Data and Internet services include broadband services for residential and business customers. We provide data transmission services to high volume business customers and other carriers with dedicated high capacity circuits (“nonswitched access”) including services to wireless providers (“wireless backhaul”);

Voice services include traditional local and long-distance wireline services, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, as well as a number of unified messaging services offered to our residential and business customers. Voice services also include the long-distance voice origination and termination services that we provide to our business customers and other carriers;

Video services include revenues generated from services provided directly to residential customers through the FiOS and Vantage video brands, and through Dish satellite TV services;

Other customer revenue includes switched access revenue, sales of customer premise equipment to our business customers, rents collected for collocation services, and revenue from other services and fees. Switched access revenue includes revenues derived from allowing other carriers to use our network to originate and/or terminate their local and long-distance voice traffic (“switched access”). These services are primarily billed on a minutes-of-use basis applying tariffed rates filed with the FCC or state agencies; and

Subsidy and other regulatory revenue includes revenues generated from cost subsidies from state and federal authorities, including the Connect America Fund Phase II.

	For the year ended December 31,
($ in millions)	2019		2018		2017 ⁽¹⁾
Data and Internet services	$	3,756	$	3,878	$	3,862
Voice services		2,500		2,721		2,864
Video services		1,005		1,085		1,304
Other		477		544		322

Revenue from contracts with customers		7,738		8,228		8,352
Subsidy and other regulatory revenue		369		383		776
Total revenue	$	8,107	$	8,611	$	9,128

	For the year ended December 31,
($ in millions)	2019		2018		2017 ⁽¹⁾
Consumer	$	4,153	$	4,380	$	4,476
Commercial		3,585		3,848		3,876

Revenue from contracts with customers		7,738		8,228		8,352
Subsidy and other regulatory revenue		369		383		776
Total revenue	$	8,107	$	8,611	$	9,128

Frontier satisfies its obligations to customers by transferring goods and services in exchange for consideration received from the customer. The timing of Frontier’s satisfaction of the performance obligation often differs from the timing of the customer’s payment, which results in the recognition of a contract asset or a contract liability. Frontier recognizes a contract asset or liability when the Company transfers goods or services to a customer and bills an amount which differs from the revenue allocated to the related performance obligations.

The following is a summary of the changes in the assets established for our costs to acquire customers for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Contract Acquisition Costs
($ in millions)	Current			Noncurrent

Balance at January 1, 2018	$	87		$	117
Commissions deferred		128			10
Commission costs recognized		(108	)		-
Balance at December 31, 2018		107			127
Commissions deferred		138			6
Commission costs recognized		(131	)		-
Reclass to assets held for sale		(9	)		(12	)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	105		$	121

The following is a summary of the changes in the contract assets and contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

	Contract Assets						Contract Liabilities
($ in millions)	Current			Noncurrent			Current			Noncurrent

Balance at January 1, 2019	$	44		$	25		$	49		$	22
Revenue recognized included in opening contract balance		(39	)		(12	)		(81	)		(17	)
Cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue		-			-			78			16
Credits granted, excluding amounts recognized as revenue		30			1			-			-
Reclassified between Current and Noncurrent		5			(5	)		-			-
Reclassified to held for sale		(3	)		(1	)		(5	)		-
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	37		$	8		$	41		$	21

	Contract Assets						Contract Liabilities
($ in millions)	Current			Noncurrent			Current			Noncurrent

Balance at January 1, 2018	$	40		$	37		$	41		$	19
Revenue recognized included in opening contract balance		(49	)		(8	)		(106	)		(13	)
Cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue		-			-			129			6
Credits granted, excluding amounts recognized as revenue		49			-			-			-
Reclassified between Current and Noncurrent		4			(4	)		(10	)		10
Other		-			-			(5	)		-
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	44		$	25		$	49		$	22

Short-term contract assets, Long-term contract assets, Short-term contract liabilities, and Long-term contract liabilities are included in other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities, and other liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet.

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period.

($ in millions)	Revenue from remaining performance obligations

2020	$	2,163
2021		957
2022		431
2023		200
2024		107
Thereafter		160
Total	$	4,018	⁽¹⁾