497K 1 d289648d497k.htm COLUMBIA ACORN TRUST Columbia Acorn Trust
 
Summary Prospectus
May 1, 2022
Columbia Acorn Family of Funds
Managed by Columbia Wanger Asset Management, LLC
Columbia 
  Thermostat FundSM
    
Class   Ticker Symbol
A   CTFAX
Advisor (Class Adv)   CTORX
C   CTFDX
Institutional (Class Inst)   COTZX
Institutional 2 (Class Inst2)   CQTRX
Institutional 3 (Class Inst3)   CYYYX
Before you invest, you may want to review the Fund’s Prospectus, which contains more information about the Fund and its risks. You can find the Fund’s Prospectus, reports to shareholders, Statement of Additional Information and other information about the Fund online at https://www.columbiathreadneedleus.com/resources/literature. If you hold your Fund shares through a financial intermediary (such as a broker-dealer or bank), you can get this information at no cost by contacting that financial intermediary. If you hold your Fund shares directly with the Fund, you can get this information at no cost by calling 800.345.6611 or by sending an email to serviceinquiries@columbiathreadneedle.com. This Summary Prospectus incorporates by reference the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, both dated May 1, 2022.
As with all mutual funds, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

Investment Objective
Columbia Thermostat FundSM (the Fund) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold and sell shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the tables and examples below. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and members of your immediate family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in certain classes of shares of eligible funds distributed by Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc. (the Distributor). More information is available about these and other sales charge discounts and waivers from your financial intermediary, and can be found in the Choosing a Share Class section beginning on page 49 of the Fund’s prospectus, in Appendix A to the prospectus beginning on page A-1 and in Appendix S to the Statement of Additional Information (SAI) under Sales Charge Waivers beginning on page S-1.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
  Class A Class C Classes Adv, Inst,
Inst2 and Inst3
Maximum sales charge (load) imposed on purchases (as a % of offering price) 5.75% None None
Maximum deferred sales charge (load) imposed on redemptions (as a % of the lower of the original purchase price or current net asset value) 1.00% (a) 1.00% (b) None
    
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
  Class A Class Adv Class C Class Inst Class Inst2 Class Inst3
Management fees 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10%
Distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees 0.25% 0.00% 1.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Other expenses 0.19% 0.19% 0.19% 0.19% 0.14% 0.11%
Acquired fund fees and expenses 0.36% 0.36% 0.36% 0.36% 0.36% 0.36%
Total annual Fund operating expenses(c) 0.90% 0.65% 1.65% 0.65% 0.60% 0.57%
Fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements(d) (0.04%) (0.04%) (0.04%) (0.04%) (0.04%) (0.05%)
Total annual Fund operating expenses after fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements 0.86% 0.61% 1.61% 0.61% 0.56% 0.52%
(a) This charge is imposed on certain investments of between $1 million and $50 million redeemed within 18 months after purchase, as follows: 1.00% if redeemed within 12 months after purchase, and 0.50% if redeemed more than 12, but less than 18, months after purchase, with certain limited exceptions.
(b) This charge applies to redemptions within 12 months after purchase, with certain limited exceptions.
(c) “Total annual Fund operating expenses” include acquired fund (Portfolio Fund) fees and expenses (expenses the Fund incurs indirectly through its investments in other funds) and may be higher than the ratio of expenses to average net assets shown in the Financial Highlights section of this prospectus because the ratio of expenses to average net assets does not include Portfolio Fund (acquired fund) fees and expenses.
(d) Columbia Wanger Asset Management, LLC (the Investment Manager) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse certain expenses of the Fund, through April 30, 2023, so that ordinary operating expenses (excluding transaction costs and certain other investment-related expenses, interest and fees on borrowings and expenses associated with the Fund’s investment in other investment companies, including the Portfolio Funds) do not exceed the annual rates of 0.50% for Class A shares, 0.25% for Class Adv shares, 1.25% for Class C shares, 0.25% for Class Inst shares, 0.20% for Class Inst2 shares and 0.16% for Class Inst3 shares. This arrangement may only be amended or terminated with approval from the Fund's Board of Trustees and the Investment Manager.
  Example
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over the time periods indicated, and assumes that:
■ you invest $10,000 in the applicable class of Fund shares for the periods indicated,
■ your investment has a 5% return each year, and
■ the Fund’s total annual operating expenses remain the same as shown in the Annual Fund Operating Expenses table above.
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Since the waivers and/or reimbursements shown in the Annual Fund Operating Expenses table above expire as indicated in the preceding table, they are only reflected in the 1 year example and the first year of the other examples. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on the assumptions listed above, your costs would be:
  1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years
Class A (whether or not shares are redeemed) $658 $842 $1,041 $1,616
Class Adv (whether or not shares are redeemed) $ 62 $204 $ 358 $ 807
Class C (assuming redemption of all shares at the end of the period) $264 $516 $ 893 $1,751
Class C (assuming no redemption of shares) $164 $516 $ 893 $1,751
Class Inst (whether or not shares are redeemed) $ 62 $204 $ 358 $ 807
Class Inst2 (whether or not shares are redeemed) $ 57 $188 $ 331 $ 746
Class Inst3 (whether or not shares are redeemed) $ 53 $178 $ 313 $ 709
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund will indirectly bear the expenses associated with portfolio turnover of the underlying Portfolio Funds in which the Fund invests. Each Portfolio Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A Portfolio Fund’s higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when its shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 49% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund is primarily managed as a fund that invests in other funds (i.e., a “fund-of-funds”) that seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing its assets among a selected group of underlying stock and bond mutual funds and exchanged-traded funds (ETFs) for which Columbia Wanger Asset Management, LLC, the Fund’s investment adviser (the Investment Manager) or its affiliates, including Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC (Columbia Management), serves as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the Portfolio Funds). Under normal circumstances, the Fund allocates at least 95% of its net assets (stock/bond assets) among the Portfolio Funds according to an asset allocation table based on the current level of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500® Index.
Generally, the Fund’s allocation to stock funds increases as the S&P 500® Index declines and decreases as the S&P 500® Index rises. When the S&P 500® Index goes up in relation to trading range bands that are predetermined by the Investment Manager, the Fund sells a portion of its stock Portfolio Funds and invests more in the bond Portfolio Funds, and when the S&P 500® Index goes down in relation to the predetermined bands, the Fund increases its investment in the stock Portfolio Funds. Under normal circumstances, the Fund may invest up to 5% of net assets plus any cash received that day in cash, high quality short-term paper and government securities.
Although many asset allocation funds follow a basic approach of moving assets from stocks to bonds when the equity market goes up, and from bonds to stocks when the equity market goes down, some are run by investment managers who allocate fund assets by making subjective decisions based on complicated economic and financial models and complex graphs of market behavior. By contrast, the day-to-day investment decisions for the Fund are made according to a single predetermined allocation table set forth below. The temperature in your house is run by a single rule: your thermostat turns on the furnace if your house is too cold or turns on the air conditioner if your house is too warm. This Fund works the same way, so it is named Columbia Thermostat Fund.
Just as a thermostat may be set at different ranges for different seasons, the structure and allocation ranges of the Fund’s asset allocation table may be changed from time to time between two forms, based on the Investment Manager’s determination of whether it expects the equity market to be moving over the next year in a side-ways or non-directional pattern, which the Investment Manager terms an “expensive” market, or to be trending upward, which the Investment Manager terms a “normal” market. The Investment Manager’s process and methodology for determining whether the current market is “expensive” or “normal” and the structure of each form of allocation table are described in more detail below under Determination of Current Market State. Such determination will be made on at least an annual basis and will be reflected in the asset allocation table disclosed in this prospectus. In general, the two different forms of allocation table are intended to maximize the capture of value under the two different sets of market conditions.
The Fund’s current asset allocation table, which is set forth below, has been in place since May 1, 2021 and reflects the Investment Manager’s determination that the equity market is currently “expensive.” This structure of the Fund’s current asset allocation table reflects the same form that was in place from the Fund’s inception in 2002 through April 30, 2020. From May 1, 2020 through April 30, 2021, the asset allocation table in place for the Fund reflected
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the Investment Manager’s determination that the equity market was “normal.” The asset allocation table is updated at least annually to reflect the median historical information used in the table, and the resulting S&P 500® Index levels used to create the bands around the median, regardless of the market state.
Stock/Bond Allocation Table
  How the Fund will Invest
the Stock/Bond Assets
Level of the
S&P 500® Index 		Stock
Percentage 		Bond
Percentage
over 4239 10% 90%
over 4076 – 4239 15% 85%
over 3919 – 4076 20% 80%
over 3768 – 3919 25% 75%
over 3623 – 3768 30% 70%
over 3484 – 3623 35% 65%
over 3350 – 3484 40% 60%
over 3221 – 3350 45% 55%
over 3095 – 3221 50% 50%
over 2971 – 3095 55% 45%
over 2852 – 2971 60% 40%
over 2738 – 2852 65% 35%
over 2628 – 2738 70% 30%
over 2523 – 2628 75% 25%
over 2422 – 2523 80% 20%
over 2325 – 2422 85% 15%
2325 and under 90% 10%
When the S&P 500® Index moves into a new band on the table, the Fund will rebalance the stock/bond mix to reflect the new S&P 500® Index price level by redeeming shares of some Portfolio Funds and purchasing shares of other Portfolio Funds. Any such rebalancing typically will be implemented promptly. However, there are two circumstances when a rebalancing may be implemented over a longer timeline. First, when a rebalancing or allocation table change would trigger a 10% point or greater change in stock and bond allocations or individual Portfolio Funds, the rebalancing may be implemented over a period of up to two weeks, if deemed by the Investment Manager to be in the best interest of shareholders. The second exception is a “31-day Rule;” in order to reduce taxable events and minimize short-term trading if the S&P 500® Index price moves back and forth across a band in the allocation table, after the Fund has increased its percentage allocation to either stock funds or bond funds, it will not decrease that allocation for at least 31 days. Following a change in the Fund’s stock/bond mix, if the S&P 500® Index remains within the same band for a while, normal market fluctuations will change the values of the Fund’s holdings of stock Portfolio Funds and bond Portfolio Funds. The Investment Manager will invest cash flows from sales (or redemptions) of Fund shares to bring the stock/bond mix back toward the allocation percentages for that S&P 500® Index band. For example, if the S&P 500® Index is in the 2628 band, and the value of the holdings of the stock Portfolio Funds has dropped to 68% of the value of the holdings of all Portfolio Funds, the Investment Manager would invest new cash in the stock Portfolio Funds (or cash for redemptions would come from the bond Portfolio Funds) to restore the 70% stock allocation. If the 31-day Rule is in effect, the Investment Manager will invest new cash at the stock/bond percentage allocation as of the latest rebalancing.
