UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 ___________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

 ___________________________________________________

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended April 4, 2020

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from          to          

Commission File Number: 001-33962 

COHERENT, INC.

Delaware	94-1622541
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

5100 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 764-4000 

___________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	COHR		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
			Nasdaq Global Select Market

__________________

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer," “accelerated filer", “smaller reporting company" and “emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer  ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company  ☐ Emerging growth company  ☐

1

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

 The number of shares outstanding of registrant’s common stock, par value $.01 per share, on May 26, 2020 was 24,252,940.

2

COHERENT, INC.

INDEX

		Page
Part I.	Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
	Three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
	April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
	Three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
	Six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	48
Part II.	Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	49
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	68
Item 6.	Exhibits	69
Signatures		70

2

EXPLANATORY NOTE

As previously disclosed in the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Coherent, Inc. (referred to herein as the Company, we, our or Coherent) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on May 6, 2020, the Company relied on the SEC’s Order Under Section 36 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Modifying Exemptions from the Reporting and Proxy Delivery Requirements for Public Companies, dated March 25, 2020 (Release No. 34-88465), to delay the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") due to circumstances related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including as a result of the economic uncertainty and market turmoil resulting from the pandemic. This uncertainty has resulted in accounting and financial reporting implications which have placed an increased strain on the Company’s management, accounting and legal personnel. The Company has had to devote a significant amount of time, resources and administrative support to perform long-lived asset and goodwill impairment testing; all of which have been made more difficult due to COVID-19 and its unforeseen disruption on the Company, including the shelter in place orders from governments in most of the jurisdictions in which such personnel are located and, consequently, having employees work remotely to the extent possible. In addition, the Company relies on a third party to perform analyses related to the valuation and testing of long-lived asset and goodwill impairment, and that third party has also experienced disruptions to their operations due to COVID-19.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements included in or incorporated by reference in this quarterly report, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These statements are generally accompanied by words such as "trend," "may," "will," could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "rely," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "intend," "potential," "continue," "outlook," "forecast" or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology, including without limitation statements made under "Our Strategy" and in "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Forward-looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing statements. Actual results of Coherent, Inc. may differ significantly from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed in the sections captioned "Our Strategy," "Risk Factors" and "Key Performance Indicators," as well as any other cautionary language in this quarterly report. All forward-looking statements included in the document are based on information available to us on the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements as a result of events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or non-occurrence of anticipated events, except to the extent required by law.

3

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data) 

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Net sales	$	293,147		$	372,860		$	613,918		$	756,006
Cost of sales	199,036			242,143			410,554			475,939
Gross profit	94,111			130,717			203,364			280,067
Operating expenses:
Research and development	29,794			30,461			58,474			59,403
Selling, general and administrative	61,307			69,463			129,858			134,020
Goodwill and other impairment charges	451,025			—			451,025			—
Amortization of intangible assets	1,296			1,926			2,728			4,966
Total operating expenses	543,422			101,850			642,085			198,389
Income (loss) from operations	(449,311		)	28,867			(438,721		)	81,678
Other income (expense):
Interest income	370			418			637			646
Interest expense	(4,423		)	(4,919		)	(8,517		)	(9,820		)
Other—net	(1,610		)	249			(817		)	(4,229		)
Total other expense, net	(5,663		)	(4,252		)	(8,697		)	(13,403		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	(454,974		)	24,615			(447,418		)	68,275
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	(36,061		)	3,865			(34,298		)	11,975
Net income (loss)	$	(418,913	)	$	20,750		$	(413,120	)	$	56,300
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	(17.39	)	$	0.86		$	(17.19	)	$	2.32
Diluted	$	(17.39	)	$	0.85		$	(17.19	)	$	2.31
Shares used in computation:
Basic	24,095			24,232			24,033			24,250
Diluted	24,095			24,332			24,033			24,402

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited; in thousands) 

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Net income (loss)	$	(418,913	)	$	20,750		$	(413,120	)	$	56,300
Other comprehensive income (loss): (1)
Translation adjustment, net of taxes (2)	(25,267		)	(7,578		)	(10,099		)	(13,268		)
Defined benefit pension plans, net of taxes (3)	1,478			(756		)	1,610			(748		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(23,789		)	(8,334		)	(8,489		)	(14,016		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(442,702	)	$	12,416		$	(421,609	)	$	42,284

(1) Reclassification adjustments were not significant during the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019.

(2) Tax benefits of $2,044 and $809 were provided on translation adjustments during the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, respectively. Tax benefits of $691 and $3,446 were provided on translation adjustments during the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, respectively.  

(3) Tax expenses of $642 and $675 were provided on changes in defined benefit pension plans for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, respectively. Tax benefits of $277 and $283 were provided on changes in defined benefit pension plans for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, respectively.

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited; in thousands, except par value)

	April 4, 2020			September 28, 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	369,251		$	305,833
Restricted cash	704			792
Short-term investments	116			120
Accounts receivable—net of allowances of $6,597 and $8,690, respectively	202,699			267,553
Inventories	457,358			442,530
Prepaid expenses and other assets	89,045			77,993
Total current assets	1,119,173			1,094,821
Property and equipment, net	242,858			323,434
Goodwill	95,711			427,101
Intangible assets, net	26,218			84,813
Non-current restricted cash	4,341			12,036
Other assets	237,076			140,964
Total assets	$	1,725,377		$	2,083,169
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings and current-portion of long-term obligations	$	16,275		$	14,863
Accounts payable	62,029			51,531
Income taxes payable	6,925			6,185
Other current liabilities	176,065			167,735
Total current liabilities	261,294			240,314
Long-term obligations	381,718			392,238
Other long-term liabilities	208,935			165,881
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, Authorized—500,000 shares, par value $.01 per share:
Outstanding— 24,192 shares and 23,982 shares, respectively	240			238
Additional paid-in capital	44,621			34,320
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(44,825		)	(36,336		)
Retained earnings	873,394			1,286,514
Total stockholders’ equity	873,430			1,284,736
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,725,377		$	2,083,169

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited; in thousands)

	Common Stock Shares		Common Stock Par Value			Add. Paid-in Capital			Accum. Other Comp. Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings		Total
Balances, September 29, 2018	24,299		$	242		$	78,700		$	2,833		$	1,232,689	$	1,314,464
Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	223		2			(9,141		)	—			—		(9,139		)
Repurchases of common stock	(195	)	(2		)	(25,499		)	—			—		(25,501		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—			7,791			—			—		7,791
Net income	—		—			—			—			35,550		35,550
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—			—			(5,682		)	—		(5,682		)
Balances, December 29, 2018	24,327		$	242		$	51,851		$	(2,849	)	$	1,268,239	$	1,317,483
Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	10		—			(298		)	—			—		(298		)
Repurchases of common stock	(200	)	(2		)	(25,903		)	—			—		(25,905		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—			9,086			—			—		9,086
Net income	—		—			—			—			20,750		20,750
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—			—			(8,334		)	—		(8,334		)
Balances, March 30, 2019	24,137		$	240		$	34,736		$	(11,183	)	$	1,288,989	$	1,312,782

	Common Stock Shares	Common Stock Par Value		Add. Paid-in Capital			Accum. Other Comp. Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total
Balances, September 28, 2019	23,982	$	238	$	34,320		$	(36,336	)	$	1,286,514		$	1,284,736
Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	171	2		(7,430		)	—			—			(7,428		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		7,574			—			—			7,574
Net income	—	—		—			—			5,793			5,793
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—		—			15,300			—			15,300
Balances, December 28, 2019	24,153	$	240	$	34,464		$	(21,036	)	$	1,292,307		$	1,305,975
Common stock issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	39	—		950			—			—			950
Stock-based compensation	—	—		9,207			—			—			9,207
Net loss	—	—		—			—			(418,913		)	(418,913		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—			(23,789		)	—			(23,789		)
Balances, April 4, 2020	24,192	$	240	$	44,621		$	(44,825	)	$	873,394		$	873,430

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited; in thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(413,120	)	$	56,300
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	25,932			27,690
Amortization of intangible assets	24,219			29,099
Impairment of goodwill	327,203			—
Impairment of long-lived assets	121,350			—
Impairment of investment	2,472			—
Deferred income taxes	(24,611		)	(4,453		)
Amortization of debt issuance cost	1,644			2,562
Stock-based compensation	16,690			16,880
Non-cash restructuring charges	1,514			323
Amortization of operating right of use assets	8,100			—
Other non-cash expense (income)	2,404			(1,224		)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable	63,754			40,560
Inventories	(19,326		)	(2,649		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(8,288		)	9,992
Other long-term assets	2,131			2,300
Accounts payable	9,889			(802		)
Income taxes payable/receivable	(26,123		)	(29,192		)
Operating lease liabilities	(8,389		)	—
Other current liabilities	95			(20,671		)
Other long-term liabilities	(1,768		)	(392		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	105,772			126,323
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(35,399		)	(41,525		)
Proceeds from dispositions of property and equipment	876			4,331
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(121		)	(11,433		)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities	125			93
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	—			(18,881		)
Investment at cost	—			(3,423		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(34,519		)	(70,838		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Short-term borrowings	12,695			88,424
Repayments of short-term borrowings	(13,568		)	(48,235		)
Repayments of long-term borrowings	(3,884		)	(3,802		)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock option and purchase plans	6,821			5,704
Net settlement of restricted common stock	(13,299		)	(15,141		)
Repurchase of common stock	—			(51,406		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(11,235		)	(24,456		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(4,383		)	(4,601		)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	55,635			26,428
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	318,661			324,045
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	374,296		$	350,473
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Unpaid property and equipment purchases	$	5,780		$	5,351

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

	April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	369,251	$	337,321
Restricted cash, current	704		814
Restricted cash, non-current	4,341		12,338
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows	$	374,296	$	350,473

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

COHERENT, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1.    BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto filed by Coherent, Inc. on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of financial condition and results of operation as of and for the periods presented have been made and include only normal recurring adjustments. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year or any other interim periods. Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to September 30 and our second fiscal quarter includes 14 weeks of operations in fiscal 2020 and 13 weeks of operations in fiscal 2019. Fiscal 2020 includes 53 weeks and fiscal 2019 includes 52 weeks.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Coherent, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company", "we", "our", "us" or "Coherent"). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased economic uncertainty and decreased demand for our products in many markets we serve, which could continue for an unknown period of time. In these circumstances, there may be developments outside of our control, including the length and extent of the COVID-19 outbreak, government-imposed measures and our ability to ship products and/or service installed products that may require us to adjust our operating plans. As such, given the dynamic nature of this situation, we cannot predict the future impacts of COVID-19 on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, we do expect that it will have an adverse impact on our revenue as well as our overall profitability and may lead to an increase in inventory provisions, allowances for credit losses, and a volatile effective tax rate driven by changes in the mix of earnings across our markets.

Based on our internal projections and the preparation of our financial statements for the quarter ended April 4, 2020, and considering the expected decrease in demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors, we believed that the fair value of our Industrial Lasers & Systems ("ILS") reporting unit may no longer exceed its carrying value and performed an interim goodwill impairment test on the ILS and OEM Laser Sources ("OLS") reporting units. Based on the estimated fair value of the ILS reporting unit, we recorded non-cash pretax goodwill impairment charges of $327.2 million. In addition, we performed impairment tests on the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit, including intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets as of April 4, 2020 and recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the impairment of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" and Note 11, "Leases" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Change in Accounting Policies - Leasing

Except for the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases ("ASC 842") on September 29, 2019 and the resulting changes in our accounting policies and disclosures for lease accounting, there have been no significant changes to our significant accounting policies as of and for the six months ended April 4, 2020, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.

Effective September 29, 2019, we adopted ASC 842, using the optional transition method, by which companies may elect not to recast the comparative periods presented in financial statements in the period of adoption and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption. See Note 2, "Recent Accounting Standards" to the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the impact of adoption.

9

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception for arrangements with an initial term of more than 12 months, and classify it as either finance or operating.

Finance leases are generally those that allow us to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated useful life. Finance leases are recorded in other assets and finance lease liabilities within other current and other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Finance lease assets are amortized in operating expenses on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the lease term, with the interest component included in interest expense and recognized using the effective interest method over the lease term.

Operating leases are recorded in other assets and operating lease liabilities within other current and other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For operating leases of buildings, we account for non-lease components, such as common area maintenance, as a component of the lease, and include it in the initial measurement of our operating lease assets and corresponding liabilities. Operating lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis in operating expenses over the lease term. Our lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining fixed lease payments, over the lease term, using a discount rate of similarly secured borrowings available to us. Most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate. We use our incremental borrowing rate for the same jurisdiction and term as the associated lease based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of the lease payments. We used the incremental borrowing rate as of September 28, 2019 for operating leases that commenced prior to that date. For the purpose of lease liability measurement, we consider only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. Any variable payments that depend on an index or rate are expensed as incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Our lease assets also include any lease payments made and exclude any lease incentives received prior to commencement. Our lease assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets used in operations. We generally recognize sublease income on a straight-line basis over the sublease term.

2.    RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU update specific areas of ASC 740, Income Taxes, to reduce complexity while maintaining or improving the usefulness of the information provided to users of financial statements. We elected to early adopt ASU 2019-12 in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 with no material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The guidance allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act") from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The guidance also requires certain new disclosures regardless of the election. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 with no material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance (ASC 842) that modifies lease accounting for lessees to increase transparency and comparability by recording lease assets and liabilities for operating leases and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. We adopted ASC 842 in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 utilizing the optional transition method by applying the new standard to leases existing at the date of initial application and not restating comparative periods. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception for arrangements with an initial term of more than 12 months, and classify it as either finance or operating. We have elected the package of practical expedients which allows us to not reassess 1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; 2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and 3) initial direct costs for any existing leases. In addition, we also elected to use the practical expedient allowed in the standard to not separate lease and non-lease components and apply the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption to all leases shorter than 12 months when calculating the lease liability under ASC 842. The adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease assets of $90.4 million, with corresponding operating lease liabilities of $93.5 million on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, primarily related to real estate leases. The difference between the operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities primarily represents our deferred

10

rent as of adoption. As of the date of adoption, we recognized finance lease assets of $1.0 million, with corresponding finance lease liabilities of $0.9 million on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, primarily related to equipment leases.

See Note 11, "Leases" for more information.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and a subsequent amendment, ASU 2018-19 (collectively, Topic 326). Topic 326 requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. The new standard will become effective for our fiscal year 2021, which begins on October 4, 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of Topic 326 on our consolidated financial statements. We currently expect that the standard will not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations.

3.     REVENUE RECOGNITION

Disaggregation of Revenue

Based on the information that our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") uses to manage the business, we disaggregate revenue by type and market application within each segment. No other level of disaggregation is required considering the type of products, customers, markets, contracts, duration of contracts, timing of transfer of control and sales channels.

The following tables summarize revenue from contracts with customers (in thousands):

Sales by revenue type and segment

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems		OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems
Net sales:
Products(1)	$	101,860	$	92,693	$	143,895	$	112,779
Other product and service revenues(2)	71,862		26,732		87,702		28,484
Total net sales	$	173,722	$	119,425	$	231,597	$	141,263

(1) Net sales primarily recognized at a point in time.

(2) Includes sales of spare parts, related accessories and other consumable parts as well as revenues from service agreements, of which $15.3 million and $13.4 million for the three months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively, were recognized over time.

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems		OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems
Net sales:
Products(1)	$	211,696	$	186,596	$	296,637	$	224,753
Other product and service revenues(2)	162,974		52,652		177,308		57,308
Total net sales	$	374,670	$	239,248	$	473,945	$	282,061

(1) Net sales primarily recognized at a point in time.

(2) Includes sales of spare parts, related accessories and other consumable parts as well as revenues from service agreements, of which $30.9 million and $26.0 million for the six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively, were recognized over time.

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Sales by market application and segment

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems		OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems
Net sales:
Microelectronics	$	104,901	$	16,866	$	152,640	$	16,625
Materials processing	8,397		77,910		9,484		95,438
OEM components and instrumentation	40,684		22,879		39,811		27,391
Scientific and government programs	19,740		1,770		29,662		1,809
Total net sales	$	173,722	$	119,425	$	231,597	$	141,263

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems		OEM Laser Sources		Industrial Lasers & Systems
Net sales:
Microelectronics	$	219,794	32,519		$	314,843	$	32,831
Materials processing	18,792		155,887		18,286		191,279
OEM components and instrumentation	86,914		46,000		79,030		54,525
Scientific and government programs	49,170		4,842		61,786		3,426
Total net sales	$	374,670	$	239,248	$	473,945	$	282,061

See Note 19, "Segment and Geographic Information" for revenue disaggregation by reportable segment and geographic region.

Contract Balances

We record accounts receivable when we have an unconditional right to the consideration. Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract liabilities consist of customer deposits and deferred revenue, where we have unsatisfied or partly satisfied performance obligations. Contract liabilities classified as customer deposits are included in other current liabilities and contract liabilities classified as deferred revenue are included in other current liabilities or other long-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Payment terms vary by customer.

A rollforward of our customer deposits and deferred revenue is as follows (in thousands):

Beginning balance, September 28, 2019 (1)	$	42,550
Additions to customer deposits and deferred revenue	89,885
Amount of customer deposits and deferred revenue recognized in income (2)	(77,827		)
Translation adjustments	(301		)
Ending balance, April 4, 2020 (3)	$	54,307

(1) Beginning customer deposits and deferred revenue as of September 28, 2019 include $34,538 of current portion and $8,012 of long-term portion.

(2) Amount of customer deposits and deferred revenue recognized in the three months ended April 4, 2020 was $37,467.

(3) Ending customer deposits and deferred revenue as of April 4, 2020 include $42,939 of current portion and $11,368 of long-term portion.    

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations for sales of maintenance agreements, extended warranties, installation, and contracts with customer acceptance provisions included in customer deposits and deferred revenue as of April 4, 2020 (in thousands):

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	Remainder of fiscal 2020		Thereafter		Total
Performance obligations as of April 4, 2020	$	35,648	$	18,659	$	54,307

4.     BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Fiscal 2019 Acquisitions

Ondax

On October 5, 2018, we acquired privately held Ondax for approximately $12.0 million, excluding transaction costs. Ondax developed and produced photonic components which are used on an OEM basis by the laser industry as well as incorporated into its own stabilized lasers and Raman Spectroscopy systems. Ondax’s operating results have been included in our Industrial Lasers & Systems segment. See Note 19, "Segment and Geographic Information."

Our allocation of the purchase price is as follows (in thousands):

Tangible assets:
Cash	$	103
Accounts receivable	534
Inventories	1,793
Prepaid expenses and other assets	17
Deferred tax assets	681
Property and equipment	122
Liabilities assumed	(499		)
Intangible assets:
Existing technology	5,600
Customer relationships	300
Goodwill	3,333
Total	$	11,984

Results of operations for the business have been included in our condensed consolidated financial statements subsequent to the date of acquisition and pro forma results of operations in accordance with authoritative guidance for prior periods have not been presented because the effect of the acquisition was not material to our prior period consolidated financial results.

The identifiable intangible assets are being amortized over their respective useful lives of 1 to 8 years. The fair values of the acquired intangibles were determined using the income approach. In performing these valuations, the key underlying probability-adjusted assumptions of the discounted cash flows were projected revenues, gross margin expectations and operating cost estimates. The valuations were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by our management. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. This acquisition resulted in a purchase price that exceeded the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets, which was allocated to goodwill. In the quarter ended April 4, 2020, we performed an interim impairment test and the entire goodwill balance and a portion of the existing technology intangible assets were impaired. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets".

We believe the amount of goodwill relative to identifiable intangible assets relates to several factors including: (1) potential buyer-specific synergies related to the development of new technologies; and (2) the potential to leverage our sales force to attract new customers.

None of the goodwill from this purchase is deductible for tax purposes.

Quantum

On October 5, 2018, we acquired certain assets of Quantum Coating, Inc. ("Quantum") for approximately $7.0 million, excluding transaction costs, and accounted for the transaction as an asset purchase.

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Our allocation of the purchase price is as follows (in thousands):

Tangible assets:
Property and equipment	$	2,770
Intangible assets:
Existing technology	1,600
Customer relationships	230
Production know-how	2,300
Backlog	100
Total	$	7,000

The identifiable intangible assets are being amortized over their respective useful lives of 1 to 5 years. The fair values of the acquired intangibles were determined using the income approach. In performing these valuations, the key underlying probability-adjusted assumptions of the discounted cash flows were projected revenues, gross margin expectations and operating cost estimates. The valuations were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by our management. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations.

5.     FAIR VALUES

We have not changed our valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of any financial assets and liabilities during the period. We recognize transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers between levels during the periods presented. As of April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we had one investment carried on a cost basis. See Note 9, "Balance Sheet Details." If we were to fair value this investment, it would be based upon Level 3 inputs. This investment is not considered material to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

We measure the fair value of outstanding debt obligations for disclosure purposes on a recurring basis. As of April 4, 2020, the current and long-term portion of long-term obligations of $6.3 million and $381.7 million, respectively, are reported at amortized cost. As of September 28, 2019, the current and long-term portion of long-term obligations of $4.9 million and $392.2 million, respectively, are reported at amortized cost. These outstanding obligations are classified as Level 2 as they are not actively traded and are valued using a discounted cash flow model that uses observable market inputs. Based on the discounted cash flow model, the fair value of the outstanding debt approximates amortized cost.

