10-K

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to_____

Commission File Number	Registrant; State of Incorporation; Address; and Telephone Number	IRS Employer Identification No.
1-9513	CMS ENERGY CORPORATION	38-2726431

(A Michigan Corporation)

One Energy Plaza, Jackson, Michigan 49201

(517) 788‑0550

1-5611 CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY 38-0442310

(A Michigan Corporation)

One Energy Plaza, Jackson, Michigan 49201

(517) 788‑0550

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock, $0.01 par value	CMS	New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078	CMSA	New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078	CMSC	New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2079	CMSD	New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 4.200% Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C	CMS PRC	New York Stock Exchange
Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series	CMS-PB	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
CMS Energy Corporation:	Yes	☒	No	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	Yes	☒	No	☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
CMS Energy Corporation:	Yes	☐	No	☒	Consumers Energy Company:	Yes	☐	No	☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
CMS Energy Corporation:	Yes	☒	No	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	Yes	☒	No	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
CMS Energy Corporation:	Yes	☒	No	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	Yes	☒	No	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.
CMS Energy Corporation:		Consumers Energy Company:
Large accelerated filer	☒	Large accelerated filer	☐
Non‑accelerated filer	☐	Non‑accelerated filer	☒
Accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Smaller reporting company	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
CMS Energy Corporation:	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
CMS Energy Corporation:	☒	Consumers Energy Company:	☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
CMS Energy Corporation:	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
CMS Energy Corporation:	☐	Consumers Energy Company:	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act).
CMS Energy Corporation:	Yes	☐	No	☒	Consumers Energy Company:	Yes	☐	No	☒

The aggregate market value of CMS Energy voting and non‑voting common equity held by non‑affiliates was $17.063 billion for the 290,440,980 CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock shares outstanding on June 30, 2023 based on the closing sale price of $58.75 for CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date. There were no shares of Consumers common equity held by non‑affiliates as of June 30, 2023.

There were 294,443,620 shares of CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock outstanding on January 12, 2024. On January 12, 2024, CMS Energy held all 84,108,789 outstanding shares of common stock of Consumers.

Documents incorporated by reference in Part III: CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ proxy statement relating to their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024.

Table of Contents

CMS Energy Corporation

Consumers Energy Company

Annual Reports on Form 10‑K to the Securities and Exchange Commission for the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Table of Contents

Glossary		2
Filing Format		13
Forward-looking Statements and Information		13
Part I		17
Item 1.	Business	17
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	40
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	50
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	50
Item 2.	Properties	52
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	52
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	52
Part II		52
Item 5.	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	52
Item 6.	Reserved	54
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	54
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	89
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	91
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	187
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	187
Item 9B.	Other Information	189
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	189
Part III		189
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	189
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	190
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	191
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	191
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	191
Part IV		193
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	193
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	206
Signatures		207

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Glossary

Certain terms used in the text and financial statements are defined below.

2022 Form 10‑K

Each of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2022

2023 Energy Law

Michigan’s Public Acts 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, and 235 of 2023

3G

Third generation technology

4G

Fourth generation technology

ABATE

Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity

ABO

Accumulated benefit obligation; the liabilities of a pension plan based on service and pay to date, which differs from the PBO in that it does not reflect expected future salary increases

AFUDC

Allowance for borrowed and equity funds used during construction

AOCI

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

ARO

Asset retirement obligation

ASC 715

Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 715, Retirement Benefits

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee of the Board, which is composed entirely of independent directors.

Aviator Wind

Aviator Wind Holdings, LLC, a VIE in which Aviator Wind Equity Holdings holds a Class B membership interest

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Aviator Wind Equity Holdings

Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, LLC, a VIE in which Grand River Wind, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, has a 51‑percent interest

Bay Harbor

A residential/commercial real estate area located near Petoskey, Michigan, in which CMS Energy sold its interest in 2002

bcf

Billion cubic feet

Board

Board of Directors of CMS Energy and Consumers

CAO

Chief Accounting Officer

CCR

Coal combustion residual

CEO

Chief Executive Officer

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended

CFO

Chief Financial Officer

city-gate contract

An arrangement made for the point at which a local distribution company physically receives gas from a supplier or pipeline

Clean Air Act

Federal Clean Air Act of 1963, as amended

Clean Energy Plan

Consumers’ long-term strategy for delivering clean, reliable, resilient, and affordable energy to its customers; this plan was originally outlined and approved in Consumers’ 2018 integrated resource plan and subsequently updated and approved through its 2021 integrated resource plan

Clean Water Act

Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended

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CMS Capital

CMS Capital, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy

CMS Energy

CMS Energy Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted; the parent of Consumers and NorthStar Clean Energy

CMS ERM

CMS Energy Resource Management Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy

CMS Gas Transmission

CMS Gas Transmission Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy

CMS Generation Michigan Power

CMS Generation Michigan Power L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy

CMS Land

CMS Land Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Capital, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy

Consumers

Consumers Energy Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted; a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy

Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding

Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding LLC, a wholly owned consolidated bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of Consumers and special-purpose entity organized for the sole purpose of purchasing and owning securitization property, issuing securitization bonds, and pledging its interest in securitization property to a trustee to collateralize the securitization bonds

Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding

Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding LLC, a wholly owned consolidated bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of Consumers and special-purpose entity organized for the sole purpose of purchasing and owning securitization property, issuing securitization bonds, and pledging its interest in securitization property to a trustee to collateralize the securitization bonds

Covert Generating Station

A 1,200-MW natural gas-fueled generation station that was acquired by Consumers in May 2023 from New Covert Generating Company, LLC, a non-affiliated company

Craven

Craven County Wood Energy Limited Partnership, a VIE in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, has a 50-percent interest

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CSAPR

Cross-State Air Pollution Rule of 2011, as amended

DB Pension Plan A

Defined benefit pension plan of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries, created as of December 31, 2017 for active employees who were covered under the defined benefit pension plan that closed in 2005

DB Pension Plan B

Defined benefit pension plan of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries, amended as of December 31, 2017 to include only retired and former employees who were covered under the defined benefit pension plan that closed in 2005

DB Pension Plans

Defined benefit pension plans of CMS Energy and Consumers, comprising DB Pension Plan A and DB Pension Plan B

DB SERP

Defined Benefit Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

DCCP

Defined Company Contribution Plan

DC SERP

Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

DIG

Dearborn Industrial Generation, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of Dearborn Industrial Energy, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy

Dodd-Frank Act

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010

DTE Electric

DTE Electric Company, a non‑affiliated company

EEI

Edison Electric Institute, an association representing all U.S. investor-owned electric companies

EGLE

Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy

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Endangered Species Act

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended

EnerBank

EnerBank USA, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Capital until October 1, 2021

energy waste reduction

The reduction of energy consumption through energy efficiency and demand-side energy conservation, as established under Michigan law

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPS

Earnings per share

ERCOT

Electric Reliability Council of Texas

Exchange Act

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Federal Power Act

Federal Power Act of 1920

FERC

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

First Mortgage Bond Indenture

Indenture dated as of September 1, 1945 between Consumers and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, as amended and supplemented

FTR

Financial transmission right

GAAP

U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

GCC

Gas Customer Choice, which allows gas customers to purchase gas from alternative suppliers

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GCR

Gas cost recovery

Genesee

Genesee Power Station Limited Partnership, a VIE in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, has a 50-percent interest

Good Neighbor Plan

A plan issued by the EPA which secures significant reductions in ozone-forming emissions of NOx from power plants and industrial facilities

Grayling

Grayling Generating Station Limited Partnership, a VIE in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, has a 50-percent interest

GWh

Gigawatt-hour, a unit of energy equal to one billion watt-hours

Internal Revenue Code

Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended

IRP

Integrated resource plan

IRS

Internal Revenue Service

IT

Information Technology

kV

Thousand volts, a unit used to measure the difference in electrical pressure along a current

kVA

Thousand volt-amperes, a unit used to reflect the electrical power capacity rating of equipment or a system

kWh

Kilowatt-hour, a unit of energy equal to one thousand watt-hours

Ludington

Ludington pumped-storage plant, jointly owned by Consumers and DTE Electric

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MATS

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, which limit mercury, acid gases, and other toxic pollution from coal‑fueled and oil‑fueled power plants

MCV Facility

A 1,647-MW natural gas-fueled, combined-cycle cogeneration facility operated by the MCV Partnership

MCV Partnership

Midland Cogeneration Venture Limited Partnership, a non-affiliated company

MCV PPA

PPA between Consumers and the MCV Partnership

METC

Michigan Electric Transmission Company, LLC, a non‑affiliated company

MGP

Manufactured gas plant

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as amended

MISO

Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc.

mothball

To place a generating unit into a state of extended reserve shutdown in which the unit is inactive and unavailable for service for a specified period, during which the unit can be brought back into service after receiving appropriate notification and completing any necessary maintenance or other work; generation owners in MISO must request approval to mothball a unit, and MISO then evaluates the request for reliability impacts

MPSC

Michigan Public Service Commission

MRV

Market-related value of plan assets

MW

Megawatt, a unit of power equal to one million watts

MWh

Megawatt-hour, a unit of energy equal to one million watt-hours

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NAAQS

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Natural Gas Act

Natural Gas Act of 1938

NERC

North American Electric Reliability Corporation, a non‑affiliated company responsible for developing and enforcing reliability standards, monitoring the bulk power system, and educating and certifying industry personnel

Newport Solar

Newport Solar, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Newport Solar Holdings

Newport Solar Holdings

Newport Solar Holdings III, LLC, a VIE in which Newport Solar Equity Holdings LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Grand River Solar, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, holds a Class B membership interest

NorthStar Clean Energy

NorthStar Clean Energy Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy, formerly known as CMS Enterprises Company

NOx

Nitrogen oxides

NPDES

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, a permit system for regulating point sources of pollution under the Clean Water Act

NREPA

Part 201 of Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act of 1994, as amended

NWO Holdco

NWO Holdco, L.L.C., a VIE in which NWO Holdco I, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Grand River Wind, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, holds a Class B membership interest

OPEB

Other post-employment benefits

OPEB Plan

Postretirement health care and life insurance plans of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries

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OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PBO

Projected benefit obligation

PCB

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PFAS

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

PISP

Performance Incentive Stock Plan

PJM

PJM Interconnection Inc.

PPA

Power purchase agreement

PSCR

Power supply cost recovery

PURPA

Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978

RCRA

Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976

REC

Renewable energy credit

ROA

Retail Open Access, which allows electric generation customers to choose alternative electric suppliers pursuant to Michigan’s Public Acts 141 and 142 of 2000, as amended

S&P

Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC

SEC

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

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securitization

A financing method authorized by statute and approved by the MPSC which allows a utility to sell its right to receive a portion of the rate payments received from its customers for the repayment of securitization bonds issued by a special-purpose entity affiliated with such utility

Series C preferred stock

CMS Energy 4.200 percent cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock, Series C, with a liquidation value of $25,000 per share

SOFR

Secured overnight financing rate calculated and published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and selected as the recommended alternative to replace the London Interbank Offered Rate for dollar-denominated financial contracts by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee

TAES

Toshiba America Energy Systems Corporation, a non-affiliated company

TBJH

TBJH Inc., a non-affiliated company

TCJA

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

Term SOFR

The rate per annum that is a forward-looking term rate based on SOFR

T.E.S. Filer City

T.E.S. Filer City Station Limited Partnership, a VIE in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy, has a 50-percent interest

Toshiba

Toshiba Corporation, a non-affiliated company

USW

United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC

UWUA

Utility Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO

VEBA trust

Voluntary employees’ beneficiary association trusts accounts established specifically to set aside employer-contributed assets to pay for future expenses of the OPEB Plan

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VIE

Variable interest entity

Wolverine Power

Wolverine Power Supply Cooperative, Inc., a non-affiliated company

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Filing Format

This combined Form 10‑K is separately filed by CMS Energy and Consumers. Information in this combined Form 10‑K relating to each individual registrant is filed by such registrant on its own behalf. Consumers makes no representation regarding information relating to any other companies affiliated with CMS Energy other than its own subsidiaries.

CMS Energy is the parent holding company of several subsidiaries, including Consumers and NorthStar Clean Energy. None of CMS Energy, NorthStar Clean Energy, nor any of CMS Energy’s other subsidiaries (other than Consumers) has any obligation in respect of Consumers’ debt securities or preferred stock and holders of such securities should not consider the financial resources or results of operations of CMS Energy, NorthStar Clean Energy, nor any of CMS Energy’s other subsidiaries (other than Consumers and its own subsidiaries (in relevant circumstances)) in making a decision with respect to Consumers’ debt securities or preferred stock. Similarly, neither Consumers nor any other subsidiary of CMS Energy has any obligation in respect of securities of CMS Energy.

Forward-looking Statements and Information

This Form 10‑K and other CMS Energy and Consumers disclosures may contain forward-looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The use of “anticipates,” “assumes,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “forecasts,” “goals,” “guidance,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “objectives,” “plans,” “possible,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “targets,” “will,” and other similar words is intended to identify forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainty. This discussion of potential risks and uncertainties is designed to highlight important factors that may impact CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses and financial outlook. CMS Energy and Consumers have no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements regardless of whether new information, future events, or any other factors affect the information contained in the statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to various factors that could cause CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated in these statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following, all of which are potentially significant:

•the impact and effect of recent events, such as worsening trade relations, geopolitical tensions, war, acts of terrorism, and the responses to these events, and related economic disruptions including, but not limited to, inflation, energy price volatility, and supply chain disruptions

•the impact of new regulation by the MPSC, FERC, and other applicable governmental proceedings and regulations, including any associated impact on electric or gas rates or rate structures

•potentially adverse regulatory treatment, effects of a failure to receive timely regulatory orders that are or could come before the MPSC, FERC, or other governmental authorities, or effects of a government shutdown

•changes in the performance of or regulations applicable to MISO, Michigan Electric Transmission Company, LLC (a non‑affiliated company), pipelines, railroads, vessels, or other service providers that CMS Energy, Consumers, or any of their affiliates rely on to serve their customers

•the adoption of or challenges to federal or state laws or regulations or changes in applicable laws, rules, regulations, principles, or practices, or in their interpretation, such as those related to energy policy, ROA, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, infrastructure integrity or

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security, cybersecurity, gas pipeline safety, gas pipeline capacity, energy waste reduction, the environment, regulation or deregulation, reliability, health care reforms, taxes, accounting matters, climate change, air emissions, renewable energy, the Dodd-Frank Act, and other business issues that could have an impact on CMS Energy’s, Consumers’, or any of their affiliates’ businesses or financial results

•factors affecting, disrupting, interrupting, or otherwise impacting CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ facilities, utility infrastructure, operations, or backup systems, such as costs and availability of personnel, equipment, and materials; weather and climate, including catastrophic weather-related damage and extreme temperatures; natural disasters; fires; smoke; scheduled or unscheduled equipment outages; maintenance or repairs; contractor performance; environmental incidents; failures of equipment or materials; electric transmission and distribution or gas pipeline system constraints; interconnection requirements; political and social unrest; general strikes; the government and/or paramilitary response to political or social events; changes in trade policies or regulations; accidents; explosions; physical disasters; global pandemics; cyber incidents; vandalism; war or terrorism; and the ability to obtain or maintain insurance coverage for these events

•the ability of CMS Energy and Consumers to execute cost-reduction strategies

•potentially adverse regulatory or legal interpretations or decisions regarding environmental matters, or delayed regulatory treatment or permitting decisions that are or could come before agencies such as EGLE, the EPA, FERC, and/or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and potential environmental remediation costs associated with these interpretations or decisions, including those that may affect Consumers’ coal ash management or routine maintenance, repair, and replacement classification under New Source Review, a construction-permitting program under the Clean Air Act

•changes in energy markets, including availability, price, and seasonality of electric capacity and the timing and extent of changes in commodity prices and availability and deliverability of coal, natural gas, natural gas liquids, electricity, oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, and certain related products

•the price of CMS Energy common stock, the credit ratings of CMS Energy and Consumers, capital and financial market conditions, and the effect of these market conditions on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ interest costs and access to the capital markets, including availability of financing to CMS Energy, Consumers, or any of their affiliates

•the ability of CMS Energy and Consumers to execute their financing strategies

•the investment performance of the assets of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ pension and benefit plans, the discount rates, mortality assumptions, and future medical costs used in calculating the plans’ obligations, and the resulting impact on future funding requirements

•the impact of the economy, particularly in Michigan, and potential future volatility in the financial and credit markets on CMS Energy’s, Consumers’, or any of their affiliates’ revenues, ability to collect accounts receivable from customers, or cost and availability of capital

•changes in the economic and financial viability of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ suppliers, customers, and other counterparties and the continued ability of these third parties, including those in bankruptcy, to meet their obligations to CMS Energy and Consumers

•population changes in the geographic areas where CMS Energy and Consumers conduct business

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•national, regional, and local economic, competitive, and regulatory policies, conditions, and developments

•loss of customer demand for electric generation supply to alternative electric suppliers, increased use of self-generation including distributed generation, energy waste reduction, or energy storage

•loss of customer demand for natural gas due to alternative technologies or fuels or electrification

•ability of Consumers to meet increased renewable energy demand due to customers seeking to meet their own sustainability goals in a timely and cost-efficient manner

•the reputational or other impact on CMS Energy and Consumers of the failure to achieve or make timely progress on their greenhouse gas reduction goals related to reducing their impact on climate change

•adverse consequences of employee, director, or third‑party fraud or non‑compliance with codes of conduct or with laws or regulations

•federal regulation of electric sales, including periodic re‑examination by federal regulators of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ market-based sales authorizations

•any event, change, development, occurrence, or circumstance that could impact the implementation of the Clean Energy Plan, including any action by a regulatory authority or other third party to prohibit, delay, or impair the implementation of the Clean Energy Plan

•the availability, cost, coverage, and terms of insurance, the stability of insurance providers, and the ability of Consumers to recover the costs of any insurance from customers

•the effectiveness of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ risk management policies, procedures, and strategies, including strategies to hedge risk related to interest rates and future prices of electricity, natural gas, and other energy-related commodities

•factors affecting development of electric generation projects, gas transmission, and gas and electric distribution infrastructure replacement, conversion, and expansion projects, including factors related to project site identification, construction material pricing, schedule delays, availability of qualified construction personnel, permitting, acquisition of property rights, community opposition, environmental regulations, and government actions

•changes or disruption in fuel supply, including but not limited to supplier bankruptcy and delivery disruptions

•potential costs, lost revenues, reputational harm, or other consequences resulting from misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, corruption of data, or operational disruption in connection with a cyberattack or other cyber incident

•potential disruption to, interruption or failure of, or other impacts on information technology backup or disaster recovery systems

•technological developments in energy production, storage, delivery, usage, and metering

•the ability to implement and integrate technology successfully, including artificial intelligence

•the impact of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ integrated business software system and its effects on their operations, including utility customer billing and collections

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•adverse consequences resulting from any past, present, or future assertion of indemnity or warranty claims associated with assets and businesses previously owned by CMS Energy or Consumers, including claims resulting from attempts by foreign or domestic governments to assess taxes on or to impose environmental liability associated with past operations or transactions

•the outcome, cost, and other effects of any legal or administrative claims, proceedings, investigations, or settlements

•the reputational impact on CMS Energy and Consumers of operational incidents, violations of corporate policies, regulatory violations, inappropriate use of social media, and other events

•restrictions imposed by various financing arrangements and regulatory requirements on the ability of Consumers and other subsidiaries of CMS Energy to transfer funds to CMS Energy in the form of cash dividends, loans, or advances

•earnings volatility resulting from the application of fair value accounting to certain energy commodity contracts or interest rate contracts

•changes in financial or regulatory accounting principles or policies

•other matters that may be disclosed from time to time in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ SEC filings, or in other public documents

All forward-looking statements should be considered in the context of the risk and other factors described above and as detailed from time to time in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ SEC filings. For additional details regarding these and other uncertainties, see Item 1A. Risk Factors; Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook; and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

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Part I

Item 1.    Business

General

CMS Energy

CMS Energy was formed as a corporation in Michigan in 1987 and is an energy company operating primarily in Michigan. It is the parent holding company of several subsidiaries, including Consumers, an electric and gas utility, and NorthStar Clean Energy, primarily a domestic independent power producer and marketer. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of primarily residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. NorthStar Clean Energy, through its subsidiaries and equity investments, is engaged in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production.

CMS Energy manages its businesses by the nature of services each provides, and operates principally in three business segments: electric utility; gas utility; and NorthStar Clean Energy, its non‑utility operations and investments. Consumers’ consolidated operations account for the substantial majority of CMS Energy’s total assets, income, and operating revenue. CMS Energy’s consolidated operating revenue was $7.5 billion in 2023, $8.6 billion in 2022, and $7.3 billion in 2021.

For further information about operating revenue, income, and assets and liabilities attributable to all of CMS Energy’s business segments and operations, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—CMS Energy Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Consumers

Consumers has served Michigan customers since 1886. Consumers was incorporated in Maine in 1910 and became a Michigan corporation in 1968. Consumers owns and operates electric generation and distribution facilities and gas transmission, storage, and distribution facilities. It provides electricity and/or natural gas to 6.8 million of Michigan’s 10 million residents. Consumers’ rates and certain other aspects of its business are subject to the jurisdiction of the MPSC and FERC, as well as to NERC reliability standards, as described in Item 1. Business—CMS Energy and Consumers Regulation.

Consumers’ consolidated operating revenue was $7.2 billion in 2023, $8.2 billion in 2022, and $7.0 billion in 2021. For further information about operating revenue, income, and assets and liabilities attributable to Consumers’ electric and gas utility operations, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Consumers Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Consumers owns its principal properties in fee, except that most electric lines, gas mains, and renewable generation projects are located below or adjacent to public roads or on land owned by others and are accessed by Consumers through easements, leases, and other rights. Almost all of Consumers’ properties are subject to the lien of its First Mortgage Bond Indenture. For additional information on Consumers’ properties, see Item 1. Business—Business Segments—Consumers Electric Utility—Electric Utility Properties and Business Segments—Consumers Gas Utility—Gas Utility Properties.

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In 2023, Consumers served 1.9 million electric customers and 1.8 million gas customers in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. Presented in the following map are Consumers’ service territories:

		Electric service territory
		Gas service territory
		Combination electric and gas service territory
	•	Electric generation and battery storage facilities

CMS Energy and Consumers—The Triple Bottom Line

For information regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purpose and impact on the “triple bottom line” of people, planet, and profit, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Executive Overview.

Business Segments

Consumers Electric Utility

Electric Utility Operations: Consumers’ electric utility operations, which include the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity, generated operating revenue of $4.7 billion in 2023, $5.4 billion in 2022, and $5.0 billion in 2021. Consumers’ electric utility customer base consists of a mix of primarily residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula.

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Presented in the following illustration is Consumers’ 2023 electric utility operating revenue of $4.7 billion by customer class:

Consumers’ electric utility operations are not dependent on a single customer, or even a few customers, and the loss of any one or even a few of Consumers’ largest customers is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on Consumers’ financial condition.

In 2023, Consumers’ electric deliveries were 36 billion kWh, which included ROA deliveries of three billion kWh, resulting in net bundled sales of 33 billion kWh. In 2022, Consumers’ electric deliveries were 37 billion kWh, which included ROA deliveries of three billion kWh, resulting in net bundled sales of 34 billion kWh.

Consumers’ electric utility operations are seasonal. The consumption of electric energy typically increases in the summer months, due primarily to the use of air conditioners and other cooling equipment.

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Presented in the following illustration are Consumers’ monthly weather-normalized electric deliveries (deliveries adjusted to reflect normal weather conditions) to its customers, including ROA deliveries, during 2023 and 2022:

Consumers’ 2023 summer peak demand was 8,067 MW, which included ROA demand of 549 MW. For the 2022-2023 winter season, Consumers’ peak demand was 5,358 MW, which included ROA demand of 430 MW. As required by MISO reserve margin requirements, Consumers owns or controls, through long-term PPAs and short-term capacity purchases, all of the capacity required to supply its projected firm peak load and necessary reserve margin for summer 2024.

Electric Utility Properties: Consumers owns and operates electric generation and distribution facilities. For details about Consumers’ electric generation facilities, see the Electric Utility Generation and Supply Mix section that follows this Electric Utility Properties section. Consumers’ distribution system consists of:

•270 miles of high-voltage distribution overhead lines operating at 138 kV

•four miles of high-voltage distribution underground lines operating at 138 kV

•4,645 miles of high-voltage distribution overhead lines operating at 46 kV and 69 kV

•18 miles of high-voltage distribution underground lines operating at 46 kV

•82,049 miles of electric distribution overhead lines

•9,708 miles of underground distribution lines

•1,099 substations with an aggregate transformer capacity of 28 million kVA

•four battery facilities with storage capacity of ten MWh

Consumers is interconnected to the interstate high-voltage electric transmission system owned by METC and operated by MISO. Consumers is also interconnected to neighboring utilities and to other transmission systems.

Electric Utility Generation and Supply Mix: Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan details its strategy to meet customers’ long-term energy needs. The Clean Energy Plan was most recently revised and approved by

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the MPSC in June 2022. Under Michigan’s integrated resource planning process, Consumers is required to file proposed updates to its Clean Energy Plan before or in 2027; these updates will outline a path to meeting the requirements of the 2023 Energy Law that was enacted in Michigan in November 2023.

Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan provides the foundation for its goal to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from its electric business by 2040. This goal includes not only emissions from owned generation, but also emissions from the generation of power purchased through long-term PPAs and from the MISO energy market.

Consumers expects to meet 90 percent of its customers’ needs with clean energy sources by 2040 through execution of its Clean Energy Plan, which calls for replacing its coal-fueled generation predominantly with investment in renewable energy. New technologies and carbon offset measures including, but not limited to, carbon sequestration, methane emission capture, forest preservation, and reforestation may be used to close the gap to achieving net-zero carbon emissions.

In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers retired the D.E. Karn coal-fueled generating units in June 2023 and plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to continue providing controllable sources of electricity to customers while expanding its investment in renewable energy, Consumers purchased the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility, in May 2023. For further information on Consumers’ progress towards its net-zero carbon emissions goal, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Executive Overview.

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Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ 2023 electric generation and supply mix:

Name and Location (Michigan)	Number of Units and Year Entered Service	2023 Generation Capacity (MW)	1	2023 Electric Supply (GWh)
Coal steam generation
J.H. Campbell 1 & 2 – West Olive2	2 Units, 1962-1967	617		2,025
J.H. Campbell 3 – West Olive2,3	1 Unit, 1980	784		4,260
D.E. Karn 1 & 2 – Essexville4	2 Units, 1959-1961	—		599
		1,401		6,884
Oil/Gas steam generation
D.E. Karn 3 & 4 – Essexville	2 Units, 1975-1977	1,200		14
Hydroelectric
Ludington – Ludington	6 Units, 1973	1,115	5	(349)	6
Conventional hydro generation	35 Units, 1906-1949	77		376
		1,192		27
Gas combined cycle
Covert Generating Station – Covert7	3 Units, 2004	1,088		4,654
Jackson – Jackson	1 Unit, 2002	538		1,937
Zeeland – Zeeland	3 Units, 2002	532		3,418
		2,158		10,009
Gas combustion turbines
Zeeland (simple cycle) – Zeeland	2 Units, 2001	318		1,200
Wind generation
Crescent Wind Farm – Hillsdale County	2021	150		356
Cross Winds® Energy Park – Tuscola County	2014-2019	231		669
Gratiot Farms Wind Project – Gratiot County	2020	150		342
Heartland Farms Wind Project – Gratiot County	2023	—		1
Lake Winds® Energy Park – Mason County	2012	101		242
		632		1,610
Solar generation
Solar Gardens – Allendale, Cadillac, and Kalamazoo	2016-2021	5		7
Total owned generation		6,906		19,751
Purchased power8
Coal generation – T.E.S. Filer City		60		318
Gas generation – MCV Facility9		1,240		6,029
Other gas generation		152		1,215
Wind generation		385		970
Solar generation		307		554
Other renewable generation		210		1,061
		2,354		10,147
Net interchange power10		—		4,532
Total purchased and interchange power		2,354		14,679
Total supply		9,260		34,430
Less distribution and transmission loss				1,699
Total net bundled sales				32,731

1With the exception of wind and solar generation, the amount represents generation capacity during the summer months (planning year 2023 capacity as reported to MISO and limited by interconnection service limits). For wind and solar generation, the amount represents installed capacity during the summer months, except for Heartland Farms Wind Project, which began operation in December 2023.

2Consumers plans to retire these generating units in 2025.

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3Represents Consumers’ share of the capacity of the J.H. Campbell 3 unit, net of the 6.69‑percent ownership interest of the Michigan Public Power Agency and Wolverine Power Supply Cooperative, Inc, each a non‑affiliated company.

4Consumers retired these generating units in June 2023.

5Represents Consumers’ 51‑percent share of the capacity of Ludington. DTE Electric holds the remaining 49‑percent ownership interest.

6Represents Consumers’ share of net pumped-storage generation. The pumped-storage facility consumes electricity to pump water during off-peak hours for storage in order to generate electricity later during peak‑demand hours.

7Consumers completed the purchase of this facility in May 2023.

8Represents purchases under long-term PPAs.

9For information about Consumers’ long-term PPA related to the MCV Facility, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Contractual Commitments.

10Represents purchases from the MISO energy market.

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Presented in the following table are the sources of Consumers’ electric supply for the last three years:

GWh
Years Ended December 31	2023	2022	2021
Owned generation
Gas	11,221	6,684	5,555
Coal	6,884	10,217	10,861
Renewable energy	1,993	2,217	1,974
Oil	2	4	7
Net pumped storage1	(349)	(370)	(321)
Total owned generation	19,751	18,752	18,076
Purchased power2
Gas generation	7,244	7,182	5,862
Renewable energy generation	2,585	2,441	2,408
Coal generation	318	500	494
Nuclear generation3	—	2,692	6,901
Net interchange power4	4,532	3,943	645
Total purchased and interchange power	14,679	16,758	16,310
Total supply	34,430	35,510	34,386

1Represents Consumers’ share of net pumped-storage generation. During 2023, the pumped-storage facility consumed 1,269 GWh of electricity to pump water during off-peak hours for storage in order to generate 920 GWh of electricity later during peak-demand hours.

2Represents purchases under long-term PPAs.

3Represents purchases from a nuclear generating facility that closed in May 2022.

4Represents purchases from the MISO energy market.

During 2023, Consumers acquired 43 percent of the electricity it provided to customers through long-term PPAs and the MISO energy market. Consumers offers its generation into the MISO energy market on a day-ahead and real-time basis and bids for power in the market to serve the demand of its customers. Consumers is a net purchaser of power and supplements its generation capability with purchases from the MISO energy market.

At December 31, 2023, Consumers had future commitments to purchase capacity and energy under long-term PPAs with various generating plants. These contracts require monthly capacity payments based on the plants’ availability or deliverability. The payments for 2024 through 2048 are estimated to total $7.2 billion and, for each of the next five years, range from $0.7 billion to $0.8 billion annually. These amounts may vary depending on plant availability and fuel costs. For further information about Consumers’ future capacity and energy purchase obligations, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capital Resources and Liquidity—Other Material Cash Requirements and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Contractual Commitments.

During 2023, 33 percent of the energy Consumers provided to customers was generated by its natural gas‑fueled generating units, which burned 83 bcf of natural gas and produced a combined total of 11,221 GWh of electricity.

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In order to obtain the gas it needs for electric generation fuel, Consumers’ electric utility purchases gas from the market near the time of consumption, at prices that allow it to compete in the electric wholesale market. For the Covert Generating Station and Jackson and Zeeland plants, Consumers utilizes an agent that owns firm transportation rights to each plant to purchase gas from the market and transport the gas to the facilities. For units 3 & 4 of D.E. Karn, Consumers holds gas transportation contracts to transport to the plant gas that Consumers or an agent purchase from the market.

During 2023, 20 percent of the energy Consumers provided to customers was generated by its coal-fueled generating units, which burned four million tons of coal and produced a combined total of 6,884 GWh of electricity. In order to obtain the coal it needs, Consumers enters into physical coal supply contracts.

At December 31, 2023, Consumers had future commitments to purchase coal during 2024 and 2025; payment obligations under these contracts totaled $56 million. Most of Consumers’ rail-supplied coal contracts have fixed prices, although some contain market-based pricing. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had 77 percent of its 2024 expected coal requirements under contract, as well as a 67‑day supply of coal on hand.

In conjunction with its coal supply contracts, Consumers leases a fleet of railcars and has transportation contracts with various companies to provide rail services for delivery of purchased coal to Consumers’ generating facilities. Consumers’ coal transportation contracts are future commitments and expire on various dates through 2025; payment obligations under these contracts totaled $213 million at December 31, 2023.

Electric Utility Competition: Consumers’ electric utility business is subject to actual and potential competition from many sources, in both the wholesale and retail markets, as well as in electric generation, electric delivery, and retail services.

Michigan law allows electric customers in Consumers’ service territory to buy electric generation service from alternative electric suppliers in an aggregate amount capped at ten percent of Consumers’ sales, with certain exceptions. At December 31, 2023, electric deliveries under the ROA program were at the ten‑percent limit. Fewer than 300 of Consumers’ electric customers purchased electric generation service under the ROA program. For additional information, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook—Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties.

Consumers also faces competition or potential competition associated with industrial customers relocating all or a portion of their production capacity outside of Consumers’ service territory for economic reasons; municipalities owning or operating competing electric delivery systems; and customer self-generation. Consumers addresses this competition in various ways, including:

•aggressively controlling operating, maintenance, and fuel costs and passing savings on to customers

•providing renewable energy options and energy waste reduction programs

•providing competitive rate-design options, particularly for large energy-intensive customers

•offering tariff-based incentives that support economic development

•monitoring activity in adjacent geographical areas

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Consumers Gas Utility

Gas Utility Operations: Consumers’ gas utility operations, which include the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas, generated operating revenue of $2.4 billion in 2023, $2.7 billion in 2022, and $2.1 billion in 2021. Consumers’ gas utility customer base consists of a mix of primarily residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula.

Presented in the following illustration is Consumers’ 2023 gas utility operating revenue of $2.4 billion by customer class:

Consumers’ gas utility operations are not dependent on a single customer, or even a few customers, and the loss of any one or even a few of Consumers’ largest customers is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on Consumers’ financial condition.

In 2023, deliveries of natural gas through Consumers’ pipeline and distribution network, including off-system transportation deliveries, totaled 375 bcf, which included GCC deliveries of 31 bcf. In 2022, deliveries of natural gas through Consumers’ pipeline and distribution network, including off-system transportation deliveries, totaled 391 bcf, which included GCC deliveries of 34 bcf. Consumers’ gas utility operations are seasonal. The consumption of natural gas increases in the winter, due primarily to colder temperatures and the resulting use of natural gas as heating fuel. Consumers injects natural gas into storage during the summer months for use during the winter months. During 2023, 45 percent of the natural gas supplied to all customers during the winter months was supplied from storage.

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Presented in the following illustration are Consumers’ monthly weather-normalized natural gas deliveries (deliveries adjusted to reflect normal weather conditions) to its customers, including GCC deliveries, during 2023 and 2022:

Gas Utility Properties: Consumers’ gas transmission, storage, and distribution system consists of:

•2,371 miles of transmission lines

•15 gas storage fields with a total storage capacity of 309 bcf and a working gas volume of 154 bcf

•28,277 miles of distribution mains

•eight compressor stations with a total of 157,893 installed and available horsepower

Under its Methane Reduction Plan, Consumers has set a goal of net-zero methane emissions from its natural gas delivery system by 2030. Consumers plans to reduce methane emissions from its system by about 80 percent, from 2012 baseline levels, by accelerating the replacement of aging pipe, rehabilitating or retiring outdated infrastructure, and adopting new technologies and practices. The remaining emissions will likely be offset by purchasing and/or producing renewable natural gas. For further information on Consumers’ progress towards its net-zero methane emissions goal, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Executive Overview.

