
    Total Overdrafts:$3,216 $— $— $— $— $— $— $3,216 
Personal banking loans
       Current to 90 days past due$875,002 $1,011,134 $1,023,845 $422,668 $182,911 $661,730 $1,640,799 $5,818,089 
       Over 90 days past due291 961 1,691 254 439 1,325 7,041 12,002 
       Non-accrual— — — 172 104 1,114 — 1,390 
   Total Personal banking loans:$875,293 $1,012,095 $1,025,536 $423,094 $183,454 $664,169 $1,647,840 $5,831,481 
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Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(In thousands)20212020201920182017PriorRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisTotal
December 31, 2021
Real estate-personal
       Current to 90 days past due$690,058 $888,631 $354,292 $157,485 $149,391 $551,460 $9,470 $2,800,787 
       Over 90 days past due133 1,150 298 124 97 1,181 — 2,983 
       Non-accrual115 — 251 109 — 1,156 — 1,631 
   Total Real estate-personal:$690,306 $889,781 $354,841 $157,718 $149,488 $553,797 $9,470 $2,805,401 
Consumer
       Current to 90 days past due$571,455 $348,774 $192,076 $79,887 $47,401 $78,088 $712,333 $2,030,014 
       Over 90 days past due283 335 257 250 74 351 661 2,211 
    Total Consumer:$571,738 $349,109 $192,333 $80,137 $47,475 $78,439 $712,994 $2,032,225 
Revolving home equity
       Current to 90 days past due$— $— $— $— $— $— $275,144 $275,144 
       Over 90 days past due— — — — — — 801 801 
   Total Revolving home equity:$— $— $— $— $— $— $275,945 $275,945 
Consumer credit card
       Current to 90 days past due$— $— $— $— $— $— $570,156 $570,156 
       Over 90 days past due— — — — — — 5,254 5,254 
   Total Consumer credit card:$— $— $— $— $— $— $575,410 $575,410 
Overdrafts
       Current to 90 days past due$6,740 $— $— $— $— $— $— $6,740 
    Total Overdrafts:$6,740 $— $— $— $— $— $— $6,740 
Personal banking loans
       Current to 90 days past due$1,268,253 $1,237,405 $546,368 $237,372 $196,792 $629,548 $1,567,103 $5,682,841 
       Over 90 days past due416 1,485 555 374 171 1,532 6,716 11,249 
       Non-accrual115 — 251 109 — 1,156 — 1,631 
   Total Personal banking loans:$1,268,784 $1,238,890 $547,174 $237,855 $196,963 $632,236 $1,573,819 $5,695,721 

Collateral-dependent loans
The Company's collateral-dependent loans are comprised of large loans on non-accrual status. The Company requires that collateral-dependent loans are either over-collateralized or carry collateral equal to the amortized cost of the loan. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

(In thousands)Business AssetsOil & Gas AssetsTotal
September 30, 2022
Commercial:
  Business$1,156 $1,966 $3,122 
Total$1,156 $1,966 $3,122 
December 31, 2021
Commercial:
Business$1,604 $2,459 $4,063 
Total$1,604 $2,459 $4,063 

Other Personal Banking loan information
As noted above, the credit quality of Personal Banking loans is monitored primarily on the basis of aging/delinquency, and this information is provided in the table in the above section on "Credit quality indicators." In addition, FICO scores are obtained and updated on a quarterly basis for most of the loans in the Personal Banking portfolio. This is a published credit score designed to measure the risk of default by taking into account various factors from a borrower's financial history and is considered supplementary information utilized by the Company, as management does not consider this information in evaluating the allowance for credit losses on loans. The Bank normally obtains a FICO score at the loan's origination and renewal dates, and updates are obtained on a quarterly basis. Excluded from the table below are certain personal real estate
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loans for which FICO scores are not obtained because the loans generally pertain to commercial customer activities and are often underwritten with other collateral considerations. These loans totaled $186.8 million at September 30, 2022 and $185.6 million at December 31, 2021. The table also excludes consumer loans related to the Company's patient healthcare loan program, which totaled $197.7 million at September 30, 2022 and $186.6 million at December 31, 2021. As the healthcare loans are guaranteed by the hospital, customer FICO scores are not obtained for these loans. The personal real estate loans and consumer loans excluded below totaled less than 7% of the Personal Banking portfolio. For the remainder of loans in the Personal Banking portfolio, the table below shows the percentage of balances outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by FICO score.

   Personal Banking Loans
% of Loan Category
Real Estate - PersonalConsumerRevolving Home EquityConsumer Credit Card
September 30, 2022
FICO score:
Under 6001.3 %1.8 %1.5 %3.6 %
600 - 6592.5 3.9 3.4 11.8 
660 - 7198.1 13.2 9.1 30.2 
720 - 77923.5 23.8 22.4 27.9 
780 and over64.6 57.3 63.6 26.5 
Total100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
December 31, 2021
FICO score:
Under 6001.0 %1.9 %0.9 %3.4 %
600 - 6592.4 3.9 2.6 11.3 
660 - 7197.4 13.8 9.4 29.9 
720 - 77925.2 25.3 20.4 28.2 
780 and over64.0 55.1 66.7 27.2 
Total100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %

Troubled debt restructurings
Restructured loans are those extended to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty and who have been granted a concession. Restructured loans are placed on non-accrual status if the Company does not believe it probable that amounts due under the contractual terms will be collected. Commercial performing restructured loans are primarily comprised of certain business, construction and business real estate loans classified as substandard but renewed at rates judged to be non-market. These loans are performing in accordance with their modified terms, and because the Company believes it probable that all amounts due under the modified terms of the agreements will be collected, interest on these loans is being recognized on an accrual basis. Troubled debt restructurings also include certain credit card and other small consumer loans under various debt management and assistance programs. Modifications to these loans generally involve removing the available line of credit, placing loans on amortizing status, and lowering the contractual interest rate. Certain personal real estate, revolving home equity, and consumer loans were classified as consumer bankruptcy troubled debt restructurings because they were not reaffirmed by the borrower in bankruptcy proceedings. Interest on these loans is being recognized on an accrual basis, as the borrowers are continuing to make payments. Other consumer loans classified as troubled debt restructurings consist of various other workout arrangements with consumer customers.

(In thousands)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Accruing restructured loans:
Commercial
$140,564 $46,867 
Assistance programs
5,218 6,146 
Other consumer
4,289 4,787 
Non-accrual loans
5,510 7,087 
Total troubled debt restructurings
$155,581 $64,887 
Section 4013 of the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020, and included a provision that short-term modifications are not troubled debt restructurings, if made on a good-faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to December 31, 2019. The Company elected such option under the CARES Act when determining if a customer’s modification is subject to troubled debt restructuring classification. The initial guidance issued under the CARES Act was due to expire on December 31, 2020. During January 2021, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 was enacted
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and extended through the end of 2021 the relief offered under the CARES Act related to the accounting and disclosure requirements for troubled debt restructurings as a result of COVID-19. The Company elected to extend its application of this guidance through December 31, 2021. During the period covered by the CARES Act, if it was deemed that the loan modification was not short-term, not COVID-19 related or the customer does not meet the criteria under the guidance to be scoped out of troubled debt restructuring classification, the Company evaluated the loan modifications under its existing framework and accounted for the modification as a troubled debt restructuring.

The table below shows the balance of troubled debt restructurings by loan classification at September 30, 2022, in addition to the outstanding balances of these restructured loans which the Company considers to have been in default at any time during the past twelve months. For purposes of this disclosure, the Company considers "default" to mean 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal.

(In thousands)September 30, 2022Balance 90 days past due at any time during previous 12 months
Commercial:
Business$10,958 $— 
Real estate - construction and land10,054 — 
Real estate - business124,046 — 
Personal Banking:
Real estate - personal2,894 653 
Consumer18 — 
Revolving home equity2,394 270 
Consumer credit card5,217 364 
Total troubled debt restructurings$155,581 $1,287 

For those loans on non-accrual status also classified as restructured, the modification did not create any further financial effect on the Company as those loans were already recorded at net realizable value. For those performing commercial loans classified as restructured, there were no concessions involving forgiveness of principal or interest and, therefore, there was no financial impact to the Company as a result of modification to these loans. However, the effects of modifications to loans under various debt management and assistance programs were estimated to decrease interest income by approximately $663 thousand on an annual, pre-tax basis, compared to amounts contractually owed. Other modifications to consumer loans mainly involve extensions and other small modifications that did not include the forgiveness of principal or interest.

The allowance for credit losses related to troubled debt restructurings on non-accrual status is determined by individual evaluation, including collateral adequacy, using the same process as loans on non-accrual status which are not classified as troubled debt restructurings. Those performing loans classified as troubled debt restructurings are accruing loans which management expects to collect under contractual terms. Performing commercial loans having no other concessions granted other than being renewed at non-market interest rates are judged to have similar risk characteristics as non-troubled debt commercial loans and are collectively evaluated based on internal risk rating, loan type, delinquency, historical experience and current economic factors. Performing personal banking loans classified as troubled debt restructurings resulted from the borrower not reaffirming the debt during bankruptcy and have had no other concession granted, other than the Bank's future limitations on collecting payment deficiencies or in pursuing foreclosure actions. As such, they have similar risk characteristics as non-troubled debt personal banking loans and are evaluated collectively based on loan type, delinquency, historical experience and current economic factors.

If a troubled debt restructuring defaults and is already on non-accrual status, the allowance for credit losses continues to be based on individual evaluation, using discounted expected cash flows or the fair value of collateral. If an accruing troubled debt restructuring defaults, the loan's risk rating is downgraded to non-accrual status and the loan's related allowance for credit losses is determined based on individual evaluation, or if necessary, the loan is charged off and collection efforts begin.

The Company had commitments of $22.0 million at September 30, 2022 to lend additional funds to borrowers with restructured loans. Additionally, the Company had commitments at September 30, 2022 of $24.0 million related to letters of credit with an internal risk rating below substandard.

Loans held for sale
The Company designates certain long-term fixed rate personal real estate loans as held for sale, and the Company has elected the fair value option for these loans. The election of the fair value option aligns the accounting for these loans with the
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related economic hedges discussed in Note 11. The loans are primarily sold to Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA). At September 30, 2022, the fair value of these loans was $1.4 million, and the unpaid principal balance was $1.5 million.

The Company also designates certain student loan originations as held for sale. The borrowers are credit-worthy students who are attending colleges and universities. The loans are intended to be sold in the secondary market, and the Company maintains contracts with Sallie Mae to sell the loans within 210 days after the last disbursement to the student. These loans are carried at lower of cost or fair value, which at September 30, 2022 totaled $6.6 million.

At September 30, 2022, none of the loans held for sale were on non-accrual status or 90 days past due and still accruing interest.
Foreclosed real estate/repossessed assets
The Company’s holdings of foreclosed real estate totaled $354 thousand and $115 thousand at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Personal property acquired in repossession, generally autos, totaled $1.7 million and $1.1 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Upon acquisition, these assets are recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. They are subsequently carried at the lower of this cost basis or fair value less estimated selling costs.

3. Investment Securities
Investment securities consisted of the following at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

(In thousands)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Available for sale debt securities$12,632,510 $14,450,027 
Trading debt securities39,222 46,235 
Equity securities:
Readily determinable fair value6,106 7,153 
No readily determinable fair value2,848 2,049 
Other:
Federal Reserve Bank stock34,707 34,379 
Federal Home Loan Bank stock10,260 10,428 
Equity method investments1,434 1,834 
Private equity investments176,341 147,406 
Total investment securities (1)
$12,903,428 $14,699,511 
(1)Accrued interest receivable totaled $39.6 million and $39.5 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and was included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has elected to measure equity securities with no readily determinable fair value at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. This portfolio includes the Company's holdings of Visa Class B shares, which have a carrying value of zero, as there have not been observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company did not record any impairment or other adjustments to the carrying amount of its portfolio of equity securities with no readily determinable fair value.

Other investment securities include Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock, Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock, equity method investments, and investments in portfolio concerns held by the Company's private equity subsidiary. FRB stock and FHLB stock are held for debt and regulatory purposes. Investment in FRB stock is based on the capital structure of the investing bank, and investment in FHLB stock is tied to the asset size of the borrowing bank and the level of borrowings from the FHLB. These holdings are carried at cost. Additionally, the Company's equity method investments are carried at cost, adjusted to reflect the Company's portion of income, loss, or dividends of the investee. These adjustments are included in non-interest income on the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Company's private equity investments are carried at estimated fair value.

The majority of the Company’s investment portfolio is comprised of available for sale debt securities, which are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). A summary of the available for sale debt securities by maturity groupings as of September 30, 2022 is shown below. The investment portfolio includes agency mortgage-backed securities, which are guaranteed by agencies such as FHLMC, FNMA, and Government National
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Mortgage Association (GNMA), in addition to non-agency mortgage-backed securities, which have no guarantee but are collateralized by commercial and residential mortgages. Also included are certain other asset-backed securities, which are primarily collateralized by credit cards, automobiles, student loans, and commercial loans. These securities differ from traditional debt securities primarily in that they may have uncertain maturity dates and are priced based on estimated prepayment rates on the underlying collateral.

(In thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
U.S. government and federal agency obligations:
Within 1 year$159,019 $158,319 
After 1 but within 5 years735,831 705,287 
After 5 but within 10 years190,134 172,719 
Total U.S. government and federal agency obligations1,084,984 1,036,325 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations:
After 5 but within 10 years4,987 4,545 
After 10 years50,750 38,630 
Total government-sponsored enterprise obligations55,737 43,175 
State and municipal obligations:
Within 1 year197,465 196,380 
After 1 but within 5 years666,078 636,464 
After 5 but within 10 years936,136 787,205 
After 10 years221,305 183,204 
Total state and municipal obligations2,020,984 1,803,253 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
  Agency mortgage-backed securities5,230,550 4,445,519 
  Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,449,021 1,235,584 
  Asset-backed securities3,755,855 3,558,287 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities10,435,426 9,239,390 
Other debt securities:
Within 1 year50,783 50,639 
After 1 but within 5 years272,029 249,688 
After 5 but within 10 years247,121 202,706 
After 10 years9,260 7,334 
Total other debt securities579,193 510,367 
Total available for sale debt securities$14,176,324 $12,632,510 

Investments in U.S. government and federal agency obligations include U.S. Treasury inflation-protected securities, which totaled $368.7 million, at fair value, at September 30, 2022. Interest paid on these securities increases with inflation and decreases with deflation, as measured by the non-seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). At maturity, the principal paid is the greater of an inflation-adjusted principal or the original principal.

Allowance for credit losses on available for sale debt securities
Securities for which fair value is less than amortized cost are reviewed for impairment. Special emphasis is placed on securities whose credit rating has fallen below Baa3 (Moody's) or BBB- (Standard & Poor's), whose fair values have fallen more than 20% below purchase price, or who have been identified based on management’s judgment. These securities are placed on a watch list and cash flow analyses are prepared on an individual security basis. Certain securities are analyzed using a projected cash flow model, discounted to present value, and compared to the current amortized cost bases of the securities. The model uses input factors such as cash flow projections, contractual payments required, expected delinquency rates, credit support from other tranches, prepayment speeds, collateral loss severity rates (including loan to values), and various other information related to the underlying collateral. Securities not analyzed using the cash flow model are analyzed by reviewing risk ratings, credit support agreements, and industry knowledge to project future cash flows and any possible credit impairment.

At September 30, 2022, the fair value of securities on this watch list was $1.3 billion compared to $13.4 million at December 31, 2021. The majority of the securities included on the Company's watch list in the current quarter were experiencing unrealized loss positions due to the significant increase in interest rates and were analyzed outside of the cash flow model. At September 30, 2022, the securities on the Company's watch list that were not deemed to be solely related to increasing interest rates were securities backed by government-guaranteed student loans and are expected to perform as contractually required. As of September 30, 2022, the Company did not identify any securities for which a credit loss exists,
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and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize a credit loss expense on any available for sale debt securities.

The table below summarizes debt securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by length of loss period, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Unrealized losses on these available for sale securities have not been recognized into income because after review, the securities were deemed not to be impaired. The unrealized losses on these securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and current market conditions. Additionally, management does not intend to sell the securities, and it is more likely than not that management will not be required to sell the securities prior to their anticipated recovery.

Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
 
(In thousands)
   Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
September 30, 2022
U.S. government and federal agency obligations$695,272 $33,081 $283,593 $15,579 $978,865 $48,660 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations 29,954 5,964 13,221 6,598 43,175 12,562 
State and municipal obligations1,101,122 72,473 673,390 145,337 1,774,512 217,810 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
   Agency mortgage-backed securities1,970,947 241,074 2,450,227 544,264 4,421,174 785,338 
   Non-agency mortgage-backed securities417,434 63,282 811,318 150,299 1,228,752 213,581 
   Asset-backed securities2,145,330 92,243 1,381,680 105,368 3,527,010 197,611 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities4,533,711 396,599 4,643,225 799,931 9,176,936 1,196,530 
Other debt securities297,155 25,979 210,212 42,847 507,367 68,826 
Total $6,657,214 $534,096 $5,823,641 $1,010,292 $12,480,855 $1,544,388 
December 31, 2021
U.S. government and federal agency obligations$296,492 $2,241 $— $— $296,492 $2,241 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations— — 18,899 919 18,899 919 
State and municipal obligations876,691 15,874 32,684 1,049 909,375 16,923 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
   Agency mortgage-backed securities3,333,691 59,044 265,835 8,720 3,599,526 67,764 
   Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,285,611 17,222 1,948 19 1,287,559 17,241 
   Asset-backed securities2,518,935 19,201 87,893 525 2,606,828 19,726 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities7,138,237 95,467 355,676 9,264 7,493,913 104,731 
Other debt securities270,409 5,098 58,574 3,017 328,983 8,115 
Total $8,581,829 $118,680 $465,833 $14,249 $9,047,662 $132,929 

The entire available for sale debt portfolio included $12.5 billion of securities that were in a loss position at September 30, 2022, compared to $9.0 billion at December 31, 2021.  The total amount of unrealized loss on these securities was $1.5 billion at September 30, 2022, an increase of $1.4 billion compared to the unrealized loss at December 31, 2021.  Securities with significant unrealized losses are discussed in the "Allowance for credit losses on available for sale debt securities" section above.