As another illustrative example, suppose the following:
Date Level of the
S&P 500® Index 		How the Fund will
invest the Stock/
Bond Assets(1)
Nov. 1 We begin when the market is 3200 50% stocks, 50% bonds
Dec. 1 The S&P 500® goes to 3300 rebalance 45% stocks, 55% bonds
Dec. 6 The S&P 500® drops back to 3180 no reversal for 31 days
Jan. 2 The S&P 500® is at 3150 rebalance 50% stocks, 50% bonds
Jan. 20 The S&P 500 drops to 3000 rebalance 55% stocks, 45% bonds(2)
Jan. 30 The S&P 500® goes to 3125 no reversal for 31 days
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Date Level of the
S&P 500® Index 		How the Fund will
invest the Stock/
Bond Assets(1)
Feb. 20 The S&P 500® is at 3130 rebalance 50% stocks, 50% bonds
(1) For each rebalancing the Fund will trade the underlying stock and bond Portfolio Funds on the next business day.
(2) The market has made a continuation move by going through a second action level, not a reversal move, so the 31-day Rule does not apply in this case.
The Investment Manager chooses the Portfolio Funds to be generally consistent with the composition of the Fund’s primary stock and bond benchmarks and to allow the Fund to participate in strategies the Investment Manager believes can provide additional return due to active management.
The following table shows the stock and bond Portfolio Funds that the Fund currently uses in its “fund-of-funds” structure and the current target percentage for each Portfolio Fund within the stock or bond asset class. As described more fully below, the Investment Manager may substitute or add additional Portfolio Funds at any time, including funds introduced after the date of this prospectus. The target percentage within each asset class category is achieved by rebalancing the investments within the asset class whenever the S&P 500® Index moves into a new band on the allocation table, subject to the 31-day Rule described above. The Fund will not liquidate its investment in one Portfolio Fund in order to invest in another Portfolio Fund except in connection with a rebalancing due to a move of the S&P 500® Index into a new band (or due to a change by the Investment Manager in the Portfolio Funds or to the relative target percentages among them). Until a subsequent rebalancing, the Fund’s cash flows are invested in, or redeemed from, the Portfolio Funds in a manner that will reduce any deviation of the relative values of the Fund’s holdings of the Portfolio Funds from the percentages shown below.
Allocation of Stock/Bond Assets Within Asset Classes
Stock Funds Type of Fund Allocation
Columbia Acorn® Fund Small/Mid-cap growth 10%
Columbia Contrarian Core Fund Large-cap blend 15%
Columbia Emerging Markets Fund International core 10%
Columbia Large Cap Enhanced Core Fund Large-cap blend 15%
Columbia Large Cap Index Fund Large-cap blend 30%
Columbia Research Enhanced Core ETF Beta Advantage® U.S. equity 10%
Columbia Select Mid Cap Value Fund Mid-cap value 10%
Total   100%
Bond Funds Type of Fund Allocation
Columbia Corporate Income Fund Corporate bond 10%
Columbia Diversified Fixed Income Allocation ETF Beta Advantage® multi-sector bond 10%
Columbia Quality Income Fund Government bond 20%
Columbia Short Term Bond Fund Short term bond 15%
Columbia Total Return Bond Fund Intermediate core bond 10%
Columbia U.S. Treasury Index Fund U.S. Treasury notes/bonds 35%
Total   100%
See the Portfolio Funds Summary section of this prospectus for information about the Portfolio Funds’ investment objectives and principal investment strategies. Each of the Portfolio Funds is managed by the Investment Manager or its affiliates. The Fund does not pay any sales load on its purchases of shares of the Portfolio Funds.
The Investment Manager has the authority to review the Portfolio Funds and to change the relative percentages among them or to add or eliminate funds. Such review will occur on at least an annual basis and will be reflected in the Portfolio Funds table disclosed in this prospectus.
Determination of Current Market State
Just as a thermostat may be set at different ranges for different seasons, the Fund’s allocation of assets between stock and bond funds is expected to be set at different range bands depending principally on the Investment Manager’s view of how expensive the equity market is compared to historical levels.
At least annually, the Investment Manager will conduct a review of the current equity market price levels compared to historical price levels, and will determine if the equity market is in an “expensive” state, or a “normal” state. This review will begin with a comparison of the S&P 500® Index’s cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio for the prior seven years against a 40-year history, but the Investment Manager will also take into account additional quantitative
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or qualitative market factors, including for example, trends in equity price measures and comparisons of equity prices against prices for other asset classes. Based on its determination of the current market state, the Investment Manager will select the form of allocation table to be effective in the Fund’s current prospectus. Also as part of this review, the Investment Manager will update the median historical information used in the table, and the resulting S&P 500® Index levels used to create the bands around the median, regardless of the market state.
As noted below, the form of table used for an “expensive” market is expected to be different from that used for a “normal” market.
Generally, the Investment Manager will determine the current state of the equity market to be “expensive” when its analysis of the S&P 500® Index’s cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio for the prior seven years is within the top quartile of ratio observations over a 40-year history. The “expensive” equity market form of allocation table for the Fund is structured around an implied S&P 500® Index trading range median of 50% stocks/50% bonds (the 50/50 Band), with allocations to bonds decreasing through stratified range bands below the 50/50 Band and allocations to bonds increasing through stratified range bands above the 50/50 Band, as shown by the following example:
“Expensive” Equity Market Form of Stock/Bond Allocation Table
Level of the S&P 500® Index Stock
Percentage 		Bond
Percentage
above top of trading range below 10% 90%
4% trading range above top of range below 15% 85%
4% trading range above top of range below 20% 80%
4% trading range above top of range below 25% 75%
4% trading range above top of range below 30% 70%
4% trading range above top of range below 35% 65%
4% trading range above top of range below 40% 60%
4% trading range above top of range below 45% 55%
4% trading range centered on implied median (50/50 Band)* 50% 50%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 55% 45%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 60% 40%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 65% 35%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 70% 30%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 75% 25%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 80% 20%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 85% 15%
below bottom of trading range above 90% 10%
*Implied median price level as calculated by the Investment Manager.
The “expensive” form of table was in place from the Fund’s inception in 2002 through April 30, 2020 and is currently in place since May 1, 2021.
Generally, the Investment Manager will determine the current state of the equity market to be “normal” when its analysis of the S&P 500® Index’s cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio for the prior seven years is outside the top quartile of ratio observations over a 40-year history. The “normal” equity market form of allocation table for the Fund is also structured around the 50/50 Band, with allocations to bonds decreasing through stratified range bands below the 50/50 Band, and allocations to stocks and bonds set at 50% stocks/50% bonds for all trading levels above the 50/50 Band, as shown by the following example:
“Normal” Equity Market Form of Stock/Bond Allocation Table
Level of the S&P 500® Index Stock
Percentage 		Bond
Percentage
above trading range that is 2% below implied median (50/50 Band)* 50% 50%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 55% 45%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 60% 40%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 65% 35%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 70% 30%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 75% 25%
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“Normal” Equity Market Form of Stock/Bond Allocation Table
Level of the S&P 500® Index Stock
Percentage 		Bond
Percentage
4% trading range below bottom of range above 80% 20%
4% trading range below bottom of range above 85% 15%
below bottom of trading range above 90% 10%
*Implied median price level as calculated by the Investment Manager.
The “normal” form of allocation table was in place from May 1, 2020 through April 30, 2021.
The Investment Manager will conduct the market state review at least annually prior to the annual updating of this prospectus, and may, in its discretion, assess the market state on an “emergency” basis and make any changes deemed necessary to reflect, for example, a very significant move in market levels or a structural change affecting the markets.
Any such “emergency” changes by the Investment Manager, which are expected to be infrequent, would be disclosed in this prospectus.
Principal Risks
An investment in the Fund involves risks, including general risks, as described below, relating to the Fund’s investment process and its “fund-of-funds” structure. An investment in the Fund also involves specific risks related to the individual Portfolio Funds, including but not limited to those described below, which in the aggregate are considered principal risks of investing in the Fund. More information about the Portfolio Funds, including their principal risks, is available in their prospectuses. This prospectus is not an offer for any of the Portfolio Funds. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective and you may lose money. The value of the Fund’s holdings may decline, and the Fund’s net asset value (NAV) and share price may go down. An investment in the Fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Allocation Risk. The Investment Manager uses an asset allocation strategy in pursuit of its investment objective, there is a risk that the Fund's allocation among asset classes or investments will cause the Fund's shares to lose value or cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and/or strategies, or that the investments themselves will not produce the returns expected.
Fund-of-Funds Risk. Determinations regarding asset classes or Portfolio Funds and the Fund’s allocations thereto may not successfully achieve the Fund’s investment objective, in whole or in part. The selected Portfolio Funds’ performance may be lower than the performance of the asset class they were selected to represent or may be lower than the performance of alternative Portfolio Funds that could have been selected to represent the asset class. The Fund also is exposed to the same risks as the Portfolio Funds in direct proportion to the allocation of its assets among the Portfolio Funds. By investing in a combination of Portfolio Funds, the Fund has exposure to the risks of many areas of the market. The ability of the Fund to realize its investment objective will depend, in large part, on the extent to which the Portfolio Funds realize their investment objectives. There is no guarantee that the Portfolio Funds will achieve their respective investment objectives. The performance of Portfolio Funds could be adversely affected if other entities that invest in the same Portfolio Funds make relatively large investments or redemptions in such Portfolio Funds. The Fund, and its shareholders, indirectly bear a portion of the expenses of any funds in which the Fund invests. Because the expenses and costs of each Portfolio Fund are shared by its investors, redemptions by other investors in a Portfolio Fund could result in decreased economies of scale and increased operating expenses for such fund. These transactions might also result in higher brokerage, tax or other costs for a Portfolio Fund. This risk may be particularly important when one investor owns a substantial portion of a Portfolio Fund. The Investment Manager may have potential conflicts of interest in selecting affiliated funds over unaffiliated funds for investment by the Fund, and may also face potential conflicts of interest in selecting affiliated funds, because the fees the Investment Manager receives from some Portfolio Funds may be higher than the fees paid by other Portfolio Funds. Further, because of the Investment Manager’s confidence in its own strategies, investment philosophy and capacities, it will, in selecting Portfolio Funds, at times prefer a fund in the Columbia Acorn Family of Funds over alternative investments. There can be no assurance, however, that a fund in the Columbia Acorn Family of Funds selected for inclusion in Columbia Thermostat Fund’s portfolio will, in fact, outperform similar funds managed by the Investment Manager’s affiliates. Columbia Thermostat Fund currently invests only in affiliated Portfolio Funds.
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The Fund is subject indirectly to the risks of the Portfolio Funds described below. References to the “Fund” in the risk disclosures below refer to the Portfolio Funds and not Columbia Thermostat Fund. References to the “Investment Manager” in the risk disclosures below refer to the Fund's Investment Manager and/or Columbia Management as appropriate. Please see the Portfolio Funds Summary in the statutory prospectus for the Fund for information about the risks that apply to the Portfolio Funds.
Market Risk. The Fund may incur losses due to declines in the value of one or more securities in which it invests. These declines may be due to factors affecting a particular issuer, or the result of, among other things, political, regulatory, market, economic or social developments affecting the relevant market(s) more generally. In addition, turbulence in financial markets and reduced liquidity in equity, credit and/or fixed income markets may negatively affect many issuers, which could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to price or value hard-to-value assets in thinly traded and closed markets and could cause significant redemptions and operational challenges. Global economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, and conditions and events in one country, region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. These risks may be magnified if certain events or developments adversely interrupt the global supply chain; in these and other circumstances, such risks might affect companies worldwide. As a result, local, regional or global events such as terrorism, war, other conflicts, natural disasters, disease/virus outbreaks and epidemics or other public health issues, recessions, depressions or other events – or the potential for such events – could have a significant negative impact on global economic and market conditions.
