Fair value estimates are based on quoted market prices, if available, quoted market prices of similar assets or liabilities, or the present value of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. These valuations are significantly affected by discount rates, cash flow assumptions, and risk assumptions used. Therefore, fair value estimates may not be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not intended to reflect the proceeds that may be realizable in an immediate settlement of the instruments.

Fair value is determined at one point in time and is not representative of future value. These amounts do not reflect the total value of a going concern organization. Management does not have the intention to dispose of a significant portion of its assets and liabilities, and therefore the unrealized gains or losses should not be interpreted as a forecast of future earnings and cash flows.

The following is a discussion of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and valuation techniques applied:

Investment securities: The fair value of investment securities which are measured on a recurring basis are determined primarily by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other similar securities. These securities are classified within level 1 or 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Positions that are not traded in active markets for which valuations are generated using assumptions not observable in the market or management’s best estimate are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This includes certain specific municipal debt issues for which the credit quality and discount rate must be estimated.

Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale are carried, in aggregate, at fair value as Wesbanco previously elected the fair value option. The use of a valuation model using quoted prices of similar instruments are significant observable inputs in arriving at the fair value and therefore loans held for sale are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivatives: Wesbanco enters into interest rate swap agreements with qualifying commercial customers to meet their financing, interest rate and other risk management needs. These agreements provide the customer the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. The credit risk associated with derivatives executed with customers is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and is subject to normal credit policies and monitoring. Those interest rate swaps are economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that Wesbanco executes with derivative counterparties in order to offset its exposure on the fixed components of the customer interest rate swap agreements. The interest rate swap agreement with the loan customer and with the counterparty is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings within net swap fee and valuation income.

Wesbanco enters into forward TBA contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the loan commitments to the customer and the closing of the loan for loans that will be sold on a mandatory basis to secondary market investors. The forward TBA contract is reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings within mortgage banking income.

Wesbanco determines the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. Wesbanco incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements, and therefore both the derivative asset and derivative liability are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

We may be required from time to time to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets and liabilities.

Collateral dependent loans: Collateral dependent loans are carried at the amortized cost basis less the specific allowance calculated under the Current Expected Credit Losses Accounting Standard. Collateral dependent loans are calculated using a cost basis or collateral value approach, and therefore are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other real estate owned and repossessed assets: Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. The use of independent appraisals and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral, and therefore other real estate owned and repossessed assets are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value amounts presented in the table below are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statements of financial position. The following tables set forth Wesbanco’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


	December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Measurements Using:
(in thousands)	December 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3)
Recurring fair value measurements
Equity securities	$	12,320	$	12,320	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		208,366		—		208,366		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		1,629,684		—		1,629,684		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		268,307		—		268,307		—
Obligations of state and political subdivisions		76,125		—		74,958		1,167
Corporate debt securities		11,847		—		11,847		—
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	2,194,329	$	—	$	2,193,162	$	1,167
Loans held for sale		16,354		—		16,354		—
Other assets—interest rate derivatives agreements		72,183		—		72,183		—
Total assets recurring fair value measurements	$	2,295,186	$	12,320	$	2,281,699	$	1,167
Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements		73,083		—		73,083		—
Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements	$	73,083	$	—	$	73,083	$	—
Nonrecurring fair value measurements
Collateral dependent loans	$	18,273	$	—	$	—	$	18,273
Other real estate owned and repossessed assets		1,497		—		—		1,497
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	19,770	$	—	$	—	$	19,770


	December 31, 2022
	Fair Value Measurements Using:
(in thousands)	December 31, 2022		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3)
Recurring fair value measurements
Equity securities	$	11,506	$	11,506	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies		225,970		—		225,970		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		1,846,053		—		1,846,053		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of government sponsored entities and agencies		349,731		—		349,731		—
Obligations of state and political subdivisions		92,228		—		91,049		1,179
Corporate debt securities		15,158		—		15,158		—
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	2,529,140	$	—	$	2,527,961	$	1,179
Loans held for sale		8,249		—		8,249		—
Other assets—interest rate derivatives agreements		75,840		—		75,840		—
Total assets recurring fair value measurements	$	2,624,735	$	11,506	$	2,612,050	$	1,179
Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives agreements		74,683		—		74,683		—
Total liabilities recurring fair value measurements	$	74,683	$	—	$	74,683	$	—
Nonrecurring fair value measurements
Collateral dependent loans	$	878	$	—	$	—	$	878
Other real estate owned and repossessed assets		1,486		—		—		1,486
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	2,364	$	—	$	—	$	2,364

