8. Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Notes to Financial Statements

8. Income Taxes

The income tax expense is summarized as follows:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2015		2014
Current:
Federal	$	18	$	23
State		—		2
		18		25
Deferred:
Federal		289		827
State		38		48
		327		875
	$	345	$	900

A reconciliation of the statutory United States income tax rate to the effective income tax rate follows:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014
Statutory U.S. income tax rate		34.00	%		34.00	%
States taxes, net of federal benefit		1.84	%		1.95	%
Permanent differences		3.54	%		1.55	%
Change in valuation allowance		0.00	%		0.00	%
Change in net operating loss carryforwards and
tax credits		(13.08	)%		(2.20	)%
Other		(1.33	)%		0.38	%
Effective income tax rate		24.97	%		35.68	%

The components of the deferred income tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014
Deferred tax assets:
Operating loss carry-forwards	$	2,263		$	2,787
R&D Tax Credit		1,195			1,021
AMT Tax Credit		303			269
Section 263A costs		552			421
R&D costs		861			1,428
Amortization		33			—
Asset reserves:
Bad debts		18			18
Inventory allowance		601			608
Accrued expenses:
Non-qualified stock options		78			78
Compensation		240			202
Warranty		368			315
Deferred tax assets		6,512			7,147
Less APIC pool allowance		(380	)		(380	)
Total deferred tax assets		6,132			6,767
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		(426	)		(370	)
Amortization		—			(364	)
Unrealized gain		(245	)		—
Total deferred tax liabilities		(671	)		(734	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,461		$	6,033

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a net deferred tax asset of approximately $5,706, offset by deferred tax liabilities of $245 derived from the unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities. This asset is primarily composed of net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs), research and development costs and tax credits, and an allowance for inventory. The NOLs total $4,898 for federal and $12,660 for state purposes, with expirations starting in 2018 through 2030. Included in the Company’s NOLs as of December 31, 2015 is approximately $1,009 from the exercises of stock options. The benefit from utilization of this portion of the NOL, which equates to a deferred tax asset of approximately $380 and is reserved through a valuation allowance at December 31, 2015, will be recorded as a debit to valuation allowance and credit to additional paid in capital when the related deferred tax asset is realized.

During 2015 and 2014 the Company utilized $1,516 and $1,151, respectively, of its NOLs. The deferred tax asset amounts are based upon management’s conclusions regarding, among other considerations, the Company’s current and anticipated customer base, contracts, and product introductions, certain tax planning strategies, and management’s estimates of future earnings based on information currently available, as well as recent operating results during 2015, 2014, and 2013. GAAP requires that all positive and negative evidence be analyzed to determine if, based on the weight of available evidence, the Company is more likely than not to realize the benefit of the deferred tax asset.

The Company has evaluated the available evidence and the likelihood of realizing the benefit of its deferred tax asset. Based on this evaluation, the weight of available evidence supports the conclusion that the Company, more likely than not, will realize all of the benefit of its deferred tax assets. Should the factors underlying management’s analysis change, future valuation adjustments to the Company’s net deferred tax asset may be necessary. If future losses are incurred, it may be necessary to record an additional valuation allowance related to the Company’s net deferred tax asset recorded as of December 31, 2015. It cannot presently be estimated what, if any, changes to the valuation of our deferred tax asset may be deemed appropriate in the future. The 2015 federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards could be subject to limitation if, within any three year period prior to the expiration of the applicable carryforward period, there is a greater than 50% change in ownership of the Company.

For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company incurred $36 and $21, respectively, in alternative minimum tax expense in connection with the federal limitation on alternative tax net operating loss carry-forwards.

The Company has performed a comprehensive review of its portfolio of uncertain tax positions in accordance with recognition standards established by GAAP. In this regard, an uncertain tax position represents the Company’s expected treatment of a tax position taken in a filed tax return or planned to be taken in a future tax return that has not been reflected in measuring income tax expense for financial reporting purposes. As a result of this, the Company is not aware of any uncertain tax positions that would require additional liabilities or which such classification would be required. The amount of unrecognized tax positions did not change as of December 31, 2015 and the Company does not believe there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the new twelve months.

Penalties and tax-related interest expense, of which there were no material amounts for the year ended December 31, 2015, are reported as a component of income tax expense.

The Company files federal income tax returns, as well as multiple state and local jurisdiction tax returns. A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and finally resolved. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution on any particular uncertain tax position, the Company believes that its allowances for income taxes reflect the most probable outcome. The Company adjusts these allowances, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances. The resolution of a matter would be recognized as an adjustment to the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate in the period of resolution. The calendar years 2012, 2013, and 2014 are still open to IRS examination under the statute of limitations. An IRS examination on the Company’s 2007 calendar year was recently closed with no change.