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For debt securities classified as available for sale, the following table shows the amortized cost, fair value, and allowance for credit losses of securities available for sale at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses (pre-tax) in AOCI, by security type.

 
 
(In thousands)
Amortized CostGross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit Losses
Fair Value
September 30, 2022
U.S. government and federal agency obligations$1,084,984 $1 $(48,660)$— $1,036,325 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations55,737 — (12,562)— 43,175 
State and municipal obligations2,020,984 79 (217,810)— 1,803,253 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
  Agency mortgage-backed securities5,230,550 307 (785,338)— 4,445,519 
  Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,449,021 144 (213,581)— 1,235,584 
  Asset-backed securities3,755,855 43 (197,611)— 3,558,287 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities10,435,426 494 (1,196,530)— 9,239,390 
Other debt securities579,193 — (68,826)— 510,367 
Total$14,176,324 $574 $(1,544,388)$— $12,632,510 
December 31, 2021
U.S. government and federal agency obligations$1,035,477 $47,484 $(2,241)$— $1,080,720 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations50,773 1,901 (919)— 51,755 
State and municipal obligations2,072,210 41,540 (16,923)— 2,096,827 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities:
  Agency mortgage-backed securities5,698,088 52,676 (67,764)— 5,683,000 
  Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,383,037 681 (17,241)— 1,366,477 
  Asset-backed securities3,546,024 12,921 (19,726)— 3,539,219 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities10,627,149 66,278 (104,731)— 10,588,696 
Other debt securities633,524 6,620 (8,115)— 632,029 
Total$14,419,133 $163,823 $(132,929)$— $14,450,027 

The following table presents proceeds from sales of securities and the components of investment securities gains and losses which have been recognized in earnings.

For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)20222021
Proceeds from sales of securities:
Available for sale debt securities
$85,023 $— 
Other investments
3,907 10,060 
Total proceeds
$88,930 $10,060 
Investment securities gains (losses), net:
Available for sale debt securities:
Losses realized on sales$(20,274)$— 
Equity securities:
 Fair value adjustments, net
(1,048)152 
Other:
 Gains realized on sales
104 1,611 
 Losses realized on sales
(4,313)— 
Fair value adjustments, net 37,133 38,002 
Total investment securities gains, net$11,602 $39,765 

Net gains on investment securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were mainly comprised of losses of $20.3 million on sales of available for sale securities, net losses of $4.3 million on sales of private equity investments, and net losses in fair value of $1.0 million on equity investments, offset by net gains in fair value of $37.1 million on private equity investments, due to fair value adjustments.
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At September 30, 2022, securities totaling $4.8 billion in fair value were pledged to secure public fund deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, trust funds, and borrowings at the FRB and FHLB, compared to $6.4 billion at December 31, 2021. Securities pledged under agreements pursuant to which the collateral may be sold or re-pledged by the secured parties approximated $208.3 million, while the remaining securities were pledged under agreements pursuant to which the secured parties may not sell or re-pledge the collateral. Except for obligations of the U.S. Treasury and various government-sponsored enterprises such as FNMA, FHLB and FHLMC, no investment in a single issuer exceeded 10% of stockholders’ equity.

4. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents information about the Company's intangible assets which have estimable useful lives.

September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
 
 
(In thousands)
Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationValuation AllowanceNet AmountGross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationValuation AllowanceNet Amount
Amortizable intangible assets:
Core deposit premium$31,270 $(30,499)$— $771 $31,270 $(30,266)$— $1,004 
Mortgage servicing rights22,161 (10,933)— 11,228 20,870 (9,600)(304)10,966 
Total $53,431 $(41,432)$— $11,999 $52,140 $(39,866)$(304)$11,970 

Aggregate amortization expense on intangible assets was $456 thousand and $682 thousand for the three month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1.6 million and $2.4 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table shows the estimated annual amortization expense for the next five fiscal years. This expense is based on existing asset balances and the interest rate environment as of September 30, 2022. The Company’s actual amortization expense in any given period may be different from the estimated amounts depending upon the acquisition of intangible assets, changes in mortgage interest rates, prepayment rates and other market conditions.

 (In thousands)
2022$1,945 
20231,389 
20241,242 
20251,098 
2026960 

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets for the nine month period ended September 30, 2022 are as follows:

(In thousands)GoodwillEasementCore Deposit PremiumMortgage Servicing Rights
Balance January 1, 2022
$138,921 $3,600 $1,004 $10,966 
Originations, net of disposals— — — 1,291 
Amortization— — (233)(1,333)
Impairment recovery— — — 304 
Balance September 30, 2022$138,921 $3,600 $771 $11,228 

Goodwill allocated to the Company’s operating segments at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is shown below.

(In thousands)
Consumer segment$70,721 
Commercial segment67,454 
Wealth segment746 
Total goodwill$138,921 

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5. Guarantees
The Company, as a provider of financial services, routinely issues financial guarantees in the form of financial and performance standby letters of credit. Standby letters of credit are contingent commitments issued by the Company generally to guarantee the payment or performance obligation of a customer to a third party. While these represent a potential outlay by the Company, a significant amount of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon. The Company has recourse against the customer for any amount it is required to pay to a third party under a standby letter of credit. The letters of credit are subject to the same credit policies, underwriting standards and approval process as loans made by the Company. Most of the standby letters of credit are secured, and in the event of nonperformance by customers, the Company has rights to the underlying collateral, which could include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and marketable securities.

Upon issuance of standby letters of credit, the Company recognizes a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken, which is estimated to be equivalent to the amount of fees received from the customer over the life of the agreement. At September 30, 2022, that net liability was $3.6 million, which will be accreted into income over the remaining life of the respective commitments. The contractual amount of these letters of credit, which represents the maximum potential future payments guaranteed by the Company, was $516.2 million at September 30, 2022.

The Company periodically enters into credit risk participation agreements (RPAs) as a guarantor to other financial institutions, in order to mitigate those institutions’ credit risk associated with interest rate swaps with third parties. The RPA stipulates that, in the event of default by the third party on the interest rate swap, the Company will reimburse a portion of the loss borne by the financial institution. These interest rate swaps are normally collateralized (generally with real property, inventories and equipment) by the third party, which limits the credit risk associated with the Company’s RPAs. The third parties usually have other borrowing relationships with the Company. The Company monitors overall borrower collateral and at September 30, 2022, believes sufficient collateral is available to cover potential swap losses. The RPAs are carried at fair value throughout their term with all changes in fair value, including those due to a change in the third party’s creditworthiness, recorded in current earnings. The terms of the RPAs, which correspond to the terms of the underlying swaps, range from 2 years to 15 years. At September 30, 2022, the fair value of the Company's guarantee liabilities for RPAs was $94 thousand, and the notional amount of the underlying swaps was $376.4 million. The maximum potential future payment guaranteed by the Company cannot be readily estimated but is dependent upon the fair value of the interest rate swaps at the time of default.


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6. Leases
The Company has net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases to commercial, industrial, and tax-exempt entities. These leases are included within business loans on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company primarily leases various types of equipment, trucks and trailers, and office furniture and fixtures. Lease agreements may include options for the lessee to renew or purchase the leased equipment at the end of the lease term. The Company has elected to adopt the lease component expedient in which the lease and nonlease components are combined into the total lease receivable. The Company also leases office space to third parties, and these leases are classified as operating leases. The leases may include options to renew or expand the leased space, and currently the leases have remaining terms of 1 month to 6 years.

The following table provides the components of lease income.

For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(in thousands)2022202120222021
Direct financing and sales-type leases$5,477 $5,482 $15,838 $17,398 
Operating leases(a)
2,175 1,717 6,517 5,721 
Total lease income$7,652 $7,199 $22,355 $23,119 
(a) Includes rent from Tower Properties Company, a related party, of $19 thousand for the three month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and $57 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

7. Pension
The amount of net pension cost is shown in the table below:

For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)2022202120222021
Service cost - benefits earned during the period$128 $95 $391 $284 
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation713 514 2,043 1,626 
Expected return on plan assets(1,135)(1,151)(3,386)(3,399)
Amortization of prior service cost(68)(67)(203)(203)
Amortization of unrecognized net loss470 669 1,465 1,971 
Net periodic pension cost $108 $60 $310 $279 

All benefits accrued under the Company’s defined benefit pension plan have been frozen since January 1, 2011. During the first nine months of 2022, the Company made no funding contributions to its defined benefit pension plan and made minimal funding contributions to a supplemental executive retirement plan (the CERP), which carries no segregated assets.


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8. Common Stock *
Presented below is a summary of the components used to calculate basic and diluted income per share. The Company applies the two-class method of computing income per share, as nonvested share-based awards that pay nonforfeitable common stock dividends are considered securities which participate in undistributed earnings with common stock. The two-class method requires the calculation of separate income per share amounts for the nonvested share-based awards and for common stock. Income per share attributable to common stock is shown in the table below. Nonvested share-based awards are further discussed in Note 13.

For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands, except per share data)2022202120222021
Basic income per common share:
Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc.$122,823 $122,561 $356,771 $415,859 
Less income allocated to nonvested restricted stock1,119 1,114 3,241 3,792 
  Net income allocated to common stock$121,704 $121,447 $353,530 $412,067 
Weighted average common shares outstanding118,895 121,628 119,619 121,889 
   Basic income per common share$1.03 $1.00 $2.96 $3.38 
Diluted income per common share:
Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc.$122,823 $122,561 $356,771 $415,859 
Less income allocated to nonvested restricted stock1,118 1,112 3,236 3,785 
  Net income allocated to common stock$121,705 $121,449 $353,535 $412,074 
Weighted average common shares outstanding118,895 121,628 119,619 121,889 
Net effect of the assumed exercise of stock-based awards - based on the treasury stock method using the average market price for the respective periods264 253 274 294 
  Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding119,159 121,881 119,893 122,183 
    Diluted income per common share$1.02 $.99 $2.95 $3.37 

Unexercised stock appreciation rights of 167 thousand and 99 thousand for the three month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 152 thousand and 61 thousand for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted income per common share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

* All prior year share and per share amounts in this note have been restated for the 5% common stock dividend distributed in December 2021.

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9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The table below shows the activity and accumulated balances for components of other comprehensive income. Information about unrealized gains and losses on securities can be found in Note 3, and information about unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedge derivatives is located in Note 11.

Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities (1)Pension Loss Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedge Derivatives (2)Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)
Balance January 1, 2022
$23,174 $(20,668)$74,574 $77,080 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications to current earnings(1,594,981)— (3,464)(1,598,445)
Amounts reclassified to current earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income 20,274 1,262 (18,322)3,214 
 Current period other comprehensive income (loss), before tax(1,574,707)1,262 (21,786)(1,595,231)
Income tax (expense) benefit393,676 (315)5,446 398,807 
 Current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(1,181,031)947 (16,340)(1,196,424)
Balance September 30, 2022
$(1,157,857)$(19,721)$58,234 $(1,119,344)
Balance January 1, 2021
$263,801 $(25,118)$92,694 $331,377 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications to current earnings(213,362)— — (213,362)
Amounts reclassified to current earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income— 1,768 (18,024)(16,256)
 Current period other comprehensive income (loss), before tax(213,362)1,768 (18,024)(229,618)
Income tax (expense) benefit53,343 (442)4,506 57,407 
 Current period other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(160,019)1,326 (13,518)(172,211)
Balance September 30, 2021
$103,782 $(23,792)$79,176 $159,166 
(1) The pre-tax amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to current earnings are included in "investment securities gains (losses), net" in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) The pre-tax amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to current earnings are included in "interest and fees on loans" in the consolidated statements of income.


10. Segments
The Company segregates financial information for use in assessing its performance and allocating resources among three operating segments: Consumer, Commercial and Wealth. The Consumer segment consists of various consumer loan and deposit products offered through its retail branch network of approximately 150 locations.  This segment also includes indirect and other consumer loan financing businesses, along with debit and credit card loan and fee businesses.  Residential mortgage origination, sales and servicing functions are included in this Consumer segment, but residential mortgage loans retained by the Company are not considered part of this segment and are instead included in the Other/Elimination column.  The Commercial segment provides corporate lending (including the Small Business Banking product line within the branch network), leasing, and international services, along with business and governmental deposit products and commercial cash management services.  This segment also includes both merchant and commercial bank card products as well as the Capital Markets Group, which sells fixed income securities and provides securities safekeeping and accounting services to its business and correspondent bank customers.  The Wealth segment provides traditional trust and estate planning, advisory and discretionary investment management, and brokerage services.  This segment also provides various loan and deposit related services to its private banking customers.

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The following table presents selected financial information by segment and reconciliations of combined segment totals to consolidated totals. There were no material intersegment revenues between the three segments. Management periodically makes changes to methods of assigning costs and income to its business segments to better reflect operating results. If appropriate, these changes are reflected in prior year information presented below.


(In thousands)
ConsumerCommercialWealthSegment TotalsOther/EliminationConsolidated Totals
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net interest income$86,232 $114,087 $18,637 $218,956 $27,417 $246,373 
Provision for credit losses(4,305)(506)5 (4,806)(10,484)(15,290)
Non-interest income30,264 57,115 53,862 141,241 (2,727)138,514 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 3,410 3,410 
Non-interest expense(76,832)(91,372)(36,194)(204,398)(8,486)(212,884)
Income before income taxes$35,359 $79,324 $36,310 $150,993 $9,130 $160,123 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net interest income$249,761 $333,263 $56,731 $639,755 $47,789 $687,544 
Provision for credit losses(12,727)(651)2 (13,376)782 (12,594)
Non-interest income89,542 167,581 161,051 418,174 (8,464)409,710 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 11,602 11,602 
Non-interest expense(225,232)(272,224)(108,967)(606,423)(25,614)(632,037)
Income before income taxes$101,344 $227,969 $108,817 $438,130 $26,095 $464,225 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Net interest income$80,411 $115,529 $18,075 $214,015 $22 $214,037 
Provision for loan losses(3,557)(69)9 (3,617)11,002 7,385 
Non-interest income35,758 52,092 55,241 143,091 (5,585)137,506 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 13,108 13,108 
Non-interest expense(75,996)(84,601)(34,285)(194,882)(16,738)(211,620)
Income before income taxes$36,616 $82,951 $39,040 $158,607 $1,809 $160,416 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Net interest income$239,157 $340,279 $53,186 $632,622 $(4,855)$627,767 
Provision for credit losses(19,122)4,856 10 (14,256)73,528 59,272 
Non-interest income110,911 155,079 158,731 424,721 (12,027)412,694 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 39,765 39,765 
Non-interest expense(220,280)(246,501)(101,377)(568,158)(34,161)(602,319)
Income before income taxes$110,666 $253,713 $110,550 $474,929 $62,250 $537,179 

The information presented above was derived from the internal profitability reporting system used by management to monitor and manage the financial performance of the Company. This information is based on internal management accounting procedures and methods, which have been developed to reflect the underlying economics of the businesses. The methodologies are applied in connection with funds transfer pricing and assignment of overhead costs among segments. Funds transfer pricing was used in the determination of net interest income by assigning a standard cost (credit) for funds used (provided by) assets and liabilities based on their maturity, prepayment and/or repricing characteristics.

The segment activity, as shown above, includes both direct and allocated items. Amounts in the “Other/Elimination” column include activity not related to the segments, such as that relating to administrative functions, the investment securities portfolio, and the effect of certain expense allocations to the segments. The provision for credit losses in this category contains the difference between net loan charge-offs assigned directly to the segments and the recorded provision for credit loss expense. Included in this category’s net interest income are earnings of the investment portfolio, which are not allocated to a segment.

The performance measurement of the operating segments is based on the management structure of the Company and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. The information is also not necessarily indicative of the segments' financial condition and results of operations if they were independent entities.

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11. Derivative Instruments
The notional amounts of the Company’s derivative instruments are shown in the table below. These contractual amounts, along with other terms of the derivative, are used to determine amounts to be exchanged between counterparties and are not a measure of loss exposure. At September 30, 2022, the Company’s derivative instruments are accounted for as free-standing derivatives, and changes in their fair value are recorded in current earnings.


(In thousands)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaps$1,980,368 $2,229,419 
Interest rate floors500,000 — 
Interest rate caps152,784 152,058 
Credit risk participation agreements536,188 485,633 
Foreign exchange contracts7,435 5,119 
 Mortgage loan commitments
984 21,787 
Mortgage loan forward sale contracts669 1,165 
Forward TBA contracts1,000 21,000 
Total notional amount$3,179,428 $2,916,181 

The largest group of notional amounts relate to interest rate swap contracts sold to commercial customers who wish to modify their interest rate sensitivity. The customers are engaged in a variety of businesses, including real estate, manufacturing, retail product distribution, education, and retirement communities. These interest rate swap contracts with customers are offset by matching interest rate swap contracts purchased by the Company from other financial institutions (dealers). Contracts with dealers that require central clearing are novated to a clearing agency who becomes the Company's counterparty. Because of the matching terms of the offsetting contracts, in addition to collateral provisions which mitigate the impact of non-performance risk, changes in fair value subsequent to initial recognition have a minimal effect on earnings.