The large-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 has resulted in sanctions and market disruptions including declines in regional and global stock and commodity markets and significant devaluations of Russian currency. The extent and duration of the military action are impossible to predict but could be significant. Market disruption caused by the Russian military action, and any counter measures or responses thereto (including international sanctions, a downgrade in the country’s credit rating, purchasing and financing restrictions, boycotts, tariffs, changes in consumer or purchaser preferences, cyberattacks and espionage) could have severe adverse impacts on regional and/or global securities and commodities markets, including markets for oil and natural gas. These impacts may include reduced market liquidity, distress in credit markets, further disruption of global supply chains, increased risk of inflation, and limited access to investments in certain international markets and/or issuers. These developments and other related events could negatively impact Fund performance.
The pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 and its variants (COVID-19) has resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant global economic and societal disruption and market volatility due to disruptions in market access, resource availability, facilities operations, imposition of tariffs, export controls and supply chain disruption, among others. Such disruptions may be caused, or exacerbated by, quarantines and travel restrictions, workforce displacement and loss in human and other resources. The uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, reach, costs and effects of the global pandemic, as well as actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities or other third parties, present unknowns that are yet to unfold. The impacts, as well as the uncertainty over impacts to come, of COVID-19 – and any other infectious illness outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics that may arise in the future – could negatively affect global economies and markets in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. In addition, the impact of infectious illness outbreaks and epidemics in less developed countries may be greater due to generally less established healthcare systems, governments and financial markets. Public health crises caused by the COVID-19 outbreak may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally. The disruptions caused by COVID-19 could prevent the Fund from executing advantageous investment decisions in a timely manner and negatively impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Any such events could have a significant adverse impact on the value and risk profile of the Fund.
Active Management Risk. Due to its active management, the Fund could underperform its benchmark index and/or other funds with similar investment objectives and/or strategies.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk of losses attributable to changes in interest rates. In general, if prevailing interest rates rise, the values of loans and other debt instruments tend to fall, and if interest rates fall, the values of loans and other debt instruments tend to rise. Changes in the value of a debt instrument usually will not affect the amount of income the Fund receives from it but will generally affect the value of your investment in the Fund. Changes in interest rates may also affect the liquidity of the Fund’s investments in debt instruments. In general, the longer the maturity or duration of a debt instrument, the greater its sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Interest rate declines also may increase prepayments of debt obligations, which, in turn, would increase prepayment risk (the risk that the Fund will have to reinvest the money received in securities that have lower yields). Very low or negative interest rates may impact the Fund’s yield and may increase the risk that, if followed by rising interest rates, the Fund’s performance will be negatively impacted. The Fund is subject to the risk that the income generated by its investments may not keep pace with inflation. Actions by governments and central banking
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authorities can result in increases or decreases in interest rates. Higher periods of inflation could lead such authorities to raise interest rates. Such actions may negatively affect the value of debt instruments held by the Fund, resulting in a negative impact on the Fund's performance and NAV. Securities with floating interest rates are typically less sensitive to interest rate changes, but may decline in value if their interest rates do not rise as much as interest rates in general. Because rates on certain floating rate loans and other debt securities reset only periodically, changes in prevailing interest rates (and particularly sudden and significant changes) can be expected to cause fluctuations in the Fund’s NAV. Any interest rate increases could cause the value of the Fund’s investments in debt instruments to decrease. Rising interest rates may prompt redemptions from the Fund, which may force the Fund to sell investments at a time when it is not advantageous to do so, which could result in losses.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that the value of loans or other debt instruments may decline if the issuer thereof defaults or otherwise becomes unable or unwilling, or is perceived to be unable or unwilling, to honor its financial obligations, such as making payments to the Fund when due. Various factors could affect the actual or perceived willingness or ability of the issuer to make timely interest or principal payments, including changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions.  Credit rating agencies, such as S&P Global Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), Fitch Ratings, Inc. (Fitch), DBRS Morningstar (DBRS) and Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC (KBRA), assign credit ratings to certain debt instruments to indicate their credit risk. A rating downgrade by such agencies can negatively impact the value of such instruments. Lower-rated or unrated instruments held by the Fund may present increased credit risk as compared to higher-rated instruments. Non-investment grade debt instruments may be subject to greater price fluctuations and are more likely to experience a default than investment grade debt instruments and therefore may expose the Fund to increased credit risk. If the Fund purchases unrated instruments, or if the ratings of instruments held by the Fund are lowered after purchase, the Fund will depend on analysis of credit risk more heavily than usual.
Preferred Stock Risk. Preferred stock is a type of stock that may pay dividends at a different rate than common stock of the same issuer, if at all, and that has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of assets. Preferred stock does not ordinarily carry voting rights. The price of a preferred stock is generally determined by earnings, type of products or services, projected growth rates, experience of management, liquidity, and general market conditions of the markets on which the stock trades. The most significant risks associated with investments in preferred stock include issuer risk, market risk and interest rate risk (the risk of losses attributable to changes in interest rates).
High-Yield Investments Risk. Securities and other debt instruments held by the Fund that are rated below investment grade (commonly called “high-yield” or “junk” bonds) and unrated debt instruments of comparable quality tend to be more sensitive to credit risk than higher-rated debt instruments and may experience greater price fluctuations in response to perceived changes in the ability of the issuing entity or obligor to pay interest and principal when due than to changes in interest rates. These investments are generally more likely to experience a default than higher-rated debt instruments. High-yield debt instruments are considered to be predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. These debt instruments typically pay a premium – a higher interest rate or yield – because of the increased risk of loss, including default. High-yield debt instruments may require a greater degree of judgment to establish a price, may be difficult to sell at the time and price the Fund desires, may carry high transaction costs, and also are generally less liquid than higher-rated debt instruments. The ratings provided by third party rating agencies are based on analyses by these ratings agencies of the credit quality of the debt instruments and may not take into account every risk related to whether interest or principal will be timely repaid. In adverse economic and other circumstances, issuers of lower-rated debt instruments are more likely to have difficulty making principal and interest payments than issuers of higher-rated debt instruments.
Value Securities Risk. Value securities are securities of companies that may have experienced, for example, adverse business, industry or other developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused the securities to be out of favor and, in turn, potentially undervalued. The market value of a portfolio security may not meet the Portfolio Fund’s Investment Manager’s perceived value assessment of that security, or may decline in price, even though the Portfolio Fund’s Investment Manager believes the securities are already undervalued. There is also a risk that it may take longer than expected for the value of these investments to rise to the portfolio manager’s perceived value. In addition, value securities, at times, may not perform as well as growth securities or the stock market in general, and may be out of favor with investors for varying periods of time.
Growth Securities Risk. Growth securities typically trade at a higher multiple of earnings than other types of equity securities. Accordingly, the market values of growth securities may never reach their expected market value and may decline in price. In addition, growth securities, at times, may not perform as well as value securities or the stock market in general, and may be out of favor with investors for varying periods of time.
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Sector Risk. At times, the Fund may have a significant portion of its assets invested in securities of companies conducting business within one or more economic sectors. Companies in the same sector may be similarly affected by economic, regulatory, political or market events or conditions, which may make the Fund more vulnerable to unfavorable developments in that sector than funds that invest more broadly. Generally, the more broadly the Fund invests, the more it spreads risk and potentially reduces the risks of loss and volatility.
■ Consumer Discretionary Sector. The Fund is more susceptible to the particular risks that may affect companies in the consumer discretionary sector than if it were invested in a wider variety of companies in unrelated sectors. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector are subject to certain risks, including fluctuations in the performance of the overall domestic and international economy, interest rate changes, increased competition and consumer confidence. Performance of such companies may be affected by factors including reduced disposable household income, reduced consumer spending, and changing demographics and consumer tastes.
■ Financial Services Sector. The Fund is more susceptible to the particular risks that may affect companies in the financial services sector than if it were invested in a wider variety of companies in unrelated sectors. Companies in the financial services sector are subject to certain risks, including the risk of regulatory change, decreased liquidity in credit markets and unstable interest rates. Such companies may have concentrated portfolios, such as a high level of loans to one or more industries or sectors, which makes them vulnerable to economic conditions that affect such industries or sectors. Performance of such companies may be affected by competitive pressures and exposure to investments, agreements and counterparties, including credit products that, under certain circumstances, may lead to losses (e.g., subprime loans). Companies in the financial services sector are subject to extensive governmental regulation that may limit the amount and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, and the interest rates and fees they may charge. In addition, profitability of such companies is largely dependent upon the availability and the cost of capital.
■ Information Technology Sector. The Fund is more susceptible to the particular risks that may affect companies in the information technology sector than if it were invested in a wider variety of companies in unrelated sectors. Companies in the information technology sector are subject to certain risks, including the risk that new services, equipment or technologies will not be accepted by consumers and businesses or will become rapidly obsolete. Performance of such companies may be affected by factors including obtaining and protecting patents (or the failure to do so) and significant competitive pressures, including aggressive pricing of their products or services, new market entrants, competition for market share and short product cycles due to an accelerated rate of technological developments. Such competitive pressures may lead to limited earnings and/or falling profit margins. As a result, the value of their securities may fall or fail to rise. In addition, many information technology sector companies have limited operating histories and prices of these companies’ securities historically have been more volatile than other securities, especially over the short term. Some companies in the information technology sector are facing increased government and regulatory scrutiny and may be subject to adverse government or regulatory action, which could negatively impact the value of their securities.
Foreign Securities Risk. Investments in or exposure to securities of foreign companies may involve heightened risks relative to investments in or exposure to securities of U.S. companies. For example, foreign markets can be extremely volatile. Foreign securities may also be less liquid, making them more difficult to trade, than securities of U.S. companies so that the Fund may, at times, be unable to sell foreign securities at desirable times or prices. Brokerage commissions, custodial costs and other fees are also generally higher for foreign securities. The Fund may have limited or no legal recourse in the event of default with respect to certain foreign securities, including those issued by foreign governments. In addition, foreign governments may impose withholding or other taxes on the Fund’s income, capital gains or proceeds from the disposition of foreign securities, which could reduce the Fund’s return on such securities. In some cases, such withholding or other taxes could potentially be confiscatory. Other risks include: possible delays in the settlement of transactions or in the payment of income; generally less publicly available information about foreign companies; the impact of economic, political, social, diplomatic or other conditions or events (including, for example, military confrontations and actions, war, other conflicts, terrorism and disease/virus outbreaks and epidemics), possible seizure, expropriation or nationalization of a company or its assets or the assets of a particular investor or category of investors; accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards that may be less comprehensive and stringent than those applicable to domestic companies; the imposition of economic and other sanctions against a particular foreign country, its nationals or industries or businesses within the country; and the generally less stringent standard of care to which local agents may be held in the local markets. In addition, it may be difficult to obtain reliable information about the securities and business operations of certain foreign issuers. Governments or trade groups may compel local agents to hold securities in designated depositories that are not subject to independent evaluation. The less developed a country’s securities market is, the greater the level of risks. Economic sanctions may be, and have been, imposed against certain countries, organizations, companies, entities and/or individuals. Economic sanctions and other similar governmental actions could, among other things, effectively restrict or eliminate the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell securities, and thus may make the Fund’s investments in
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such securities less liquid or more difficult to value. In addition, as a result of economic sanctions, the Fund may be forced to sell or otherwise dispose of investments at inopportune times or prices, which could result in losses to the Fund and increased transaction costs. These conditions may be in place for a substantial period of time and enacted with limited advance notice to the Fund. The risks posed by sanctions against a particular foreign country, its nationals or industries or businesses within the country may be heightened to the extent the Fund invests significantly in the affected country or region or in issuers from the affected country that depend on global markets. Additionally, investments in certain countries may subject the Fund to a number of tax rules, the application of which may be uncertain. Countries may amend or revise their existing tax laws, regulations and/or procedures in the future, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes in or uncertainties regarding the laws, regulations or procedures of a country could reduce the after-tax profits of the Fund, directly or indirectly, including by reducing the after-tax profits of companies located in such countries in which the Fund invests, or result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund.
