Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses

This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:



(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2016			2015			2016			2015
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	$	4,750		$	4,577		$	4,660		$	4,438
Less reinsurance recoverable	272			278			281			282
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	4,478			4,299			4,379			4,156
Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	808			724			1,531			1,435
Prior accident years	(49		)	(70		)	(111		)	(92		)
Total incurred	759			654			1,420			1,343
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	328			304			474			451
Prior accident years	301			294			717			693
Total paid	629			598			1,191			1,144
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	4,608			4,355			4,608			4,355
Plus reinsurance recoverable	310			292			310			292
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	$	4,918		$	4,647		$	4,918		$	4,647

We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial management that is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $52 million at June 30, 2016, and $44 million at June 30, 2015, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

For the three months ended June 30, 2016, we experienced $49 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $58 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $10 million of adverse development in personal lines and $1 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. We recognized favorable reserve development during the three months ended June 30, 2016, of $23 million for the workers' compensation line, $20 million for the commercial casualty line, $15 million for the other commercial lines and $14 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Our personal auto line developed unfavorably by $14 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016, largely due to $8 million of adverse development for accident year 2015. Our commercial auto line developed unfavorably by $13 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016, due to higher loss cost effects in recent accident years, resulting in an increase of our reserve estimate for claims that have not yet been settled.

For the six months ended June 30, 2016, we experienced $111 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $87 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $8 million of favorable development in personal lines, $15 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines and $1 million of favorable development in our reinsurance assumed operations. This included $7 million from favorable development of catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2016. We recognized favorable reserve development during the six months ended June 30, 2016, of $35 million for the workers' compensation line, $23 million for the commercial casualty line, $22 million for the commercial property line and $28 million for the other commercial lines due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Our commercial auto line developed unfavorably by $21 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016, due to higher loss cost effects in recent accident years, resulting in an increase of our reserve estimate for claims that have not yet been settled. Our personal auto line developed unfavorably by $6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 for accident years prior to 2015.

For the three months ended June 30, 2015, we experienced $70 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $63 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $2 million of adverse development in personal lines and $9 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. We recognized favorable reserve development during the three months ended June 30, 2015, of $41 million for the workers' compensation line and $23 million for the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Our commercial auto line developed unfavorably by $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, due to higher loss cost effects in recent accident years, resulting in an increase of our reserve estimate for claims that have not yet been settled.

For the six months ended June 30, 2015, we experienced $92 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $77 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $1 million of favorable development in personal lines and $14 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. This included $11 million from favorable development of catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2015. We recognized favorable development during the six months ended June 30, 2015, of $56 million for the workers' compensation line, $20 million for the commercial casualty line and $15 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expenses for these lines. Our commercial auto line developed unfavorably by $23 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, due to higher loss cost effects in recent accident years, resulting in an increase of our reserve estimate for claims that have not yet been settled.