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Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019 are summarized below (in thousands):

	Aggregate Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs			Aggregate Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs
	April 4, 2020								September 28, 2019
				(Level 1)		(Level 2)						(Level 1)		(Level 2)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market fund deposits	$	36,602		$	36,602	$	—		$	21,422		$	21,422	$	—
Certificates of deposit	53,800			53,800		—			—			—		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. Treasury and agency obligations (1)	116			—		116			120			—		120
Prepaid and other assets:
Foreign currency contracts (2)	2,673			—		2,673			370			—		370
Money market fund deposits — Deferred comp and supplemental plan (3)	216			216		—			433			433		—
Mutual funds — Deferred comp and supplemental plan (3)	19,370			19,370		—			22,419			22,419		—
Total	$	112,777		$	109,988	$	2,789		$	44,764		$	44,274	$	490
Liabilities:
Other current liabilities:
Foreign currency contracts (2)	(2,181		)	—		(2,181		)	(960		)	—		(960		)
Total	$	110,596		$	109,988	$	608		$	43,804		$	44,274	$	(470	)

 ___________________________________________________

(1) Valuations are based upon quoted market prices in active markets involving similar assets. The market inputs used to value these instruments generally consist of market yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Pricing sources include industry standard data providers, security master files from large financial institutions, and other third party sources which are input into a distribution-curve-based algorithm to determine a daily market value. This creates a "consensus price" or a weighted average price for each security.

(2) The principal market in which we execute our foreign currency contracts is the institutional market in an over-the-counter environment with a relatively high level of price transparency. The market participants usually are large commercial banks. Our foreign currency contracts’ valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and quoted pricing intervals from public data sources and do not involve management judgment. See Note 7, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities."

(3) The fair value of mutual funds is determined based on quoted market prices. Securities traded on a national exchange are stated at the last reported sales price on the day of valuation; other securities traded in over-the-counter markets and listed securities for which no sale was reported on that date are stated as the last quoted bid price.  

6.              SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS

We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Investments classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of related income taxes, recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income ("OCI") in stockholders’ equity until realized. Interest and amortization of premiums and discounts for debt securities are included in interest income. Gains and losses on securities sold are determined based on the specific identification method and are included in other income (expense).

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Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of the following (in thousands):

 

	April 4, 2020
	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	369,251	$	—	$	—	$	369,251
Short-term investments:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and agency obligations	$	115	$	1	$	—	$	116
Corporate notes and obligations	—		—		—		—
Total short-term investments	$	115	$	1	$	—	$	116

	September 28, 2019
	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	305,833	$	—	$	—	$	305,833
Short-term investments:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury and agency obligations	$	120	$	—	$	—	$	120
Total short-term investments	$	120	$	—	$	—	$	120

There were no unrealized gains or losses at April 4, 2020 or September 28, 2019.

7.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

We maintain operations in various countries outside of the United States and have foreign subsidiaries that manufacture and sell our products in various global markets. The majority of our sales are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, we do generate revenues in other currencies, primarily the Euro, Japanese Yen, South Korean Won, Singapore Dollar and Chinese Renminbi (RMB). As a result, our earnings, cash flows and cash balances are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We attempt to limit these exposures through financial market instruments. We utilize derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts with maturities of two months or less, to manage our exposure associated with anticipated cash flows and net asset and liability positions denominated in foreign currencies. Gains and losses on the forward contracts are mitigated by gains and losses on the underlying instruments. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. The credit risk amounts represent our gross exposure to potential accounting loss on derivative instruments that are outstanding or unsettled if all counterparties failed to perform according to the terms of the contract, based on then-current currency rates at each respective date.

Non-Designated Derivatives

The total outstanding notional contract and fair value asset (liability) amounts of non-designated hedge contracts, with maximum maturity of two months, are as follows (in thousands):

 

	U.S. Notional Contract Value						U.S. Fair Value
	April 4, 2020			September 28, 2019			April 4, 2020			September 28, 2019
Foreign currency hedge contracts
Purchase	$	58,026		$	53,920		$	(2,181	)	$	(117	)
Sell	$	(91,480	)	$	(86,984	)	$	2,673		$	(473	)

The fair value of our derivative instruments is included in prepaid expenses and other assets and in other current liabilities in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 5, "Fair Values."

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During the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, we recognized gains of $0.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in other income (expense) for derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments. During the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, we recognized losses of $3.0 million and $6.7 million, respectively, in other income (expense) for derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments.

Master Netting Arrangements

To mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions, we enter into master netting arrangements that allow each counterparty in the arrangements to net settle amounts of multiple and separate derivative transactions under certain conditions. We present the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities within our condensed consolidated balance sheet on a gross basis even when derivative transactions are subject to master netting arrangements and may otherwise qualify for net presentation. The impact of netting derivative assets and liabilities is not material to our financial position for any of the periods presented. Our derivative contracts do not contain any credit risk related contingent features and do not require collateral or other security to be furnished by us or the counterparties.

8.    GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS 

In the quarter ended April 4, 2020, the worldwide spread of coronavirus ("COVID-19") has created significant volatility, uncertainty and disruption to the global economy, representing an indicator to test our goodwill for impairment. Based on our internal projections and the preparation of our financial statements for the quarter ended April 4, 2020, and considering the expected decrease in demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors, we believed that the fair value of our ILS reporting unit may no longer exceed its carrying value and performed an interim goodwill impairment test on the ILS reporting unit. We also performed an interim goodwill impairment test on the OLS reporting unit.

Our goodwill impairment tests for the ILS and OLS reporting units were performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting units with their carrying values and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeded the fair value. Based on the estimated fair value of the ILS reporting unit, we recorded a non-cash pre-tax charge related to the ILS reporting unit of $327.2 million, reducing the goodwill balance of the reporting unit to zero. The impairment charge was primarily the result of a decline in projected cash flows of the ILS reporting unit driven by lower forecasted sales volumes and profitability in several business units. The impairment charge was also the result of changes in certain market-related inputs to the analysis to reflect macro-economic changes caused by the impact of COVID-19, including lower pricing multiples for comparable public companies. No impairment charge was recognized for the OLS reporting unit as the fair value significantly exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit.

In assessing goodwill for impairment, we were required to make significant judgments related to the fair value of our reporting units. We used a combination of the Income (discounted cash flow) approach and the Market (market comparable) approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The Income approach utilizes the discounted cash flow model to provide an estimation of fair value based on the cash flows that a business expects to generate. These cash flows are based on forecasts developed internally by management which are then discounted at an after tax rate of return required by equity and debt market participants of a business enterprise. Our assumptions used in the forecasts are based on historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates and management’s plans. The rate of return on cost of capital is weighted based on the capitalization of comparable companies. We utilized a discount rate for each of our reporting units that represents the risks that our businesses face, considering their sizes, their current economic environment and other industry data as we believe is appropriate. The Market approach determines fair value by comparing the reporting units to comparable companies in similar lines of business that are publicly traded. The selection of comparable companies is based on the markets in which the reporting units operate giving consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services. Total Enterprise Value (TEV) multiples such as TEV to revenues and TEV to earnings (if applicable) before interest and taxes of the publicly traded companies are calculated. We utilized multiples for each of our reporting units that represent the risks that our businesses face, considering their sizes, their current economic environment and other industry data as we believe is appropriate. The interim goodwill impairment testing results were also reconciled with our market capitalization as of April 4, 2020, as the final step in the impairment testing.

Before performing the goodwill impairment test for the ILS reporting unit, we performed impairment tests on the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit, including intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets as of April 4, 2020, due primarily to the same indicators that led to the interim goodwill impairment

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testing. Based on the impairment tests performed, we concluded that some of the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit were impaired as of April 4, 2020. Accordingly, we recorded non-cash pre-tax charges in the quarter ended April 4, 2020 related to the intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use ("ROU") assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. We did not identify any indicators that would lead us to believe that the carrying value of the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the OLS reporting unit may not be recoverable as of April 4, 2020.

In assessing our long-lived assets for impairment, we were required to make significant judgments related to the fair value of our long-lived assets, which are comprised of personal property, real property, and intangible assets. We used a combination of the Income, the Market approach, and the Cost (cost to create) approach to estimate the fair value of our long-lived assets. Our personal property assets consist of laser manufacturing and assembly equipment, semiconductor tools, laboratory and test equipment, furniture and fixtures and computer hardware and software. We used the Cost Approach (with support from the Market Approach) to estimate the fair value of our personal property, taking into consideration the physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and economic obsolescence of our personal property assets. Our real property assets consist of land and buildings, land rights (ground leased) and ROU assets. In determining the fair value of our real property assets, we used a combination of the Income, Market (sales comparison) and Cost approaches. We considered historical transaction information, current market conditions, operating performance, forecast growth and market-derived rates of return in our real property determination of fair value. The fair value of our ROU assets was determined using the Income approach by considering off-market components of the associated ROU leases. Our intangible assets consist of technology and customer relationship assets, and we used the Income approach to estimate the fair value of our intangible assets. We identified cash flows associated with each intangible asset, which were discounted at an after-tax rate of return appropriate for the risk profile of each intangible asset.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the period from September 28, 2019 to April 4, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

	OEM Laser Sources			Industrial Lasers & Systems			Total
Balance as of September 28, 2019	$	96,820		$	330,281		$	427,101
Impairment charges	—			(327,203		)	(327,203		)
Translation adjustments	(1,109		)	(3,078		)	(4,187		)
Balance as of April 4, 2020	$	95,711		$	—		$	95,711

Components of our amortizable intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020							September 28, 2019
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Existing technology	$	43,843	$	(31,011	)	$	12,832	$	193,704	$	(131,429	)	$	62,275
Customer relationships	33,313		(21,541		)	11,772		42,083		(21,512		)	20,571
Trade name	—		—			—		5,261		(5,138		)	123
Production know-how	2,300		(686		)	1,614		2,300		(456		)	1,844
Total	$	79,456	$	(53,238	)	$	26,218	$	243,348	$	(158,535	)	$	84,813

For accounting purposes, when an intangible asset is fully amortized, it is removed from the disclosure schedule. The gross carrying amounts as of April 4, 2020, have been reduced by impairment charges of $27.7 million and $6.2 million for existing technology and customer relationships, respectively.

Amortization expense for intangible assets for the six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019 was $24.2 million and $29.1 million, respectively. The change in the accumulated amortization also includes $2.1 million (decrease) and $4.4 million (decrease) of foreign exchange impact for the six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively.

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At April 4, 2020, estimated amortization expense for the remainder of fiscal 2020, the next five succeeding fiscal years and all fiscal years thereafter are as follows (in thousands):

	Estimated Amortization Expense
2020 (remainder)	$	5,736
2021	9,072
2022	3,115
2023	2,591
2024	1,807
2025	1,805
Thereafter	2,092
Total	$	26,218

9.     BALANCE SHEET DETAILS

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Purchased parts and assemblies	$	134,685	$	134,298
Work-in-process	177,146		174,550
Finished goods	145,527		133,682
Total inventories	$	457,358	$	442,530

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Prepaid and refundable income taxes	$	49,558	$	44,096
Other taxes receivable	8,536		11,208
Prepaid expenses and other assets	30,951		22,689
Total prepaid expenses and other assets	$	89,045	$	77,993

Other assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Assets related to deferred compensation arrangements	$	34,613	$	35,842
Deferred tax assets	105,694		87,011
Right of use assets, net - operating leases (See Note 11)	81,957		—
Right of use assets, net - finance leases (See Note 11)	780		—
Other assets (1)	14,032		18,111
Total other assets	$	237,076	$	140,964

(1) In the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we invested 3.0 million Euro ($3.4 million) in 3D-Micromac AG, a private company in Germany. The investment is included in other assets and is being carried on a cost basis and will be adjusted for impairment if we determine that indicators of impairment exist at any point in time. During the second quarter of fiscal 2020, we determined that our investment became impaired and wrote it down to its fair value. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $2.5 million to operating expense in our results of operations in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.

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Other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Accrued payroll and benefits	$	51,425	$	55,698
Operating lease liability, current (See Note 11)	14,112		—
Finance lease liability, current (See Note 11)	368		—
Deferred revenue	29,585		23,695
Warranty reserve	33,948		36,460
Accrued expenses and other	33,273		41,039
Customer deposits	13,354		10,843
Total other current liabilities	$	176,065	$	167,735

Components of the reserve for warranty costs during the first six months of fiscal 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Beginning balance	$	36,460		$	40,220
Additions related to current period sales	19,228			27,816
Warranty costs incurred in the current period	(21,469		)	(28,406		)
Accruals resulting from acquisitions	—			21
Adjustments to accruals related to foreign exchange and other	(271		)	(660		)
Ending balance	$	33,948		$	38,991

Other long-term liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Long-term taxes payable	$	14,093	$	37,385
Operating lease liability, long-term (See Note 11)	72,259		—
Finance lease liability, long-term (See Note 11)	337		—
Deferred compensation	38,666		39,715
Defined benefit plan liabilities	43,266		45,862
Deferred tax liabilities	21,851		27,785
Deferred revenue	11,368		8,012
Asset retirement obligations liability	5,223		4,934
Other long-term liabilities	1,872		2,188
Total other long-term liabilities	$	208,935	$	165,881

10.     BORROWINGS

On November 7, 2016 (the "Closing Date"), we entered into a Credit Agreement by and among us, Coherent Holding BV & Co. K.G. (formerly Coherent Holding GmbH), as borrower (the "Borrower"), and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries from time to time party thereto, as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto, Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and an L/C Issuer, Bank of America, N.A., as an L/C Issuer, and MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as an L/C Issuer (the "Initial Credit Agreement" and, as amended by the Amendments (defined below), the "Credit Agreement"). The Initial Credit Agreement provided for a 670.0 million Euro senior secured term loan facility (the "Euro Term Loan") and a $100.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") with a $30.0 million letter of credit sublimit and a $10.0 million swing line sublimit, in each case, which may be increased from time to time pursuant to an incremental feature set forth in the Credit Agreement. On November 7, 2016, the Borrower borrowed the full 670.0 million Euros under the Euro Term Loan and its proceeds were used to finance the acquisition of Rofin and pay related

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fees and expenses. On November 7, 2016, we also used 10.0 million Euros of the capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility for the issuance of a letter of credit. On November 20, 2018, we borrowed an additional $40.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility and on July 29, 2019, we repaid $30.0 million of the amount borrowed. The Initial Credit Agreement was amended on May 8, 2017 (the "First Amendment") to reduce the interest rate margins applicable to the Euro Term Loan and was amended again on July 5, 2017 (the "Second Amendment" and, together with the First Amendment, the "Amendments") to make certain technical changes in connection with the conversion of the Borrower from a German company with limited liability to a German limited partnership.

The Credit Agreement contains customary mandatory prepayment provisions. The Borrower has the right to prepay loans under the Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs. Revolving loans may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed until the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, at which time all outstanding revolving loans must be repaid. The Euro Term Loan matures on the seventh anniversary of the Closing Date, at which time all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the Euro Term Loan must be repaid.

As of April 4, 2020, the outstanding principal amount of the Euro Term Loan was 361.6 million Euros. As of April 4, 2020, the outstanding amount of the Revolving Credit Facility was $10.0 million plus a 10.0 million Euro letter of credit.

Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Borrower’s option, at a rate equal to either (i)(x) in the case of calculations with respect to U.S. Dollars or certain other alternative currencies, the London interbank offered rate (the "LIBOR") or (y) in the case of calculations with respect to the Euro, the euro interbank offered rate ("EURIBOR" and, together with LIBOR), the "Eurocurrency Rate") or (ii) a base rate (the "Base Rate") equal to the highest of (x) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50%, (y) the prime rate then in effect and (z) the Eurocurrency Rate for loans denominated in U.S. dollars applicable to a one-month interest period, plus 1.0%, in each case, plus an applicable margin that is subject to adjustment pursuant to a pricing grid based on consolidated total gross leverage ratio. At April 4, 2020, the applicable margin for Euro Term Loans borrowed as Eurocurrency Rate loans was 2.25% per annum and as Base Rate loans was 1.25% and the applicable margin for revolving loans borrowed as Eurocurrency Rate loans was 4.00% per annum and as Base Rate loans was 3.00% per annum. Interest on Base Rate Loans is payable quarterly in arrears. Interest on Eurocurrency Rate loans is payable at the end of the applicable interest period (or at three month intervals if the interest period exceeds three months).

The Credit Agreement requires the Borrower to make scheduled quarterly payments on the Euro Term Loan of 0.25% of the original principal amount of the Euro Term Loan, with any remaining principal payable at maturity. A commitment fee accrues on any unused portion of the revolving loan commitments under the Credit Agreement at a rate of 0.375% or 0.5% depending on the consolidated total gross leverage ratio at any time of determination. The Borrower is also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type.

On the Closing Date, we and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, provided an unconditional guaranty of all obligations of the Borrower and the other loan parties arising under the Credit Agreement, the other loan documents and under swap contracts and treasury management agreements with the lenders or their affiliates (with certain limited exceptions). The Borrower and the guarantors have also granted security interests in substantially all of their assets to secure such obligations.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of us and our subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, make investments, make certain restricted payments, transact with affiliates, and sell assets. The Credit Agreement also requires us and our subsidiaries to maintain a senior secured net leverage ratio as of the last day of each fiscal quarter of less of than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00. We were in compliance with all covenants at April 4, 2020.

We incurred $28.5 million of debt issuance costs related to the Euro Term Loan and $0.5 million of debt issuance costs to the original lenders related to the First Amendment, which are included in short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term obligations and long-term obligations in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized to interest expense over the seven year life of the Euro Term Loan using the effective interest method, adjusted to accelerate amortization related to voluntary repayments. We incurred $2.3 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Revolving Credit Facility which were capitalized and included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized to interest expense using the straight-line method over the contractual term of five years of the Revolving Credit Facility.

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Additional sources of cash available to us were international currency lines of credit and bank credit facilities totaling $16.1 million as of April 4, 2020, of which $13.5 million was unused and available. These unsecured international credit facilities were used in Europe and Japan during the first six months of fiscal 2020. As of April 4, 2020, we had utilized $2.6 million of the international credit facilities as guarantees in Europe.

Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Current portion of Euro Term Loan (1)	$	4,546	$	2,748
1.3% Term loan due 2024	1,349		1,367
1.0% State of Connecticut term loan due 2023	380		378
Capital lease obligations	—		370
Line of credit borrowings	10,000		10,000
Total short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term obligations	$	16,275	$	14,863

(1) Net of debt issuance costs of $2.7 million and $4.6 million at April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively.

Long-term obligations consist of the following (in thousands):

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
Euro Term Loan due 2024 (1)	$	376,160	$	385,208
1.3% Term loan due 2024	4,721		5,466
1.0% State of Connecticut term loan due 2023	837		1,028
Capital lease obligations	—		536
Total long-term obligations	$	381,718	$	392,238

(1) Net of debt issuance costs of $6.8 million and $6.4 million at April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively.

Contractual maturities of our debt obligations, excluding line of credit borrowings, as of April 4, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
2020 (remainder)	$	4,568
2021	8,951
2022	8,951
2023	8,773
2024	366,193
Total	$	397,436

11.     LEASES

We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception for arrangements with an initial term of more than 12 months, and classify it as either a finance or operating lease. We lease certain real and personal property from unrelated third parties under non-cancellable operating leases that expire at various dates through fiscal 2032. These operating leases are mainly for administrative offices, research-and-development and manufacturing facilities, as well as sales offices in various countries around the world. Certain leases require us to pay property taxes, insurance and routine maintenance, and include escalation clauses. Many leases include one or more options to renew. We assume renewals in our determination of the lease term when the renewals are deemed to be reasonably assured at lease commencement. We have also entered into various finance leases to obtain servers and certain other equipment for our operations. These arrangements are typically for three to six years. Our assets, liabilities and lease costs related to finance leases are immaterial.

As the rates implicit in our leases are not readily determinable, we use incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future lease payments. We consider

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both the credit rating and the length of the lease when calculating the incremental borrowing rate. We combine lease and non-lease components into a single lease component for both our operating and finance leases.

For the purpose of lease liability measurement, we consider only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. Any variable payments that depend on an index or rate are expensed as incurred.

We generally recognize sublease income on a straight-line basis over the sublease term.

As a result of interim impairment testing performed on long-lived assets in the quarter ended April 4, 2020, we recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $1.8 million. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for discussion of the interim impairment testing.

The components of operating lease costs (in thousands), lease term (in years) and discount rate are as follows:

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			April 4, 2020
Operating lease cost	$	4,993		$	9,963
Variable lease cost	344			688
Short-term lease cost	130			260
Sublease income	(32		)	(64		)
Total lease cost	$	5,435		$	10,847

	April 4, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term	8.3
Weighted average discount rate	4.8	%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases are as follows (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	9,710
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	2,636

See Note 9, "Balance Sheet Details" for supplemental balance sheet information related to leases.