Operational and Settlement Risks of Foreign Securities. The Fund’s foreign securities are generally held outside the United States in the primary market for the securities in the custody of certain eligible foreign banks and trust companies (“foreign sub-custodians”), as permitted under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the 1940 Act). Settlement practices for foreign securities may differ from those in the United States. Some countries have limited governmental oversight and regulation of industry practices, stock exchanges, depositories, registrars, brokers and listed companies, which increases the risk of corruption and fraud and the possibility of losses to the Fund. In particular, under certain circumstances, foreign securities may settle on a delayed delivery basis, meaning that the Fund may be required to make payment for securities before the Fund has actually received delivery of the securities or deliver securities prior to the receipt of payment. Typically, in these cases, the Fund will receive evidence of ownership in accordance with the generally accepted settlement practices in the local market entitling the Fund to delivery or payment at a future date, but there is a risk that the security will not be delivered to the Fund or that payment will not be received, although the Fund and its foreign sub-custodians take reasonable precautions to mitigate this risk. Losses can also result from lost, stolen or counterfeit securities; defaults by brokers and banks; failures or defects of the settlement system; or poor and improper record keeping by registrars and issuers.
Share Blocking. Share blocking refers to a practice in certain foreign markets under which an issuer’s securities are blocked from trading at the custodian or sub-custodian level for a specified number of days before and, in certain instances, after a shareholder meeting where a vote of shareholders takes place. The blocking period can last up to several weeks. Share blocking may prevent the Fund from buying or selling securities during this period, because during the time shares are blocked, trades in such securities will not settle. It may be difficult or impossible to lift blocking restrictions, with the particular requirements varying widely by country. As a consequence of these restrictions, the Portfolio Fund's Investment Manager, on behalf of the Fund, may abstain from voting proxies in markets that require share blocking.
Emerging Market Securities Risk. Securities issued by foreign governments or companies in emerging market countries, such as China, Russia and certain countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Latin America or Africa, are more likely to have greater exposure to the risks of investing in foreign securities that are described in Foreign Securities Risk. In addition, emerging market countries are more likely to experience instability resulting, for example, from rapid changes or developments in social, political, economic or other conditions. Their economies are usually less mature and their securities markets are typically less developed with more limited trading activity (i.e., lower trading volumes and less liquidity) than more developed countries. Emerging market securities tend to be more volatile, and may be more susceptible to market manipulation, than securities in more developed markets. Many emerging market countries are heavily dependent on international trade and have fewer trading partners, which makes them more sensitive to world commodity prices and economic downturns in other countries. Some emerging market countries have a higher risk of currency devaluations, and some of these countries may experience periods of high inflation or rapid changes in inflation rates and may have hostile relations with other countries. Due to the differences in the nature and quality of financial information of issuers of emerging market securities, including auditing and financial reporting standards, financial information and disclosures about such issuers may be unavailable or, if made available, may be considerably less reliable than publicly available information about other foreign securities.
Operational and Settlement Risks of Securities in Emerging Markets. In addition to having less developed securities markets, banks in emerging markets that are eligible foreign sub-custodians may be recently organized, lack extensive operating experience or lack effective government oversight or regulation. In addition, there may be legal restrictions or limitations on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign sub-custodian in the event of the bankruptcy of the sub-custodian. Because settlement systems may be less organized than in developed markets and because delivery versus payment settlement may not be possible or reliable, there may be a greater risk that settlement may be delayed and that cash or securities of the Fund may be lost because of failures of or defects in the system, including fraud or corruption. Settlement systems in emerging markets also have a higher risk of failed trades.
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Risks Related to Currencies and Corporate Actions in Emerging Markets. Risks related to currencies and corporate actions are also greater in emerging market countries than in developed countries. For example, some emerging market countries may have fixed or managed currencies that are not free-floating against the U.S. dollar. Further, certain currencies may not have an active trading market internationally, or countries may have varying exchange rates. Some emerging market countries have a higher risk of currency devaluations, and some of these countries may experience sustained periods of high inflation or rapid changes in inflation rates which can have negative effects on a country’s economy and securities markets. Corporate action procedures in emerging market countries may be less reliable and have limited or no involvement by the depositories and central banks. Lack of standard practices and payment systems can lead to significant delays in payment.
Risks Related to Corporate and Securities Laws in Emerging Markets. Securities laws in emerging markets may be relatively new and unsettled and, consequently, there is a risk of rapid and unpredictable change in laws regarding foreign investment, securities regulation, title to securities and shareholder rights. Accordingly, foreign investors may be adversely affected by new or amended laws and regulations. In addition, the systems of corporate governance to which issuers in certain emerging markets are subject may be less advanced than the systems to which issuers located in more developed countries are subject, and therefore, shareholders of such issuers may not receive many of the protections available to shareholders of issuers located in more developed countries. These risks may be heightened in China and Russia.
Sovereign Debt Risk. The willingness or ability of a sovereign or quasi-sovereign debtor to repay principal and pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by a variety of factors, including its cash flow situation, the extent of its reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign or quasi-sovereign debtor’s policy toward international lenders, and the political constraints to which such debtor may be subject.
With respect to sovereign or quasi-sovereign debt of emerging market issuers, investors should be aware that certain emerging market countries are among the largest debtors to commercial banks and foreign governments. At times, certain emerging market countries have declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on external debt. Certain emerging market countries have experienced difficulty in servicing their sovereign or quasi-sovereign debt on a timely basis and that has led to defaults and the restructuring of certain indebtedness to the detriment of debt-holders.
Foreign Currency Risk. The performance of the Fund may be materially affected positively or negatively by foreign currency strength or weakness relative to the U.S. dollar, particularly if the Fund invests a significant percentage of its assets in foreign securities or other assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Currency rates in foreign countries may fluctuate significantly over short or long periods of time for a number of reasons, including changes in interest rates, imposition of currency controls and economic or political developments in the U.S. or abroad. The Fund may also incur currency conversion costs when converting foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa. Restrictions on currency trading may be imposed by foreign countries, which may adversely affect the value of your investment in the Fund. Even though the currencies of some countries may be pegged to the U.S. dollar, the conversion rate may be controlled by government regulation or intervention at levels significantly different than what would normally prevail in a free market. Significant revaluations of the U.S. dollar exchange rate of these currencies could cause substantial reductions in the Fund’s NAV.
Liquidity and Trading Volume Risk. Due to market conditions, including uncertainty regarding the price of a security, it may be difficult for the Fund to buy or sell portfolio securities at a desirable time or price, which could result in investment losses. This risk of portfolio illiquidity is heightened with respect to small- and mid-cap securities, generally, and foreign small- and mid-cap securities in particular. The Fund may have to lower the selling price, liquidate other investments, or forego another, more appealing investment opportunity as a result of illiquidity in the markets. The Investment Manager will fair value in good faith any securities it deems to be illiquid under consistently applied procedures established by the Fund’s Board. Market conditions are always changing and vary by country and industry sector, and investing in international markets involves unique risks. Although it is difficult to accurately assess trends in trading volumes in foreign markets, a reduction in trading volumes poses challenges to the Fund. This is particularly so because the Fund focuses on small- and mid-cap companies that usually have lower trading volumes and often takes sizeable positions in portfolio companies. As a result of lower trading volumes, it may take longer to buy or sell securities, which can exacerbate the Fund’s exposure to volatile markets. The Fund may also be limited in its ability to execute favorable trades in portfolio securities in response to changes in share prices and fundamentals. If the Fund is forced to sell securities to meet redemption requests or other cash needs, or in the case of an event affecting liquidity in a particular market or markets, it may be forced to dispose of those securities under disadvantageous circumstances and at a loss. As the Fund grows in size or, conversely, if it faces significant redemption pressure, these considerations take on increasing significance and may adversely impact performance.
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Focused Portfolio Risk. Because the Fund may invest in a limited number of companies, the Fund as a whole is subject to greater risk of loss if any of those securities decline in price.
Issuer Risk. An issuer in which the Fund invests or to which it has exposure may perform poorly or below expectations, and the value of its securities may therefore decline, which may negatively affect the Fund’s performance. Underperformance of an issuer may be caused by poor management decisions, competitive pressures, breakthroughs in technology, reliance on suppliers, labor problems or shortages, corporate restructurings, fraudulent disclosures, natural disasters, military confrontations and actions, war, terrorism, disease/virus outbreaks, epidemics or other events, conditions and factors which may impair the value of an investment in the Fund.
■ Small- and Mid-Cap Stock Risk. Investments in small- and mid-capitalization companies (small- and mid-cap companies) often involve greater risks than investments in larger, more established companies (larger companies) because small- and mid-cap companies tend to have less predictable earnings and may lack the management experience, financial resources, product diversification and competitive strengths of larger companies. Securities of small- and mid-cap companies may be less liquid and more volatile than the securities of larger companies.
■ Large-Cap Stock Risk. Investments in larger, more established companies (larger companies) may involve certain risks associated with their larger size. For instance, larger companies may be less able to respond quickly to new competitive challenges, such as changes in consumer tastes or innovation from smaller competitors. Also, larger companies are sometimes less able to achieve as high growth rates as successful smaller companies, especially during extended periods of economic expansion.
U.S. Government Obligations Risk. While U.S. Treasury obligations are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. Government, such securities are nonetheless subject to credit risk (i.e., the risk that the U.S. Government may be, or may be perceived to be, unable or unwilling to honor its financial obligations, such as making payments). Securities issued or guaranteed by federal agencies or authorities and U.S. Government-sponsored instrumentalities or enterprises may or may not be backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. For example, securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Banks are neither insured nor guaranteed by the U.S. Government. These securities may be supported by the ability to borrow from the U.S. Treasury or only by the credit of the issuing agency, authority, instrumentality or enterprise and, as a result, are subject to greater credit risk than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury.