Many of the Company’s interest rate swap contracts with large financial institutions contain contingent features relating to debt ratings or capitalization levels. Under these provisions, if the Company’s debt rating falls below investment grade or if the Company ceases to be “well-capitalized” under risk-based capital guidelines, certain counterparties can require immediate and ongoing collateralization on interest rate swaps in net liability positions or instant settlement of the contracts. The Company maintains debt ratings and capital well above these minimum requirements.

During the third quarter of 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate floor contract of $500.0 million to hedge the risk of declining interest rates on certain floating rate commercial loans. The premium paid for this floor totaled $16.8 million and is forward starting beginning on January 1, 2024. The interest rate floor matures on January 1, 2030. The interest rate floor qualified and was designated as a cash flow hedge and was assessed for effectiveness using regression analysis. The change in the fair value of the interest rate floor is recorded in AOCI, net of the amortization of the premium paid, which is recorded against fees on loans in the consolidated statements of income. As of September 30, 2022, net deferred losses on the interest rate floor totaled $3.5 million (pre-tax) and was recorded in AOCI in the consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2022, over the next twelve months, it is expected that $2.3 million (pre-tax), representing the floor premium amortization, will be reclassified from AOCI into earnings.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company monetized three interest rate floors that were previously classified as cash flow hedges with a combined notional balance of $1.5 billion and an asset fair value of $163.2 million. As of September 30, 2022, the total realized gains on the monetized cash flow hedges remaining in AOCI was $81.0 million (pre-tax), which will be reclassified into interest income over the next 4.2 years. The estimated amount of net gains related to the cash flow hedges remaining in AOCI at September 30, 2022 that is expected to be reclassified into income within the next 12 months is $23.9 million.

The Company also contracts with other financial institutions, as a guarantor or beneficiary, to share credit risk associated with certain interest rate swaps through risk participation agreements. The Company’s risks and responsibilities as guarantor are further discussed in Note 5 on Guarantees. In addition, the Company enters into foreign exchange contracts, which are mainly comprised of contracts to purchase or deliver foreign currencies for customers at specific future dates.



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Under its program to sell residential mortgage loans in the secondary market, the Company designates certain newly-originated residential mortgage loans as held for sale. Derivative instruments arising from this activity include mortgage loan commitments and forward loan sale contracts. Changes in the fair values of the loan commitments and funded loans prior to sale that are due to changes in interest rates are economically hedged with forward contracts to sell residential mortgage-backed securities in the to-be-announced (TBA) market. These forward TBA contracts are also considered to be derivatives and are settled in cash at the security settlement date.

The fair values of the Company's derivative instruments, whose notional amounts are listed above, are shown in the table below. Information about the valuation methods used to determine fair value is provided in Note 17 on Fair Value Measurements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company's policy is to present its derivative assets and derivative liabilities on a gross basis in its consolidated balance sheets, and these are reported in other assets and other liabilities. Certain collateral posted to and from the Company's clearing counterparty has been applied to the fair values of the cleared swaps, such that at September 30, 2022 in the table below, the positive fair values of cleared swaps were reduced by $30.7 million. At December 31, 2021, positive fair values of cleared swaps were reduced by $587 thousand and the negative fair values of cleared swaps were reduced by $29.7 million.

 Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Sept. 30, 2022Dec. 31, 2021Sept. 30, 2022Dec. 31, 2021
(In thousands)    
  Fair Value  Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
   Interest rate floors$13,385 $— $— $— 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments$13,385 $— $— $— 
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
   Interest rate swaps$22,256 $40,752 $(52,989)$(11,606)
   Interest rate caps2,524 147 (2,524)(147)
   Credit risk participation agreements36 84 (94)(277)
   Foreign exchange contracts191 77 (156)(45)
   Mortgage loan commitments5 764 (5)— 
   Mortgage loan forward sale contracts5 5 — (1)
   Forward TBA contracts58 13 — (25)
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments$25,075 $41,842 $(55,768)$(12,101)
Total$38,460 $41,842 $(55,768)$(12,101)
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The pre-tax effects of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of income and consolidated statements of comprehensive income are shown in the tables below.



Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI
Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into IncomeAmount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
(In thousands)TotalIncluded ComponentExcluded ComponentTotalIncluded ComponentExcluded Component
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate floors$(3,464)$— $(3,464)Interest and fees on loans$(6,118)$(7,745)$1,627 
Total$(3,464)$— $(3,464)Total$(6,118)$(7,745)$1,627 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate floors$(3,464)$— $(3,464)Interest and fees on loans$(18,322)$(22,998)$4,676 
Total$(3,464)$— $(3,464)Total$(18,322)$(22,998)$4,676 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate floors$— $— $— Interest and fees on loans$(6,141)$(7,691)$1,550 
Total$— $— $— Total$(6,141)$(7,691)$1,550 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate floors$— $— $— Interest and fees on loans$(18,024)$(22,623)$4,599 
Total$— $— $— Total$(18,024)$(22,623)$4,599 



Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Statements of Income Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives

For the Three Months Ended September 30For the Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)2022202120222021
Derivative instruments:
  Interest rate swapsOther non-interest income$88 $24 $1,770 $1,974 
  Interest rate capsOther non-interest income— — 16 15 
  Credit risk participation agreementsOther non-interest income122 47 30 27 
  Foreign exchange contractsOther non-interest income3 (22)3 62 
  Mortgage loan commitmentsLoan fees and sales(230)(309)(764)(1,716)
  Mortgage loan forward sale contractsLoan fees and sales5 (10)1 18 
  Forward TBA contractsLoan fees and sales117 (184)1,783 1,676 
Total$105 $(454)$2,839 $2,056 

The following table shows the extent to which assets and liabilities relating to derivative instruments have been offset in the consolidated balance sheets. It also provides information about these instruments which are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, irrespective of whether they are offset, and the extent to which the instruments could potentially be offset. Also shown is collateral received or pledged in the form of other financial instruments, which is generally cash or marketable securities. The collateral amounts in this table are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability (after netting is applied); thus, amounts of excess collateral are not shown. Most of the derivatives in the following table were transacted under master netting arrangements that contain a conditional right of offset, such as close-out netting, upon default.

While the Company is party to master netting arrangements with most of its swap derivative counterparties, the Company does not offset derivative assets and liabilities under these agreements on its consolidated balance sheets. Collateral exchanged between the Company and dealer bank counterparties is generally subject to thresholds and transfer minimums, and usually consists of marketable securities. By contract, these may be sold or re-pledged by the secured party until recalled at a
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subsequent valuation date by the pledging party. For those swap transactions requiring central clearing, the Company posts cash or securities to its clearing agent. Collateral positions are valued daily, and adjustments to amounts received and pledged by the Company are made as appropriate to maintain proper collateralization for these transactions. Swap derivative transactions with customers are generally secured by rights to non-financial collateral, such as real and personal property, which is not shown in the table below.

Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet
(In thousands)Gross Amount RecognizedGross Amounts Offset in the Balance SheetNet Amounts Presented in the Balance SheetFinancial Instruments Available for OffsetCollateral
Received/
Pledged		Net Amount
September 30, 2022
Assets:
Derivatives subject to master netting agreements
$38,357 $— $38,357 $(113)$(35,763)$2,481 
Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements
103 — 103 
Total derivatives$38,460 $— $38,460 
Liabilities:
Derivatives subject to master netting agreements
$55,681 $— $55,681 $(113)$— $55,568 
Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements
87 — 87 
Total derivatives$55,768 $— $55,768 
December 31, 2021
Assets:
Derivatives subject to master netting agreements
$40,970 $— $40,970 $(347)$— $40,623 
Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements
872 — 872 
Total derivatives$41,842 $— $41,842 
Liabilities:
Derivatives subject to master netting agreements
$12,019 $— $12,019 $(347)$(10,146)$1,526 
Derivatives not subject to master netting agreements
82 — 82 
Total derivatives$12,101 $— $12,101 

12. Resale and Repurchase Agreements
The Company regularly enters into resale and repurchase agreement transactions with other financial institutions and with its own customers. Resale and repurchase agreements are agreements to purchase/sell securities subject to an obligation to resell/repurchase the same or similar securities. They are accounted for as secured lending and collateralized borrowing (e.g. financing transactions), not as true sales and purchases of the underlying collateral securities. Some of the resale and repurchase agreements were transacted under master netting arrangements that contain a conditional right of offset, such as close-out netting, upon default. The security collateral accepted or pledged in resale and repurchase agreements with other financial institutions may be sold or re-pledged by the secured party, but is usually delivered to and held by third party trustees. The Company generally retains custody of securities pledged for repurchase agreements with its customers.

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The Company is party to agreements commonly known as collateral swaps. These agreements involve the exchange of collateral under simultaneous repurchase and resale agreements with the same financial institution counterparty. These repurchase and resale agreements have the same principal amounts, inception dates, and maturity dates and have been offset against each other in the consolidated balance sheets, as permitted under the netting provisions of ASC 210-20-45. The collateral swaps totaled $200.0 million at September 30, 2022 and $400.0 million at December 31, 2021.

The following table shows the extent to which resale agreement assets and repurchase agreement liabilities with the same counterparty have been offset on the consolidated balance sheets, in addition to the extent to which they could potentially be offset. Also shown is collateral received or pledged, which consists of marketable securities. The collateral amounts in the table are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability (after offsetting is applied); thus amounts of excess collateral are not shown.

Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet
(In thousands)Gross Amount RecognizedGross Amounts Offset in the Balance SheetNet Amounts Presented in the Balance SheetFinancial Instruments Available for OffsetSecurities Collateral Received/PledgedUnsecured Amount
September 30, 2022
Total resale agreements, subject to master netting arrangements
$1,475,000 $(200,000)$1,275,000 $— $(1,275,000)$— 
Total repurchase agreements, subject to master netting arrangements
2,203,390 (200,000)2,003,390 — (2,003,390)— 
December 31, 2021
Total resale agreements, subject to master netting arrangements
$2,025,000 $(400,000)$1,625,000 $— $(1,625,000)$— 
Total repurchase agreements, subject to master netting arrangements
3,379,582 (400,000)2,979,582 — (2,979,582)— 
The table below shows the remaining contractual maturities of repurchase agreements outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, in addition to the various types of marketable securities that have been pledged by the Company as collateral for these borrowings.

Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
(In thousands)Overnight and continuousUp to 90 daysGreater than 90 daysTotal
September 30, 2022
Repurchase agreements, secured by:
  U.S. government and federal agency obligations$420,541 $8,759 $21,828 $451,128 
  Agency mortgage-backed securities1,178,459 20,721 202,859 1,402,039 
  Non-agency mortgage-backed securities42,141 — — 42,141 
  Asset-backed securities296,075 — — 296,075 
  Other debt securities12,007 — — 12,007 
   Total repurchase agreements, gross amount recognized$1,949,223 $29,480 $224,687 $2,203,390 
December 31, 2021
Repurchase agreements, secured by:
  U.S. government and federal agency obligations$600,866 $33,373 $9,259 $643,498 
  Agency mortgage-backed securities1,844,652 3,908 400,250 2,248,810 
  Non-agency mortgage-backed securities32,299 — — 32,299 
  Asset-backed securities422,525 — — 422,525 
  Other debt securities32,450 — — 32,450 
   Total repurchase agreements, gross amount recognized$2,932,792 $37,281 $409,509 $3,379,582 


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13. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company issues stock-based compensation in the form of nonvested restricted stock and stock appreciation rights (SARs). Historically, most of the awards have been issued during the first quarter of each year. The stock-based compensation expense charged against income was $4.2 million and $3.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $12.6 million and $11.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Nonvested stock awards granted generally vest in 4 to 7 years and contain restrictions as to transferability, sale, pledging, or assigning, among others, prior to the end of the vesting period. Dividend and voting rights are conferred upon grant. A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested share awards as of September 30, 2022, and changes during the nine month period then ended, is presented below.

 
 
 

Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 20221,120,491 $55.58
Granted263,497 70.76
Vested(262,579)47.78
Forfeited(23,145)60.08
Nonvested at September 30, 20221,098,264 $61.00

SARs are granted with exercise prices equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. SARs vest ratably over 4 years of continuous service and have contractual terms of 10 years. All SARs must be settled in stock under provisions of the plan. In determining compensation cost, the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of SARs on date of grant. The current year per share average fair value and the model assumptions are shown in the table below.

Weighted per share average fair value at grant date$17.42 
Assumptions:
Dividend yield
1.5 %
Volatility
28.4 %
Risk-free interest rate
1.6 %
Expected term
5.7 years

A summary of SAR activity during the first nine months of 2022 is presented below.

 
 
 
 
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Rights
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022896,348 $46.21 
Granted96,318 70.64 
Forfeited(8,135)61.68 
Expired(2,350)56.68 
Exercised(66,608)40.54 
Outstanding at September 30, 2022
915,573 $49.02 5.5 years$16,367 


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14. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
ASC 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" requires revenue recognition for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, approximately 63% of the Company’s total revenue was comprised of net interest income, which is not within the scope of this guidance. Of the remaining revenue, those items that were subject to this guidance mainly included fees for bank card, trust, deposit account services and consumer brokerage services.

The following table disaggregates non-interest income subject to ASC 606 by major product line.

Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)2022202120222021
Bank card transaction fees$45,638 $42,815 $131,556 $123,118 
Trust fees45,406 48,950 140,009 139,334 
Deposit account charges and other fees24,521 25,161 72,392 71,724 
Consumer brokerage services5,085 4,900 14,599 13,484 
Other non-interest income9,360 2,510 24,605 17,168 
Total non-interest income from contracts with customers130,010 124,336 383,161 364,828 
Other non-interest income (1)
8,504 13,170 26,549 47,866 
Total non-interest income$138,514 $137,506 $409,710 $412,694 
(1) This revenue is not within the scope of ASC 606, and includes fees relating to capital market activities, loan fees and sales, derivative instruments, standby letters of credit and various other transactions.

For bank card transaction fees, nearly all of debit and credit card fees are earned in the Consumer segment, while corporate card and merchant fees are earned in the Commercial segment. The Consumer and Commercial segments contribute approximately 41% and 58%, respectively, of the Company's deposit account charge revenue. All trust fees and nearly all consumer brokerage services income are earned in the Wealth segment.    

The following table presents the opening and closing receivable balances for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 for the Company’s significant revenue categories subject to ASC 606.

(In thousands)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Bank card transaction fees$14,167 $16,424 $13,349 $14,199 
Trust fees2,073 2,222 2,211 2,071 
Deposit account charges and other fees5,658 6,702 5,969 6,933 
Consumer brokerage services632 391 513 432 

For these revenue categories, none of the transaction price has been allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the end of a reporting period.


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15. Fair Value Measurements
The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Various financial instruments such as available for sale debt securities, equity securities, trading debt securities, certain investments relating to private equity activities, and derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis, such as mortgage servicing rights and certain other investment securities. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Depending on the nature of the asset or liability, the Company uses various valuation techniques and assumptions when estimating fair value. For accounting disclosure purposes, a three-level valuation hierarchy of fair value measurements has been established. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:
•Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly (such as interest rates, yield curves, and prepayment speeds).
•Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value. These may be internally developed, using the Company’s best information and assumptions that a market participant would consider.
The valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are described in the Fair Value Measurements note in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes in these methodologies since then.

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Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The table below presents the September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 carrying values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. There were no transfers among levels during the first nine months of 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021.

Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
September 30, 2022
Assets:
  Residential mortgage loans held for sale$1,426 $— $1,426 $— 
  Available for sale debt securities:
     U.S. government and federal agency obligations1,036,325 1,036,325 — — 
     Government-sponsored enterprise obligations43,175 — 43,175 — 
     State and municipal obligations1,803,253 — 1,801,395 1,858 
     Agency mortgage-backed securities4,445,519 — 4,445,519 — 
     Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,235,584 — 1,235,584 — 
     Asset-backed securities3,558,287 — 3,558,287 — 
     Other debt securities510,367 — 510,367 — 
  Trading debt securities39,222 — 39,222 — 
  Equity securities6,106 6,106 — — 
  Private equity investments176,341 — — 176,341 
  Derivatives *38,460 — 38,419 41 
  Assets held in trust for deferred compensation plan16,588 16,588 — — 
  Total assets12,910,653 1,059,019 11,673,394 178,240 
Liabilities:
  Derivatives *
55,768 — 55,669 99 
Liabilities held in trust for deferred compensation plan
16,588 16,588 — — 
  Total liabilities$72,356 $16,588 $55,669 $99 
December 31, 2021
Assets:
  Residential mortgage loans held for sale$5,570 $— $5,570 $— 
  Available for sale debt securities:
     U.S. government and federal agency obligations1,080,720 1,080,720 — — 
     Government-sponsored enterprise obligations51,755 — 51,755 — 
     State and municipal obligations2,096,827 — 2,094,843 1,984 
     Agency mortgage-backed securities5,683,000 — 5,683,000 — 
     Non-agency mortgage-backed securities1,366,477 — 1,366,477 — 
     Asset-backed securities3,539,219 — 3,539,219 — 
     Other debt securities632,029 — 632,029 — 
  Trading debt securities46,235 — 46,235 — 
  Equity securities7,153 7,153 — — 
  Private equity investments147,406 — — 147,406 
  Derivatives *41,842 — 40,994 848 
  Assets held in trust for deferred compensation plan21,794 21,794 — — 
  Total assets14,720,027 1,109,667 13,460,122 150,238 
Liabilities:
  Derivatives *
12,101 — 11,824 277 
Liabilities held in trust for deferred compensation plan
21,794 21,794 — — 
  Total liabilities$33,895 $21,794 $11,824 $277 
* The fair value of each class of derivative is shown in Note 11.

