Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2013

Income Taxes

13:INCOME TAXES

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and a unitary Michigan income tax return.  Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations, excluding noncontrolling interests, and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2013				2012				2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	754			$	620			$	604
Income tax expense at statutory rate			264				217				211
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
MCIT law change, net of federal effect1			-				-				(32)
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect			37				27				21
Other, net			1				1				(9)
Income tax expense		$	302			$	245			$	191
Effective tax rate			40.1	%			39.5	%			31.6	%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	880			$	736			$	734
Income tax expense at statutory rate			308				258				257
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect			43				36				24
Other, net			(5)				3				(14)
Income tax expense		$	346			$	297			$	267
Effective tax rate			39.3	%			40.4	%			36.4	%

¹ For the year ended December 31, 2011, CMS Energy and Consumers remeasured their Michigan deferred income tax assets and liabilities due to the enactment in May 2011 of the MCIT, which became effective January 1, 2012.  The MCIT, a simplified six percent corporate income tax, replaced the MBT, a complex multi-part tax.  CMS Energy recognized a one-time non-cash deferred tax benefit of $32 million as a result of this remeasurement.  Consumers recognized a $128 million regulatory asset (not including the effects of income tax gross-ups) related to this change in tax law.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2013			2012			2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	-		$	1		$	2
State and local			34			21			24
		$	34		$	22		$	26
Deferred income taxes
Federal		$	248		$	205		$	207
State and local			23			21			11
MCIT law change			-			-			(49)
		$	271		$	226		$	169
Deferred income tax credit			(3)			(3)			(4)
Tax expense		$	302		$	245		$	191
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	137		$	110		$	74
State and local			45			37			32
		$	182		$	147		$	106
Deferred income taxes
Federal		$	147		$	134		$	159
State and local			20			19			6
		$	167		$	153		$	165
Deferred income tax credit			(3)			(3)			(4)
Tax expense		$	346		$	297		$	267

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2013			2012
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Employee benefits		$	(99)		$	3
Gas inventory			(130)			(147)
Plant, property, and equipment			(1,856)			(1,783)
Net regulatory tax liability			86			131
Reserves and accruals			57			71
Securitized costs			(190)			(73)
Tax loss and credit carryforwards			629			733
Other			15			(15)
		$	(1,488)		$	(1,080)
Less valuation allowance			(2)			(3)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(1,490)		$	(1,083)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation reserves		$	785		$	935
Deferred tax liabilities			(2,275)			(2,018)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(1,490)		$	(1,083)
Consumers
Employee benefits		$	(119)		$	(36)
Gas inventory			(130)			(147)
Plant, property, and equipment			(1,911)			(1,848)
Net regulatory tax liability			86			131
Reserves and accruals			31			41
Securitized costs			(190)			(73)
Tax loss and credit carryforwards			48			61
Other			16			(13)
		$	(2,169)		$	(1,884)
Less valuation allowance			(1)			(1)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,170)		$	(1,885)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation reserves		$	180		$	232
Deferred tax liabilities			(2,350)			(2,117)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,170)		$	(1,885)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non‑current according to the classification of the related assets or liabilities.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities not related to assets or liabilities are classified according to the expected reversal date of the temporary differences.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2013:

In Millions
	Gross Amount			Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Federal net operating loss carryforward		$	900		$	315	2026 – 2031
Local net operating loss carryforwards			420			4	2023 – 2031
State capital loss carryforward			18			1	2014
Alternative minimum tax credits			270			270	No expiration
Charitable contribution carryover			5			2	2016
General business credits			37			37	2018 – 2033
Total tax attributes					$	629
Consumers
Federal net operating loss carryforward		$	129		$	45	2026 – 2031
State capital loss carryforward			10			1	2014
Charitable contribution carryover			5			2	2016
Total tax attributes					$	48

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $1 million for the local tax loss carryforward, and a valuation allowance of $1 million for the state capital loss carryforward.  Consumers has provided a valuation allowance of $1 million for the state capital loss carryforward.  CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation has been provided.  It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2013			2012			2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	1		$	4		$	4
Reductions for prior-year tax positions			-			(4)			(1)
Additions for prior-year tax positions			3			1			1
Balance at end of period		$	4		$	1		$	4
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	1		$	4		$	3
Reductions for prior-year tax positions			-			(4)			-
Additions for prior-year tax positions			3			1			1
Balance at end of period		$	4		$	1		$	4

CMS Energy, including Consumers, had uncertain tax benefits of $4 million at December 31, 2013, $1 million at December 31, 2012 and $4 million at December 31, 2011 that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate in future years.  Consumers had uncertain tax benefits of $4 million at December 31, 2013, $1 million at December 31, 2012, and $4 million at December 31, 2011 that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate in future years.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense.  CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, or 2011.

In May 2012, the IRS completed its audit of CMS Energy and its subsidiaries for 2008 and 2009, as well as its audit of research and development tax credit claims for 2001 through 2009.  The audits resulted in a $45 million increase in the net operating loss carryforward.  The impact to net income as a result of the completion of the audits was a decrease of $1 million.

CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2010 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS.  CMS Energy’s MCIT and MBT returns for 2008 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments.  CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental.  CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2013 were adequate for all years.

