Fair Value

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value

Fair Value

Fair value is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy is used in selecting inputs, with the highest priority given to Level 1, as these are the most transparent or reliable.

Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.

Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are not observable.

Prices may fall within Level 1, 2 or 3 depending upon the methodology and inputs used to estimate fair value for each specific security. In general, the Company seeks to price securities using third-party pricing services. Securities not priced by pricing services are submitted to independent brokers for valuation and, if those are not available, internally developed pricing models are used to value assets using a methodology and inputs the Company believes market participants would use to value the assets. Prices obtained from third-party pricing services or brokers are not adjusted by the Company.

The Company performs control procedures over information obtained from pricing services and brokers to ensure prices received represent a reasonable estimate of fair value and to confirm representations regarding whether inputs are observable or unobservable. Procedures may include i) the review of pricing service methodologies or broker pricing qualifications, ii) back-testing, where past fair value estimates are compared to actual transactions executed in the market on similar dates, iii) exception reporting, where period-over-period changes in price are reviewed and challenged with the pricing service or broker based on exception criteria, and iv) deep dives, where the Company performs an independent analysis of the inputs and assumptions used to price individual securities.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in the following tables. Corporate bonds and other includes obligations of the United States of America (U.S.) Treasury, government-sponsored enterprises, foreign governments and redeemable preferred stock.

September 30, 2024							Total Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
(In millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds and other	$	225	$	25,289	$	1,237	$	26,751
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		7,103		45		7,148
Asset-backed	—		7,765		915		8,680
Total fixed maturity securities	225		40,157		2,197		42,579
Equity securities:
Common stock	171		—		12		183
Non-redeemable preferred stock	47		436		2		485
Total equity securities	218		436		14		668
Short-term and other	1,691		30		—		1,721
Total assets	$	2,134	$	40,623	$	2,211	$	44,968
Liabilities
Other liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

December 31, 2023							Total Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
(In millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds and other	$	161	$	23,926	$	1,045	$	25,132
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		7,348		44		7,392
Asset-backed	—		7,000		901		7,901
Total fixed maturity securities	161		38,274		1,990		40,425
Equity securities:
Common stock	167		—		24		191
Non-redeemable preferred stock	52		440		—		492
Total equity securities	219		440		24		683
Short-term and other	1,976		32		—		2,008
Total assets	$	2,356	$	38,746	$	2,014	$	43,116
Liabilities
Other liabilities	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1
Total liabilities	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1

The tables below present a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

Level 3 (In millions)	Corporate bonds and other		States, municipalities and political subdivisions		Asset-backed		Equity securities		Total
Balance as of July 1, 2024	$	1,129	$	43	$	887	$	14	$	2,073
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses):
Reported in Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(3)		—		(3)
Reported in Net investment income	—		—		4		—		4
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss)	59		2		30		—		91
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)	59		2		31		—		92
Purchases	83		—		38		—		121
Sales	(10)		—		—		—		(10)
Settlements	(24)		—		(23)		—		(47)
Transfers into Level 3	—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(18)		—		(18)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	1,237	$	45	$	915	$	14	$	2,211
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2024 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2024 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period	57		2		30		—		89

Level 3 (In millions)	Corporate bonds and other		States, municipalities and political subdivisions		Asset-backed		Equity securities		Total
Balance as of July 1, 2023	$	971	$	43	$	883	$	26	$	1,923
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses):
Reported in Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(4)		—		(4)
Reported in Net investment income	—		—		5		(1)		4
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss)	(36)		(2)		(28)		—		(66)
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)	(36)		(2)		(27)		(1)		(66)
Purchases	29		—		61		—		90
Sales	—		—		—		(2)		(2)
Settlements	(19)		—		(13)		—		(32)
Transfers into Level 3	—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(7)		—		(7)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	945	$	41	$	897	$	23	$	1,906
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2023 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1)	$	(1)
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2023 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period	(36)		(2)		(28)		—		(66)

Level 3 (In millions)	Corporate bonds and other		States, municipalities and political subdivisions		Asset-backed		Equity securities		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2024	$	1,045	$	44	$	901	$	24	$	2,014
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses):
Reported in Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(10)		—		(10)
Reported in Net investment income	—		—		15		6		21
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss)	39		1		14		—		54
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)	39		1		19		6		65
Purchases	229		—		111		3		343
Sales	(10)		—		(14)		(19)		(43)
Settlements	(77)		—		(65)		—		(142)
Transfers into Level 3	11		—		—		—		11
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(37)		—		(37)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	1,237	$	45	$	915	$	14	$	2,211
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2024 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	2
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2024 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period	34		1		14		—		49