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The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:

Fair Value Measurements Using
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)


(In thousands)
State and Municipal Obligations
Private Equity
Investments
DerivativesTotal
For the three months ended September 30, 2022
Balance June 30, 2022$1,816 $161,771 $154 $163,741 
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
   Included in earnings — 14,050 (108)13,942 
   Included in other comprehensive income *40 — — 40 
Discount accretion2 — — 2 
Purchases of private equity investments— 899 — 899 
Sale/pay down of private equity investments— (423)— (423)
Capitalized interest/dividends— 44 — 44 
Sale of risk participation agreements— — (104)(104)
Balance September 30, 2022$1,858 $176,341 $(58)$178,141 
Total gains or losses for the three months included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$— $14,050 $122 $14,172 
*Total gains or losses for the three months included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$40 $— $— $40 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022
Balance January 1, 2022
$1,984 $147,406 $571 $149,961 
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
   Included in earnings— 37,133 (734)36,399 
   Included in other comprehensive income *(130)— — (130)
Discount accretion4 — — 4 
Purchases of private equity investments— 2,021 — 2,021 
Sale/pay down of private equity investments— (10,263)— (10,263)
Capitalized interest/dividends— 44 — 44 
Purchase of risk participation agreement— — 459 459 
Sale of risk participation agreement— — (354)(354)
Balance September 30, 2022$1,858 $176,341 $(58)$178,141 
Total gains or losses for the nine months included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$— $37,083 $28 $37,111 
*Total gains or losses for the nine months included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$(130)$— $— $(130)
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Fair Value Measurements Using
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)


(In thousands)
State and Municipal Obligations
Private Equity
Investments
DerivativesTotal
For the three months ended September 30, 2021
Balance June 30, 2021
$7,991 $116,246 $1,629 $125,866 
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings— 12,971 (262)12,709 
Included in other comprehensive income *(175)— — (175)
Investment securities called(6,000)— — (6,000)
Discount accretion179 — — 179 
Purchases of private equity investments— 8,835 — 8,835 
Sale of risk participation agreement— — (27)(27)
Balance September 30, 2021$1,995 $138,052 $1,340 $141,387 
Total gains or losses for the three months included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$— $12,971 $1,557 $14,528 
*Total gains or losses for the three months included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$2 $— $— $2 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021
Balance January 1, 2021
$7,968 $94,368 $2,741 $105,077 
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings— 38,002 (1,689)36,313 
Included in other comprehensive income *(158)— — (158)
Investment securities called(6,000)— — (6,000)
Discount accretion185 — — 185 
Purchases of private equity investments— 14,491 — 14,491 
Sale/pay down of private equity investments— (8,832)— (8,832)
Capitalized interest/dividends— 23 — 23 
Purchase of risk participation agreement— — 445 445 
Sale of risk participation agreement— — (157)(157)
Balance September 30, 2021$1,995 $138,052 $1,340 $141,387 
Total gains or losses for the nine months included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$— $38,002 $1,367 $39,369 
*Total gains or losses for the nine months included in other comprehensive income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$23 $— $— $23 
* Included in "net unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale debt securities" in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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Gains and losses included in earnings for the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the previous table are reported in the following line items in the consolidated statements of income:

(In thousands)Loan Fees and SalesOther Non-Interest IncomeInvestment Securities Gains (Losses), Net
Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2022
Total gains or losses included in earnings$(230)$122 $14,050 $13,942 
Change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$— $122 $14,050 $14,172 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022
Total gains or losses included in earnings $(764)$30 $37,133 $36,399 
Change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2022
$— $28 $37,083 $37,111 
For the three months ended September 30, 2021
Total gains or losses included in earnings $(309)$47 $12,971 $12,709 
Change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$1,510 $47 $12,971 $14,528 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021
Total gains or losses included in earnings$(1,716)$27 $38,002 $36,313 
Change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at September 30, 2021
$1,510 $(143)$38,002 $39,369 

Level 3 Inputs
The Company's significant Level 3 measurements, which employ unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable, pertain to auction rate securities (ARS), investments in portfolio concerns held by the Company's private equity subsidiaries, and held for sale residential mortgage loan commitments. ARS are included in state and municipal securities and totaled $1.9 million at September 30, 2022, while private equity investments, included in other securities, totaled $176.3 million.

Information about these inputs is presented in the table below.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value MeasurementsWeighted
Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRangeAverage*
Auction rate securitiesDiscounted cash flowEstimated market recovery period5 years5 years
Estimated market rate5.8%-6.5%6.1%
Private equity investmentsMarket comparable companiesEBITDA multiple4.0-7.05.5
Mortgage loan commitmentsDiscounted cash flowProbability of funding87.7%-100.0%91.1%
Embedded servicing value1.0%-1.5%1.3%
* Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.

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Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
For assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, and still held as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the following table provides the adjustments to fair value recognized during the respective periods, the level of valuation inputs used to determine each adjustment, and the carrying value of the related individual assets or portfolios at September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)

Fair Value
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Total Gains (Losses) Recognized During the Nine Months Ended September 30
September 30, 2022
Collateral dependent loans$200 $— $— $200 $(394)
Mortgage servicing rights11,228 — — 11,228 304 
Long-lived assets480 — — 480 (965)
September 30, 2021
Collateral dependent loans$2,057 $— $— $2,057 $(349)
Mortgage servicing rights9,774 — — 9,774 1,120 
Long- lived assets1,393 — — 1,393 (726)

The Company's significant Level 3 measurements that are measured on a nonrecurring basis pertain to the Company's mortgage servicing rights retained on certain fixed rate personal real estate loan originations. Mortgage servicing rights are included in other intangible assets-net on the consolidated balance sheets, and information about these inputs at September 30, 2022 is presented in the table below.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value MeasurementsWeighted
Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRangeAverage*
Mortgage servicing rightsDiscounted cash flowDiscount rate9.51 %-9.81 %9.61 %
Prepayment speeds (CPR)*6.25 %-6.53 %6.32 %
Loan servicing costs - annually per loan
    Performing loans$70 -$72 $71 
    Delinquent loans$200 -$750 
    Loans in foreclosure$1,000 
*Ranges and weighted averages based on interest rate tranches.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage servicing rights are updated periodically for changes in market conditions. Actual rates may differ from our estimates. Increases in prepayment speed and discount rates negatively impact the fair value of our mortgage servicing rights.

16. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments held by the Company are set forth below. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information. They do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for many of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, risk characteristics and economic conditions. These estimates are subjective, involve uncertainties, and cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

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The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments and the classification of their fair value measurement within the valuation hierarchy are as follows at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Carrying Amount
Estimated Fair Value at September 30, 2022

(In thousands)

Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Financial Assets
Loans:
Business$5,528,895 $— $— $5,384,563 $5,384,563 
Real estate - construction and land
1,206,955 — — 1,191,317 1,191,317 
Real estate - business
3,331,627 — — 3,214,321 3,214,321 
Real estate - personal
2,862,519 — — 2,628,213 2,628,213 
Consumer
2,116,371 — — 2,072,740 2,072,740 
Revolving home equity286,026 — — 282,993 282,993 
Consumer credit card563,349 — — 525,940 525,940 
Overdrafts
3,216 — — 3,160 3,160 
Total loans15,898,958 — — 15,303,247 15,303,247 
Loans held for sale8,062 — 8,062 — 8,062 
Investment securities12,899,146 1,042,431 11,633,549 223,166 12,899,146 
Federal funds sold14,020 14,020 — — 14,020 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,275,000 — — 1,243,913 1,243,913 
Interest earning deposits with banks642,943 642,943 — — 642,943 
Cash and due from banks344,178 344,178 — — 344,178 
Derivative instruments38,460 — 38,419 41 38,460 
Assets held in trust for deferred compensation plan16,588 16,588 — — 16,588 
       Total$31,137,355 $2,060,160 $11,680,030 $16,770,367 $30,510,557 
Financial Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$10,468,591 $10,468,591 $— $— $10,468,591 
Savings, interest checking and money market deposits16,014,487 16,014,487 — — 16,014,487 
Certificates of deposit988,238 — — 972,605 972,605 
Federal funds purchased311,200 311,200 — — 311,200 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,003,390 — — 2,004,755 2,004,755 
Other borrowings985 — 985 — 985 
Derivative instruments55,768 — 55,669 99 55,768 
Liabilities held in trust for deferred compensation plan16,588 16,588 — — 16,588 
       Total$29,859,247 $26,810,866 $56,654 $2,977,459 $29,844,979 
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Carrying Amount
Estimated Fair Value at December 31, 2021

(In thousands)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Financial Assets
Loans:
Business$5,303,535 $— $— $5,229,153 $5,229,153 
Real estate - construction and land
1,118,266 — — 1,099,747 1,099,747 
Real estate - business
3,058,837 — — 3,054,481 3,054,481 
Real estate - personal
2,805,401 — — 2,809,490 2,809,490 
Consumer
2,032,225 — — 2,031,408 2,031,408 
Revolving home equity275,945 — — 273,450 273,450 
Consumer credit card575,410 — — 536,468 536,468 
Overdrafts
6,740 — — 6,458 6,458 
Total loans15,176,359 — — 15,040,655 15,040,655 
Loans held for sale8,615 — 8,615 — 8,615 
Investment securities14,695,628 1,087,873 13,413,558 194,197 14,695,628 
Federal funds sold2,800 2,800 — — 2,800 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,625,000 — — 1,623,856 1,623,856 
Interest earning deposits with banks3,971,217 3,971,217 — — 3,971,217 
Cash and due from banks305,539 305,539 — — 305,539 
Derivative instruments41,842 — 40,994 848 41,842 
Assets held in trust for deferred compensation plan21,794 21,794 — — 21,794 
       Total$35,848,794 $5,389,223 $13,463,167 $16,859,556 $35,711,946 
Financial Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$11,772,374 $11,772,374 $— $— $11,772,374 
Savings, interest checking and money market deposits16,598,085 16,598,085 — — 16,598,085 
Certificates of deposit1,442,614 — — 1,438,919 1,438,919 
Federal funds purchased43,385 43,385 — — 43,385 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,979,582 — — 2,979,677 2,979,677 
Other borrowings12,514 — 12,514 — 12,514 
Derivative instruments12,101 — 11,824 277 12,101 
Liabilities held in trust for deferred compensation plan21,794 21,794 — — 21,794 
       Total$32,882,449 $28,435,638 $24,338 $4,418,873 $32,878,849 

17. Legal and Regulatory Proceedings
The Company has various legal proceedings pending at September 30, 2022, arising in the normal course of business. While some matters pending against the Company specify damages claimed by plaintiffs, others do not seek a specified amount of damages or are at early stages of the legal process. The Company records a loss accrual for all legal and regulatory matters for which it deems a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Some matters, which are in the early stages, have not yet progressed to the point where a loss amount can be determined to be probable and estimable.

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Item 2.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and with the statistical information and financial data appearing in this report as well as the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Results of operations for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of results to be attained for any other period.

Forward-Looking Information
This report may contain "forward-looking statements" that are subject to risks and uncertainties and include information about possible or assumed future results of operations. Many possible events or factors could affect the future financial results and performance of the Company. This could cause results or performance to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Words such as "expects", "anticipates", "believes", "estimates", variations of such words and other similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in, or implied by, such forward-looking statements. Readers should not rely solely on the forward-looking statements and should consider all uncertainties and risks discussed throughout this report. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. The Company does not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Such possible events or factors include: changes in economic conditions in the Company's market area, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in policies by regulatory agencies, governmental legislation and regulation, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in liquidity requirements, demand for loans in the Company's market area, changes in accounting and tax principles, estimates made on income taxes, competition with other entities that offer financial services, cybersecurity threats, and such other factors as discussed in Part I Item 1A - "Risk Factors" and Part II Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. During the quarter ended September 30, 2022, there were no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Related Policies
The Company has identified certain policies as being critical because they require management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These estimates and related policies are the Company's allowance for credit losses and fair value measurement policies. A discussion of these estimates and related policies can be found in the sections captioned "Critical Accounting Policies" and "Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Liability for Unfunded Lending Commitments" in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes in the Company's application of critical accounting policies since December 31, 2021.

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Selected Financial Data
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
 2022202120222021
Per Share Data
   Net income per common share — basic$1.03 $1.00 *$2.96 $3.38 *
   Net income per common share — diluted1.02 .99 *2.95 3.37 *
   Cash dividends on common stock.265 .250 *.795 .750 *
   Book value per common share19.86 28.58 *
   Market price66.16 66.36 *
Selected Ratios
(Based on average balance sheets)
   Loans to deposits (1)
56.40 %54.44 %54.05 %57.91 %
   Non-interest bearing deposits to total deposits38.76 40.90 39.04 40.15 
   Equity to loans (1)
17.45 23.17 19.19 21.68 
   Equity to deposits9.84 12.62 10.37 12.56 
   Equity to total assets8.31 10.22 8.66 10.22 
   Return on total assets1.48 1.40 1.39 1.65 
   Return on equity17.84 13.74 16.08 16.14 
(Based on end-of-period data)
   Non-interest income to revenue (2)
35.99 39.11 37.34 39.66 
   Efficiency ratio (3)
55.19 59.95 57.48 57.76 
   Tier I common risk-based capital ratio13.97 14.02 
   Tier I risk-based capital ratio
13.97 14.02 
   Total risk-based capital ratio 14.69 14.83 
   Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (4)
6.80 9.71 
   Tier I leverage ratio
9.87 9.31 
* Restated for the 5% stock dividend distributed in December 2021.
(1) Includes loans held for sale.
(2) Revenue includes net interest income and non-interest income.
(3) The efficiency ratio is calculated as non-interest expense (excluding intangibles amortization) as a percent of revenue.
(4) The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio is a measurement which management believes is a useful indicator of capital adequacy and utilization.
It provides a meaningful basis for period to period and company to company comparisons, and also assists regulators, investors and analysts in analyzing the financial position of the Company. Tangible common equity and tangible assets are non-GAAP measures and should not be viewed as substitutes for, or superior to, data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following table is a reconciliation of the GAAP financial measures of total equity and total assets to the non-GAAP measures of total tangible common equity and total tangible assets.

September 30
(Dollars in thousands)20222021
Total equity$2,371,107 $3,491,221 
Less non-controlling interest19,513 10,551 
Less goodwill 138,921 138,921 
Less intangible assets*4,371 4,684 
Total tangible common equity (a)$2,208,302 $3,337,065 
Total assets$32,602,596 $34,497,543 
Less goodwill138,921 138,921 
Less intangible assets*4,371 4,684 
Total tangible assets (b)$32,459,304 $34,353,938 
Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (a)/(b)6.80 %9.71 %
* Intangible assets other than mortgage servicing rights.
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Results of Operations
Summary
  Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in thousands)20222021% change20222021% change
Net interest income$246,373 $214,037 15.1 %$687,544 $627,767 9.5 %
Provision for credit losses(15,290)7,385 307.0 (12,594)59,272 121.2 
Non-interest income138,514 137,506 .7 409,710 412,694 (.7)
Investment securities gains, net3,410 13,108 (74.0)11,602 39,765 (70.8)
Non-interest expense(212,884)(211,620).6 (632,037)(602,319)4.9 
Income taxes(33,936)(34,662)(2.1)(97,859)(111,947)(12.6)
Non-controlling interest expense(3,364)(3,193)5.4 (9,595)(9,373)2.4 
Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc.$122,823 $122,561 .2 %$356,771 $415,859 (14.2 %)

For the quarter ended September 30, 2022, net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (net income) amounted to $122.8 million, an increase of $262 thousand, or .2%, compared to the third quarter of the previous year. For the current quarter, the annualized return on average assets was 1.48%, the annualized return on average equity was 17.84%, and the efficiency ratio was 55.19%. Diluted earnings per common share was $1.02, an increase of 3.0% compared to $0.99 per share in the third quarter of 2021, and increased 6.3% compared to $.96 per share in the previous quarter.

Compared to the third quarter of last year, net interest income increased $32.3 million, or 15.1%, mainly due to increases of $28.4 million in interest income on loans and $15.7 million in interest income on investment securities, partly offset by an increase in deposits and borrowings interest expense of $13.3 million. The provision for credit losses increased $22.7 million due to an increase in the estimate of the allowance for credit losses on loans and unfunded lending commitments and higher net loan charge-offs, coupled with the release of allowances associated with certain pandemic-related estimates in the third quarter of 2021. Non-interest income increased $1.0 million, or .7%, compared to the third quarter of 2021, mainly due to increases in net bank card fees and cash sweep commissions, partly offset by lower loan fees and sales and trust fees. Net gains on investment securities totaled $3.4 million in the current quarter compared to net gains of $13.1 million in the same quarter of last year. Net securities gains in the current quarter primarily resulted from net fair value gains of $14.1 million in the Company's private equity investment portfolio, partly offset by a loss of $10.7 million on the sale of an available for sale security. Non-interest expense increased $1.3 million, or .6%, over the third quarter of 2021 mainly due to higher salaries expense, data processing and software expense and travel and entertainment expense, partly offset by $8.2 million in litigation settlement costs recorded in 2021.