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Gas Utility Supply: In 2023, Consumers purchased 85 percent of the gas it delivered from U.S. suppliers. The remaining 15 percent was purchased from authorized GCC suppliers and delivered by Consumers to customers in the GCC program. Presented in the following illustration are the supply arrangements for the gas Consumers delivered to GCC and GCR customers during 2023:

Firm city-gate and firm gas transportation contracts are those that define a fixed amount, price, and delivery time frame. Consumers’ firm gas transportation contracts are with Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company and Trunkline Gas Company, LLC, each a non‑affiliated company. Under these contracts, Consumers purchases and transports gas to Michigan for ultimate delivery to its customers. Consumers’ firm gas transportation contracts expire on various dates through 2028 with planned contract volumes providing 34 percent of Consumers’ total forecasted gas supply requirements for 2024. Consumers purchases the balance of its required gas supply under firm city-gate contracts and through authorized suppliers under the GCC program.

Gas Utility Competition: Competition exists in various aspects of Consumers’ gas utility business. Competition comes from GCC and transportation programs; system bypass opportunities for new and existing customers; and from alternative fuels and energy sources, such as propane, oil, and electricity.

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NorthStar Clean Energy—Non-utility Operations and Investments

NorthStar Clean Energy, through various subsidiaries and certain equity investments, is engaged in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production. NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue was $297 million in 2023, $445 million in 2022, and $308 million in 2021.

Independent Power Production: Presented in the following table is information about the independent power plants in which CMS Energy had an ownership interest at December 31, 2023:

Location	Ownership Interest (%)	Primary Fuel Type	Gross Capacity (MW)	1	2023 Net Generation (GWh)
Dearborn, Michigan	100	Natural gas	770		5,178
Jackson County, Arkansas2	100	Solar	180		62
Gaylord, Michigan	100	Natural gas	134		10
Paulding County, Ohio	100	Wind	100		279
Comstock, Michigan	100	Natural gas	76		189
Delta Township, Michigan	100	Solar	24		39
Phillips, Wisconsin	100	Solar	3		4
Paulding County, Ohio	100	Solar and storage	3		1
Coke County, Texas	51	Wind	525		1,824
Filer City, Michigan	50	Coal	73		318
New Bern, North Carolina	50	Wood waste	50		310
Flint, Michigan	50	Wood waste	40		113
Grayling, Michigan	50	Wood waste	38		134
Total			2,016		8,461

1Represents the intended full-load sustained output of each plant. The amount of capacity relating to CMS Energy’s ownership interest was 1,658 MW and net generation relating to CMS Energy’s ownership interest was 7,130 GWh at December 31, 2023.

2This project began operations in October 2023.

The operating revenue from independent power production was $64 million in 2023, $58 million in 2022, and $48 million in 2021.

Energy Resource Management: CMS ERM purchases and sells energy commodities in support of CMS Energy’s generating facilities with a focus on optimizing CMS Energy’s independent power production portfolio. In 2023, CMS ERM marketed two bcf of natural gas and 6,828 GWh of electricity. Electricity marketed by CMS ERM was generated by independent power production of NorthStar Clean Energy and by unrelated third parties. CMS ERM’s operating revenue was $233 million in 2023, $387 million in 2022, and $260 million in 2021.

NorthStar Clean Energy Competition: NorthStar Clean Energy competes with other independent power producers. The needs of this market are driven by electric demand and the generation available.

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CMS Energy and Consumers Regulation

CMS Energy, Consumers, and their subsidiaries are subject to regulation by various federal, state, and local governmental agencies, including those described in the following sections. If CMS Energy, Consumers, or their subsidiaries failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations, they could become subject to fines, penalties, or disallowed costs, or be required to implement additional compliance, cleanup, or remediation programs, the cost of which could be material. For more information on the potential impacts of government regulation affecting CMS Energy, Consumers, and their subsidiaries, see Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook, and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

FERC and NERC

CMS Energy and its affiliates and subsidiaries are subject to regulation by FERC in a number of areas. FERC regulates certain aspects of Consumers’ electric business, including, but not limited to, compliance with FERC accounting rules, wholesale electric and transmission rates, operation of licensed hydroelectric generating plants, corporate mergers and the sale and purchase of certain assets, issuance of securities, and conduct among affiliates. FERC also regulates the tariff rules and procedures administered by MISO and other independent system operators/regional transmission organizations, including wholesale electric markets and interconnection of new generating facilities to the transmission system. FERC, in connection with NERC and with regional reliability organizations, also regulates generation and transmission owners and operators, load-serving entities, and others with regard to reliability of the bulk power system.

FERC also regulates limited aspects of Consumers’ gas business, principally compliance with FERC capacity release rules, shipping rules, the prohibition of certain buy/sell transactions, and the price-reporting rule.

FERC also regulates holding company matters, interlocking directorates, and other issues affecting CMS Energy. In addition, similar to FERC’s regulation of Consumers’ electric and gas businesses, FERC has jurisdiction over several independent power plants, PURPA-qualifying facilities, and exempt wholesale generators in which NorthStar Clean Energy has ownership interests, as well as over NorthStar Clean Energy itself, CMS ERM, CMS Gas Transmission, and DIG.

MPSC

Consumers is subject to the jurisdiction of the MPSC, which regulates public utilities in Michigan with respect to retail utility rates, accounting, utility services, certain facilities, certain asset transfers, corporate mergers, and other matters.

The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders.

Rate Proceedings: For information regarding open rate proceedings, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

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Other Regulation

The U.S. Secretary of Energy regulates imports and exports of natural gas and has delegated various aspects of this jurisdiction to FERC and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fossil Fuels.

The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Office of Pipeline Safety regulates the safety and security of gas pipelines through the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and subsequent laws.

The Transportation Security Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, regulates certain activities related to the safety and security of natural gas pipelines.

Energy Legislation

In November 2023, Michigan enacted the 2023 Energy Law, which among other things:

•raises the renewable energy standard from the present 15-percent requirement to 50 percent by 2030 and 60 percent by 2035; renewable energy generated anywhere within MISO may be applied to meeting this standard, with certain limitations

•sets a clean energy standard of 80 percent by 2035 and 100 percent by 2040; low- or zero-carbon emitting resources, such as nuclear generation and natural gas generation coupled with carbon capture, are considered clean energy sources under this standard

•authorizes the MPSC to grant extensions of the clean energy or renewable energy standards deadlines if compliance is not practically feasible, would be excessively costly to customers, or would cause reliability issues

•increases the energy waste reduction requirement for electric utilities to achieve annual reductions in customers’ electricity use from the present one-percent reduction requirement to 1.5 percent beginning in 2026; beyond this requirement, the law sets a goal of a two-percent reduction and requires that such goal be incorporated into in an electric utility’s integrated resource plan modeling scenarios

•increases the energy waste reduction requirement for gas utilities to achieve annual reductions in customers’ gas use from the present 0.75-percent reduction requirement to 0.875 percent beginning in 2026

•enhances existing incentives for energy efficiency programs and returns earned on competitively bid PPAs

•creates a new energy storage standard that requires electric utilities to file plans by 2029 to obtain new energy storage that will contribute to a Michigan target of 2,500 MW based on their pro rata share

•expands the statutory cap on distributed generation resources to ten percent

•expands the MPSC’s scope of considerations in integrated resource plans to include affordability, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental justice considerations, the effects on human health, and other environmental concerns

•provides the MPSC siting authority over large renewable energy projects

Consumers is required to file updates to its amended renewable energy plan before or in 2025 and its Clean Energy Plan before or in 2027. Together, these updated plans will outline a path to meeting the requirements of the 2023 Energy Law by focusing on increasing the generation of renewable energy, deploying energy storage, helping customers use less energy, and offering demand response programs to reduce demand during critical peak times.

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CMS Energy and Consumers Environmental Strategy and Compliance

CMS Energy and Consumers are committed to protecting the environment; this commitment extends beyond compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan details its strategy to meet customers’ long-term energy needs and provides the foundation for its goal to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from its electric business by 2040. This goal includes not only emissions from owned generation, but also emissions from the generation of power purchased through long-term PPAs and from the MISO energy market.

Consumers expects to meet 90 percent of its customers’ needs with clean energy sources by 2040 through execution of its Clean Energy Plan, which calls for replacing its coal-fueled generation predominantly with investment in renewable energy. New technologies and carbon offset measures including, but not limited to, carbon sequestration, methane emission capture, forest preservation, and reforestation may be used to close the gap to achieving net-zero carbon emissions.

Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers will eliminate the use of coal-fueled generation in 2025 and currently forecasts renewable energy capacity levels of over 60 percent in 2040. For additional information on Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook—Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties.

In addition to Consumers’ efforts to reduce the electric utility’s carbon footprint, it is also making efforts to reduce the gas utility’s methane footprint. Under its Methane Reduction Plan, Consumers has set a goal of net-zero methane emissions from its natural gas delivery system by 2030. Consumers plans to reduce methane emissions from its system by about 80 percent, from 2012 baseline levels, by accelerating the replacement of aging pipe, rehabilitating or retiring outdated infrastructure, and adopting new technologies and practices. The remaining emissions will likely be offset by purchasing and/or producing renewable natural gas. For additional information on Consumers’ Methane Reduction Plan, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook—Consumers Gas Utility Outlook and Uncertainties—Gas Environmental Outlook.

Encompassing both its electric and gas businesses, Consumers has set a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050. This goal incorporates greenhouse gas emissions from Consumers’ natural gas delivery system, including suppliers and customers, and has an interim goal of reducing customer emissions by 20 percent by 2030. Consumers expects to meet this goal through carbon offset measures, renewable natural gas, energy efficiency and demand response programs, and the adoption of cost-effective emerging technologies once proven and commercially available.

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to protecting the environment extends to advancing the principles of environmental justice in current and future operations. These principles center on protecting communities impacted by the companies’ operations, especially those communities that are most vulnerable and may have suffered disparate impacts of environmental harm.

Advancing environmental justice comes in a variety of forms. For example, Consumers has conducted an environmental justice analysis to help understand the environmental impacts of its clean energy transformation. Similarly, Consumers is using an environmental justice screening tool provided by the State of Michigan in the planning of improvements to the electric distribution system, including prioritizing investments in more vulnerable communities.

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A core tenet of environmental justice is inviting the input of the stakeholders in the local communities where CMS Energy and Consumers operate and invest. The companies are committed to maintaining a transparent dialogue when developing projects, whether in new or existing areas of operation.

CMS Energy, Consumers, and their subsidiaries are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental regulations for solid waste management, air and water quality, and other matters. Consumers expects to recover costs to comply with environmental regulations in customer rates but cannot guarantee this result. For additional information concerning environmental matters, see Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook, and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

CMS Energy has recorded a $45 million liability for its subsidiaries’ obligations associated with Bay Harbor and Consumers has recorded a $62 million liability for its obligations at a number of former MGP sites. For additional information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

Costs related to the construction, operation, corrective action, and closure of solid waste disposal facilities for coal ash are significant. Consumers’ coal ash disposal areas are regulated under Michigan’s solid waste rules and by the EPA’s rules regulating CCRs. To address some of the requirements of these rules, Consumers has converted all of its fly ash handling systems to dry systems. In addition, Consumers’ ash facilities have programs designed to protect the environment and are subject to quarterly EGLE inspections. Consumers’ estimate of capital and cost of removal expenditures to comply with regulations relating to ash disposal is $238 million from 2024 through 2028. Consumers’ future costs to comply with solid waste disposal regulations may vary depending on future legislation, litigation, executive orders, treaties, or rulemaking.

For further information concerning estimated capital expenditures related to environmental matters, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook—Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties—Electric Environmental Outlook.

Insurance

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries, including Consumers, maintain insurance coverage generally similar to comparable companies in the same lines of business. The insurance policies are subject to terms, conditions, limitations, and exclusions that might not fully compensate CMS Energy or Consumers for all losses. A portion of each loss is generally assumed by CMS Energy or Consumers in the form of deductibles and self-insured retentions that, in some cases, are substantial. As CMS Energy or Consumers renews its policies, it is possible that some of the present insurance coverage may not be renewed or obtainable on commercially reasonable terms due to restrictive insurance markets.

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Human Capital

CMS Energy and Consumers employ a highly trained and skilled workforce comprised of union and non‑union employees. Presented in the following table are the number of employees of CMS Energy and Consumers:

December 31	2023	2022	2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Full-time and part-time employees	8,356	9,073	9,122
Consumers
Full-time and part-time employees	8,144	8,879	8,927

At December 31, 2023, unions represented 44 percent of CMS Energy’s employees and 45 percent of Consumers’ employees. The UWUA represents Consumers’ operating, maintenance, construction, and customer contact center employees. The USW represents Zeeland plant employees. The UWUA and USW agreements expire in 2025.

The safety of employees, customers, and the general public is a priority of CMS Energy and Consumers. Accordingly, CMS Energy and Consumers have worked to integrate a set of safety principles into their business operations and culture. These principles include complying with applicable safety, health, and security regulations and implementing programs and processes aimed at continually improving safety and security conditions. On an annual basis, CMS Energy and Consumers set various safety goals tied to the OSHA recordable incident rate and high-risk injuries. The companies’ OSHA recordable incident rate was 1.48 in 2023 and 1.17 in 2022. The target recordable incident rate for 2024 is 0.96, which, if achieved, would place Consumers within the first quartile of its EEI peer group. Over the last ten years, Consumers’ OSHA recordable incident rate has decreased by 20 percent. High-risk injuries encompass all recordable and non-recordable incidents with the potential for serious injury or fatality. In 2023, the companies recorded ten high-risk injuries, achieving their goal of less than 20 high-risk injuries.

Within the utility industry, there is strong competition for rare, high-demand talent, including those related to renewable energy generation, technology, and data analytics. In order to address this competition and to be able to meet their human capital needs, CMS Energy and Consumers provide compensation and benefits that are competitive with industry peers. Furthermore, CMS Energy and Consumers have developed a comprehensive talent strategy, the People Strategy, to attract, develop, and retain highly skilled employees. The strategy focuses on three areas, which are summarized below. The first two areas listed below focus on creating an environment that attracts and retains top talent and ensuring that all co-workers can thrive and contribute to the companies’ mission and purpose.

•Cultivating a Purpose-driven Culture: This goal aims to ensure all co-workers understand how their work contributes to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ key strategic goals.

•Creating a Breakthrough Employee Experience: A breakthrough employee experience is one that instills pride and ownership in one’s work. To measure progress toward a breakthrough employee experience, CMS Energy and Consumers assess engagement, empowerment, and diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts using the companies’ culture index. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the companies attained a score of 61 percent positive sentiment for engagement, 48 percent positive sentiment for empowerment, and 65 percent positive sentiment for diversity, equity, and inclusion. CMS Energy and Consumers aim to enhance these scores by two percentage points year over year.

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•Building Skill Sets at Scale: With an overarching goal of ensuring employees have the right skills to succeed, CMS Energy and Consumers measure progress in this area through achievement of workforce planning and hiring milestones and through a first-time skill attainment index to evaluate the effectiveness of training. CMS Energy and Consumers develop skill sets in co‑workers through a variety of means, including union apprenticeship programs and yearly trainings for newly required skills. In 2023, CMS Energy and Consumers launched two new leadership development programs for mid-level and front-line leaders.

This talent strategy allows CMS Energy and Consumers to shape employees’ experience and enable leaders to coach and develop co‑workers, source talent, and anticipate and adjust to changing skill sets in the business environment.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

As a part of their People Strategy, CMS Energy and Consumers also employ a comprehensive diversity, equity, and inclusion strategy designed to embed diversity, equity, and inclusion into all aspects of their business. This is done through embedding standards for diversity, equity, and inclusion into all company processes and ensuring these standards are incorporated into all employee experiences. To measure their success, CMS Energy and Consumers utilize select questions in the annual engagement survey to create a diversity, equity, and inclusion index. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the diversity, equity, and inclusion index score was 65 percent.

CMS Energy and Consumers are committed to building an inclusive workplace that embraces the diverse makeup of the communities that they serve. The following table presents the composition of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ workforce:

December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers		Consumers
Percent female employees	26	%	26	%
Percent racially or ethnically diverse employees	13		13
Percent employees with disabilities	4		5
Percent veteran employees	11		11

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Co‑workers are also empowered to engage in business employee resource groups and events that encourage candid conversations around diversity, equity, and inclusion. There are seven business employee resource groups available to all co‑workers; these groups are:

•Women in Energy, working toward an inclusive place for all women in the fields they have chosen, from front line to management

•the Minority Advisory Panel, promoting a culture of diversity and inclusion among all racial and ethnic minorities through education, leadership, development, and networking

•the Veteran’s Advisory Panel, supporting former and active military personnel and assisting in recruiting and retaining veterans through career development

•GEN-ERGY, a multigenerational group designed to bridge the gap of learning, networking, and mentoring across the generations of the workforce

•the Pride Alliance of Consumers Energy, promoting an inclusive environment that is safe, supportive, and respectful for lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender persons and allies

•capABLE, aimed at removing barriers and creating pathways to meaningful work for employees of all abilities

•Interfaith, a space for co‑workers of all backgrounds to gather and celebrate their unique beliefs, creating an environment of understanding and respect for all faiths, religions, and spiritual beliefs, including those with no faith affiliation

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Information About CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Executive Officers

Presented in the following table are the company positions held during the last five years for each of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ executive officers as of February 8, 2024:

Name, Age, Position(s)	Period
Garrick J. Rochow (age 49)
CMS Energy
President, CEO, and Director	12/2020 – Present
Executive Vice President	1/2020 – 12/2020
Senior Vice President	7/2016 – 1/2020
Consumers
President, CEO, and Director	12/2020 – Present
Executive Vice President	1/2020 – 12/2020
Senior Vice President	7/2016 – 1/2020
NorthStar Clean Energy
Chairman of the Board, CEO, and Director	12/2020 – Present
Rejji P. Hayes (age 49)
CMS Energy
Executive Vice President and CFO	5/2017 – Present
Consumers
Executive Vice President and CFO	5/2017 – Present
NorthStar Clean Energy
Executive Vice President, CFO, and Director	5/2017 – Present
EnerBank
Chairman of the Board and Director	10/2018 – 10/2021
Tonya L. Berry (age 51)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President	2/2022 – Present
Consumers
Senior Vice President	2/2022 – Present
Vice President	11/2018 – 2/2022
Catherine A. Hendrian (age 55)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President	4/2017 – Present
Consumers
Senior Vice President	4/2017 – Present

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Name, Age, Position(s)	Period
Brandon J. Hofmeister (age 47)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President	7/2017 – Present
Consumers
Senior Vice President	7/2017 – Present
NorthStar Clean Energy
Senior Vice President	9/2017 – Present
Shaun M. Johnson (age 45)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President and General Counsel	5/2019 – Present
Vice President and Deputy General Counsel	4/2016 – 5/2019
Consumers
Senior Vice President and General Counsel	5/2019 – Present
Vice President and Deputy General Counsel	4/2016 – 5/2019
NorthStar Clean Energy
Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Director	4/2019 – Present
Vice President and General Counsel	10/2018 – 4/2019
EnerBank
Senior Vice President and General Counsel	8/2018 – 6/2020
Venkat Dhenuvakonda Rao (age 53)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President	9/2016 – Present
Consumers
Senior Vice President	9/2016 – Present
NorthStar Clean Energy
Director	11/2017 – Present
Senior Vice President	9/2016 – Present
Brian F. Rich (age 49)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President and Chief Customer Officer	8/2019 – Present
Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer	7/2016 – 8/2019
Consumers
Senior Vice President and Chief Customer Officer	8/2019 – Present
Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer	7/2016 – 8/2019
LeeRoy Wells, Jr. (age 45)
CMS Energy
Senior Vice President	12/2020 – Present
Consumers
Senior Vice President	12/2020 – Present
Vice President	8/2017 – 12/2020

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Name, Age, Position(s)	Period
Scott B. McIntosh (age 48)
CMS Energy
Vice President, Controller, and CAO	9/2021 – Present
Vice President and Controller	6/2021 – 9/2021
Vice President	9/2015 – 6/2021
Consumers
Vice President, Controller, and CAO	9/2021 – Present
Vice President and Controller	6/2021 – 9/2021
Vice President	9/2015 – 6/2021
NorthStar Clean Energy
Vice President, Controller, and CAO	9/2021 – Present
Vice President and Controller	6/2021 – 9/2021
Vice President	9/2015 – 6/2021

There are no family relationships among executive officers and directors of CMS Energy or Consumers. The list of directors and their biographies will be included in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ definitive proxy statement for their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024. The term of office of each of the executive officers extends to the first meeting of the Board after the next annual election of Directors of CMS Energy and Consumers (to be held on May 3, 2024).

Available Information

CMS Energy’s internet address is www.cmsenergy.com. CMS Energy routinely posts important information on its website and considers the Investor Relations section, www.cmsenergy.com/investor-relations, a channel of distribution for material information. Information contained on CMS Energy’s website is not incorporated herein. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual reports on Form 10‑K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8‑K, and any amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are accessible free of charge on CMS Energy’s website. These reports are available soon after they are electronically filed with the SEC. Also on CMS Energy’s website are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’:

•Corporate Governance Principles

•Articles of Incorporation

•Bylaws

•Charters and Codes of Conduct (including the Charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, Finance Committee, and Governance, Sustainability and Public Responsibility Committee, as well as the Employee, the Board, and Third Party Codes of Conduct)

CMS Energy will provide this information in print to any stockholder who requests it.

The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address is www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A.    Risk Factors

CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to a variety of factors, often beyond their control, that are difficult to predict and that involve uncertainties that may materially adversely affect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ business, liquidity, financial condition, or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known or that management believes to be immaterial may also adversely affect CMS Energy or Consumers. The risk factors described in the following sections, as well as the other information included in this report and in other documents filed with the SEC, should be considered carefully before making an investment in securities of CMS Energy or Consumers. Risk factors of Consumers are also risk factors of CMS Energy.

Investment/Financial Risks

CMS Energy depends on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its debt service obligations.

Due to its holding company structure, CMS Energy depends on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its debt service and other payment obligations. If sufficient dividends were not paid to CMS Energy by its subsidiaries, CMS Energy might not be able to generate the funds necessary to fulfill its payment obligations.

Consumers’ ability to pay dividends or acquire its own stock from CMS Energy is limited by restrictions contained in Consumers’ preferred stock provisions and potentially by other legal restrictions, such as certain terms in its articles of incorporation and FERC requirements.

CMS Energy has indebtedness that could limit its financial flexibility and its ability to meet its debt service obligations.

The level of CMS Energy’s present and future indebtedness could have several important effects on its future operations, including, among others, that:

•a significant portion of CMS Energy’s cash flow from operations could be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on its indebtedness and would not be available for other purposes

•covenants contained in CMS Energy’s existing debt arrangements, which require it to meet certain financial tests, could affect its flexibility in planning for, and reacting to, changes in its business

•CMS Energy’s ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and general corporate and other purposes could become limited

•CMS Energy could be placed at a competitive disadvantage to its competitors that are less leveraged

•CMS Energy’s vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions could increase

•CMS Energy’s future credit ratings could fluctuate

CMS Energy’s ability to meet its debt service obligations and to reduce its total indebtedness will depend on its future performance, which will be subject to general economic conditions, industry cycles, changes in laws or regulatory decisions, and financial, business, and other factors affecting its operations, many of which are beyond its control. CMS Energy cannot make assurances that its businesses will continue to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service its indebtedness, which could require CMS Energy to sell assets or obtain additional financing.

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CMS Energy and Consumers have financing needs and could be unable to obtain bank financing or access the capital markets.

CMS Energy and Consumers rely on the capital markets, as well as on bank syndications, to meet their financial commitments and short-term liquidity needs not otherwise funded internally.

Disruptions in the capital and credit markets, or the inability to obtain required regulatory authorization for issuances of securities including debt, could adversely affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ access to liquidity needed for their businesses. Any liquidity disruption could require CMS Energy and Consumers to take measures to conserve cash including, but not limited to, deferring capital expenditures, changing commodity purchasing strategies to avoid collateral-posting requirements, and reducing or eliminating future share repurchases, dividend payments, or other discretionary uses of cash.

Entering into new financings is subject in part to capital market receptivity to utility industry securities in general and to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ securities in particular. CMS Energy and Consumers continue to explore financing opportunities to supplement their respective financial strategies. These potential opportunities include refinancing and/or issuing new debt, issuing CMS Energy preferred stock and/or common equity, or entering into commercial paper, bank financing, and leasing arrangements. CMS Energy and Consumers cannot guarantee the capital markets’ acceptance of their securities. CMS Energy and Consumers may also, from time to time, repurchase (either in open market transactions or through privately negotiated transactions), redeem, or otherwise retire outstanding debt. Such activities, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may or may not be material.

Certain of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ securities and those of their affiliates are rated by various credit rating agencies. A reduction or withdrawal of one or more of its credit ratings could have a material adverse impact on CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ ability to access capital on acceptable terms and maintain commodity lines of credit, could increase their cost of borrowing, and could cause CMS Energy or Consumers to reduce capital expenditures. If either or both were unable to maintain commodity lines of credit, CMS Energy or Consumers might have to post collateral or make prepayments to certain suppliers under existing contracts. Further, since Consumers provides dividends to CMS Energy, any adverse developments affecting Consumers that result in a lowering of its credit ratings could have an adverse effect on CMS Energy’s credit ratings.

Market performance and other changes could decrease the value of employee benefit plan assets, which then could require substantial funding.

The performance of various markets affects the value of assets that are held in trust to satisfy future obligations under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ pension and postretirement benefit plans. CMS Energy and Consumers have significant obligations under these plans and hold significant assets in these trusts. These assets are subject to market fluctuations and will yield uncertain returns, which could fall below CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ forecasted return rates. A decline in the market value of the assets or a change in the level of interest rates used to measure the required minimum funding levels could significantly increase the funding requirements of these obligations. Also, changes in demographics, including an increased number of retirements or changes in life expectancy assumptions, could significantly increase the funding requirements of the obligations related to the pension and postretirement benefit plans.

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Industry/Regulatory Risks

Changes to ROA could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses.

Michigan law allows electric customers in Consumers’ service territory to buy electric generation service from alternative electric suppliers in an aggregate amount capped at ten percent of Consumers’ sales, with certain exceptions. The proportion of Consumers’ electric deliveries under the ROA program and on the ROA waiting list is over ten percent. Consumers’ rates are regulated by the MPSC, while alternative electric suppliers charge market-based rates, putting competitive pressure on Consumers’ electric supply. Groups are advocating for an ROA-like community solar system that allows third parties to sell directly to customers and offer them a regulated bill credit. If the ROA limit were increased, this new ROA-like community solar system were allowed, or electric generation service in Michigan were deregulated, it could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

Distributed energy resources could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses.

Michigan law allows customers to use distributed energy resources for their electric energy needs. These distributed energy resources are connected to Consumers’ electric grid. The 2023 Energy Law increases the cap on distributed generation to ten percent of utilities’ peak loads. It also specifies an inflow and outflow rate method that must be implemented by the MPSC and provides federal funding for low-income distributed generation. Recent FERC policy allows many customer-owned behind-the-meter and grid-connected distributed energy resources to participate in and receive revenue from wholesale electricity markets. Increased customer use of distributed energy resources could result in a reduction of Consumers’ electric sales. Third parties’ operations of distributed energy resources could also potentially have a negative impact on the stability of the grid. An increase in customers’ use of distributed energy resources, and the rate structure for distributed energy resources customers’ use of Consumers’ system and Consumers’ purchases of their excess generation, could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

CMS Energy and Consumers are subject to rate regulation, which could have a material adverse effect on financial results.

CMS Energy and Consumers are subject to rate regulation. Consumers’ electric and gas retail rates are set by the MPSC and cannot be changed without regulatory authorization. If rate regulators fail to provide adequate rate relief, it could have a material adverse effect on Consumers or Consumers’ plans for making significant capital investments. Additionally, increasing rates could result in additional regulatory scrutiny, regulatory or legislative actions, and increased competitive or political pressures, all of which could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

Orders of the MPSC could limit recovery of costs of providing service. These orders could also result in adverse regulatory treatment of other matters. For example, MPSC orders could prevent or curtail Consumers from shutting off non‑paying customers or could prevent or limit the implementation of an electric or gas revenue mechanism. Regulators could face competitive or political pressures to avoid or limit rate increases for a number of reasons, including economic downturn in the state, reliability and economic justice concerns, or decreased customer base, among others.

FERC authorizes certain subsidiaries of CMS Energy, including Consumers, to sell wholesale electricity at market-based rates and to provide certain other wholesale electric services at rates and terms subject to FERC approval. Failure of these subsidiaries to maintain this FERC authority could have a material

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adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Electric transmission and natural gas pipeline rates paid by Consumers and other CMS Energy subsidiaries are also set by FERC, as are the tariff terms governing the participation of Consumers and other CMS Energy subsidiaries in FERC-regulated wholesale electricity markets operated by regional transmission organizations and independent system operators such as MISO and PJM. At least one CMS Energy subsidiary participates in the wholesale electricity markets operated by ERCOT, over which FERC has limited control.

The various risks associated with the MPSC and FERC regulation of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses, which include the risk of adverse decisions in any number of rate or regulatory proceedings before either agency, as well as judicial proceedings challenging any agency decisions, could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy and Consumers. Changes to the tariffs or business practice manuals of certain wholesale market operators such as MISO, PJM, or ERCOT could also have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

Utility regulation, state or federal legislation, and compliance could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses.

CMS Energy and certain of its subsidiaries, including Consumers, are subject to, or affected by, extensive utility regulation and state and federal legislation. If it were determined that CMS Energy or Consumers failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations or with applicable tariff provisions, they could become subject to fines, penalties, or disallowed costs, or be required to implement additional compliance, cleanup, or remediation programs, the cost of which could be material. CMS Energy and Consumers cannot predict the impact of new laws, rules, regulations, principles, or practices by federal or state agencies or wholesale electricity market operators, or challenges or changes to present laws, rules, regulations, principles, or practices and the interpretation of any adoption or change. Furthermore, any state or federal legislation concerning CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ operations could also have a material adverse effect.

FERC, through NERC and its delegated regional entities, oversees reliability of certain portions of the electric grid. CMS Energy and Consumers cannot predict the impact of FERC orders or actions of NERC and its regional entities on electric system reliability. Additionally, national gas pipeline infrastructure has recently been under scrutiny following disruptions related to extreme weather and cyber incidents. In 2021, the Transportation Security Administration issued two mandatory security directives related to natural gas pipelines that apply to Consumers. Additional regulation in this area could adversely affect Consumers’ gas operations.

CMS Energy and Consumers have announced ambitious plans to reduce their impact on climate change and increase the reliability of their electric distribution system. Achieving these plans depends on numerous factors, many of which are outside of their control.

Consumers has announced a long-term strategy for delivering clean, reliable, resilient, and affordable energy, including a plan to end coal use in 2025. The MPSC, FERC, other regulatory authorities, or other third parties may prohibit, delay, or impair some or all of Consumers’ planned acquisitions of owned or purchased electric generation capacity. Consumers may be unable to acquire, site, and/or permit some or all of the generation capacity proposed in its plan. Consumers’ ability to implement its plan may be affected by environmental regulations, global supply chain disruptions, and changes in the cost, availability, and supply of generation capacity. While CMS Energy and Consumers continue to advocate for advances in technologies required to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gases on a cost-effective basis, such advances are largely outside of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ control. Advancements in technology related to items such as battery storage and electric vehicles may not become commercially

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available or economically feasible as projected. Customer programs such as energy efficiency and demand response may not realize the projected levels of customer participation.

Consumers has also announced its Natural Gas Delivery Plan, a rolling ten‑year investment plan to deliver safe, reliable, clean, and affordable natural gas to customers. This plan includes accelerated infrastructure replacements, innovative leak detection technology, and process changes to reduce or eliminate methane emissions. The MPSC, FERC, other regulatory authorities, or other third parties may prohibit, delay, or impair the Natural Gas Delivery Plan and some or all of the associated capital investments. Consumers’ ability to implement its plan may be affected by environmental regulations, global supply chain disruptions, and changes in the cost, availability, and supply of natural gas or the ability to deliver natural gas to customers. Advancements in technology related to items such as renewable natural gas may not become commercially available or economically feasible as projected in Consumers’ plan.

CMS Energy and Consumers could suffer financial loss, reputational damage, litigation, or other negative repercussions if they are unable to achieve their ambitious plans.

Changes in taxation as well as the inherent difficulty in quantifying potential tax effects of business decisions could negatively impact CMS Energy and Consumers.

CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make judgments regarding the potential tax effects of various financial transactions and results of operations in order to estimate their obligations to taxing authorities. The tax obligations include income taxes, real estate taxes, sales and use taxes, employment-related taxes, and ongoing issues related to these tax matters. The judgments include determining reserves for potential adverse outcomes regarding tax positions that have been taken and may be subject to challenge by the IRS and/or other taxing authorities. Unfavorable settlements of any of the issues related to these reserves or other tax matters at CMS Energy or Consumers could have a material adverse effect. Additionally, changes in federal, state, or local tax rates or other changes in tax laws could have adverse impacts.

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries, including Consumers, must comply with the Dodd-Frank Act and its related regulations.

The Dodd-Frank Act provides for regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of certain commodity-related contracts. Although CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy qualify for an end-user exception from mandatory clearing of commodity-related swaps, these regulations could affect the ability of these entities to participate in these markets and could add additional regulatory oversight over their contracting activities.

CMS Energy and Consumers could incur substantial costs to comply with environmental requirements.

CMS Energy and Consumers are subject to costly and stringent environmental regulations that may require additional significant capital expenditures for CCR disposal and storage, emission reductions, and PCB remediation. In addition, regulatory action on PFAS at the state and/or federal level could cause CMS Energy and Consumers to further test and remediate some sites if PFAS is present at certain levels. Present and reasonably anticipated state and federal environmental statutes and regulations will continue to have a material effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

CMS Energy and Consumers have interests in fossil-fuel-fired power plants, other types of power plants, and natural gas systems that emit greenhouse gases. Federal, state, and local environmental laws and rules, as well as international accords and treaties, could require CMS Energy and Consumers to install

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additional equipment for emission controls, undertake heat-rate improvement projects, purchase carbon emissions allowances, curtail operations, invest in generating capacity with fewer carbon dioxide emissions, or take other significant steps to manage or lower the emission of greenhouse gases. Similarly, Consumers could be restricted from constructing natural gas infrastructure due to potential environmental regulations, which could require more costly alternatives.

The following risks related to climate change, emissions, and environmental regulations could also have a material adverse impact on CMS Energy and Consumers:

•a change in regulators’ implementation of policy or litigation originated by third parties against CMS Energy or Consumers due to CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ greenhouse gas or other emissions or CCR disposal and storage

•impairment of CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ reputation due to their greenhouse gas or other emissions and public perception of their response to potential environmental regulations, rules, and legislation

•weather that may affect customer demand, company operations, or company infrastructure, including catastrophic weather-related damage and extreme temperatures; natural disasters such as severe storms, floods, and droughts; fires; or smoke

•implementation of state or federal environmental justice requirements

Consumers expects to collect fully from its customers, through the ratemaking process, expenditures incurred to comply with environmental regulations, but cannot guarantee this outcome. If Consumers were unable to recover these expenditures from customers in rates, CMS Energy or Consumers could be required to seek significant additional financing to fund these expenditures.

For additional information regarding compliance with environmental regulations, see Item 1. Business—CMS Energy and Consumers Environmental Strategy and Compliance and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook.

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses could be affected adversely by any delay in meeting environmental requirements.

A delay or failure by CMS Energy or Consumers to obtain or maintain any necessary environmental permits or approvals to satisfy any applicable environmental regulatory requirements or install emission or pollution control equipment could:

•prevent the construction of new facilities

•prevent the continued operation of and sale of energy from existing facilities

•modify the way in which a facility is operated

•prevent the suspension of operations at existing facilities

•prevent the modification of existing facilities

•result in significant additional costs, including fines or penalties

CMS Energy and Consumers expect to incur additional substantial costs related to environmental remediation of former sites.