Derivatives Risk. Derivatives may involve significant risks. Derivatives are financial instruments, traded on an exchange or in the over-the-counter (OTC) markets, with a value in relation to, or derived from, the value of an underlying asset(s) (such as a security, commodity or currency) or other reference, such as an index, rate or other economic indicator (each an underlying reference). Derivatives may include those that are privately placed or otherwise exempt from SEC registration, including certain Rule 144A eligible securities. Derivatives could result in Fund losses if the underlying reference does not perform as anticipated. Use of derivatives is a highly specialized activity that can involve investment techniques, risks, and tax planning different from those associated with more traditional investment instruments. The Fund’s derivatives strategy may not be successful and use of certain derivatives could result in substantial, potentially unlimited, losses to the Fund regardless of the Fund’s actual investment. A relatively small movement in the price, rate or other economic indicator associated with the underlying reference may result in substantial losses for the Fund. Derivatives may be more volatile than other types of investments. Derivatives can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, including the risk of an adverse credit event associated with the underlying reference (credit risk), the risk of an adverse movement in the value, price or rate of the underlying reference (market risk), the risk of an adverse movement in the value of underlying currencies (foreign currency risk) and the risk of an adverse movement in underlying interest rates (interest rate risk). Derivatives may expose the Fund to additional risks, including the risk of loss due to a derivative position that is imperfectly correlated with the underlying reference it is intended to hedge or replicate (correlation risk), the risk that a counterparty will fail to perform as agreed (counterparty risk), the risk that a hedging strategy may fail to mitigate losses, and may offset gains (hedging risk), the risk that the return on an investment may not keep pace with inflation (inflation risk), the risk that losses may be greater than the amount invested (leverage risk), the risk that the Fund may be unable to sell an investment at an advantageous time or price (liquidity risk), the risk that the investment may be difficult to value (pricing risk), and the risk that the price or value of the investment fluctuates significantly over short periods of time (volatility risk). The value of derivatives may be influenced by a variety of factors, including national and international political and economic developments. Potential changes to the regulation of the derivatives markets may make derivatives more costly, may limit the market for derivatives, or may otherwise adversely affect the value or performance of derivatives.
Derivatives Risk – Forward Contracts Risk. A forward contract is an over-the-counter derivative transaction between two parties to buy or sell a specified amount of an underlying reference at a specified price (or rate) on a specified date in the future. Forward contracts are negotiated on an individual basis and are not standardized or traded on
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exchanges. The market for forward contracts is substantially unregulated (there is no limit on daily price movements and speculative position limits are not applicable). The principals who deal in certain forward contract markets are not required to continue to make markets in the underlying references in which they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity, sometimes of significant duration. There have been periods during which certain participants in forward contract markets have refused to quote prices for certain underlying references or have quoted prices with an unusually wide spread between the price at which they were prepared to buy and that at which they were prepared to sell. At or prior to maturity of a forward contract, the Fund may enter into an offsetting contract and may incur a loss to the extent there has been adverse movement in forward contract prices. The liquidity of the markets for forward contracts depends on participants entering into offsetting transactions rather than making or taking delivery. To the extent participants make or take delivery, liquidity in the market for forwards could be reduced. A relatively small price movement in a forward contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund, exceeding the amount of the margin paid. Forward contracts can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
■ A forward foreign currency contract is a derivative (forward contract) in which the underlying reference is a country's or region’s currency. The Fund may agree to buy or sell a country's or region’s currency at a specific price on a specific date in the future. These instruments may fall in value (sometimes dramatically) due to foreign market downswings or foreign currency value fluctuations, subjecting the Fund to foreign currency risk (the risk that Fund performance may be negatively impacted by foreign currency strength or weakness relative to the U.S. dollar, particularly if the Fund exposes a significant percentage of its assets to currencies other than the U.S. dollar). Unanticipated changes in the currency markets could result in reduced performance for the Fund. When the Fund converts its foreign currencies into U.S. dollars, it may incur currency conversion costs due to the spread between the prices at which it may buy and sell various currencies in the market.
Derivatives Risk – Futures Contracts Risk. A futures contract is an exchange-traded derivative transaction between two parties in which a buyer (holding the “long” position) agrees to pay a fixed price (or rate) at a specified future date for delivery of an underlying reference from a seller (holding the “short” position). The seller hopes that the market price on the delivery date is less than the agreed upon price, while the buyer hopes for the contrary. Certain futures contract markets are highly volatile, and futures contracts may be illiquid. Futures exchanges may limit fluctuations in futures contract prices by imposing a maximum permissible daily price movement. The Fund may be disadvantaged if it is prohibited from executing a trade outside the daily permissible price movement. At or prior to maturity of a futures contract, the Fund may enter into an offsetting contract and may incur a loss to the extent there has been adverse movement in futures contract prices. The liquidity of the futures markets depends on participants entering into offsetting transactions rather than making or taking delivery. To the extent participants make or take delivery, liquidity in the futures market could be reduced. Positions in futures contracts may be closed out only on the exchange on which they were entered into or through a linked exchange, and no secondary market exists for such contracts. Futures positions are marked to market each day and variation margin payment must be paid to or by the Fund. Because of the low margin deposits normally required in futures trading, it is possible that the Fund may employ a high degree of leverage in the portfolio. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund, exceeding the amount of the margin paid. For certain types of futures contracts, losses are potentially unlimited. Futures markets are highly volatile and the use of futures may increase the volatility of the Fund’s NAV. Futures contracts executed (if any) on foreign exchanges may not provide the same protection as U.S. exchanges. Futures contracts can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk, and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
■ An interest rate future is a derivative that is an agreement whereby the buyer and seller agree to the future delivery of an interest-bearing instrument on a specific date at a pre-determined price. Examples include Treasury-bill futures, Treasury-bond futures and Eurodollar futures.
Derivatives Risk – Options Risk. Options are derivatives that give the purchaser the option to buy (call) or sell (put) an underlying reference from or to a counterparty at a specified price (the strike price) on or before an expiration date. When writing options, the Fund is exposed to the risk that it may be required to buy or sell the underlying reference at a disadvantageous price on or before the expiration date. Options may involve economic leverage, which could result in greater volatility in price movement. The Fund's losses could be significant, and are potentially unlimited for certain types of options. Options may be traded on a securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market. At or prior to maturity of an options contract, the Fund may enter into an offsetting contract and may incur a loss to the extent there has been adverse movement in options prices. Options can increase the Fund’s risk
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exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
Derivatives Risk – Swaps Risk. In a typical swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the return earned on a specified underlying reference for a fixed return or the return from another underlying reference during a specified period of time. Swaps may be difficult to value and may be illiquid. Swaps could result in Fund losses if the underlying asset or reference does not perform as anticipated. Swaps create significant investment leverage such that a relatively small price movement in a swap may result in immediate and substantial losses to the Fund. The Fund may only close out a swap with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. Certain swaps, such as short swap transactions and total return swaps, have the potential for unlimited losses, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Swaps can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
■ A credit default swap (including a swap on a credit default index, sometimes referred to as a credit default swap index) is a derivative and special type of swap where one party pays, in effect, an insurance premium through a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return upon the occurrence of a particular credit event by one or more third parties, such as bankruptcy, default or a similar event. A credit default swap may be embedded within a structured note or other derivative instrument. Credit default swaps enable an investor to buy or sell protection against such a credit event (such as an issuer’s bankruptcy, restructuring or failure to make timely payments of interest or principal). Credit default swap indices are indices that reflect the performance of a basket of credit default swaps and are subject to the same risks as credit default swaps. If such a default were to occur, any contractual remedies that the Fund may have may be subject to bankruptcy and insolvency laws, which could delay or limit the Fund's recovery. Thus, if the counterparty under a credit default swap defaults on its obligation to make payments thereunder, as a result of its bankruptcy or otherwise, the Fund may lose such payments altogether, or collect only a portion thereof, which collection could involve costs or delays. The Fund’s return from investment in a credit default swap index may not match the return of the referenced index. Further, investment in a credit default swap index could result in losses if the referenced index does not perform as expected. Unexpected changes in the composition of the index may also affect performance of the credit default swap index. If a referenced index has a dramatic intraday move that causes a material decline in the Fund’s net assets, the terms of the Fund’s credit default swap index may permit the counterparty to immediately close out the transaction. In that event, the Fund may be unable to enter into another credit default swap index or otherwise achieve desired exposure, even if the referenced index reverses all or a portion of its intraday move.
Derivatives Risk – Swaptions Risk. A swaption is an options contract on a swap agreement. These transactions give the purchasing party the right (but not the obligation) to enter into new swap agreements or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement at some designated future time on specified terms, in return for payment of the purchase price (the “premium”) of the option. The Fund may write (sell) and purchase put and call swaptions to the same extent it may make use of standard options on securities or other instruments. The writer of the contract receives the premium and bears the risk of unfavorable changes in the market value on the underlying swap agreement. Swaptions can be bundled and sold as a package. These are commonly called interest rate caps, floors and collars.
Convertible Securities Risk. Convertible securities are subject to the usual risks associated with debt instruments, such as interest rate risk (the risk of losses attributable to changes in interest rates) and credit risk (the risk that the issuer of a debt instrument will default or otherwise become unable, or be perceived to be unable or unwilling, to honor a financial obligation, such as making payments to the Fund when due). Convertible securities also react to changes in the value of the common stock into which they convert, and are thus subject to market risk (the risk that the market values of securities or other investments that the Fund holds will fall, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably, or fail to rise). Because the value of a convertible security can be influenced by both interest rates and the common stock's market movements, a convertible security generally is not as sensitive to interest rates as a similar debt instrument, and generally will not vary in value in response to other factors to the same extent as the underlying common stock. In the event of a liquidation of the issuing company, holders of convertible securities would typically be paid before the company's common stockholders but after holders of any senior debt obligations of the company. The Fund may be forced to convert a convertible security before it otherwise would choose to do so, which may decrease the Fund's return.
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Forward Commitments on Mortgage-Backed Securities (including Dollar Rolls) Risk. When purchasing mortgage-backed securities in the “to be announced” (TBA) market (MBS TBAs), the seller agrees to deliver mortgage-backed securities for an agreed upon price on an agreed upon date, but may make no guarantee as to the specific securities to be delivered. In lieu of taking delivery of mortgage-backed securities, the Fund could enter into dollar rolls, which are transactions in which the Fund sells securities to a counterparty and simultaneously agrees to purchase those or similar securities in the future at a predetermined price. Dollar rolls involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is obligated to repurchase may decline below the repurchase price, or that the counterparty may default on its obligations. These transactions may also increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate. If the Fund reinvests the proceeds of the security sold, the Fund will also be subject to the risk that the investments purchased with such proceeds will decline in value (a form of leverage risk). MBS TBAs and dollar rolls are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the transaction may not perform or be unable to perform in accordance with the terms of the instrument.
Stripped Securities Risk. Stripped securities are the separate income or principal components of debt securities. These securities are particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates, and therefore subject to greater fluctuations in price than typical interest bearing debt securities. For example, stripped mortgage-backed securities have greater interest rate risk than mortgage-backed securities with like maturities, and stripped treasury securities have greater interest rate risk (the risk of losses attributable to changes in interest rates) than traditional government securities with identical credit ratings.
