Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

The Company leases certain premises and equipment, all of which were classified as operating leases. The rent expense under such arrangements amounted to $7.7 million, $7.3 million and $7.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A summary of minimum lease commitments follows:



(In thousands)	Type of Property
Year Ended December 31	Real Property		Equipment		Total
2019	$	5,659	$	104	$	5,763
2020	4,766		51		4,817
2021	4,027		28		4,055
2022	3,598		—		3,598
2023	3,273		—		3,273
After	15,161		—		15,161
Total minimum lease payments					$	36,667

All leases expire prior to 2054. It is expected that in the normal course of business, leases that expire will be renewed or replaced by leases on other properties; thus, the future minimum lease commitments are not expected to be less than the amounts shown for 2019.

The Company engages in various transactions and commitments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet customer financing needs. The Company uses the same credit policies in making the commitments and conditional obligations described below as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The following table summarizes these commitments at December 31:



(In thousands)	2018		2017
Commitments to extend credit:
Credit card	$	5,328,502	$	5,102,556
Other	5,840,967		5,737,181
Standby letters of credit, net of participations	353,905		387,811
Commercial letters of credit	13,774		4,498

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a borrower providing there are no violations of any conditions established in the contract. As many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Refer to Note 2 on Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses for further discussion.

Commercial letters of credit act as a means of ensuring payment to a seller upon shipment of goods to a buyer. The majority of commercial letters of credit issued are used to settle payments in international trade. Typically, letters of credit require presentation of documents which describe the commercial transaction, evidence shipment, and transfer title.

The Company, as a provider of financial services, routinely issues financial guarantees in the form of financial and performance standby letters of credit. Standby letters of credit are contingent commitments issued by the Company generally to guarantee the payment or performance obligation of a customer to a third party. While these represent a potential outlay by the Company, a significant amount of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon. The Company has recourse against the customer for any amount it is required to pay to a third party under a standby letter of credit. The letters of credit are subject to the same credit policies, underwriting standards and approval process as loans made by the Company. Most of the standby letters of credit are secured, and in the event of nonperformance by the customer, the Company has rights to the underlying collateral, which could include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and marketable securities.

At December 31, 2018, the Company had recorded a liability in the amount of $2.7 million, representing the carrying value of the guarantee obligations associated with the standby letters of credit. This amount will be accreted into income over the remaining life of the respective commitments. Commitments outstanding under these letters of credit, which represent the maximum potential future payments guaranteed by the Company, were $353.9 million at December 31, 2018.

The Company regularly purchases various state tax credits arising from third-party property redevelopment. These credits are either resold to third parties or retained for use by the Company. During 2018, purchases and sales of tax credits amounted to $80.9 million and $71.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the Company had outstanding purchase commitments totaling $180.5 million that it expects to fund in 2019.

The Company periodically enters into risk participation agreements (RPAs) as a guarantor to other financial institutions, in order to mitigate those institutions’ credit risk associated with interest rate swaps with third parties. The RPA stipulates that, in the event of default by the third party on the interest rate swap, the Company will reimburse a portion of the loss borne by the financial institution. These interest rate swaps are normally collateralized (generally with real property, inventories and equipment) by the third party, which limits the credit risk associated with the Company’s RPAs. The third parties usually have other borrowing relationships with the Company. The Company monitors overall borrower collateral, and at December 31, 2018, believes sufficient collateral is available to cover potential swap losses. The RPAs are carried at fair value throughout their term, with all changes in fair value, including those due to a change in the third party’s creditworthiness, recorded in current earnings. The terms of the RPAs, which correspond to the terms of the underlying swaps, range from 2 to 11 years. At December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company's guarantee liability RPAs was $93 thousand, and the notional amount of the underlying swaps was $87.4 million. The maximum potential future payment guaranteed by the Company cannot be readily estimated and is dependent upon the fair value of the interest rate swaps at the time of default.

The Company has various legal proceedings pending at December 31, 2018, arising in the normal course of business. While some matters pending against the Company specify damages claimed by plaintiffs, others do not seek a specified amount of damages or are at very early stages of the legal process. The Company records a loss accrual for all legal and regulatory matters for which it deems a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Some matters, which are in the early stages, have not yet progressed to the point where a loss amount can be determined to be probable and estimable.