Consumers expects to incur additional substantial costs related to the remediation of its former MGP sites and other response activity costs at a number of other former sites, including, but not limited to, sites of retired coal-fueled electric generating units, under NREPA, RCRA, and CERCLA. Consumers believes these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome.

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Business/Operations Risks

There are risks associated with Consumers’ substantial capital investment program planned for the next five years.

Consumers’ planned investments include the construction or acquisition of electric generation, electric and gas infrastructure, conversions and expansions, environmental controls, electric grid modernization technology, and other electric and gas investments to upgrade delivery systems, as well as decommissioning of older facilities. The success of these capital investments depends on or could be affected by a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to:

•effective pre-acquisition evaluation of asset values, future operating costs, potential environmental and other liabilities, and other factors beyond Consumers’ control

•effective cost and schedule management of new capital projects

•availability of qualified construction personnel, both internal and contracted

•changes in commodity and other prices, applicable tariffs, and/or material and equipment availability

•governmental actions

•operational performance

•changes in environmental, legislative, and regulatory requirements

•regulatory cost recovery

•inflation of labor rates and material and equipment prices

•supply chain disruptions and increased lead times

•barriers to accessing key materials for renewable projects (solar, battery, and other key equipment) created by geopolitical relations

It is possible that adverse events associated with these factors could have a material adverse effect on Consumers.

CMS Energy and Consumers could be affected adversely by legacy litigation and retained liabilities.

The agreements that CMS Energy and Consumers enter into for the sale of assets customarily include provisions whereby they are required to:

•retain specified preexisting liabilities, such as for taxes, pensions, or environmental conditions

•indemnify the buyers against specified risks, including the inaccuracy of representations and warranties that CMS Energy and Consumers make

•make payments to the buyers depending on the outcome of post-closing adjustments, litigation, audits, or other reviews, including claims resulting from attempts by foreign or domestic governments to assess taxes on past operations or transactions

Many of these contingent liabilities can remain open for extended periods of time after the sales are closed. Depending on the extent to which the buyers might ultimately seek to enforce their rights under these contractual provisions, and the resolution of any disputes concerning them, there could be a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

Consumers is exposed to risks related to general economic conditions in its service territories.

Consumers’ electric and gas utility businesses are affected by the economic conditions impacting the customers they serve. If the Michigan economy becomes sluggish or declines, Consumers could experience reduced demand for electricity or natural gas that could result in decreased earnings and cash

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flow. In addition, economic conditions in Consumers’ service territory affect its collections of accounts receivable and levels of lost or stolen gas.

Consumers is exposed to changes in customer usage that could impact financial results.

Technology advances, government incentives and subsidies, and regulatory decisions could increase the cost effectiveness of customer-owned methods of producing electricity and managing energy use resulting in reduced load, cross subsidization, and increased costs.

Customers could also reduce their consumption through energy waste reduction programs. Similarly, customers could also reduce their consumption of natural gas through alternative technologies or fuels or through electrification.

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ energy sales and operations are affected by seasonal factors and varying weather conditions from year to year.

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ utility operations are seasonal. The consumption of electric energy typically increases in the summer months, due primarily to the use of air conditioners and other cooling equipment, while peak demand for natural gas occurs in the winter due to colder temperatures and the resulting use of natural gas as heating fuel. Accordingly, CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ overall results may fluctuate substantially on a seasonal basis. Mild temperatures during the summer cooling season and winter heating season as well as the impact of extreme weather events on Consumers’ system could have a material adverse effect.

CMS Energy and Consumers are subject to information security risks, risks of unauthorized access to their systems, and technology failures.

In the regular course of business, CMS Energy and Consumers handle a range of sensitive confidential security and customer information. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers operate in a highly regulated industry that requires the continued operation of sophisticated information and control technology systems and network infrastructure. Despite implementation of security measures, technology systems, including disaster recovery and backup systems, are vulnerable to failure, cyber crime, unauthorized access, and being disabled. These events could impact the reliability of electric generation and electric and gas delivery and also subject CMS Energy and Consumers to financial harm. Cyber crime, which includes the use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses, and other means for disruption or unauthorized access against companies, including CMS Energy and Consumers, is increasing in frequency, scope, and potential impact. While CMS Energy and Consumers have not been subject to cyber incidents that have had a material impact on their operations to date, their security measures in place may be insufficient to prevent a major cyber incident in the future. If technology systems, including disaster recovery and backup systems, were to fail or be breached, CMS Energy and Consumers might not be able to fulfill critical business functions, and sensitive confidential and proprietary data could be compromised. In addition, because CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ generation, transmission, and distribution systems are part of an interconnected system, a disruption caused by a cyber incident at another utility, electric generator, system operator, or commodity supplier could also adversely affect CMS Energy or Consumers.

A variety of technological tools and systems, including both company-owned information technology and technological services provided by outside parties, support critical functions. The failure of these technologies, including backup systems, or the inability of CMS Energy and Consumers to have these technologies supported, updated, expanded, or integrated into other technologies, could hinder their business operations.

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CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses have liability risks.

Consumers’ electric and gas delivery systems, power plants, gas infrastructure including storage facilities, wind energy or solar equipment, energy products, vehicle fleets and equipment, or other assets; the independent power plants or other assets and equipment owned in whole or in part by CMS Energy; or CMS Energy or Consumers employees could be involved in incidents, failures, or accidents that result in injury, loss of life, or property loss to customers, employees, or the public. Although CMS Energy and Consumers have insurance coverage for many potential incidents (subject to deductibles, limitations, and self-insurance amounts that could be material), depending upon the nature or severity of any incident, failure, or accident, CMS Energy or Consumers could suffer financial loss, reputational damage, and negative repercussions from regulatory agencies or other public authorities.

CMS Energy and Consumers are subject to risks that are beyond their control, including but not limited to natural disasters, civil unrest, terrorist attacks and related acts of war, cyber incidents, vandalism, and other catastrophic events.

Natural disasters, severe weather, extreme temperatures, fires, smoke, flooding, wars, terrorist acts, civil unrest, vandalism, theft, cyber incidents, pandemics, and other catastrophic events could result in severe damage to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets beyond what could be recovered through insurance policies (which are subject to deductibles, limitations, and self-insurance amounts that could be material), could require CMS Energy and Consumers to incur significant upfront costs, and could severely disrupt operations, resulting in loss of service to customers. There is also a risk that regulators could, after the fact, conclude that Consumers’ preparedness or response to such an event was inadequate and take adverse actions as a result.

Energy risk management strategies might not be effective in managing fuel and electricity pricing risks, which could result in unanticipated liabilities to CMS Energy and Consumers or increased volatility in their earnings.

CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to changes in market prices for commodities including, but not limited to, natural gas, coal, electric capacity, electric energy, emission allowances, gasoline, diesel fuel, and RECs. CMS Energy and Consumers manage commodity price risk using established policies and procedures, and they may use various contracts to manage this risk, including swaps, options, futures, and forward contracts. No assurance can be made that these strategies will be successful in managing CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ risk or that they will not result in net liabilities to CMS Energy or Consumers as a result of future volatility.

A substantial portion of Consumers’ operating expenses for its electric generating plants and vehicle fleet consists of the costs of obtaining these commodities. The contracts associated with Consumers’ fuel for electric generation and purchased power are executed in conjunction with the PSCR mechanism, which is designed to allow Consumers to recover prudently incurred costs associated with its positions in these commodities. If the MPSC determined that any of these contracts or related contracting policies were imprudent, recovery of these costs could be disallowed.

Natural gas prices in particular have been historically volatile. Consumers routinely enters into contracts for natural gas to mitigate exposure to the risks of demand, market effects of weather, and changes in commodity prices associated with the gas distribution business. These contracts are executed in conjunction with the GCR mechanism, which is designed to allow Consumers to recover prudently incurred costs associated with its natural gas positions. If the MPSC determined that any of these contracts or related contracting policies were imprudent, recovery of these costs could be disallowed.

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CMS Energy and Consumers do not always hedge any or all of the exposure of their operations from commodity price volatility. Furthermore, the ability to hedge exposure to commodity price volatility depends on liquid commodity markets. As a result, to the extent the commodity markets are illiquid, CMS Energy and Consumers might not be able to execute their risk management strategies, which could result in larger unhedged positions than preferred at a given time. To the extent that unhedged positions exist, fluctuating commodity prices could have a negative effect on CMS Energy and Consumers. Changes in laws that limit CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ability to hedge could also have a negative effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

Consumers might not be able to obtain an adequate supply of natural gas or coal, which could limit its ability to operate its electric generation facilities or serve its natural gas customers.

Consumers has natural gas and coal supply and transportation contracts in place for the natural gas and coal it requires for its electric generating capacity. Consumers also has interstate transportation and supply agreements in place to facilitate delivery of natural gas to its customers. Apart from the contractual and monetary remedies available to Consumers in the event of a counterparty’s failure to perform under any of these contracts, there can be no assurances that the counterparties to these contracts will fulfill their obligations to provide natural gas or coal to Consumers. The counterparties under the agreements could experience financial or operational problems that inhibit their ability to fulfill their obligations to Consumers. In addition, counterparties under these contracts might not be required to supply natural gas or coal to Consumers under certain circumstances, such as in the event of a natural disaster or severe weather.

If Consumers were unable to obtain its supply requirements, it could be required to purchase natural gas or coal at higher prices, implement its natural gas curtailment program filed with the MPSC, or purchase replacement power at higher prices.

Unplanned outages or maintenance could be costly for CMS Energy or Consumers.

Unforeseen outages or maintenance of the electric and gas delivery systems, power plants, gas infrastructure including storage facilities and compression stations, wind energy or solar equipment, and energy products owned in whole or in part by CMS Energy or Consumers may be required for many reasons. When unplanned outages occur, CMS Energy and Consumers will not only incur unexpected maintenance expenses, but may also have to make spot market purchases of electric and gas commodities that may exceed CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ expected cost of generation or gas supply, be forced to curtail services, or retire a given asset if the cost or timing of the maintenance is not reasonable and prudent. Unplanned generator outages could reduce the capacity credit CMS Energy or Consumers receives from MISO and could cause CMS Energy or Consumers to incur additional capacity costs in future years.

General Risk Factors

CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to counterparty risk.

Adverse economic conditions or financial difficulties experienced by counterparties with whom CMS Energy and Consumers do business could impair the ability of these counterparties to pay for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ services and/or fulfill their contractual obligations, including performance and payment of damages. CMS Energy and Consumers depend on these counterparties to remit payments and perform contracted services in a timely and adequate fashion. Any delay or default in payment or performance, including inadequate performance, of contractual obligations could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy and Consumers.

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Volatility and disruptions in capital and credit markets could have a negative impact on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lenders, vendors, contractors, suppliers, customers, and other counterparties, causing them to fail to meet their obligations.

CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to significant reputational risks.

CMS Energy and Consumers could suffer negative impacts to their reputations as a result of operational incidents, violations of corporate policies, regulatory violations, inappropriate use of social media, or other events. Reputational damage could have a material adverse effect and could result in negative customer perception and increased regulatory oversight.

A work interruption or other union actions could adversely affect Consumers.

At December 31, 2023, unions represent 45 percent of Consumers’ employees. Consumers’ union agreements expire in 2025. If these employees were to engage in a strike, work stoppage, or other slowdown, Consumers could experience a significant disruption in its operations and higher ongoing labor costs.

Failure to attract and retain an appropriately qualified workforce could adversely impact CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ results of operations.

In some areas, competition for skilled employees is high and if CMS Energy and Consumers were unable to match skill sets to future needs, they could encounter operating challenges and increased costs. These challenges could include a lack of resources, loss of knowledge, and delays in skill development. Additionally, higher costs could result from the use of contractors to replace employees, loss of productivity, and safety incidents. Failing to train replacement employees adequately and to transfer internal knowledge and expertise could adversely affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ability to manage and operate their businesses.

Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C.    Cybersecurity

Enterprise Risk Management: CMS Energy and Consumers manage security risks, including cybersecurity risks, through a robust enterprise risk management program that includes people, processes, technology, and governance structures. The enterprise risk management program identifies risks that may significantly impact the business and informs the companies’ risk-mitigation strategies. The enterprise risk management program is reviewed with the Board at least annually.

Cybersecurity Program: CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ security function, led by the Executive Director of Security, is an integrated organization accountable for cyber and physical security and is subject to various state, federal, and industry cybersecurity, physical security, and privacy regulations. Their cybersecurity program is responsible for assessing, identifying, and managing risks from cybersecurity threats using industry frameworks, as well as best practices developed by government and industry partners. All employees and contractors are required to complete annual trainings on a variety of security-related topics. Additionally, the companies continuously upgrade technological investments designed to prevent, detect, and respond to attacks. The companies’ electric, natural gas, and corporate systems each follow standards, controls, and requirements designed to maintain compliance with applicable regulations and standards, such as MPSC, NERC critical infrastructure protection, and

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payment card industry regulations. Technology projects and third-party service providers are reviewed for adherence to cybersecurity requirements.

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ cybersecurity program focuses on finding and remediating vulnerabilities in their systems. The companies use third-party firms for penetration testing, audits, and assessments, and conduct exercises to practice their response to simulated events. The companies also have a dedicated, proactive function focused fully on monitoring CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ systems and responding when issues occur. This includes regular information sharing with industry partners, peer utilities, and state and federal partners. The companies’ incident response plan outlines the individuals responsible, the methods employed, and the timeline for notifying state and federal governmental agencies. The companies retain a third-party cybersecurity firm to assist with potentially significant incidents and have invested in cybersecurity insurance to offset costs incurred from any such incidents. To manage cybersecurity risks associated with the companies’ use of third-party service providers, the companies incorporate security requirements into contracts, when deemed applicable, and pursue third-party security certifications for vendors with a higher risk profile.

CMS Energy and Consumers have experienced no material cybersecurity incidents; however, future cybersecurity incidents could materially affect their business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For additional details regarding these and other uncertainties, see Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Management’s Role: The Executive Director of Security has 25 years of information technology and security experience. To enhance governance, the Executive Director of Security reports to the Senior Vice President and Chief Customer Officer, who has extensive experience overseeing cybersecurity and has had executive oversight of the security function for nine years at CMS Energy and Consumers. Prior to joining CMS Energy, this officer served as Vice President of Business Technology at Pacific Gas & Electric Company, a non-affiliated company. The Executive Director of Security is responsible for informing the CEO and other members of senior management, as necessary, about cybersecurity incidents, covering prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation efforts as they are detected by the Executive Director’s team. Cyber incidents are managed using the companies’ standard process for critical events. In the event of such incidents, the Executive Director of Security communicates and collaborates with the officers of the companies and subject matter experts to address business continuity, contingency, and recovery plans. Senior management will notify the Board, including the Audit Committee, of any significant cybersecurity incidents.

Board Oversight: As part of the Board’s risk oversight process, senior management meets with the Board or Audit Committee at least twice annually to provide updates on and discuss cybersecurity. Such updates include a review of the companies’ cybersecurity strategy, a scan of the threat landscape, and recent performance. Additionally, cybersecurity risks are included in the Audit Committee’s risk oversight functions, which focus on operating and financial activities that could impact the companies’ financial and other disclosure reporting. The Audit Committee’s oversight involves reviewing and approving policies on risk assessment, controls, and accounting risk exposure. The Audit Committee also reviews internal audit reports regarding cybersecurity processes, and receives updates that focus on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ cybersecurity program, mitigation of cybersecurity risks, and assessments by third-party experts. Of note, two members of the Board have extensive industry experience in cybersecurity and are on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Audit Committee.

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Item 2.    Properties

Descriptions of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ properties are found in the following sections of Item 1. Business, all of which are incorporated by reference in this Item 2:

•General—CMS Energy

•General—Consumers

•Business Segments—Consumers Electric Utility—Electric Utility Properties

•Business Segments—Consumers Electric Utility—Electric Utility Generation and Supply Mix

•Business Segments—Consumers Gas Utility—Gas Utility Properties

•Business Segments—NorthStar Clean Energy—Non-utility Operations and Investments—Independent Power Production

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings

For information regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ significant pending administrative and judicial proceedings involving regulatory, operating, transactional, environmental, and other matters, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their affiliates are also parties to routine lawsuits and administrative proceedings incidental to their businesses involving, for example, claims for personal injury and property damage, contractual matters, various taxes, and rates and licensing.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5.    Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

CMS Energy

CMS Energy’s common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS. At January 12, 2024, the number of registered holders of CMS Energy’s common stock totaled 25,328, based on the number of record holders.

For additional information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 11, Stock-based Compensation and Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. For additional information regarding dividends and dividend restrictions, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

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Comparison of Five‑year Cumulative Total Return

	Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
Company/Index	2018			2019			2020			2021			2022			2023
CMS Energy		$	100		$	130		$	130		$	142		$	142		$	135
S&P 500 Index		100			131			156			200			164			207
S&P 400 Utilities Index		100			114			99			118			118			102

These cumulative total returns assume reinvestments of dividends.

Consumers

Consumers’ common stock is privately held by its parent, CMS Energy, and does not trade in the public market.

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Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

CMS Energy repurchases common stock to satisfy the minimum statutory income tax withholding obligation for common shares that have vested under the PISP. The value of shares repurchased is based on the market price on the vesting date. Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s repurchases of common stock for the three months ended December 31, 2023:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share
October 1, 2023 to October 31, 2023		730		$	52.87
November 1, 2023 to November 30, 2023		187		56.51
December 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023		2,042		58.37
Total		2,959		$	56.90

As of December 31, 2023, CMS Energy has no other publicly announced plans or programs that permit the repurchase of equity securities.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6.    Reserved

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is a combined report of CMS Energy and Consumers.

Executive Overview

CMS Energy is an energy company operating primarily in Michigan. It is the parent holding company of several subsidiaries, including Consumers, an electric and gas utility, and NorthStar Clean Energy, primarily a domestic independent power producer and marketer. Consumers’ electric utility operations include the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity, and Consumers’ gas utility operations include the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of primarily residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. NorthStar Clean Energy, through its subsidiaries and equity investments, is engaged in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production.

CMS Energy and Consumers manage their businesses by the nature of services each provides. CMS Energy operates principally in three business segments: electric utility; gas utility; and NorthStar Clean Energy, its non‑utility operations and investments. Consumers operates principally in two business

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segments: electric utility and gas utility. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses are affected primarily by:

•regulation and regulatory matters

•state and federal legislation

•economic conditions

•weather

•energy commodity prices

•interest rates

•their securities’ credit ratings

The Triple Bottom Line

CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purpose is to achieve world class performance while delivering hometown service. In support of this purpose, CMS Energy and Consumers employ the “CE Way,” a lean operating model designed to improve safety, quality, cost, delivery, and employee morale.

CMS Energy and Consumers measure their progress toward the purpose by considering their impact on the “triple bottom line” of people, planet, and profit, which is underpinned by performance; this consideration takes into account not only the economic value that CMS Energy and Consumers create for customers and investors, but also their responsibility to social and environmental goals. The triple bottom line balances the interests of employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, creditors, Michigan’s residents, the investment community, and other stakeholders, and it reflects the broader societal impacts of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ activities.

CMS Energy’s Sustainability Report, which is available to the public, describes CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ progress toward world class performance measured in the areas of people, planet, and profit.

People: The people element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to their employees, their customers, the residents of local communities in which they do business, and other stakeholders.

The safety of employees, customers, and the general public is a priority of CMS Energy and Consumers. Accordingly, CMS Energy and Consumers have worked to integrate a set of safety principles into their business operations and culture. These principles include complying with applicable safety, health, and security regulations and implementing programs and processes aimed at continually improving safety and security conditions. Over the last ten years, Consumers’ OSHA recordable incident rate has decreased by 20 percent.

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CMS Energy and Consumers also place a high priority on customer value and on providing a hometown customer experience. Consumers’ customer-driven investment program is aimed at improving safety and increasing electric and gas reliability.

In September 2023, Consumers filed its Reliability Roadmap, an update to its previous Electric Distribution Infrastructure Investment Plan filed in 2021, with the MPSC. The Reliability Roadmap outlines a five-year strategy to improve Consumers’ electric distribution system and the reliability of the grid. The plan proposes the following spending for projects designed to reduce the number and duration of power outages to customers through investment in infrastructure upgrades, forestry management, and grid modernization:

•capital expenditures of $7 billion over the next five years; this amount is $3 billion higher than proposed in the previous plan

•maintenance and operating spending of $1.7 billion over the next five years, reflecting an increase of $300 million over the previous plan

Consumers will request rate recovery of these proposed expenditures in future electric rate cases.

Central to Consumers’ commitment to its customers are the initiatives it has undertaken to keep electricity and natural gas affordable, including:

•replacement of coal-fueled generation and PPAs with a cost-efficient mix of renewable energy, less-costly dispatchable generation sources, and energy waste reduction and demand response programs

•targeted infrastructure investment to reduce maintenance costs and improve reliability and safety

•supply chain optimization

•economic development to increase sales and reduce overall rates

•information and control system efficiencies

•employee and retiree health care cost sharing

•tax planning

•cost-effective financing

•workforce productivity enhancements

While CMS Energy and Consumers have experienced some supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures, they have taken steps to mitigate the impact on their ability to provide safe and reliable service to customers.

Planet: The planet element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to protect the environment. This commitment extends beyond compliance with various state and federal environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations. Management considers climate change and other environmental risks in strategy development, business planning, and enterprise risk management processes.

CMS Energy and Consumers continue to focus on opportunities to protect the environment and reduce their carbon footprint from owned generation. CMS Energy, including Consumers, has decreased its combined percentage of electric supply (self-generated and purchased) from coal by 25 percentage points since 2015. Additionally, as a result of actions already taken through 2023, initial measurement data indicates Consumers has:

•reduced carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 40 percent since 2005

•reduced methane emissions by more than 25 percent since 2012

•reduced the volume of water used to generate electricity by more than 50 percent since 2012

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•reduced landfill waste disposal by more than 1.8 million tons since 1992

•enhanced, restored, or protected more than 8,800 acres of land since 2017

Since 2005, Consumers has reduced its sulfur dioxide and particulate matter emissions by more than 95 percent and its NOx emissions by nearly 88 percent. Consumers began tracking mercury emissions in 2007; since that time, it has reduced such emissions by nearly 93 percent.

Presented in the following illustration are Consumers’ reductions in these emissions:

In November 2023, Michigan enacted the 2023 Energy Law, which among other things:

•raises the renewable energy standard from the present 15-percent requirement to 50 percent by 2030 and 60 percent by 2035; renewable energy generated anywhere within MISO may be applied to meeting this standard, with certain limitations

•sets a clean energy standard of 80 percent by 2035 and 100 percent by 2040; low- or zero-carbon emitting resources, such as nuclear generation and natural gas generation coupled with carbon capture, are considered clean energy sources under this standard

•enhances existing incentives for energy efficiency programs and returns earned on competitively bid PPAs

•expands the statutory cap on distributed generation resources to ten percent

Consumers is required to file updates to its amended renewable energy plan before or in 2025 and its Clean Energy Plan before or in 2027. Together, these updated plans will outline a path to meeting the requirements of the 2023 Energy Law by focusing on increasing the generation of renewable energy, deploying energy storage, helping customers use less energy, and offering demand response programs to reduce demand during critical peak times.

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Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan details its strategy to meet customers’ long-term energy needs and was most recently revised and approved by the MPSC in June 2022 under Michigan’s integrated resource planning process. The Clean Energy Plan outlines Consumers’ long-term strategy for delivering clean, reliable, resilient, and affordable energy to its customers, including plans to:

•end the use of coal-fueled generation in 2025, 15 years sooner than initially planned

•purchase the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility with 1,200 MW of nameplate capacity, allowing Consumers to continue to provide controllable sources of electricity to customers; this purchase was completed in May 2023

•solicit up to 700 MW of capacity through PPAs from sources able to deliver to Michigan’s Lower Peninsula beginning in 2025

•expand its investment in renewable energy, adding nearly 8,000 MW of solar generation by 2040

Under the Clean Energy Plan, Consumers earns a return equal to its pre-tax weighted-average cost of capital on permanent capital structure on payments made under new competitively bid PPAs with non‑affiliated entities approved by the MPSC.

The Clean Energy Plan will allow Consumers to exceed its breakthrough goal of at least 50‑percent combined renewable energy and energy waste reduction by 2030.

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Presented in the following illustration is Consumers’ 2021 capacity portfolio and its future capacity portfolio under its Clean Energy Plan. This illustration includes the effects of purchased capacity and customer programs and uses the nameplate capacity for all energy sources:

1    Does not include RECs.

2    Includes energy waste reduction, demand response, and conservation voltage reduction programs.

3    These amounts and fuel sources will vary and are dependent on a one‑time competitive solicitation to acquire up to 700 MW of capacity through PPAs from sources able to deliver to Michigan’s Lower Peninsula beginning in 2025.

In addition to Consumers’ plan to eliminate its use of coal-fueled generation in 2025, CMS Energy and Consumers have set the net‑zero emissions goals discussed below.

Net-zero methane emissions from natural gas delivery system by 2030: Under its Methane Reduction Plan, Consumers plans to reduce methane emissions from its system by about 80 percent, from 2012 baseline levels, by accelerating the replacement of aging pipe, rehabilitating or retiring outdated infrastructure, and adopting new technologies and practices. The remaining emissions will likely be offset by purchasing and/or producing renewable natural gas. To date, Consumers has reduced methane emissions by more than 25 percent.

Net-zero carbon emissions from electric business by 2040: This goal includes not only emissions from owned generation, but also emissions from the generation of power purchased through long-term PPAs and from the MISO energy market. Consumers expects to meet 90 percent of its customers’ needs with clean energy sources by 2040 through execution of its Clean Energy Plan. New technologies and carbon offset measures including, but not limited to, carbon sequestration, methane emission capture, forest preservation, and reforestation may be used to close the gap to achieving net-zero carbon emissions.

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Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target for the entire business by 2050: This goal incorporates greenhouse gas emissions from Consumers’ natural gas delivery system, including suppliers and customers, and has an interim goal of reducing customer emissions by 20 percent by 2030. Consumers expects to meet this goal through carbon offset measures, renewable natural gas, energy efficiency and demand response programs, and the adoption of cost-effective emerging technologies once proven and commercially available.

Additionally, to advance its environmental stewardship in Michigan and to minimize the impact of future regulations, Consumers set the following targets in 2022:

•to enhance, restore, or protect 6,500 acres of land by 2026; through 2023, Consumers enhanced, restored, or protected more than 2,700 acres of land

•to reduce water usage by 1.5 billion gallons by 2026; through 2023, Consumers reduced water usage by more than 1.4 billion gallons

•to increase the rate of waste diverted from landfills (through waste reduction, recycling, and reuse) to 90 percent through 2023 from a baseline of 88 percent in 2021; during 2023, Consumers’ rate of waste diverted from landfills was 91 percent

CMS Energy and Consumers are monitoring numerous legislative, policy, and regulatory initiatives, including those to regulate and report greenhouse gases, and related litigation. While CMS Energy and Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these matters, which could affect them materially, they intend to continue to move forward with their clean and lean strategy.

Profit: The profit element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to meeting their financial objectives and providing economic development opportunities and benefits in the communities in which they do business. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial strength allows them to maintain solid investment-grade credit ratings and thereby reduce funding costs for the benefit of customers and investors, to attract and retain talent, and to reinvest in the communities they serve.

In 2023, CMS Energy’s net income available to common stockholders was $877 million, and diluted EPS were $3.01. This compares with net income available to common stockholders of $827 million and diluted EPS of $2.85 in 2022. In 2023, gas and electric rate increases, operational cost performance, and gains on the extinguishment of debt were offset partially by lower gas and electric sales due primarily to unfavorable weather, higher service restoration costs attributable to storms, and higher interest charges. A more detailed discussion of the factors affecting CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ performance can be found in the Results of Operations section that follows this Executive Overview.

Over the next five years, Consumers expects weather-normalized electric and gas deliveries to remain relatively stable compared to 2023. This outlook reflects the effects of energy waste reduction programs offset by modest growth in electric and gas demand.

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Performance: Impacting the Triple Bottom Line

CMS Energy and Consumers remain committed to achieving world class performance while delivering hometown service and positively impacting the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit. During 2023, CMS Energy met all requirements for inclusion in the MSCI ESG Leaders Indexes; these indexes are designed to represent the performance of companies that have high environmental, social, and governance ratings relative to their sector peers. Additionally, Consumers:

•was selected to receive a $100 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to fund investments in its electric distribution system, improving the reliability of Michigan’s electric grid

•participated in the state’s economic development efforts that have resulted in commitments by large third-party manufacturers to construct facilities for electric vehicle batteries and battery components in Michigan

•announced plans for an 85-MW solar array to be constructed at the former D.E. Karn coal-generating facilities, which were retired earlier in 2023

•grew its voluntary large customer renewable energy program to approximately 365 MW

•opened a state-of-the-art natural gas training facility in Flint, Michigan that will facilitate employee training that is critical to keeping workers, customers, and the public safe

•announced plans to install more than 120 automatic transfer reclosers to improve electric reliability and help prevent power outages

•completed the first phase of its Mid-Michigan Pipeline Project, part of Consumers’ commitment to providing safe, reliable, and affordable natural gas to Michigan homes and businesses

•announced new efforts to install electric vehicle chargers at apartment buildings, condominiums, and overnight community locations across the state of Michigan

•was one of 15 recipients of the U.S. Department of Defense’s 2023 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award, an honor to employers for support of National Guard and Reserve employees

CMS Energy and Consumers will continue to utilize the CE Way to enable them to achieve world class performance and positively impact the triple bottom line. Consumers’ investment plan and the regulatory environment in which it operates also drive its ability to impact the triple bottom line.

Investment Plan: Over the next five years, Consumers expects to make significant expenditures on infrastructure upgrades, replacements, and clean generation. While it has a large number of potential investment opportunities that would add customer value, Consumers has prioritized its spending based on the criteria of enhancing public safety, increasing reliability, maintaining affordability for its customers, and advancing its environmental stewardship. Consumers’ investment program, which is subject to approval through general rate case proceedings, is expected to result in annual rate-base growth of more than seven percent. This rate-base growth, together with cost-control measures, should allow Consumers to maintain affordable customer prices.

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Presented in the following illustration are Consumers’ planned capital expenditures through 2028 of $17.0 billion:

Of this amount, Consumers plans to spend $13.6 billion over the next five years primarily to maintain and upgrade its electric distribution systems and gas infrastructure in order to enhance safety and reliability, improve customer satisfaction, reduce energy waste on those systems, and facilitate its clean energy transformation. Electric distribution and other projects comprise $7.3 billion primarily to strengthen circuits and substations, replace poles, and interconnect clean energy resources. The gas infrastructure projects comprise $6.3 billion to sustain deliverability, enhance pipeline integrity and safety, and reduce methane emissions. Consumers also expects to spend $3.4 billion on clean generation, which includes investments in wind, solar, and hydroelectric generation resources.

Regulation: Regulatory matters are a key aspect of Consumers’ business, particularly rate cases and regulatory proceedings before the MPSC, which permit recovery of new investments while helping to ensure that customer rates are fair and affordable. Important regulatory events and developments not already discussed are summarized below.

2023 Gas Rate Case: In December 2023, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $136 million based on a 10.25‑percent authorized return on equity for the projected 12‑month period ending September 30, 2025. The filing requests authority to recover new infrastructure investment and related costs that are expected to allow Consumers to continue to provide safe, reliable, affordable, and increasingly cleaner natural gas service.

2022 Gas Rate Case: In August 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $95 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity, effective October 1, 2023. The MPSC also authorized the use of a cost deferral mechanism that will allow Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expense above or below the amounts used to set existing rates.

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2023 Electric Rate Case: In May 2023, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking a rate increase of $216 million, made up of two components. First, Consumers requested a $207 million annual rate increase, based on an authorized return on equity of 10.25 percent for the projected 12‑month period ending February 28, 2025. The filing requested authority to recover costs related to new infrastructure investment primarily in distribution system reliability and cleaner energy resources. Second, Consumers requested approval of a surcharge for the recovery of $9 million of distribution investments made in 2022 that exceeded the rates authorized in accordance with the December 2021 electric rate order. In September 2023, Consumers revised its requested increase to $169 million.

2022 Electric Rate Case: In January 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $155 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity. The MPSC also approved a surcharge for the recovery of $6 million of depreciation, property tax, and interest expense related to distribution investments made in 2021 that exceeded what was authorized in rates in accordance with the December 2020 electric rate order. The new rates became effective January 20, 2023.

Looking Forward

CMS Energy and Consumers will continue to consider the impact on the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit in their daily operations as well as in their long-term strategic decisions. Consumers will continue to seek fair and timely regulatory treatment that will support its customer-driven investment plan, while pursuing cost-control measures that will allow it to maintain sustainable customer base rates. The CE Way is an important means of realizing CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purpose of achieving world class performance while delivering hometown service.

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Results of Operations

CMS Energy Consolidated Results of Operations

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			Change
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	877		$	827		$	50
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share		$	3.01		$	2.85		$	0.16
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share		$	3.01		$	2.85		$	0.16

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			Change
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	(17)
Gas utility		315			378			(63)
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			33
Corporate interest and other		(55)			(152)			97
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	877		$	827		$	50

For a summary of net income available to common stockholders for 2022 versus 2021, as well as detailed changes by reportable segment, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations, in the Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed February 9, 2023.

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Amounts in the following tables are presented pre-tax, with the exception of income tax changes.

Presented in the following table is a summary of changes to net income available to common stockholders for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022			$	827
Reasons for the change
Consumers electric utility and gas utility
Electric sales	$	(103)
Gas sales	(130)
Electric rate increase	165
Gas rate increase	151
Lower other maintenance and operating expenses	108
Absence of 2022 voluntary revenue refunds, including one-time bill credit commitment1	37
Higher other income, net of expenses	21
Higher interest charges	(112)
Higher service restoration costs	(75)
Higher depreciation and amortization	(48)
Higher property taxes, reflecting higher capital spending, and other	(37)
2023 voluntary separation program expenses	(33)
Higher income tax expense	(24)
			$	(80)
NorthStar Clean Energy			33
Corporate interest and other			97
Year Ended December 31, 2023			$	877

1See Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

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Consumers Electric Utility Results of Operations

Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the electric utility’s net income available to common stockholders for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022			$	567
Reasons for the change
Electric deliveries1 and rate increases
Rate increase, including return on higher renewable capital spending	$	165
Absence of 2022 voluntary revenue refunds, including one-time bill credit commitment2	29
Lower revenue due primarily to unfavorable weather and sales mix	(101)
Lower other revenues	(3)
			$	90
Maintenance and other operating expenses
Lower corporate and general operating expenses	37
Lower distribution and generation expenses	35
Higher service restoration costs due primarily to increased storm activity	(75)
2023 voluntary separation program expenses	(20)
Lower mutual insurance distribution	(9)
Higher vegetation management costs	(7)
Higher other maintenance and operating expenses	(7)
			(46)
Depreciation and amortization
Increased plant in service, reflecting higher capital spending			(40)
General taxes
Higher property taxes, reflecting higher capital spending, and other			(20)
Other income, net of expenses
Higher interest income	18
Higher non-operating retirement benefits expenses	(9)
Higher other income, net of expenses	15
			24
Interest charges			(67)
Income taxes
Lower electric utility pre-tax earnings	16
Deferred tax liability reversal3	10
Lower income tax expense due to excess deferred income taxes	8
Lower other income taxes	8
			42
Year Ended December 31, 2023			$	550

1Deliveries to end-use customers were 36.3 billion kWh in 2023 and 37.3 billion kWh in 2022.

2See Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

3See Note 12, Income Taxes.