As of April 4, 2020, maturities of our operating lease liabilities, which do not include short-term leases and variable lease payments, are as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
2020 (remainder)	$	9,412
2021	17,311
2022	15,575
2023	12,228
2024	9,684
2025 and thereafter	45,253
Total minimum lease payments	109,463
Amounts representing interest	(22,387		)
Present value of total lease liabilities	$	87,076

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As of September 28, 2019, future minimum lease payments as defined under the previous lease accounting guidance of ASC 840 under non-cancellable operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
2020	$	19,578
2021	14,579
2022	10,405
2023	6,817
2024	4,156
2025 and thereafter	10,755
Total minimum lease payments	$	66,290

12.  STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Fair Value of Stock Compensation

We recognize compensation expense for all share based payment awards based on the fair value of such awards. The expense is recognized on a straight-line basis per tranche over the respective requisite service period of the awards.

Determining Fair Value

The fair values of shares purchased under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively, were estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Employee Stock Purchase Plan
	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Expected life in years	0.5			0.5			0.5			0.5
Volatility	46.7		%	47.5		%	46.9		%	47.9		%
Risk-free interest rate	1.55		%	2.49		%	1.70		%	2.42		%
Expected dividend yield	—		%	—		%	—		%	—		%
Weighted average fair value per share	$	44.61		$	38.50		$	44.08		$	40.64

We grant performance restricted stock units to officers and certain employees. The performance restricted stock unit agreements provide for the award of performance stock units with each unit representing the right to receive one share of our common stock to be issued after the applicable award vesting period. The final number of units awarded, if any, for these performance grants will be determined as of the vesting dates, based upon our total shareholder return over the performance period compared to the applicable Russell Index and could range from no units to a maximum of twice the initial award units. The weighted average fair value for these performance units was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model incorporating the following weighted average assumptions:

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Risk-free interest rate	1.6		%	2.9		%
Volatility	47.2		%	43.7		%
Weighted average fair value per share	$	190.86		$	117.43

We recognize the estimated cost of these awards, as determined under the simulation model, over the related service period of approximately 3 years, with no adjustment in future periods based upon the actual shareholder return over the performance period.

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Stock Compensation Expense

The following table shows total stock-based compensation expense and related tax benefits included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Cost of sales	$	1,011		$	1,172		$	2,193		$	2,409
Research and development	894			783			1,455			1,433
Selling, general and administrative	6,993			7,049			13,042			13,038
Income tax benefit	(1,006		)	(1,461		)	(1,862		)	(2,694		)
	$	7,892		$	7,543		$	14,828		$	14,186

During the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, $1.3 million and $2.3 million of stock-based compensation cost, respectively, were capitalized as part of inventory for all stock plans, $1.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively, were amortized into cost of sales and $1.5 million remained in inventory at April 4, 2020. During the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, $1.3 million and $2.4 million of stock-based compensation cost, respectively, was capitalized as part of inventory for all stock plans, $1.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, were amortized into cost of sales and $1.5 million remained in inventory at March 30, 2019. 

At April 4, 2020, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock-based awards granted to employees under our stock plans but not yet recognized was approximately $45.6 million. We do not estimate forfeitures. This cost will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.6 years.

Stock Awards Activity

The following table summarizes the activity of our time-based and performance-based restricted stock units for the first six months of fiscal 2020 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	Time-based Restricted Stock Units				Performance-based Restricted Stock Units
	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested stock at September 28, 2019	295		$	152.47	133		$	184.26
Granted	171		155.91		37		190.86
Vested (1)	(142	)	151.95		(81	)	163.17
Forfeited	(6	)	185.99		—		—
Nonvested stock at April 4, 2020	318		$	153.91	89		$	200.63

(1) Service-based restricted stock units vested during the fiscal year. Performance-based restricted stock units included at 100% of target goal; under the terms of the awards, the recipient may earn between 0% and 200% of the award.

13.      COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification. Exposure under these agreements is unknown because claims may be made against us in the future and we may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. As of April 4, 2020, we did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible.

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Legal Proceedings

We are subject to legal claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business, such as product liability, employment or intellectual property claims.

Although we do not expect that such legal claims and litigation will ultimately have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, an adverse result in one or more matters could negatively affect our results in the period in which they occur, or in future periods.

The United States and many foreign governments impose tariffs and duties on the import and export of certain products we sell. From time to time our customs compliance, product classifications, duty calculations and payments are reviewed or audited by government agencies. Any adverse result in such a review or audit could negatively affect our results in the period in which they occur, or in future periods.

We are currently in discussions with the German government regarding an export compliance matter involving one of our German subsidiaries. We believe that this involves less than approximately 1.5 million Euros in transactions over the past three years and do not believe that the final resolution of this matter will be material to our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, the German government investigation is ongoing and it is possible that substantial payments, fines, penalties or damages could result. Even though we do not currently expect this matter to be material to our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, circumstances could change as the investigation progresses.

14.      STOCK REPURCHASES

On October 28, 2018, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $250.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2019, with a limit of no more than $75.0 million per quarter. During fiscal 2019, we repurchased and retired 603,828 shares of outstanding common stock under this program at an average price of $128.20 per share for a total of $77.4 million. We made no repurchases under the program during the first six months of fiscal 2020 and the program expired on December 31, 2019.

On February 5, 2020, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of our common stock through January 31, 2021.We made no repurchases under the program during the first six months of fiscal 2020.

15.  EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, excluding unvested restricted stock. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period increased by the effect of dilutive employee stock awards, including stock options, restricted stock awards and stock purchase plan contracts, using the treasury stock method.

The following table presents information necessary to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share data): 

	Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019		April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic	24,095			24,232		24,033			24,250
Dilutive effect of employee stock awards	—			100		—			152
Weighted average shares outstanding—diluted	24,095			24,332		24,033			24,402
Net income (loss)	$	(418,913	)	$	20,750	$	(413,120	)	$	56,300

A total of 88,032 and 92,837 potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the diluted share calculation for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, respectively, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

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16.  OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)

Other income (expense) is as follows (in thousands): 

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Foreign exchange loss	$	(659	)	$	(2,371	)	$	(1,693	)	$	(4,548	)
Gain (loss) on deferred compensation investments, net	(1,425		)	1,183			807			(941		)
Other	474			1,437			69			1,260
Other—net	$	(1,610	)	$	249		$	(817	)	$	(4,229	)

17.  INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense includes a provision for federal, state and foreign taxes based on the annual estimated effective tax rate applicable to us and our subsidiaries, adjusted for items which are considered discrete to the period.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") was enacted and signed into law. U.S. GAAP rules require recognition of the tax effects of new legislation during the reporting period that includes the enactment date. The CARES Act, among other things, includes tax provision changes that benefit business entities and it makes certain technical corrections to the Tax Act. The tax relief measures for business include a five-year net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback, suspension of the annual deduction limitation for net operating losses generated in a tax year beginning after December 31, 2017, changes in the deductibility of interest, acceleration of alternative minimum tax credit refunds, payroll tax relief, and technical corrections allowing accelerated deductions for qualified improvement property. The CARES Act also provides other non-tax benefits, including employee retention credits, to assist businesses impacted by the pandemic. We are currently evaluating the impact of the CARES Act.

Our effective tax rates on loss before income taxes for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 were 7.9% and 7.7%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 were unfavorably impacted primarily due to the impairment of goodwill that is not deductible for tax purposes and the establishment of valuation allowances for certain deferred tax assets. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by the release of unrecognized tax benefits net of settlements and competent authority offsets, the geographic distribution of the impairments of certain long-lived assets that are deductible for tax purposes and the reduction in foreign earnings subject to foreign tax rates that are higher than the U.S. tax rates. Our effective tax rate is based on forecasted annual results and these amounts may fluctuate significantly through the rest of the year as a result of the unpredictable impact of COVID-19 on our operating activities.

Our effective tax rates on income before income taxes for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019 were 15.7% and 17.5%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019 were lower than the U.S. federal tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to the excess tax benefits from restricted stock unit vesting, the benefit of federal research and development tax credits and the benefit of our Singapore and South Korea tax exemptions. These amounts were partially offset by the impact of income subject to foreign tax rates that are higher than the U.S. tax rates, an accrual for foreign withholding taxes on certain current year foreign earnings not considered permanently reinvested, stock-based compensation not deductible for tax purposes and limitations on the deductibility of compensation under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m). In January 2020, certain of our German entities received preliminary partial tax audit reports related to intercompany transactions (transfer pricing) and we worked with the German tax authorities for a final resolution in March 2020.

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The following table summarizes the activity related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits for the six months ended April 4, 2020 (amounts in thousands):

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020
Balance as of the beginning of the year	$	58,111
Increases related to acquisitions	—
Tax positions related to current year:
Additions	1,077
Reductions	—
Tax positions related to prior year:
Additions	—
Reductions	—
Settlements	—
Lapses in statutes of limitations	(646		)
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits based on tax audit results	(19,463		)
Foreign currency revaluation adjustment	(101		)
Balance as of end of period	$	38,978

The unrecognized tax benefits indicated in the table above is primarily due to the close of certain German tax audits. As of April 4, 2020, the total amount of gross interest and penalties accrued was $2.5 million and is classified as long-term taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets.

18.  DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS

For the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, net periodic cost under our defined benefit plans was $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, net periodic cost (benefit) under our defined benefit plans was a benefit of $0.4 million and a cost of $0.2 million, respectively. The service cost component of net periodic costs is included in selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses, and the interest costs, net actuarial (gain) loss and other components are included in Other—net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

19.  SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

At April 4, 2020, we were organized into two reporting segments, OEM Laser Sources ("OLS") and Industrial Lasers & Systems ("ILS"), based upon our organizational structure and how the CODM receives and utilizes information provided to allocate resources and make decisions. This segmentation reflects the go-to-market strategies and synergies for our broad portfolio of laser technologies and products. While both segments deliver cost-effective, highly reliable photonics solutions, the OLS business segment is focused on high performance laser sources and complex optical sub-systems, typically used in microelectronics manufacturing, medical diagnostics and therapeutic applications, as well as in scientific research. Our ILS business segment delivers high performance laser sources, sub-systems and tools primarily used for industrial laser materials processing, serving important end markets like automotive, machine tool, consumer goods and medical device manufacturing. Ondax’s operating results have been included in our ILS segment.

We have identified OLS and ILS as operating segments for which discrete financial information is available. Both units have dedicated engineering, manufacturing, product business management and product line management functions. A small portion of our outside revenue is attributable to projects and recently developed products for which a segment has not yet been determined. The associated direct and indirect costs are presented in the category of Corporate and other, along with other corporate costs as described below.

Our Chief Executive Officer has been identified as the CODM, as he assesses the performance of the segments and decides how to allocate resources to the segments. Income from operations is the measure of profit and loss that our CODM uses to assess performance and make decisions. Assets by segment are not a measure used to assess the performance of the

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company by the CODM and thus are not reported in our disclosures. Income from operations represents the net sales less the cost of sales and direct operating expenses incurred within the operating segments as well as allocated expenses such as shared sales and manufacturing costs. We do not allocate certain operating expenses to our operating segments and we manage them at the corporate level. These unallocated costs include stock-based compensation and corporate functions (certain research and development, management, finance, legal and human resources) and are included in the results below under Corporate and other in the reconciliation of operating results. Management does not consider unallocated Corporate and other costs in its measurement of segment performance.

The following table provides net sales and income (loss) from operations for our operating segments and a reconciliation of our total income (loss) from operations to income (loss) before income taxes (in thousands): 

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
Net sales:
OEM Laser Sources	$	173,722		$	231,597		$	374,670		$	473,945
Industrial Lasers & Systems	119,425			141,263			239,248			282,061
Total net sales	$	293,147		$	372,860		$	613,918		$	756,006
Income (loss) from operations:
OEM Laser Sources	$	35,469		$	62,835		$	83,177		$	141,693
Industrial Lasers & Systems	(471,845		)	(17,652		)	(492,145		)	(31,357		)
Corporate and other	(12,935		)	(16,316		)	(29,753		)	(28,658		)
Total income (loss) from operations	(449,311		)	28,867			(438,721		)	81,678
Total other expense, net	(5,663		)	(4,252		)	(8,697		)	(13,403		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(454,974	)	$	24,615		$	(447,418	)	$	68,275

Geographic Information

Our foreign operations consist primarily of manufacturing facilities and sales offices in Europe and Asia-Pacific. Sales, marketing and customer service activities are conducted through sales subsidiaries throughout the world. Geographic sales information for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 and March 30, 2019 is based on the location of the end customer.

Sales to unaffiliated customers are as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
SALES	April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019		April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019
United States	$	72,257	$	84,179	$	150,142	$	168,210
Foreign countries:
South Korea	56,928		63,201		116,983		169,726
China	36,981		47,071		95,570		94,615
Japan	26,366		60,745		48,718		90,582
Asia-Pacific, other	21,639		20,918		43,800		48,147
Germany	31,389		40,952		61,834		78,836
Europe, other	32,702		40,388		67,214		76,678
Rest of World	14,885		15,406		29,657		29,212
Total foreign countries sales	220,890		288,681		463,776		587,796
Total sales	$	293,147	$	372,860	$	613,918	$	756,006

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Major Customers

We had one customer during the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 that accounted for 15.2% and 16.5% of net sales, respectively. This same customer accounted for 13.7% and 16.1% of net sales during the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, respectively. Another customer accounted for 12.2% of net sales during the three months ended March 30, 2019. These customers purchased primarily from our OLS segment.

We had one customer that accounted for 23.0% and 28.6% of accounts receivable at April 4, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively. This customer purchased primarily from our OLS segment.

20.  RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

In the first quarter of fiscal 2017, we began the implementation of planned restructuring activities in connection with the acquisition of Rofin. The activities under this plan primarily related to the exiting of our legacy high power fiber laser ("HPFL") product line, change of control payments to Rofin officers, the exiting of two product lines acquired in the acquisition of Rofin, realignment of our supply chain due to segment reorganization and consolidation of sales and distribution offices as well as certain manufacturing sites. These activities resulted in charges primarily for employee termination, other exit related costs associated with the write-off of property and equipment and inventory and early lease termination costs.

In June 2019, we announced our plans to co-locate the manufacturing and engineering of our HPFL products at our Hamburg, Germany, facility to our Tampere, Finland, location and exit a portion of our HPFL business. In conjunction with this announcement, we recorded charges in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2019 totaling $19.7 million primarily related to write-offs of excess inventory, which is recorded in cost of sales, and estimated severance. We recorded charges in the first and second quarters of fiscal 2020 of $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and project management consulting.

We have also announced our intent to vacate our leased facility in Santa Clara at the end of the current lease term in calendar 2020 and combine operations at our Santa Clara headquarters. We did not incur material expenses in fiscal 2019 related to this project. We incurred costs in the first and second quarters of fiscal 2020 of $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, related to this project. We also incurred costs in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 of $0.1 million for other projects.

The following table presents our current liability as accrued on our balance sheets for restructuring charges. The table sets forth an analysis of the components of the restructuring charges and payments and other deductions made against the accrual for the first three and six months of fiscal 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Severance Related			Asset Write-Offs			Other			Total
Balances, September 28, 2019	$	8,279		$	—		$	215		$	8,494
Provision	54			599			280			933
Payments and other	(658		)	(599		)	(275		)	(1,532		)
Balances, December 28, 2019	7,675			—			220			7,895
Provision	85			915			79			1,079
Payments and other	(3,715		)	(915		)	(87		)	(4,717		)
Balances, April 4, 2020	$	4,045		$	—		$	212		$	4,257

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	Severance Related			Asset Write-Offs			Other			Total
Balances, September 29, 2018	$	836		$	—		$	286		$	1,122
Provision	212			76			188			476
Payments and other	(447		)	(76		)	(244		)	(767		)
Balances, December 29, 2018	601			—			230			831
Provision	282			247			351			880
Payments and other	(201		)	(247		)	(516		)	(964		)
Balances, March 30, 2019	$	682		$	—		$	65		$	747

At April 4, 2020, $4.3 million of accrued severance related and other costs were included in other current liabilities. The asset write-offs for accelerated depreciation and other costs in the first and second quarters of fiscal 2020 primarily related to the exit of a portion of our HPFL business in Hamburg, Germany, and costs to vacate our leased facility in Santa Clara and combine operations at our Santa Clara headquarters. The severance related, asset write-offs of equipment and other costs in the three and six months of fiscal 2019 are related to the consolidation of certain manufacturing sites.

By segment, $0.6 million and $1.3 million of restructuring costs were incurred in the ILS segment and $0.5 million and $0.7 million were incurred in the OLS segment in the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, respectively. In the three and six months ended March 30, 2019, all of the restructuring costs were incurred in the ILS segment and none were incurred in the OLS segment. Restructuring charges are recorded in cost of sales, research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

21.  SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On April 6, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors appointed Andreas "Andy" W. Mattes, previously senior advisor at McKinsey & Company and president and chief executive officer of Diebold Nixdorf, as our new President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors, effective April 6, 2020. The appointment follows the announcement a year ago that John R. Ambroseo, PhD would retire from his positions as President and Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board no later than April 2021. In connection with the appointment of Mr. Mattes, Mr. Ambroseo became a Special Advisor to the company, a role he is expected to have until December 1, 2021, to ensure a smooth and successful transition. Related to Mr. Ambroseo's transition, in the third quarter of fiscal 2020, we expect to record charges in selling, general and administrative expense of approximately $3.5 million and $0.9 million related to acceleration of stock-based compensation and employee compensation, respectively.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

COMPANY OVERVIEW

BUSINESS BACKGROUND

We are one of the world’s leading providers of lasers, laser-based technologies and laser-based system solutions in a broad range of commercial, industrial and scientific applications. We design, manufacture, service and market lasers and related accessories for a diverse group of customers. Since inception in 1966, we have grown through internal expansion and through strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, intellectual property, manufacturing processes and product offerings.

We are organized into two reporting segments: OEM Laser Sources ("OLS") and Industrial Lasers & Systems ("ILS"), based on the organizational structure of the company and how the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") receives and utilizes information provided to allocate resources and make decisions. This segmentation reflects the go-to-market strategies and synergies for our broad portfolio of laser technologies and products. While both segments deliver cost-effective, highly reliable photonics solutions, the OLS business segment is focused on high performance laser sources and complex optical sub-systems typically used in microelectronics manufacturing, medical diagnostics and therapeutic applications, as well as in scientific research. Our ILS business segment delivers high performance laser sources, sub-systems and tools primarily used for

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industrial laser materials processing, serving important end markets like automotive, machine tool, consumer goods and medical device manufacturing.

Income from operations is the measure of profit and loss that our CODM uses to assess performance and make decisions. Income from operations represents the sales less the cost of sales and direct operating expenses incurred within the operating segments as well as allocated expenses such as shared sales and manufacturing costs. We do not allocate certain operating expenses to our operating segments and we manage them at the corporate level. These unallocated costs include stock-based compensation and corporate functions (certain advanced research and development, management, finance, legal and human resources) and are included in Corporate and other. Management does not consider unallocated Corporate and other costs in its measurement of segment performance.

MARKET APPLICATIONS

Our products address a broad range of applications that we group into the following markets: Microelectronics, Materials Processing, OEM Components and Instrumentation and Scientific and Government Programs.

OUR STRATEGY

We strive to develop innovative and proprietary products and solutions that meet the needs of our customers and that are based on our core expertise in lasers and optical technologies. In pursuit of our strategy, we intend to:

• Leverage our technology portfolio and application engineering to lead the proliferation of photonics into broader markets—We will continue to identify opportunities in which our technology portfolio and application engineering can be used to offer innovative solutions and gain access to new markets. We plan to utilize our expertise to increase our market share in mid to high power material processing applications.

• Streamline our manufacturing structure and improve our cost structure—We will focus on optimizing the mix of products that we manufacture internally and externally. We will utilize vertical integration where our internal manufacturing process is considered proprietary and seek to leverage external sources when the capabilities and cost structures are well developed and on a path towards commoditization.

• Focus on long-term improvement of adjusted EBITDA, in dollars and as a percentage of net sales—We define adjusted EBITDA as operating income adjusted for depreciation, amortization, stock compensation expense, major restructuring costs and certain other non-operating income and expense items, such as costs related to our acquisitions. Key initiatives to reach our goals for EBITDA improvements include utilization of our Asian manufacturing locations, optimizing our supply chain and continued leveraging of our infrastructure.

• Optimize our leadership position in existing markets—There are a number of markets where we have historically been at the forefront of technological development and product deployment and from which we have derived a substantial portion of our revenues. We plan to optimize our financial returns from these markets.

• Maintain and develop additional strong collaborative customer and industry relationships—We believe that the Coherent brand name and reputation for product quality, technical performance and customer satisfaction will help us to further develop our loyal customer base. We plan to maintain our current customer relationships and develop new ones with customers who are industry leaders and work together with these customers to design and develop innovative product systems and solutions as they develop new technologies.

