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Retirement Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Retirement Plans Retirement Plans
We provide defined-contribution benefits to eligible employees, as well as some remaining defined-benefit pension and other post-retirement benefits covering certain of our U.S. and Non-U.S. employees. Substantially all of our employees are covered by defined contribution plans. The largest of these plans, the Textron Savings Plan, is a qualified 401(k) plan subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Our defined contribution plans cost $140 million, $131 million and $128 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We also provide postretirement benefits other than pensions for certain retired employees in the U.S. that include healthcare, dental care, Medicare Part B reimbursement and life insurance.
A portion of our U.S. employees participate in the legacy defined benefit pension plans which were closed to new participants beginning on January 1, 2010. These legacy plans include the Textron Master Retirement Plan (TMRP), the Bell Helicopter Textron Master Retirement Plan, and the CWC Castings Division of Textron Inc. Hourly-Rated Employees' Pension Plan, which are each subject to the provisions of ERISA and provide a minimum guaranteed benefit to participants. The primary factors affecting the benefits earned by participants in our pension plans are employees’ years of service and compensation levels. Employees hired subsequent to the closure of these plans receive an additional annual cash contribution to their Textron Savings Plan account based on their eligible compensation of up to 4%.
Periodic Benefit Cost (Income)
The components of net periodic benefit cost (income) and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI) are as follows:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Benefits
Other than Pensions
(In millions)202220212020202220212020
Net periodic benefit cost (income)
Service cost$108 $116 $106 $2 $3 $2 
Interest cost272 252 293 6 5 8 
Expected return on plan assets(609)(573)(574)— — — 
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)13 12 11 (5)(5)(5)
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain)87 152 185 (4)(2)(1)
Net periodic benefit cost (income)*$(129)$(41)$21 $(1)$1 $4 
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI
Current year actuarial loss (gain)$(246)$(1,135)$146 $(39)$(13)$(2)
Current year prior service cost4 20 8 — — — 
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss)(87)(152)(185)4 2 1 
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)(13)(12)(11)5 5 5 
Total recognized in OCI, before taxes$(342)$(1,279)$(42)$(30)$(6)$4 
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost (income) and OCI$(471)$(1,320)$(21)$(31)$(5)$8 
* Excludes the cost associated with the defined contribution component that is included in certain of our U.S.-based defined benefit pension plans, of $11 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Obligations and Funded Status
All of our plans are measured as of our fiscal year-end. The changes in the projected benefit obligation and in the fair value of plan assets, along with our funded status, are as follows:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Benefits
Other than Pensions
(In millions)December 31, 2022January 1, 2022December 31, 2022January 1, 2022
Change in projected benefit obligation
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year$9,339 $9,833 $202 $230 
Service cost108 116 2 3 
Interest cost272 252 6 5 
Plan participants’ contributions— — 4 4 
Actuarial gains(2,373)(436)(40)(13)
Benefits paid(448)(446)(24)(27)
Plan amendment1 18 — — 
Foreign exchange rate changes and other(51)2 — — 
Projected benefit obligation at end of year$6,848 $9,339 $150 $202 
Change in fair value of plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$9,947 $9,080 
Actual return on plan assets(1,520)1,273 
Employer contributions37 42 
Benefits paid(448)(446)
Foreign exchange rate changes and other(73)(2)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$7,943 $9,947 
Funded status at end of year$1,095 $608 $(150)$(202)
Actuarial gains for both 2022 and 2021 were largely the result of changes in the discount rate utilized.
Amounts recognized in our balance sheets are as follows:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Benefits
Other than Pensions
(In millions)December 31, 2022January 1, 2022December 31, 2022January 1, 2022
Non-current assets$1,440 $1,129 $— $— 
Current liabilities(28)(29)(19)(21)
Non-current liabilities(317)(492)(131)(181)
Recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, pre-tax:
Net loss (gain)623 953 (70)(34)
Prior service cost (credit)46 58 (6)(10)
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $6.6 billion and $8.8 billion at December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively, which included $326 million and $418 million, respectively, in accumulated benefit obligations for unfunded plans where funding is not permitted or in foreign environments where funding is not feasible.
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets are as follows:
(In millions)December 31, 2022January 1, 2022
Accumulated benefit obligation$326 $741 
Fair value of plan assets— 298 
Pension plans with projected benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets are as follows:
(In millions)December 31, 2022January 1, 2022
Projected benefit obligation$597 $819 
Fair value of plan assets252 298 
Assumptions
The weighted-average assumptions we use for our pension and postretirement plans are as follows:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Benefits
Other than Pensions
202220212020202220212020
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate2.99%2.62%3.36%2.80%2.35%3.20%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets7.10%7.10%7.55%
Rate of compensation increase3.95%3.49%3.50%
Benefit obligations at year-end
Discount rate5.51%2.99%2.62%5.70%2.80%2.35%
Rate of compensation increase3.97%3.95%3.50%
Interest crediting rate for cash balance plans5.25%5.25%5.25%
As discussed in Note 1, actuarial gains and losses are amortized into net periodic pension cost based on either the remaining service period of the active participants or the remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants. As of January 2, 2021, almost all of the participants for our largest domestic plan, the TMRP, were considered inactive largely due to actions taken in prior years to close the plan to new entrants. Accordingly, the amortization period for this plan changed to the average remaining life expectancy of the participant; this change reduced 2021 pension cost by approximately $85 million.