Net income for the first nine months of 2022 was $356.8 million, a decrease of $59.1 million, or 14.2%, from the same period last year. Diluted earnings per common share was $2.95, a decrease of 12.5% compared to $3.37 per share in the same period last year. For the first nine months of 2022, the annualized return on average assets was 1.39%, the annualized return on average equity was 16.08%, and the efficiency ratio was 57.48%. Net interest income increased $59.8 million, or 9.5%, over the same period last year. This growth was due to increases of $70.7 million in interest income on investment securities, $11.8 million in interest income on loans and $7.0 million in interest earned on balances with the Federal Reserve, partly offset by a decrease in interest income on securities purchased under agreements to resell of $14.9 million and an increase in deposits and borrowings interest expense of $15.0 million. The provision for credit losses was expense of $12.6 million for the first nine months of 2022, compared to a recovery of $59.3 million in the same period last year, resulting in an increase in provision expense of $71.9 million. Non-interest income decreased $3.0 million, or .7%, from the first nine months of last year mainly due to lower loan fees and sales, partly offset by higher net bank card fees. Non-interest expense increased $29.7 million, or 4.9%, over the first nine months of last year mainly due to increases in salaries and benefits expense and data processing and software expense.
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Net Interest Income
The following table summarizes the changes in net interest income on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, by major category of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, identifying changes related to volumes and rates. Changes not solely due to volume or rate changes are allocated to rate.

Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 vs. 2021Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 vs. 2021
 Change due toChange due to
 
(In thousands)		Average
Volume		Average
Rate
Total		Average
Volume		Average
Rate
Total
Interest income, fully taxable equivalent basis:
Loans:
  Business$(851)$6,632 $5,781 $(17,148)$5,205 $(11,943)
  Real estate - construction and land1,063 5,744 6,807 2,655 7,955 10,610 
  Real estate - business2,401 7,693 10,094 4,334 8,267 12,601 
  Real estate - personal567 644 1,211 612 (523)89 
  Consumer564 2,461 3,025 2,100 (776)1,324 
  Revolving home equity(7)964 957 (348)1,209 861 
  Consumer credit card(465)1,064 599 (3,384)1,716 (1,668)
  Overdrafts— — — — — — 
     Total interest on loans3,272 25,202 28,474 (11,179)23,053 11,874 
Loans held for sale(70)42 (28)(413)147 (266)
Investment securities:
  U.S. government and federal agency securities5,583 (3,444)2,139 13,376 (2,604)10,772 
  Government-sponsored enterprise obligations29 8 37 64 13 77 
  State and municipal obligations77 (381)(304)1,742 (1,866)(124)
  Mortgage-backed securities(1,032)6,894 5,862 1,740 33,031 34,771 
  Asset-backed securities2,294 5,283 7,577 12,360 4,424 16,784 
  Other securities379 (130)249 3,374 4,489 7,863 
     Total interest on investment securities7,330 8,230 15,560 32,656 37,487 70,143 
Federal funds sold18 75 93 23 88 111 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell(1,401)(1,622)(3,023)12,316 (27,198)(14,882)
Interest earning deposits with banks(613)5,189 4,576 (599)7,641 7,042 
Total interest income8,536 37,116 45,652 32,804 41,218 74,022 
Interest expense:
Deposits:
  Savings22 (134)(112)95 (426)(331)
  Interest checking and money market183 5,657 5,840 720 5,430 6,150 
  Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000(30)235 205 (163)(88)(251)
  Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over(156)577 421 (269)(136)(405)
     Total interest on deposits19 6,335 6,354 383 4,780 5,163 
Federal funds purchased10 30231217 518 535 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(30)7,129 7,099 95 9,764 9,859 
Other borrowings5 3 8 9 8 17 
Total interest expense4 13,769 13,773 504 15,070 15,574 
Net interest income, tax equivalent basis$8,532 $23,347 $31,879 $32,300 $26,148 $58,448 

Net interest income in the third quarter of 2022 was $246.4 million, an increase of $32.3 million over the third quarter of 2021. On a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis, net interest income totaled $248.7 million in the third quarter of 2022, up $31.9 million over the same period last year and up $13.7 million over the previous quarter. The increase in net interest income
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compared to the third quarter of 2021 was mainly due to higher interest income earned on loans (FTE) of $28.5 million and investment securities (FTE) of $15.6 million, partly offset by higher interest expense on deposits and borrowings of $13.8 million. The increase in total interest earned on loans (FTE) was the result of higher loan yields on all loan products, especially commercial loans, many of which have variable rates, coupled with higher average balances. The increase in interest on investment securities (FTE) was the result of higher average rates earned and average balances, while the increase in interest expense was due to higher rates paid on deposits and borrowings. The Company's net yield on earning assets (FTE) was 3.01% in the current quarter compared to 2.58% in the third quarter of 2021.

Total interest income (FTE) increased $45.7 million over the third quarter of 2021. Interest income on loans (FTE) was $172.4 million during the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $28.5 million, or 19.8%, over the same quarter last year. The increase in interest income over the same quarter last year was primarily due to an increase of 63 basis points in the average rate earned and growth of $386.9 million, or 2.5%, in average loan balances. Most of the increase in interest income occurred in the business, business real estate, construction and consumer loan categories. The largest increase to interest income occurred in business real estate loan interest, which grew $10.1 million due to a 94 basis point increase in the average rate earned, coupled with growth in average balances of $275.3 million, or 9.2%. Business loan interest income increased $5.8 million due to an increase of 51 basis points in the average rate earned, partly offset by a decline of $119.8 million in average balances. Construction and land loan interest grew $6.8 million due to a 176 basis point increase in the average rate earned and growth of $120.2 million, or 10.3%, in average loan balances. Consumer loan interest increased $3.0 million due to an increase of 46 basis points in the average rate earned and growth in average balances of $60.4 million, or 3.0%.

Interest income on investment securities (FTE) was $81.3 million during the third quarter of 2022, which was an increase of $15.6 million over the same quarter last year. The increase in interest income occurred mainly in interest earned on asset-backed securities, which rose $7.6 million due to an increase of 54 basis points in the average rate earned, coupled with higher average balances of $842.9 million, or 27.8%. Interest income earned on mortgage-backed securities increased $5.9 million due to an increase in the average rate earned of 40 basis points, partly offset by a decline of $267.5 million, or 3.8%, in the average balance. In addition, a $1.5 million increase in premium amortization, reflecting slower forward prepayment speed estimates was recorded in the current quarter, compared to a premium amortization adjustment increase of $5.0 million in the prior year. Interest on U.S. government and federal agency obligations grew $2.1 million mainly due to higher average balances of $385.9 million, or 53.0%, and an increase in inflation income on the Company's U.S. Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS), while a decrease of 123 basis points in the average rate earned partly offset these increases in income. Interest income related to TIPS, which is tied to the non-seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index (CPI-U), increased $1.8 million over the same quarter last year. The average balance of the total investment portfolio (excluding unrealized fair value adjustments on available for sale debt securities) was $14.8 billion in the third quarter of 2022, compared to $13.8 billion in the third quarter of 2021.

Interest income on securities purchased under agreements to resell decreased $3.0 million from the same quarter last year, due to a decrease of 47 basis points in the average rate earned and a decline of $253.9 million in the average balance. Interest income on balances at the Federal Reserve grew $4.6 million due to an increase of 210 basis points in the average rate earned, partly offset by a decrease of $1.6 billion in the average balance invested.

The average fully taxable-equivalent yield on total interest earning assets was 3.21% in the third quarter of 2022, up from 2.62% in the third quarter of 2021.

Total interest expense increased $13.8 million compared to the third quarter of 2021 due to increases in interest expense of $6.4 million on interest bearing deposits and $7.4 million on borrowings. The increase in deposit interest expense resulted mainly from an increase of $5.8 million in interest expense on interest checking and money market deposit accounts due to a 15 basis point increase in the average rate paid and higher average balances of $1.1 billion. Interest expense on borrowings was higher due to an increase of 129 basis points in the average rate paid on customer repurchase agreements. The overall average rate incurred on all interest bearing liabilities was .34% and .06% in the third quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net interest income (FTE) for the first nine months of 2022 was $695.1 million compared to $636.7 million for the same period in 2021. For the first nine months of 2022, the net interest margin was 2.75% compared to 2.63% for the same period in 2021.

Total interest income (FTE) for the first nine months of 2022 increased $58.4 million over the same period last year mainly due to higher interest income on investment securities (FTE) and loans (FTE), partly offset by lower interest earned on securities purchased under agreements to resell and higher interest expense. Loan interest income (FTE) grew $11.9 million, or 2.7%, due to a 20 basis point increase in the average rate earned, partly offset by a $403.8 million decrease in average loan balances. Most of the increase in loan interest occurred in the business real estate and construction loan categories due to
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higher average rates and balances. In addition, consumer loan interest increased due to higher average balances, partly offset by lower rates earned. These increases were partly offset by lower interest earned on business and credit card loans due to lower average balances, partly offset by higher rates earned. Interest income on investment securities (T/E) increased $70.1 million due to a 37 basis point increase in the average rate earned and a $2.1 billion increase in average balances. Interest earned on U.S. government and federal agency obligations increased $10.8 million, mainly due to higher TIPS interest income. Interest earned on mortgage-backed securities increased $34.8 million mainly due to higher average rates earned, while interest on asset-backed securities increased $16.8 million due to higher average balances and average rates earned. Interest earned on other securities increased $7.9 million mainly due to the receipt of $6.5 million in non-accrual interest on the sale of a private equity investment in the second quarter of 2022. Interest income on securities purchased under agreements to resell decreased $14.9 million due to lower rates earned, partly offset by higher average balances, while interest income on balances at the Federal Reserve increased $7.0 million due to higher average rates earned.

Total interest expense for the first nine months of 2022 increased $15.6 million compared to the same period last year. Interest on deposits increased $5.2 million, mainly due to a four basis point increase in the overall rate. Interest expense on interest checking and money market accounts increased $6.2 million due to a five basis point increase in the average rate and higher average balances. Interest expense on borrowings increased $10.4 million, mainly due to higher rates paid on customer repurchase agreements. The overall cost of total interest bearing liabilities increased to .17% compared to .07% in the same period last year.

Summaries of average assets and liabilities and the corresponding average rates earned/paid appear on the last page of this discussion.

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Non-Interest Income
  Three Months Ended September 30Increase (Decrease)Nine Months Ended September 30Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)20222021Amount% change20222021Amount% change
Trust fees$45,406$48,950(3,544)(7.2)%$140,009$139,334675 .5 %
Bank card transaction fees45,63842,8152,823 6.6 131,556123,1188,438 6.9 
Deposit account charges and other fees24,52125,161(640)(2.5)72,39271,724668 .9 
Consumer brokerage services5,0854,900185 3.8 14,59913,4841,115 8.3 
Capital market fees3,3933,794(401)(10.6)10,84512,102(1,257)(10.4)
Loan fees and sales3,0946,842(3,748)(54.8)10,57524,472(13,897)(56.8)
Other11,3775,0446,333 125.6 29,73428,4601,274 4.5 
Total non-interest income$138,514$137,506$1,008 .7 %$409,710$412,694(2,984)(.7 %)
Non-interest income as a % of total revenue*36.0 %39.1 %37.3 %39.7 %
* Total revenue includes net interest income and non-interest income.

The table below is a summary of net bank card transaction fees for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in thousands)20222021$ change% change20222021$ change% change
Net debit card fees$10,508 $10,402 $106 1.0 %$30,593 $30,274 $319 1.1 %
Net credit card fees3,597 3,863 (266)(6.9)11,031 11,389 (358)(3.1)
Net merchant fees5,232 5,202 30 .6 15,146 14,711 435 3.0 
Net corporate card fees26,301 23,348 2,953 12.6 74,786 66,744 8,042 12.0 
Total bank card transaction fees$45,638 $42,815 $2,823 6.6 %$131,556 $123,118 $8,438 6.9 %

For the third quarter of 2022, total non-interest income amounted to $138.5 million compared to $137.5 million in the same quarter last year, which was an increase of $1.0 million, or .7%. The increase was mainly due to higher bank card and other non-interest income, partly offset by lower trust fees and loan fees and sales. Bank card transaction fees for the current quarter grew $2.8 million, or 6.6%, over the same period last year, mainly due to growth of $3.0 million in net corporate card fees. The growth in net corporate card fees was mainly due to higher interchange income, partly offset by higher rewards expense. Trust fees for the quarter decreased $3.5 million, or 7.2%, from the same quarter last year, resulting from lower private client fees and institutional trust fees. Compared to the third quarter of last year, deposit account fees decreased $640 thousand, or 2.5%, mainly due to lower overdraft and return item fees. In September 2022, the Company implemented enhancements to consumer checking accounts that eliminate return item fees and are expected to lower overdraft fees for our customers. Consumer brokerage service fees increased $185 thousand, or 3.8%, due to growth in annuity and mutual fund fees, while loan fees and sales decreased $3.7 million, or 54.8%, due to a decline in mortgage banking revenue. Other non-interest income increased $6.3 million, or 125.6%, mainly due to higher cash sweep commissions and tax credit sales fees of $3.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Additionally, a $2.0 million loss on an equity method investment was recorded in the third quarter of 2021.

Non-interest income for the first nine months of 2022 was $409.7 million, compared to $412.7 million in the first nine months of 2021, resulting in a decrease of $3.0 million, or .7%. Bank card fees increased $8.4 million, or 6.9%, mainly due to growth of $8.0 million in net corporate card fees. Trust fees increased $675 thousand, or .5%, mainly due to growth in private client trust fees, partly offset by lower institutional trust fees. Deposit account fees increased $668 thousand, or .9%, mainly due to higher corporate cash management fees, partly offset by lower personal account deposit fees. Capital market fees declined $1.3 million, or 10.4%, while consumer brokerage service fees increased $1.1 million, or 8.3%, due to higher annuity and mutual fund fees, partly offset by lower advisory fees. Loan fees and sales decreased $13.9 million, or 56.8%, due to lower mortgage banking revenue. Other income increased $1.3 million, or 4.5%, mainly due to higher cash sweep commissions of $5.3 million and tax credit sales fees of $1.2 million, income of $2.2 million from a life insurance death benefit recorded in the second quarter of 2022, a $2.6 million loss on an equity method investment recorded in 2021 and a lease impairment of $1.1 million recorded in 2021. These increases were partly offset by gains of $3.7 million recorded on branch sales last year coupled with a write-down of $965 thousand on a branch location recorded in the first quarter of 2022. In addition, a decrease of $6.8 million in fair value adjustments was recorded on the Company's deferred compensation plan assets, which are held in a trust, recorded as both an asset and a liability, and affect both other income and other expense.

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Investment Securities Gains (Losses), Net
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(In thousands)2022202120222021
Net losses on sales of available for sale debt securities$(10,692)$— $(20,274)$— 
Fair value adjustments on equity securities, net(25)137 (1,048)152 
Net gains (losses) on sales of private equity investments77 — (4,209)1,611 
Fair value adjustments on private equity investments14,050 12,971 37,133 38,002 
Total investment securities gains, net$3,410 $13,108 $11,602 $39,765 

Net gains on investment securities, which were recognized in earnings during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, are shown in the table above. Net securities gains of $3.4 million were reported in the third quarter of 2022, compared to net gains of $13.1 million in the same period last year. The net gains in the third quarter of 2022 were primarily comprised of $14.1 million of net gains in fair value on the Company’s private equity investments, partially offset by a loss of $10.7 million on the sale of an available for sale security. The net gains on investment securities for the same quarter last year were mainly comprised of $13.0 million of net gains in fair value on the Company’s private equity investments.

Net gains on investment securities of $11.6 million were recognized in earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to net gains of $39.8 million for the same period in 2021. Net gains in the first nine months of 2022 were mainly comprised of net gains of $37.1 million on private equity investments, due to fair value adjustments, offset by losses of $20.3 million on sales of available for sale securities, net losses of $4.2 million on sales of private equity investments, and net losses in fair value of $1.0 million on equity investments. Net gains in the first nine months of 2021 were mainly comprised of a gain of $1.6 million on the sale of a private equity investment and $38.0 million of net gains in fair value on private equity investments. The portion of private equity activity attributable to minority interests is reported as non-controlling interest in the consolidated statements of income and resulted in expense of $6.6 million during the first nine months of 2022 and expense of $7.7 million during the first nine months of 2021.

Non-Interest Expense
  Three Months Ended September 30Increase (Decrease)Nine Months Ended September 30Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands)20222021Amount% change20222021Amount% change
Salaries and employee benefits$137,393 $132,824 $4,569 3.4 %$415,589 $392,608 $22,981 5.9 %
Data processing and software28,050 25,598 2,452 9.6 82,701 76,015 6,686 8.8 
Net occupancy12,544 12,329 215 1.7 37,343 35,877 1,466 4.1 
Equipment5,036 4,440 596 13.4 14,338 13,398 940 7.0 
Supplies and communication4,581 4,530 51 1.1 13,655 12,688 967 7.6 
Marketing6,228 5,623 605 10.8 18,408 16,461 1,947 11.8 
Other19,052 26,276 (7,224)(27.5)50,003 55,272 (5,269)(9.5)
Total non-interest expense$212,884 $211,620 $1,264 .6 %$632,037 $602,319 $29,718 4.9 %

Non-interest expense for the third quarter of 2022 amounted to $212.9 million, an increase of $1.3 million, or .6%, compared to expense of $211.6 million in the third quarter of last year. The increase in expense over the same period last year was mainly due to higher salaries expense and data processing and software expense, partly offset by lower other non-interest expense. Salaries and benefits expense increased $4.6 million, or 3.4%, due to higher full-time salaries expense of $5.6 million, or 6.4%, partly offset by lower incentive compensation expense of $2.5 million. Full-time equivalent employees totaled 4,595 at September 30, 2022, compared to 4,582 at September 30, 2021. Data processing and software expense increased $2.5 million, or 9.6%, due to higher software amortization, bank card processing fees and increased costs for service providers. Occupancy expense increased $215 thousand, or 1.7%, and equipment expense increased $596 thousand, or 13.4%, mainly due to higher equipment repair expense and depreciation expense. Marketing expense increased $605 thousand, or 10.8%, while other non-interest expense decreased $7.2 million, or 27.5%. This decrease was mainly due to $8.2 million in litigation settlement costs recorded in the third quarter of 2021, lower legal and professional fees of $1.1 million and higher deferred loan origination costs of $755 thousand. These decreases to expense were partly offset by increases in travel and entertainment expense of $1.5 million and insurance expense of $619 thousand.