• Develop and acquire new technologies and market share—We will continue to enhance our market position through our existing technologies and develop new technologies through our internal research and development efforts, as well as through the acquisition of additional complementary technologies, intellectual property, manufacturing processes and product offerings.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and

the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We have identified the following as the items that require the most significant judgment and often involve complex estimation: revenue recognition, business combinations, accounting for long-lived assets (including goodwill and intangible assets), inventory valuation, warranty reserves and accounting for income taxes. See Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended September 28, 2019.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Below is a summary of some of the quantitative performance indicators (as defined below) that are evaluated by management to assess our financial performance. Some of the indicators are non-GAAP measures and should not be considered as an alternative to any other measure for determining operating performance or liquidity that is calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			Change			% Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales—OEM Laser Sources	$	173,722		$	231,597		$	(57,875	)	(25.0	)%
Net sales—Industrial Lasers & Systems	$	119,425		$	141,263		$	(21,838	)	(15.5	)%
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales—OEM Laser Sources	45.6		%	46.6		%	(1.0		)%
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales—Industrial Lasers & Systems	13.5		%	17.0		%	(3.5		)%
Research and development as a percentage of net sales	10.2		%	8.2		%	2.0		%
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(454,974	)	$	24,615		$	(479,589	)	(1,948.4	)%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	45,731		$	75,012		$	(29,281	)	(39.0	)%
Days sales outstanding in receivables	62			76			(14		)
Annualized second quarter inventory turns	1.7			2.0			(0.3		)
Net income (loss) as a percentage of net sales	(142.9		)%	5.6		%	(148.5		)%
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales	11.9		%	18.2		%	(6.3		)%

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019			Change			% Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales—OEM Laser Sources	$	374,670		$	473,945		$	(99,275	)	(20.9	)%
Net sales—Industrial Lasers & Systems	$	239,248		$	282,061		$	(42,813	)	(15.2	)%
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales—OEM Laser Sources	46.3		%	48.7		%	(2.4		)%
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales—Industrial Lasers & Systems	13.5		%	18.3		%	(4.8		)%
Research and development as a percentage of net sales	9.5		%	7.9		%	1.6		%
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(447,418	)	$	68,275		$	(515,693	)	(755.3	)%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	105,772		$	126,323		$	(20,551	)	(16.3	)%
Net income (loss) as a percentage of net sales	(67.3		)%	7.4		%	(74.7		)%
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales	13.1		%	20.7		%	(7.6		)%

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Net Sales

Net sales include sales of lasers, laser systems, related accessories and services. Net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased 25.0% in our OLS segment and decreased 15.5% in our ILS segment from the same quarter one year ago. Net sales for the first six months of fiscal 2020 decreased 20.9% in our OLS segment and decreased 15.2% in our ILS segment from the same period one year ago. For a description of the reasons for changes in net sales refer to the "Results of Operations" section of this quarterly report.

Gross Profit as a Percentage of Net Sales

Gross profit as a percentage of net sales ("gross profit percentage") is calculated as gross profit for the period divided by net sales for the period. Gross profit percentage in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased to 45.6% from 46.6% in our OLS segment and decreased to 13.5% from 17.0% in our ILS segment as compared to the same quarter one year ago. Gross profit percentage in the first six months of fiscal 2020 decreased to 46.3% from 48.7% in our OLS segment and decreased to 13.5% from 18.3% in our ILS segment as compared to the same period one year ago. For a description of the reasons for changes in gross profit refer to the "Results of Operations" section of this quarterly report.

Research and Development as a Percentage of Net Sales

Research and development as a percentage of net sales ("R&D percentage") is calculated as research and development expense for the period divided by net sales for the period. Management considers R&D percentage to be an important indicator in managing our business as investing in new technologies is a key to future growth. R&D percentage increased to 10.2% for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from 8.2% for the same quarter one year ago and increased to 9.5% for the first six months of fiscal 2020 from 7.9% for the same period one year ago. For a description of the reasons for changes in R&D spending refer to the "Results of Operations" section of this quarterly report.

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows primarily represents the excess of cash collected from billings to our customers and other receipts over cash paid to our vendors for expenses and inventory purchases to run our business. We believe that cash flows from operations is an important performance indicator because cash generation over the long term is essential to maintaining a healthy business and providing funds to help fuel growth. For a description of the reasons for changes in net cash provided by operating activities refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this quarterly report.

Days Sales Outstanding in Receivables

We calculate days sales outstanding ("DSO") in receivables as net receivables at the end of the period divided by net sales during the period and then multiplied by the number of days in the period, using 90 days for quarters. DSO in receivables indicates how well we are managing our collection of receivables, with lower DSO in receivables resulting in higher working capital availability. The more money we have tied up in receivables, the less money we have available for research and development, acquisitions, expansion, marketing and other activities to grow our business. Our DSO in receivables for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased to 62 days from 76 days compared to the same quarter one year ago. The decrease was primarily due to improved collections of receivables for ELA tools used in the Asian flat panel display market, improved linearity with a lower concentration of sales in the last month of the quarter and the impact of lower sales volumes. These ELA tools are generally our highest priced products, so any changes in collection timing will have a more significant impact on overall DSO than our other products.

Annualized Second Quarter Inventory Turns

We calculate annualized second quarter inventory turns as the cost of sales during the second quarter annualized and divided by net inventories at the end of the second quarter. This indicates how well we are managing our inventory levels, with higher inventory turns resulting in more working capital availability and a higher return on our investments in inventory. Our annualized inventory turns for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased to 1.7 turns from 2.0 turns compared to the same quarter a year ago, primarily in the OLS segment, due to lower shipments of ELA tools used in the Asian flat panel display market, lower service revenues from shipments of consumable service parts and lower shipments due to the impact of COVID-19.

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Adjusted EBITDA as a Percentage of Net Sales

We define adjusted EBITDA as operating income adjusted for depreciation, amortization, stock compensation expense, major restructuring costs and certain other non-operating income and expense items, such as costs related to our acquisitions. Key initiatives to reach our goals for EBITDA improvements include utilization of our Asian manufacturing locations, optimizing our supply chain and continued leveraging of our infrastructure.

We utilize a number of different financial measures, both GAAP and non-GAAP, such as adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales, in analyzing and assessing our overall business performance, for making operating decisions and for forecasting and planning future periods. We consider the use of non-GAAP financial measures helpful in assessing our current financial performance and ongoing operations. While we use non-GAAP financial measures to enhance our understanding of certain aspects of our financial performance, we do not consider these measures to be a substitute for, or superior to, the information provided by GAAP financial measures. We provide adjusted EBITDA in order to enhance investors’ understanding of our ongoing operations. This measure is used by some investors when assessing our performance.

Below is the reconciliation of our net income as a percentage of net sales to our adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019		April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019
Net income (loss) as a percentage of net sales	(142.9	)%	5.6	%	(67.3	)%	7.4	%
Income tax expense (benefit)	(12.3	)%	1.0	%	(5.6	)%	1.6	%
Interest and other income (expense), net	1.5	%	1.5	%	1.5	%	1.7	%
Depreciation and amortization	8.4	%	7.5	%	8.2	%	7.5	%
Restructuring charges	0.3	%	0.2	%	0.3	%	0.2	%
Purchase accounting step-up	—	%	—	%	—	%	0.1	%
Goodwill and other impairment charges	153.9	%	—	%	73.3	%	—	%
Stock-based compensation	3.0	%	2.4	%	2.7	%	2.2	%
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales	11.9	%	18.2	%	13.1	%	20.7	%

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease ("COVID-19") was reported, and in January 2020, the World Health Organization ("WHO") declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On February 28, 2020, the WHO raised its assessment of the COVID-19 threat from high to very high at a global level due to the continued increase in the number of cases and affected countries, and on March 11, 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. In an effort to contain COVID-19 or slow its spread, governments around the world have enacted various measures, including orders to close all businesses not deemed "essential," isolate residents in their homes or places of residence, and practice social distancing at and away from work. These actions and the global health crisis caused by COVID-19 will continue to negatively impact global business activity, which will continue to negatively affect our revenue and results of operations. Each of the areas where we generate a majority of our revenue including Asia, Europe and North America have been and will continue to be impacted by COVID-19. The timing and extent of impact related to COVID-19 varies by country and region.

Sales for the quarter ended April 4, 2020 were negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The effect of COVID-19 was most significant in Asia during the quarter ended April 4, 2020 and began impacting Europe and North America only later in the quarter as the virus spread globally. While we believe that COVID-19 was a partial cause of the decline in revenue in the quarter, we also had lower shipments related to ELA tools in the flat panel display market and lower shipments in materials processing applications that were mostly unrelated to COVID-19.

The global demand environment remains very uncertain given the effects of COVID-19 on manufacturing facilities and customer confidence around the world. While we have seen a partial recovery in order volumes in China in the latter half of March and April, this has coincided with declining bookings in other regions, including Europe, North America and other countries in Asia. As such, visibility into a recovery in global demand remains uncertain at this time.

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Currently, our major production facilities in Europe and Southeast Asia and most of our production facilities in the United States remain open. However, we have scaled back production in Santa Clara, California and other U.S. locations to comply with applicable governmental orders. At all our locations, we implemented business continuity plans including new employee safety and sanitization protocols that have impacted productivity and efficiency. We have vertically integrated manufacturing, and many of the components produced at certain of our facilities supplies other company facilities are single sourced internally and not available from third-party suppliers (for example our semiconductor diodes manufactured in Santa Clara, California). While we do maintain a safety stock of critical components at our various locations, the scope, timing and duration of various government restrictions to address the COVID-19 outbreak could impact our internal supply chain. We have implemented certain payroll and other policy changes to help support our employees impacted by COVID-19. These measures have and will continue to increase the cost of our operations but the magnitude and length of time of this impact is difficult to quantify at this time and may continue to be difficult to estimate in the future. If our revenues are reduced for an extended period or if our production output falls because of government restrictions, we may be required to reduce payroll-related costs and other expenses in the future through layoffs or furloughs, even though we have not done so to date.

We have not experienced significant supply disruption from third-party component suppliers. However, we have faced some supply chain constraints primarily related to logistics, including available air cargo space and higher freight rates. Available cargo space on flights between the U.S. and Europe, and Europe and Asia is limited as a result of COVID-19, and this has increased shipping time and costs. In addition, shipments between countries have been more severely impacted by COVID-19 and we are experiencing delays due to additional checks at border crossings, including within Europe and Asia. Government actions related to COVID-19 come on the heels of increasing trade tensions between the United States and China, which may continue. We believe we have the ability to meet the near-term demand for our products, but the situation is fluid and subject to change.

We continue to monitor the rapidly evolving conditions and circumstances as well as guidance from international and domestic authorities, including public health authorities, and we may need to take additional actions based on their recommendations. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the impact on our business stemming from current measures and potential future measures that could restrict access to our facilities, limit our manufacturing and support operations and place restrictions on our workforce, customers and suppliers. The measures implemented by various authorities related to the COVID-19 outbreak have caused us to change our business practices including those related to where employees work, the distance between employees in our facilities, limitations on in-person meetings between employees and with customers, suppliers, service providers, and stakeholders as well as restrictions on some shipping activities, business travel to domestic and international locations or to attend trade shows, investor conferences and other events.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased economic uncertainty and decreased demand for our products in many markets we serve, which could continue for an unknown period of time. In these circumstances, there may be developments outside of our control, including the length and extent of the COVID-19 outbreak, government-imposed measures and our ability to ship products and/or service installed products that may require us to adjust our operating plans. As such, given the dynamic nature of this situation, we cannot estimate with certainty the future impacts of COVID-19 on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, we do expect that it will have an adverse impact on our revenue as well as our overall profitability and may lead to an increase in inventory provisions, allowances for credit losses, and a volatile effective tax rate driven by changes in the mix of earnings across our markets.

See the additional Risk Factor included in Part II-Item 1A of this quarterly report regarding the impact of COVID-19.

Goodwill and other impairment charges

Based on our internal projections and the preparation of our financial statements for the quarter ended April 4, 2020, and considering the expected decrease in demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors, we believed that the fair value of our ILS reporting unit may no longer exceed its carrying value and performed an interim goodwill impairment test on the ILS and OLS reporting units. Based on the estimated fair value of the ILS reporting unit, we recorded non-cash pretax goodwill impairment charges of $327.2 million. In addition, we performed impairment tests on the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit, including intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets as of April 4, 2020 and recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the impairment intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" and Note 11, "Leases" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Restructuring

In June 2019, we internally announced our plans to co-locate the manufacturing and engineering of our High Power Fiber Lasers ("HPFL") products at our Hamburg, Germany, facility to our Tampere, Finland, location and exit a portion of our HPFL business. In conjunction with this announcement, we recorded restructuring charges in fiscal 2019 of $19.7 million. The charges primarily relate to write-offs of excess inventory, which is recorded in cost of sales, and estimated severance. We recorded charges in the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and project management consulting. See Note 20, "Restructuring Charges" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

We have also announced our intent to vacate our leased facility in Santa Clara at the end of the current lease term in calendar 2020 and combine operations at our Santa Clara headquarters. We did not incur material expenses in fiscal 2019 related to this project. We incurred costs in the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 of $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively, related to this project.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of total net sales represented by the line items reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations:

 

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019		April 4, 2020		March 30, 2019
Net sales	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
Cost of sales	67.9	%	64.9	%	66.9	%	63.0	%
Gross profit	32.1	%	35.1	%	33.1	%	37.0	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development	10.2	%	8.2	%	9.5	%	7.9	%
Selling, general and administrative	20.9	%	18.7	%	21.2	%	17.7	%
Goodwill and other impairment charges	153.9	%	—	%	73.5	%	—	%
Amortization of intangible assets	0.4	%	0.5	%	0.4	%	0.6	%
Total operating expenses	185.4	%	27.4	%	104.6	%	26.2	%
Income (loss) from operations	(153.3	)%	7.7	%	(71.5	)%	10.8	%
Other expense, net	(1.9	)%	(1.1	)%	(1.4	)%	(1.8	)%
Income (loss) before income taxes	(155.2	)%	6.6	%	(72.9	)%	9.0	%
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	(12.3	)%	1.0	%	(5.6	)%	1.6	%
Net income (loss)	(142.9	)%	5.6	%	(67.3	)%	7.4	%

Net loss for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 was $418.9 million ($17.39 per diluted share). This included after tax charges of $424.3 million for goodwill and other impairment (goodwill and other long-lived assets), $8.7 million of after-tax amortization of intangible assets, $7.9 million of after-tax stock-based compensation expense, $0.8 million of after-tax restructuring costs, $7.6 million non-recurring income tax net benefit and $0.3 million of excess tax benefits for employee stock-based compensation. Net income for the second quarter of fiscal 2019 was $20.8 million ($0.85 per diluted share). This included $10.0 million of after-tax amortization of intangible assets, $7.5 million of after-tax stock-based compensation expense, $0.8 million of after-tax restructuring costs and $0.1 million of excess tax charges for employee stock-based compensation.

Net loss for the first six months of fiscal 2020 was $413.1 million ($17.19 per diluted share). This included after tax charges of $423.2 million for goodwill and other impairment (goodwill and other long-lived assets), $17.6 million of after-tax amortization of intangible assets, $14.8 million of after-tax stock-based compensation expense, $1.5 million of after-tax restructuring costs, $7.5 million non-recurring income tax net benefit and $1.0 million of excess tax benefits for employee stock-based compensation. Net income for the first six months of fiscal 2019 was $56.3 million ($2.31 per diluted share). This included $20.8 million of after-tax amortization of intangible assets, $14.2 million of after-tax stock-based compensation

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expense, $1.1 million of after-tax restructuring costs, $0.4 million of after-tax amortization of purchase accounting inventory step up and $2.5 million of excess tax benefits for employee stock-based compensation.

NET SALES

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased economic uncertainty and decreased demand for our products in many markets we serve, which could continue for an unknown period of time.

Market Application

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the amount of net sales and their relative percentages of total net sales by market application (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total  net sales		Amount		Percentage  of total  net sales
Consolidated:
Microelectronics	$	121,767	41.5	%	$	169,265	45.4	%
Materials processing	86,307		29.5	%	104,922		28.1	%
OEM components and instrumentation	63,563		21.7	%	67,202		18.0	%
Scientific and government programs	21,510		7.3	%	31,471		8.5	%
Total	$	293,147	100.0	%	$	372,860	100.0	%

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total  net sales		Amount		Percentage  of total  net sales
Consolidated:
Microelectronics	$	252,313	41.1	%	$	347,674	46.0	%
Materials processing	174,679		28.4	%	209,565		27.7	%
OEM components and instrumentation	132,914		21.7	%	133,555		17.7	%
Scientific and government programs	54,012		8.8	%	65,212		8.6	%
Total	$	613,918	100.0	%	$	756,006	100.0	%

Quarterly

Net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased by $79.7 million, or 21%, compared to the second quarter of fiscal 2019, with significant decreases in the microelectronics and materials processing markets and smaller decreases in the scientific and government programs and OEM components and instrumentation markets. The decrease included lower net sales of approximately $31.0 million due to the impact from COVID-19 shelter-in place orders at many of our customers, primarily in the microelectronics, materials processing and scientific and government programs markets. Although there is uncertainty in our markets due to COVID-19, we are optimistic about the mid-term outlook once our customers are fully operational again.

The decrease in the microelectronics market of $47.5 million, or 28%, was primarily due to weaker demand resulting in lower shipments related to ELA tools used in the flat panel display market including lower revenues from consumable service parts, partially due to COVID-19. In microelectronics, orders in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 increased significantly for ELA tools as compared to the second quarter of fiscal 2019. We expect increases in ELA tool shipments as Asian manufacturers improve yields and ramp manufacturing. In addition, it is expected that the market will transition to 5G, which will include, among other things, a demand for more powerful batteries. These more powerful batteries will also need to fit within the confines of cellular devices, resulting in an expected corresponding further increase in the demand for flexible OLED displays. We believe that these technological demands will allow us to continue to maintain a leadership position in flat panel display applications using Excimer Laser Annealing.

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Sales in the materials processing market decreased $18.6 million, or 18%, primarily due to decreased sales in machine tools, consumer goods and automotive applications due to a reduction in worldwide Purchasing Managers Indexes (PMIs), primarily in Germany, as well as a depressed global market demand for automobiles. Even before COVID-19, the materials processing market was softening in some of the machine tool industries. We are also seeing increased price and margin pressure from Chinese competitors in this market. The timing for our recovery in this market is uncertain.

The decrease in the OEM components and instrumentation market of $3.6 million, or 5%, was due primarily to lower shipments for medical applications. We expect strength in the healthcare market over the next several years. We supply lasers and optical systems for biomedical instrumentation applications and our lasers have been used in diagnostic instruments in applications including gene sequencing, biomarker identification and vaccine development.

Sales in the scientific and government programs market decreased $10.0 million, or 32%, due to lower demand for advanced research applications used by university and government research groups, primarily in Asia and the United States, due to the closures of universities due to COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. We expect demand in the scientific and government programs market to continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

Year-to-date

Net sales for the first six months of fiscal 2020 decreased by $142.1 million, or 19%, compared to the first six months of fiscal 2019, with significant decreases in the microelectronics and materials processing markets and smaller decreases in the scientific and government programs and OEM components and instrumentation markets.

The decrease in the microelectronics market of $95.4 million, or 27%, was primarily due to weaker demand resulting in lower shipments related to ELA tools used in the flat panel display market as well as lower revenues from consumable service parts and a decrease due to a non-recurring fee of $7.0 million that was recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 related to the cancellation of orders from a customer for our ELA tools. In addition, lower shipments for solar and advanced packaging applications were partially offset by higher shipments for semiconductor applications. In microelectronics, orders in the first six months of fiscal 2020 increased significantly for ELA tools as compared to the first six months of fiscal 2019.

Sales in the materials processing market decreased $34.9 million, or 17%, primarily due to decreased sales in marking, cutting and welding applications, primarily in China, other Asia-Pacific countries and Europe, and to a lesser extent in the United States, primarily due to a significant decrease in PMI’s worldwide in fiscal 2020.

The decrease in the OEM components and instrumentation market of $0.6 million, or 0%, was due primarily to lower shipments for medical and military applications partially offset by higher shipments for bio-instrumentation applications.

Sales in the scientific and government programs market decreased $11.2 million, or 17%, due to lower demand for advanced research applications used by university and government research groups, primarily in Asia and the United States, due to the closures of universities due to COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders.

Segments

We are organized into two reportable operating segments: OLS and ILS. While both segments deliver cost-effective, highly reliable photonics solutions, OLS is focused on high performance laser sources and complex optical sub-systems, typically used in microelectronics manufacturing, medical diagnostics and therapeutic applications, as well as in scientific research. ILS delivers high performance laser sources, sub-systems and tools primarily used for industrial laser materials processing, serving important end markets like automotive, machine tool, consumer goods and medical device manufacturing.

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the amount of net sales and their relative percentages of total net sales by segment (dollars in thousands):

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	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total net sales		Amount		Percentage of total net sales
Consolidated:
OEM Laser Sources (OLS)	$	173,722	59.3	%	$	231,597	62.1	%
Industrial Lasers & Systems (ILS)	119,425		40.7	%	141,263		37.9	%
Total	$	293,147	100.0	%	$	372,860	100.0	%

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total net sales		Amount		Percentage of total net sales
Consolidated:
OEM Laser Sources (OLS)	$	374,670	61.0	%	$	473,945	62.7	%
Industrial Lasers & Systems (ILS)	239,248		39.0	%	282,061		37.3	%
Total	$	613,918	100.0	%	$	756,006	100.0	%

Quarterly

Net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased by $79.7 million, or 21%, compared to the second quarter of fiscal 2019, with decreases of $57.9 million, or 25%, in our OLS segment and $21.8 million, or 16%, in our ILS segment.