Consumers Energy Company [Member]

Income Taxes

13:INCOME TAXES

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and a unitary Michigan income tax return.  Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations, excluding noncontrolling interests, and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2013				2012				2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	754			$	620			$	604
Income tax expense at statutory rate			264				217				211
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
MCIT law change, net of federal effect1			-				-				(32)
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect			37				27				21
Other, net			1				1				(9)
Income tax expense		$	302			$	245			$	191
Effective tax rate			40.1	%			39.5	%			31.6	%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	880			$	736			$	734
Income tax expense at statutory rate			308				258				257
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect			43				36				24
Other, net			(5)				3				(14)
Income tax expense		$	346			$	297			$	267
Effective tax rate			39.3	%			40.4	%			36.4	%

¹ For the year ended December 31, 2011, CMS Energy and Consumers remeasured their Michigan deferred income tax assets and liabilities due to the enactment in May 2011 of the MCIT, which became effective January 1, 2012.  The MCIT, a simplified six percent corporate income tax, replaced the MBT, a complex multi-part tax.  CMS Energy recognized a one-time non-cash deferred tax benefit of $32 million as a result of this remeasurement.  Consumers recognized a $128 million regulatory asset (not including the effects of income tax gross-ups) related to this change in tax law.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2013			2012			2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	-		$	1		$	2
State and local			34			21			24
		$	34		$	22		$	26
Deferred income taxes
Federal		$	248		$	205		$	207
State and local			23			21			11
MCIT law change			-			-			(49)
		$	271		$	226		$	169
Deferred income tax credit			(3)			(3)			(4)
Tax expense		$	302		$	245		$	191
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	137		$	110		$	74
State and local			45			37			32
		$	182		$	147		$	106
Deferred income taxes
Federal		$	147		$	134		$	159
State and local			20			19			6
		$	167		$	153		$	165
Deferred income tax credit			(3)			(3)			(4)
Tax expense		$	346		$	297		$	267

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2013			2012
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Employee benefits		$	(99)		$	3
Gas inventory			(130)			(147)
Plant, property, and equipment			(1,856)			(1,783)
Net regulatory tax liability			86			131
Reserves and accruals			57			71
Securitized costs			(190)			(73)
Tax loss and credit carryforwards			629			733
Other			15			(15)
		$	(1,488)		$	(1,080)
Less valuation allowance			(2)			(3)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(1,490)		$	(1,083)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation reserves		$	785		$	935
Deferred tax liabilities			(2,275)			(2,018)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(1,490)		$	(1,083)
Consumers
Employee benefits		$	(119)		$	(36)
Gas inventory			(130)			(147)
Plant, property, and equipment			(1,911)			(1,848)
Net regulatory tax liability			86			131
Reserves and accruals			31			41
Securitized costs			(190)			(73)
Tax loss and credit carryforwards			48			61
Other			16			(13)
		$	(2,169)		$	(1,884)
Less valuation allowance			(1)			(1)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,170)		$	(1,885)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation reserves		$	180		$	232
Deferred tax liabilities			(2,350)			(2,117)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,170)		$	(1,885)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non‑current according to the classification of the related assets or liabilities.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities not related to assets or liabilities are classified according to the expected reversal date of the temporary differences.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2013:

In Millions
	Gross Amount			Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Federal net operating loss carryforward		$	900		$	315	2026 – 2031
Local net operating loss carryforwards			420			4	2023 – 2031
State capital loss carryforward			18			1	2014
Alternative minimum tax credits			270			270	No expiration
Charitable contribution carryover			5			2	2016
General business credits			37			37	2018 – 2033
Total tax attributes					$	629
Consumers
Federal net operating loss carryforward		$	129		$	45	2026 – 2031
State capital loss carryforward			10			1	2014
Charitable contribution carryover			5			2	2016
Total tax attributes					$	48

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $1 million for the local tax loss carryforward, and a valuation allowance of $1 million for the state capital loss carryforward.  Consumers has provided a valuation allowance of $1 million for the state capital loss carryforward.  CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation has been provided.  It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2013			2012			2011
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	1		$	4		$	4
Reductions for prior-year tax positions			-			(4)			(1)
Additions for prior-year tax positions			3			1			1
Balance at end of period		$	4		$	1		$	4
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	1		$	4		$	3
Reductions for prior-year tax positions			-			(4)			-
Additions for prior-year tax positions			3			1			1
Balance at end of period		$	4		$	1		$	4

CMS Energy, including Consumers, had uncertain tax benefits of $4 million at December 31, 2013, $1 million at December 31, 2012 and $4 million at December 31, 2011 that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate in future years.  Consumers had uncertain tax benefits of $4 million at December 31, 2013, $1 million at December 31, 2012, and $4 million at December 31, 2011 that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate in future years.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense.  CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, or 2011.

In May 2012, the IRS completed its audit of CMS Energy and its subsidiaries for 2008 and 2009, as well as its audit of research and development tax credit claims for 2001 through 2009.  The audits resulted in a $45 million increase in the net operating loss carryforward.  The impact to net income as a result of the completion of the audits was a decrease of $1 million.

CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2010 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS.  CMS Energy’s MCIT and MBT returns for 2008 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments.  CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental.  CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2013 were adequate for all years.