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Consumers Gas Utility Results of Operations

Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the gas utility’s net income available to common stockholders for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022			$	378
Reasons for the change
Gas deliveries1 and rate increases
Rate increase	$	151
Absence of 2022 voluntary revenue refund2	8
Lower revenue due primarily to unfavorable weather	(134)
Higher other revenues	9
			$	34
Maintenance and other operating expenses
Lower distribution, transmission, and compression expenses	26
Lower corporate and general operating expenses	14
Absence of 2022 Ray Compressor Station impairment	10
2023 voluntary separation program expenses	(13)
Lower other maintenance and operating expenses	5
			42
Depreciation and amortization
Increased plant in service, reflecting higher capital spending			(8)
General taxes
Higher property taxes, reflecting higher capital spending, and other			(17)
Other income, net of expenses
Higher non-operating retirement benefits expenses	(15)
Higher other income, net of expenses	12
			(3)
Interest charges			(45)
Income taxes
Absence of 2022 accelerated tax amortizations3	(71)
Deferred tax liability reversal3	4
Lower other income taxes	1
			(66)
Year Ended December 31, 2023			$	315

1Deliveries to end-use customers were 282 bcf in 2023 and 315 bcf in 2022.

2See Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

3See Note 12, Income Taxes.

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NorthStar Clean Energy Results of Operations

Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to NorthStar Clean Energy’s net income available to common stockholders for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	34
Reason for the change
Higher earnings from renewable projects due primarily to Newport Solar achieving commercial operations1	$	46
Higher renewable energy tax credits	7
Other income tax expense	(10)
Lower operating earnings, primarily at DIG	(10)
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	67

1See Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

Corporate Interest and Other Results of Operations

Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to corporate interest and other results for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	(152)
Reasons for the change
Gain on extinguishment of debt1	$	131
Higher interest earnings and other	14
Higher income tax expense due to higher pre-tax earnings	(26)
Higher interest charges	(19)
Lower discontinued operations	(3)
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	(55)

1See Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

Cash Position, Investing, and Financing

At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy had $248 million of consolidated cash and cash equivalents, which included $21 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had $56 million of consolidated cash and cash equivalents, which included $21 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents.

For specific components of net cash provided by operating activities, net cash used in investing activities, and net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for 2022 versus 2021, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Cash Position, Investing, and Financing, in the Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed February 9, 2023.

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Operating Activities

Presented in the following table are specific components of net cash provided by operating activities for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	855
Reasons for the change
Lower net income	$	(5)
Non‑cash transactions1	(70)
Favorable impact of changes in core working capital,2 due primarily to higher collections, higher prices on gas sold to customers, and lower prices on gas purchased in 2023	1,413
Favorable impact of changes in other assets and liabilities, due primarily to recovery in 2023 of 2022 power supply costs3	116
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	2,309
Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	994
Reasons for the change
Lower net income	$	(78)
Non‑cash transactions1	19
Favorable impact of changes in core working capital,2 due primarily to higher collections, higher prices on gas sold to customers, and lower prices on gas purchased in 2023	1,394
Favorable impact of changes in other assets and liabilities, due primarily to recovery in 2023 of 2022 power supply costs3	101
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	2,430

1Non‑cash transactions comprise depreciation and amortization, changes in deferred income taxes and investment tax credits, bad debt expense, and other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments.

2Core working capital comprises accounts receivable, accrued revenue, inventories, accounts payable, and accrued rate refunds.

3For information regarding the underrecovery of power supply costs, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

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Investing Activities

Presented in the following table are specific components of net cash used in investing activities for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	(2,476)
Reasons for the change
Higher capital expenditures	$	(33)
Purchase of Covert Generating Station1	(812)
Other investing activities, primarily higher costs to retire property and lower proceeds from the sale of assets	(65)
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	(3,386)
Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	(2,344)
Reasons for the change
Higher capital expenditures	$	(9)
Purchase of Covert Generating Station1	(812)
Other investing activities, primarily higher costs to retire property and lower proceeds from the sale of assets	(36)
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	(3,201)

1See Note 7, Plant, Property, and Equipment.

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Financing Activities

Presented in the following table are specific components of net cash provided by financing activities for 2023 versus 2022:

In Millions
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	1,327
Reasons for the change
Higher debt issuances	$	1,652
Higher debt retirements	(2,026)
Higher borrowings of notes payable	53
Higher issuances of common stock	123
Higher payments of dividends on common stock	(35)
Higher proceeds from sales of membership interests in VIEs to tax equity investors1	37
Higher contributions from noncontrolling interest	4
Other financing activities, primarily absence of a payment of a long-term contract liability, offset partially by higher debt issuance costs	8
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	1,143
Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2022	$	1,366
Reasons for the change
Higher debt issuances	$	867
Higher debt retirements	(1,626)
Higher borrowings of notes payable	53
Higher borrowings from CMS Energy	242
Lower stockholder contribution from CMS Energy	(210)
Lower payments of dividends on common stock	74
Other financing activities	1
Year Ended December 31, 2023	$	767

1See Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

CMS Energy and Consumers expect to have sufficient liquidity to fund their present and future commitments. CMS Energy uses dividends and tax-sharing payments from its subsidiaries and external financing and capital transactions to invest in its utility and non‑utility businesses, retire debt, pay dividends, and fund its other obligations. The ability of CMS Energy’s subsidiaries, including Consumers, to pay dividends to CMS Energy depends upon each subsidiary’s revenues, earnings, cash needs, and other factors. In addition, Consumers’ ability to pay dividends is restricted by certain terms included in its articles of incorporation and potentially by FERC requirements and provisions under the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act. For additional details on Consumers’ dividend restrictions, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Dividend Restrictions. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Consumers paid $695 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.

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Consumers uses cash flows generated from operations and external financing transactions, as well as stockholder contributions from CMS Energy, to fund capital expenditures, retire debt, pay dividends, and fund its other obligations. Consumers also uses these sources of funding to contribute to its employee benefit plans.

Financing and Capital Resources: CMS Energy and Consumers rely on the capital markets to fund their robust capital plan. Barring any sustained market dislocations or disruptions, CMS Energy and Consumers expect to continue to have ready access to the financial and capital markets and will continue to explore possibilities to take advantage of market opportunities as they arise with respect to future funding needs. If access to these markets were to diminish or otherwise become restricted, CMS Energy and Consumers would implement contingency plans to address debt maturities, which could include reduced capital spending.

In January 2024, Consumers issued $600 million of first mortgage bonds that mature in May 2029 and bear interest at a rate of 4.600 percent. The proceeds of the bonds will be used for general corporate purposes.

Also in January 2024, CMS Energy retired $250 million of its senior notes bearing an interest rate of 3.875 percent and an original maturity date of March 2024.

In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions. There have been no sales of securities under this program.

CMS Energy entered into forward sales transactions, under its previous equity offering program, that it may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2023, these contracts had an aggregate sales price of $265 million, maturing through December 2024. In January 2024, CMS Energy settled the remaining forward sale contracts issued under its previous equity offering program. For more information on these forward sale contracts, see Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy had $526 million of its revolving credit facility available and Consumers had $1.3 billion available under its revolving credit facilities. CMS Energy and Consumers use these credit facilities for general working capital purposes and to issue letters of credit. An additional source of liquidity is Consumers’ commercial paper program, which allows Consumers to issue, in one or more placements, up to $500 million in aggregate principal amount of commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At December 31, 2023, there were $93 million commercial paper notes outstanding under this program. For additional details on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ secured revolving credit facilities and commercial paper program, see Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

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Certain of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ credit agreements contain covenants that require CMS Energy and Consumers to maintain certain financial ratios, as defined therein. At December 31, 2023, no default had occurred with respect to any financial covenants contained in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ credit agreements. CMS Energy and Consumers were each in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2023, as presented in the following table:

	Limit	Actual
CMS Energy, parent only
Debt to Capital1	< 0.70 to 1.0	0.58 to 1.0
Consumers
Debt to Capital2	< 0.65 to 1.0	0.49 to 1.0

1Applies to CMS Energy’s revolving credit agreement and letter of credit reimbursement agreement.

2Applies to Consumers’ revolving credit agreements.

Material Cash Requirements: Based on the present investment plan, during 2024, CMS Energy, including Consumers, projects capital expenditures of $3.5 billion and Consumers projects capital expenditures of $3.3 billion. CMS Energy’s 2024 contractual commitments comprise $2.4 billion of purchase obligations and $1.7 billion of principal and interest payments on long-term debt. Consumers’ 2024 contractual commitments comprise $2.3 billion of purchase obligations and $1.2 billion of principal and interest payments on long-term debt.

Components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ cash management plan include controlling operating expenses and capital expenditures and evaluating market conditions for financing and refinancing opportunities. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ present level of cash and expected cash flows from operating activities, together with access to sources of liquidity, are anticipated to be sufficient to fund contractual obligations and other material cash requirements for 2024 and beyond.

Capital Expenditures: Over the next five years, CMS Energy and Consumers expect to make substantial capital investments. The companies may revise their forecast of capital expenditures periodically due to a number of factors, including environmental regulations, MPSC approval or disapproval, business opportunities, market volatility, economic trends, and the ability to access capital. Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimated capital expenditures, including lease commitments, for 2024 through 2028:

In Billions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	3.3		$	3.9		$	3.3		$	3.4		$	3.1		$	17.0
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		0.2			0.6			0.3			0.4			0.2			1.7
Total CMS Energy		$	3.5		$	4.5		$	3.6		$	3.8		$	3.3		$	18.7
Consumers
Electric utility operations		$	2.1		$	2.6		$	2.0		$	2.1		$	1.9		$	10.7
Gas utility operations		1.2			1.3			1.3			1.3			1.2			6.3
Total Consumers		$	3.3		$	3.9		$	3.3		$	3.4		$	3.1		$	17.0

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Other Material Cash Requirements: Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ material cash obligations from known contractual and other legal obligations:

In Billions
	Payments Due
December 31, 2023	Less Than One Year			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt		$	1.0		$	15.6
Interest payments on long-term debt		0.7			13.9
Purchase obligations		2.4			10.7
AROs		0.1			2.7
Total obligations		$	4.2		$	42.9
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	0.7		$	11.3
Interest payments on long-term debt		0.5			8.6
Purchase obligations		2.3			10.0
AROs		0.1			2.6
Total obligations		$	3.6		$	32.5

Purchase obligations arise from long-term contracts for the purchase of commodities and related services, and construction and service agreements. The commodities and related services include long-term PPAs, natural gas and associated transportation, and coal and associated transportation. For more information on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purchase obligations, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Contractual Commitments.

CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their subsidiaries enter into various arrangements in the normal course of business to facilitate commercial transactions with third parties. These arrangements include indemnities, surety bonds, letters of credit, and financial and performance guarantees. For additional details on indemnity and guarantee arrangements, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees. For additional details on letters of credit and CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Issuance of Common Stock.

Outlook

Several business trends and uncertainties may affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition and results of operations. These trends and uncertainties could have a material impact on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated income, cash flows, or financial position. For additional details regarding these and other uncertainties, see Forward-looking Statements and Information; Item 1A. Risk Factors; and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties

Clean Energy Plan: Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan details its strategy to meet customers’ long-term energy needs and provides the foundation for its goal to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from its electric business by 2040. Under this net-zero goal, Consumers plans to eliminate the impact of carbon

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emissions created by the electricity it generates or purchases for customers. Additionally, through its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers continues to make progress on expanding its customer programs, namely its demand response, energy efficiency, and conservation voltage reduction programs, as well as increasing its renewable energy generation.

The Clean Energy Plan was most recently revised and approved by the MPSC in June 2022. Under this plan, Consumers will eliminate the use of coal-fueled generation in 2025 and expects to meet 90 percent of its customers’ needs with clean energy sources by 2040. Specifically, the Clean Energy Plan provides for:

•the retirement of the D.E. Karn coal-fueled generating units, totaling 515 MW of nameplate capacity; these units closed in June 2023

•the retirement of the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units, totaling 1,407 MW of nameplate capacity, in 2025

•the retirement of the D.E. Karn oil and gas-fueled generating units, totaling 1,219 MW of nameplate capacity, in 2031

The MPSC authorized Consumers to issue securitization bonds to finance the recovery of and return on the D.E. Karn coal-fueled generating units; Consumers issued these bonds in December 2023. Additionally, the MPSC has authorized regulatory asset treatment for Consumers to recover the remaining book value of the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units, as well as a 9.0‑percent return on equity, commencing in 2025.

Under the Clean Energy Plan, Consumers:

•purchased the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility with 1,200 MW of nameplate capacity in Van Buren County, Michigan in May 2023

•conducted a one‑time competitive solicitation for up to 700 MW of capacity through PPAs from sources able to deliver to Michigan’s Lower Peninsula beginning in 2025 (including up to 500 MW from dispatchable sources)

These actions are expected to help Consumers continue to provide controllable sources of electricity to customers while expanding its investment in renewable energy. The Clean Energy Plan forecasts renewable energy capacity levels of 30 percent in 2025, 43 percent in 2030, and 61 percent in 2040, including the addition of nearly 8,000 MW of solar generation. Additionally, Consumers plans to deploy battery storage beginning in 2024, with 75 MW of energy storage expected by 2027 and an additional 475 MW by 2040. The 2023 Energy Law, enacted in November 2023, set more ambitious standards for renewable energy and energy storage. Under Michigan’s integrated resource planning process, Consumers is required to file proposed updates to its Clean Energy Plan before or in 2027 to meet these accelerated timelines.

Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers bids new capacity competitively and expects to own and operate approximately 50 percent of new capacity, with the remainder being built and owned by third parties. Additionally, Consumers earns a return equal to its pre-tax weighted-average cost of capital on permanent capital structure on payments made under new competitively bid PPAs with non‑affiliated entities approved by the MPSC.

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As a result of requests for proposals, Consumers has entered into PPAs to purchase renewable capacity, energy, and RECs from solar generating facilities and build transfer agreements to purchase solar generating facilities. Presented in the following illustration is the aggregate renewable capacity that Consumers expects to add to its portfolio as a result of these agreements:

Additionally, as a result of its one-time solicitation, Consumers entered into a 20-year PPA under which it will purchase 100 MW of capacity, energy and RECs from a battery storage facility to be constructed in Branch County, Michigan. The facility is expected to be operational in 2025. Consumers continues to evaluate the acquisition of additional capacity from intermittent resources and dispatchable, non‑intermittent clean capacity resources (including battery storage resources). Any contracts entered into as a result of the one-time solicitation are subject to MPSC approval.

Renewable Energy Plan: The 2023 Energy Law raises the renewable energy standard from the present 15-percent requirement to 50 percent by 2030 and 60 percent by 2035. Consumers is required to submit RECs, which represent proof that the associated electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource, in an amount equal to at least the required percentage of Consumers’ electric sales volume each year. Under its renewable energy plan, Consumers has met and expects to continue to meet its renewable energy requirement each year with a combination of newly generated RECs and previously generated RECs carried over from prior years.

The MPSC has approved the acquisition of up to 525 MW of new wind generation projects and authorized Consumers to earn a 10.7‑percent return on equity on any projects approved by the MPSC under Consumers’ amended renewable energy plan. Specifically, the MPSC has approved the following:

•purchase and construction of a 150‑MW wind generation project in Gratiot County, Michigan; the project became operational and Consumers took full ownership in 2020

•purchase of a 166‑MW wind generation project in Hillsdale, Michigan; the project became operational and Consumers took full ownership in 2021

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•purchase of a 201-MW wind generation project in Gratiot County, Michigan; the project became operational and Consumers took full ownership of the project in December 2023

The MPSC also approved the execution of a 20-year PPA under which Consumers will purchase 100 MW of renewable capacity, energy, and RECs from a 149‑MW solar generating facility to be constructed in Calhoun County, Michigan; the facility is targeted to be operational in 2024.

Voluntary Large Customer Renewable Energy Program: Consumers provides service under a program that provides large full-service electric customers with the opportunity to advance the development of renewable energy beyond the present 15-percent requirement. In September 2023, Consumers filed an application to amend its renewable energy plan. Among other things, Consumers requested that the MPSC remove the 1,000-MW limit on new wind and solar generation, which will allow Consumers to meet growing customer demand for the program. Consumers competitively solicits for additional renewable energy assets based on customer applications and will construct the assets based on customer subscriptions to the program.

As part of this program, a 2022 request for proposals resulted in the execution of a build transfer agreement for a 309‑MW solar generating facility to be constructed in Calhoun County, Michigan; the facility is targeted to be operational in 2025. The build transfer agreement was approved by the MPSC in September 2023. Additionally, the request for proposals resulted in the selection of a solar generation project that Consumers will develop and construct at its D.E. Karn generating site, with a capacity of up to 85 MW. The facility is expected to be operational in 2026.

Electric Customer Deliveries and Revenue: Consumers’ electric customer deliveries are seasonal and largely dependent on Michigan’s economy. The consumption of electric energy typically increases in the summer months, due primarily to the use of air conditioners and other cooling equipment. In addition, Consumers’ electric rates, which follow a seasonal rate design, are higher in the summer months than in the remaining months of the year. Each year in June, electric residential customers transition to a summer peak time-of-use rate that allows them to take advantage of lower-cost energy during off-peak times during the summer months. Thus, customers can reduce their electric bills by shifting their consumption from on‑peak to off‑peak times.

Over the next five years, Consumers expects weather-normalized electric deliveries to remain relatively stable compared to 2023. This outlook reflects the effects of energy waste reduction programs offset by modest growth in electric demand. Actual delivery levels will depend on:

•energy conservation measures and results of energy waste reduction programs

•weather fluctuations

•Michigan’s economic conditions, including utilization, expansion, or contraction of manufacturing facilities, population trends, electric vehicle adoption, and housing activity

Electric ROA: Michigan law allows electric customers in Consumers’ service territory to buy electric generation service from alternative electric suppliers in an aggregate amount capped at ten percent of Consumers’ sales, with certain exceptions. At December 31, 2023, electric deliveries under the ROA program were at the ten‑percent limit. Fewer than 300 of Consumers’ electric customers purchased electric generation service under the ROA program.

In 2016, Michigan law established a path to ensure that forward capacity is secured for all electric customers in Michigan, including customers served by alternative electric suppliers under ROA. The law also authorized the MPSC to ensure that alternative electric suppliers have procured enough capacity to cover their anticipated capacity requirements for the four‑year forward period. In 2017, the MPSC issued an order establishing a state reliability mechanism for Consumers. Under this mechanism, if an alternative

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electric supplier does not demonstrate that it has procured its capacity requirements for the four‑year forward period, its customers will pay a set charge to the utility for capacity that is not provided by the alternative electric supplier.

During 2017, the MPSC issued orders finding that it has statutory authority to determine and implement a local clearing requirement, which requires all electric suppliers to demonstrate that a portion of the capacity used to serve customers is located in the MISO footprint in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. In 2020, the Michigan Supreme Court affirmed the MPSC’s statutory authority to implement a local clearing requirement on individual electric providers.

In 2020, ABATE and another intervenor filed a complaint against the MPSC in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan challenging the constitutionality of a local clearing requirement. The complaint requests the federal court to issue a permanent injunction prohibiting the MPSC from implementing a local clearing requirement on individual electric providers. In February 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan dismissed the complaint. In March 2023, ABATE and the other intervenor filed a claim of appeal of the Eastern District Court’s decision with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Oral arguments occurred in December 2023.

Electric Rate Matters: Rate matters are critical to Consumers’ electric utility business. For additional details on rate matters, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

MPSC Distribution System Audit: In October 2022, the MPSC ordered the state’s two largest electric utilities, including Consumers, to report on their compliance with regulations and past MPSC orders governing the utilities’ response to outages and downed lines. Consumers responded to the MPSC’s order in November 2022.

Additionally, as directed by the MPSC, the MPSC Staff has engaged a third‑party auditor to review all equipment and operations of the two utilities’ distribution systems; this audit began in August 2023. The MPSC Staff released a report prepared by the third-party auditor to summarize the audit’s progress in December 2023, and a final report is expected in late summer 2024. Consumers is committed to working with the third‑party auditor and the MPSC to continue improving electric reliability and safety in Michigan.

2023 Electric Rate Case: In May 2023, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking a rate increase of $216 million, made up of two components. First, Consumers requested a $207 million annual rate increase, based on an authorized return on equity of 10.25 percent for the projected 12‑month period ending February 28, 2025. The filing requested authority to recover costs related to new infrastructure investment primarily in distribution system reliability and cleaner energy resources. Second, Consumers requested approval of a surcharge for the recovery of $9 million of distribution investments made in 2022 that exceeded the rates authorized in accordance with the December 2021 electric rate order.

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In September 2023, Consumers revised its requested increase to $169 million, primarily to reflect the delay of certain capital expenditures beyond the test year. Presented in the following table are the components of the revised requested increase in revenue:

In Millions
Projected 12-Month Period Ending February 28	2025
Components of the requested rate increase
Investment in rate base	$	101
Operating and maintenance costs	(14)
Cost of capital	77
Sales and other revenue	(4)
Subtotal	$	160
Surcharge	9
Total	$	169

PSCR Plan: Consumers submitted its 2024 PSCR plan to the MPSC in September 2023 and, in accordance with its proposed plan, self-implemented the 2024 PSCR charge beginning in January 2024.

Retention Incentive Program: Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers will retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Consumers implemented a retention incentive program to ensure necessary staffing at the facility through retirement. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be $50 million; Consumers expects to recognize $10 million of retention benefit costs in 2024. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset. For additional details on this program, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 19, Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations.

Electric Environmental Outlook: Consumers’ electric operations are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Consumers estimates that it will incur capital expenditures of $240 million from 2024 through 2028 to continue to comply with RCRA, the Clean Air Act, and numerous other environmental regulations. Consumers expects to recover these costs in customer rates, but cannot guarantee this result. Multiple environmental laws and regulations are subject to litigation. Consumers’ primary environmental compliance focus includes, but is not limited to, the following matters.

Air Quality: Multiple air quality regulations apply, or may apply, to Consumers’ electric utility.

In 2012, the EPA published emission standards for electric generating units, known as MATS, based on Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Consumers has complied, and continues to comply, with the MATS regulation, and does not expect MATS to materially impact its environmental strategy.

CSAPR requires Michigan and many other states to improve air quality by reducing power plant emissions that, according to EPA modeling, contribute to ground-level ozone in other downwind states. Since its 2015 effective date, CSAPR has been revised several times. In June 2023, the EPA published the “Good Neighbor Plan,” a revision to CSAPR. This regulation tightens allowance budgets for electric generating units in Michigan between 2023 and 2029 and changes the mechanism for allocating such allowances on a year-over-year basis beginning in 2026. Consumers’ initial evaluation of this regulation indicates that it will have minimal financial and operational impact in the near term. Additionally, Consumers does not expect any major financial and operational impact in the long term. However, due to the dynamic nature of this regulation, it is difficult to forecast the long-term impact.

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In 2015, the EPA lowered the NAAQS for ozone and made it more difficult to construct or modify power plants and other emission sources in areas of the country that do not meet the ozone standard. As of May 2023, three counties in western Michigan have been designated as not meeting the ozone standard. None of Consumers’ fossil-fuel-fired generating units are located in these areas. Additionally, in January 2023, the EPA proposed lowering the NAAQS for particulate matter. Consumers will continue to monitor NAAQS rulemakings and evaluate potential impacts to its generating assets.

Consumers continues to evaluate these rules in conjunction with other EPA and EGLE rulemakings, litigation, executive orders, treaties, and congressional actions. This evaluation could result in:

•a change in Consumers’ fuel mix

•changes in the types of generating units Consumers may purchase or build in the future

•changes in how certain units are operated, including the installation of additional emission control equipment

•the retirement, mothballing, or repowering with an alternative fuel of some of Consumers’ generating units

•changes in Consumers’ environmental compliance costs

•the purchase or sale of allowances

Greenhouse Gases: There have been numerous legislative and regulatory initiatives at the state, regional, national, and international levels that involve the potential regulation and reporting of greenhouse gases. Consumers continues to monitor and comment on these initiatives, as appropriate.

In May 2023, the EPA released its proposed rule to address greenhouse gas emissions from existing fossil-fuel-fired electric generating units. Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers will eliminate the use of coal-fueled generation in 2025. Therefore, this proposed rule will not materially impact Consumers over the remaining operating lives of these coal-fueled facilities. The proposed rule has requirements for existing natural gas-fueled facilities that could have a material impact on Consumers’ natural gas-fueled facilities. The EPA is scheduled to finalize the rule in April 2024.

Under the Paris Agreement, an international agreement addressing greenhouse gas emissions, the U.S. has committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 52 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers plans to reduce carbon emissions from its electric business by 60 percent from 2005 levels in 2025. At this time, Consumers does not expect any adverse changes to its environmental strategy as a result of this event, as its plans exceed the nationally committed reduction. The commitment made by the U.S. is not binding without new Congressional legislation.

In 2020, Michigan’s Governor signed an executive order creating the Michigan Healthy Climate Plan, which outlines goals for Michigan to achieve economy-wide net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and to be carbon neutral by 2050. The executive order aims for a 28‑percent reduction below 2005 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Consumers has already surpassed the 28‑percent reduction milestone for its owned electric generation and previously announced a goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions from its electric business by 2040. The 2023 Energy Law codifies much of the Governor’s goals. For additional details on the 2023 Energy Law, see the Planet section of the Executive Overview.

Increased frequency or intensity of severe or extreme weather events, including those due to climate change, could materially impact Consumers’ facilities, energy sales, and results of operations. Consumers is unable to predict these events or their financial impact; however, Consumers evaluates the potential physical impacts of climate change on its operations, including increased frequency or intensity of storm activity; increased precipitation; increased temperature; and changes in lake and river levels. Consumers released a report addressing the physical risks of climate change on its infrastructure in 2022. Consumers is taking steps to mitigate these risks as appropriate.

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While Consumers cannot predict the outcome of changes in U.S. policy or of other legislative, executive, or regulatory initiatives involving the potential regulation or reporting of greenhouse gases, it intends to move forward with its Clean Energy Plan, its present net-zero goals, and its emphasis on reliable and resilient supply. Litigation, international treaties, executive orders, federal laws and regulations (including regulations by the EPA), and state laws and regulations, if enacted or ratified, could ultimately impact Consumers. Consumers may be required to:

•replace equipment

•install additional emission control equipment

•purchase emission allowances or credits (including potential greenhouse gas offset credits)

•curtail operations

•arrange for alternative sources of supply

•purchase or build facilities that generate fewer emissions

•mothball, sell, or retire facilities that generate certain emissions

•pursue energy efficiency or demand response measures more swiftly

•take other steps to manage or lower the emission of greenhouse gases

Although associated capital or operating costs relating to greenhouse gas regulation or legislation could be material and cost recovery cannot be assured, Consumers expects to recover these costs in rates consistent with the recovery of other reasonable costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations.

CCRs: In 2015, the EPA published a rule regulating CCRs under RCRA. This rule adopts minimum standards for the disposal of non‑hazardous CCRs in CCR landfills and surface impoundments and criteria for the beneficial use of CCRs. The rule also sets out conditions under which some CCR units would be forced to cease receiving CCR wastewater and initiate closure. Due to continued litigation, many aspects of the rule have been remanded to the EPA, resulting in more proposed and final rules.

Separately, Congress passed legislation in 2016 allowing participating states to develop permitting programs for CCRs under RCRA Subtitle D. The EPA was granted authority to review these permitting programs to determine if permits issued under the proposed program would be as protective as the federal rule. Once approved, permits issued from an authorized state would replace the requirement to certify compliance with each aspect of the CCR rule. In 2020, EGLE submitted a regulatory package for Michigan’s permit program to the EPA for its review, which is still pending.

Consumers, with agreement from EGLE, completed the work necessary to initiate closure by excavating CCRs or placing a final cover over each of its relevant CCR units prior to the closure initiation deadline. Consumers has historically been authorized to recover in electric rates costs related to coal ash disposal sites.

Water: Multiple water-related regulations apply, or may apply, to Consumers.

The EPA regulates cooling water intake systems of existing electric generating plants under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. The rules seek to reduce alleged harmful impacts on aquatic organisms, such as fish. In 2018, Consumers submitted to EGLE for approval all required studies and recommended plans to comply with Section 316(b) for its coal-fueled units, but has not yet received final approval.

The EPA also regulates the discharge of wastewater through its effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric generating plants. In 2020, the EPA revised previous guidelines related to the discharge of certain wastewater, but allowed for extension of the compliance deadline from the end of 2023 to the end of 2025, upon approval by EGLE through the NPDES permitting process. Consumers received such an

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extension to 2025 for its J.H. Campbell generating facility, which it plans to retire in 2025. In March 2023, the EPA released a proposed rule seeking to replace its 2020 rule and corresponding effluent limitation guidelines. Consumers is evaluating the proposed effluent limitation guidelines for its potential impacts on its generating facilities.

In recent years, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have proposed changes to the scope of federal jurisdiction over bodies of water and to the frequency of dual jurisdiction in states with authority to regulate the same waters; Michigan is one such state. A 2022 rule changed the definition of “Waters of the United States,” which defines the scope of waters protected under the Clean Water Act. Additionally, in May 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision reducing the scope of “Waters of the United States.” Consumers does not expect adverse changes to its environmental strategy as a result of the current interpretations and court decision.

Many of Consumers’ facilities maintain NPDES permits, which are vital to the facilities’ operations. Consumers applies for renewal of these permits every five years. Failure of EGLE to renew any NPDES permit, a successful appeal against a permit, a change in the interpretation or scope of NPDES permitting, or onerous terms contained in a permit could have a significant detrimental effect on the operations of a facility.

Protected Wildlife: Multiple regulations apply, or may apply, to Consumers relating to protected species and habitats.

Statutes like the federal Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 may impact operations at Consumers’ facilities. In 2021, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced its intent to regulate incidental take under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Any resulting permitting and monitoring fees and/or restrictions on operations could impact Consumers’ existing and future operations, including wind and solar generation facilities.

Additionally, Consumers is monitoring proposed changes to the listing status of several species within its operational area due to an increase in wildlife-related regulatory activity at federal and state levels. A change in species listed under the Endangered Species Act may impact Consumers’ costs to mitigate its impact on protected species and habitats at certain existing facilities as well as siting choices for new facilities.

Other Matters: Other electric environmental matters could have a material impact on Consumers’ outlook. For additional details on other electric environmental matters, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies—Electric Environmental Matters.

Consumers Gas Utility Outlook and Uncertainties

Gas Deliveries: Consumers’ gas customer deliveries are seasonal. The peak demand for natural gas occurs in the winter due to colder temperatures and the resulting use of natural gas as heating fuel.

Over the next five years, Consumers expects weather-normalized gas deliveries to remain stable relative to 2023. This outlook reflects the effects of energy waste reduction programs offset by modest growth in gas demand. Actual delivery levels will depend on:

•weather fluctuations

•use by power producers

•availability and development of renewable energy sources

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•gas price changes

•Michigan’s economic conditions, including population trends and housing activity

•the price or demand of competing energy sources or fuels

•energy efficiency and conservation impacts

Gas Rate Matters: Rate matters are critical to Consumers’ gas utility business. For additional details on rate matters, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

2023 Gas Rate Case: In December 2023, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $136 million based on a 10.25‑percent authorized return on equity for the projected 12‑month period ending September 30, 2025. The filing requests authority to recover new infrastructure investment and related costs that are expected to allow Consumers to continue to provide safe, reliable, affordable, and increasingly cleaner natural gas service.

Presented in the following table are the components of the requested increase in revenue:

In Millions
Projected 12-Month Period Ending September 30	2025
Components of the requested rate increase
Investment in rate base	$	75
Operating and maintenance costs	(14)
Cost of capital	45
Sales and other revenue	30
Subtotal	$	136
Home products credit1	(14)
Total	$	122

1Consumers has proposed to share voluntarily half of the gain to be recognized on the sale of its unregulated appliance service plan program (discussed below).

Gain Sharing Application: In February 2024, Consumers signed an agreement to sell its unregulated appliance service plan program to a non-affiliated company; this sale is expected to close in the first half of 2024. Also in February 2024, Consumers filed an application requesting the MPSC’s approval to share voluntarily with customers half of the gain, net of transaction costs, to be recognized on this sale. In Consumers’ 2023 gas rate case, it has proposed sharing the gain with customers over five years in the form of a surcharge credit.

GCR Plan: Consumers submitted its 2024‑2025 GCR plan to the MPSC in December 2023 and, in accordance with its proposed plan, expects to self-implement the 2024‑2025 GCR charge beginning in April 2024.

Gas Pipeline and Storage Integrity and Safety: The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration has published various rules that expand federal safety standards for gas transmission pipelines and underground storage facilities. Initial expanded requirements for transmission pipelines took effect in 2020, with additional requirements released in 2023. There are also proposed rules expanding requirements for gas distribution systems pending. To comply with these rules, Consumers will incur increased capital and operating and maintenance costs to install and remediate pipelines and to expand inspections, maintenance, and monitoring of its existing pipelines and storage facilities.

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Although associated capital or operating and maintenance costs relating to these regulations could be material and cost recovery cannot be assured, Consumers expects to recover such costs in rates consistent with the recovery of other reasonable costs of complying with laws and regulations.

Gas Environmental Outlook: Consumers expects to incur response activity costs at a number of sites, including 23 former MGP sites. For additional details, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies—Gas Environmental Matters.

Consumers’ gas operations are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Multiple environmental laws and regulations are subject to litigation. Consumers’ primary environmental compliance focus includes, but is not limited to, the following matters.

Air Quality: Multiple air quality regulations apply, or may apply, to Consumers’ gas utility.

In June 2023, the EPA published the “Good Neighbor Plan,” a revision to CSAPR that impacts Michigan. This regulation will reduce interstate air pollution transport issues that EPA modeling suggests contribute to downwind states attaining or maintaining compliance with the NAAQS for ozone. While prior CSAPR regulations focused only on electric generating units, this latest rule includes other emission sources, including some engines used at compressor stations. Consumers has determined that the revised CSAPR regulation does not apply to Consumers’ natural gas compressor station engines.

In 2015, the EPA lowered the NAAQS for ozone and made it more difficult to construct or modify natural gas compressor stations and other emission sources in areas of the country that do not meet the ozone standard. As of May 2023, three counties in western Michigan have been designated as not meeting the ozone standard. One of Consumers’ compressor stations is located in an ozone nonattainment area. Consequently, Consumers has initiated plans to retrofit equipment at this compressor station to lower NOx emissions and comply with a rule proposed by the State of Michigan, as required for a source located in a moderate ozone nonattainment area. Additionally, in January 2023, the EPA proposed lowering the NAAQS for particulate matter. Consumers will continue to monitor NAAQS rulemakings and evaluate potential impacts to its compressor stations and other applicable natural gas storage and delivery assets.

Greenhouse Gases: There is increasing interest at the federal, state, and local levels in potential regulation of greenhouse gases or their sources. Such regulation, if adopted, may involve requirements to reduce methane emissions from Consumers’ gas utility operations and carbon dioxide emissions from customer use of natural gas. No such measures apply to Consumers at this time.

In 2020, Michigan’s Governor signed an executive order creating the Michigan Healthy Climate Plan, which outlines goals for Michigan to achieve economy-wide net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and to be carbon neutral by 2050. The executive order aims for a 28‑percent reduction below 2005 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. For additional details on the executive order, see Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties—Electric Environmental Outlook.

Under the Paris Agreement, an international agreement addressing greenhouse gas emissions, the U.S. has committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 52 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. The commitment made by the U.S. is not binding without new Congressional legislation. Consumers continues to monitor these initiatives and comment as appropriate. Consumers cannot predict the impact of any potential future legislation or regulation on its gas utility.

Consumers is making voluntary efforts to reduce its gas utility’s methane emissions. Under its Methane Reduction Plan, Consumers has set a goal of net-zero methane emissions from its natural gas delivery

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system by 2030. Consumers plans to reduce methane emissions from its system by about 80 percent, from 2012 baseline levels, by accelerating the replacement of aging pipe, rehabilitating or retiring outdated infrastructure, and adopting new technologies and practices. The remaining emissions will likely be offset by purchasing and/or producing renewable natural gas. To date, Consumers has reduced methane emissions by more than 25 percent.