Our assumed healthcare cost trend rate for both the medical and prescription drug cost was 6.5% and 7.0% in 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect this rate to gradually decline to 4.75% by 2029 where we assume it will remain.
Pension Assets
The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is determined based on a variety of considerations, including the established asset allocation targets and expectations for those asset classes, historical returns of the plans’ assets and other market considerations. We invest our pension assets with the objective of achieving a total rate of return over the long term that will be sufficient to fund future pension obligations and to minimize future pension contributions. We are willing to tolerate a commensurate level of risk to achieve this objective based on the funded status of the plans and the long-term nature of our pension liability. Risk is controlled by maintaining a portfolio of assets that is diversified across a variety of asset classes, investment styles and investment managers. Where possible, investment managers are prohibited from owning our securities in the portfolios that they manage on our behalf.
For U.S. plan assets, which represent the majority of our plan assets, asset allocation target ranges are established consistent with our investment objectives, and the assets are rebalanced periodically.  For Non-U.S. plan assets, allocations are based on expected cash flow needs and assessments of the local practices and markets.  Our target allocation ranges are as follows:
U.S. Plan Assets
Domestic equity securities17 %to33%
International equity securities6 %to17%
Global equities5 %to17%
Debt securities27 %to38%
Real estate7 %to13%
Private investment partnerships7 %to13%
Non-U.S. Plan Assets
Equity securities55 %to75%
Debt securities25 %to45%
Real estate0 %to13%
The fair value of our pension plan assets by major category and valuation method is as follows:
December 31, 2022January 1, 2022
(In millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Not
Subject to
Leveling		Level 1Level 2Level 3Not
Subject to
Leveling
Cash and equivalents$378 $3 $— $— $200 $6 $— $— 
Equity securities:
Domestic2,304 — — 225 2,774 — — 271 
International1,171 — — 230 1,772 — — 305 
Mutual funds150 — — — 123 — — — 
Debt securities:
National, state and local governments332 239 — 27 677 274 — 98 
Corporate debt58 663 — 129 150 1,055 — 170 
Private investment partnerships— — — 1,070 — — — 1,098 
Real estate— — 569 395 — — 599 375 
Total$4,393 $905 $569 $2,076 $5,696 $1,335 $599 $2,317 
Cash and equivalents, equity securities and debt securities include commingled funds, which represent investments in funds offered to institutional investors that are similar to mutual funds in that they provide diversification by holding various equity and debt securities. The fair value of the commingled funds is determined and published by the fund's investment managers and is the basis for current transactions, therefore, they are categorized as Level 1 in the table above; certain of these funds were previously categorized as not subject to leveling and the prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Debt securities are valued based on same day actual trading prices, if available. If such prices are not available, we use a matrix pricing model with historical prices, trends and other factors.
Private investment partnerships represents interests in funds which invest in equity, debt and other financial assets.  These funds are generally not publicly traded so the interests therein are valued using income and market methods that include cash flow projections and market multiples for various comparable investments. Real estate includes owned properties and limited partnership interests in real estate partnerships. Owned properties are valued using certified appraisals at least every three years that are updated at least annually by the real estate investment manager based on current market trends and other available information. These appraisals generally use the standard methods for valuing real estate, including forecasting income and identifying current transactions for comparable real estate to arrive at a fair value.  Limited partnership interests in real estate partnerships are valued similarly to private investment partnerships, with the general partner using standard real estate valuation methods to value the real estate properties and securities held within their portfolios.  Neither private investment nor real estate partnerships are subject to leveling within the fair value hierarchy.
The table below presents a reconciliation of the fair value measurements for owned real estate properties, which use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
(In millions)20222021
Balance at beginning of year$599 $458 
Unrealized gains (losses), net(10)90 
Realized gains, net11 9 
Purchases, sales and settlements, net(31)42 
Balance at end of year$569 $599 
Estimated Future Cash Flow Impact
Defined benefits under salaried plans are based on salary and years of service.  Hourly plans generally provide benefits based on stated amounts for each year of service.  Our funding policy is consistent with applicable laws and regulations.  In 2023, we expect to contribute approximately $50 million to our pension plans. Benefit payments provided below reflect expected future employee service, as appropriate, and are expected to be paid, net of estimated participant contributions. These payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure our benefit obligation at the end of 2022. While pension benefit payments primarily will be paid out of qualified pension trusts, we will pay postretirement benefits other than pensions out of our general corporate assets. Benefit payments that we expect to pay on an undiscounted basis are as follows:
(In millions)20232024202520262027
2028-2032
Pension benefits$442 $450 $458 $466 $474 $2,451 
Postretirement benefits other than pensions19 19 18 17 16 63