Prepayment and Extension Risk. Prepayment and extension risk is the risk that a bond or other security or investment might, in the case of prepayment risk, be called or otherwise converted, prepaid or redeemed before maturity and, in the case of extension risk, that the investment might not be called as expected. In the case of prepayment risk, if the investment is converted, prepaid or redeemed before maturity, the portfolio managers may not be able to invest the proceeds in other investments providing as high a level of income, resulting in a reduced yield to the Fund. In the case of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities, as interest rates decrease or spreads narrow, the likelihood of prepayment increases. Conversely, extension risk is the risk that an unexpected rise in interest rates will extend the life of a mortgage- or other asset-backed security beyond the prepayment time. If the Fund's investments are locked in at a lower interest rate for a longer period of time, the portfolio managers may be unable to capitalize on securities with higher interest rates or wider spreads.
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk arises when the Fund is unable to reinvest income or principal at the same or at least the same return it is currently earning.
Depositary Receipts Risk. Depositary receipts are receipts issued by a bank or trust company reflecting ownership of underlying securities issued by foreign companies. Some foreign securities are traded in the form of American Depositary Receipts and/or Global Depositary Receipts. Depositary receipts involve risks similar to the risks associated with investments in foreign securities, including those associated with an issuer’s (and any of its related companies’) country of organization and places of business operations, which may be related to the particular political, regulatory, economic, social and other conditions or events (including, for example, military confrontations and actions, war, terrorism and disease/virus outbreaks and epidemics) occurring in the country and fluctuations in such country’s currency, as well as market risk tied to the underlying foreign company. In addition, holders of depositary receipts may have limited voting rights, may not have the same rights afforded to stockholders of a typical domestic company in the event of a corporate action, such as an acquisition, merger or rights offering, and may experience difficulty in receiving company stockholder communications. There is no guarantee that a financial institution will continue to sponsor a depositary receipt, or that a depositary receipt will continue to trade on an exchange, either of which could adversely affect the liquidity, availability and pricing of the depositary receipt. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the value of depositary receipts and, therefore, may affect the value of your investment in the Fund.
Changing Distribution Level Risk. The Fund normally expects to receive income which may include interest, dividends and/or capital gains, depending upon its investments. The distribution amounts paid by the Fund will vary and generally depend on the amount of income the Fund earns (less expenses) on its portfolio holdings, and capital gains or losses it recognizes. A decline in the Fund’s income or net capital gains arising from its investments may reduce its distribution level.
Geographic Focus Risk. The Fund may be particularly susceptible to risks related to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within the specific geographic regions in which the Fund invests. The Fund’s NAV may be more volatile than the NAV of a more geographically diversified fund.
■ Asia Pacific Region. A number of countries in the Asia Pacific region are considered underdeveloped or developing, including from a political, economic and/or social perspective, and may have relatively unstable governments and economies based on limited business, industries and/or natural resources or commodities. Events in any one country within the region may impact that country, other countries in the region or the region as
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  a whole. As a result, events in the region will generally have a greater effect on the Fund than if the Fund were more geographically diversified in a region with more developed countries and economies. This could result in increased volatility in the value of the Fund’s investments and losses for the Fund. Continued growth of economies and securities markets in the region will require sustained economic and fiscal discipline, as well as continued commitment to governmental and regulatory reforms. Development also may be influenced by international economic conditions, including those in the United States and Japan, and by world demand for goods or natural resources produced in countries in the Asia Pacific region. Securities markets in the region are generally smaller and have a lower trading volume than those in the United States, which may result in the securities of some companies in the region being less liquid than U.S. or other foreign securities. Some currencies, inflation rates or interest rates in the Asia Pacific region are or can be volatile, and some countries in the region may restrict the flow of money in and out of the country. The risks described under “Emerging Market Securities Risk” and  “Foreign Securities Risk” may be more pronounced due to the Fund’s focus on investments in the region.
■ Greater China. The Greater China region consists of Hong Kong, The People's Republic of China and Taiwan, among other countries, and the Fund's investments in the region are particularly susceptible to risks in that region. The Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Chinese economies are dependent on the economies of other countries and can be significantly affected by currency fluctuations and increasing competition from other emerging economies in Asia with lower costs. Adverse events in any one country within the region may impact the other countries in the region or Asia as a whole. As a result, adverse events in the region will generally have a greater effect on the Fund than if the Fund were more geographically diversified, which could result in greater volatility in the Fund’s NAV and losses. Markets in the Greater China region can experience significant volatility due to social, economic, regulatory and political uncertainties. Changes in Chinese government policy and economic growth rates could significantly affect local markets and the entire Greater China region. China has yet to develop comprehensive securities, corporate, or commercial laws, its market is relatively new and less developed, and its economy is experiencing a relative slowdown. Export growth continues to be a major driver of China’s economic growth. As a result, a reduction in spending on Chinese products and services, the institution of additional tariffs or other trade barriers, including as a result of heightened trade tensions between China and the United States, or a downturn in any of the economies of China’s key trading partners may have an adverse impact on the Chinese economy. Many Chinese companies to which the Fund seeks investment exposure use a structure known as a variable interest entity (a VIE) to address Chinese restrictions on direct foreign investment in Chinese companies operating in certain sectors. The Fund’s investment exposure to VIEs may pose additional risks because the Fund’s investment is not made directly in the VIE (the actual Chinese operating company), but rather in a holding company domiciled outside of China (a Holding Company) whose interests in the business of the underlying Chinese operating company (the VIE) are established through contracts rather than through equity ownership. The VIE (which the Fund is restricted from owning under Chinese law) is generally owned by Chinese nationals, and the Holding Company (in which the Fund invests) holds only contractual rights (rather than equity ownership) relating to the VIE, typically including a contractual claim on the VIE's profits. Shares of the Holding Company, in turn, are traded on exchanges outside of China and are available to non-Chinese investors such as the Fund. The VIE structure is a longstanding practice in China but, until recently, was not acknowledged by the Chinese government, creating uncertainty over the possibility that the Chinese government might cease to tolerate VIE structures at any time or impose new restrictions on the structure. In such a scenario, the Chinese operating company could be subject to penalties, including revocation of its business and operating license, or the Holding Company could forfeit its interest in the business of the Chinese operating company. Further, in case of a dispute, the remedies and rights of the Fund may be limited, and such legal uncertainty may be exploited against the interests of the Fund. Control over a VIE may also be jeopardized if a natural person who holds the equity interest in the VIE breaches the terms of the contractual arrangements, is subject to legal proceedings, or if any physical instruments or property of the VIE, such as seals, business registration certificates, financial data and licensing arrangements (sometimes referred to as “chops”), are used without authorization. In the event of such an occurrence, the Fund, as a foreign investor, may have little or no legal recourse. In addition to the risk of government intervention, investments through a VIE structure are subject to the risk that the China-based company (or its officers, directors, or Chinese equity owners) may breach the contractual arrangements, or Chinese law changes in a way that adversely affects the enforceability of the arrangements, or the contracts are otherwise not enforceable under Chinese law, in which case a Fund may suffer significant losses on its investments through a VIE structure with little or no recourse available. The Fund will typically have little or no ability to influence the VIE through proxy voting or other means because it is not a VIE owner/shareholder. Foreign companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States, including companies using the VIE structure, could also face delisting or other ramifications for failure to meet the expectations and/or requirements of the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or other U.S. regulators. Recently, however, China has proposed the adoption of rules which would affirm that VIEs are legally permissible, though there remains significant uncertainty over how these rules will operate. Any of these risks could reduce the liquidity and value of the Fund’s investments in Holding Companies or render them valueless.
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Real Estate-Related Investment Risk. Investments in real estate investment trusts (REITs) and in securities of other companies (wherever organized) principally engaged in the real estate industry subject the Fund to, among other things, risks similar to those of direct investments in real estate and the real estate industry in general. These include risks related to general and local economic conditions, possible lack of availability of financing and changes in interest rates or property values. The value of interests in a REIT may be affected by, among other factors, changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT, changes in the prospect for earnings and/or cash flow growth of the REIT itself, defaults by borrowers or tenants, market saturation, decreases in market rates for rents, and other economic, political, or regulatory matters affecting the real estate industry, including REITs. REITs may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than the overall securities markets. REITs are also subject to the risk of failing to qualify for favorable tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The failure of a REIT to continue to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes can materially and adversely affect its value. Some REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are affected by risks similar to those associated with investments in debt securities including changes in interest rates and the quality of credit extended.
Quantitative Model Risk. Quantitative models used by the Fund or Index may not be effective in selecting the most favorable securities for the Fund or for inclusion in the Index and may cause the Fund to underperform other investment strategies. Flaws or errors in the quantitative model’s assumptions, design, execution, or data inputs may adversely affect Fund performance. Quantitative models may not perform as expected and may underperform in certain market environments including in stressed or volatile market conditions. There can be no assurance that the use of quantitative models will enable the Fund to achieve its objective.
Rule 144A and Other Exempted Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in privately placed and other securities or instruments exempt from SEC registration (collectively “private placements”), subject to certain regulatory restrictions. In the U.S. market, private placements are typically sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or qualified purchasers, as applicable. An insufficient number of buyers interested in purchasing private placements at a particular time could adversely affect the marketability of such investments and the Fund might be unable to dispose of them promptly or at reasonable prices, subjecting the Fund to liquidity risk (the risk that it may not be possible for the Fund to liquidate the instrument at an advantageous time or price). The Fund’s holdings of private placements may increase the level of Fund illiquidity if eligible buyers are unable or unwilling to purchase them at a particular time. The Fund may also have to bear the expense of registering the securities for resale and the risk of substantial delays in effecting the registration. Additionally, the purchase price and subsequent valuation of private placements typically reflect a discount, which may be significant, from the market price of comparable securities for which a more liquid market exists. Issuers of Rule 144A eligible securities are required to furnish information to potential investors upon request. However, the required disclosure is much less extensive than that required of public companies and is not publicly available since the offering information is not filed with the SEC. Further, issuers of Rule 144A eligible securities can require recipients of the offering information (such as the Fund) to agree contractually to keep the information confidential, which could also adversely affect the Fund’s ability to dispose of the security.
Counterparty Risk. Counterparty risk is the risk that a counterparty to a transaction in a financial instrument held by the Fund or by a special purpose or structured vehicle invested in by the Fund may become insolvent or otherwise fail to perform its obligations. As a result, the Fund may obtain no or limited recovery of its investment, and any recovery may be significantly delayed.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is the risk associated with any event, circumstance, or characteristic of an investment or market that negatively impacts the Fund’s ability to sell, or realize the proceeds from the sale of, an investment at a desirable time or price. Liquidity risk may arise because of, for example, a lack of marketability of the investment, which means that when seeking to sell its portfolio investments, the Fund could find that selling is more difficult than anticipated, especially during times of high market volatility. Decreases in the number of financial institutions, including banks and broker-dealers, willing to make markets (match up sellers and buyers) in the Fund’s investments or decreases in their capacity or willingness to trade such investments may increase the Fund’s exposure to this risk. The debt market has experienced considerable growth, and financial institutions making markets in instruments purchased and sold by the Fund (e.g., bond dealers) have been subject to increased regulation. The impact of that growth and regulation on the ability and willingness of financial institutions to engage in trading or “making a market” in such instruments remains unsettled. Certain types of investments, such as lower-rated securities or those that are purchased and sold in over-the-counter markets, may be especially subject to liquidity risk. Securities or other assets in which the Fund invests may be traded in the over-the-counter market rather than on an exchange and therefore may be more difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price, which may have a negative impact on the Fund’s performance. Market participants attempting to sell the same or a similar instrument at the same time as the Fund could exacerbate the Fund’s exposure to liquidity risk. The Fund may have to accept a lower selling price for the holding, sell other liquid or more liquid investments that it might otherwise prefer to hold (thereby increasing the proportion of the Fund’s investments in less liquid or illiquid securities), or forego another more appealing investment opportunity. The liquidity of Fund investments may change significantly over time and certain investments that were liquid when
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purchased by the Fund may later become illiquid, particularly in times of overall economic distress. Changing regulatory, market or other conditions or environments (for example, the interest rate or credit environments) may also adversely affect the liquidity and the price of the Fund's investments. Judgment plays a larger role in valuing illiquid or less liquid investments as compared to valuing liquid or more liquid investments. Price volatility may be higher for illiquid or less liquid investments as a result of, for example, the relatively less frequent pricing of such securities (as compared to liquid or more liquid investments). Generally, the less liquid the market at the time the Fund sells a portfolio investment, the greater the risk of loss or decline of value to the Fund. Overall market liquidity and other factors can lead to an increase in redemptions, which may negatively impact Fund performance and NAV, including, for example, if the Fund is forced to sell investments in a down market.