In March 2022, Consumers also announced a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target for its entire natural gas system by 2050. This includes suppliers and customers, and has an interim goal of reducing customer emissions by 20 percent by 2030. Consumers’ Natural Gas Delivery Plan, a rolling ten‑year investment plan to deliver safe, reliable, clean, and affordable natural gas to customers, outlines ways in which Consumers can make early progress toward these goals in a cost-effective manner, including energy waste reduction, carbon offsets, and renewable natural gas supply.

Consumers has already initiated work in these key areas, continuing to expand its energy waste reduction targets, launching a program allowing gas customers to purchase carbon offset credits on a voluntary basis, and announcing plans to begin development of renewable natural gas facilities that will capture methane from manure generated at Michigan-based farms and convert it into renewable natural gas. Consumers is evaluating and monitoring newer technologies to determine their role in achieving Consumers’ interim and long-term net-zero goals, including hydrogen, biofuels, and synthetic methane; carbon capture sequestration systems; and other innovative technologies.

NorthStar Clean Energy Outlook and Uncertainties

CMS Energy’s primary focus with respect to its NorthStar Clean Energy businesses is to maximize the value of generating assets, its share of which represents 1,658 MW of capacity, and to pursue opportunities for the development of renewable generation projects.

During 2023, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a Class A membership interest in Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors for $86 million. Newport Solar Holdings wholly owns Newport Solar, a 180‑MW solar generation project located in Jackson County, Arkansas; the project began commercial operation in October 2023. All of the project’s nameplate capacity has been committed under a 15‑year PPA. NorthStar Clean Energy retained a Class B membership interest in Newport Solar Holdings. Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by Newport Solar Holdings will be allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company operating agreement; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. For additional details, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

NorthStar Clean Energy’s operations may be subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Multiple environmental laws and regulations are subject to litigation. NorthStar Clean Energy’s primary environmental compliance focus includes, but is not limited to, the following matters.

CSAPR requires Michigan and many other states to improve air quality by reducing power plant emissions that, according to EPA modeling, contribute to ground-level ozone in other downwind states. Since its 2015 effective date, CSAPR has been revised several times. In June 2023, the EPA published the “Good Neighbor Plan,” a revision to CSAPR. This regulation tightens allowance budgets for electric generating units in Michigan between 2023 and 2029 and changes the mechanism for allocating such allowances on a year-over-year basis beginning in 2026. NorthStar Clean Energy may incur increased costs to purchase allowances or retrofit equipment.

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For additional details regarding the ozone NAAQS or CSAPR rule, see Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties—Electric Environmental Outlook.

In May 2023, the EPA released its proposed rule to address greenhouse gas emissions from existing fossil-fuel-fired and natural gas-fueled electric generating units. This proposed regulation could have a material financial and operational impact on NorthStar Clean Energy, if the regulation ultimately applies to its facilities. The EPA is scheduled to finalize the rule in April 2024.

Many of NorthStar Clean Energy’s facilities maintain NPDES permits, which are vital to the facilities’ operations. NorthStar Clean Energy applies for renewal of these permits every five years. Failure of EGLE to renew any NPDES permit, a successful appeal against a permit, a change in the interpretation or scope of NPDES permitting, or onerous terms contained in a permit could have a significant detrimental effect on the operations of a facility.

Trends, uncertainties, and other matters related to NorthStar Clean Energy that could have a material impact on CMS Energy’s consolidated income, cash flows, or financial position include:

•investment in and financial benefits received from renewable energy and energy storage projects

•changes in energy and capacity prices

•severe weather events and climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse gases

•changes in commodity prices on certain derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting and must be marked to market through earnings

•changes in various environmental laws, regulations, principles, or practices, or in their interpretation

•indemnity obligations assumed in connection with ownership interests in facilities that involve tax equity financing

•representations, warranties, and indemnities provided by CMS Energy in connection with sales of assets

•delays or difficulties in obtaining environmental permits for facilities located in areas associated with environmental justice concerns

For additional details regarding NorthStar Clean Energy’s uncertainties, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.

Other Outlook and Uncertainties

Litigation: CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their subsidiaries are named as parties in various litigation matters, as well as in administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, arising in the ordinary course of business. For additional details regarding these and other legal matters, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

Employee Separation Program: In April 2023, CMS Energy and Consumers announced a voluntary separation program for non‑union employees. For the year ended December 31, 2023, CMS Energy and Consumers recorded a pre-tax charge of $33 million related to the program, under which more than 400 employees were approved for and accepted early separation.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following information is important to understand CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ results of operations and financial condition. For additional accounting policies, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 1, Significant Accounting Policies.

In the preparation of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements, estimates and assumptions are used that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. CMS Energy and Consumers use accounting estimates for asset valuations, unbilled revenue, depreciation, amortization, financial and derivative instruments, employee benefits, stock-based compensation, the effects of regulation, indemnities, contingencies, and AROs. Actual results may differ from estimated results due to changes in the regulatory environment, regulatory decisions, lawsuits, competition, and other factors. CMS Energy and Consumers consider all relevant factors in making these assessments.

Accounting for the Effects of Industry Regulation: Because Consumers has regulated operations, it uses regulatory accounting to recognize the effects of the regulators’ decisions on its financial statements. Consumers continually assesses whether future recovery of its regulatory assets is probable by considering communications and experience with its regulators and changes in the regulatory environment. If Consumers determined that recovery of a regulatory asset were not probable, Consumers would be required to write off the asset and immediately recognize the expense in earnings. For additional information, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers make judgments regarding the future outcome of various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. For such matters, they record liabilities when they are considered probable and reasonably estimable, based on all available information. In particular, CMS Energy and Consumers are participating in various environmental remediation projects for which they have recorded liabilities. The recorded amounts represent estimates that may take into account such considerations as the number of sites, the anticipated scope, cost, and timing of remediation work, the available technology, applicable regulations, and the requirements of governmental authorities. For remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. The amount recorded for any contingency may differ from actual costs incurred when the contingency is resolved. For additional details, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.

Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers account for certain contracts as derivative instruments. If a contract is a derivative and does not qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception, it is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at its fair value. For the FTRs at Consumers, changes in fair value are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities.

The criteria used to determine if an instrument qualifies for derivative accounting or for an exception from derivative accounting are complex and often require judgment in application. Changes in business strategies or market conditions, as well as a requirement to apply different interpretations of the derivative accounting literature, could result in changes in accounting for a single contract or groups of contracts, which could have a material impact on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial statements. For additional details on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives and how the fair values of derivatives are

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determined, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

Income Taxes: The amount of income taxes paid by CMS Energy is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. An estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy believes adequate reserves have been provided for these exposures; however, future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to the estimated tax liabilities in the period the assessments are made or resolved or when statutes of limitation on potential assessments expire. Additionally, CMS Energy’s judgment as to the ability to recover its deferred tax assets may change. CMS Energy believes the valuation allowances related to its deferred tax assets are adequate, but future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments. As a result, CMS Energy’s effective tax rate may fluctuate significantly over time. For additional details, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 12, Income Taxes.

Pension and OPEB: CMS Energy and Consumers provide retirement pension benefits to certain employees under non‑contributory DB Pension Plans, and they provide postretirement health and life benefits to qualifying retired employees under an OPEB Plan.

CMS Energy and Consumers record liabilities for pension and OPEB on their consolidated balance sheets at the present value of the future obligations, net of any plan assets. The calculation of the liabilities and associated expenses requires the expertise of actuaries, and requires many assumptions, including:

•life expectancies

•discount rates

•expected long-term rate of return on plan assets

•rate of compensation increases

•expected health care costs

A change in these assumptions could change significantly CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ recorded liabilities and associated expenses.

Presented in the following table are estimates of credits and cash contributions through 2026 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan. Actual future costs, credits, and contributions will depend on future investment performance, discount rates, and various factors related to the participants of the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan. CMS Energy and Consumers will, at a minimum, contribute to the plans as needed to comply with federal funding requirements.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans						OPEB Plan
	Credit			Contribution			Credit			Contribution
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	(76)		$	—		$	(88)		$	—
2025		(80)			—			(93)			—
2026		(80)			—			(97)			—
Consumers1
2024		$	(71)		$	—		$	(81)		$	—
2025		(75)			—			(85)			—
2026		(75)			—			(89)			—

1Consumers’ pension and OPEB costs are recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

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Lowering the expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans by 25 basis points would increase estimated pension cost for 2024 by $8 million for both CMS Energy and Consumers. Lowering the PBO discount rates by 25 basis points would decrease estimated pension cost for 2024 by $1 million for both CMS Energy and Consumers. Pension and OPEB costs above or below the amounts used to set existing rates will be deferred as a regulatory asset or liability in accordance with Consumers’ postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism; for more information, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Pension and OPEB plan assets are accounted for and disclosed at fair value. Fair value measurements incorporate assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. Development of these assumptions may require judgment.

For additional details on postretirement benefits, including the fair value measurements for the assets of the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 10, Retirement Benefits.

Unbilled Revenues: Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Consumers records unbilled revenues as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on its consolidated balance sheet. For additional information on unbilled revenues, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 14, Revenue.

New Accounting Standards

There are no new accounting standards issued but not yet effective that are expected to have a material impact on CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to market risks including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, commodity prices, and investment security prices. They may enter into various risk management contracts to mitigate exposure to these risks, including swaps, options, futures, and forward contracts. CMS Energy and Consumers enter into these contracts using established policies and procedures, under the direction of an executive oversight committee consisting of certain officers and a risk committee consisting of those and other officers and business managers.

The following risk sensitivities illustrate the potential loss in fair value, cash flows, or future earnings from financial instruments, assuming a hypothetical adverse change in market rates or prices of ten percent. Potential losses could exceed the amounts shown in the sensitivity analyses if changes in market rates or prices were to exceed ten percent.

Long-term Debt: CMS Energy and Consumers are exposed to interest-rate risk resulting from issuing fixed-rate and variable-rate debt instruments. CMS Energy and Consumers use a combination of these instruments, and may also enter into interest-rate swap agreements, in order to manage this risk and to achieve a reasonable cost of capital.

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Presented in the following table is a sensitivity analysis of interest-rate risk on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ debt instruments (assuming an adverse change in market interest rates of ten percent):

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Fixed-rate financing—potential loss in fair value
CMS Energy, including Consumers		$	751		$	711
Consumers		534			482

The fair value losses in the above table could be realized only if CMS Energy and Consumers transferred all of their fixed-rate financing to other creditors. The annual earnings exposure related to variable-rate financing was immaterial for both CMS Energy and Consumers at December 31, 2023 and 2022, assuming an adverse change in market interest rates of ten percent. For additional details on financial instruments see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 6, Financial Instruments

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Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Financial Statements

CMS Energy Consolidated Financial Statements		92
Consolidated Statements of Income		92
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		94
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		95
Consolidated Balance Sheets		98
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity		100
Consumers Consolidated Financial Statements		102
Consolidated Statements of Income		102
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		103
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		104
Consolidated Balance Sheets		106
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity		108
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		109
1:	Significant Accounting Policies	109
2:	Regulatory Matters	112
3:	Contingencies and Commitments	118
4:	Financings and Capitalization	124
5:	Fair Value Measurements	132
6:	Financial Instruments	134
7:	Plant, Property, and Equipment	135
8:	Leases	140
9:	Asset Retirement Obligations	144
10:	Retirement Benefits	146
11:	Stock-based Compensation	157
12:	Income Taxes	160
13:	Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy	164
14:	Revenue	165
15:	Other Income and Other Expense	169
16:	Reportable Segments	170
17:	Related-party Transactions—Consumers	175
18:	Variable Interest Entities	176
19:	Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations	178
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)		180
CMS Energy		180
Consumers		184

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CMS Energy Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Income

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Operating Revenue		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Operating Expenses
Fuel for electric generation		561			905			593
Purchased and interchange power		1,375			1,928			1,665
Purchased power – related parties		75			76			77
Cost of gas sold		902			1,256			735
Maintenance and other operating expenses		1,687			1,669			1,610
Depreciation and amortization		1,180			1,126			1,114
General taxes		447			412			389
Total operating expenses		6,227			7,372			6,183
Operating Income		1,235			1,224			1,146
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net		180			205			165
Other income		195			19			30
Other expense		(13)			(27)			(18)
Total other income		362			197			177
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt		616			509			481
Interest expense – related parties		12			12			12
Other interest expense		18			—			10
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction		(3)			(2)			(3)
Total interest charges		643			519			500
Income Before Income Taxes		954			902			823
Income Tax Expense		147			93			95
Income From Continuing Operations		807			809			728
Income From Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax of $—, $1, and $170		1			4			602
Net Income		808			813			1,330
Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		(79)			(24)			(23)
Net Income Attributable to CMS Energy		887			837			1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends		10			10			5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	877		$	827		$	1,348

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In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders		$	3.01		$	2.84		$	2.58
Income from discontinued operations per average common share available to common stockholders		—			0.01			2.08
Basic earnings per average common share		$	3.01		$	2.85		$	4.66
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders		$	3.01		$	2.84		$	2.58
Income from discontinued operations per average common share available to common stockholders		—			0.01			2.08
Diluted earnings per average common share		$	3.01		$	2.85		$	4.66

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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CMS Energy Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Net Income		$	808		$	813		$	1,330
Retirement Benefits Liability
Net gain arising during the period, net of tax of $2, $—, and $6		5			1			19
Settlement arising during the period, net of tax of $— for all periods		—			—			1
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax of $—, $1, and $2		2			4			5
Amortization of prior service credit, net of tax of $— for all periods		(1)			(1)			(1)
Derivatives
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $—, $1, and $—		—			2			2
Reclassification adjustments included in net income, net of tax of $—, $—, and $1		—			1			1
Other Comprehensive Income		6			7			27
Comprehensive Income		814			820			1,357
Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		(79)			(24)			(23)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to CMS Energy		$	893		$	844		$	1,380

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

94

CMS Energy Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income		$	808		$	813		$	1,330
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		1,180			1,126			1,114
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits		157			89			249
Bad debt expense		34			50			22
Postretirement benefits contributions		(12)			(12)			(12)
Gain from sale of EnerBank		—			(5)			(657)
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments		(274)			(93)			(70)
Net cash used in discontinued operations		—			—			(111)
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue		241			(677)			(103)
Inventories		185			(450)			(93)
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds		(136)			4			153
Other current assets and liabilities		(21)			14			13
Other non‑current assets and liabilities		147			(4)			(16)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,309			855			1,819
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)		(2,407)			(2,374)			(2,076)
Covert Generating Station acquisition		(812)			—			—
Net proceeds from sale of EnerBank		—			5			898
Net cash provided by discontinued operations		—			—			78
Cost to retire property and other investing activities		(167)			(107)			(133)
Net cash used in investing activities		(3,386)			(2,476)			(1,233)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt		3,551			1,899			335
Retirement of debt		(2,132)			(106)			(235)
Increase in notes payable		73			20			—
Issuance of common stock		192			69			26
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs		—			—			224
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock		(579)			(544)			(508)
Proceeds from the sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor		86			49			—
Contribution from noncontrolling interest		6			2			1
Net cash used in discontinued operations		—			—			(84)
Other financing costs		(54)			(62)			(54)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		1,143			1,327			(295)

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In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts		66			(294)			291
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period		182			476			185
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period		$	248		$	182		$	476
Other Cash Flow Activities and Non‑cash Investing and Financing Activities
Cash transactions
Interest paid (net of amounts capitalized)		$	607		$	490		$	489
Income taxes paid		15			1			16
Non‑cash transactions
Capital expenditures not paid		$	265		$	228		$	196

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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CMS Energy Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

ASSETS
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	227		$	164
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		21			18
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2023 and $27 in 2022		933			1,564
Accounts receivable – related parties		11			16
Inventories at average cost
Gas in underground storage		587			840
Materials and supplies		267			212
Generating plant fuel stock		84			65
Deferred property taxes		426			384
Regulatory assets		203			57
Prepayments and other current assets		80			113
Total current assets		2,839			3,433
Plant, Property, and Equipment
Plant, property, and equipment, gross		33,135			30,491
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		9,007			8,960
Plant, property, and equipment, net		24,128			21,531
Construction work in progress		944			1,182
Total plant, property, and equipment		25,072			22,713
Other Non‑current Assets
Regulatory assets		3,683			3,595
Accounts receivable		22			23
Investments		76			71
Postretirement benefits		1,468			1,208
Other		357			310
Total other non‑current assets		5,606			5,207
Total Assets		$	33,517		$	31,353

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LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases		$	980		$	1,099
Notes payable		93			20
Accounts payable		802			928
Accounts payable – related parties		7			8
Accrued rate refunds		54			—
Accrued interest		142			122
Accrued taxes		612			538
Regulatory liabilities		56			104
Other current liabilities		149			166
Total current liabilities		2,895			2,985
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt		14,508			13,122
Non-current portion of finance leases		62			68
Regulatory liabilities		3,894			3,796
Postretirement benefits		106			108
Asset retirement obligations		771			746
Deferred investment tax credit		126			129
Deferred income taxes		2,615			2,407
Other non‑current liabilities		415			397
Total non‑current liabilities		22,497			20,773
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 2 and 3)
Equity
Common stockholders’ equity
Common stock, authorized 350.0 shares in both periods; outstanding 294.4 shares in 2023 and 291.3 shares in 2022		3			3
Other paid-in capital		5,705			5,490
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(46)			(52)
Retained earnings		1,658			1,350
Total common stockholders’ equity		7,320			6,791
Cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock, Series C, authorized 9.2 depositary shares; outstanding 9.2 depositary shares in both periods		224			224
Total stockholders’ equity		7,544			7,015
Noncontrolling interests		581			580
Total equity		8,125			7,595
Total Liabilities and Equity		$	33,517		$	31,353

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

99

CMS Energy Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

In Millions, Except Number of Shares in Thousands and Per Share Amounts
	Number of Shares
Years Ended December 31	2023	2022	2021	2023			2022			2021
Total Equity at Beginning of Period					$	7,595		$	7,188		$	6,077
Common Stock
At beginning and end of period					3			3			3
Other Paid-in Capital
At beginning of period	291,268	289,758	288,940		5,490			5,406			5,365
Common stock issued	3,355	1,704	997		222			93			50
Common stock repurchased	(119)	(151)	(157)		(7)			(9)			(9)
Common stock reacquired	(64)	(43)	(22)		—			—			—
At end of period	294,440	291,268	289,758		5,705			5,490			5,406
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
At beginning of period					(52)			(59)			(86)
Retirement benefits liability
At beginning of period					(52)			(56)			(80)
Net gain arising during the period					5			1			19
Settlement arising during the period					—			—			1
Amortization of net actuarial loss					2			4			5
Amortization of prior service credit					(1)			(1)			(1)
At end of period					(46)			(52)			(56)
Derivative instruments
At beginning of period					—			(3)			(6)
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments					—			2			2
Reclassification adjustments included in net income					—			1			1
At end of period					—			—			(3)
At end of period					(46)			(52)			(59)
Retained Earnings
At beginning of period					1,350			1,057			214
Net income attributable to CMS Energy					887			837			1,353
Dividends declared on common stock					(569)			(534)			(505)
Dividends declared on preferred stock					(10)			(10)			(5)
At end of period					1,658			1,350			1,057
Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C
At beginning of period					224			224			—
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs					—			—			224
At end of period					224			224			224

100

In Millions, Except Number of Shares in Thousands and Per Share Amounts
	Number of Shares
Years Ended December 31	2023	2022	2021	2023			2022			2021
Noncontrolling Interests
At beginning of period					580			557			581
Sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor					86			49			—
Contribution from noncontrolling interest					6			2			1
Loss attributable to noncontrolling interests					(79)			(24)			(23)
Distributions and other changes in noncontrolling interests					(12)			(4)			(2)
At end of period					581			580			557
Total Equity at End of Period					$	8,125		$	7,595		$	7,188
Dividends declared per common share					$	1.9500		$	1.8400		$	1.7400
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share					$	1.0500		$	1.0500		$	0.5688

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Consumers Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Income

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Operating Revenue		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
Operating Expenses
Fuel for electric generation		435			662			463
Purchased and interchange power		1,331			1,867			1,599
Purchased power – related parties		75			76			77
Cost of gas sold		897			1,243			726
Maintenance and other operating expenses		1,586			1,582			1,531
Depreciation and amortization		1,137			1,088			1,077
General taxes		437			400			373
Total operating expenses		5,898			6,918			5,846
Operating Income		1,268			1,233			1,175
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net		171			195			155
Other income		49			17			23
Other expense		(12)			(25)			(18)
Total other income		208			187			160
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt		415			325			294
Interest expense – related parties		20			12			12
Other interest expense		16			—			8
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction		(3)			(2)			(3)
Total interest charges		448			335			311
Income Before Income Taxes		1,028			1,085			1,024
Income Tax Expense		161			140			156
Net Income		867			945			868
Preferred Stock Dividends		2			2			2
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder		$	865		$	943		$	866

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Consumers Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Net Income		$	867		$	945		$	868
Retirement Benefits Liability
Net gain (loss) arising during the period, net of tax of $—, $5, and $1		(1)			15			2
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax of $—, $—, and $1		1			2			2
Other Comprehensive Income		—			17			4
Comprehensive Income		$	867		$	962		$	872

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

103

Consumers Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income		$	867		$	945		$	868
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		1,137			1,088			1,077
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits		156			134			154
Bad debt expense		34			50			22
Postretirement benefits contributions		(9)			(9)			(9)
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments		(123)			(87)			(64)
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts and notes receivable and accrued revenue		219			(660)			(103)
Inventories		186			(447)			(90)
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds		(127)			(9)			140
Other current assets and liabilities		(35)			18			27
Other non-current assets and liabilities		125			(29)			(40)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,430			994			1,982
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)		(2,248)			(2,239)			(2,052)
Covert Generating Station acquisition		(812)			—			—
Cost to retire property and other investing activities		(141)			(105)			(133)
Net cash used in investing activities		(3,201)			(2,344)			(2,185)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt		2,666			1,799			335
Retirement of debt		(1,654)			(28)			(27)
Increase in notes payable		73			20			—
Increase (decrease) in notes payable – related parties		(75)			(317)			85
Stockholder contribution		475			685			575
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock		(697)			(771)			(724)
Other financing costs		(21)			(22)			(32)
Net cash provided by financing activities		767			1,366			212
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts		(4)			16			9
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period		60			44			35
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period		$	56		$	60		$	44

104

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Other Cash Flow Activities and Non‑cash Investing and Financing Activities
Cash transactions
Interest paid (net of amounts capitalized)		$	417		$	309		$	298
Income taxes paid (refunds received), net		31			(2)			(10)
Non‑cash transactions
Capital expenditures not paid		$	264		$	210		$	192

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Consumers Energy Company

Consolidated Balance Sheets

ASSETS
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	35		$	43
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		21			17
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2023 and $27 in 2022		909			1,524
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties		11			10
Inventories at average cost
Gas in underground storage		587			840
Materials and supplies		257			206
Generating plant fuel stock		80			59
Deferred property taxes		426			384
Regulatory assets		203			57
Prepayments and other current assets		65			96
Total current assets		2,594			3,236
Plant, Property, and Equipment
Plant, property, and equipment, gross		31,723			29,342
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		8,796			8,791
Plant, property, and equipment, net		22,927			20,551
Construction work in progress		845			994
Total plant, property, and equipment		23,772			21,545
Other Non-current Assets
Regulatory assets		3,683			3,595
Accounts receivable		28			29
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties		95			99
Postretirement benefits		1,367			1,126
Other		313			286
Total other non-current assets		5,486			5,135
Total Assets		$	31,852		$	29,916

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LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases		$	731		$	1,000
Notes payable		93			20
Notes payable – related parties		—			75
Accounts payable		764			864
Accounts payable – related parties		13			15
Accrued rate refunds		54			—
Accrued interest		110			90
Accrued taxes		614			556
Regulatory liabilities		56			104
Other current liabilities		128			147
Total current liabilities		2,563			2,871
Non-current Liabilities
Long-term debt		10,037			9,192
Long-term debt – related parties		424			—
Non-current portion of finance leases		39			45
Regulatory liabilities		3,894			3,796
Postretirement benefits		77			79
Asset retirement obligations		739			722
Deferred investment tax credit		126			129
Deferred income taxes		2,789			2,585
Other non-current liabilities		364			342
Total non-current liabilities		18,489			16,890
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 2 and 3)
Equity
Common stockholder’s equity
Common stock, authorized 125.0 shares; outstanding 84.1 shares in both periods		841			841
Other paid-in capital		7,759			7,284
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(15)			(15)
Retained earnings		2,178			2,008
Total common stockholder’s equity		10,763			10,118
Cumulative preferred stock, $4.50 series, authorized 7.5 shares; outstanding 0.4 shares in both periods		37			37
Total equity		10,800			10,155
Total Liabilities and Equity		$	31,852		$	29,916

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Consumers Energy Company

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Total Equity at Beginning of Period		$	10,155		$	9,279		$	8,556
Common Stock
At beginning and end of period		841			841			841
Other Paid-in Capital
At beginning of period		7,284			6,599			6,024
Stockholder contribution		475			685			575
At end of period		7,759			7,284			6,599
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Retirement benefits liability
At beginning of period		(15)			(32)			(36)
Net gain (loss) arising during the period		(1)			15			2
Amortization of net actuarial loss		1			2			2
At end of period		(15)			(15)			(32)
Retained Earnings
At beginning of period		2,008			1,834			1,690
Net income		867			945			868
Dividends declared on common stock		(695)			(769)			(722)
Dividends declared on preferred stock		(2)			(2)			(2)
At end of period		2,178			2,008			1,834
Cumulative Preferred Stock
At beginning and end of period		37			37			37
Total Equity at End of Period		$	10,800		$	10,155		$	9,279

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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CMS Energy Corporation

Consumers Energy Company

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1:    Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation: CMS Energy and Consumers prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements comprise CMS Energy, Consumers, NorthStar Clean Energy, and all other entities in which CMS Energy has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Consumers’ consolidated financial statements comprise Consumers and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. CMS Energy uses the equity method of accounting for investments in companies and partnerships that are not consolidated, where they have significant influence over operations and financial policies but are not the primary beneficiary. CMS Energy and Consumers eliminate intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates: CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers record estimated loss contingencies on their consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. For environmental remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. Unless regulatory accounting applies, CMS Energy and Consumers expense legal fees as incurred; fees incurred but not yet billed are accrued based on estimates of work performed.

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs: Upon the issuance of long-term debt, CMS Energy and Consumers defer issuance costs, discounts, and premiums and amortize those amounts over the terms of the associated debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt on the balance sheet. Upon the refinancing of long-term debt, Consumers, as a regulated entity, defers any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with the refinanced debt and amortizes those amounts over the term of the newly issued debt. For the non‑regulated portions of CMS Energy’s business, any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with extinguished debt are charged to earnings.

Derivative Instruments: In order to support ongoing operations, CMS Energy and Consumers may enter into contracts for the future purchase and sale of various commodities, such as electricity, natural gas, and coal. These forward contracts are generally long-term in nature and result in physical delivery of the

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commodity at a contracted price. Most of these contracts are not subject to derivative accounting for one or more of the following reasons:

•they do not have a notional amount (that is, a number of units specified in a derivative instrument, such as MWh of electricity or bcf of natural gas)

•they qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception

•they cannot be net settled due in part to the absence of an active market for the commodity

Consumers also uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion-related transmission charges. Consumers accounts for FTRs as derivatives and changes in the fair value of FTRs are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities. For details regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivative instruments recorded at fair value, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

EPS: CMS Energy calculates basic and diluted EPS using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period. Potential common stock, for purposes of determining diluted EPS, includes the effects of nonvested stock awards, forward equity sales, and convertible securities. CMS Energy computes the effect on potential common stock using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Diluted EPS excludes the impact of antidilutive securities, which are those securities resulting in an increase in EPS or a decrease in loss per share. For EPS computations, see Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Equity Method Investments: CMS Energy and Consumers perform tests of impairment if certain triggering events occur that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that there has been a decline in value that may be other than temporary.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate long-lived assets held in use for impairment by calculating the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, CMS Energy and Consumers recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the fair value of the asset using quoted market prices, market prices of similar assets, or discounted future cash flow analyses.

CMS Energy also assesses equity method investments for impairment whenever there has been a decline in value that is other than temporary. This assessment requires CMS Energy to determine the fair value of the equity method investment. CMS Energy determines fair value using valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flows, and assesses the ability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that justifies the carrying amount of the investment. CMS Energy records an impairment if the fair value is less than the carrying amount and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary.

Investment Tax Credits: CMS Energy and its subsidiaries use the flow-through method of accounting for investment tax credits. Under the flow-through method, the credit is recognized as a reduction to income tax expense when the related plant, property, and equipment is placed into service. For its regulated utility assets, Consumers amortizes its investment tax credits over the life of the related property in accordance with regulatory treatment.

Inventory: CMS Energy and Consumers use the weighted-average cost method for valuing working gas, recoverable base gas in underground storage facilities, and materials and supplies inventory. CMS Energy

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and Consumers also use this method for valuing coal inventory, and they classify these amounts as generating plant fuel stock on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers account for RECs and emission allowances as inventory and use the weighted-average cost method to remove amounts from inventory. RECs and emission allowances are used to satisfy compliance obligations related to the generation of power. CMS Energy and Consumers classify these amounts within other assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate inventory for impairment as required to ensure that its carrying value does not exceed the lower of cost or net realizable value.

MISO Transactions: MISO requires the submission of hourly day-ahead and real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. CMS Energy and Consumers account for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the real-time and day-ahead markets, netted across all MISO energy market locations. CMS Energy and Consumers record net hourly purchases in purchased and interchange power and net hourly sales in operating revenue on their consolidated statements of income. They record net billing adjustments upon receipt of settlement statements, record accruals for future net purchases and sales adjustments based on historical experience, and reconcile accruals to actual expenses and sales upon receipt of settlement statements.

Property Taxes: Property taxes are based on the taxable value of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ real and personal property assessed by local taxing authorities. CMS Energy and Consumers record property tax expense over the fiscal year of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. The deferred property tax balance represents the amount of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accrued property tax that will be recognized over future governmental fiscal periods.

Other: For additional accounting policies, see:

•Note 2, Regulatory Matters

•Note 7, Plant, Property, and Equipment

•Note 8, Leases

•Note 9, Asset Retirement Obligations

•Note 10, Retirement Benefits

•Note 12, Income Taxes

•Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy

•Note 14, Revenue

•Note 18, Variable Interest Entities

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2:    Regulatory Matters

Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and PSCR and GCR processes. Intervenors also participate in certain FERC matters, including FERC’s regulation of certain wholesale rates that affect Consumers’ power supply costs. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC and FERC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.

There are multiple appeals pending that involve various issues concerning cost recovery from customers, the MPSC’s authority to approve voluntary revenue refunds, and other matters. Consumers is unable to predict the outcome of these appeals.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Consumers is subject to the actions of the MPSC and FERC and therefore prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the provisions of regulatory accounting. A utility must apply regulatory accounting when its rates are designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services. Under regulatory accounting, Consumers records regulatory assets or liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as expense or revenue by non‑regulated businesses.

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Presented in the following table are the regulatory assets and liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Regulatory assets
Current
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		$	126		$	—
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		54			47
Retention incentive program3		12			2
Other		11			8
Total current regulatory assets		$	203		$	57
Non-current
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired1		$	1,265		$	1,258
Securitized costs1		778			843
Postretirement benefits4		741			856
ARO3		328			281
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		126			—
MGP sites1		99			108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt1		96			100
Decommissioning costs3		83			24
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		58			55
Retention incentive program3		27			31
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism3		24			—
Energy waste reduction plan3		19			10
Ludington overhaul contract dispute3		13			—
Other		26			29
Total non-current regulatory assets		$	3,683		$	3,595
Total regulatory assets		$	3,886		$	3,652
Regulatory liabilities
Current
Income taxes, net		$	49		$	48
Reserve for customer refunds		2			47
Other		5			9
Total current regulatory liabilities		$	56		$	104
Non-current
Cost of removal		$	2,545		$	2,426
Income taxes, net		1,220			1,267
Renewable energy grant		43			45
Renewable energy plan		29			32
Energy waste reduction plan		25			6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism		12			—
Other		20			20
Total non-current regulatory liabilities		$	3,894		$	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities		$	3,950		$	3,900

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1The MPSC has provided a specific return on these regulatory assets.

2These regulatory assets have arisen from an alternative revenue program and are not associated with incurred costs or capital investments. Therefore, the MPSC has provided for recovery without a return.

3These regulatory assets represent incurred costs for which the MPSC has provided recovery without a return on investment.

4This regulatory asset is included in rate base, thereby providing a return.

Regulatory Assets

2022 PSCR Underrecovery: As a result of rising fuel prices during 2022, Consumers’ power supply costs for 2022 were significantly higher than those projected in its 2022 PSCR plan. At the end of 2022, Consumers had recorded $401 million of under-recovered power supply costs. In February 2023, the MPSC authorized Consumers to recover the 2022 underrecovery amount over three years, providing immediate relief to electric customers.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive: The energy waste reduction incentive mechanism provides a financial incentive if the energy savings of Consumers’ customers exceed annual targets established by the MPSC. Consumers accounts for this program as an alternative-revenue program that meets the criteria for recognizing revenue related to the incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC.

In November 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing Consumers to collect $55 million during 2024 as an incentive for exceeding its statutory savings targets in 2022. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $55 million in 2022.

Consumers also exceeded its statutory savings targets in 2023, achieved certain other goals, and will request the MPSC’s approval to collect $58 million, the maximum performance incentive, in the energy waste reduction reconciliation to be filed in May 2024. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $58 million in 2023.

Retention Incentive Program: To ensure necessary staffing at the D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units through their retirement, Consumers established retention incentive programs. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for the retention and severance costs incurred under these programs and has allowed for recovery over three years. For additional details regarding the retention incentive program, see Note 19, Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations.

Costs of Coal-fueled Electric Generating Units to be Retired: In June 2022, the MPSC approved Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, under which Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Upon the units’ retirement, Consumers will receive regulatory asset treatment to recover their remaining book value, as well as a 9.0‑percent return on equity, through 2040, the units’ original retirement date. Until retirement, the book value of the generating units will remain in rate base and receive full regulatory returns in general rate cases.

In June 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a non‑current regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets.

Securitized Costs: The MPSC has issued securitization financing orders authorizing Consumers to issue securitization bonds in order to finance the recovery of the remaining book value of three smaller natural gas-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in 2015, seven smaller coal-fueled electric

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generating units that Consumers retired in 2016, and the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in June 2023. Consumers has removed from plant, property, and equipment and recorded as a regulatory asset the book value of these units. Consumers is amortizing the regulatory asset over the life of the related securitization bonds, which it issued through subsidiaries in 2014 and 2023. For additional details regarding the securitization bonds, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Postretirement Benefits: As part of the ratemaking process, the MPSC allows Consumers to recover the costs of postretirement benefits. Accordingly, Consumers defers the net impact of actuarial losses and gains, prior service costs and credits, and settlements associated with postretirement benefits as a regulatory asset or liability. The asset or liability will decrease as the deferred items are amortized and recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For details about settlements and the amortization periods, see Note 10, Retirement Benefits.

ARO: The recovery of the underlying asset investments and related removal and monitoring costs of recorded AROs is approved by the MPSC in depreciation rate cases. Consumers records a regulatory asset and a regulatory liability for timing differences between the recognition of AROs for financial reporting purposes and the recovery of these costs from customers. The recovery period approximates the useful life of the assets to be removed.

MGP Sites: Consumers is incurring environmental remediation and other response activity costs at 23 former MGP facilities. The MPSC allows Consumers to recover from its natural gas customers over a ten‑year period the costs incurred to remediate the MGP sites. For additional information, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies—Gas Environmental Matters.