Wesbanco’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no significant transfers between levels 1, 2, or 3 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated fair values of Wesbanco’s financial instruments are summarized below:


					Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value Estimate		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3)
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	595,383	$	595,383	$	595,383	$	—	$	—
Equity securities		12,320		12,320		12,320		—		—
Available-for-sale debt securities		2,194,329		2,194,329		—		2,193,162		1,167
Net held-to-maturity debt securities		1,199,335		1,069,159		—		1,068,896		263
Net loans		11,507,786		11,134,250		—		—		11,134,250
Loans held for sale		16,354		16,354		—		16,354		—
Other assets—interest rate derivatives		72,183		72,183		—		72,183		—
Accrued interest receivable		77,435		77,435		77,435		—		—

Financial Liabilities
Deposits		13,168,704		13,146,821		11,937,002		1,209,819		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		1,350,000		1,349,217		—		1,349,217		—
Other borrowings		105,893		103,057		103,057		—		—
Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt		279,078		240,898		—		240,898		—
Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives		73,083		73,083		—		73,083		—
Accrued interest payable		11,121		11,121		11,121		—		—


					Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value Estimate		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (level 3)
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	408,411	$	408,411	$	408,411	$	—	$	—
Equity securities		11,506		11,506		11,506		—		—
Available-for-sale debt securities		2,529,140		2,529,140		—		2,527,961		1,179
Net held-to-maturity debt securities		1,248,409		1,084,390		—		1,084,071		319
Net loans		10,584,938		9,487,038		—		—		9,487,038
Loans held for sale		8,249		8,249		—		8,249		—
Other assets—interest rate derivatives		75,840		75,840		—		75,840		—
Accrued interest receivable		68,522		68,522		68,522		—		—

Financial Liabilities
Deposits		13,131,090		13,142,943		12,245,272		897,671		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		705,000		705,094		—		705,094		—
Other borrowings		135,069		122,926		122,926		—		—
Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt		281,404		258,631		—		258,631		—
Other liabilities—interest rate derivatives		74,683		74,683		—		74,683		—
Accrued interest payable		4,593		4,593		4,593		—		—

The following methods and assumptions were used to measure the fair value of financial instruments recorded at cost on Wesbanco’s consolidated balance sheets:

Cash and due from banks: The carrying amount for cash and due from banks is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Held-to-maturity debt securities: Fair values for debt securities held-to-maturity are determined in the same manner as investment securities, which are described above.

Net loans: Fair values for loans are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. The discount rates take into account interest rates currently being offered to customers for loans with similar terms, the credit risk associated with the loan and other market factors, including liquidity. Wesbanco believes the discount rates are consistent with transactions occurring in the marketplace for both performing and distressed loan types. The carrying value is net of the allowance for loan losses and other associated premiums and discounts. Due to the significant judgment involved in evaluating credit quality, loans are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued interest receivable: The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value.

Deposits: The carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value for all non-maturity deposit accounts, which includes non-interest bearing demand, interest bearing demand, money market and savings deposit accounts. Non-maturity deposit accounts are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by a discounted cash flow method using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities, and is therefore classified in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings: The fair value of FHLB borrowings is based on rates currently available to Wesbanco for borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities.

Other borrowings: The carrying amount of federal funds purchased and overnight sweep accounts generally approximate fair value. Other repurchase agreements are based on quoted market prices if available. If market prices are not available, for certain fixed and adjustable rate repurchase agreements, then quoted market prices of similar instruments are used.

Subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt: The fair value of subordinated debt is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. Due to the pooled nature of junior subordinated debt owed to unconsolidated subsidiary trusts, which are not actively traded, estimated fair value is based on recent similar transactions of single-issuer trust preferred securities.

Accrued interest payable: The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value.

Off-balance sheet financial instruments: Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit, including letters of credit. Fair values for commitments to extend credit are estimated using the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present credit standing of the counterparties. The estimated fair value of the commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are insignificant and therefore are not presented in the above tables.