The decrease in our OLS segment sales, including lower sales of approximately $25.0 million due to COVID-19, was primarily due to weaker demand resulting in lower shipments of ELA tools used in the flat panel display market and lower revenues from consumable service parts in the flat panel display market as well as lower demand for advanced research applications used by university and government research groups, primarily in Asia and the United States, due to the closures of universities due to COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. The decrease in our ILS segment sales, including lower sales of approximately $6.0 million due to COVID-19, was primarily due to lower sales for materials processing and lower sales for medical applications within the OEM components and instrumentation market.

Year-to-date

Net sales for the first six months of fiscal 2020 decreased by $142.1 million, or 18.8%, compared to the first six months of fiscal 2019, with decreases of $99.3 million, or 21%, in our OLS segment and $42.8 million, or 15%, in our ILS segment.

The decrease in our OLS segment sales, including lower sales of approximately $25.0 million due to COVID-19, was primarily due to weaker demand resulting in lower shipments of ELA tools used in the flat panel display market as well as lower revenues from consumable service parts and a decrease due to a non-recurring fee of $7.0 million that was recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 related to the cancellation of orders from one customer for our ELA tools. The decrease in our ILS segment sales, including lower sales of approximately $6.0 million due to COVID-19, was primarily due to lower sales for materials processing and lower sales for medical and military applications within the OEM components and instrumentation market.

GROSS PROFIT

Consolidated

Our gross profit percentage decreased by 3.0% to 32.1% in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from 35.1% in the second quarter of fiscal 2019 and decreased by 3.9% to 33.1% in the first six months of fiscal 2020 from 37.0% in the first six months of fiscal 2019.

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The 3.0% decrease in gross profit percentage during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable product margins (1.5%), higher other costs (0.8%), higher intangibles amortization (0.4%), higher warranty and installation costs (0.2%) and higher stock-based compensation expense (0.1%) as a percentage of sales. The unfavorable product margins were in both segments and were primarily due to unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes including the impact of idle facilities due to COVID-19 partially offset by more favorable margins in OLS due to cost reductions on consumable service parts and higher shipments of higher margin flat panel display systems. Other costs were higher primarily due to higher inventory provisions for excess and obsolete inventory and higher duty and freight costs in certain ILS business units as a percentage of sales including the impact of lower sales volumes. The 0.2% higher warranty and installation costs were primarily due to the impact of lower sales volumes.

The 3.9% decrease in gross profit percentage during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable product margins (3.3%), higher other costs (0.7%), higher intangibles amortization (0.3%) and higher stock-based compensation expense (0.1%) as a percentage of sales partially offset by lower warranty and installation costs (0.5%) as a percentage of sales. The unfavorable product margins were in both segments and were primarily due to unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes including the impact of idle facilities due to COVID-19 as well as unfavorable product margins in OLS as a result of lower shipments of higher margin flat panel display systems. In addition, the unfavorable impact (0.6%) of a $7.0 million non-recurring fee recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 related to the cancellation of orders from one customer for our ELA tools, partially offset by more favorable margins due to cost reductions on consumable service parts, contributed to the decrease. Other costs were higher primarily due to higher inventory provisions for excess and obsolete inventory and higher duty and freight costs in certain ILS business units as a percentage of sales including the impact of lower sales volumes. The lower warranty and installation costs were primarily in our ILS segment and included lower warranty events with the largest impact from fiber lasers, primarily sold into China, partially offset by the impact of lower sales volumes.

Our gross profit percentage has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors including the impact of COVID-19, shipment volumes, product mix, pricing on volume orders, our ability to manufacture advanced and more complex products, manufacturing efficiencies, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs, warranty costs, amortization of intangibles, pricing by competitors or suppliers, new product introductions, production volume, customization and reconfiguration of systems, commodity prices and foreign currency fluctuations, particularly the recent volatility of the Euro and to a lesser extent, the Japanese Yen and South Korean Won. Our gross profit in future quarters will be favorably impacted by lower amortization and depreciation as a result of the impairments of long-lived assets in our ILS segment in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.

OEM Laser Sources

The gross profit percentage in our OLS segment decreased by 1.0% to 45.6% in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from 46.6% in the second quarter of fiscal 2019. The gross profit percentage in our OLS segment decreased by 2.4% to 46.3% in the first six months of fiscal 2020 from 48.7% in the first six months of fiscal 2019.

The 1.0% decrease in gross profit percentage during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable product margins (1.1%) as a result of unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes including the impact of idle facilities due to COVID-19 partially offset by more favorable margins due to cost reductions on consumable service parts and higher shipments of higher margin flat panel display systems. In addition, higher warranty costs unfavorably impacted margin by 0.1% primarily due to the impact of lower sales volumes. The unfavorable product margins were partially offset by lower intangibles amortization (0.2%) as a percentage of sales.

The 2.4% decrease in gross profit percentage during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable product margins (2.6%) as a result of unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes including the impact of idle facilities due to COVID-19 and the 0.8% unfavorable impact of a $7.0 million non-recurring fee recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 related to the cancellation of orders from one customer for our ELA tools partially offset by more favorable margins due to cost reductions on consumable service parts. The unfavorable product margins were partially offset by lower other costs (0.1%) due to lower inventory provisions for excess and obsolete inventory in certain business units as well as lower intangibles amortization (0.1%) as a percentage of sales.

Industrial Lasers & Systems

The gross profit percentage in our ILS segment decreased by 3.5% to 13.5% in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from 17.0% in the second quarter of fiscal 2019. The gross profit percentage in our ILS segment decreased by 4.8% to 13.5% in the first six months of fiscal 2020 from 18.3% in the first six months of fiscal 2019.

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The 3.5% decrease in gross profit percentage during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to higher other costs (1.9%) including higher inventory provisions for excess and obsolete inventory and higher duty and freight costs as a percentage of sales as well as unfavorable product costs (1.0%) including unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes over multiple products. In addition, gross profit percentage was unfavorably impacted (0.6%) by higher amortization of intangibles as a percentage of sales due to the impact of lower sales.

The 4.8% decrease in gross profit percentage during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable product costs (3.6%) including unfavorable absorption of manufacturing costs on lower volumes over multiple products and higher other costs (1.8%) including higher inventory provisions for excess and obsolete inventory as a percentage of sales. In addition, gross profit percentage was unfavorably impacted (0.7%) by higher amortization of intangibles as a percentage of sales due to the impact of lower sales. The decreases were partially offset by 1.3% lower warranty and installation costs as a percentage of sales due to fewer warranty events, particularly for our HPFL products sold in China, partially offset by higher warranty events for fiber components products.

OPERATING EXPENSES:

 

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total net sales		Amount		Percentage of total net sales
	(Dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	29,794	10.2	%	$	30,461	8.2	%
Selling, general and administrative	61,307		20.9	%	69,463		18.7	%
Goodwill and other impairment charges	451,025		153.9	%	—		—	%
Amortization of intangible assets	1,296		0.4	%	1,926		0.5	%
Total operating expenses	$	543,422	185.4	%	$	101,850	27.4	%

	Six Months Ended
	April 4, 2020				March 30, 2019
	Amount		Percentage of total net sales		Amount		Percentage of total net sales
	(Dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	58,474	9.5	%	$	59,403	7.9	%
Selling, general and administrative	129,858		21.2	%	134,020		17.7	%
Goodwill and other impairment charges	451,025		73.5	%	—		—	%
Amortization of intangible assets	2,728		0.4	%	4,966		0.6	%
Total operating expenses	$	642,085	104.6	%	$	198,389	26.2	%

Research and development

Quarterly

Research and development ("R&D") expenses decreased $0.7 million, or 2%, during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 compared to the same quarter one year ago. The decrease was primarily due to $0.6 million lower spending on materials, including higher customer reimbursements, and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates (primarily the weaker Euro) as well as $0.3 million lower charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities. Partially offsetting the decreases, R&D headcount expenses increased $0.1 million due to higher spending on projects and the impact of an extra week in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 partially offset by lower variable compensation, the impact of headcount reductions and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. R&D expenses also increased due to $0.1 million higher stock-based compensation expense.

On a segment basis as compared to the prior year period, OLS R&D spending increased $0.3 million primarily due to higher net spending on materials and headcount partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. ILS R&D spending decreased $0.4 million primarily due to lower net spending on materials and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates.

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Corporate and other R&D spending decreased $0.5 million primarily due to lower headcount spending in our Advanced Research Business unit and lower charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities partially offset by higher stock-based compensation expense.

Year-to-date

Research and development ("R&D") expenses decreased $0.9 million, or 1.6%, during the first six months of fiscal 2020 compared to the same period one year ago. The decrease was primarily due to $1.3 million lower spending on materials, including higher customer reimbursements, and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates (primarily the weaker Euro). Partially offsetting the decrease, R&D expenses increased $0.2 million as a result of higher charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities, $0.1 million due to higher stock-based compensation expense and $0.1 million due to higher headcount spending. Headcount spending increased $0.1 million due to impact of an extra week in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates.

On a segment basis as compared to the prior year period, OLS R&D spending increased $1.4 million primarily due to higher net spending on headcount and materials partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. ILS R&D spending decreased $1.3 million primarily due to lower net spending on materials, higher customer reimbursements and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. Corporate and other R&D spending decreased $1.0 million primarily due to lower headcount spending in our Advanced Research Business unit partially offset by higher charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities and higher stock-based compensation expense.

Selling, general and administrative

Quarterly

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses decreased $8.2 million, or 12%, during the second quarter of fiscal 2020 compared to the same quarter one year ago. The decrease was primarily due to $3.5 million lower spending on headcount, $2.4 million lower other variable spending and $2.3 million lower charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities. The lower spending on headcount was primarily due to lower variable compensation, lower sales commissions, the impact of lower headcount and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates partially offset by the impact of one extra week in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. The $2.4 million in lower variable spending included lower spending on rep commissions, lower travel and other variable discretionary spending due to COVID-19, the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates and lower provisions for bad debts.

On a segment basis as compared to the prior year period, OLS SG&A expenses decreased $1.6 million primarily due to lower headcount spending, including lower variable compensation and lower commissions, the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates and lower variable spending on rep commissions and travel. ILS SG&A spending decreased $3.7 million primarily due to lower headcount spending including the impact of lower headcount and lower variable compensation, lower variable spending on rep commissions and travel and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. Corporate and other SG&A spending decreased $2.9 million primarily due to lower charges for the deferred compensation plan and lower spending on headcount, including lower variable compensation.

Year-to-date

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses decreased $4.2 million, or 3.1%, during the first six months of fiscal 2020 compared to the same period one year ago. The decrease was primarily due to $2.8 million lower variable spending, $1.4 million due to an amount received from a legal settlement on a resolved asset recovery matter and $1.2 million lower spending on headcount. The decreases were partially offset by $1.2 million higher charges for increases in deferred compensation plan liabilities. The $2.8 million lower variable spending included the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates, lower spending on travel and other variable discretionary due to COVID-19, lower rep commissions and lower provisions for bad debts. The lower spending on headcount was primarily due to lower sales commissions, the impact of lower headcount and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates partially offset by the impact of one extra week in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.

On a segment basis as compared to the prior year period, OLS SG&A expenses increased $0.5 million primarily due to higher headcount spending partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates, and lower variable spending for rep commissions and travel. ILS SG&A spending decreased $6.7 million primarily due to the receipt of a legal settlement on the resolved asset recovery matter, lower spending on headcount and lower variable spending (including the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates and lower spending on travel). Corporate and other SG&A spending increased $2.0 million primarily

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due to higher charges for the deferred compensation plan and higher spending on headcount and higher variable spending for audit and tax consulting.

Goodwill and other impairment charges

In the second quarter of fiscal 2020, we recorded non-cash pretax goodwill impairment charges of $327.2 million related to our ILS segment to operating expense in our results of operations. In addition, we recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the impairment of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. See Note 8, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 11, "Leases" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In the first quarter of fiscal 2019, we invested 3.0 million Euros ($3.4 million) in 3D-Micromac AG, a private company in Germany. The investment is included in other assets and is being carried on a cost basis. During the second quarter of fiscal 2020, we determined that our investment became impaired and wrote it down to its fair value. As a result, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $2.5 million to operating expense in our results of operations in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.6 million and $2.2 million, respectively, in the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 compared to the same periods last year. The decreases were primarily due to the completion of the amortization of certain intangibles from acquisitions and the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates. Due to the impairment charges recorded in the three months ended April 4, 2020 on certain intangibles assets in our ILS segment, amortization expense will decrease in future quarters both in total amount and as a percentage of net sales.

OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) — NET

Other income (expense), net, changed by $1.4 million to an expense of $5.7 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from an expense of $4.3 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2019. Other income (expense), net, changed by $4.7 million to an expense of $8.7 million in the first six months of fiscal 2020 from an expense of $13.4 million in the first six months of fiscal 2019.

The second fiscal quarter increase in net other expense was primarily due to $2.6 million higher losses (lower gains), net of expenses, on our deferred compensation plan assets partially offset by $1.7 million lower foreign exchange losses.

The decrease for the first six months of fiscal 2020 in net other expense was primarily due to $2.9 million lower foreign exchange losses, $1.7 million higher gains (lower losses), net of expenses, on our deferred compensation plan assets, and $1.3 million lower interest expense partially offset by $0.7 million lower benefit from non-service pension income. Interest expense decreased primarily due to lower amortization of bond issue costs related to our Euro senior secured term loan facility (the "Euro Term Loan") and lower interest expense on line of credit borrowings partially offset by higher interest on the Euro Term Loan.

INCOME TAXES  

Our effective tax rates on loss before income taxes for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 were 7.9% and 7.7%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended April 4, 2020 were unfavorably impacted primarily due to the impairment of goodwill that is not deductible for tax purposes and the establishment of valuation allowances for certain deferred tax assets. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by the release of unrecognized tax benefits net of settlements and competent authority offsets, the geographic distribution of the impairments of certain long-lived assets that are deductible for tax purposes and the reduction in foreign earnings subject to foreign tax rates that are higher than the U.S. tax rates. Our effective tax rate is based on forecasted annual results and these amounts may fluctuate significantly through the rest of the year as a result of the unpredictable impact of COVID-19 on our operating activities.

Our effective tax rates on income before income taxes for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019 were 15.7% and 17.5%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended March 30, 2019 were lower than the U.S. federal tax rate of 21.0% primarily due to the excess tax benefits from restricted stock unit vesting, the benefit of federal research and development tax credits and the benefit of our Singapore and South Korea tax exemptions. These amounts were partially offset by the impact of income subject to foreign tax rates that are higher than the U.S. tax rates, an accrual for foreign withholding taxes on certain current year foreign earnings not considered permanently reinvested, stock-based compensation not deductible for tax purposes and limitations on the deductibility of compensation under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m).

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

At April 4, 2020, we had assets classified as cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, in an aggregate amount of $369.4 million, compared to $306.0 million at September 28, 2019. In addition, at April 4, 2020, we had $5.0 million of restricted cash. At April 4, 2020, approximately $288.0 million of our cash and securities was held in certain of our foreign subsidiaries and branches, $274.9 million of which was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Cash held by foreign subsidiaries includes cash in certain entities where we intend to permanently reinvest our accumulated earnings and our current plans do not demonstrate a need for these funds to support our domestic operations. If, however, a portion of these funds are needed for and distributed to our operations in the United States, we may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and certain state taxes. The amount of the U.S. and foreign taxes due would depend on the amount and manner of repatriation, as well as the location from where the funds are repatriated. We historically asserted our intention to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings. In December 2017, we reevaluated our assertion as a result of the enactment of the Tax Act and no longer consider certain foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries. We actively monitor the third-party depository institutions that hold these assets, primarily focusing on the safety of principal and secondarily maximizing yield on these assets. We diversify our cash and cash equivalents and investments among various financial institutions, money market funds, sovereign debt and other securities in order to reduce our exposure should any one of these financial institutions or financial instruments fail or encounter difficulties. To date, we have not experienced any material loss or lack of access to our invested cash, cash equivalents or short-term investments. However, we can provide no assurances that access to our invested cash, cash equivalents or short-term investments will not be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial markets. To date, we have had sufficient liquidity to manage the financial impact of COVID-19. However, we can provide no assurance that this will continue to be the case if the impact of COVID-19 is prolonged or if there is an extended impact on us or the economy in general. Further, COVID-19 has caused significant uncertainty and volatility in the credit markets. If our liquidity or access to capital becomes significantly constrained, or if costs of capital increase significantly due to the impact of COVID-19 as result of a volatility in the capital markets, a reduction in our creditworthiness or other factors, then our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

See "Part I, Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" below for more information about risks and trends related to foreign currencies.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Historically, our primary source of cash has been provided by our operations. Other sources of cash in the past three fiscal years include proceeds from our Euro Term Loan used to finance our acquisition of Rofin, proceeds received from the sale of our stock through our employee stock purchase plan as well as borrowings under our revolving credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility"). Our historical uses of cash have primarily been for acquisitions of businesses and technologies, the repurchase of our common stock, capital expenditures and debt issuance costs. Supplemental information pertaining to our historical sources and uses of cash is presented as follows and should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements:

 

	Three Months Ended
	April 4, 2020			March 30, 2019
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	105,772		$	126,323
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	—			(18,881		)
Investment in 3D-Micromac AG	—			(3,423		)
Issuance of shares under employee stock plans	6,821			5,704
Net settlement of restricted common stock	(13,299		)	(15,141		)
Repurchases of common stock	—			(51,406		)
Borrowings (repayments), net	(4,757		)	36,387
Purchases of property and equipment	(35,399		)	(41,525		)

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $20.6 million for the first six months of fiscal 2020 compared to the same period one year ago. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to lower net income and lower cash flows from inventories partially offset by higher cash flows from non-cash adjustments including impairment of goodwill and other long-lived assets as well as higher cash flows from accounts receivable and accounts payable. In order to support our liquidity during the pandemic, we are proactively taking measures to increase available cash on hand, including,

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but not limited to, reducing discretionary spending for operating and capital expenses. To further support our liquidity, we have elected to defer the payment of our employer portion of social security taxes beginning in April 2020 and through the end of the calendar year, which we expect to pay in equal installments in the first quarters of fiscal 2022 and 2023, as provided for under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"). We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short term investments combined with cash to be provided by operating activities and amounts available under our Revolving Credit Facility will be adequate to cover our working capital needs and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months to the extent such items are known or are reasonably determinable based on current business and market conditions, including consideration of the impact of COVID-19. However, we may elect to finance certain of our capital expenditure requirements through other sources of capital. We continue to follow our strategy to further strengthen our financial position by using available cash flow to fund operations.

We intend to continue to consider acquisition opportunities at valuations we believe are reasonable based upon market conditions. However, we cannot accurately predict the timing, size and success of our acquisition efforts or our associated potential capital commitments. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we will be able to acquire businesses on terms acceptable to us. We expect to fund future acquisitions, if any, through existing cash balances and cash flows from operations (as in our acquisitions of Ondax and certain Quantum assets) and additional borrowings (as in our acquisition of Rofin). If required, we will consider the issuance of securities. The extent to which we will be willing or able to use our common stock to make acquisitions will depend on its market value at the time and the willingness of potential sellers to accept it as full or partial payment.

In fiscal 2019, we made debt principal payments of $7.5 million, recorded interest expense on the Euro Term Loan of $11.7 million and recorded $4.6 million amortization of debt issuance costs. On November 20, 2018, we borrowed an additional $40.0 million under our Revolving Credit Facility, subsequently repaid $30.0 million of these borrowings on July 29, 2019 and recorded interest expense related to it of $1.9 million in fiscal 2019.

In the first six months of fiscal 2020, we made debt principal payments of $3.7 million, recorded interest expense on the Euro Term Loan of $6.1 million and recorded $1.6 million amortization of debt issuance costs. In the first six months of fiscal 2020, we recorded interest expense related to our Revolving Credit Facility of $0.3 million.

On October 5, 2018, we acquired privately held Ondax for approximately $12.0 million, excluding transaction costs. On October 5, 2018, we acquired certain assets of Quantum Coating, Inc. for approximately $7.0 million, excluding transaction costs.

On October 28, 2018, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $250.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2019, with a limit of no more than $75.0 million per quarter. During fiscal 2019, we repurchased and retired 603,828 shares of outstanding common stock under this program at an average price of $128.20 per share for a total of $77.4 million. We made no repurchases under the program during the first six months of fiscal 2020 and the program expired on December 31, 2019. On February 5, 2020, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of our common stock through January 31, 2021. We made no repurchases under the program during the first six months of fiscal 2020. See Note 14, "Stock Repurchases" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Additional sources of cash available to us, in addition to the amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility, were international currency lines of credit and bank credit facilities totaling $16.1 million as of April 4, 2020, of which $13.5 million was unused and available. These unsecured international credit facilities were used in Europe and Japan during the first six months of fiscal 2020. As of April 4, 2020, we had utilized $2.6 million of the international credit facilities as guarantees in Europe.