Level 3 (In millions)	Corporate bonds and other		States, municipalities and political subdivisions		Asset-backed		Equity securities		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2023	$	810	$	43	$	788	$	35	$	1,676
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses):
Reported in Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(5)		—		(5)
Reported in Net investment income	—		—		15		(8)		7
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss)	(27)		(2)		(28)		—		(57)
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)	(27)		(2)		(18)		(8)		(55)
Purchases	178		—		203		—		381
Sales	—		—		—		(4)		(4)
Settlements	(27)		—		(39)		—		(66)
Transfers into Level 3	11		—		23		—		34
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(60)		—		(60)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	945	$	41	$	897	$	23	$	1,906
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2023 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(8)	$	(8)
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of September 30, 2023 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period	(27)		(2)		(28)		—		(57)

Securities may be transferred in or out of levels within the fair value hierarchy based on the availability of observable market information and quoted prices used to determine the fair value of the security. The availability of observable market information and quoted prices varies based on market conditions and trading volume.

Valuation Methodologies and Inputs

The following section describes the valuation methodologies and relevant inputs used to measure different financial instruments at fair value, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the instruments are generally classified.

Fixed Maturity Securities

Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and exchange traded bonds, valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities include most other fixed maturity securities as the significant inputs are observable in the marketplace. All classes of Level 2 fixed maturity securities are valued using a methodology based on information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, a discounted cash flow methodology, or a combination of both when necessary. Common inputs for all classes of fixed maturity securities include prices from recently executed transactions of similar securities, marketplace quotes, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates and U.S. Treasury or swap curves. Specifically for asset-backed securities, key inputs include prepayment and default projections based on past performance of the underlying collateral and current market data. Fixed maturity securities are primarily assigned to Level 3 in cases where broker/dealer quotes are significant inputs to the valuation and there is a lack of transparency as to whether these quotes are based on information that is observable in the marketplace. Level 3 securities also include private placement debt securities whose fair value is determined using internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.

Equity Securities

Level 1 equity securities include publicly traded securities valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities are primarily valued using pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions and other pricing models utilizing market observable inputs. Level 3 securities are primarily priced using broker/dealer quotes and internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.

Short-Term and Other Invested Assets

Securities that are actively traded or have quoted prices are classified as Level 1. These securities include money market funds and treasury bills. Level 2 primarily includes non-U.S. government securities for which all inputs are market observable. Fixed maturity securities purchased within one year of maturity are classified consistent with fixed maturity securities discussed above. Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets because certain short-term investments, such as time deposits, are not measured at fair value.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $77 million and $75 million of overseas deposits within Other invested assets, which can be redeemed at net asset value in 90 days or less. Overseas deposits are excluded from the fair value hierarchy because their fair value is recorded using the net asset value per share (or equivalent) practical expedient.

Other Liabilities

Level 2 securities include currency forward contracts valued using observable market forward rates.

Significant Unobservable Inputs

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs utilized by the Company in the fair value measurements of Level 3 assets. Valuations for assets and liabilities not presented in the tables below are primarily based on broker/dealer quotes for which there is a lack of transparency as to inputs used to develop the valuations. The quantitative detail of these unobservable inputs is neither provided nor reasonably available to the Company. The weighted average rate is calculated based on fair value.

September 30, 2024	Estimated Fair Value (In millions)		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Range  (Weighted Average)
Fixed maturity securities	$	1,713	Discounted cash flow	Credit spread	1% - 6% (2%)

December 31, 2023	Estimated Fair Value (In millions)		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Range  (Weighted Average)
Fixed maturity securities	$	1,495	Discounted cash flow	Credit spread	1% - 7% (2%)

For fixed maturity securities, an increase to the credit spread assumptions would result in a lower fair value measurement.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities which are not measured at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented in the following tables.

September 30, 2024	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
(In millions)			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	1,003	$	—	$	—	$	988	$	988
Liabilities
Short-term debt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Long-term debt	2,972		—		2,952		—		2,952

December 31, 2023	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
(In millions)			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	1,035	$	—	$	—	$	997	$	997
Liabilities
Short-term debt	$	550	$	—	$	546	$	—	$	546
Long-term debt	2,481		—		2,385		—		2,385

The carrying amounts reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash, Short-term investments not carried at fair value, Accrued investment income and certain Other assets and Other liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. These assets and liabilities are not listed in the tables above.