Unamortized Loss on Reacquired Debt: Under regulatory accounting, any unamortized discount, premium, or expense related to debt redeemed with the proceeds of new debt is capitalized and amortized over the life of the new debt.

Decommissioning Costs: In Consumers’ electric depreciation and general rate cases, the MPSC has authorized Consumers to remove from depreciation rates the costs of decommissioning the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units, and instead defer those costs as a regulatory asset to be recovered through 2031. Additionally, ash disposal costs related to Consumers’ retired coal-fueled generating units may be deferred as a regulatory asset and collected over a ten-year period. In its 2022 order approving Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, the MPSC authorized similar treatment for the decommissioning and ash disposal costs associated with the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units that will be retired in 2025.

Postretirement Benefits Expense Deferral Mechanism: In Consumers’ general rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect surcharges from customers to fund its energy waste reduction plan. The amount of spending incurred in excess of surcharges collected is recorded as a regulatory asset and amortized as surcharges are collected from customers over the plan period. The amount of surcharges collected in excess of spending incurred is recorded as a regulatory liability and amortized as costs are incurred.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: The MPSC has authorized Consumers to defer as a regulatory asset costs associated with repairing or replacing defective work performed by TAES during a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. Consumers will defer such costs while litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from

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TAES or Toshiba. Consumers will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation. For additional details on the contract dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies.

Regulatory Liabilities

Income Taxes, Net: Consumers records regulatory assets and liabilities to reflect the difference between deferred income taxes recognized for financial reporting purposes and amounts previously reflected in Consumers’ rates. This net balance will decrease over the remaining life of the related temporary differences and flow through income tax expense. The majority of the net regulatory liability recorded related to income taxes is associated with plant assets that are subject to normalization, which is governed by the Internal Revenue Code, and will be returned to customers over the remaining book life of the related plant assets. For additional details on deferred income taxes, see Note 12, Income Taxes.

Reserve for Customer Refunds: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. During 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ requests that the refund take the form of contributions to programs that assist vulnerable electric and gas customers and incremental vegetation management. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit and to fund $10 million in contributions to programs that directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Cost of Removal: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect amounts from customers to fund future asset removal activities. This regulatory liability is reduced as costs are incurred to remove the assets at the end of their useful lives.

Renewable Energy Grant: In 2013, Consumers received a $69 million renewable energy grant for Lake Winds® Energy Park, which began operations in 2012. This grant reduces Consumers’ cost of complying with Michigan’s renewable portfolio standard and, accordingly, reduces the overall renewable energy surcharge to be collected from customers. The regulatory liability recorded for the grant will be amortized over the life of Lake Winds® Energy Park. Consumers presents the amortization as a reduction to maintenance and other operating expenses on its consolidated statements of income.

Renewable Energy Plan: Consumers has collected surcharges to fund its renewable energy plan. Amounts not yet spent under the plan are recorded as a regulatory liability, which is amortized as incremental costs are incurred to operate and depreciate Consumers’ renewable generation facilities and to purchase RECs under renewable energy purchase agreements. Incremental costs represent costs incurred in excess of amounts recovered through the PSCR process.

Consumers Electric and Gas Utility

Meter Investigation: In July 2023, the MPSC issued an order initiating an investigation into Consumers’ handling of malfunctioning meters and meters requiring transition from 3G to 4G technology, estimated billing, and new service installations. The order directed Consumers to provide information on such meters and their replacement, meter-reading performance, communications with customers and the MPSC regarding these issues, and other information; Consumers provided this information in August 2023. As directed in the order, the MPSC Staff analyzed this information and made recommendations, including continued monitoring of Consumers’ performance in these areas and penalties for failure to comply with MPSC service rules.

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In October 2023, the MPSC issued a show-cause order directing Consumers to provide further information on consecutive estimated billings, the provision of actual meter readings, and new service installation issues. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this matter, but it could be subject to regulatory penalties that are not expected to have a material effect on Consumers’ results of operations and Consumers could be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny.

Consumers Electric Utility

2022 Electric Rate Case: In January 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $155 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity. The MPSC also approved a surcharge for the recovery of $6 million of depreciation, property tax, and interest expense related to distribution investments made in 2021 that exceeded what was authorized in rates in accordance with the December 2020 electric rate order. The new rates became effective January 20, 2023.

Consumers Gas Utility

2022 Gas Rate Case: In December 2022, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $212 million, based on a 10.25‑percent authorized return on equity for the projected 12‑month period ending September 30, 2024. In August 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $95 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity, effective October 1, 2023. The MPSC also authorized the use of a cost deferral mechanism that will allow Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expense above or below the amounts used to set existing rates.

Power Supply Cost Recovery and Gas Cost Recovery

The PSCR and GCR ratemaking processes are designed to allow Consumers to recover all of its power supply and purchased natural gas costs if incurred under reasonable and prudent policies and practices. The MPSC reviews these costs, policies, and practices in annual plan and reconciliation proceedings. Consumers adjusts its PSCR and GCR billing charges monthly, subject to ceiling factor limitations, in order to minimize the underrecovery or overrecovery amount in the annual reconciliations. Underrecoveries represent power supply and purchased natural gas costs that will be recovered from customers; overrecoveries represent previously collected revenues that will be refunded to customers.

Presented in the following table are the assets and liabilities for PSCR and GCR underrecoveries and overrecoveries reflected on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Assets
PSCR underrecoveries		$	—		$	401
GCR underrecoveries		—			8
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue		$	—		$	409
Liabilities
PSCR overrecoveries		$	10		$	—
GCR overrecoveries		44			—
Accrued rate refunds		$	54		$	—

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PSCR Plans and Reconciliations: In September 2023, the MPSC issued an order in Consumers’ 2021 PSCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $2.1 billion of power costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022 PSCR reconciliation the overrecovery of $7 million.

In March 2023, Consumers filed its 2022 PSCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $2.5 billion of power costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $404 million. In November 2023, Consumers revised its reconciliation, requesting authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $401 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023 PSCR plan to the MPSC in September 2022 and self-implemented a 2023 PSCR charge in accordance with that plan in January 2023. As a result of significantly higher-than-projected power costs during 2022, Consumers subsequently filed a motion for a temporary order in its 2023 PSCR plan, requesting that the MPSC approve only a third of the 2022 underrecovery amount for recovery in 2023, with the remaining amount to be recovered equally during 2024 and 2025. The MPSC approved Consumers’ motion in February 2023, providing immediate relief to electric customers. The MPSC approved Consumers’ 2023 PSCR plan in August 2023.

GCR Plans and Reconciliations: In March 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement in Consumers’ 2021-2022 GCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $0.7 billion of gas costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $9 million.

In June 2023, Consumers filed its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $1.1 billion of gas costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023-2024 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $15 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023-2024 GCR plan to the MPSC in December 2022 and self-implemented its proposed 2023-2024 GCR charge in April 2023.

3:    Contingencies and Commitments

CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures stating that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.

CMS Energy Contingencies

Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement establishing the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit, which is valid through 2025.

At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $45 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and

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maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $57 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4

CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.

Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies

Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.

Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss to be between $2 million and $4 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $2 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA had reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB-containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow-up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties asked to participate in the removal action plan, including Consumers, declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.

Based on its experience, Consumers estimates its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites to be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the

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nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: Consumers and DTE Electric, co-owners of Ludington, are parties to a 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. The overhauled Ludington units are operational, but TAES’ work has been defective and non‑conforming. Consumers and DTE Electric have demanded that TAES provide a comprehensive plan to resolve those matters, including adherence to its warranty commitments and other contractual obligations. Consumers and DTE Electric have taken extensive efforts to resolve these issues with TAES, including a formal demand to TAES’ parent, Toshiba, under a parent guaranty it provided. TAES has not provided a comprehensive plan or otherwise met its performance obligations.

In order to enforce the contract, Consumers and DTE Electric filed a complaint against TAES and Toshiba in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in April 2022. In June 2022, TAES and Toshiba filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, along with an answer and counterclaims seeking approximately $15 million in damages related to payments allegedly owed under the parties’ contract. As a co-owner of Ludington, Consumers would be liable for 51 percent of any such damages, if liability and damages were proven. In September 2022, the court denied the motion to dismiss filed by TAES and Toshiba. The parties are engaged in ongoing litigation, including discovery, pursuant to a court-ordered schedule. Consumers believes the counterclaims filed by TAES and Toshiba are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Toshiba has announced that, through a common stock purchase, TBJH became the majority shareholder and new parent company of Toshiba. TBJH is a subsidiary of a Japanese private equity firm. Consumers and DTE Electric continue to monitor this development, but do not believe that this affects their rights under the parent guaranty provided by Toshiba.

In May 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ and DTE Electric’s jointly-filed request for authority to defer as a regulatory asset the costs associated with repairing or replacing the defective work performed by TAES while the litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from TAES or Toshiba. Consumers and DTE Electric will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of such proceedings.

J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute: In May 2022, Consumers filed a complaint against Wolverine Power in the Ottawa County Circuit Court and requested a ruling that Consumers has sole authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. In July 2022, Wolverine Power filed an answer, affirmative defenses, and a counterclaim seeking approximately $37 million in damages allegedly caused by Consumers’ decision to retire the unit before the end of its useful life. In October 2022, the state circuit court judge found that Consumers may, in its sole discretion, retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit, provided that Consumers continues to operate and make necessary improvements to the unit while the litigation concerning Wolverine Power’s claim for damages is pending. In May 2023, the circuit court judge issued an order granting Consumers’ Motion for Clarification confirming that Consumers may continue to operate and invest in J.H. Campbell 3 consistent with the May 2025 retirement date. Consumers believes Wolverine Power’s claim has no merit, but cannot predict the final impact or outcome on this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

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Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies

Gas Environmental Matters: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.

At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $62 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Remediation and other response activity costs		$	2		$	1		$	7		$	10		$	25

Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.

Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP-related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten-year period. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $99 million related to the MGP sites.

Consumers estimates that its liability to perform remediation and other response activities at NREPA sites other than the MGP sites could reach $1 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of less than $1 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Guarantees

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Guarantee Description	Issue Date	Expiration Date	Maximum Obligation			Carrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1	various	indefinite		$	304		$	—
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2	various	indefinite		153			1
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		30			—
Consumers
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		$	30		$	—

1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These

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obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.

3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.

Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities and those disclosed in the table to be remote.

Other Contingencies

In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 2, Regulatory Matters, there are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self-report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Contractual Commitments

Purchase Obligations: Purchase obligations arise from long-term contracts for the purchase of commodities and related services, and construction and service agreements. The commodities and related services include long-term PPAs, natural gas and associated transportation, and coal and associated transportation. Related-party PPAs are between Consumers and certain affiliates of NorthStar Clean

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Energy. Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contractual purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 for each of the periods shown:

In Millions
	Payments Due
	Total			2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Beyond 2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		3,491			1,720			885			301			207			150			228
Total purchase obligations		$	10,695		$	2,431		$	1,677		$	1,084		$	994		$	852		$	3,657
Consumers
PPAs
MCV PPA		$	2,506		$	342		$	402		$	416		$	410		$	371		$	565
Related-party PPAs		206			60			44			30			31			14			27
Other PPAs		4,492			309			346			337			346			317			2,837
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		2,802			1,615			648			266			168			82			23
Total purchase obligations		$	10,006		$	2,326		$	1,440		$	1,049		$	955		$	784		$	3,452

MCV PPA: Consumers has a PPA with the MCV Partnership giving Consumers the right to purchase up to 1,240 MW of capacity and energy produced by the MCV Facility through May 2030. The MCV PPA provides for:

•a capacity charge of $10.14 per MWh of available capacity through March 2025 and $5.00 per MWh of available capacity from March 2025 through the termination date of the PPA

•a fixed energy charge of $6.30 per MWh for on-peak hours and $6.00 for off-peak hours

•a variable energy charge based on the MCV Partnership’s cost of production for energy delivered to Consumers

•a $5 million annual contribution by the MCV Partnership to a renewable resources program through March 2025

Capacity and energy charges under the MCV PPA were $340 million in 2023, $519 million in 2022, and $348 million in 2021.

Other PPAs: Consumers has PPAs expiring through 2048 with various counterparties. The majority of the PPAs have capacity and energy charges for delivered energy. Capacity and energy charges under these PPAs were $498 million in 2023, $510 million in 2022, and $338 million in 2021. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases. See Note 8, Leases for more information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease obligations.

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4:    Financings and Capitalization

Presented in the following table is CMS Energy’s long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
CMS Energy, parent only
Senior notes	3.875		2024		$	250		$	250
	3.600		2025		250			250
	3.000		2026		300			300
	2.950		2027		275			275
	3.450		2027		350			350
	4.700		2043		250			250
	4.875		2044		300			300
					$	1,975		$	1,975
Convertible senior notes	3.375		2028		800			—
					$	800		$	—
Junior subordinated notes1	4.750	2	2050		500			500
	3.750	3	2050		400			400
	5.625		2078		200			200
	5.875		2078		280			280
	5.875		2079		630			630
					$	2,010		$	2,010
Total CMS Energy, parent only					$	4,785		$	3,985
CMS Energy subsidiaries
Consumers					10,863			$	10,277
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility	variable		2023		—			100
Total principal amount outstanding					$	15,648		$	14,362
Current amounts					(975)			(1,090)
Unamortized discounts					(30)			(30)
Unamortized issuance costs					(135)			(120)
Total long-term debt					$	14,508		$	13,122

1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness.

2On June 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 4.116 percent.

3On December 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five‑year treasury rate plus 2.900 percent.

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Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity		2023			2022
Consumers
First mortgage bonds
		0.350		2023		$	—		$	300
		3.375		2023		—			325
		3.125		2024		250			250
		3.190		2024		52			52
		5.240		2026		115			—
		3.680		2027		100			100
		3.390		2027		35			35
		4.650		2028		425			—
		3.800		2028		300			300
		4.900		2029		500			—
		5.070		2029		50			—
		5.170		2032		95			—
		3.600		2032		350			350
		3.180		2032		100			100
		4.625		2033		700			—
		5.800		2035		175			175
		5.380		2037		140			—
		3.520		2037		335			335
		4.010		2038		215			215
		6.170		2040		50			50
		4.970		2040		50			50
		4.310		2042		263			263
		3.950		2043		425			425
		4.100		2045		250			250
		3.250		2046		450			450
		3.950		2047		350			350
		4.050		2048		550			550
		4.350		2049		550			550
		3.750		2050		300			300
		3.100		2050		550			550
		3.500		2051		575			575
		2.650		2052		300			300
		4.200		2052		450			450
		3.860		2052		50			50
		4.280		2057		185			185
		2.500		2060		525			525
		4.350		2064		250			250
		variable	1	2069		76			76
		variable	1	2070		134			134
		variable	1	2070		127			127

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In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity			2023			2022
							$	10,397		$	8,997
Tax-exempt revenue bonds		0.875	2	2035			35			35
		1.800	3	2049			75			75
							$	110		$	110
2014 Securitization bonds		3.421	4	2025-2029	5		$	141		$	170
2023 Securitization bonds		5.342	6	2028-2031	5		646			—
							$	787		$	170
Term loan facility		variable		2024			—			1,000
Total principal amount outstanding							$	11,294		$	10,277
Current amounts							(725)			(991)
Long-term debt – related parties7 principal amount outstanding				2050-2060			(431)			—
Unamortized discounts							(28)			(27)
Unamortized issuance costs							(73)			(67)
Total long-term debt							$	10,037		$	9,192

1The variable-rate bonds bear interest quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR minus 0.038 percent, subject to a zero-percent floor. At December 31, 2023, the interest rates were 5.346 percent for bonds due September 2069, 5.329 percent for bonds due May 2070, and 5.368 percent for bonds due October 2070. The interest rate for all variable-rate bonds at December 31, 2022 was zero percent. The holders of these variable-rate bonds may put them to Consumers for redemption on certain dates prior to their stated maturity, including dates within one year of December 31, 2023.

2The interest rate on these tax-exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 8, 2026.

3The interest rate on these tax‑exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 1, 2024.

4The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding, was 3.421 percent at December 31, 2023 and 3.343 percent at December 31, 2022.

5Principal and interest payments are made semiannually.

6The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, was 5.342 percent at December 31, 2023.

7Long-term debt – related parties reflects Consumers’ outstanding debt held by its parent as a result of CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds.

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CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds: Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt—related parties at December 31, 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)
First mortgage bonds due 2060		$	163		2.500
First mortgage bonds due 2052		106			2.650
First mortgage bonds due 2050		23			3.750
First mortgage bonds due 2050		52			3.100
First mortgage bonds due 2051		27			3.500
First mortgage bonds due 2048		60			4.050
Total principal amount outstanding		$	431
Unamortized discounts		(3)
Unamortized issuance costs		(4)
Total long-term debt — related parties		$	424

During 2023, CMS Energy purchased these Consumers’ first mortgage bonds for $293 million. On a consolidated basis, CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds was accounted for as a debt extinguishment and resulted in a pre-tax gain of $131 million. Interest expense related to the repurchased bonds was $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Convertible senior notes		$	800	3.375	May 2023	May 2028
Total CMS Energy, parent only		$	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility1		$	85	variable	February 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	85
Consumers
First mortgage bonds		$	425	4.650	January 2023	March 2028
First mortgage bonds		700		4.625	February 2023	May 2033
First mortgage bonds		115		5.240	May 2023	May 2026
First mortgage bonds		50		5.070	May 2023	May 2029
First mortgage bonds		95		5.170	May 2023	May 2032
First mortgage bonds		140		5.380	May 2023	May 2037
First mortgage bonds		500		4.900	August 2023	February 2029
2023 Securitization bonds2		250		5.550	December 2023	March 2028
2023 Securitization bonds2		396		5.210	December 2023	September 2031
Total Consumers		$	2,671
Total CMS Energy		$	3,556

1    In December 2022, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into a $185 million unsecured term loan credit agreement. Under this credit agreement, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy borrowed $85 million in 2023.

2    For additional details on the securitization, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs.

In January 2024, Consumers issued $600 million of first mortgage bonds that mature in May 2029 and bear interest at a rate of 4.600 percent. The proceeds of the bonds will be used for general corporate purposes.

Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes: In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes that bear an interest rate of 3.375 percent and mature in May 2028 unless redeemed, repurchased, or converted earlier. Unamortized debt costs associated with this issuance were $12 million at December 31, 2023. The convertible senior notes rank equal in right of payment to any of CMS Energy’s unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated. There are no sinking fund requirements for the notes.

Holders of the convertible senior notes may convert their notes at their option in accordance with the conditions outlined in the related indenture. CMS Energy will settle conversions of the notes by paying cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be converted and paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of CMS Energy common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of CMS Energy common stock, at its election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the notes being converted. The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment for anti-dilutive events and fundamental change and redemption provisions

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as described in the related indenture. At December 31, 2023, the conversion price for the notes was $73.97 per share of common stock.

CMS Energy may redeem for cash all or any portion of the notes, at its option, on or after May 6, 2026 if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130 percent of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period. Holders of the convertible senior notes may require CMS Energy to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their notes if a fundamental change, as outlined in the related indenture, occurs. In both cases, CMS Energy will redeem or repurchase the notes at a price equal to 100 percent of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Retirements: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Retirement Date	Maturity Date
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility		$	185	variable	November 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	185
Consumers
Term loan facility		$	1,000	variable	February 2023	January 2024
First mortgage bonds		300		0.350	June 2023	June 2023
First mortgage bonds		325		3.375	August 2023	August 2023
Total Consumers		$	1,625

In January 2024, CMS Energy retired $250 million of its senior notes bearing an interest rate of 3.875 percent and an original maturity date of March 2024.

Regulatory Authorization for Financings: Consumers is required to maintain FERC authorization for financings. Its current authorization ends on March 31, 2025. Any long-term issuances during the authorization period are exempt from FERC’s competitive bidding and negotiated placement requirements.

First Mortgage Bonds: Consumers secures its first mortgage bonds by a mortgage and lien on substantially all of its property. Consumers’ ability to issue first mortgage bonds is restricted by certain provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture and the need for regulatory approvals under federal law. Restrictive issuance provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture include achieving a two‑times interest coverage ratio and having sufficient unfunded net property additions.

Securitization Bonds: Certain regulatory assets held by Consumers’ subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding are distinct subsidiaries. The bondholders of each entity have no recourse to the other’s assets or the assets of Consumers. Consumers collects securitization surcharges to cover the principal and interest on the bonds as well as certain other qualified costs. The surcharges collected by Consumers on behalf of each entity are remitted to that subsidiary’s account and are not available to creditors of Consumers or creditors of Consumers’ affiliates other than the subsidiary that issued the bonds.

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Debt Maturities: At December 31, 2023, the aggregate annual maturities for long-term debt for the next five years, based on stated maturities or earlier put dates, were:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt
CMS Energy, parent only		$	250		$	250		$	300		$	625		$	800
Consumers		725			116			237			263			843
Total CMS Energy1		$	975		$	366		$	537		$	888		$	1,643
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	725		$	116		$	237		$	263		$	843

Credit Facilities: The following credit facilities with banks were available at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Expiration Date	Amount of Facility			Amount Borrowed			Letters of Credit Outstanding			Amount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271		$	550		$	—		$	24		$	526
September 22, 2024		50			—			50			—
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
September 25, 20252		$	37		$	—		$	37		$	—
Consumers3
December 14, 2027		$	1,100		$	—		$	27		$	1,073
November 18, 2025		250			—			48			202

1There were no borrowings under this facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

2This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

3Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Short-term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, investment-grade commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At December 31, 2023, there were $93 million of commercial paper notes outstanding under this program with a weighted-average annual interest rate of 5.609 percent, recorded as current notes payable on the consolidated balance sheets of CMS Energy and Consumers.

In December 2023, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million at an interest rate of the prior month’s average one-month Term SOFR minus 0.100 percent. At December 31, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreement.

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Consumers’ Supplier Financing Program: Under a supplier financing program, Consumers agrees to pay a bank, acting as its payment agent, the stated amount of confirmed invoices from participating suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full within 60 days of the invoice date. Consumers does not provide collateral or a guarantee to the bank in support of its payment obligations under the agreement, nor does it pay a fee for the service. Consumers or the bank may terminate the supplier financing program agreement upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party. There were no trade payables outstanding under the program in accounts payable on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023, and less than $1 million at December 31, 2022.

Dividend Restrictions: At December 31, 2023, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $7.3 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.

Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at December 31, 2023, Consumers had $2.1 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Consumers paid $695 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.

Capitalization: The authorized capital stock of CMS Energy consists of:

•350 million shares of CMS Energy Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

•10 million shares of CMS Energy Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share

Issuance of Common Stock: In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions. There have been no sales of securities under this program.

In November 2023, CMS Energy partially settled a forward contract, issued under its previous equity offering program, by issuing shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $68.05 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $178 million.

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its equity offering program at December 31, 2023:

			Forward Price Per Share
Contract Date	Maturity Date	Number of Shares	Initial			December 31, 2023
August 3, 2022	December 31, 2024	328,207		$	67.59		$	68.37
August 24, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,677,938		69.46			70.91
August 29, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,783,388		68.18			69.54

Under these contracts, CMS Energy may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving

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cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.

The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments. No amounts are recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur. If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle or net cash settle the contracts as of December 31, 2023, CMS Energy would not have been required to deliver shares or pay cash. In January 2024, CMS Energy settled the remaining forward sale contracts issued under its previous equity offering program by issuing shares at a weighted average price of $70.31 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $266 million.

Preferred Stock: CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS PRC. Depositary shares represent a 1/1000th interest in a share of its Series C preferred stock. The Series C preferred stock has no maturity or mandatory redemption date and is not redeemable at the option of the holders. CMS Energy may, at its option, redeem the Series C preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time on or after July 15, 2026. The Series C preferred stock ranks senior to CMS Energy’s common stock with respect to dividend rights and distribution rights upon liquidation. Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Depositary Share Par Value			Depositary Share Optional Redemption Price			Number of Depositary Shares Authorized	Number of Depositary Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, redeemable perpetual		$	25		$	25	9,200,000	9,200,000

Preferred Stock of Subsidiary: Consumers’ preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS-PB. Presented in the following table are details of Consumers’ preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Par Value			Optional Redemption Price			Number of Shares Authorized	Number of Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, with no mandatory redemption		$	100		$	110	7,500,000	373,148

5:    Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are observable, market-based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

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•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.

CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions
	CMS Energy, including Consumers						Consumers
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
Assets1
Cash equivalents		$	18		$	—		$	—		$	—
Restricted cash equivalents		21			18			21			17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets		30			24			22			18
Derivative instruments		2			2			2			2
Total assets		$	71		$	44		$	45		$	37
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18
Total liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18

1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 3.

Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are bought and sold only at the discretion of plan participants.The assets are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 3.

The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. There was no material activity within the Level 3 categories of assets and liabilities during the periods presented.

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6:    Financial Instruments

Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	December 31, 2023															December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount			Fair Value												Carrying Amount			Fair Value
				Total			Level												Total			Level
							1			2			3									1			2			3
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt2		15,483			14,305			1,103			11,186			2,016			14,212			12,384			987			8,741			2,656
Long-term payables3		11			11			—			—			11			9			7			—			—			7
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Notes receivable – related party4		97			97			—			—			97			101			101			—			—			101
Liabilities
Long-term debt5		10,762			9,757			—			7,741			2,016			10,183			8,728			—			6,172			2,556
Long-term debt – related party		424			303			—			303			—			—			—			—			—			—
Long-term payables		5			5			—			—			5			—			—			—			—			—

1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7 million at December 31, 2022.

2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $975 million at December 31, 2023 and $1,090 million at December 31, 2022.

3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $2 million at December 31, 2022.

4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $725 million at December 31, 2023 and $991 million at December 31, 2022.

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Notes receivable – related party represents Consumers’ portion of the DB SERP demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.

7:    Plant, Property, and Equipment

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment:

In Millions
December 31	Estimated Depreciable Life in Years	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Consumers	3 – 125		$	31,723		$	29,342
NorthStar Clean Energy
Independent power production1	3 – 40		1,387			1,124
Assets under finance leases2			24			24
Other	3 – 5		1			1
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	33,135		$	30,491
Construction work in progress			944			1,182
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(9,007)			(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment3			$	25,072		$	22,713
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric
Generation	15 – 125		$	6,511		$	5,780
Distribution	15 – 75		11,339			10,590
Other	5 – 55		1,355			1,374
Assets under finance leases2			97			126
Gas
Distribution	20 – 85		7,452			6,951
Transmission	17 – 75		2,806			2,440
Underground storage facilities4	27 – 75		1,295			1,197
Other	5 – 55		815			835
Assets under finance leases2			15			20
Other non-utility property	3 – 51		38			29
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	31,723		$	29,342
Construction work in progress			845			994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(8,796)			(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment2			$	23,772		$	21,545

1A portion of independent power production assets are leased to others under operating leases. For information regarding CMS Energy’s operating leases of owned assets, see Note 8, Leases.

2For information regarding the amortization terms of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases, see Note 8, Leases.

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3Consumers’ plant additions were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ plant retirements, which include the impact of transfers to held for sale, were $856 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $290 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Accordingly, in 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a regulatory asset. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

4Underground storage includes base natural gas of $26 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Base natural gas is not subject to depreciation.

Asset Acquisition: In May 2023, Consumers purchased the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility with 1,200 MW of nameplate capacity in Van Buren County, Michigan for $810 million. In August 2023, Consumers paid an additional $2 million as a result of a post-closing adjustment required under the purchase agreement.

Consumers accounted for the purchase as an asset acquisition, allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. The original cost of the plant was $665 million and the seller had recognized $225 million of accumulated depreciation. Upon acquisition, Consumers recorded the net book value of $440 million and a plant acquisition adjustment of $370 million, resulting in an increase to plant, property, and equipment of $810 million. The remainder of the purchase price was allocated among various working capital accounts.

Intangible Assets: Included in net plant, property, and equipment are intangible assets. Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ intangible assets:

In Millions
Description	Amortization Life in Years	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
		Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization			Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization
Consumers
Software development	3 – 15		$	772		$	543		$	846		$	593
Rights of way	50 – 85		229			64			218			61
Franchises and consents	5 – 50		16			11			16			10
Leasehold improvements	various2		11			7			9			6
Other intangibles	various		24			15			25			16
Total			$	1,052		$	640		$	1,114		$	686

1Consumers’ intangible asset additions were $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ intangible asset retirements were $142 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, which may change whenever the lease is renewed or extended.

Capitalization: CMS Energy and Consumers record plant, property, and equipment at original cost when placed into service. The cost includes labor, material, applicable taxes, overhead such as pension and other benefits, and AFUDC, if applicable. Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment is generally recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

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With the exception of utility property for which the remaining book value has been securitized, mothballed utility property stays in rate base and continues to be depreciated at the same rate as before the mothball period. When utility property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business, Consumers records the original cost to accumulated depreciation, along with associated cost of removal, net of salvage. CMS Energy and Consumers recognize gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of non‑regulated assets in income. Consumers records cost of removal collected from customers, but not spent, as a regulatory liability.

Software: CMS Energy and Consumers capitalize the costs to purchase and develop internal-use computer software. These costs are expensed evenly over the estimated useful life of the internal-use computer software. If computer software is integral to computer hardware, then its cost is capitalized and depreciated with the hardware.

AFUDC: Consumers capitalizes AFUDC on regulated major construction projects. AFUDC represents the estimated cost of debt and authorized return-on-equity funds used to finance construction additions. Consumers records the offsetting credit as a reduction of interest for the amount representing the borrowed funds component and as other income for the equity funds component on the consolidated statements of income. When construction is completed and the property is placed in service, Consumers depreciates and recovers the capitalized AFUDC from customers over the life of the related asset. Presented in the following table are Consumers’ average AFUDC capitalization rates:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric	6.5	%	6.2	%	6.2	%
Gas	5.8		5.6		5.6

Assets Under Finance Leases: Presented in the following table are further details about changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	170		$	332
Additions		—			44
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	136		$	170
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	146		$	332
Additions		—			20
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	112		$	146

Assets under finance leases are presented as gross amounts. CMS Energy and Consumers’ accumulated amortization of assets under finance leases was $64 million at December 31, 2023 and $88 million at December 31, 2022.

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Depreciation and Amortization: Presented in the following table are further details about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accumulated depreciation and amortization:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		217			175
Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		6			6

Consumers depreciates utility property on an asset-group basis, in which it applies a single MPSC-approved depreciation rate to the gross investment in a particular class of property within the electric and gas segments. Consumers performs depreciation studies periodically to determine appropriate group lives. Presented in the following table are the composite depreciation rates for Consumers’ segment properties:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric utility property	3.8	%	3.7	%	3.9	%
Gas utility property	2.8		2.9		2.9
Other property	7.8		8.9		9.4

CMS Energy and Consumers record property repairs and minor property replacement as maintenance expense. CMS Energy and Consumers record planned major maintenance activities as operating expense unless the cost represents the acquisition of additional long-lived assets or the replacement of an existing long-lived asset.

Presented in the following table are the components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ depreciation and amortization expense:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,050		$	990		$	975
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,007		$	952		$	938
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

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Presented in the following table is Consumers’ estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Intangible asset amortization expense		$	89		$	88		$	87		$	81		$	73

Jointly Owned Regulated Utility Facilities

Presented in the following table are Consumers’ investments in jointly owned regulated utility facilities at December 31, 2023:

In Millions, Except Ownership Share
	J.H. Campbell Unit 3				Ludington				Other
Ownership share		93.3		%		51.0		%		various
Utility plant in service		$	1,752			$	619			$	443
Accumulated provision for depreciation		(812)				(227)				(97)
Plant under construction		1				5				11
Net investment		$	941			$	397			$	357

Consumers includes its share of the direct expenses of the jointly owned plants in operating expenses. Consumers shares operation, maintenance, and other expenses of these jointly owned utility facilities in proportion to each participant’s undivided ownership interest. Consumers is required to provide only its share of financing for the jointly owned utility facilities.

Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units and, in 2022, removed an amount representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement from total plant, property, and equipment and recorded it as a regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers is engaged in ongoing litigation with Wolverine Power related to Consumers’ authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute.

Consumers and DTE Electric are engaged in ongoing litigation with TAES and Toshiba related to the 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute.

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8:    Leases

Lessee

CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.

CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.

Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.

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Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted
	CMS Energy, including Consumers								Consumers
December 31	2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets1		$	26			$	31			$	23			$	27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities2		4				4				4				4
Non-current lease liabilities3		22				27				19				23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets		71				82				48				58
Lease liabilities4
Current lease liabilities		5				9				5				9
Non-current lease liabilities		62				68				39				45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases		19				20				18				18
Finance leases		19				18				11				10
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases		5.2		%		4.0		%		5.3		%		3.9		%
Finance leases5		5.3				5.2				1.5				1.6

1CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4Includes related-party lease liabilities of $24 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

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CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	6		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		9			12
Interest on lease liabilities		15			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			23
Total lease costs		$	151		$	148
Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	5		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		8			12
Interest on lease liabilities		13			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			22
Total lease costs		$	147		$	147

Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		15			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			36
Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		13			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			12

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Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions
				Finance Leases
December 31, 2023	Operating Leases			Pipelines and PPAs			Other			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	6		$	19
2025		4			13			3			16
2026		3			13			4			17
2027		2			13			1			14
2028		1			13			1			14
2029 and thereafter		30			26			66			92
Total minimum lease payments		$	45		$	91		$	81		$	172
Less discount		19			62			43			105
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	26		$	29		$	38		$	67
Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	5		$	18
2025		4			13			2			15
2026		2			13			2			15
2027		2			13			—			13
2028		1			13			—			13
2029 and thereafter		24			26			8			34
Total minimum lease payments		$	38		$	91		$	17		$	108
Less discount		15			62			2			64
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	23		$	29		$	15		$	44

Lessor

CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases.

CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the year ended December 31, 2023, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $116 million, which included variable lease payments of $74 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $240 million, which included variable lease payments of $191 million.

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Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:

In Millions
December 31, 2023
2024	$	43
2025	44
2026	18
Total minimum lease payments	$	105

Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements.

Minimum rental payments to be received under Consumers’ direct financing lease are less than $1 million for each of the next five years and $6 million for the years thereafter. The lease receivable was $6 million as of December 31, 2023, which does not include unearned income of $5 million.

9:    Asset Retirement Obligations

CMS Energy and Consumers record the fair value of the cost to remove assets at the end of their useful lives, if there is a legal obligation to remove them. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the ARO is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities associated with the closure of certain gas wells that have an indeterminate life. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities for assets that have immaterial cumulative disposal costs, such as substation batteries.

CMS Energy and Consumers calculate the fair value of ARO liabilities using an expected present-value technique that reflects assumptions about costs and inflation, and uses a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the expected cash flows. CMS Energy’s ARO liabilities are primarily at Consumers.

Presented below are the categories of assets that CMS Energy and Consumers have legal obligations to remove at the end of their useful lives and for which they have an ARO liability recorded:

ARO Description	In-Service Date	Long-Lived Assets
Closure of coal ash disposal areas	various	Generating plants coal ash areas
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap	various	Gas distribution mains and services
Asbestos abatement	1973	Electric and gas utility plant
Closure of renewable generation assets	various	Wind and solar generation facilities
Gas wells plug and abandon	various	Gas transmission and storage

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Presented in the following tables are the changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ARO liabilities:

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2022			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions			ARO Liability 12/31/2023
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739
Renewable generation assets		24			7			—			1			—			32
Total CMS Energy		$	746		$	11		$	(28)		$	33		$	9		$	771
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	272		$	—		$	(15)		$	11		$	—		$	268
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		287			—			(10)			14			(1)			290
Asbestos abatement		39			—			(1)			3			10			51
Renewable generation assets		95			4			—			3			—			102
Gas wells plug and abandon		29			—			(2)			1			—			28
Total Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2021			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions1			ARO Liability 12/31/2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722
Renewable generation assets		23			—			—			1			—			24
Total CMS Energy		$	628		$	1		$	(39)		$	28		$	128		$	746
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	157		$	—		$	(20)		$	7		$	128		$	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		282			1			(11)			15			—			287
Asbestos abatement		38			—			(1)			2			—			39
Renewable generation assets		93			—			—			2			—			95
Gas wells plug and abandon		35			—			(7)			1			—			29
Total Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722

1Increase was attributable to a proposed change for closure work at the J.H. Campbell 3 ash disposal landfill and an updated cost estimate for other coal ash disposal areas.