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Non-interest expense amounted to $632.0 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $29.7 million, or 4.9%, over the first nine months of 2021. Salaries and benefits expense increased $23.0 million, or 5.9%, mainly due to higher costs for salaries, incentive compensation, payroll taxes and 401(k) expense. Salaries expense included expense of $5.4 million for special bonuses paid to non-incentivized full-time and part-time employees in the second half of 2022. Data processing and software expense increased $6.7 million, or 8.8%, due to higher costs for service providers, software amortization and bank card processing fees. Occupancy expense increased $1.5 million, or 4.1%, mainly due to higher rent and outside services expense. Equipment expense increased $940 thousand, or 7.0%, mainly due to higher equipment repair and depreciation expense. Supplies and communication expense increased $967 thousand, or 7.6%, mainly due to higher bank card reissuance fees and courier expense, while marketing expense increased $1.9 million, or 11.8%. Other non-interest expense decreased $5.3 million, or 9.5%, mainly due to the litigation settlement mentioned above, coupled with a decline of $6.8 million in fair value equity adjustments on the Company's deferred compensation plan assets. These decreases were partly offset by increases in travel and entertainment expense of $3.9 million and insurance expense of $1.2 million.



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Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Liability for Unfunded Lending Commitments
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended September 30
Sept. 30, 2022June 30, 2022Sept. 30, 202120222021
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS
Balance at beginning of period$138,039 $134,710 $172,395 $150,044 $220,834 
   Provision for credit losses on loans10,150 7,287 (5,961)$6,751 $(43,749)
   Net loan charge-offs (recoveries):
     Commercial:
        Business461 19 65 557 (4,848)
        Real estate-construction and land— — — — 1 
        Real estate-business(8)(1)(5)(16)(70)
Commercial net loan charge-offs (recoveries)453 18 60 541 (4,917)
     Personal Banking:
        Real estate-personal(15)(41)(26)(34)(27)
        Consumer827 633 496 2,268 1,637 
        Revolving home equity(38)(14)(22)(34)29 
        Consumer credit card2,882 2,937 2,908 9,191 17,044 
        Overdrafts703 425 243 1,486 544 
Personal banking net loan charge-offs4,359 3,940 3,599 12,877 19,227 
Total net loan charge-offs4,812 3,958 3,659 13,418 14,310 
Balance at end of period$143,377 $138,039 $162,775 $143,377 $162,775 
LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS
Balance at beginning of period24,907 25,032 24,208 24,204 38,307 
Provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments5,140 (125)(1,424)5,843 (15,523)
Balance at end of period30,047 24,907 22,784 30,047 22,784 
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LIABILITY FOR UNFUNDED LENDING COMMITMENTS$173,424 $162,946 $185,559 $173,424 $185,559 

 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended September 30
Sept. 30, 2022June 30, 2022Sept. 30, 202120222021
Annualized net loan charge-offs (recoveries)*:
Commercial:
  Business.03 %— %— %.01 %(.11 %)
  Real estate-construction and land— — — — — 
  Real estate-business— — — — — 
Commercial net loan charge-offs (recoveries).02 — — .01 (.06)
Personal Banking:
  Real estate-personal— (.01)— — — 
  Consumer.16 .12 .10 .15 .11 
  Revolving home equity(.05)(.02)(.03)(.02).01 
  Consumer credit card2.08 2.19 2.04 2.26 3.91 
  Overdrafts62.85 30.86 18.87 39.39 17.59 
Personal banking net loan charge-offs .30 .28 .25 .30 .45 
Total annualized net loan charge-offs.12 %.10 %.10 %.12 %.12 %
* as a percentage of average loans (excluding loans held for sale)

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To determine the amount of the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments, the Company has an established process which assesses the risks and losses expected in its portfolios. This process provides an allowance based on estimates of allowances for pools of loans and unfunded lending commitments, as well as a second, smaller component based on certain individually evaluated loans and unfunded lending commitments. The Company's policies and processes for determining the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments are discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements and in the "Allowance for Credit Losses" discussion within Critical Accounting Estimates and Related Policies in Item 7 of the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net loan charge-offs in the third quarter of 2022 amounted to $4.8 million, compared to $4.0 million in the prior quarter and $3.7 million in the third quarter of last year. During the third quarter of 2022, the Company recorded net charge-offs on commercial loans of $453 thousand, compared to net charge-offs of $18 thousand in the prior quarter and $60 thousand in the third quarter of 2021. Business loan net charge-offs increased $442 thousand in the third quarter of 2022, compared to the prior quarter. Compared to the same period last year, total net loan charge-offs in the third quarter of 2022 increased $1.2 million. This increase was driven by increases in net charge-offs on overdraft, business, and consumer loans.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, annualized net charge-offs on average consumer credit card loans totaled 2.08%, compared to 2.19% in the previous quarter and 2.04% in the same period last year. Consumer loan annualized net charge-offs in the current quarter amounted to .16%, compared to .12% in the prior quarter and .10% in the same period last year. In the third quarter of 2022, total annualized net loan charge-offs were .12%, compared to .10% in the previous quarter and .10% in the same period last year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net loan charge-offs amounted to $13.4 million, compared to $14.3 million during the same period in the prior year. The decrease in net loan charge-offs in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to a $7.9 million decline in net charge-offs on consumer credit card loans, which was mostly offset by a $5.4 million increase in net charge-offs on business loans driven by two large non-recurring recoveries in 2021. Net charge-offs on overdraft and consumer loans also increased $942 thousand and $631 thousand, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, annualized net charge-offs on average consumer credit card loans totaled 2.26%, compared to 3.91% during the same period last year, while consumer loan annualized net charge-offs in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 amounted to .15%, compared to .11% during the same period last year. During first nine months of 2022, total annualized net loan charge-offs were .12%, unchanged from the same period last year.

The provision for credit losses on loans was $10.2 million in the current quarter, which was a $2.9 million increase over the $7.3 million provision recorded in the prior quarter and a $16.1 million increase over the $6.0 million benefit recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in the provision from the prior quarter was due to a slightly less optimistic forecast, which includes a mild recession in the first half of 2023. The provision for credit losses on loans for the third quarter of the prior year reflected lower than projected net charge-offs and an improved forecast at that point in time, resulting in the release of reserves established for uncertainties related to the pandemic during that quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the provision for credit losses on loans was $6.8 million, compared to a recovery of $43.7 million during the same period in the prior year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the allowance for credit losses on loans decreased $6.7 million, compared to the allowance for credit losses on loans as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily the net result of reducing the allowance as pandemic economic concerns lessened compared to December 31, 2021, slightly offset by an emerging mild recession uncertainty related to the geopolitical environment, high inflation, and supply constraints on the economy. The allowance for credit losses on commercial loans increased by $5.3 million, while the allowance for credit losses related to personal banking loans, including consumer credit card loans, decreased $12.0 million, mostly related to decreases in consumer credit card loans experienced in the first quarter of 2022.

At September 30, 2022, the allowance for credit losses on loans amounted to $143.4 million, compared to $138.0 million at June 30, 2022. This increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans compared to the prior quarter is due to a less optimistic forecast with a mild recession in the first half of 2023. The current period estimation for credit losses continues to consider the uncertainty in the economy as inflation rises and supply chain issues continue. The allowance for credit losses on loans was $162.8 million at September 30, 2021, reflecting pandemic uncertainties and the economic forecast at that point in time, and was .90%, .88% and 1.07% of total loans at September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, respectively.

In the current quarter, the provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments was $5.1 million, compared to a benefit of $125 thousand in the prior quarter and a benefit of $1.4 million in the third quarter of 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments was $5.8 million, compared to a benefit of $15.5 million during the same period in the prior year. At September 30, 2022, the liability for unfunded lending
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commitments was $30.0 million, compared to $24.9 million at June 30, 2022 and $22.8 million at September 30, 2021. The Company's unfunded lending commitments primarily relate to construction loans, and the Company's estimate for credit losses in its unfunded lending commitments utilizes the same model and forecast as its estimate for credit losses on loans. See Note 2 for further discussion of the model inputs utilized in the Company's estimate of credit losses.

The Company considers the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded commitments adequate to cover losses expected in the loan portfolio, including unfunded commitments, at September 30, 2022.

The allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments are estimates that require significant judgment including projections of the macro-economic environment. The Company utilizes a third-party macro-economic forecast that continuously changes due to economic conditions and events. These changes in the forecast cause fluctuations in the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. The Company uses its best judgment to assess the macro-economic forecast and internal loss data in estimating the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. These estimates are subject to periodic refinement based on changes in the underlying external and internal data.


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Risk Elements of Loan Portfolio
The following table presents non-performing assets and loans which are past due 90 days and still accruing interest. Non-performing assets include non-accruing loans and foreclosed real estate. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management does not expect to collect payments consistent with acceptable and agreed upon terms of repayment. Loans that are 90 days past due as to principal and/or interest payments are generally placed on non-accrual, unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection, or they are personal banking loans that are exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as non-accrual.

(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Non-accrual loans$7,184 $9,157 
Foreclosed real estate354 115 
Total non-performing assets$7,538 $9,272 
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total loans.05 %.06 %
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets.02 %.03 %
Total loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest$12,538 $11,726 

Non-accrual loans totaled $7.2 million at September 30, 2022, a decrease of $2.0 million from the balance at December 31, 2021. The decrease occurred mainly in business loans which decreased $1.7 million. At September 30, 2022, non-accrual loans were comprised of business (78.6%), personal real estate (19.3%), and business real estate (2.1%) loans. Foreclosed real estate totaled $354 thousand at September 30, 2022, an increase of $239 thousand when compared to December 31, 2021. Total loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest were $12.5 million as of September 30, 2022, an increase of $812 thousand from December 31, 2021. Balances by class for non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest are shown in the "Delinquent and non-accrual loans" section in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

In addition to the non-performing and past due loans mentioned above, the Company also has identified loans for which management has concerns about the ability of the borrowers to meet existing repayment terms. They are classified as substandard under the Company's internal rating system. The loans are generally secured by either real estate or other borrower assets, reducing the potential for loss should they become non-performing. Although these loans are generally identified as potential problem loans, they may never become non-performing. Such loans totaled $292.5 million at September 30, 2022 compared with $278.7 million at December 31, 2021, resulting in an increase of $13.8 million, or 4.9%.

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Potential problem loans:
  Business$33,249 $37,143 
  Real estate – construction and land57,647 40,259 
  Real estate – business200,418 200,766 
  Real estate – personal1,140 526 
Total potential problem loans$292,454 $278,694 

At September 30, 2022, the Company had $155.6 million of loans whose terms have been modified or restructured under a troubled debt restructuring. These loans have been extended to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty and who have been granted a concession, as defined by accounting guidance, and are further discussed in the "Troubled debt restructurings" section in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. This balance includes certain commercial loans totaling $140.6 million which are classified as substandard and included in the table above because of this classification.

Loans with Special Risk Characteristics
Management relies primarily on an internal risk rating system, in addition to delinquency status, to assess risk in the loan portfolio, and these statistics are presented in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. However, certain types of loans are considered at high risk of loss due to their terms, location, or special conditions. Additional information about the major types of loans in these categories and their risk features are provided below. Information based on loan-to-value (LTV) ratios was generally calculated with valuations at loan origination date. The Company normally obtains an updated appraisal or valuation at the time a loan is renewed or modified, or if the loan becomes significantly delinquent or is in the process of being foreclosed upon.

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Real Estate – Construction and Land Loans
The Company's portfolio of construction and land loans, as shown in the table below, amounted to 7.6% of total loans outstanding at September 30, 2022. The largest component of construction and land loans was commercial construction, which increased $55.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. At September 30, 2022, multi-family residential construction loans totaled approximately $247.4 million, or 25.3%, of the commercial construction loan portfolio, compared to $155.9 million, or 16.9%, at December 31, 2021.

(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2022


% of Total
% of
Total
Loans
December 31, 2021
    

% of Total
% of
Total
Loans
Commercial construction$977,771 81.0 %6.1 %$922,654 82.5 %6.1 %
Residential construction138,799 11.5 .9 96,618 8.6 .7 
Commercial land and land development50,145 4.2 .3 48,481 4.3 .3 
Residential land and land development40,240 3.3 .3 50,513 4.6 .3 
Total real estate - construction and land loans$1,206,955 100.0 %7.6 %$1,118,266 100.0 %7.4 %

Real Estate – Business Loans
Total business real estate loans were $3.3 billion at September 30, 2022 and comprised 21.0% of the Company's total loan portfolio. These loans include properties such as manufacturing and warehouse buildings, small office and medical buildings, churches, hotels and motels, shopping centers, and other commercial properties. At September 30, 2022, 35.7% of business real estate loans were for owner-occupied real estate properties, which have historically resulted in lower net charge-off rates than non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans.

(Dollars in thousands)September 30,
2022


% of Total
% of
Total
Loans
December 31, 2021


% of Total
% of
Total
Loans
Owner-occupied$1,188,189 35.7 %7.5 %$1,188,469 38.9 %7.8 %
Office512,752 15.4 3.2 380,101 12.4 2.5 
Retail330,033 9.9 2.1 339,874 11.1 2.2 
Multi-family313,740 9.4 2.0 354,282 11.6 2.3 
Industrial313,230 9.4 2.0 99,800 3.3 .7 
Hotels218,319 6.6 1.4 234,673 7.7 1.5 
Farm198,864 6.0 1.3 178,780 5.8 1.2 
Senior living147,455 4.4 .9 174,871 5.7 1.2 
Other109,045 3.2 .6 107,987 3.5 .8 
Total real estate - business loans$3,331,627 100.0 %21.0 %$3,058,837 100.0 %20.2 %

Revolving Home Equity Loans
The Company had $286.0 million in revolving home equity loans at September 30, 2022 that were generally collateralized by residential real estate. Most of these loans (91.7%) are written with terms requiring interest-only monthly payments. These loans are offered in three main product lines: LTV up to 80%, 80% to 90%, and 90% to 100%. As of September 30, 2022, the outstanding principal of loans with an original LTV higher than 80% was $30.1 million, or 10.5% of the portfolio, compared to $30.9 million as of December 31, 2021. Total revolving home equity loan balances over 30 days past due were $1.4 million at September 30, 2022 and $1.6 million at December 31, 2021, and there were no revolving home equity loans on non-accrual status at September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021. The weighted average FICO score for the total current portfolio balance is 788. At maturity, the accounts are re-underwritten, and if they qualify under the Company's credit, collateral and capacity policies, the borrower is given the option to renew the line of credit or convert the outstanding balance to an amortizing loan.  If criteria are not met, amortization is required, or the borrower may pay off the loan. During the remainder of 2022 through 2024, approximately 12% of the Company's current outstanding balances are expected to mature. Of these balances, approximately 85% have a FICO score of 700 or higher. The Company does not expect a significant increase in losses as these loans mature, due to their high FICO scores, low LTVs, and low historical loss levels.

Consumer Loans
Within the consumer loan portfolio are several direct and indirect product lines, which include loans for the purchase of automobiles, motorcycles, marine and RVs. Auto loans comprised 38.1% of the consumer loan portfolio at September 30, 2022, and outstanding balances for auto loans were $805.6 million and $855.4 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31,
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2021, respectively. The balances over 30 days past due amounted to $7.4 million at September 30, 2022 and $9.0 million at December 31, 2021, respectively and comprised 0.9% of the outstanding balances of these loans at September 30, 2022 and 1.1% at December 31, 2021, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $257.5 million of new auto loans were originated, compared to $324.5 million during the first nine months of 2021.  At September 30, 2022, the automobile loan portfolio had a weighted average FICO score of 756, and net charge-offs on auto loans were .2% of average auto loans.

The Company's consumer loan portfolio also includes fixed rate home equity loans, typically for home repair or remodeling, and these loans comprised 10.9% of the consumer loan portfolio at September 30, 2022. Losses on these loans have historically been low, and the Company saw net recoveries of $29 thousand for the first nine months of 2022. Private banking loans comprised 33.5% of the consumer loan portfolio at September 30, 2022. The Company's private banking loans are generally well-collateralized, and at September 30, 2022 were secured primarily by assets held by the Company's trust department. The remaining portion of the Company's consumer loan portfolio is comprised of health services financing, motorcycles, marine and RV loans. Net charge-offs on private banking, health services financing, motorcycle and marine and RV loans totaled $1.1 million in the first nine months of 2022 and were 0.1% of the average balances of these loans at September 30, 2022.