Mortgage- and Other Asset-Backed Securities Risk. The value of any mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities including collateralized debt obligations and collateralized loan obligations, if any, held by the Fund may be affected by, among other things, changes or perceived changes in: interest rates; factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the mortgages or other assets; the creditworthiness of the entities that provide any supporting letters of credit, surety bonds or other credit enhancements; or the market's assessment of the quality of underlying assets. Payment of principal and interest on some mortgage-backed securities (but not the market value of the securities themselves) may be guaranteed by the full faith and credit of a particular U.S. Government agency, authority, enterprise or instrumentality, and some, but not all, are also insured or guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Mortgage-backed securities issued by non-governmental issuers (such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers) may entail greater risk than obligations guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Mortgage- and other asset-backed securities are subject to liquidity risk and prepayment risk. A decline or flattening of housing values may cause delinquencies in mortgages (especially sub-prime or non-prime mortgages) underlying mortgage-backed securities and thereby adversely affect the ability of the mortgage-backed securities issuer to make principal and/or interest payments to mortgage-backed securities holders, including the Fund. Rising or high interest rates tend to extend the duration of mortgage- and other asset-backed securities, making their prices more volatile and more sensitive to changes in interest rates.
LIBOR Replacement Risk. London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR), which is used extensively in the U.S. and globally as a benchmark or reference rate for various commercial and financial contracts, among other “inter-bank offered” reference rates, is in the process of being discontinued as a global reference rate. The elimination of LIBOR may adversely affect the interest rates on, and value of, certain Fund investments that are tied to LIBOR. Such investments may include derivatives, and other assets or liabilities. On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced that it intended to stop compelling or inducing banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. The FCA and the ICE Benchmark Administration have since announced that a majority of U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will cease publication after June 30, 2023. A subset of non-U.S. dollar LIBOR settings are continuing to be published on a “synthetic” basis and it is possible that a subset of U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will also be published after June 30, 2023 on a “synthetic” basis. Any such publications are, or would be considered, non-representative of the underlying market. The U.S. Federal Reserve, based on the recommendations of the New York Federal Reserve’s Alternative Reference Rate Committee (comprised of major derivative market participants and their regulators), has begun publishing and promoting SOFR as the alternative reference rate to U.S. dollar LIBOR. Proposals for alternative reference rates for other currencies have also been announced or have already begun publication. Markets are slowly developing in response to these new reference rates. Uncertainty related to the liquidity impact of the change in rates, and how to appropriately adjust these rates at the time of transition, poses risks for the Fund. The effect of the discontinuation of LIBOR on the Fund will depend on, among other things, (1) existing fallback or termination provisions in individual contracts and (2) whether, how, and when industry participants develop and adopt new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new instruments and contracts. The discontinuation of LIBOR could have a significant impact on the financial markets in general and may also present heightened risk to market participants, including public companies, investment advisers, investment companies, and broker-dealers. The risks associated with this discontinuation and transition will be exacerbated if the work necessary to effect an orderly transition to an alternative reference rate is not completed in a timely manner. For example, current information technology systems may be unable to accommodate new instruments and rates with features that differ from LIBOR. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the transition away from LIBOR on the Fund until new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new products, instruments and contracts are commercially accepted and market practices become more settled.
Frequent Trading Risk. The portfolio managers may actively and frequently trade investments in the Fund's portfolio to carry out its investment strategies . Frequent trading of investments increases the possibility that the Fund, as relevant, will realize taxable capital gains (including short-term capital gains, which are generally taxable to shareholders at higher rates than long-term capital gains for U.S. federal income tax purposes), which could reduce
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the Fund's after-tax return. Frequent trading can also mean higher brokerage and other transaction costs, which could reduce the Fund's return. The trading costs and tax effects associated with portfolio turnover may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Leverage Risk. Leverage occurs when the Fund increases its assets available for investment using borrowings, derivatives, or similar instruments or techniques. Use of leverage can produce volatility and may exaggerate changes in the NAV of Fund shares and in the return on the Fund’s portfolio, which may increase the risk that the Fund will lose more than it has invested. The use of leverage may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations or to meet any required asset segregation or position coverage requirements. Futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts and other derivatives can allow the Fund to obtain large investment exposures in return for meeting relatively small margin requirements. As a result, investments in those transactions may be highly leveraged. If the Fund uses leverage, through the purchase of particular instruments such as derivatives, the Fund may experience capital losses that exceed the net assets of the Fund. Leverage can create an interest expense that may lower the Fund's overall returns. Leverage presents the opportunity for increased net income and capital gains, but may also exaggerate the Fund's volatility and risk of loss. There can be no guarantee that a leveraging strategy will be successful.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are a type of mortgage-backed security that receive differing proportions of the interest and principal payments from the underlying assets. Generally, there are two classes of stripped mortgage-backed securities: Interest Only (IO) and Principal Only (PO). IOs entitle the holder to receive distributions consisting of all or a portion of the interest on the underlying pool of mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. POs entitle the holder to receive distributions consisting of all or a portion of the principal of the underlying pool of mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. The cash flows and yields on IOs and POs are extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. A rapid rate of principal payments may adversely affect the yield to maturity of IOs. A slow rate of principal payments may adversely affect the yield to maturity of POs. If prepayments of principal are greater than anticipated, an investor in IOs may incur substantial losses. If prepayments of principal are slower than anticipated, the yield on a PO will be affected more severely than would be the case with a traditional mortgage-backed security.
The Fund is subject indirectly to the following risks of Portfolio Funds seeking returns that correspond to a stated market index (the Index).
Passive Investment Risk. The Fund is not “actively” managed and may be affected by a general decline in market segments related to its underlying index. The Fund invests in securities or instruments included in, or believed by the Portfolio Fund’s Investment Manager to be representative of, its underlying index, regardless of their investment merits. The Fund does not seek temporary defensive positions when markets decline or appear overvalued.
Index Fund Risk. An index fund seeks to track the performance of the Index by using indexing strategies and, therefore, would not necessarily sell a security because the security’s issuer was in financial trouble or defaulted, or whose credit rating was downgraded, unless that security was removed from the Index. The decision of whether to remove a security from an index is made by an independent index provider who is not affiliated with the Fund or the Investment Manager or its affiliates.
Index Methodology Risk. An index fund seeks performance that corresponds to the performance of the Index. There is no guarantee or assurance that the Index will achieve high, or even positive, returns. The Index may underperform more traditional indices. In turn, the Fund could lose value while other indices or measures of market performance increase in value or performance. In addition, the Fund may be subject to the risk that the index provider may not follow its stated methodology for construction of the Index or may make errors in Index computation, construction and rebalancing despite any index provider procedures designed to prevent such occurrences and despite due diligence conducted by the investment manager or the index provider. Errors may result in a negative performance impact to the Fund and its shareholders.
Correlation/Tracking Error Risk. An index fund’s value will generally decline when the performance of the securities in the Index declines. A number of factors may affect the Fund’s ability to achieve a high degree of correlation with the Index, and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve a high degree of correlation. Failure to achieve such degree of correlation may prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. The factors that may adversely affect the Fund’s correlation with the Index include the size of the Fund’s portfolio, fees, expenses, transaction costs, income items, valuation methodology, accounting standards, the effectiveness of sampling techniques (if applicable), changes in the Index and disruptions or illiquidity in the markets for the securities in which the Fund invests. While the Fund typically attempts to track the performance of the Index by investing all, or substantially all, of its assets in the securities that make up the Index in approximately the same proportion as their weighting in the Index, at times, the Fund may not have investment exposure to all securities in the Index, or its weighting of investment exposure to securities may be different from that of the Index. In addition, the Fund may invest in
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securities not included in the Index. The Fund may take or refrain from taking investment positions for various reasons, such as tax efficiency purposes, or to comply with regulatory restrictions, which may negatively affect the Fund’s correlation with the Index. The Fund may also be subject to large movements of assets into and out of the Fund, potentially resulting in the Fund being over- or under-exposed to certain securities comprising the Index and may be impacted by Index reconstitutions and Index rebalancing events. Holding cash balances may detract from the Fund’s ability to track the Index. In addition, the Fund’s NAV may deviate from the Index if the Fund fair values a portfolio security at a price other than the price used by the Index for that security. The Fund also bears management and other expenses and transaction costs in trading securities, which the Index does not bear. Accordingly, the Fund’s performance will likely fail to match the performance of the Index, after taking expenses into account. Any of these factors could decrease correlation between the performance of the Fund and the Index and may hinder the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective. It is not possible to invest directly in an index.
The Fund is subject indirectly to the following risks of Portfolio Funds that are exchange-traded funds seeking investment results that, before fees and expenses, closely correspond to the performance of a stated index (the Index).
Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) Risk. ETFs are subject to, among other risks, tracking risk and passive and, in some cases, active investment risk. An ETF’s share price may not track its specified market index (if any) and may trade below its NAV. Certain ETFs use a “passive” investment strategy and do not take defensive positions in volatile or declining markets. Other ETFs are actively managed ETFs (i.e., they do not track a particular benchmark), which are subject to active management risk. An active secondary market in ETF shares may not develop or be maintained and may be halted or interrupted due to actions by its listing exchange, unusual market conditions or other reasons. There can be no assurance that an ETF’s shares will continue to be listed on an active exchange. In addition, shareholders bear expenses incurred through ownership of the ETF. There is a risk that ETFs may terminate due to extraordinary events. For example, any of the service providers to ETFs, such as the trustee or sponsor, may close or otherwise fail to perform their obligations to the ETF, and the ETF may not be able to find a substitute service provider. Also, certain ETFs may be dependent upon licenses to use various indexes as a basis for determining their compositions and/or otherwise to use certain trade names. If these licenses are terminated, the ETFs may also terminate. In addition, an ETF may terminate if its net assets fall below a certain amount.