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10:    Retirement Benefits

Benefit Plans: CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to employees under a number of different plans. These plans include:

•non‑contributory, qualified DB Pension Plans (closed to new non‑union participants as of July 1, 2003 and closed to new union participants as of September 1, 2005)

•a non‑contributory, qualified DCCP for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003

•benefits to certain management employees under a non‑contributory, nonqualified DB SERP (closed to new participants as of March 31, 2006)

•a non‑contributory, nonqualified DC SERP for certain management employees hired or promoted on or after April 1, 2006

•a contributory, qualified defined contribution 401(k) plan

•health care and life insurance benefits under an OPEB Plan

DB Pension Plans: Participants in the pension plans include present and former employees of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries. Pension plan trust assets are not distinguishable by company. Effective December 31, 2017, CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ then-existing pension plan was amended to include only retired and former employees already covered; this amended plan is referred to as DB Pension Plan B. Also effective December 31, 2017, active employees were moved to a newly created pension plan, referred to as DB Pension Plan A, whose benefits mirror those provided under DB Pension Plan B. Maintaining separate plans for the two groups allows CMS Energy and Consumers to employ a more targeted investment strategy and provides additional opportunities to mitigate risk and volatility.

DCCP: CMS Energy and Consumers provide an employer contribution to the DCCP 401(k) plan for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003. The contribution ranges from five percent to ten percent of base pay, depending on years of service and employee class. Employees are not required to contribute in order to receive the plan’s employer contribution. DCCP expense for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $51 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. DCCP expense for Consumers was $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

DB SERP: The DB SERP is a nonqualified plan as defined by the Internal Revenue Code. DB SERP benefits are paid from a rabbi trust established in 1988. The trust assets are not considered plan assets under ASC 715. DB SERP rabbi trust earnings are taxable. Presented in the following table are the fair values of trust assets and ABO for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB SERP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Trust assets		$	132		$	137
ABO		115			118
Consumers
Trust assets		$	98		$	101
ABO		83			85

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Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions to the DB SERP in 2023 or 2022.

DC SERP: On April 1, 2006, CMS Energy and Consumers implemented a DC SERP and froze further new participation in the DB SERP. The DC SERP provides participants benefits ranging from five percent to 15 percent of total compensation. The DC SERP requires a minimum of five years of participation before vesting. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contributions to the plan, if any, are placed in a grantor trust. For CMS Energy and Consumers, trust assets were $14 million at December 31, 2023 and $12 million at December 31, 2022. DC SERP assets are included in other non‑current assets on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DC SERP expense was $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

401(k) Plan: The 401(k) plan employer match equals four to six percent of employee eligible contributions based on an employee’s wages and class. The total 401(k) plan cost for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $44 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total 401(k) plan cost for Consumers was $40 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

OPEB Plan: Participants in the OPEB Plan include all regular full-time employees covered by the employee health care plan on the day before retirement from either CMS Energy or Consumers at age 55 or older with at least 10 full years of applicable continuous service. Regular full-time employees who qualify for disability retirement under the DB Pension Plans or are disabled and covered by the DCCP and who have 15 years of applicable continuous service may also participate in the OPEB Plan. Retiree health care costs were based on the assumption that costs would increase 8.00 percent in 2024 and 6.50 percent in 2023 for those under 65 and would increase 8.50 percent in 2024 and 6.75 percent in 2023 for those over 65. The rate of increase was assumed to decline to 4.75 percent by 2032 and thereafter for all retirees.

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Assumptions: Presented in the following table are the weighted-average assumptions used in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost:

December 31	2023		2022		2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted average for benefit obligations1
Discount rate2
DB Pension Plan A	5.05	%	5.24	%	3.02	%
DB Pension Plan B	4.95		5.14		2.79
DB SERP	4.94		5.13		2.78
OPEB Plan	5.02		5.21		2.99
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.60
DB SERP3	—		5.50		5.50
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost1
Service cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.27	%	3.09	%	2.83	%
DB SERP	5.18		3.09		2.84
OPEB Plan	5.31		3.23		3.03
Interest cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.12		2.44		1.97
DB Pension Plan B	5.06		2.21		1.70
DB SERP	5.06		2.21		1.72
OPEB Plan	5.10		2.45		1.99
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5
DB Pension Plans	7.20		6.50		6.75
OPEB Plan	7.20		6.50		6.75
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.50
DB SERP	5.50		5.50		5.50

1The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

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5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

Costs: Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP									OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit)
Service cost		$	29		$	41		$	53		$	12		$	17		$	18
Interest cost		112			84			63			44			28			23
Settlement loss		—			1			1			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets		(220)			(206)			(208)			(103)			(115)			(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss		12			40			100			12			1			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(41)			(51)			(53)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic cost (credit)		$	(52)		$	(27)		$	19		$	(76)		$	(120)		$	(113)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost		$	28		$	39		$	51		$	11		$	17		$	17
Interest cost		105			79			59			42			27			23
Expected return on plan assets		(208)			(194)			(197)			(95)			(107)			(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss		11			37			96			12			—			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(40)			(50)			(51)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic credit		$	(49)		$	(26)		$	19		$	(70)		$	(113)		$	(105)

In Consumers’ 2022 electric and gas rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility. At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $11 million of pension credits and $23 million of OPEB costs under this mechanism.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

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December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

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Reconciliations: Presented in the following table are reconciliations of the funded status of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans with their retirement benefit plans’ liabilities:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans							DB SERP						OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022				2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period		$	2,169		$	3,070			$	117		$	149		$	889		$	1,166
Service cost		29			41				—			—			12			17
Interest cost		106			81				6			3			44			28
Plan amendments		—			—				—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)		52		1	(811)		1		1			(25)			9		1	(274)		1
Benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(54)			(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period		$	2,195		$	2,169			$	114		$	117		$	900		$	889
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period		$	2,820		$	3,599			$	—		$	—		$	1,446		$	1,787
Actual return on plan assets		345			(567)				—			—			165			(294)
Company contribution		—			—				10			10			—			—
Actual benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(52)			(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period		$	3,004		$	2,820			$	—		$	—		$	1,559		$	1,446
Funded status		$	809	2	$	651	2		$	(114)		$	(117)		$	659		$	557
Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period									$	85		$	109		$	856		$	1,122
Service cost									—			—			11			17
Interest cost									4			2			42			27
Plan amendments									—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)									1			(19)			10		1	(265)		1
Benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(52)			(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period									$	83		$	85		$	867		$	856
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,350		$	1,668
Actual return on plan assets									—			—			154			(273)
Company contribution									7			7			—			—
Actual benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(51)			(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,453		$	1,350
Funded status									$	(83)		$	(85)		$	586		$	494

1The actuarial losses for 2023 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of lower discount rates. The actuarial gains for 2022 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of higher discount rates.

2The total funded status of the DB Pension Plans attributable to Consumers, based on an allocation of expenses, was $781 million at December 31, 2023 and $632 million at December 31, 2022.

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Presented in the following table is the classification of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans’ assets and liabilities:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	809		$	651
OPEB Plan		659			557
Current liabilities
DB SERP		10			10
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		104			107
Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	781		$	632
OPEB Plan		586			494
Current liabilities
DB SERP		7			7
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		76			78

The ABO for the DB Pension Plans was $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the PBO and ABO did not exceed plan assets for any of the defined benefit pension plans.

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Items Not Yet Recognized as a Component of Net Periodic Benefit Cost: Presented in the following table are the amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For additional details on regulatory assets see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP						OPEB Plan
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)		65			69			(3)			2
Prior service cost (credit)		1			1			(2)			(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	716		$	815		$	86		$	110
Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss		20			20			—			—
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	670		$	765		$	91		$	111

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Plan Assets: Presented in the following tables are the fair values of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan, by asset category and by level within the fair value hierarchy. For additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	178		$	178		$	—		$	122		$	122
Mutual funds		47			47			—			263			263
		$	225		$	225		$	—		$	385		$	385
Pooled funds		2,779									2,435
Total		$	3,004								$	2,820

In Millions
	OPEB Plan
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	82		$	82		$	—		$	28		$	28
U.S. government and agencies securities		16			—			16			—			—
Corporate debt		67			—			67			—			—
State and municipal bonds		1			—			1			—			—
Foreign corporate bonds		15			—			15			—			—
Common stocks		161			161			—			69			69
Mutual funds		60			60			—			754			754
		$	402		$	303		$	99		$	851		$	851
Pooled funds		1,157									595
Total		$	1,559								$	1,446

Cash and Short-term Investments: Cash and short-term investments consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

U.S. Government and Agencies Securities: U.S. government and agencies securities consist of U.S. Treasury notes and other debt securities backed by the U.S. government and related agencies. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices.

Corporate Debt: Corporate debt investments consist of investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

State and Municipal Bonds: State and municipal bonds are valued using a matrix-pricing model that incorporates Level 2 market-based information. The fair value of the bonds is derived from various observable inputs, including benchmark yields, reported securities trades, broker/dealer quotes, bond ratings, and general information on market movements for investment grade state and municipal securities normally considered by market participants when pricing such debt securities.

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Foreign Corporate Bonds: Foreign corporate debt securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or on yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

Common Stocks: Common stocks in the OPEB Plan consist of equity securities that are actively managed and tracked to the S&P 500 Index and MSCI All Country World ex-US. These securities are valued at their quoted closing prices.

Mutual Funds: Mutual funds represent shares in registered investment companies that are priced based on the daily quoted net asset values that are publicly available and are the basis for transactions to buy or sell shares in the funds.

Pooled Funds: Pooled funds include both common and collective trust funds as well as special funds that contain only employee benefit plan assets from two or more unrelated benefit plans. These funds primarily consist of U.S. and foreign equity securities, but also include U.S. and foreign fixed-income securities and multi-asset investments. Since these investments are valued at their net asset value as a practical expedient, they are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Asset Allocations: Presented in the following table are the investment components of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan as of December 31, 2023:

	DB Pension Plans			OPEB Plan
Fixed-income securities		42.0	%		40.0	%
Equity securities		38.0			42.0
Real asset investments		9.0			8.0
Return-seeking fixed income		6.0			5.0
Liquid alternative investments		4.0			4.0
Cash and cash equivalents		1.0			1.0
		100.0	%		100.0	%

CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

CMS Energy established union and non‑union VEBA trusts to fund future retiree health and life insurance benefits known as OPEB. These trusts are funded through the ratemaking process for Consumers and through direct contributions from the non‑utility subsidiaries. CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for OPEB trusts was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

The goal of these target allocations was to maximize the long-term return on plan assets, while maintaining a prudent level of risk. The level of acceptable risk is a function of the liabilities of the plans. Equity investments are diversified mostly across the S&P 500 Index, with lesser allocations to the S&P MidCap and SmallCap Indexes and Foreign Equity Funds. Fixed-income investments are diversified across investment grade instruments of government and corporate issuers, as well as high-yield and global bond funds. Return-seeking fixed-income investments are diversified exposure to high-yield bonds, emerging market debt, and bank loans. Real asset investments are diversified across core real estate and real estate investment trusts. Liquid alternatives are investments in private funds comprised of different and independent hedge funds with various investment strategies. CMS Energy uses annual liability measurements, quarterly portfolio reviews, and periodic asset/liability studies to evaluate the need for adjustments to the portfolio allocations.

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Contributions: Contributions comprise required amounts and discretionary contributions. Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions in 2023 or 2022, or plans to contribute to the DB Pension Plans or OPEB Plan in 2024. Actual future contributions will depend on future investment performance, discount rates, and various factors related to the participants of the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan. CMS Energy and Consumers will, at a minimum, contribute to the plans as needed to comply with federal funding requirements.

Benefit Payments: Presented in the following table are the expected benefit payments for each of the next five years and the five‑year period thereafter:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans			DB SERP			OPEB Plan
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	158		$	10		$	55
2025		160			10			57
2026		159			10			58
2027		159			10			60
2028		159			9			61
2029-2033		785			43			315
Consumers
2024		$	148		$	7		$	53
2025		151			7			54
2026		150			7			56
2027		150			7			57
2028		150			6			59
2029-2033		741			29			301

Collective Bargaining Agreements: At December 31, 2023, unions represented 44 percent of CMS Energy’s employees and 45 percent of Consumers’ employees. The UWUA represents Consumers’ operating, maintenance, construction, and customer contact center employees. The USW represents Zeeland plant employees. The UWUA and USW agreements expire in 2025.

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11:    Stock-based Compensation

CMS Energy and Consumers provide a PISP to officers, employees, and non‑employee directors based on their contributions to the successful management of the company. The PISP has a ten‑year term, expiring in May 2030.

In 2023, all awards were in the form of restricted stock or restricted stock units. The PISP also allows for unrestricted common stock, stock options, stock appreciation rights, phantom shares, performance units, and incentive options, none of which was granted in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

Shares awarded or subject to stock options, phantom shares, or performance units may not exceed 6.5 million shares from June 2020 through May 2030. CMS Energy and Consumers may issue awards of up to 4,960,465 shares of common stock under the PISP as of December 31, 2023. Shares for which payment or exercise is in cash, as well as shares that expire, terminate, or are canceled or forfeited, may be awarded or granted again under the PISP.

All awards under the PISP vest fully upon death. Upon a change of control of CMS Energy or termination under an officer separation agreement, the awards will vest in accordance with specific officer agreements. If stated in the award, for restricted stock recipients who terminate employment due to retirement or disability, a pro-rata portion of the award will vest upon termination, with any market-based award also contingent upon the outcome of the market condition and any performance-based award contingent upon the outcome of the performance condition. The pro-rata portion is equal to the portion of the service period served between the award grant date and the employee’s termination date. The remaining portion of the awards will be forfeited. All awards for directors vest fully upon retirement. Restricted shares may be forfeited if employment terminates for any other reason or if the minimum service requirements are not met, as described in the award document.

Restricted Stock Awards: Restricted stock awards for employees under the PISP are in the form of performance-based, market-based, and time-lapse restricted stock. Award recipients receive shares of CMS Energy common stock that have dividend and voting rights. The dividends on time-lapse restricted stock are paid in cash or in CMS Energy common stock. The dividends on performance-based and market-based restricted stock are paid in restricted shares equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted shares are subject to the same vesting conditions as the underlying restricted stock shares.

Performance-based restricted stock vesting is contingent on meeting at least a 36‑month service requirement and a performance condition. The performance condition is based on an adjusted measure of CMS Energy’s EPS growth relative to a peer group over a three‑year period. The awards granted in 2023, 2022, and 2021 require a 38‑month service period. Market-based restricted stock vesting is generally contingent on meeting a three‑year service requirement and a market condition. The market condition is based on a comparison of CMS Energy’s total shareholder return with the median total shareholder return of a peer group over the same three‑year period. Depending on the outcome of the performance condition or the market condition, a recipient may earn a total award ranging from zero to 200 percent of the initial grant. Time-lapse restricted stock generally vests after a service period of three years.

Restricted Stock Units: In 2023, 2022, and 2021, CMS Energy and Consumers granted restricted stock units to certain non‑employee directors who elected to defer their restricted stock awards. The restricted stock units generally vest after a service period of one year or, if earlier, at the next annual meeting. The restricted stock units will be distributed to the recipients as shares in accordance with the directors’ deferral agreements. Restricted stock units do not have voting rights, but do have dividend rights. In lieu of cash dividend payments, the dividends on restricted stock units are paid in additional units equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted stock units are subject to the same vesting and

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distribution conditions as the underlying restricted stock units. No restricted stock units were forfeited during 2023.

Presented in the following tables is the activity for restricted stock and restricted stock units under the PISP:

	CMS Energy, including Consumers				Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share			Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period	1,029,523		$	60.13	978,146		$	60.15
Granted
Restricted stock	502,039		52.62		474,917		52.42
Restricted stock units	19,082		50.32		18,315		50.34
Vested
Restricted stock	(313,344)		51.54		(302,177)		51.48
Restricted stock units	(15,211)		52.60		(14,523)		52.55
Forfeited – restricted stock	(63,987)		53.57		(60,312)		53.45
Nonvested at end of period	1,158,102		$	59.50	1,094,366		$	59.50

Year Ended December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers	Consumers
Granted
Time-lapse awards	115,591	108,216
Market-based awards	147,453	139,255
Performance-based awards	153,383	145,008
Restricted stock units	15,545	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards	14,825	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards	15,608	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units	3,537	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition	55,179	53,613
Total granted	521,121	493,232

CMS Energy and Consumers charge the fair value of the restricted stock awards to expense over the required service period and charge the fair value of the restricted stock units to expense immediately. For performance-based awards, CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the number of shares expected to vest at the end of the performance period based on the probable achievement of the performance objective. Performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards have graded vesting features for retirement-eligible employees, and CMS Energy and Consumers recognize expense for those awards on a graded vesting schedule over the required service period. Expense for performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards for non‑retirement-eligible employees and time-lapse awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period.

The fair value of performance-based and time-lapse restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the price of CMS Energy’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is calculated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. CMS Energy and Consumers base expected volatilities on the historical volatility of the price of CMS Energy common stock. The risk-

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free rate for valuation of the market-based restricted stock awards was based on the three‑year U.S. Treasury yield at the award grant date.

Presented in the following table are the most significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the market-based restricted stock awards:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Expected volatility	30.3	%	27.3	%	27.6	%
Expected dividend yield	2.9		2.8		2.8
Risk-free rate	3.9		1.4		0.2

Presented in the following table is the weighted-average grant-date fair value of all awards under the PISP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.62		$	48.69		$	43.52
Restricted stock units granted		50.32			56.13			54.11
Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.42		$	48.57		$	42.85
Restricted stock units granted		50.34			56.07			53.93

Presented in the following table are amounts related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	20		$	27		$	25
Compensation expense recognized		28			26			22
Income tax benefit recognized		3			—			1
Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	19		$	25		$	24
Compensation expense recognized		26			25			21
Income tax benefit recognized		2			—			1

At December 31, 2023, $29 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for CMS Energy, including Consumers, and $27 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for Consumers. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to recognize this cost over a weighted-average period of two years.

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12:    Income Taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

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Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

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Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

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Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $2 million for the local tax loss carryforward. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully their tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation allowance has been provided. It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

If recognized, all of these uncertain tax benefits would affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual effective tax rates in future years. One uncertain tax benefit relates to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. The Michigan Tax Tribunal heard oral arguments on this methodology during 2022. A final conclusion is not anticipated in the next 12 months.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense. CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest or penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2020

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and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. CMS Energy’s Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for 2013-2016 and 2019 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 were adequate for all years.

13:    Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on income from continuing operations:

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations		$	807		$	809		$	728
Less loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(79)			(24)			(23)
Less preferred stock dividends		10			10			5
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted		$	876		$	823		$	746
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares – basic		291.2			289.5			289.0
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards		0.5			0.3			0.5
Add dilutive forward equity sale contracts		—			0.2			—
Weighted-average shares – diluted		291.7			290.0			289.5
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic		$	3.01		$	2.84		$	2.58
Diluted		3.01			2.84			2.58

Nonvested Stock Awards

CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.

Forward Equity Sale Contracts

CMS Energy has entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non‑participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were

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included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

Convertible Securities

In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Upon conversion, the convertible senior notes are required to be paid in cash with only amounts exceeding the principal permitted to be settled in shares. The convertible senior notes were anti-dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further details on CMS Energy’s convertible senior notes, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

14:    Revenue

Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	—		$	7,080
Other		—			—			181			181
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	181		$	7,261
Leasing income		—			—			116			116
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		49			20			—			69
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,745		$	2,420		$	297		$	7,462
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,236		$	1,619					$	3,855
Commercial		1,550			489						2,039
Industrial		660			60						720
Other		240			226						466
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394					$	7,080
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		49			20						69
Other non-segment revenue		—			—						1
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,745		$	2,420					$	7,166

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

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In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	—		$	8,115
Other		—			—			205			205
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	205		$	8,320
Leasing income		—			—			240			240
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		43			14			—			57
Consumers revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)			—			(37)
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	5,419		$	2,732		$	445		$	8,596
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,523		$	1,879					$	4,402
Commercial		1,733			559						2,292
Industrial		792			75						867
Other		347			207						554
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720					$	8,115
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		43			14						57
Revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)						(37)
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	5,419		$	2,732					$	8,151

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

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In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	—		$	6,961
Other		—			—			114			114
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	114		$	7,075
Leasing income		—			—			194			194
Financing income		10			5			—			15
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		33			12			—			45
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,958		$	2,063		$	308		$	7,329
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,402		$	1,396					$	3,798
Commercial		1,573			396						1,969
Industrial		624			54						678
Other		316			200						516
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046					$	6,961
Financing income		10			5						15
Alternative-revenue programs		33			12						45
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,958		$	2,063					$	7,021

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

Electric and Gas Utilities

Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.

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In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals, appliance service plans, and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.

CMS Energy and Consumers recorded uncollectible accounts expense of $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Uncollectible accounts expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a commitment to contribute $10 million to directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $494 million at December 31, 2023 and $663 million at December 31, 2022.

Alternative‑revenue Programs: Consumers accounts for its energy waste reduction incentive mechanism and financial compensation mechanism as alternative-revenue programs. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the energy waste reduction incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC and recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs. For additional information on these mechanisms, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.

Revenues to Be Refunded: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit. For additional information, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

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15:    Other Income and Other Expense

Presented in the following table are the components of other income and other expense at CMS Energy and Consumers:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other income
Gain on extinguishment of debt1		$	131		$	—	$	—
Interest income		37			5		3
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
Income from equity method investees		7			3		10
All other		13			5		9
Total other income – CMS Energy		$	195		$	19	$	30
Consumers
Other income
Interest income		$	25		$	2	$	2
Interest income - related parties		5			5		5
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
All other		12			4		8
Total other income – Consumers		$	49		$	17	$	23
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(7)			(12)		(7)
Total other expense – CMS Energy		$	(13)		$	(27)	$	(18)
Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(6)			(10)		(7)
Total other expense – Consumers		$	(12)		$	(25)	$	(18)

1For information regarding the gain on extinguishment of debt, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

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16:    Reportable Segments

Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate the performance of each segment based on its contribution to net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders.

Accounting policies for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ segments are as described in Note 1, Significant Accounting Policies. The consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the individual segments when appropriate. Accounts are allocated among the segments when common accounts are attributable to more than one segment. The allocations are based on certain measures of business activities, such as revenue, labor dollars, customers, other operating and maintenance expense, construction expense, leased property, taxes, or functional surveys. For example, customer receivables are allocated based on revenue, and pension provisions are allocated based on labor dollars.

Inter-segment sales and transfers are accounted for at current market prices and are eliminated in consolidated net income available to common stockholders by segment. Inter-segment sales and transfers were immaterial for all periods presented.

CMS Energy

The segments reported for CMS Energy are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

•NorthStar Clean Energy, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production

CMS Energy presents corporate interest and other expenses, discontinued operations, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.

Consumers

The segments reported for Consumers are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.

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Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy		297			445			308
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
Other reconciling items		1			—			—
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
NorthStar Clean Energy		43			38			37
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – CMS Energy		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – Consumers		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

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In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
Total income from equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	281		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		158			116			104
NorthStar Clean Energy		2			3			6
Other reconciling items		202			182			183
Total interest charges – CMS Energy		$	643		$	519		$	500
Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	285		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		161			116			104
Other reconciling items		2			1			—
Total interest charges – Consumers		$	448		$	335		$	311
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
NorthStar Clean Energy		4			3			(2)
Other reconciling items		(22)			(51)			(59)
Total income tax expense – CMS Energy		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
Other reconciling items		(4)			(1)			—
Total income tax expense – Consumers		$	161		$	140		$	156

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In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			23
Other reconciling items		(55)			(152)			458
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy		$	877		$	827		$	1,348
Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
Other reconciling items		—			(2)			(1)
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers		$	865		$	943		$	866
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,420			1,148			1,122
Other reconciling items		30			30			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy		$	33,135		$	30,491		$	29,893
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
Other reconciling items		38			29			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers		$	31,723		$	29,342		$	28,771
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Investments in equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71
Total investments in equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71

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In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,358		$	17,907		$	16,493
Gas utility2		12,353			11,873			10,517
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,604			1,464			1,312
Other reconciling items		202			109			431
Total assets – CMS Energy		$	33,517		$	31,353		$	28,753
Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,417		$	17,968		$	16,555
Gas utility2		12,397			11,918			10,564
Other reconciling items		38			30			21
Total assets – Consumers		$	31,852		$	29,916		$	27,140
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
NorthStar Clean Energy		156			113			17
Other reconciling items		2			7			2
Total capital expenditures – CMS Energy		$	3,280		$	2,393		$	2,161
Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
Other reconciling items		23			7			2
Total capital expenditures – Consumers		$	3,145		$	2,280		$	2,144

1Consumers had no equity method investments.

2Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

3Amounts include assets placed under finance lease.

4Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ capital expenditures for plant and equipment attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

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17:    Related-party Transactions—Consumers

Consumers enters into a number of transactions with related parties in the normal course of business. These transactions include but are not limited to:

•purchases of electricity from affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy

•payments to and from CMS Energy related to parent company overhead costs

•payments of principal and interest when due to CMS Energy related to borrowings under certain credit agreements and CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds

Transactions involving power supply purchases from certain affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy are based on avoided costs under PURPA, state law, and competitive bidding. The payment of parent company overhead costs is based on the use of accepted industry allocation methodologies. These payments are for costs that occur in the normal course of business.

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ expense recorded from related-party transactions for the years ended December 31:

In Millions
Description	Related Party	2023			2022			2021
Purchases of capacity and energy	Affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy		$	75		$	76		$	77

Amounts payable to related parties for purchased power and other services were $19 million at December 31, 2023 and $20 million at December 31, 2022. Accounts receivable from related parties were $9 million at December 31, 2023 and $8 million at December 31, 2022.

CMS Energy has a demand note payable to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028. The portion of the demand note attributable to Consumers was recorded as a note receivable – related party on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. For additional details about the agreement, see Note 8, Leases.

During 2023, CMS Energy repurchased certain of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds. For more information about these repurchases, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

In November 2023, an unregulated subsidiary of Consumers sold certain non-utility renewable development projects to NorthStar Clean Energy for $20 million, the projects’ net book value; there was no gain or loss recognized on this sale.

In December 2023, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million. For additional details about the agreement, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Short-term Borrowings.

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18:    Variable Interest Entities

Consolidated VIEs: During 2023, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a Class A membership interest in Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors for $86 million. Newport Solar Holdings wholly owns Newport Solar, a 180‑MW solar generation project located in Jackson County, Arkansas; the project began commercial operation in October 2023.

NorthStar Clean Energy holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco, which wholly owns Northwest Ohio Wind, LLC, a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio. The Class A membership interest in NWO Holdco is held by a tax equity investor.

NorthStar Clean Energy has a 51-percent ownership interest in Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, which holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind, the holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas. The Class A membership interest in Aviator Wind is held by a tax equity investor.

Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, and Aviator Wind are allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company agreements; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. Since these entities’ income and cash flows are not distributed among their investors based on ownership interest percentages, NorthStar Clean Energy allocates the entities’ income (loss) among the investors by applying the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. This method calculates each investor’s earnings based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entities at the net book value of underlying assets as of the balance sheet date. The liquidation tax gain (loss) is allocated to each investor’s capital account, resulting in income (loss) equal to the period change in the investor’s capital account balance.

Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind are VIEs. In accordance with the associated limited liability company agreements, the tax equity investors are guaranteed preferred returns from these entities. However, NorthStar Clean Energy manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. As a result, NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind and presents the Class A membership interests and 49 percent of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings as noncontrolling interests.

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Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		$	28		$	43
Accounts receivable		3			7
Prepayments and other current assets		4			7
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net		1,064			850
Construction work in progress		—			156
Other non-current assets		3			—
Total assets1		$	1,102		$	1,063
Current
Current portion of long-term debt		$	—		$	100
Accounts payable		12			33
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases		23			23
Asset retirement obligations		32			24
Total liabilities		$	67		$	180

1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.

NorthStar Clean Energy is obligated under certain indemnities that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. For additional details on these indemnity obligations, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.

Consumers’ wholly-owned subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, are VIEs designed to collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. These entities are considered VIEs primarily because their equity capitalization is insufficient to support their operations. Consumers is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these VIEs, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. The VIEs’ primary assets and liabilities comprise regulatory assets and long-term debt. For more information on these assets and liabilities, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs and Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Non-consolidated VIEs: CMS Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While CMS Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.

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Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:

Name	Nature of the Entity	Nature of CMS Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City	Coal-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Employee assignment agreement
Grayling	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Genesee	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Craven	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Operating and management contract

1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.

The creditors of these partnerships do not have recourse to the general credit of CMS Energy or Consumers. CMS Energy’s maximum risk exposure to these partnerships is generally limited to its investment in the partnerships, which is included in investments on its consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $74 million at December 31, 2023 and $71 million at December 31, 2022.

19:    Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

Exit Activities: In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers retired the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units in June 2023 and plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to ensure necessary staffing at both D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell through retirement, Consumers has implemented retention incentive programs. The aggregate cost of the D.E. Karn program, which is now complete, was $32 million. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be $50 million. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset.

As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative cost incurred and charged to maintenance and other operating expenses related to the D.E. Karn retention incentive program was $16 million. Additionally, an amount of $4 million was capitalized as a cost of plant, property, and equipment and an amount of $12 million was deferred as a regulatory asset. The cumulative cost incurred and deferred as a regulatory asset related to the J.H. Campbell retention incentive program was $35 million. The regulatory assets for both programs will be collected from customers over three years.

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Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period		$	21		$	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset		16			24
Costs paid or settled		(21)			(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1		$	16		$	21

1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and $13 million at December 31, 2022.

Discontinued Operations: In 2021, EnerBank was acquired by a non-affiliated company. CMS Energy received proceeds of over $1.0 billion from the transaction and recognized a pre-tax gain of $657 million in 2021. In March 2022, CMS Energy received $6 million of additional proceeds as the result of a post-closing adjustment. Net of related transaction costs, CMS Energy recognized a pre-tax gain of $5 million during 2022.

EnerBank’s results of operations through the date of the sale are presented as income from discontinued operations on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The table below presents the financial results of EnerBank included in income from discontinued operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2022			2021
Operating revenue		$	—		$	209
Expenses
Operating expenses		—			60
Interest expense		—			34
Income before income taxes		$	—		$	115
Gain on sale		5			657
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes		$	5		$	772
Income tax expense		1			170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		$	4		$	602

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of CMS Energy Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CMS Energy Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Accounting for the Effects of New Regulatory Matters

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is a utility and must apply regulatory accounting when its rates are designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services. Under regulatory accounting, the Company records regulatory assets or liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as expense or revenue by a non‑regulated business. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized a total of $3,886 million of regulatory assets, $3,950 million of regulatory liabilities, and $54 million of accrued rate refunds. As described by management, there are multiple participants to rate case proceedings who often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of the Company’s policies and practices. These participants often seek cost disallowances and other relief and have appealed significant decisions reached by the regulators. The recovery of regulatory assets and the settlement of regulatory liabilities are contingent upon the outcomes of rate cases and regulatory proceedings. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to accounting for the effects of new regulatory matters is a critical audit matter are (i) the high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity applied to evaluate management’s assessment of the potential outcomes and related accounting impacts associated with pending rate case proceedings; (ii) in some cases, the significant audit effort necessary to assess contrary evidence from various parties involved in rate case proceedings; and (iii) the significant audit effort necessary to evaluate audit evidence related to the recovery of regulatory assets and the settlement of regulatory liabilities. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment of

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regulatory proceedings, including the probability of recovering incurred costs and the related accounting and disclosure impacts. These procedures also included, among others, (i) evaluating the Company’s correspondence with regulators; (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assessment regarding whether recovery of regulatory assets and settlement of regulatory liabilities is probable; (iii) evaluating the sufficiency of the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements; and (iv) testing, on a sample basis, the regulatory assets and liabilities, including those subject to pending rate cases and regulatory proceedings, based on (a) provisions and formulas outlined in rate orders; (b) other regulatory correspondence; and (c) application of relevant regulatory precedents.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 8, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholder of Consumers Energy Company

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Consumers Energy Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Accounting for the Effects of New Regulatory Matters

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is a utility and must apply regulatory accounting when its rates are designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services. Under regulatory accounting, the Company records regulatory assets or liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as expense or revenue by a non‑regulated business. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized a total of $3,886 million of regulatory assets, $3,950 million of regulatory liabilities, and $54 million of accrued rate refunds. As described by management, there are multiple participants to rate case proceedings who often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of the Company’s policies and practices. These participants often seek cost disallowances and other relief and have appealed significant decisions reached by the regulators. The recovery of regulatory assets and the settlement of regulatory liabilities are contingent upon the outcomes of rate cases and regulatory proceedings. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to accounting for the effects of new regulatory matters is a critical audit matter are (i) the high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity applied to evaluate management’s assessment of the potential outcomes and related accounting impacts associated with pending rate case proceedings; (ii) in some cases, the significant audit effort necessary to assess contrary evidence from various parties involved in rate case proceedings; and (iii) the significant audit effort necessary to evaluate audit evidence related to the recovery of regulatory assets and the settlement of regulatory liabilities. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment of

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regulatory proceedings, including the probability of recovering incurred costs and the related accounting and disclosure impacts. These procedures also included, among others, (i) evaluating the Company’s correspondence with regulators; (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assessment regarding whether recovery of regulatory assets and settlement of regulatory liabilities is probable; (iii) evaluating the sufficiency of the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements; and (iv) testing, on a sample basis, the regulatory assets and liabilities, including those subject to pending rate cases and regulatory proceedings, based on (a) provisions and formulas outlined in rate orders; (b) other regulatory correspondence; and (c) application of relevant regulatory precedents.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 8, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.

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Item 9.    Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A.    Controls and Procedures

CMS Energy

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its CEO and CFO, CMS Energy conducted an evaluation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, CMS Energy’s CEO and CFO have concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: CMS Energy’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f). CMS Energy’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of CMS Energy

•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of CMS Energy are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of CMS Energy

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of CMS Energy’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements

Management, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that its internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. In addition, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls is subject to risks that those internal controls may become inadequate in future periods because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures deteriorates.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its CEO and CFO, CMS Energy conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, CMS Energy’s management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. The effectiveness of CMS Energy’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has

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been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: There have not been any changes in CMS Energy’s internal control over financial reporting during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect materially, its internal control over financial reporting.

Consumers

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its CEO and CFO, Consumers conducted an evaluation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, Consumers’ CEO and CFO have concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: Consumers’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f). Consumers’ internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Consumers

•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of Consumers are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Consumers

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of Consumers’ assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements

Management, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that its internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. In addition, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls is subject to risks that those internal controls may become inadequate in future periods because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures deteriorates.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its CEO and CFO, Consumers conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, Consumers’ management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. The effectiveness of Consumers’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: There have not been any changes in Consumers’ internal control over financial reporting during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect materially, its internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.    Other Information

None.

Item 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Part III

Item 10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

CMS Energy

Information that is required in Item 10 of this Form 10‑K regarding executive officers is included in the Item 1. Business—Information About CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Executive Officers section, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Information that is required in Item 10 of this Form 10‑K regarding directors, executive officers, and corporate governance is incorporated by reference from CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ definitive proxy statement for their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024. The proxy statement will be filed with the SEC, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10‑K, all of which information is hereby incorporated by reference in, and made part of, this Form 10‑K.