Consumer Credit Card Loans
The Company offers low promotional rates on selected consumer credit card products. Out of a portfolio at September 30, 2022 of $563.3 million in consumer credit card loans outstanding, approximately $95.7 million, or 17.0%, carried a low promotional rate. Within the next six months, $32.2 million of these loans are scheduled to convert to the ongoing higher contractual rate. To mitigate some of the risk involved with this credit card product, the Company performs credit checks and detailed analysis of the customer borrowing profile before approving the loan application. Management believes that the risks in the consumer loan portfolio are reasonable and the anticipated loss ratios are within acceptable parameters.

Oil and Gas Energy Lending
The Company's energy lending portfolio is comprised of lending to the petroleum and natural gas sectors and totaled $279.6 million, or 1.8% of total loans at September 30, 2022, an increase of $18.9 million from year end 2021, as shown in the table below.

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Unfunded commitments at September 30, 2022
Extraction$215,919 $184,840 $136,194 
Mid-stream shipping and storage42,080 36,850 94,749 
Downstream distribution and refining11,662 24,915 19,844 
Support activities9,916 14,039 9,749 
Total energy lending portfolio$279,577 $260,644 $260,536 

Shared National Credits
The Company participates in credits of large, publicly traded companies which are defined by regulation as shared national credits, or SNCs. Regulations define SNCs as loans exceeding $100 million that are shared by three or more financial institutions. The Company typically participates in these loans when business operations are maintained in the local communities or regional markets and opportunities to provide other banking services are present. The balance of SNC loans totaled $1.3 billion at September 30, 2022, compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2021. Additional unfunded commitments at September 30, 2022 totaled $1.7 billion.

Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $33.9 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared to $32.0 million in the second quarter of 2022 and $34.7 million in the third quarter of 2021. The Company's effective tax rate, including the effect of non-controlling interest, was 21.7% in the third quarter of 2022, compared to 21.7% in the second quarter of 2022 and 22.1% in the third quarter of 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, income tax expense was $97.9 million, compared to $111.9 million for the same period during the previous year, resulting in effective tax rates of 21.5% and 21.2%, respectively.

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Financial Condition
Balance Sheet
Total assets of the Company were $32.6 billion at September 30, 2022 and $36.7 billion at December 31, 2021. Earning assets (excluding the allowance for credit losses on loans and fair value adjustments on debt securities) amounted to $32.3 billion at September 30, 2022 and $35.5 billion at December 31, 2021, and consisted of 49% in loans and 45% in investment securities at September 30, 2022.

At September 30, 2022, total loans increased $722.6 million, or 4.8%, compared to balances at December 31, 2021. The increase was mainly due to growth in business real estate, business, and construction loans of $272.8 million, $225.4 million, and $88.7 million, respectively. The growth in business loans was mainly the result of increased commercial and industrial, lease and commercial card lending, partly offset by a decline in tax free loans. Personal real estate loans increased $57.1 million. Consumer loans, which includes automobile, marine and RV, fixed rate home equity and other consumer loans, increased $84.1 million, as growth in other consumer loans was partly offset by a decline in auto loans. These increases in loan balances were partly offset by a decline in consumer credit card loans of $12.1 million.

Available for sale debt securities, excluding fair value adjustments, decreased $242.8 million at September 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. Purchases of securities during this period totaled $1.9 billion, offset by sales, maturities and pay downs of $2.2 billion. The largest declines in outstanding balances occurred in agency mortgage-backed securities, state and municipal obligations, and other debt securities, which decreased $467.5 million, $51.2 million, and $54.3 million, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by increases in asset-backed securities and non-agency mortgage-backed securities, which increased $209.8 million and $66.0 million, respectively, at September 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. At September 30, 2022, the duration of the investment portfolio was 3.9 years, and maturities and pay downs of approximately $2.4 billion are expected to occur during the next 12 months.

Total deposits at September 30, 2022 amounted to $27.5 billion, a decrease of $2.3 billion compared to December 31, 2021. The decline in deposits largely resulted from a decrease in demand deposits, mainly in business demand deposits (decrease of $1.7 billion). Additionally, certificates of deposit decreased $454.4 million and money market deposits decreased $650.3 million. These decreases were partly offset by growth in government demand deposits of $325.4 million and interest checking deposits of $58.4 million at September 30, 2022 compared to balances at December 31, 2021. The Company's borrowings totaled $2.3 billion at September 30, 2022, a decrease of $719.1 million from balances at December 31, 2021, mainly due to a decline in customer repurchase agreements, partly offset by an increase in federal funds purchased.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity Management
The Company’s most liquid assets are comprised of available for sale debt securities, federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell (resale agreements), and balances at the Federal Reserve Bank, as follows:

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022September 30, 2021December 31, 2021
Liquid assets:
  Available for sale debt securities$12,632,510 $14,165,656 $14,450,027 
  Federal funds sold14,020 — 2,800 
  Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,275,000 1,750,000 1,625,000 
  Balances at the Federal Reserve Bank642,943 1,888,545 3,971,217 
  Total$14,564,473 $17,804,201 $20,049,044 

Federal funds sold, which are funds lent to the Company's correspondent bank customers with overnight maturities, totaled $14.0 million as of September 30, 2022. Resale agreements, maturing through 2025, totaled $1.3 billion at September 30, 2022. Under these agreements, the Company lends funds to upstream financial institutions and holds marketable securities, safe-kept by a third-party custodian, as collateral. This collateral totaled $1.3 billion in fair value at September 30, 2022. Interest earning balances at the Federal Reserve Bank, which have overnight maturities and are used for general liquidity purposes, totaled $642.9 million at September 30, 2022. The fair value of the available for sale debt portfolio was $12.6 billion at September 30, 2022 and included an unrealized net loss of $1.5 billion.
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Approximately $2.4 billion of the available for sale debt portfolio is expected to mature or pay down during the next 12 months, and these funds offer substantial resources to meet new loan demand or help offset potential reductions in the Company's deposit funding base. The Company pledges portions of its investment securities portfolio to secure public fund deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, trust funds, letters of credit issued by the FHLB, and borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank. Total investment securities pledged for these purposes were as follows:

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022September 30, 2021December 31, 2021
Investment securities pledged for the purpose of securing:
  Federal Reserve Bank borrowings$13,446 $18,566 $17,465 
  FHLB borrowings and letters of credit2,033 3,736 3,218 
  Securities sold under agreements to repurchase *2,275,924 2,511,891 3,475,589 
  Other deposits and swaps2,483,636 3,210,326 2,897,576 
  Total pledged securities4,775,039 5,744,519 6,393,848 
  Unpledged and available for pledging6,905,006 7,123,799 6,913,721 
  Ineligible for pledging952,465 1,297,338 1,142,458 
  Total available for sale debt securities, at fair value$12,632,510 $14,165,656 $14,450,027 
* Includes securities pledged for collateral swaps, as discussed in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.

Liquidity is also available from the Company's large base of core customer deposits, defined as non-interest bearing, interest checking, savings, and money market deposit accounts. At September 30, 2022, such deposits totaled $26.5 billion and represented 96.4% of total deposits. These core deposits are normally less volatile, as they are often with customer relationships tied to other products offered by the Company, promoting long lasting relationships and stable funding sources. Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over totaled $597.1 million at September 30, 2022. These accounts are normally considered more volatile with higher cost and comprised 2.2% of total deposits at September 30, 2022.

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022September 30, 2021December 31, 2021
Core deposit base:
 Non-interest bearing $10,468,591 $11,622,855 $11,772,374 
 Interest checking3,236,160 2,202,422 3,227,822 
 Savings and money market12,778,327 12,705,232 13,370,263 
 Total$26,483,078 $26,530,509 $28,370,459 

Other important components of liquidity are the level of borrowings from third party sources and the availability of future credit. The Company's outside borrowings are mainly comprised of federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements, as follows:

(In thousands)
September 30, 2022September 30, 2021December 31, 2021
Borrowings:
 Federal funds purchased$311,200 $11,345 $43,385 
 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,003,390 2,242,408 2,979,582 
 Other debt1,831 4,006 12,560 
 Total$2,316,421 $2,257,759 $3,035,527 

Federal funds purchased are unsecured overnight borrowings obtained mainly from upstream correspondent banks with which the Company maintains approved lines of credit. Repurchase agreements are borrowings by the Company from its customers in the form of securities sold under agreements to repurchase. These repurchase agreements, which generally mature overnight, are comprised of non-insured customer funds totaling $2.0 billion at September 30, 2022 and are collateralized by securities in the Company's investment portfolio. At September 30, 2022, the value of the collateral pledged for the benefit of customers was $2.0 billion. The Company also borrows on a secured basis through advances from the FHLB. The advances are generally short-term, fixed interest rate borrowings. There were no advances outstanding from the FHLB at September 30, 2022.
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The Company pledges certain assets, including loans and investment securities, to both the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB as security to establish lines of credit and borrow from these entities. Based on the amount and type of collateral pledged, the FHLB establishes a collateral value from which the Company may draw advances against the collateral. Also, this collateral is used to enable the FHLB to issue letters of credit in favor of public fund depositors of the Company. The Federal Reserve Bank also establishes a collateral value of assets pledged and permits borrowings from the discount window. The following table reflects the collateral value of assets pledged, borrowings, and letters of credit outstanding, in addition to the estimated future funding capacity available to the Company at September 30, 2022.

September 30, 2022
(In thousands)

FHLB
Federal Reserve

Total
Total collateral value established by FHLB and FRB$1,905,444 $957,517 $2,862,961 
Letters of credit issued(259,470)— (259,470)
Available for future advances$1,645,974 $957,517 $2,603,491 

In addition to those mentioned above, several other sources of liquidity are available. No commercial paper has been issued or outstanding during the past ten years. The Company has no subordinated debt or hybrid instruments which could affect future borrowing capacity. Because of its lack of significant long-term debt, the Company believes that through its Capital Markets Group or in other public debt markets, it could generate additional liquidity from sources such as jumbo certificates of deposit or privately placed corporate notes or other forms of debt. The Company receives strong outside rankings from both Standard & Poor's and Moody's on both the consolidated company level and its subsidiary bank, Commerce Bank, which would support future financing efforts, should the need arise. These ratings are as follows:

Standard & Poor’sMoody’s
Commerce Bancshares, Inc.
Issuer ratingA-
Rating outlookStable
Commerce Bank
Issuer ratingAA2
Baseline credit assessmenta1
Short-term ratingA-1P-1
Rating outlookStableStable

The cash flows from the operating, investing and financing activities of the Company resulted in a net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $3.3 billion during the first nine months of 2022, as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows in this report. Operating activities, consisting mainly of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items, provided cash flow of $469.8 million and has historically been a stable source of funds. Investing activities, which occur mainly in the loan and investment securities portfolios, used cash of $247.2 million. Activity in the investment securities portfolio provided cash of $183.9 million from purchases (net of sales, maturities and pay downs), securities purchased under agreements to resell used cash of $200.0 million, and an increase in the loan portfolio used cash of $736.5 million. These cash outflows were partially offset by repayments related to securities purchased under agreements to resell, which provided cash of $550.0 million. Financing activities used cash of $3.5 billion, largely resulting from a a decrease in deposits of $2.5 billion, paired with a decrease in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase of $708.4 million.

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Capital Management
The Company met all capital adequacy requirements and had regulatory capital ratios in excess of the levels established for well-capitalized institutions at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as shown in the following table.

(Dollars in thousands)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Minimum Ratios under Capital Adequacy Guidelines
Minimum Ratios
for
Well-Capitalized
Banks *
Risk-adjusted assets$23,885,207 $22,483,748 
Tier I common risk-based capital3,335,957 3,225,044 
Tier I risk-based capital3,335,957 3,225,044 
Total risk-based capital3,509,822 3,399,880 
Tier I common risk-based capital ratio13.97 %14.34 %7.00 %6.50 %
Tier I risk-based capital ratio13.97 14.34 8.50 8.00 
Total risk-based capital ratio14.69 15.12 10.50 10.00 
Tier I leverage ratio9.87 9.13 4.00 5.00 
*Under Prompt Corrective Action requirements

The Company is subject to a 2.5% capital conservation buffer, which is an amount above the minimum ratios under capital adequacy guidelines, and is required under Basel III. The capital conservation buffer is intended to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in constraints on dividends, share repurchases, and executive compensation.

In the first quarter of 2020, the interim final rule of the Federal Reserve Bank and other U.S. banking agencies became effective, providing banks that adopt CECL (ASU 2016-13) during the 2020 calendar year the option to delay recognizing the estimated impact on regulatory capital until after a two year deferral period, followed by a three year transition period. In connection with the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, the Company elected to utilize this option. As a result, the two year deferral period for the Company extended through December 31, 2021. Beginning on January 1, 2022, the Company began to phase in 25% of the previously deferred estimated capital impact of CECL, with an additional 25% to be phased in at the beginning of each subsequent year until fully phased in by the first quarter of 2025.

The Company maintains a treasury stock buyback program under authorizations by its Board of Directors (the Board) and normally purchases stock in the open market. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company purchased 2,352,489 shares at an average price of $69.42 in open market purchases and through stock-based compensation transactions. At September 30, 2022, 3,444,236 shares remained available for purchase under the current Board authorization.

The Company's common stock dividend policy reflects its earnings outlook, desired payout ratios, the need to maintain adequate capital and liquidity levels, and alternative investment options. The Company paid a $.265 per share cash dividend on its common stock in the third quarter of 2022, which was a 6.0% increase compared to its 2021 quarterly dividend.

Material Cash Requirements, Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contingencies
The Company's material cash requirements include commitments for contractual obligations (both short-term and long-term), commitments to extend credit, and off-balance sheet arrangements. The Company's material cash requirements for the next 12 months are primarily to fund loan growth. Additionally, the Company will utilize cash to fund deposit maturities and withdrawals that may occur in the next 12 months. Other contractual obligations, purchase commitments, lease obligations, and unfunded commitments may require cash payments by the Company, and these are further discussed in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no changes in the Company's material cash requirements since December 31, 2021. Further discussion of the Company's longer-term material cash obligations is below.

In the normal course of business, various commitments and contingent liabilities arise which are not required to be recorded on the balance sheet. The most significant of these are loan commitments, which at September 30, 2022 totaled $13.9 billion (including $5.1 billion in unused, approved credit card lines). In addition, the Company enters into standby and commercial letters of credit. These contracts totaled $516.2 million and $1.2 million, respectively, at September 30, 2022. As many commitments expire unused or only partially used, these totals do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements. The carrying value of the guarantee obligations associated with the standby letters of credit, which has been recorded as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet, amounted to $3.6 million at September 30, 2022. The allowance for these commitments is recorded
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in the Company’s liability for unfunded lending commitments within other liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2022, the liability for unfunded commitments totaled $30.0 million. See further discussion of the liability for unfunded lending commitments in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

During the third quarter of 2020, the Company signed a $106.7 million agreement with U.S. Capital Development to develop a 280,000 square foot commercial office building in a two building complex in Clayton, Missouri, which is expected to be completed in January 2023. As of September 30, 2022, the Company has made payments totaling $83.8 million. While the Company intends to occupy a portion of the office building for executive offices, a 15 year lease agreement has been signed by an anchor tenant to lease approximately 50% of the office building.

The Company regularly purchases various state tax credits arising from third party property redevelopment. These credits are either resold to third parties at a profit or retained for use by the Company. During the first nine months of 2022, purchases and sales of tax credits amounted to $95.7 million and $99.9 million, respectively. Fees from sales of tax credits were $4.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $3.2 million in the same period last year. At September 30, 2022, the Company expected to fund outstanding purchase commitments of $12.0 million during the remainder of 2022.

The Company's sound equity base, along with its long-term low debt level, common and preferred stock availability, and excellent debt ratings, provide several alternatives for future financing. Future acquisitions may utilize partial funding through one or more of these options. Through the various sources of liquidity described above, the Company maintains a liquidity position that it believes will adequately satisfy its financial obligations. The Company is not aware of any trends, events, or commitments that are reasonably likely to increase or decrease its liquidity in a material way.

Segment Results
The table below is a summary of segment pre-tax income results for the first nine months of 2022 and 2021.


(Dollars in thousands)
Consumer
Commercial
Wealth
Segment
Totals
Other/ Elimination
Consolidated Totals
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net interest income$249,761 $333,263 $56,731 $639,755 $47,789 $687,544 
Provision for credit losses(12,727)(651)2 (13,376)782 (12,594)
Non-interest income89,542 167,581 161,051 418,174 (8,464)409,710 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 11,602 11,602 
Non-interest expense(225,232)(272,224)(108,967)(606,423)(25,614)(632,037)
Income before income taxes$101,344 $227,969 $108,817 $438,130 $26,095 $464,225 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Net interest income$239,157 $340,279 $53,186 $632,622 $(4,855)$627,767 
Provision for credit losses(19,122)4,856 10 (14,256)73,528 59,272 
Non-interest income110,911 155,079 158,731 424,721 (12,027)412,694 
Investment securities gains, net— — — — 39,765 39,765 
Non-interest expense(220,280)(246,501)(101,377)(568,158)(34,161)(602,319)
Income before income taxes$110,666 $253,713 $110,550 $474,929 $62,250 $537,179 
Decrease in income before income taxes:
   Amount$(9,322)$(25,744)$(1,733)$(36,799)$(36,155)$(72,954)
   Percent(8.4 %)(10.1 %)(1.6 %)(7.7 %)(58.1 %)(13.6 %)
Consumer
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, income before income taxes for the Consumer segment decreased $9.3 million, or 8.4%, compared to the first nine months of 2021. The decrease in income before income taxes was mainly due to a decline in non-interest income of $21.4 million, or 19.3%, and higher non-interest expense of $5.0 million, or 2.2%. These decreases to income were partly offset by growth in net interest income of $10.6 million, or 4.4%, and a decrease in the provision for credit losses of $6.4 million, or 33.4%. Net interest income increased due to a $13.0 million increase in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Consumer segment's loan and deposit portfolios and a $1.6 million decrease in deposit interest expense. These increases to income were partly offset by a $4.0 million decline in loan interest income. Non-interest income decreased mainly due to a decline of $19.6 million in mortgage banking revenue. Non-interest expense increased over
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the same period in the previous year mainly due to higher salaries expense, marketing expense, and allocated service and support costs (mainly bank card fraud operations and information technology), partly offset by lower allocated service costs for branch employees and mortgage operations. The provision for credit losses totaled $12.7 million, a $6.4 million decrease from the first nine months of 2021, mainly due to lower credit card loan net charge-offs.

