Wesbanco is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Wesbanco principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. Wesbanco manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities. Wesbanco’s existing interest rate derivatives result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in Wesbanco’s assets or liabilities. Wesbanco manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. A matched book is when the Bank’s assets and liabilities are equally distributed but also have similar maturities.

Wesbanco executes interest rate swaps and interest rate caps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps and caps are simultaneously economically hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps and caps that Wesbanco executes with a third party, such that Wesbanco minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Because the interest rate swaps and caps associated with this program do not meet the hedge accounting requirements of ASC 815, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and caps and the offsetting third-party swaps and caps are recognized directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Wesbanco had 236 and 159, respectively, interest rate swaps and caps with an aggregate notional amount of $1.6 billion and $0.9 billion, respectively, related to this program. Wesbanco recognized $9.0 million, $4.4 million and $4.5 million of income for the related swap and cap fees for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Risk participation agreements are entered into as financial guarantees of performance on interest rate swap derivatives. The purchased asset or sold liability allows Wesbanco to participate-in (fee received) or participate-out (fee paid) the risk associated with certain derivative positions executed by the borrower of the lead bank in a loan syndication. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Wesbanco had 19 and 16, respectively, risk participation-in agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $197.2 million and $187.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Wesbanco had five and one, respectively, risk participation-out agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $40.9 million and $9.6 million, respectively.

Certain residential mortgage loans are originated for sale in the secondary mortgage loan market. These loans are classified as held for sale and carried at fair value as Wesbanco has elected the fair value option. Fair value is determined based on rates obtained from the secondary market for loans with similar characteristics. Wesbanco sells loans to the secondary market on either a mandatory or best efforts basis. The loans sold on a mandatory basis are not committed to an investor until the loan is closed with the borrower. Wesbanco enters into forward to be announced (“TBA”) contracts to manage the interest rate risk between the lock commitment and the closing of the loan. The total balance of forward TBA contracts entered into was $27.0 million and $14.5 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The loans sold on a best efforts basis are committed to an investor simultaneous to the interest rate commitment with the borrower, and as a result, the Company does not enter into a separate forward TBA contract to offset the fair value risk, as the investor accepts such risk in exchange for a lower premium on sale.

All derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Derivative assets are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other assets, and derivative liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheet under other liabilities. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. None of Wesbanco’s derivatives are designated in qualifying hedging relationships under ASC 815.

The table below presents the fair value of Wesbanco’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Notional or Contractual Amount		Asset Derivatives		Liability Derivatives		Notional or Contractual Amount		Asset Derivatives		Liability Derivatives
Derivatives
Loan Swaps:
Interest rate swaps and caps	$	1,573,152	$	72,183	$	73,083	$	936,834	$	75,840	$	74,683
Other contracts:
Interest rate lock commitments		16,524		84		—		10,071		—		43
Forward TBA contracts		27,000		—		205		14,500		53		—
Total derivatives			$	72,267	$	73,288			$	75,893	$	74,726

The table below presents the change in the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments reflected within the other non-interest income line item of the consolidated income statement for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.


		For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	Location of Gain/(Loss)	2023			2022			2021
Interest rate swaps and caps	Net swap fee and valuation income	$	(2,056	)	$	2,679		$	1,977
Interest rate lock commitments	Mortgage banking income		127			(52	)		(693	)
Forward TBA contracts	Mortgage banking income		530			3,211			2,796
Total		$	(1,399	)	$	5,838		$	4,080

Wesbanco has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if Wesbanco defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then Wesbanco could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

Wesbanco also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where if Wesbanco fails to maintain its status as either a “well-" or “adequately-capitalized” institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and Wesbanco would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

Dependent upon the net present value of the underlying swaps, Wesbanco has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties. If Wesbanco had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2023, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value and would have been required to pay any additional amounts due in excess of amounts previously posted as collateral with the respective counterparty. In certain market situations, Wesbanco can also request collateral from the derivative counterparties. Due to the current higher interest rate environment, as of December 31, 2023, Wesbanco is holding net cash collateral from various derivative counterparties totaling $26.0 million within interest bearing deposit accounts.