Our ratio of current assets to current liabilities decreased to 4.3:1 at April 4, 2020 compared to 4.6:1 September 28, 2019. The decrease in our ratio was primarily due to lease liabilities recorded as a result of the adoption of ASC 842, lower accounts receivable and higher accounts payable partially offset by increases in our ratio due to higher cash and cash-equivalents and lower other current liabilities. Our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and working capital are as follows:

 

	April 4, 2020		September 28, 2019
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	369,251	$	305,833
Short-term investments	116		120
Working capital	857,879		854,507

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Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933. Information regarding our contractual obligations is provided in Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019. There have been no material changes in contractual obligations outside of the ordinary course of business since September 28, 2019. Information regarding our other financial commitments at April 4, 2020 is provided in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

Changes in Financial Condition

Cash provided by operating activities during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was $105.8 million, which included non-cash goodwill and other impairment charges of $451.0 million, depreciation and amortization of $50.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $16.7 million, cash provided by operating assets and liabilities of $12.0 million (primarily lower accounts receivable and higher accounts payable net of lower income taxes payable, lower inventories, payments made for lease liabilities and higher prepaid assets), amortization of operating ROU assets of $8.1 million, amortization of debt issuance cost of $1.6 million and non-cash restructuring charges of $1.5 million partially offset by net loss of $413.1 million and net increases in deferred tax assets of $24.6 million. Cash provided by operating activities during the first six months of fiscal 2019 was $126.3 million, which included net income of $56.3 million, depreciation and amortization of $56.8 million, stock-based compensation expense of $16.9 million and amortization of debt issuance cost of $2.6 million partially offset by cash used by operating assets and liabilities of $0.9 million (primarily lower income taxes payable, deferred income, customer deposits and accrued payroll net of lower accounts receivable) and net increases in deferred tax assets of $4.5 million.

Cash used in investing activities during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was $34.5 million, which included $34.5 million, net of proceeds from dispositions, used to acquire property and equipment and purchase and upgrade buildings. Cash used in investing activities during the first six months of fiscal 2019 was $70.8 million, which included $37.2 million, net of proceeds from dispositions, used to acquire property and equipment and purchase and upgrade buildings, $18.9 million, net of cash acquired, to purchase Ondax and Quantum, $11.3 million net purchases of available-for-sale securities and $3.4 million invested in 3D-Micromac AG.

Cash used in financing activities during the first six months of fiscal 2020 was $11.2 million, which included $13.3 million in outflows due to net settlement of restricted stock units and $4.8 million net debt payments partially offset by $6.8 million generated from our employee stock option and purchase plans. Cash used in financing activities during the first six months of fiscal 2019 was $24.5 million, which included $51.4 million used to repurchase shares of our common stock and $15.1 million in outflows due to net settlement of restricted stock units partially offset by $36.4 million net debt borrowings and $5.7 million generated from our employee stock option and purchase plans.

Changes in exchange rates during the first six months of fiscal 2020 resulted in a decrease in cash balances of $4.4 million. Changes in exchange rates during the first six months of fiscal 2019 resulted in a decrease in cash balances of $4.6 million.

RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

See Note 2, "Recent Accounting Standards" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the respective dates of adoption or expected adoption and effects on our condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk disclosures

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

Interest rate sensitivity

A portion of our investment portfolio is composed of fixed income securities. These securities are subject to interest rate risk and will fall in value if market interest rates increase. If market interest rates were to increase immediately (whether due to changes in overall market rates or credit worthiness of the issuers of our individual securities) and uniformly by 10% from levels at April 4, 2020, the fair value of the portfolio, based on quoted market prices in active markets involving similar assets, would decline by an immaterial amount due to their short-term maturities. We have the ability to generally hold our fixed income investments until maturity and therefore we would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by the effect of a sudden change in market interest rates on our securities portfolio. If necessary, we may sell short-term investments prior to maturity to meet our liquidity needs.

At April 4, 2020, the fair value of our available-for-sale debt securities was $0.1 million, all of which was classified short-term investments.

We are exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates related to our Euro Term Loan. As of April 4, 2020, we owed $390.1 million on this loan with an interest rate of 3.0%. We performed a sensitivity analysis on the outstanding portion of our debt obligation as of April 4, 2020. Should the current average interest rate increase or decrease by 10%, the resulting annual increase or decrease to interest expense would be approximately $1.1 million as of April 4, 2020.

Foreign currency exchange risk

We maintain operations in various countries outside of the United States and have foreign subsidiaries that manufacture and sell our products in various global markets. The majority of our sales are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, we do generate revenues in other currencies, primarily the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the South Korean Won, the Singapore Dollar and the Chinese Renminbi. Additionally we have operations in different countries around the world with costs incurred in the foregoing currencies and other local currencies, such as British Pound Sterling, Malaysian Ringgit, Swiss Franc, Taiwan Dollar, Swedish Krona, Canadian Dollar and Vietnamese Dong. As a result, our earnings, cash flows and cash balances are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. For example, because of our significant manufacturing operations in Europe, a weakening Euro is advantageous and a strengthening Euro is disadvantageous to our financial results. We attempt to limit these exposures through financial market instruments. We utilize derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts with maturities of two months or less, to manage our exposure associated with anticipated cash flows and net asset and liability positions denominated in foreign currencies. Gains and losses on the forward contracts are mitigated by gains and losses on the underlying instruments. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

We do not anticipate any material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows resulting from the use of these instruments. There can be no assurance that these strategies will be effective or that transaction losses can be minimized or forecasted accurately. While we model currency valuations and fluctuations, these may not ultimately be accurate. If a financial counterparty to any of our hedging arrangements experiences financial difficulties or is otherwise unable to honor the terms of the foreign currency hedge, we may experience material financial losses. In the current economic environment, the risk of failure of a financial party remains high.

A hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency rates on our forward contracts would not have a material impact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

At April 4, 2020, approximately $288.0 million of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were held outside the U.S. in certain of our foreign operations, $274.9 million of which was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

See Note 7, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" in Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our derivatives and hedging activities.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of April 4, 2020 ("Evaluation Date"). The controls evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.  Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded as of the Evaluation Date that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended April 4, 2020.

Inherent Limitations over Internal Control

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 13, "Commitments and Contingencies" in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this report and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the followings risks when considering an investment in our common stock. These risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline materially or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under "Forward-Looking Statements" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019 and the risk of our businesses described elsewhere in this quarterly report. Additionally, these risks and uncertainties described herein are not the only ones facing us. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our operating results, including net sales, net income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA in dollars and as a percentage of net sales, as well as our stock price have varied in the past, and our future operating results will continue to be subject to quarterly and annual fluctuations based upon numerous factors, including those discussed in this Item 1A and throughout this report. Our stock price will continue to be subject to daily variations as well. Our future operating results and stock price may not follow any past trends or meet our guidance and expectations.

Our net sales and operating results, such as operating expenses, adjusted EBITDA percentage, net income (loss) and our stock price have varied in the past and may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year in the future. We believe a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, could cause these variations and make them difficult to predict, including:

• general economic uncertainties in the macroeconomic and local economies facing us, our customers and the markets we serve, particularly as the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak continues to adversely affect the global economy;

• impact of government economic policies on macroeconomic conditions, such as recently instituted, proposed or threatened changes in trade policies by the U.S. and any corresponding retaliatory actions by affected countries, in particular with respect to China, and trade restrictions the Japanese government has recently instituted affecting the export to South Korea of certain products and materials used in the manufacture of flat panel displays and in the semiconductor industry;

• fluctuations in demand for our products or downturns in the industries that we serve, particularly the continued build-out of “phase 2” of the capacity for the manufacture of OLED and the increased use of the installed base of our products in such manufacturing;

• the ability of our suppliers, both internal and external, to produce and deliver components and parts, including sole or limited source components, in a timely manner, in the quantity, quality and prices desired;

• the timing of receipt of bookings and the timing of and our ability to ultimately convert bookings to net sales;

• the concentration of a significant amount of our backlog, and resultant net sales, with a few customers in the Microelectronics market;

• rescheduling of shipments or cancellation of orders by our customers;

• fluctuations in our product mix;

• the ability of our customers' other suppliers to provide sufficient material to support our customers' products;

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• currency fluctuations and stability, in particular the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the South Korean Won, the Chinese RMB and the U.S. Dollar as compared to other currencies;

• commodity pricing;

• interpretation and impact of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act");

• introductions of new products and product enhancements by our competitors, entry of new competitors into our markets, pricing pressures and other competitive factors;

• the increasing focus by companies in China to vertically integrate and consolidate their supply chains fully with products manufactured in China;

• our ability to develop, introduce, manufacture and ship new and enhanced products in a timely manner without defects;

• our ability to manage our manufacturing capacity across our diverse product lines and that of our suppliers, including our ability to successfully expand our manufacturing capacity in various locations around the world;

• our ability to successfully and fully integrate acquisitions, such as the historical Rofin businesses, into our operations and management;

• our ability to successfully internally transfer the manufacturing of products and related operations as part of our integration and internal reorganization efforts and to realize anticipated benefits (including savings) therefrom, such as with our recently announced plan to co-locate the manufacturing and engineering of our High Power Fiber Lasers ("HPFL") products at our Hamburg, Germany, facility to our Tampere, Finland, location and exit a portion of our HPFL business;

• our reliance on contract manufacturing;

• our reliance in part upon the ability of our OEM customers to develop and sell systems that incorporate our laser products;

• our customers' ability to manage their susceptibility to adverse economic conditions;

• the rate of market acceptance of our new products;

• the ability of our customers to pay for our products;

• expenses associated with acquisition-related activities, including the costs of acquiring businesses or technologies;

• seasonal sales trends, including with respect to Rofin's historical business, which has traditionally experienced a reduction in sales during the first half of its fiscal year as compared to the second half of its fiscal year;

• jurisdictional capital and currency controls negatively impacting our ability to move funds from or to an applicable jurisdiction;

• access to applicable credit markets by us, our customers and their end customers;

• the impact of rising Chinese consumer debt and eroding consumer confidence and spending in China;

• delays or reductions in customer purchases of our products in anticipation of the introduction of new and enhanced products by us or our competitors;

• our ability to control expenses;

• the level of capital spending of our customers;

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• potential excess and/or obsolescence of our inventory;

• costs and timing of adhering to current and developing governmental regulations and reviews relating to our products and business, including import and export regulations in multiple jurisdictions;

• impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets;

• our ability to meet our expectations and forecasts and those of public market analysts and investors;

• the availability of research funding by governments with regard to our customers in the scientific business, such as universities;

• continued government spending on defense-related and scientific research projects where we are a vendor directly or as a subcontractor;

• maintenance of supply relating to products sold to the government on terms which we would prefer not to accept;

• changes in policy, interpretations, or challenges to the allowability of costs incurred under government cost accounting standards;

• our ability and the ability of our contractual counterparts to comply with the terms of our contracts;

• damage to our reputation as a result of coverage in social media, Internet blogs or other media outlets;

• managing our and other parties' compliance with contracts in multiple languages and jurisdictions;

• managing our internal and third party sales representatives and distributors, including compliance with all applicable laws;

• costs, expenses and damages arising from litigation;

• costs associated with designing around or payment of licensing fees associated with issued patents in our fields of business;

• individual employees intentionally or negligently failing to comply with our internal controls;

• government support of alternative energy industries, such as solar;

• negative impacts related to the "Brexit" vote by the United Kingdom, including uncertainties regarding the effects of the Brexit process and the timing and terms of applicable trade treaties between the United Kingdom and other countries, particularly with regard to any potential negative effects on our sales from our Glasgow, Scotland facility to other jurisdictions and purchases of supplies from outside the United Kingdom by such facility;

• negative impacts related to the recent independence movement in Catalonia, Spain, particularly with regard to holding and operating some of our foreign entities in an efficient manner from a tax, business and legal perspective;

• negative impacts related to government instability in any jurisdiction in which we operate, such as the recent difficulties in forming a governing coalition in Germany;

• the future impact of legislation, rulemaking, and changes in accounting, tax, defense procurement and export policies; and

• distraction of management related to acquisition, integration or divestment activities.

In addition, we often recognize a substantial portion of our sales in the last month of our fiscal quarters. Our expenses for any given quarter are typically based on expected sales, and if sales are below expectations in any given quarter, the adverse impact of the shortfall on our operating results may be magnified by our inability to adjust spending quickly enough to compensate for the shortfall. We also base our manufacturing on our forecasted product mix for the quarter. If the actual product mix varies significantly from our forecast, we may not be able to fill some orders during that quarter, which would result in delays in the

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shipment of our products. Accordingly, variations in timing of sales, particularly for our higher priced, higher margin products, can cause significant fluctuations in quarterly operating results.

Due to these and other factors, we believe that quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of our historical operating results may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our results for any quarter or year as an indication of our future performance. Our operating results in future quarters and years may be below public market analysts' or investors' expectations, which would likely cause the price of our stock to fall. In addition, over the past several years, U.S. and global equity markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the stock prices of many technology companies both in and outside our industry. There has not always been a direct correlation between this volatility and the performance of particular companies subject to these stock price fluctuations. These factors, as well as general economic and political conditions or investors' concerns regarding the credibility of corporate financial statements, may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our stock in the future.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2020 and beyond may be materially adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.

The full extent to which COVID-19 will impact our financial condition and operating results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including COVID-19 infections intensifying or returning in various geographic areas, new medical and other information that may emerge concerning COVID-19 and the actions by governmental entities or others to address it, contain it or treat its impact.

COVID-19 poses the risk that we or our employees, suppliers, distributors, customers and others may be restricted or prevented from conducting business activities for indefinite or intermittent periods of time, including as a result of employee health and safety concerns, shutdowns, shelter-in-place ("SiP") orders, travel restrictions and other actions and restrictions that may be prudent or required by governmental authorities. Even after governmental entities have lifted current SiP orders, there is a risk that such orders will be reinstated in jurisdictions in the short and long term, making it difficult to predict the longer term financial impact of this virus on the Company.

To date, many (but not all) of our business operations and those of our suppliers, distributors and customers have been classified as essential or otherwise permitted to operate in jurisdictions in which facility closures have been mandated, however, we can give no assurance that this will not change in the future or that we, our suppliers, distributors and customers will continue to be permitted to conduct business in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.

In addition, we have modified our business practices for the continued health and safety of our employees - including, among other things, implementing a work-from-home policy to the fullest extent possible, a limited travel policy and a social distancing policy - and we may take further actions, or be required to take further actions, that are in the best interests of our employees. Our suppliers, distributors and customers have also implemented such measures, which has resulted in, and we expect it will continue to result in, disruptions or delays and higher costs. The implementation of health and safety practices by us, our suppliers, distributors or our customers could impact customer demand, supplier deliveries, our productivity, and costs, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

While we currently believe we have sufficient liquidity to manage the financial impact of COVID-19, we can give no assurance that this will continue to be the case if the impact of COVID-19 is prolonged or if there is an extended impact on us or the economy generally. Further, the impacts of COVID-19 have caused significant uncertainty and volatility in the credit markets. If our liquidity or access to capital becomes significantly constrained, or if costs of capital increase significantly due to the impact of COVID-19 as result of volatility in the capital markets, a reduction in our creditworthiness or other factors, then our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Our management of the impact of COVID-19 has and will continue to require significant investment of time from our management and employees, as well as resources across our enterprise. The focus on managing and mitigating the impacts of COVID-19 on our business may cause us to divert or delay the application of our resources toward existing or new initiatives or investments, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

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We depend on sole source or limited source suppliers, as well as on our own production capabilities, for some of the key components and materials, including exotic materials, certain cutting-edge optics and crystals, used in our products, which make us susceptible to supply shortages or price fluctuations that could adversely affect our business, particularly our ability to meet our customers' delivery requirements.

We currently purchase several key components and materials used in the manufacture of our products from sole source or limited source suppliers. In particular, from time-to-time our customers require us to ramp up production and/or accelerate delivery schedules of our products. Our key suppliers may not have the ability to increase their production in line with our customers' demands. This can become acute during times of high growth in our customers' businesses. Our failure to timely receive these key components and materials would likely cause delays in the shipment of our products, which would likely negatively impact both our customers and our business. Some of these suppliers are relatively small private companies that may discontinue their operations at any time and which may be particularly susceptible to prevailing economic conditions. Some of our suppliers are located in regions which may be susceptible to natural and man-made disasters, such as the flooding in Thailand and the earthquake, tsunami and resulting nuclear disaster in Japan and severe flooding and power loss in the Eastern part of the United States and in California. In addition, our suppliers may be adversely affected by COVID-19 and the related imposition of government restrictions to mitigate the spread of the virus. We typically purchase our components and materials through purchase orders or agreed upon terms and conditions, and we do not have guaranteed supply arrangements with many of these suppliers. For certain long-lead time supplies or in order to lock-in pricing, we may be obligated to place non-cancellable purchase orders or otherwise assume liability for a large amount of the ordered supplies, which limits our ability to adjust down our inventory liability in the event of market downturns or other customer cancellations or rescheduling of their purchase orders for our products.

Some of our products, particularly in the flat panel display industry, require designs and specifications that are at the cutting-edge of available technologies and change frequently to meet rapidly evolving market demands. By their very nature, the types of components used in such products can be difficult and unpredictable to manufacture and may only be available from a single supplier, which increases the risk that we may not obtain such components in a timely manner. Identifying alternative sources of supply for certain components could be difficult and costly, result in management distraction in assisting our current and future suppliers to meet our and our customers' technical requirements, and cause delays in shipments of our products while we identify, evaluate and test the products of alternative suppliers. Any such delay in shipment would result in a delay or cancellation of our ability to convert such order into revenues. Furthermore, financial or other difficulties faced by these suppliers or significant changes in demand for these components or materials could limit their availability. We continue to consolidate our supply base and move supplier locations. When we transition locations, we may increase our inventory of such products as a "safety stock" during the transition, which may cause the amount of inventory reflected on our balance sheet to increase. Additionally, many of our customers rely on sole source suppliers. In the event of a disruption of our customers' supply chain, orders from our customers could decrease or be delayed.

Like most other multinational companies, we are also highly dependent upon the ability to ship products to customers and to receive shipments of supplies from suppliers. COVID-19 and resulting government policies have resulted in variable limitations on our ability to receive supplies and to ship our products to customers. In the event of a disruption in the worldwide or regional shipping infrastructure, our access to supplies and our ability to deliver products to customers would correspondingly be negatively impacted. Any such disruption would likely materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these components or materials, or the inability to obtain these components and materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, or our failure to properly manage these moves, would impair our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers and could cause customers to cancel orders. Furthermore, we have historically relied exclusively on our own production capability to manufacture certain strategic components, crystals, semiconductor lasers, fiber, lasers and laser-based systems. We also manufacture certain large format optics. Because we manufacture, package and test these components, products and systems at our own facilities, and such components, products and systems are not readily available from other sources, any interruption in manufacturing would adversely affect our business. Since many of our products have lengthy qualification periods, our ability to introduce multiple suppliers for parts may be limited. In addition, our failure to achieve adequate manufacturing yields of these items at our manufacturing facilities may materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

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We participate in the microelectronics market, which requires significant research and development expenses to develop and maintain products and a failure to achieve market acceptance for our products could have a significant negative impact on our business and results of operations.

The microelectronics market is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product introductions, the volatility of product supply and demand, changing customer requirements and evolving industry standards. The nature of this market requires significant research and development expenses to participate, with substantial resources invested in advance of material sales of our products to our customers in this market. Additionally, our product offerings may become obsolete given the frequent introduction of alternative technologies. In the event either our customers' or our products fail to gain market acceptance, or the microelectronics market fails to grow, it would likely have a significant negative effect on our business and results of operations.

We participate in the flat panel display market, which has a relatively limited number of end customer manufacturers.  Our backlog, timing of net sales and results of operations could be negatively impacted in the event we face any significant periods with few or no orders or our customers reschedule or cancel orders.

In the flat panel display market, there are a relatively limited number of manufacturers who are the end customers for our annealing products. In the second quarter of fiscal 2020, Advanced Process Systems Corporation, an integrator in the flat panel display market based in South Korea, contributed more than 10% of our revenue. Given macroeconomic conditions, varying consumer demand and technical process limitations at manufacturers, we may see fluctuations in orders, including periods with no or few orders, and our customers may seek to reschedule or cancel orders. For example, in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, a customer requested a change of delivery date resulting in a significant order being rescheduled from the first to the second quarter of fiscal 2019. In addition, in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, one customer cancelled three purchase orders which included backlog shippable within 12 months of $38.2 million as well as some additional orders which were unscheduled.

These larger flat panel-related systems have large average selling prices. Any significant periods with few or no orders or any rescheduling or canceling of such orders by our customers will likely have a significant impact on our quarterly or annual net sales and results of operations and could negatively impact inventory values and backlog. Additionally, challenges in meeting evolving technological requirements for these complex products by us and our suppliers could also result in delays in shipments and rescheduled or cancelled orders by our customers. This could negatively impact our backlog, timing of net sales and results of operations.

We may not be able to integrate the business of Rofin successfully with our own, realize the anticipated benefits of the merger or manage our expanded operations, any of which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We have devoted, and expect to continue to devote, significant management attention and resources to integrating our business practices with those of Rofin. Such integration efforts are costly due to the large number of processes, policies, procedures, locations, operations, technologies and systems to be integrated, including purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, service, operations, payroll, pricing, marketing and employee benefits. Integration expenses could, particularly in the short term, exceed the savings we expect to achieve from the elimination of duplicative expenses and the realization of economies of scale, which could result in significant charges to earnings that we cannot currently quantify. Potential difficulties that we may encounter as part of the integration process include the following:

• the inability to successfully combine our business with Rofin in a manner that permits the combined company to achieve the full synergies and other benefits anticipated to result from the merger;

• complexities associated with managing the combined businesses, including difficulty addressing possible differences in corporate cultures and management philosophies and the challenge of integrating products, services, complex and different information technology systems (including different Enterprise Management Systems), control and compliance processes, technology, networks and other assets of each of the companies in a cohesive manner;

• diversion of the attention of our management;

• the disruption of, or the loss of momentum in, our business; and

• inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures or policies.