Secondary Market Trading Risk. Investors buying or selling Fund shares will pay brokerage commissions or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of shares. In addition, secondary market investors will also incur the cost of the difference between the price that an investor is willing to pay for Fund shares (the bid price) and the price at which an investor is willing to sell Fund shares (the ask price). This difference in bid and ask prices is often referred to as the “spread” or “bid/ask spread.” The bid/ask spread varies over time for Fund shares based on trading volume and market liquidity, and is generally lower if the Fund’s shares have more trading volume and market liquidity and higher if the Fund’s shares have little trading volume and market liquidity. Further, increased market volatility may cause increased bid/ask spreads.
Market Price Relative to NAV Risk. Shares of the Fund may trade at prices that vary from Fund NAV. Shares of the Fund are listed for trading on the Exchange (as defined in the Portfolio Fund's prospectus) and are bought and sold in the secondary market at market prices that may differ, in some cases significantly, from their NAV. The NAV of the Fund will generally fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund’s holdings. The market prices of shares, however, will generally fluctuate in response to changes in NAV, as well as the relative supply of, and demand for, Fund shares on the Exchange. The Investment Manager cannot predict whether Fund shares will trade below, at or above their NAV. Price differences may result because of, among other factors, supply and demand forces in the secondary trading market for Fund shares. It is expected that these forces generally will be closely related to, but not identical to, the same forces influencing the prices of the Fund’s holdings. In this regard, if a shareholder purchases Fund shares at a time when the market price is at a premium to the NAV or sells shares at a time when the market price is at a discount to the NAV, the shareholder may sustain losses. Different investment strategies or techniques, including those intended to be defensive in nature, including, as examples, stop loss orders to sell an ETF’s shares in the secondary market during negative market events or conditions, such as a “flash crash” or other market disruptions, may not work as intended and may produce significant losses to investors. Investors should consult their financial intermediary prior to using any such investment strategies or techniques, or before investing in the Fund.
Authorized Participant Concentration Risk. Only an Authorized Participant (as defined in the Portfolio Fund's prospectus) may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund has a limited number of institutions that may act as Authorized Participants, none of which are or will be obligated to engage in creation or redemption transactions. To the extent that these institutions exit the business or are unable or unwilling to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with respect to the Fund and no other Authorized Participant is able or willing
Columbia Thermostat FundSM 20

 

to step forward to create or redeem Creation Units (as defined in the Portfolio Fund's prospectus), Fund shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting from the Exchange. This risk is heightened in times of market stress, including at both the Fund share level and at the Fund holdings level.
Fund Shares Liquidity Risk. Although the Fund’s shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active, liquid or otherwise orderly trading market for shares will be established or maintained by market makers or Authorized Participants, particularly in times of stressed market conditions. There is no guarantee that the Fund will be able to attract market makers and Authorized Participants. There is no obligation for market makers to make a market in the Fund’s shares or for Authorized Participants to submit purchase or redemption orders for creation units. Accordingly, if such parties determine not to perform their respective functions, this could, such as during times of market stress, in turn, lead to variances between the market price of the Fund’s shares and the underlying value of those shares and bid/ask spreads could widen. Trading in Fund shares on the Exchange also may be disrupted or even halted due to market conditions or for reasons that, in the view of the Exchange, make trading in Fund shares inadvisable. In addition, trading in Fund shares on the Exchange may be subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to the Exchange “circuit breaker” rules. There also can be no assurance that the requirements of the Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund’s shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged.
Early/Late Close/Trading Halt Risk.  An exchange or market may close early, close late or issue trading halts on specific securities, or the ability to buy or sell certain securities may be restricted, which may result in the Fund being unable to buy or sell these securities. In these circumstances, the Fund may be unable to rebalance its portfolio, may be unable to accurately price its investments, may incur substantial trading losses and/or may be prevented from sufficiently tracking the performance of the Index.
Concentration Risk. The Fund will concentrate its investments in issuers conducting business in a related group of industries within a sector(s) to approximately the same extent as the Index. Issuers in the same industry or group of industries or sector may be similarly affected by economic, regulatory, political or market events or conditions, which may make the Fund more vulnerable to unfavorable developments in that sector than funds that invest more broadly. Generally, the more broadly a fund diversifies its investments, the more it spreads risk and potentially reduces the risks of loss and volatility.
Performance Information
The following bar chart and table show you how the Fund has performed in the past, and can help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the Fund’s Class Inst share performance has varied for each full calendar year shown. The table below the bar chart compares the Fund’s returns for the periods shown with those of two broad-based indexes: the S&P 500® Index, the Fund’s primary benchmark for equity securities, and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, the Fund’s primary benchmark for debt securities. The table below also compares the Fund's returns with a secondary, custom index, the Blended Benchmark. The S&P 500® Index tracks the performance of 500 widely held, large-capitalization U.S. stocks. The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is a market value-weighted index that tracks the daily price, coupon, pay-downs, and total return performance of fixed-rate, publicly placed, dollar-denominated, and non-convertible investment grade debt issues with at least $250 million par amount outstanding and with at least one year to final maturity. The Blended Benchmark was established by the Investment Manager to show how the Fund’s performance compares to an equally weighted custom composite of the Fund’s primary equity and primary debt benchmarks, the S&P 500® Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, respectively. The percentage of the Fund’s assets allocated to underlying stock and bond Portfolio Funds will vary, and accordingly the composition of the Fund’s portfolio will not always reflect the composition of the Blended Benchmark.
The performance of one or more share classes shown in the Average Annual Total Returns table below includes the Fund’s Class Inst share returns (adjusted to reflect the higher class-related operating expenses of such classes, where applicable) for periods prior to the indicated inception date of such share classes. Except for differences in fees and expenses, all share classes of the Fund would have substantially similar annual returns because all share classes of the Fund invest in the same portfolio of securities.
The after-tax returns shown in the Average Annual Total Returns table below are calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income tax rates in effect during the period indicated in the table and do not reflect the impact of state, local or foreign taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your personal tax situation and may differ from those shown in the table. In addition, the after-tax returns shown in the table do not apply to shares held in tax-advantaged accounts such as 401(k) plans or Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). The after-tax returns are shown only for Class Inst shares and will vary for other share classes.
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The Fund’s performance prior to May 2018 reflects returns achieved following a principal investment strategy with a single form of asset allocation table. While the Fund now follows a principal investment strategy with two potential forms of asset allocation tables, as described above in the Principal Investment Strategies section, the form of the Fund’s currently effective asset allocation table was in place from the Fund’s inception in 2002 through April 30, 2020. The Fund's performance prior to May 1, 2020 and after April 30, 2021 reflects the current form of allocation table. The Fund's performance from May 1, 2020 through April 30, 2021 reflects a different form of asset allocation table.
The Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) is no guarantee of how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information can be obtained by calling toll-free 800.345.6611 or visiting columbiathreadneedleus.com.
Year by Year Total Return (%)
as of December 31 Each Year* 		Best and Worst Quarterly Returns
During the Period Shown in the Bar Chart

Best 2nd Quarter 2020 13.30%
Worst

 3rd Quarter 2015 -2.27%
* Year to Date return as of March 31, 2022: -5.87%
 Average Annual Total Returns After Applicable Sales Charges (for periods ended December 31, 2021)
  Share Class
Inception Date 		1 Year 5 Years 10 Years
Class Inst 09/25/2002      
returns before taxes   6.42% 10.91% 8.75%
returns after taxes on distributions   2.26% 8.36% 6.82%
returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares   5.30% 7.76% 6.34%
Class A returns before taxes 03/03/2003 0.04% 9.33% 7.83%
Class Adv returns before taxes 11/08/2012 6.43% 10.91% 8.74%
Class C returns before taxes 03/03/2003 4.47% 9.81% 7.66%
Class Inst2 returns before taxes 11/08/2012 6.53% 10.95% 8.78%
Class Inst3 returns before taxes 11/08/2012 6.52% 11.00% 8.82%
Blended Benchmark (Secondary Benchmark; an equally weighted custom composite of the Fund's primary benchmarks for equity and debt securities, established by the Investment Manager; reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes)   12.80% 11.12% 9.78%
S&P 500® Index (Primary Equity Benchmark; reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes)   28.71% 18.47% 16.55%
Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (Primary Debt Benchmark; reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes)   -1.54% 3.57% 2.90%
  
Fund Management
Investment Manager: Columbia Wanger Asset Management, LLC
Portfolio Management   Title   Role with Fund   Service with the Fund Since
Anwiti Bahuguna, Ph.D.   Senior Portfolio Manager and Head of Multi Asset Strategy of Columbia Management and Assistant Vice President of the Investment Manager   Lead Portfolio Manager
or Co-Portfolio Manager
since 2018 		  2018
Alex M. Rivas   Portfolio Manager of Columbia Management and Assistant Vice President of the Investment Manager   Portfolio Manager
since May 2022 		  2018
Columbia Thermostat FundSM 22

 

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
You may purchase or redeem shares of the Fund on any business day by contacting the Fund in the ways described below:
Online   Regular Mail   Express Mail   By Telephone
columbiathreadneedleus.com/investor/   Columbia Management
Investment Services Corp.
P.O. Box 219104
Kansas City, MO 64121-9104 		  Columbia Management
Investment Services Corp.
c/o DST Asset Manager
Solutions, Inc.
430 W 7th Street, Suite 219104
Kansas City, MO 64105-1407 		  800.422.3737
You may purchase shares and receive redemption proceeds by electronic funds transfer, by check or by wire. If you maintain your account with a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, you must contact that financial intermediary to buy, sell or exchange shares of the Fund through your account with the intermediary.
The minimum initial investment amounts for the share classes offered by the Fund are shown below:
Minimum Initial Investment
Class Category of eligible account For accounts other than
Systematic Investment
Plan accounts (as described in the Fund’s Prospectus) 		For Systematic Investment
Plan accounts
Classes A & C All accounts other than IRAs $2,000 $100
IRAs $1,000 $100
Classes Adv & Inst All eligible accounts $0, $1,000 or $2,000
depending upon the category
of eligible investor 		$100
Class Inst2 All eligible accounts None N/A
Class Inst3 All eligible accounts $0, $1,000, $2,000
or $1 million depending
upon the category
of eligible investor 		$100 (for certain
eligible investors)
  
More information about these minimums can be found in the Buying, Selling and Exchanging Shares - Buying Shares section of the prospectus. There is no minimum additional investment for any share class.
Tax Information
The Fund normally distributes net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any, to shareholders. These distributions are generally taxable to you as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged account, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA. The use of a fund-of-funds structure could affect the timing, amount and character of distributions to you and therefore may increase the amount of taxes payable by you. If you are investing through a tax-advantaged account, you may be taxed upon withdrawals from that account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies – including the Investment Manager, the Distributor and Columbia Management Investment Services Corp. (the Transfer Agent) – may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your financial advisor to recommend the Fund over another investment. These potential conflicts of interest may be heightened with respect to broker-dealers owned by Ameriprise Financial, Inc. (Ameriprise Financial) and/or its affiliates. Ask your financial advisor or visit your financial intermediary's website for more information.
Columbia Acorn Family of Funds
Columbia Threadneedle Investments is the global brand name of the Columbia and Threadneedle group of companies.
The Fund is distributed by Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc., 290 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210.
© 2022 Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC. All rights reserved.
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