Commercial
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, income before income taxes for the Commercial segment decreased $25.7 million, or 10.1%, compared to the same period in the previous year. This decrease was mainly due to an increase in non-interest expense and a decline in net interest income, partly offset by an increase in non-interest income. Net interest income decreased $7.0 million, or 2.1%, due higher interest expense on customer repurchase agreements and deposits of $10.0 million and $7.3 million, respectively. These decreases to income were partly offset by a $9.4 million increase in loan interest income. Non-interest income increased $12.5 million, or 8.1%, over the previous year mainly due to growth in net bank card fees (mainly corporate card fees), deposit account fees (mainly corporate cash management fees) and cash sweep commissions, partly offset by a decline in capital market fees. Non-interest expense increased $25.7 million, or 10.4%, mainly due to higher salaries and benefits expense, travel and entertainment expense, and allocated service and support costs (mainly bank operations, branch employees, information technology and commercial payments). The provision for credit losses increased $5.5 million over the same period last year, mainly due to net charge-offs on business loans in the current year compared to net recoveries in the prior year.

Wealth
Wealth segment pre-tax profitability for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $1.7 million, or 1.6%, from the same period in the previous year. Net interest income increased $3.5 million, or 6.7%, mainly due to an $8.4 million increase in loan interest income, partly offset by a $5.3 million decrease in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Wealth segment's loan and deposit portfolios. Non-interest income increased $2.3 million, or 1.5%, over the prior year largely due to higher cash sweep commissions, private client trust fees, and brokerage fees. These increases were partly offset by lower mortgage banking revenue and institutional trust fees. Non-interest expense increased $7.6 million, or 7.5%, mainly due to higher salaries and benefits expense, travel and entertainment expense, and marketing expense. The provision for credit losses increased $8 thousand over the same period last year, due to higher overdraft loan net charge-offs.

The Other/Elimination category in the preceding table includes the activity of various support and overhead operating units of the Company, in addition to the investment securities portfolio and other items not allocated to the segments. In accordance with the Company’s transfer pricing procedures, the difference between the total provision for credit losses and total net charge-offs/recoveries is not allocated to a business segment and is included in this category. The pre-tax profitability of this category was lower than in the same period last year by $36.2 million. Unallocated securities gains were $11.6 million in the first nine months of 2022 compared to gains of $39.8 million in 2021. Also, the unallocated provision for credit losses increased by $72.7 million, primarily driven by increases in the liability for unfunded lending commitments and in the provision for credit losses on loans, which are both not allocated to the segments for management reporting purposes. Net charge-offs are allocated to the segments when incurred for management reporting purposes. The provision for credit losses on loans was $6.7 million lower than net charge-offs in 2022, while the provision was $58.1 million lower than net charge-offs, as the provision was a benefit in 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company's provision on unfunded lending commitments was expense of $5.8 million. These decreases to pre-tax profitability were partly offset by higher net interest income of $52.6 million, non-interest income of $3.6 million, and lower non-interest expense of $8.5 million.

Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Reference Rate Reform The Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting", in March 2020, and has been followed by additional clarifying guidance related to derivatives that are modified as a result of reference rate reform. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if they reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Further, the guidance applies to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the new guidance do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated for effectiveness after December 31, 2022, except for certain hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022. In April 2022, the FASB proposed extending the sunset date under Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. The change is to align the temporary accounting relief guidance with the expected cessation date of LIBOR, which was postponed by administrators earlier this year to June 2023, a year after the current sunset date of ASU 2020-04.

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In order to assess the impact of transition and ensure a successful transition process, the Company established a LIBOR Transition Program led by the LIBOR Transition Steering Committee (the Committee), which is an internal, cross-functional team with representatives from all relevant business lines, support functions and legal counsel. A LIBOR impact and risk assessment has been performed, and the Committee has developed and prioritized action items. All financial contracts that reference LIBOR have been identified and LIBOR fallback language has been included in key loan provisions of new and renewed loans in preparation from transition from LIBOR. The Company ceased originating new loans with LIBOR as a reference rate at the end of 2021 and is actively working with customers to modify existing loans that reference LIBOR to a new reference rate. The Company plans to finish transitioning the impacted loans by late spring of 2023.

Credit Losses The FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", in March 2022. This ASU eliminates the troubled debt restructuring recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, requires that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments require that an entity disclose current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The guidance is effective January 1, 2023. The Company expects no material impact to its consolidated financial statements from adoption of this ASU.

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AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS — AVERAGE RATES AND YIELDS
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
 
Third Quarter 2022
Third Quarter 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Average Balance
Interest Income/Expense
Avg. Rates Earned/Paid
Average BalanceInterest Income/ExpenseAvg. Rates Earned/Paid
ASSETS:
Loans:
Business(A)
$5,317,696 $52,813 3.94 %$5,437,498 $47,032 3.43 %
Real estate — construction and land1,288,721 17,133 5.27 1,168,566 10,326 3.51 
Real estate — business3,258,128 36,121 4.40 2,982,847 26,027 3.46 
Real estate — personal2,844,376 24,065 3.36 2,775,638 22,854 3.27 
Consumer2,101,622 22,110 4.17 2,041,263 19,085 3.71 
Revolving home equity280,923 3,413 4.82 281,689 2,456 3.46 
Consumer credit card550,058 16,711 12.05 566,406 16,112 11.29 
Overdrafts4,438 — — 5,110 ——
Total loans15,645,962 172,366 4.37 15,259,017 143,892 3.74 
Loans held for sale7,170 159 8.80 16,021 187 4.63 
Investment securities:
U.S. government and federal agency obligations1,113,442 12,664 4.51 727,566 10,525 5.74 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations55,753 332 2.36 50,785 295 2.30 
State and municipal obligations(A)
2,052,908 11,758 2.27 2,039,942 12,062 2.35 
Mortgage-backed securities6,847,912 33,323 1.93 7,115,419 27,461 1.53 
Asset-backed securities3,870,953 15,782 1.62 3,028,076 8,205 1.08 
Other debt securities587,026 2,852 1.93 608,642 3,125 2.04 
Trading debt securities(A)
35,621 246 2.74 32,238 82 1.01 
Equity securities(A)
8,838 604 27.11 8,756 528 23.92 
Other securities(A)
208,708 3,729 7.09 183,397 3,447 7.46 
Total investment securities14,781,161 81,290 2.18 13,794,821 65,730 1.89 
Federal funds sold13,486 94 2.77 792 1 .50 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,379,341 5,984 1.72 1,633,205 9,007 2.19 
Interest earning deposits with banks980,273 5,571 2.25 2,602,896 995 .15 
Total interest earning assets32,807,393 265,464 3.21 33,306,752 219,812 2.62 
Allowance for credit losses on loans(137,833)(172,112)
Unrealized gain (loss) on debt securities(1,064,534)230,058 
Cash and due from banks310,713 329,129 
Premises and equipment, net408,884 408,966 
Other assets536,901 523,182 
Total assets$32,861,524 $34,625,975 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY:
Interest bearing deposits:
Savings$1,595,857 177 .04 $1,484,923 289 .08 
Interest checking and money market14,423,713 7,368 .20 13,343,180 1,528 .05 
Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000397,071 411 .41 464,367 206 .18 
Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over578,158 871 .60 1,289,665 450 .14 
Total interest bearing deposits16,994,799 8,827 .21 16,582,135 2,473 .06 
Borrowings:
Federal funds purchased$51,929 $315 2.41 13,606 $3 .10 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,199,866 7,576 1.37 2,347,270 477 .08 
Other borrowings(B)
2,010 9 1.78 347 1 1.14 
Total borrowings2,253,805 7,900 1.39 2,361,223 481 .08 
Total interest bearing liabilities19,248,604 16,727 .34 %18,943,358 2,954 .06 %
Non-interest bearing deposits10,758,353 11,475,113 
Other liabilities123,691 667,786 
Equity2,730,876 3,539,718 
Total liabilities and equity$32,861,524 $34,625,975 
Net interest margin (FTE)$248,737 $216,858 
Net yield on interest earning assets3.01 %2.58 %
(A) Stated on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
(B) Interest expense capitalized on construction projects is not deducted from the interest expense shown above.
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AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS — AVERAGE RATES AND YIELDS
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
Nine Months 2022
Nine Months 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Average Balance
Interest Income/Expense
Avg. Rates Earned/Paid
Average BalanceInterest Income/ExpenseAvg. Rates Earned/Paid
ASSETS:
Loans:
Business(A)
$5,342,326 $133,631 3.34 %$6,056,664 $145,574 3.21 %
Real estate — construction and land1,216,860 40,148 4.41 1,116,603 29,538 3.54 
Real estate — business3,172,832 91,095 3.84 3,006,780 78,494 3.49 
Real estate — personal2,826,441 69,804 3.30 2,801,861 69,715 3.33 
Consumer2,071,019 58,891 3.80 1,998,081 57,567 3.85 
Revolving home equity275,713 8,267 4.01 289,299 7,406 3.42 
Consumer credit card542,895 47,011 11.58 583,471 48,679 11.15 
Overdrafts5,044 — — 4,136 — — 
Total loans15,453,130 448,847 3.88 15,856,895 436,973 3.68 
Loans held for sale8,154 470 7.71 25,002 736 3.94 
Investment securities: 
U.S. government and federal agency obligations1,112,201 35,751 4.30 724,269 24,979 4.61 
Government-sponsored enterprise obligations54,443 962 2.36 50,793 885 2.33 
State and municipal obligations(A)
2,085,539 35,655 2.29 1,988,715 35,779 2.41 
Mortgage-backed securities7,105,874 104,695 1.97 6,933,544 69,924 1.35 
Asset-backed securities3,947,148 40,378 1.37 2,592,618 23,594 1.22 
Other debt securities622,065 9,143 1.97 594,984 9,263 2.08 
Trading debt securities(A)
40,052 700 2.34 33,171 272 1.10 
Equity securities(A)
9,141 1,823 26.66 6,013 1,584 35.22 
Other securities(A)
198,763 17,417 11.72 164,911 10,101 8.19 
Total investment securities15,175,226 246,524 2.17 13,089,018 176,381 1.80 
Federal funds sold6,315 114 2.41 715 3 .56 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell1,604,300 15,669 1.31 1,143,061 30,551 3.57 
Interest earning deposits with banks1,606,452 9,150 .76 2,273,448 2,108 .12 
Total interest earning assets33,853,577 720,774 2.85 32,388,139 646,752 2.67 
Allowance for credit losses on loans(140,686)(197,631)
Unrealized gain (loss) on debt securities(699,908)236,702 
Cash and due from banks321,994 337,595 
Premises and equipment, net405,856 404,697 
Other assets538,438 533,660 
Total assets$34,279,271 $33,703,162 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY:
Interest bearing deposits:
Savings$1,589,668 512 .04 $1,431,386 843 .08 
Interest checking and money market14,738,322 11,071 .10 13,200,461 4,921 .05 
Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000412,739 755 .24 490,655 1,006 .27 
Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over695,332 1,768 .34 1,291,693 2,173 .22 
Total interest bearing deposits17,436,061 14,106 .11 16,414,195 8,943 .07 
Borrowings:
Federal funds purchased$62,909 $546 1.16 $24,558 11 .06 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,388,295 10,960 .61 2,207,037 1,101 .07 
Other borrowings(B)
1,607 22 1.83 717 5 .93 
Total borrowings2,452,811 11,528 .63 2,232,312 1,117 .07 
Total interest bearing liabilities19,888,872 25,634 .17 %18,646,507 10,060 .07 %
Non-interest bearing deposits11,168,031 11,011,446 
Other liabilities255,041 601,352 
Equity2,967,327 3,443,857 
Total liabilities and equity$34,279,271 $33,703,162 
Net interest margin (FTE)$695,140 $636,692 
Net yield on interest earning assets2.75 %2.63 %
(A) Stated on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
(B) Interest expense capitalized on construction projects is not deducted from the interest expense shown above.

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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest rate risk management focuses on maintaining consistent growth in net interest income within Board-approved policy limits. The Company primarily uses earnings simulation models to analyze net interest income sensitivity to movement in interest rates. The Company performs monthly simulations that model interest rate movements and risk in accordance with changes to its balance sheet composition. For further discussion of the Company’s market risk, see the Interest Rate Sensitivity section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The tables below show the effects of gradual shifts in interest rates over a twelve month period on the Company’s net interest income versus the Company's net interest income in a flat rate scenario.  Simulation A presents three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios, and in each scenario, rates are assumed to change evenly over 12 months. In these scenarios, the balance sheet remains flat.

The sensitivity of deposit balances to changes in rates is particularly difficult to estimate in low interest rate environments. Since the future effects of changes in rates on deposit balances cannot be known with certainty, the Company conservatively models alternate scenarios with deposit attrition as rates rise. Simulation B illustrates results from these higher attrition scenarios to provide added perspective on potential effects of higher rates. 

The Company utilizes these simulations both for monitoring interest rate risk and for liquidity planning purposes.  While the future effects of rising and falling rates on deposit balances cannot be known, the Company maintains a practice of running multiple rate scenarios to better understand interest rate risk and its effect on the Company’s performance. 

Simulation ASeptember 30, 2022June 30, 2022
 (Dollars in millions)
$ Change in
Net Interest
Income
% Change in
Net Interest
Income
Assumed Deposit (Attrition)/Growth
$ Change in
Net Interest
Income
% Change in
Net Interest
Income
Assumed Deposit (Attrition)/Growth
300 basis points rising$3.3 .32 %$— $45.2 4.91 %$— 
200 basis points rising7.7 .75 — 36.9 4.01 — 
100 basis points rising9.9 .97 — 23.5 2.55 — 
100 basis points falling(28.5)(2.80)— (35.3)(3.83)— 
200 basis points falling(62.5)(6.14)— — — — 
300 basis points falling(101.1)(9.94)— — — — 

Simulation BSeptember 30, 2022June 30, 2022
 (Dollars in millions)
$ Change in
Net Interest
Income
% Change in
Net Interest
Income
Assumed Deposit (Attrition)/Growth
$ Change in
Net Interest
Income
% Change in
Net Interest
Income
Assumed Deposit (Attrition)/Growth
300 basis points rising$(49.4)(5.06)%$(848.9)$(35.2)(4.01 %)$(1,770.5)
200 basis points rising(34.5)(3.54)(716.2)(14.2)(1.62)(1,208.0)
100 basis points rising(14.0)(1.43)(405.7)(2.7)(.31)(612.5)
100 basis points falling(6.0)(.62)403.2 (2.7)(.31)1,086.4 
200 basis points falling(26.5)(2.72)849.4 — — — 
300 basis points falling(58.7)(6.02)1,446.4 — — — 

Under Simulation A, in the three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios, interest rate risk is less asset sensitive than the previous quarter, primarily due to an increase in the Federal funds rate, which increases non-maturity deposit rates. Deposit attrition was removed from the simulation in both the current and previous quarters.

In Simulation B, the assumed levels of deposit attrition were modeled to capture the results of a shrinking balance sheet. Under this Simulation, in the three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios, interest rate risk is more liability sensitive than in the previous quarter. This was primarily due to an increase in the Federal funds rate, which impacts surge deposit runoff and puts upward pressure on non-maturity deposit rates.

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Projecting deposit activity in a period of historically low interest rates is difficult, and the Company cannot predict how deposits will actually react to shifting rates.  The comparisons above provide insight into potential effects of changes in rates and deposit levels on net interest income.  The Company believes that its approach to interest rate risk has appropriately considered its susceptibility to both rising and falling rates and has adopted strategies which minimize the impact of interest rate risk.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of September 30, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective. There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II: OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information required by this item is set forth in Part I, Item 1 under Note 17, Legal and Regulatory Proceedings.

Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table sets forth information about the Company's purchases of its $5 par value common stock, its only class of common stock registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 
 
 
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
 Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Program
 Maximum Number that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
July 1 - 31, 202296,180 $69.16 96,180 4,058,935 
August 1 - 31, 2022388,724 $71.32 388,724 3,670,211 
September 1 - 30, 2022225,975 $69.65 225,975 3,444,236 
Total710,879 $70.50 710,879 3,444,236 

The Company's stock purchases shown above were made under authorizations by the Board of Directors. Under the most recent authorization in April 2022 of 5,000,000 shares, 3,444,236 shares remained available for purchase at September 30, 2022.

Item 6. EXHIBITS
31.1 — Certification of CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2 — Certification of CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32 — Certifications of CEO and CFO pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101 — Interactive data files in Inline XBRL pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

104 — Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC.
By 
/s/  MARGARET M. ROWE
Margaret M. Rowe
Date: November 4, 2022
Vice President & Secretary


By /s/  PAUL A. STEINER
Paul A. Steiner
Controller
Date: November 4, 2022
(Chief Accounting Officer)



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