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, suppliers, employees and other constituencies or our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the merger, or could reduce our earnings or otherwise

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adversely affect our business and financial results. For example, in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, difficulties in implementing our Enterprise Management Systems at one of our manufacturing sites located in Germany, which was historically part of Rofin, resulted in a shortage of manufacturing parts and shippable inventory to meet demands, resulting in a reduction of revenue for that quarter. If similar difficulties arise in the future and we are unable to resolve them in a timely manner, we may experience a shortage of parts and inventory or otherwise be unable to meet demand, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Following the merger, the size and complexity of the business of the combined company has increased significantly. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage this expanded business, which has and will pose substantial challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations and associated increased costs and complexity. For example, we recently announced two planned site consolidations: (1) the relocation of the manufacturing and engineering of our HPFL products from our Hamburg, Germany, facility to our Tampere, Finland, location and the exit from a portion of our HPFL business, and (2) vacating our leased facility in Santa Clara at the end of the current lease term in calendar 2020 and combining the operations at our Santa Clara headquarters. The execution of these consolidation projects could result in temporary loss of productivity or operational efficiency, interruptions in manufacturing or other unforeseen challenges while the projects are ongoing. Moreover, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in realizing the anticipated savings in connection with these consolidations or with our broader efforts to manage our expanded business or that we will realize the expected synergies and benefits anticipated from the merger.

Charges to earnings resulting from the application of the purchase method of accounting to the Rofin acquisition may adversely affect our results of operations.

In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, we have accounted for the Rofin acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. Under the purchase method of accounting, we allocated the total purchase price of Rofin's net tangible and identifiable intangible assets based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over net tangible and identifiable intangible assets was recorded as goodwill. We have incurred and will continue to incur additional depreciation and amortization expense over the useful lives of certain of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in connection with the acquisition. These depreciation, amortization and potential impairment charges could have a material impact on our results of operations. In addition, to the extent the value of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives becomes impaired, we may be required to incur material charges relating to the impairment of those assets. For example, in the quarter ended April 4, 2020, the worldwide spread of COVID-19 created significant volatility, uncertainty and disruption to the global economy, representing an indicator to test our goodwill for impairment. The former operations of Rofin are largely included in our ILS segment. As a result of that test, we recorded a non-cash pre-tax charge related to the ILS reporting unit of $327.2 million, reducing the goodwill balance of the reporting unit to zero. In addition, we performed impairment tests on the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit, including intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use ("ROU") assets as of April 4, 2020 and recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the impairment intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

Our indebtedness following the Rofin merger is substantially greater than our indebtedness prior to the merger. This increased level of indebtedness could adversely affect us, including by decreasing our business flexibility, and will increase our borrowing costs.

In November 2016, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which provided for a 670.0 million Euro term loan, all of which was drawn, and a $100.0 million revolving credit facility, under which a 10 million Euro letter of credit was issued. As of April 4, 2020, 361.6 million Euros were outstanding under the term loan. As of April 4, 2020, the revolving credit facility had been used for guarantees of 10.0 million Euros as well as borrowings of $10.0 million. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future by accessing the revolving credit facility and/or entering into new financing arrangements. Our ability to pay interest and repay the principal of our current indebtedness is dependent upon our ability to manage our business operations and the ongoing interest rate environment. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage any of these risks successfully.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants, including covenants regarding the payment of taxes and other obligations, maintenance of insurance, reporting requirements and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of us and our subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, make investments, make certain restricted payments, transact with affiliates, and sell assets. The Credit Agreement also requires us and our subsidiaries to maintain a senior secured net leverage ratio as of the last day of each fiscal quarter of less of than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00. The Credit Agreement contains customary events of default that include, among other things, payment defaults, cross defaults with certain other indebtedness, violation of covenants, inaccuracy of representations and

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warranties in any material respect, change in control of us and Coherent Holding BV & Co. K.G. (formerly Coherent Holding GmbH), judgment defaults, and bankruptcy and insolvency events. If an event of default exists, the lenders may require the immediate payment of all obligations and exercise certain other rights and remedies provided for under the Credit Agreement, the other loan documents and applicable law. The acceleration of such obligations is automatic upon the occurrence of a bankruptcy and insolvency event of default. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial resources or we will be able to arrange financing to repay our borrowings at such time.

Our substantially increased indebtedness and higher debt-to-equity ratio as a result of the Rofin merger in comparison to that prior to the merger will have the effect, among other things, of reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions and will increase our borrowing costs. In addition, the amount of cash required to service our increased indebtedness levels and thus the demands on our cash resources will be greater than the amount of cash flows required to service our indebtedness or that of Rofin individually prior to the merger. The increased levels of indebtedness could also reduce funds available for our investments in product development as well as capital expenditures, dividends, share repurchases and other activities and may create competitive disadvantages for us relative to other companies with lower debt levels.

Some of our laser systems are complex in design and may contain defects that are not detected until deployed by our customers, which could increase our costs and reduce our net sales.

Lasers and laser systems are inherently complex in design and require ongoing regular maintenance. The manufacture of our lasers, laser products and systems involves a highly complex and precise process. As a result of the technological complexity of our products, in particular our excimer laser annealing tools used in the flat panel display market, changes in our or our suppliers' manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective materials by us or our suppliers could result in a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve acceptable manufacturing yields and product reliability. To the extent that we do not achieve and maintain our projected yields or product reliability, our business, operating results, financial condition and customer relationships would be adversely affected. We provide warranties on a majority of our product sales, and reserves for estimated warranty costs are recorded during the period of sale. The determination of such reserves requires us to make estimates of failure rates and expected costs to repair or replace the products under warranty. We typically establish warranty reserves based on historical warranty costs for each product line. If actual return rates and/or repair and replacement costs differ significantly from our estimates, adjustments to cost of sales may be required in future periods which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our customers may discover defects in our products after the products have been fully deployed and operated, including under the end user's peak stress conditions. In addition, some of our products are combined with products from other vendors, which may contain defects. As a result, should problems occur, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. If we are unable to identify and fix defects or other problems, we could experience, among other things:

• loss of customers or orders;

• increased costs of product returns and warranty expenses;

• damage to our brand reputation;

• failure to attract new customers or achieve market acceptance;

• diversion of development, engineering and manufacturing resources; and

• legal actions by our customers and/or their end users.

The occurrence of any one or more of the foregoing factors could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Continued volatility in the advanced packaging and semiconductor manufacturing markets could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of our net sales in the microelectronics market depends on the demand for our products by advanced packaging applications and semiconductor equipment companies. These markets have historically been characterized by sudden and severe cyclical variations in product supply and demand, which have often severely affected the demand for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, including laser-based tools and systems. The timing, severity and duration of these market cycles are difficult to predict, especially during these COVID-19 related times, and we may not be able to respond effectively to these

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cycles. The continuing uncertainty in these markets severely limits our ability to predict our business prospects or financial results in these markets.

During industry downturns, our net sales from these markets may decline suddenly and significantly. Our ability to rapidly and effectively reduce our cost structure in response to such downturns is limited by the fixed nature of many of our expenses in the near term and by our need to continue our investment in next-generation product technology and to support and service our products. In addition, due to the relatively long manufacturing lead times for some of the systems and subsystems we sell to these markets, we may incur expenditures or purchase raw materials or components for products we cannot sell. Accordingly, downturns in the semiconductor capital equipment market may materially harm our operating results. Conversely, when upturns in these markets occur, we must be able to rapidly and effectively increase our manufacturing capacity to meet increases in customer demand that may be extremely rapid, and if we fail to do so we may lose business to our competitors and our relationships with our customers may be harmed.

Worldwide economic conditions and related uncertainties could negatively impact demand for our products and results of operations.

Volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, depressed consumer confidence, government economic policies, negative economic conditions, volatile corporate profits and reduced capital spending could negatively impact demand for our products. In particular, it is difficult to develop and implement strategy, sustainable business models and efficient operations, as well as effectively manage supply chain relationships, in the face of such conditions, including uncertainty regarding the ability of some of our suppliers to continue operations and provide us with uninterrupted supply flow. Our ability to maintain our research and development investments in our broad product offerings may be adversely impacted in the event that our future sales decline or remain flat. Spending and the timing thereof by consumers and businesses have a significant impact on our results and, where such spending is delayed or cancelled, it could have a material negative impact on our operating results. Global economic conditions have become more uncertain and challenging as the effects of COVID-19 continue to have a significant adverse effect on the global economy. Weakness in our end markets has negatively impacted our net sales, gross margin and operating expenses, and, if it continues, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Uncertainty in global fiscal policy has likely had an adverse impact on global financial markets and overall economic activity in recent years. Should this uncertain financial policy continue to occur or recur, it would likely continue to, and may in the future, negatively impact global economic activity. Any weakness in global economies would also likely have negative repercussions on U.S. and global credit and financial markets, and further exacerbate sovereign debt concerns in the European Union. All of these factors would likely adversely impact the global demand for our products and the performance of our investments, and would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Financial turmoil affecting the banking system and financial markets, as has occurred in recent years, could result in tighter credit markets and lower levels of liquidity in some financial markets. There could be a number of follow-on effects from a tightened credit environment on our business, including the insolvency of key suppliers or their inability to obtain credit to finance development and/or manufacture products resulting in product delays; inability of customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products and/or customer insolvencies; and failure of financial institutions negatively impacting our treasury functions. In the event our customers are unable to obtain credit or otherwise pay for our shipped products it could significantly impact our ability to collect on our outstanding accounts receivable. Other income and expense also could vary materially from expectations depending on gains or losses realized on the sale or exchange of financial instruments; impairment charges resulting from revaluations of debt and equity securities and other investments; interest rates; cash balances; and changes in fair value of derivative instruments. Volatility in the financial markets and any overall economic uncertainty increase the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on our financial instruments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them. Uncertainty about global economic conditions could also continue to increase the volatility of our stock price.

In addition, political and social turmoil related to international conflicts, terrorist acts, civil unrest and mass migration may put further pressure on economic conditions in the United States and the rest of the world. Unstable economic, political and social conditions make it difficult for our customers, our suppliers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. If such conditions persist, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer. Additionally, unstable economic conditions can provide significant pressures and burdens on individuals, which could cause them to engage in inappropriate business conduct. See "Part I, Item 4. Controls and Procedures."

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Our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are managed through various banks around the world and volatility in the capital and credit market conditions could cause financial institutions to fail or materially harm service levels provided by such banks, both of which could have an adverse impact on our ability to timely access funds.

World capital and credit markets have been and may continue to experience volatility and disruption. In some cases, the markets have exerted downward pressure on stock prices and credit capacity for certain issuers, as well as pressured the solvency of some financial institutions. These financial institutions, including banks, have had difficulty timely performing regular services and in some cases have failed or otherwise been largely taken over by governments. We maintain our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments with a number of financial institutions around the world. Should some or all of these financial institutions fail or otherwise be unable to timely perform requested services, we would likely have limited ability to timely access our cash deposited with such institutions, or, in extreme circumstances the failure of such institutions could cause us to be unable to access cash for the foreseeable future. If we are unable to quickly access our funds when we need them, we may need to increase the use of our existing credit lines or access more expensive credit, if available. If we are unable to access our cash or if we access existing or additional credit or are unable to access additional credit, it could have a negative impact on our operations, including our reported net income. In addition, the willingness of financial institutions to continue to accept our cash deposits will impact our ability to diversify our investment risk among institutions.

We are exposed to credit risk and fluctuations in the market values of our investment portfolio.

Although we have not recognized any material losses on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, future declines in their market values could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. Given the global nature of our business, we have investments both domestically and internationally. There has recently been growing pressure on the creditworthiness of sovereign nations, particularly in Europe where a significant portion of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are invested, which results in corresponding pressure on the valuation of the securities issued by such nations. Additionally, our overall investment portfolio is often concentrated in government-issued securities such as U.S. Treasury securities and government agencies, corporate notes, commercial paper and money market funds. Credit ratings and pricing of these investments can be negatively impacted by liquidity, credit deterioration or losses, financial results, or other factors. Additionally, liquidity issues or political actions by sovereign nations could result in decreased values for our investments in certain government securities. As a result, the value or liquidity of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments could decline or become materially impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. See "Part I, Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk."

Our future success depends on our ability to increase our sales volumes and decrease our costs to offset potential declines in the average selling prices ("ASPs") of our products and, if we are unable to realize greater sales volumes and lower costs, our operating results may suffer.

Our ability to increase our sales volume and our future success depends on the continued growth of the markets for lasers, laser systems and related accessories, as well as our ability to identify, in advance, emerging markets for laser-based systems and to manage our manufacturing capacity to meet customer demands. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify, on a timely basis, new high-growth markets in the future. Moreover, we cannot assure you that new markets will develop for our products or our customers' products, or that our technology or pricing will enable such markets to develop. Future demand for our products is uncertain and will depend to a great degree on continued technological development and the introduction of new or enhanced products. If this does not continue, sales of our products may decline and our business will be harmed.

We have in the past experienced decreases in the ASPs of some of our products. As competing products become more widely available or lower-cost products come to market, the ASPs of our products may decrease. If we are unable to offset any decrease in our ASPs by increasing our sales volumes, our net sales will decline. In addition, to maintain our gross margins, we must continue to reduce the cost of manufacturing our products while maintaining their high quality. From time to time, our products, like many complex technological products, may fail in greater frequency than anticipated. This can lead to further charges, which can result in higher costs, lower gross margins and lower operating results. Furthermore, as ASPs of our current products decline, we must develop and introduce new products and product enhancements with higher margins. If we cannot maintain our gross margins, our operating results could be seriously harmed, particularly if the ASPs of our products decrease significantly.

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Our future success depends on our ability to develop and successfully introduce new and enhanced products that meet the needs of our customers.

Our current products address a broad range of commercial and scientific research applications in the photonics markets. We cannot assure you that the market for these applications will continue to generate significant or consistent demand for our products. Demand for our products could be significantly diminished by disrupting technologies or products that replace them or render them obsolete. Furthermore, the new and enhanced products in certain markets generally continue to be smaller in size and have lower ASPs, and therefore, we have to sell more units to maintain revenue levels. Accordingly, we must continue to invest in research and development in order to develop competitive products. Current restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have a negative impact on the work on some of our research and development programs due to the inability of some personnel being able to work in applicable regional labs.

Our future success depends on our ability to anticipate our customers' needs and develop products that address those needs. Introduction of new products and product enhancements will require that we effectively transfer production processes from research and development to manufacturing and coordinate our efforts with those of our suppliers to achieve volume production rapidly. If we fail to transfer production processes effectively, develop product enhancements or introduce new products in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of our customers as scheduled, our net sales may be reduced and our business may be harmed.

We face risks associated with our foreign operations and sales that could harm our financial condition and results of operations.

For the three and six months ended April 4, 2020, 75% and 76%, respectively, of our net sales were derived from customers outside of the United States. For fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, 76%, 84% and 83%, respectively, of our net sales were derived from customers outside of the United States. We anticipate that foreign sales, particularly in Asia, will continue to account for a significant portion of our net sales in the foreseeable future.

A global economic slowdown or a natural disaster could have a negative effect on various foreign markets in which we operate, such as the earthquake, tsunami and resulting nuclear disaster in Japan and the flooding in Thailand. Such a slowdown may cause us to reduce our presence in certain countries, which may negatively affect the overall level of business in such countries. Our foreign sales are primarily through our direct sales force. Additionally, some foreign sales are made through foreign distributors and representatives. Currently, the effects of COVID-19 are having a significantly adverse effect on the global economy, which is affecting the various markets in which we operate.

Our foreign operations and sales are subject to a number of risks, including:

• compliance with applicable import/export regulations, tariffs and trade barriers, including recently instituted or proposed changes in trade policies by the U.S. and any corresponding retaliatory actions by affected countries, in particular with respect to China;

• longer accounts receivable collection periods;

• the impact of recessions and other economic conditions in economies outside the United States, including, for example, recent dips in the manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index ("PMI") as well as the Institute of Supply Management ("ISM") data in the Eurozone, in particular in Germany;

• unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

• certification requirements;

• environmental regulations;

• reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• potentially adverse tax consequences;

• political and economic instability, such as the current situation between the governments of Japan and South Korea, which has led to the imposition of trade restrictions by the Japanese government affecting the export to South Korea of certain products and materials used in the manufacture of flat panel displays and in the semiconductor industry;

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• compliance with applicable United States and foreign anti-corruption laws;

• less than favorable contract terms;

• reduced ability to enforce contractual obligations;

• cultural and management differences;

• reliance in some jurisdictions on third party sales channel partners;

• preference for locally produced products; and

• shipping and other logistics complications.

Our business could also be impacted by international conflicts, terrorist and military activity including, in particular, any such conflicts on the Korean peninsula, civil unrest and pandemic illness, any of which could cause a slowdown in customer orders, cause customer order cancellations or negatively impact availability of supplies or limit our ability to timely service our installed base of products.

We are also subject to the risks of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates, which could materially adversely affect the sales price of our products in foreign markets, as well as the costs and expenses of our foreign subsidiaries. While we use forward exchange contracts and other risk management techniques to hedge our foreign currency exposure, we remain exposed to the economic risks of foreign currency fluctuations.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology, our competitive advantage could be harmed.

Maintenance of intellectual property rights and the protection thereof is important to our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. Our patent applications may not be approved, any patents that may be issued may not sufficiently protect our intellectual property and any issued patents may be challenged by third parties. Other parties may independently develop similar or competing technology or design around any patents that may be issued to us. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Further, we may be required to enforce our intellectual property or other proprietary rights through litigation, which, regardless of success, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management's attention. Additionally, there may be existing patents of which we are unaware that could be pertinent to our business and it is not possible for us to know whether there are patent applications pending that our products might infringe upon since these applications are often not publicly available until a patent is issued or published.

We have been and may in the future be subject to claims or litigation from third parties, for claims of infringement of their proprietary rights or to determine the scope and validity of our proprietary rights or the proprietary rights of competitors or other rights holders. These claims could result in costly litigation and the diversion of our technical and management personnel. Adverse resolution of litigation may harm our operating results or financial condition.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States and around the world involving patents and other intellectual property rights. This has been seen in our industry, for example in the concluded patent-related litigation between IMRA America, Inc. ("Imra") and IPG Photonics Corporation and in Imra's concluded patent-related litigation against two of our German subsidiaries. From time to time, like many other technology companies, we have received communications from other parties asserting the existence of patent rights, copyrights, trademark rights or other intellectual property rights which such third parties believe may cover certain of our products, processes, technologies or information. In the future, we may be a party to litigation to protect our intellectual property or as a result of an alleged infringement of others' intellectual property whether through direct claims or by way of indemnification claims of our customers, as, in some cases, we contractually agree to indemnify our customers against third-party infringement claims relating to our products. These claims and any resulting lawsuit, if successful, could subject us to significant liability for damages or invalidation of our proprietary rights. These lawsuits, regardless of their success, would likely be time-consuming and expensive to resolve and would divert management time and attention. In addition to paying possibly significant monetary damages, any potential intellectual property litigation could also force us to do one or more of the following:

•  stop manufacturing, selling or using our products that use the infringed intellectual property;

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• obtain from the owner of the infringed intellectual property right a license to sell or use the relevant technology, although such license may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all; or

• redesign the products that use the technology.

If we are forced to take any of these actions or are otherwise a party to lawsuits of this nature, we may incur significant losses and our business may be seriously harmed. We do not have insurance to cover potential claims of this type.

If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.

Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we review our intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered in determining whether a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or other intangible assets may not be recoverable include declines in our stock price and market capitalization or future cash flows projections. A decline in our stock price, or any other adverse change in market conditions, particularly if such change has the effect of changing one of the critical assumptions or estimates we used to calculate the estimated fair value of our reporting units, could result in a change to the estimation of fair value that could result in an impairment charge. Any such material charges, whether related to goodwill or purchased intangible assets, may have a material negative impact on our financial and operating results. For example, in the quarter ended April 4, 2020, the worldwide spread of COVID-19 has created significant volatility, uncertainty and disruption to the global economy, representing an indicator to test our goodwill for impairment. As a result of that test, we recorded a non-cash pre-tax charge related to the ILS reporting unit of $327.2 million, reducing the goodwill balance of the reporting unit to zero. In addition, we performed impairment tests on the long-lived assets allocated to the asset group of the ILS reporting unit, including intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets as of April 4, 2020 and recorded non-cash pre-tax charges related to the impairment intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and ROU assets of the ILS reporting unit of $33.9 million, $85.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

We depend on skilled personnel to operate our business effectively in a rapidly changing market, and if we are unable to retain existing or hire additional personnel when needed, or manage transitions among members of our leadership team, in particular the recently announced transition of our President and Chief Executive Officer, our ability to develop and sell our products could be harmed.

Our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel will be a critical factor in determining whether we will be successful in the future. Recruiting and retaining highly skilled personnel in certain functions continues to be difficult. At certain locations where we operate, the cost of living is extremely high and it may be difficult to retain key employees and management at a reasonable cost. We may not be successful in attracting, assimilating or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs, which could adversely affect our growth and our business.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key engineering, sales, marketing, manufacturing and support personnel, as well as our ability to effectively transition to their successors. Most recently, we appointed a new President and Chief Executive Officer in April 2020, at which time our former President and CEO, who had served in such position since 2002, transitioned to the role of special advisor to the Company. This transition may be disruptive to our business, and if we are unable to execute an orderly transition and successfully integrate our new CEO into our management team, our revenue, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. In addition, our former head of sales transitioned to the role of special advisor to the CEO at the end of fiscal 2019. Any future changes to our executive and senior management teams, including hires or departures, could cause further disruption to our business and have a negative impact on our operating performance, while these operational areas are in transition. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to find suitable successors to key roles as transitions occur or that any identified successor will be successfully integrated into our management team. Our inability to do so, or to retain other key employees or effectively transition to their successors, or any delay in filling any such positions, could harm our business and our results of operations.

The long sales cycles for our products may cause us to incur significant expenses without offsetting net sales.

Customers often view the purchase of our products as a significant and strategic decision. As a result, customers typically expend significant effort in evaluating, testing and qualifying our products before making a decision to purchase them, resulting in a lengthy initial sales cycle. While our customers are evaluating our products and before they place an order with us, we may incur substantial sales and marketing and research and development expenses to customize our products to the customers' needs. We may also expend significant management efforts, increase manufacturing capacity and order long lead-time

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components or materials prior to receiving an order. Even after this evaluation process, a potential customer may not purchase our products. As a result, these long sales cycles may cause us to incur significant expenses without ever receiving net sales to offset such expenses.

The markets in which we sell our products are intensely competitive and increased competition could cause reduced sales levels, reduced gross margins or the loss of market share.

Competition in the various photonics markets in which we provide products is very intense. We compete against a number of large public and private companies, including IPG Photonics Corporation, Lumentum Holdings Inc., MKS Instruments, Inc., Novanta Inc., nlight, Inc., II-VI Incorporated, Wuhan Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies Co., Ltd, and Trumpf GmbH, as well as other smaller companies. Some of our competitors are large companies that have significant financial, technical, marketing and other resources. These competitors may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products. Some of our competitors are much better positioned than we are to acquire other companies in order to gain new technologies or products that may displace our product lines. Any of these acquisitions could give our competitors a strategic advantage. Any business combinations or mergers among our competitors, forming larger companies with greater resources, could result in increased competition, price reductions, reduced margins or loss of market share, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additional competitors may enter the markets in which we serve, both foreign and domestic, and we are likely to compete with new companies in the future. For example, in recent years there have been a growing number of companies in China that, in some cases aided by government subsidies, are targeting our markets and are exerting significant price pressure in certain of our product markets, in particular the HPFL products used in the metal cutting market in China. These companies will likely in the future be able to expand into broader product markets, which may result in additional competitive pressures on us. We may also encounter potential customers that, due to existing relationships with our competitors, are committed to the products offered by these competitors. Further, our current or potential customers may determine to develop and produce products for their own use which are competitive to our products. Such vertical integration could reduce the market opportunity for our products. As a result of the foregoing factors, we expect that competitive pressures may result in price reductions, reduced margins, loss of sales and loss of market share. In addition, in markets where there are a limited number of customers, competition is particularly intense.

If we fail to accurately forecast component and material requirements for our products, we could incur additional costs and incur significant delays in shipments, which could result in a loss of customers.

We use rolling forecasts based on anticipated product orders and material requirements planning systems to determine our product requirements. It is very important that we accurately predict both the demand for our products and the lead times required to obtain the necessary components and materials. We depend on our suppliers for most of our product components and materials. Lead times for components and materials that we order vary significantly and depend on factors including the specific supplier requirements, the size of the order, contract terms and current market demand for components. For substantial increases in our sales levels of certain products, some of our suppliers may need at least nine months lead-time. If we overestimate our component and material requirements, we may have excess inventory, which would increase our costs. If we underestimate our component and material requirements, we may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt and delay delivery of our products to our customers. We expect that the volatility and uncertainty created by COVID-19 in the markets we serve will exacerbate these issues, and any of these occurrences would negatively impact our net sales, business or operating results.

Our reliance on contract manufacturing and outsourcing may adversely impact our financial results and operations due to our decreased control over the performance and timing of certain aspects of our manufacturing.

Our manufacturing strategy includes partnering with contract manufacturers to outsource non-core subassemblies and less complex turnkey products, including some performed at international sites located in Asia and Eastern Europe. Our ability to resume internal manufacturing operations for certain products and components in a timely manner may be eliminated. The cost, quality, performance and availability of contract manufacturing operations are and will be essential to the successful production and sale of many of our products. Our financial condition or results of operation could be adversely impacted if any contract manufacturer or other supplier is unable for any reason, including as a result of COVID-19 and the negative effect it is having on the global economy, to meet our cost, quality, performance, and availability standards. We may not be able to provide contract manufacturers with product volumes that are high enough to achieve sufficient cost savings. If shipments fall below forecasted levels, we may incur increased costs or be required to take ownership of the inventory. Also, our ability to control the quality of products produced by contract manufacturers may be limited and quality issues may not be resolved in a timely manner, which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations.

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If we fail to effectively manage our growth or, alternatively, our spending during downturns, our business could be disrupted, which could harm our operating results.

Growth in sales, combined with the challenges of managing geographically dispersed operations, can place a significant strain on our management systems and resources, and our anticipated growth in future operations could continue to place such a strain. The failure to effectively manage our growth could disrupt our business and harm our operating results. Our ability to successfully offer our products and implement our business plan in evolving markets requires an effective planning and management process. In economic downturns, we must effectively manage our spending and operations to ensure our competitive position during the downturn, as well as our future opportunities when the economy improves, remain intact. The failure to effectively manage our spending and operations could disrupt our business and harm our operating results.

Historically, acquisitions have been an important element of our strategy. However, we may not find suitable acquisition candidates in the future and we may not be able to successfully integrate and manage acquired businesses. Any acquisitions we make could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.

We have in the past made strategic acquisitions of other corporations and entities, including Ondax in October 2018, OR Laser in March 2018 and Rofin in November 2016, as well as asset purchases, and we continue to evaluate potential strategic acquisitions of complementary companies, products and technologies. In the event of any future acquisitions, we could:

• issue stock that would dilute our current stockholders' percentage ownership;

• pay cash that would decrease our working capital;

• incur debt;

• assume liabilities; or

• incur expenses related to impairment of goodwill and other long-lived assets, as we incurred in the quarter ending April 4, 2020 totaling $451.0 million.

Acquisitions also involve numerous risks, including:

• problems combining the acquired operations, systems, technologies or products;

• an inability to realize expected operating efficiencies or product integration benefits;

• difficulties in coordinating and integrating geographically separated personnel, organizations, systems and facilities;

• difficulties integrating business cultures;

• unanticipated costs or liabilities, including the costs associated with improving the internal controls of the acquired company;

• diversion of management's attention from our core businesses;

• adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;

• potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the purchased organizations;

• incurring unforeseen obligations or liabilities in connection with acquisitions; and

• the failure to complete acquisitions even after signing definitive agreements which, among other things, would result in the expensing of potentially significant professional fees and other charges in the period in which the acquisition or negotiations are terminated.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify appropriate acquisition candidates, to integrate any businesses, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future or achieve the anticipated benefits of such transactions, which may harm our business.

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Our market is unpredictable and characterized by rapid technological changes and evolving standards demanding a significant investment in research and development, and, if we fail to address changing market conditions, our business and operating results will be harmed.

The photonics industry is characterized by extensive research and development, rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards. Because this industry is subject to rapid change, it is difficult to predict its potential size or future growth rate. Our success in generating net sales in this industry will depend on, among other things:

• maintaining and enhancing our relationships with our customers;

• the education of potential end-user customers about the benefits of lasers and laser systems; and

• our ability to accurately predict and develop our products to meet industry standards.

We cannot assure you that our expenditures for research and development will result in the introduction of new products or, if such products are introduced, that those products will achieve sufficient market acceptance or generate sales to offset the costs of development. Our failure to address rapid technological changes in our markets could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are exposed to lawsuits in the normal course of business which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We are exposed to lawsuits in the normal course of our business, including product liability claims, if personal injury, death or commercial losses occur from the use of our products. As a public company our stock price fluctuates for a variety of different reasons, some of which may be related to broader industry and/or market factors. As a result, from time-to-time we may be subject to the risk of litigation due to the fluctuation in stock price or other governance or market-related factors. While we typically maintain business insurance, including directors' and officers' policies, litigation can be expensive, lengthy, and disruptive to normal business operations, including the potential impact of indemnification obligations for individuals named in any such lawsuits. We may not, however, be able to secure insurance coverage on terms acceptable to us in the future. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. An unfavorable resolution of a particular lawsuit, including a recall or redesign of products if ultimately determined to be defective, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.

We use standard laboratory and manufacturing materials that could be considered hazardous and we could be liable for any damage or liability resulting from accidental environmental contamination or injury.

Although most of our products do not incorporate hazardous or toxic materials and chemicals, some of the gases used in our excimer lasers and some of the liquid dyes used in some of our scientific laser products are highly toxic. In addition, our operations involve the use of standard laboratory and manufacturing materials that could be considered hazardous. Also, if a facility fire were to occur at our Sunnyvale, California site and were to spread to a reactor used to grow semiconductor wafers, it could release highly toxic emissions. We believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials comply with all federal, state and offshore regulations and standards. However, the risk of accidental environmental contamination or injury from such materials cannot be entirely eliminated. In the event of such an accident involving such materials, we could be liable for damages and such liability could exceed the amount of our liability insurance coverage and the resources of our business which could have an adverse effect on our financial results or our business as a whole.

Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous chemicals used during our manufacturing process or requiring design changes or recycling of products we manufacture. If we fail to comply with any present and future regulations, we could be subject to future liabilities, the suspension of production or a prohibition on the sale of products we manufacture. In addition, such regulations could restrict our ability to expand our facilities or could require us to acquire costly equipment, or to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the recall of any non-compliant product and the management of historical waste.

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From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced. We continue to evaluate the necessary steps for compliance with regulations as they are enacted. These regulations include, for example, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances ("REACH"), the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ("RoHS") and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ("WEEE") enacted in the European Union, which regulate the use of certain hazardous substances in, and require the collection, reuse and recycling of waste from, certain products we manufacture. This and similar legislation that has been or is in the process of being enacted in Japan, China, South Korea and various states of the United States may require us to re-design our products to ensure compliance with the applicable standards, for example by requiring the use of different types of materials. These redesigns or alternative materials may detrimentally impact the performance of our products, add greater testing lead-times for product introductions or have other similar effects. We believe we comply with all such legislation where our products are sold, and we will continue to monitor these laws and the regulations being adopted under them to determine our responsibilities. In addition, we are monitoring legislation relating to the reduction of carbon emissions from industrial operations to determine whether we may be required to incur any additional material costs or expenses associated with our operations. We are not currently aware of any such material costs or expenses. The SEC has promulgated rules requiring disclosure regarding the use of certain "conflict minerals" mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer's efforts to prevent the sourcing of such minerals. The implementation of such rules has required us to incur additional expense and internal resources and may continue to do so in the future, particularly in the event that only a limited pool of suppliers are available to certify that products are free from "conflict minerals." Our failure to comply with any of the foregoing regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in our being directly or indirectly liable for costs, fines or penalties and third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in the United States and foreign countries.

Our and our customers' operations would be seriously harmed if our logistics or facilities or those of our suppliers, our customers' suppliers or our contract manufacturers were to experience catastrophic loss.

Our operations, logistics and facilities and those of our customers, suppliers and contract manufacturers could be subject to a catastrophic loss from fire, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption, work stoppages, power outages, acts of war, pandemic illnesses such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, energy shortages, theft of assets, other natural disasters or terrorist activity. A substantial portion of our research and development activities, manufacturing, our corporate headquarters and other critical business operations are located near major earthquake faults in Santa Clara, California, an area with a history of seismic events. Any such loss or detrimental impact to any of our operations, logistics or facilities could disrupt our operations, delay production, shipments and net sales and result in large expenses to repair or replace the facility. While we have obtained insurance to cover most potential losses, after reviewing the costs and limitations associated with earthquake insurance, we have decided not to procure such insurance. We believe that this decision is consistent with decisions reached by numerous other companies located nearby. We cannot assure you that our existing insurance coverage will be adequate against all other possible losses.

Difficulties with our enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system and other parts of our global information technology system could harm our business and results of operation. If our network security measures are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to a customer's data or our data or our information technology systems, we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.

Like many modern multinational corporations, we maintain a global information technology system, including software products licensed from third parties. Any system, network or Internet failures, misuse by system users, the hacking into or disruption caused by the unauthorized access by third parties or loss of license rights could disrupt our ability to timely and accurately manufacture and ship products or to report our financial information in compliance with the timelines mandated by the SEC. Any such failure, misuse, hacking, disruptions or loss would likely cause a diversion of management's attention from the underlying business and could harm our operations. In addition, a significant failure of our global information technology system could adversely affect our ability to complete an evaluation of our internal controls and attestation activities pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Our information systems are subject to attacks, interruptions and failures.

As part of our day-to-day business, we store our data and certain data about our customers in our global information technology system. While our system is designed with access security, if a third party gains unauthorized access to our data, including any regarding our customers, such a security breach could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, loss of business, litigation and possible liability. Our security measures may be breached as a result of third-party action, including intentional misconduct by computer hackers, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to

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gain access to our customers' data or our data, including our intellectual property and other confidential business information, or our information technology systems. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any unauthorized access could result in a loss of confidence by our customers, damage our reputation, disrupt our business, lead to legal liability and negatively impact our future sales. Additionally, such actions could result in significant costs associated with loss of our intellectual property, impairment of our ability to conduct our operations, rebuilding our network and systems, prosecuting and defending litigation, responding to regulatory inquiries or actions, paying damages or taking other remedial steps.

Changes in tax rates, tax liabilities or tax accounting rules could affect future results.

As a global company, we are subject to taxation in the United States and various other countries and jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required to determine our worldwide tax liabilities. A number of factors may affect our future effective tax rates including, but not limited to:

• interpretation and impact of the recently enacted and aforementioned U.S. tax laws, the Tax Act and the CARES Act;

• changes in our current and future global structure based on the Rofin acquisition and restructuring that involved significant movement of U.S. and foreign entities and our ability to maintain favorable tax treatment as a result of various Rofin restructuring efforts and business activities;

• the outcome of discussions with various tax authorities regarding intercompany transfer pricing arrangements;

• changes that involve other acquisitions, restructuring or an increased investment in technology outside of the United States to better align asset ownership and business functions with revenues and profits;

• changes in the composition of earnings in countries or states with differing tax rates;

• the resolution of issues arising from tax audits with various tax authorities, and in particular, the outcome of the German tax audits for fiscal 2010-2016 and the appeals of the South Korean fiscal 2014-2017 tax audits through the competent authority process between South Korea, Germany and the United States;

• adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns;

• increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, including impairments of goodwill in connection with acquisitions;

• our ability to meet the eligibility requirements for tax holidays of limited time tax-advantage status;

• changes in available tax credits;

• changes in share-based compensation;

• changes in other tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws, including the Base Erosion Profit Shifting action plan implemented by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development;

• changes in generally accepted accounting principles; and

• significant fluctuations in business activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

As indicated above, we are engaged in discussions with various tax authorities regarding the appropriate level of profitability for Coherent entities and this may result in changes to our worldwide tax liabilities. In addition, we are subject to regular examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no assurance that any final determination will not be materially different from the treatment reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

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From time to time the United States, foreign and state governments make substantive changes to tax rules and the application of rules to companies. For example, the Tax Act has a significant impact on the taxation of Coherent including the U.S. tax treatment of our foreign operations. The Tax Act is subject to further interpretation by the U.S. federal and state governments and regulatory organizations, legislative updates or new regulations, or changes in accounting standards for income taxes. These actions may have a material impact on our financial results.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure may create uncertainty regarding compliance matters.

Federal securities laws, rules and regulations, as well as the rules and regulations of self-regulatory organizations such as NASDAQ and the NYSE, require companies to maintain extensive corporate governance measures, impose comprehensive reporting and disclosure requirements, set strict independence and financial expertise standards for audit and other committee members and impose civil and criminal penalties for companies and their chief executive officers, chief financial officers and directors for securities law violations. These laws, rules and regulations have increased and will continue to increase the scope, complexity and cost of our corporate governance, reporting and disclosure practices, which could harm our results of operations and divert management's attention from business operations. Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure may create uncertainty regarding compliance matters. New or changed laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases. As a result, their application in practice may evolve over time. We are committed to maintaining high standards of ethics, corporate governance and public disclosure. Complying with evolving interpretations of new or changed legal requirements may cause us to incur higher costs as we revise current practices, policies and procedures, and may divert management time and attention from revenue generating to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new or changed laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, our reputation may also be harmed.

Governmental regulations, including tariffs and duties, affecting the import or export of products could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The United States, Germany, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China, South Korea, Japan and many other foreign governments impose tariffs and duties on the import and export of products, including some of those which we sell. In particular, given our worldwide operations, we pay duties on certain products when they are imported into the United States for repair work as well as on certain of our products which are manufactured by our foreign subsidiaries. These products can be subject to a duty on the product value. Additionally, the United States and various foreign governments have imposed tariffs, controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of some technologies, especially encryption technology. From time to time, government agencies have proposed additional regulation of encryption technology, such as requiring the escrow and governmental recovery of private encryption keys. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of imports or exports, or our failure to obtain required import or export licenses or other approvals for our products, could harm our international and domestic sales and adversely affect our net sales.

The U.S. has recently instituted or proposed changes in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the United States including, in particular, on Chinese goods, economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries and other government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries where we conduct our business. In addition, the Japanese government has recently instituted trade restrictions affecting the export to South Korea of certain products and materials used in the manufacture of flat panel displays and in the semiconductor industry. These policy changes and proposals could require time-consuming and expensive alterations to our business operations and may result in greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade, which could negatively impact our competitiveness in jurisdictions around the world as well as lead to an increase in costs in our supply chain. Given that we are a multinational corporation, with manufacturing located both in the United States and internationally, we may face additional susceptibility to negative impacts from these tariffs or change in trade policies regarding our inter-company trade practices. For example, we have recently seen a drop in demand from our Chinese customers particularly in the materials processing space. Some of these customers are reevaluating expansion plans and delaying and, in limited cases, cancelling orders. In addition, new tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, and certain foreign governments, including the Chinese government (which has imposed retaliatory tariffs on a range of U.S. goods including certain photonics products), some of which have instituted or are considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. manufactured goods. Such changes by the United States and other countries have the potential to adversely impact U.S. and worldwide economic conditions, our industry and the global demand for our products, and as a result, could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a multinational corporation, we may be subject to audits by tax, export and customs authorities, as well as other government agencies. For example, we were audited in South Korea for customs duties and value added tax for the period from March 2009

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to March 2014. We were liable for additional payments, duties, taxes and penalties of $1.6 million, which we paid in the second quarter of fiscal 2016. Any future audits could lead to assessments that could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In addition, compliance with the directives of the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and other international jurisdictions' export control restrictions may result in substantial expenses and diversion of management's attention. Any failure to adequately address these directives could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Failure to maintain effective internal controls may cause a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements or cause us to delay filing our periodic reports with the SEC and adversely affect our stock price.

The SEC, as directed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on internal control over financial reporting in their annual reports on Form 10-K that contain an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Although we test our internal control over financial reporting in order to ensure compliance with the Section 404 requirements, our failure to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketplace due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements or a delay in our ability to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC, which ultimately could negatively impact our stock price.

Provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law, and our Change of Control and Leadership Change Severance Plan, may have anti-takeover effects that could prevent or delay a change in control.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as the terms of our Change of Control and Leadership Change Severance Plan, may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition, make a merger or acquisition more costly for a potential acquirer, or make removal of incumbent directors or officers more difficult. These provisions may discourage takeover attempts and bids for our common stock at a premium over the market price. These provisions include:

• the ability of our Board of Directors to alter our bylaws without stockholder approval;

• limiting the ability of stockholders to call special meetings; and

• establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a merger, asset or stock sale or other transaction with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date such person became an interested stockholder, unless prior approval of our board of directors is obtained or as otherwise provided. These provisions of Delaware law also may discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us without obtaining the prior approval of our board of directors, which may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In addition, we have adopted a change of control severance plan, which provides for the payment of a cash severance benefit to each eligible employee based on the employee's position. If a change of control occurs, our successor or acquirer will be required to assume and agree to perform all of our obligations under the change of control severance plan which may discourage potential acquirers or result in a lower stock price.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On November 6, 2018, we announced that our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $250.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2019, with a limit of no more than $75.0 million per quarter. No repurchases were made during the six months ended April 4, 2020 and the program expired on December 31, 2019.

On February 5, 2020, we announced that our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of our common stock through January 31, 2021. No repurchases were made during the six months ended April 4, 2020.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
10.1	Employment Agreement dated March 31, 2020 between Andreas W. Mattes and the Company (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2020).
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Furnished herewith.

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COHERENT, INC.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Coherent, Inc.
		(Registrant)
Date:	May 28, 2020	/s/:	ANDREAS W. MATTES
			Andreas W. Mattes
			President and Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	May 28, 2020	/s/:	KEVIN S. PALATNIK
			Kevin S. Palatnik
			Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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