Code of Ethics

CMS Energy has adopted an employee code of ethics, entitled “CMS Energy 2024 Code of Conduct and Guide to Ethical Business Behavior” (Employee Code) that applies to its CEO, CFO, and CAO, as well as all other officers and employees of CMS Energy and its affiliates. The Employee Code is administered by the Chief Compliance Officer of CMS Energy, who reports directly to the Audit Committee. CMS Energy has also adopted a director code of ethics entitled “2024 Board of Directors Code of Conduct and Guide to Ethical Business Behavior” (Director Code) that applies to its directors. The Director Code is administered by the Audit Committee. Any alleged violation of the Director Code by a director will be investigated by disinterested members of the Audit Committee, or if none, by disinterested members of the entire Board. The Employee Code and Director Code and any waivers of, or amendments or exceptions to, a provision of the Employee Code that applies to CMS Energy’s CEO, CFO, CAO or persons performing similar functions and any waivers of, or amendments or exceptions to, a provision of CMS Energy’s Director Code will be disclosed on CMS Energy’s website at www.cmsenergy.com/corporate-governance/compliance-and-ethics.

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Consumers

Information that is required in Item 10 of this Form 10‑K regarding executive officers is included in the Item 1. Business—Information About CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Executive Officers section, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Information that is required in Item 10 of this Form 10‑K regarding directors, executive officers, and corporate governance is incorporated by reference from CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ definitive proxy statement for their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024. The proxy statement will be filed with the SEC, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10‑K, all of which information is hereby incorporated by reference in, and made part of, this Form 10‑K.

Code of Ethics

Consumers has adopted an employee code of ethics, entitled “CMS Energy 2024 Code of Conduct and Guide to Ethical Business Behavior” (Employee Code) that applies to its CEO, CFO, and CAO, as well as all other officers and employees of Consumers and its affiliates. The Employee Code is administered by the Chief Compliance Officer of Consumers, who reports directly to the Audit Committee. Consumers has also adopted a director code of ethics entitled “2024 Board of Directors Code of Conduct and Guide to Ethical Business Behavior” (Director Code) that applies to its directors. The Director Code is administered by the Audit Committee. Any alleged violation of the Director Code by a director will be investigated by disinterested members of the Audit Committee, or if none, by disinterested members of the entire Board. The Employee Code and Director Code and any waivers of, or amendments or exceptions to, a provision of the Employee Code that applies to Consumers’ CEO, CFO, CAO or persons performing similar functions and any waivers of, or amendments or exceptions to, a provision of Consumers’ Director Code will be disclosed on Consumers’ website at www.cmsenergy.com/corporate-governance/compliance-and-ethics.

Item 11.    Executive Compensation

See the note below.

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Item 12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Presented in the following table is information regarding CMS Energy’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023:

	(a)	(b)			(c)
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights			Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plan approved by shareholders	—		$	—	4,960,465

Also see the note below.

Item 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

See the note below.

Item 14.    Principal Accountant Fees and Services

See the note below.

NOTE: Information that is required by Part III—Items 11, 12, 13, and 14 of this Form 10‑K is incorporated by reference from CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ definitive proxy statement for their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024. The proxy statement will be filed with the SEC, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10‑K, all of which information is hereby incorporated by reference in, and made part of, this Form 10‑K.

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Part IV

Item 15.    Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

The following financial statements are filed as part of this report under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:

•Consolidated Statements of Income of CMS Energy for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of CMS Energy for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of CMS Energy for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Balance Sheets of CMS Energy at December 31, 2023 and 2022

•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity of CMS Energy for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Statements of Income of Consumers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of Consumers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of Consumers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Consolidated Balance Sheets of Consumers at December 31, 2023 and 2022

•Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity of Consumers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for CMS Energy

•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Consumers

The following financial statement schedules are included below:

•Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, CMS Energy—Parent Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves of CMS Energy for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

•Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves of Consumers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

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Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Condensed Statements of Income

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses		$	10		$	7		$	7
Total operating expenses		10			7			7
Operating Loss		(10)			(7)			(7)
Other Income (Expense)
Equity earnings of subsidiaries		929			980			1,482
Nonoperating retirement benefits, net		(1)			(1)			(1)
Other income		31			5			2
Other expense		—			(1)			—
Total other income		959			983			1,483
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt		201			181			183
Intercompany interest expense and other		10			8			7
Total interest charges		211			189			190
Income Before Income Taxes		738			787			1,286
Income Tax Benefit		(20)			(50)			(60)
Income From Continuing Operations		758			837			1,346
Income From Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax of $—, $—, and $(5)		—			—			7
Net Income Attributable to CMS Energy		758			837			1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends		10			10			5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	748		$	827		$	1,348

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities		$	595		$	565		$	1,549
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Investment in subsidiaries		(630)			(796)			(581)
Investment in debt securities - intercompany		(293)			—			—
Decrease (increase) in notes receivable – intercompany		55			286			(83)
Net cash used in investing activities		(868)			(510)			(664)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt		800			—			—
Issuance of common stock		192			69			26
Issuance of preferred stock		—			—			224
Retirement of long-term debt		—			—			(200)
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock		(579)			(544)			(507)
Debt issuance costs and financing fees		(20)			(11)			(10)
Change in notes payable – intercompany		(7)			77			(28)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		386			(409)			(495)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts		113			(354)			390
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period		36			390			—
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period		$	149		$	36		$	390

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Condensed Balance Sheets

ASSETS
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	149		$	36
Notes and accrued interest receivable – intercompany		60			107
Accounts receivable – intercompany and related parties		9			8
Taxes receivable		11			45
Prepayments and other current assets		—			1
Total current assets		229			197
Other Non‑current Assets
Deferred income taxes		137			105
Investments in subsidiaries		11,701			10,881
Investment in debt securities – intercompany		296			—
Other investments		8			6
Other		24			11
Total other non‑current assets		12,166			11,003
Total Assets		$	12,395		$	11,200

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LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt		$	250		$	—
Accounts and notes payable – intercompany		75			74
Accrued interest, including intercompany		37			33
Other current liabilities		9			9
Total current liabilities		371			116
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt		4,471			3,930
Notes payable – intercompany		105			109
Postretirement benefits		15			15
Other non‑current liabilities		18			15
Total non‑current liabilities		4,609			4,069
Equity
Common stock		3			3
Other stockholders' equity		7,188			6,788
Total common stockholders’ equity		7,191			6,791
Preferred stock		224			224
Total equity		7,415			7,015
Total Liabilities and Equity		$	12,395		$	11,200

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Notes to the Condensed Financial Statements

1:    Basis of Presentation

CMS Energy’s condensed financial statements have been prepared on a parent-only basis. In accordance with Rule 12‑04 of Regulation S‑X, these parent-only financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements, and therefore these parent-only financial statements and other information included should be read in conjunction with CMS Energy’s audited consolidated financial statements contained within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

2:    Guarantees

CMS Energy has issued guarantees with a maximum potential obligation of $886 million on behalf of some of its wholly owned subsidiaries and related parties. CMS Energy’s maximum potential obligation consists primarily of potential payments:

•to third parties under certain commodity purchase and sales agreements entered into by CMS ERM and other subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy

•to tax equity investors that hold membership interests in certain VIEs held by NorthStar Clean Energy

•to EGLE on behalf of CMS Land and CMS Capital, for environmental remediation obligations at Bay Harbor

•to the U.S. Department of Energy on behalf of Consumers, in connection with Consumers’ 2011 settlement agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers

The expiration dates of these guarantees vary, depending upon contractual provisions or upon the statute of limitations under the relevant governing law.

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Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves

CMS Energy Corporation

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20
Deferred tax valuation allowance
2023		$	2		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2
2022		2			—			—			—			2
2021		1			1			—			—			2

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

Consumers Energy Company

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

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Exhibit Index

The agreements included as exhibits to this Form 10‑K filing are included solely to provide information regarding the terms of the agreements and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about CMS Energy, Consumers, or other parties to the agreements. The agreements may contain representations and warranties made by each of the parties to each of the agreements that were made exclusively for the benefit of the parties involved in each of the agreements and should not be treated as statements of fact. The representations and warranties were made as a way to allocate risk if one or more of those statements prove to be incorrect. The statements were qualified by disclosures of the parties to each of the agreements that may not be reflected in each of the agreements. The agreements may apply standards of materiality that are different than standards applied to other investors. Additionally, the statements were made as of the date of the agreements or as specified in the agreements and have not been updated. The representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs of the parties to each agreement.

Additional information about CMS Energy and Consumers may be found in this filing, at www.cmsenergy.com, at www.consumersenergy.com, and through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
3.11	1-9513	3.1	—	Restated Articles of Incorporation of CMS Energy, effective June 1, 2004, as amended May 22, 2009, together with the Certificate of Designation of 4.200% Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, effective June 29, 2021 (Form 10‑Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021)
3.21	1-9513	3.2	—	CMS Energy Bylaws, amended and restated effective February 8, 2016 (Form 8‑K filed February 8, 2016)
3.3	1-5611	3(c)	—	Restated Articles of Incorporation of Consumers effective June 7, 2000 (Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000)
3.4	1-5611	3.2	—	Consumers Bylaws, amended and restated as of January 24, 2013 (Form 8-K filed January 29, 2013)
4.1	2-65973	(b)(1)–4	—	Indenture dated as of September 1, 1945 between Consumers and Chemical Bank (successor to Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company), as Trustee, including therein indentures supplemental thereto through the Forty-third Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 1, 1979 (Form S-16 filed November 13, 1979)
				Indentures Supplemental thereto:
4.1.a	1-5611	4.2	—	104th dated as of 8/11/05 (Form 8-K filed August 11, 2005)
4.1.b	1-5611	4.1	—	112th dated as of 9/1/10 (Form 8-K filed September 7, 2010)
4.1.c	1-5611	4.1	—	113th dated as of 10/15/10 (Form 8-K filed October 20, 2010)
4.1.d	1-5611	4.1	—	114th dated as of 3/31/11 (Form 8-K filed April 6, 2011)
4.1.e	1-5611	4.1	—	120th dated as of 12/17/12 (Form 8-K filed December 20, 2012)
4.1.f	1-5611	4.1	—	121st dated as of 5/17/13 (Form 8-K filed May 17, 2013)
4.1.g	1-5611	4.1	—	123rd dated as of 12/20/13 (Form 8-K filed December 27, 2013)
4.1.h	1-5611	4.1	—	124th dated as of 8/18/2014 (Form 8-K filed August 18, 2014)
4.1.i	1-5611	4.1	—	125th dated as of 11/6/2015 (Form 8-K filed November 6, 2015)

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	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
4.1.j	1-5611	4.1	—	126th dated as of 11/23/2015 (Form 8-K filed November 25, 2015)
4.1.k	1-5611	4.1	—	127th dated as of 8/10/16 (Form 8-K filed August 10, 2016)
4.1.l	1-5611	4.1	—	128th dated as of 2/22/17 (Form 8-K filed February 22, 2017)
4.1.m	1-5611	4.1	—	129th dated as of 9/28/17 (Form 8-K filed September 28, 2017)
4.1.n	1-5611	4.1	—	130th dated as of 11/15/17 (Form 8-K filed November 15, 2017)
4.1.o	1-5611	4.1	—	131st dated as of 5/14/18 (Form 8‑K filed May 14, 2018)
4.1.p	1-5611	4.1	—	132nd dated as of 6/5/18 (Form 8‑K filed June 5, 2018)
4.1.q	1-5611	4.1	—	133rd dated as of 10/1/18 (Form 8-K filed October 1, 2018)
4.1.r	1-5611	4.1	—	134th dated as of 11/13/18 (Form 8-K filed November 13, 2018)
4.1.s	1-5611	4.1	—	135th dated as of 5/28/19 (Form 8-K filed May 28, 2019)
4.1.t	1-5611	4.1	—	136th dated as of 9/3/19 (Form 8-K filed September 3, 2019)
4.1.u	1-5611	4.1	—	137th dated as of 9/19/19 (Form 8-K filed September 19, 2019)
4.1.v	1-5611	4.3	—	138th dated as of 10/1/19 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019)
4.1.w	1-5611	4.1	—	139th dated as of 3/26/20 (Form 8-K filed March 26, 2020)
4.1.x	1-5611	4.1	—	140th dated as of 5/13/20 (Form 8-K filed May 13, 2020)
4.1.y	1-5611	4.1	—	141st dated as of 5/20/20 (Form 8-K filed May 20, 2020)
4.1.z	1-5611	4.1	—	142nd dated as of 10/7/20 (Form 8-K filed October 7, 2020)
4.1.aa	1-5611	4.1	—	144th dated as of 8/12/21 (Form 8-K filed August 12, 2021)
4.1.bb	1-5611	4.1	—	145th dated as of 8/11/22 (Form 8-K filed August 11, 2022)
4.1.cc	1-5611	4.1	—	146th dated as of 12/14/22 (Form 8-K filed December 15, 2022)
4.1.dd	1-5611	4.1	—	147th dated as of 1/10/23 (Form 8-K filed January 10, 2023)
4.1.ee	1-5611	4.1	—	148th dated as of 2/23/23 (Form 8-K filed February 23, 2023)
4.1.ff	1-5611	4.1	—	149th dated as of 5/30/23 (Form 8-K filed May 30, 2023)
4.1.gg	1-5611	4.1	—	150th dated as of 8/4/23 (Form 8-K filed August 4, 2023)
4.1.hh	1-5611	4.1	—	151st dated as of 1/9/24 (Form 8-K filed January 9, 2024)
4.2	1-5611	(4)(b)	—	Indenture dated as of January 1, 1996 between Consumers and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995)
4.3	1-5611	(4)(c)	—	Indenture dated as of February 1, 1998 between Consumers and The Bank of New York Mellon (formerly The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1997)
4.41	33-47629	(4)(a)	—	Indenture dated as of September 15, 1992 between CMS Energy and NBD Bank, as Trustee (Form S-3 filed May 1, 1992)
				Indentures Supplemental thereto:
4.4.a1	1-9513	4.1	—	29th dated as of 3/22/13 (Form 8-K filed March 22, 2013)
4.4.b1	1-9513	4.1	—	30th dated as of 2/27/14 (Form 8-K filed February 27, 2014)
4.4.c1	1-9513	4.2	—	31st dated as of 2/27/14 (Form 8-K filed February 27, 2014)

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	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
4.4.d1	1-9513	4.1	—	32nd dated as of 11/9/15 (Form 8-K filed November 9, 2015)
4.4.e1	1-9513	4.1	—	33rd dated as of 5/5/16 (Form 8-K filed May 5, 2016)
4.4.f1	1-9513	4.1	—	34th dated as of 11/3/16 (Form 8-K filed November 3, 2016)
4.4.g1	1-9513	4.1	—	35th dated as of 2/13/17 (Form 8-K filed February 13, 2017)
4.51	1-9513	(4a)	—	Indenture dated as of June 1, 1997 between CMS Energy and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (Form 8-K filed July 1, 1997)
				Indentures Supplemental thereto:
4.5.a1	1-9513	4.5.a	—	5th dated as of 2/13/18 (Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017)
4.5.b1	1-9513	4.1	—	6th dated as of 3/8/18 (Form 8-K filed March 8, 2018)
4.5.c1	1-9513	4.1	—	7th dated as of 9/26/18 (Form 8-K filed September 26, 2018)
4.5.d1	1-9513	4.1	—	8th dated as of 2/20/19 (Form 8-K filed February 20, 2019)
4.5.e1	1-9513	4.1	—	9th dated as of 5/28/20 (Form 8-K filed May 28, 2020)
4.5.f1	1-9513	4.1	—	10th dated as of 11/25/20 (Form 8-K filed November 25, 2020)
4.61	1-9513	4.1	—	Indenture dated as of May 5, 2023 between CMS Energy and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (Form 8-K filed May 5, 2023)
4.71	1-9513	4.6	—	Description of CMS Energy Securities (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021)
4.8	1-5611	4.7	—	Description of Consumers Securities (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019)
4.91	1-9513	4.2	—	Deposit Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2021, among CMS Energy, Equiniti Trust Company, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein, including Form of Depositary Receipt (Form 8-K filed July 1, 2021)
10.12	1-9513	10.1	—	CMS Energy 2020 Performance Incentive Stock Plan, effective June 1, 2020 (Form 8-K filed May 5, 2020)
10.22			—	CMS Energy’s Deferred Salary Savings Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2022
10.32	1-9513	10.5	—	CMS Energy and Consumers Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of November 30, 2007 (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014)
10.42	1-9513	10.6	—	Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Employees of CMS Energy/Consumers effective on January 1, 1982 and as amended effective April 1, 2011 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2011)
10.52			—	Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, amended December 21, 2023, effective January 1, 2024
10.62	1-9513	10.2	—	Form of Officer Separation Agreement as of July 1, 2023 (Form 10‑Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023)

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	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
10.71	1-9513	(10)(y)	—	Environmental Agreement dated as of June 1, 1990 made by CMS Energy to The Connecticut National Bank and Others (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1990)
10.81,2	1-9513	(10)(a)	—	Form of Indemnification Agreement between CMS Energy and its Directors, effective as of November 1, 2007 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2007)
10.92	1-5611	(10)(b)	—	Form of Indemnification Agreement between Consumers and its Directors, effective as of November 1, 2007 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2007)
10.102	1-9513	10.10	—	CMS Incentive Compensation Plan for CMS Energy and Consumers Officers as amended, effective as of January 27, 2022 (Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021)
10.112	1-9513	10.3	—	Form of Change in Control Agreement as of July 1, 2023 (Form 10‑Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023)
10.122			—	Annual Employee Incentive Compensation Plan for Consumers amended December 11, 2023, effective July 1, 2023
10.131,2	1-9513	10.2	—	Annual NorthStar Clean Energy Employee Incentive Compensation Plan as amended, effective as of July 1, 2023 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023)
10.141	1-9513	10.1	—	$550 million Fifth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of December 14, 2022 among CMS Energy, the Banks, as defined therein, and Barclays Bank PLC, as Agent (Form 8‑K filed December 15, 2022)
10.15	1-5611	10.2	—	$1.1 billion Sixth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of December 14, 2022 among Consumers, the Banks, as defined therein, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Agent (Form 8‑K filed December 15, 2022)
10.16	1-5611	10.1	—	$250 million Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of November 19, 2018 among Consumers, the Banks, as defined therein, and The Bank of Nova Scotia, as Agent (Form 8‑K filed November 20, 2018)
10.16.a	1-5611	10.1	—	Description of the Extension to the Amended and Restated $250 million Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (Form 8‑K filed November 19, 2019)
10.16.b	1-5611	10.1	—	Description of the Second Extension to the Amended and Restated $250 million Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (Form 8‑K filed November 19, 2020)
10.16.c	1-5611	10.1	—	Description of the Third Extension to the Amended and Restated $250 million Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (Form 8-K filed November 22, 2021)
10.16.d	1-5611	10.1	—	First Amendment to the Amended and Restated $250 million Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (Form 8-K filed November 29, 2022)

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	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
10.16.e	1-5611	10.1	—	Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated $250 million Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (Form 8-K filed November 29, 2023)
10.172	1-9513	10.1	—	Consumers and other CMS Energy Companies Retired Executives Survivor Benefit Plan for Management/Executive Employees, distributed July 1, 2011 (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2011)
10.18	1-5611	10.1	—	Form of Commercial Paper Dealer Agreement between Consumers, as Issuer, and the Dealer party thereto (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2014)
10.19	1-5611	10.1	—	Purchase and Sale Agreement dated June 21, 2021 by and among Consumers and New Covert Generating Company, LLC (Form 8-K filed June 23, 2021)
10.19.a	1-5611	10.4	—	Amendment No. 1 dated as of May 31, 2023 to the Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 21, 2021 by and among Consumers and New Covert Generating Company, LLC (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ending June 30, 2023)
10.20	1-5611	10.1	—	$1 billion unsecured Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of July 22, 2022 among Consumers, the Banks defined therein, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Agent (Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022)
10.21	1355417	10.1	—	Bond Purchase Agreement dated as of January 12, 2023 between Consumers and each of the Purchasers named therein (Form 8-K filed January 12, 2023)
10.222			—	Annual Employee Incentive Compensation Plan for Consumers amended and restated effective January 1, 2024
21.1			—	Subsidiaries of CMS Energy and Consumers
23.1			—	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for CMS Energy
23.2			—	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for Consumers
31.1			—	CMS Energy’s certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2			—	CMS Energy’s certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.3			—	Consumers’ certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.4			—	Consumers’ certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1			—	CMS Energy’s certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2			—	Consumers’ certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97.12			—	CMS Energy/Consumers Clawback Policy

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	Previously Filed
Exhibits	With File Number	As Exhibit Number		Description
99.11	333-275106	99.1	—	CMS Energy Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated October 20, 2023 (Form S-3ASR filed October 20, 2023)
101.INS			—	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH			—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL			—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF			—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB			—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase
101.PRE			—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104			—	Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document)

1Obligations of CMS Energy or its subsidiaries, but not of Consumers.

2Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Exhibits that have been previously filed with the SEC, designated above, are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.

Item 16.    Form 10-K Summary

None.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, CMS Energy Corporation has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
Name:	Garrick J. Rochow
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of CMS Energy Corporation and in the capacities indicated and on February 8, 2024.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow	/s/ William D. Harvey
Garrick J. Rochow	William D. Harvey, Director
President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
	/s/ Ralph Izzo
	Ralph Izzo, Director
/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
Rejji P. Hayes
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	/s/ John G. Russell
	John G. Russell, Director
(Principal Financial Officer)
	/s/ Suzanne F. Shank
/s/ Scott B. McIntosh	Suzanne F. Shank, Director
Scott B. McIntosh
Vice President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer
	/s/ Myrna M. Soto
(Controller)	Myrna M. Soto, Director
/s/ Jon E. Barfield	/s/ John G. Sznewajs
Jon E. Barfield, Director	John G. Sznewajs, Director
/s/ Deborah H. Butler	/s/ Ronald J. Tanski
Deborah H. Butler, Director	Ronald J. Tanski, Director
/s/ Kurt L. Darrow	/s/ Laura H. Wright
Kurt L. Darrow, Director	Laura H. Wright, Director

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Consumers Energy Company has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
Name:	Garrick J. Rochow
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of Consumers Energy Company and in the capacities indicated and on February 8, 2024.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow	/s/ William D. Harvey
Garrick J. Rochow	William D. Harvey, Director
President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
	/s/ Ralph Izzo
	Ralph Izzo, Director
/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
Rejji P. Hayes
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	/s/ John G. Russell
	John G. Russell, Director
(Principal Financial Officer)
	/s/ Suzanne F. Shank
/s/ Scott B. McIntosh	Suzanne F. Shank, Director
Scott B. McIntosh
Vice President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer
	/s/ Myrna M. Soto
(Controller)	Myrna M. Soto, Director
/s/ Jon E. Barfield	/s/ John G. Sznewajs
Jon E. Barfield, Director	John G. Sznewajs, Director
/s/ Deborah H. Butler	/s/ Ronald J. Tanski
Deborah H. Butler, Director	Ronald J. Tanski, Director
/s/ Kurt L. Darrow	/s/ Laura H. Wright
Kurt L. Darrow, Director	Laura H. Wright, Director

208

EX-10.2

FINAL

Exhibit 10.2

CMS ENERGY DEFERRED SALARY SAVINGS PLAN

Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2022

1

FINAL

DEFERRED SALARY SAVINGS PLAN

The objective of the Deferred Salary Savings Plan (the "Plan") is to attract and motivate a select group of management and highly compensated employees. The Plan is designed to provide additional retirement income through employee deferrals and employer matching contributions to supplement that provided under the applicable qualified plans and to assist employees in meeting their financial goals.

The original effective date of the Plan was December 1, 1989. The Plan is amended and restated in its entirety effective January 1, 2022, except as set forth herein.

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

The following terms shall have the respective meanings set forth below when used in the Plan unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

1.1    “ Account” or “Account Balance” means the notional amount credited to a Participant or beneficiary in accordance with the provisions of the Plan.

1.2    “ Additional Deferral” means the amount deferred by a Participant in accordance with Section 3.3.

1.3    “Annual Compensation Limit” means the amount as determined annually by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to Code §401(a)(17) above which annual compensation is disregarded for qualified plans. The Annual Compensation Limit for the 2021 calendar year is

$290,000 and $305,000 for the 2022 calendar year.

1.4    “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

1.5    “Company” means CMS Energy Corporation and an employer that is sufficiently affiliated with CMS Energy Corporation under Code §414(b), (c), or (m) to be able to participate in the same benefit plan pursuant to the Code and be treated as a single employer for purposes of the Code.

1.6    “Compensation” means a Participant's regular salary from the Employer, before any adjustment for deferrals under this Plan or any other deferred compensation plan of the Company, any reductions for contributions to the Savings Plan, any reductions under any welfare benefit plan, or deductions for taxes or other withholdings, but excluding any bonus, imputed income, incentive or other premium pay. For purposes of determining Deferrals, Compensation for a Plan Year does not include any amounts paid in the Plan Year that are attributable to services performed by the Participant in an earlier Plan Year, except to the extent permitted by Code §409A.

1.7    “Deferral” means amounts deferred by a Participant pursuant to Article 3.

1.8    “Employee” means any person, employed by the Company and on the payroll and employment records system as an employee, excluding consultants, advisors and independent contractors, whose Compensation, when annualized, exceeds the Annual Compensation Limit.

2

FINAL

1.9    “Employer” means the entity within the Company that employs the Participant.

1.10    “Employer Matching Amounts” means monetary amounts added to a Participant's Account as provided in Section 3.2.

1.11    “Participant” means any Employee who meets the eligibility requirements of the Plan, who elects to enroll under the Plan, and for whom Deferrals are currently being made under the Plan or for whom Deferrals were previously made under the Plan which have not been distributed.

1.12    “Payment Event” means the time when a Participant may receive the benefits deferred under the Plan as described in Section 6.2.

1.13    “Payment Term” means the form and duration of any payment to a Participant or beneficiary as described in Section 6.3.

1.14    “Plan” means this Deferred Salary Savings Plan.

1.15    “Plan Administrator” means the Benefit Administration Committee as selected by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company to manage the Plan.

1.16    “Plan Record Keeper” means the person(s) or entity named as such by the Plan Administrator.

1.17    “Plan Year” means January 1 to December 31 of a calendar year.

1.18    “Savings Plan” means the Consumers Energy Company Employees’ Savings Plan.

1.19    “Separation from Service” means the Employee retires or otherwise has a separation from service from the Company as defined under Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations. The Plan Administrator shall determine, consistent with the requirements of Code§409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations, to what extent a person on a leave of absence, including on paid sick leave pursuant to Company policy, has incurred a Separation from Service. Notwithstanding the above, a Separation from Service shall occur consistent with the requirements of Codem§409A and Treasury Regulation §1.409A-1(h) when it is reasonably anticipated that the future level of bona fide services provided by the Employee (whether as an employee or as an independent contractor) will be no more than 45% of the average level of bona fide services performed by the Employee (whether as an employee or as an independent contractor) over the immediately preceding 36-month period (or the full period of service if less than 36 months).

ARTICLE II

ELIGIBILITY AND ENROLLMENT

2.1    Eligibility. An Employee is eligible to become a Participant on their date of employment, or if later, the first day of the month following the date upon which the Employee first has annualized Compensation in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit. A Participant shall no longer be permitted to make contributions to the Plan as of the end of any Plan Year when their annualized Compensation falls below the Annual Compensation Limit.

2.2    Enrollment. An Employee may enroll during an enrollment period prior to the start of each Plan Year. A new Employee may enroll within thirty (30) days of the date of employment. An

3

FINAL

Employee may enroll within thirty (30) days of first becoming eligible to participate in the Plan for the initial Plan Year of their participation. The foregoing provisions allowing late elections by new Employees and newly eligible Employees shall apply only to the extent permitted by Code §409A.

2.3    Procedure. An Employee must enroll in the Plan by completing the application for participation. Such application may, at the election of the Company or the Plan Record Keeper, be in an electronic format. Completion of the application by the Employee shall constitute an acceptance of the terms and conditions of the Plan.

ARTICLE III

DEFERRALS

3.1    Deferrals. Upon enrolling in the Plan, each Participant may elect to defer a portion of their Compensation during a Plan Year that is in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit. Except as otherwise provided in Section 3.3, the Deferral amount shall be 6% of their Compensation in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit. A deferral election applies to one (1) Plan Year.

(a)    Deferral elections made during the enrollment period immediately prior to the start of a Plan Year shall apply to Compensation received during that coming Plan Year. A deferral election made during one of the thirty (30)-day periods described at Section 2.2 shall apply to Compensation paid for services to be rendered during the portion of the Plan Year following the deferral election.

(b)    Any such deferral election shall become irrevocable as to the applicable Plan Year's Compensation as of the last permissible date for making such an election under Code §409A.

3.2    Employer Matching Amounts. Not less frequently than annually, the Company shall add an amount to a Participant's Account in an amount which is equal to 100% of the first 6% of the amount deferred by a Participant under Section 3.1 during a Plan Year. At no time will the applicable rate for the Employer Matching Amounts exceed the then current rate of matching contributions available under the Savings Plan, and no Employer Matching Amounts will be contributed to the Participant Account for any period in which the matching contribution under the Savings Plan is suspended or terminated. The employee share of any applicable FICA, FUTA and other applicable taxes for any Deferrals and Employer Matching Amounts will be deducted from a Participant’s pay at the time of any Deferral.

3.3    Additional Deferral. A Participant may elect to defer an additional amount (in excess of the 5% deferral under Section 3.1) into the Plan for a Plan Year, up to a maximum of 50% of their Compensation. The election of any additional deferral shall be made in accordance with Section 3.1. The deferral shall be subject to its own payment election as described under Section 6.1 and shall be consistent with the provisions of Section 6.2. Any such Additional Deferral shall not receive any Employer Matching Amounts.

ARTICLE IV

INVESTMENTS

4.1    Designation of Investments. At the time of electing a Deferral under the Plan, the Participant shall specify the percentage of the Deferral to be treated as if invested among the various

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options available as investment funds under the Plan. A Participant who already has deferred amounts under a nonqualified deferred compensation plan of the Company shall automatically have their existing investment profile apply to Deferrals and Employer Matching Contributions.

All determinations of the available investments by the Plan Administrator are final and binding upon the Participants. If a Participant fails to make an investment election, then such amounts shall be accounted for as if contributed to the Target Date Fund (as that term is defined in the Savings Plan) with a date that is applicable to the Participant’s age 65, rounded up, or such other investments as determined by the Plan Administrator.

4.2    Changes in Investment Elections. All investment elections may be changed prospectively at the Participant’s election at any time prior to the payment of the benefit subject to any applicable restrictions imposed by the Plan Administrator, the Plan Record Keeper and/or by applicable laws and regulations.

4.3    Determination of Investment Earnings. All gains and losses will be based upon the performance of the investments selected by the Participant from the date any Deferral or Employer Matching Amount is first credited to a Participant Account. If the Company elects to fund the Accounts for its convenience as described in Section 8.5, then investment performance will be based on the Account Balance pursuant to the customary procedures of the Plan Record Keeper.

ARTICLE V

VESTING AND RECOUPMENT

5.1    Vesting of Employer Matching Amounts. Employer Matching Amounts and any related earnings do not vest until such time as the Participant has been employed by the Company for not less than five full calendar years. Notwithstanding the above, if a Participant dies or incurs a “disability” ( as that term is defined under Code § 409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations)), then such Participant shall vest in the entire Account Balance (including the Matching Employer Amounts and any related earnings) as of the date of the Participant 's death or disability. For purposes of vesting, all periods of service with an Employer are counted and completion of twelve (12) months of employment (whether or not continuous) shall count as one (1) year of vesting under this Plan.

5.2    Vesting of Deferrals. Deferrals made pursuant to Section 3.1 and Additional Deferrals made pursuant to Section 3.3 shall be fully vested as of the date deferred.

5.3    Recoupment. Any and all Employer Matching Amounts are also subject to recoupment under the CMS Energy Recoupment Policy Relating to Financial Restatements and as required by applicable law.

ARTICLE VI

PAYMENT OPTIONS

6.1    Payment Elections. At the time the Employee makes a deferral election to participate in the Plan as described in Section 3.1 and/or Section 3.3, such Employee must select the Payment Event and Payment Term applicable to the Deferral and the Employer Matching Amounts for the Plan Year, as well as any earnings or income attributable to such amounts. Such payment options

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must be made in accordance with the provisions of this Section 6.1, Section 6.2, and Section 6.3 and cannot be subsequently changed except as permitted under Section 6.4.

6.2    Payment Events. Each Participant must annually select one or more payment events from the following choices for each contribution including Deferrals, Employer Matching Amounts and/or Additional Deferrals. Such election must be made at the time the deferral election is made:

(a)    Separation from Service for any reason other than death. Payment shall be made, or begin, in January of the year following Separation from Service or, if later, the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in January of the succeeding years. Effective for Deferrals in Plan Year 2019 and succeeding years, payment shall be made, or begin, in the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years.

(b)    Payment upon attainment of a date certain that is more than five (5) years after the last day of the applicable Plan Year. However, for amounts attributable to an Additional Deferral, payment shall be made, or begin, upon attainment of a date certain that is more than one

(1) month after the last day of the applicable Plan Year. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years.

(c)    The later of (a) or (b) above.

Any Participant failing to make an election shall be deemed to have elected payment upon Separation from Service in accordance with Section 6.2(a).

6.3    Payment Term. Upon selecting a Payment Event, the Participant must also elect how they wish to receive any such payment from among the following options (the Participant may elect a separate Payment Term for each Payment Event elected):

(a)    Payment in a single sum upon occurrence of the Payment Event.

(b)    Payment of a series of annual installment payments over a period of two (2) years to fifteen (15) years following the Payment Event. Each installment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the Account Balance the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. For example, a series of five (5) installment payments will result in a payout of one fifth (1/5) of the Account Balance for the first installment, one fourth (1/4) of the Account Balance in the second installment, one third (1/3) of the Account Balance for the third installment, one half (1/2) of the Account Balance for the fourth (4th) installment and in the fifth (5th) installment the Account Balance is paid in full. Each installment, because of gains and losses, may not be identical to the prior installment.

Any Participant failing to elect a Payment Term shall be deemed to have elected a single sum.

6.4    Changes to Payment Options. Subsequent changes to the original payment options that would otherwise accelerate the receipt of benefits from the Plan are not permitted, except that the Plan Administrator may at its sole discretion elect to accelerate payments to the limited extent permitted by Code §409A and applicable Treasury Regulations.

A subsequent election by a Participant to change the payment options related to a Payment

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Event can be made when all of the conditions set forth below are satisfied and solely in accordance with the applicable requirements of Code §409A. A subsequent election must be made on an election form provided by the Plan Administrator and must be filed in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Plan Administrator. A subsequent election must specify the new payment terms for each election (including, as applicable, the payment form, payment date or commencement date and payment schedule), which terms must comply with all applicable requirements under Code §409A and all conditions below.

The conditions for subsequent elections are as follows:

(a)    such election may not take effect until at least twelve (12) months after the date on which the election is made;

(b)    the payment(s) with respect to which such election is made is deferred for a period of not less than five (5) years from the date such payment would otherwise have been made (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 6.3(b) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, five (5) years from the date the first installment was scheduled to be paid; and

(c)    such election must be made not less than twelve (12) months before the date the payment was previously scheduled to be made, (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 6.3(b) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, twelve (12) months before the first installment was scheduled to be paid), if the Participant’s previous commencement date was a specified date.

Effective January 1, 2016, the right to a series of installment payments is to be treated as a right to a series of separate payments to the extent permissible under Code § 409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations. When making a subsequent election with respect to the payment of any post-December 31, 2015 Deferral (either a Section 3.1 Deferral, Employer Matching Amount, or Additional Deferral), the Participant may make a separate election with respect to each separate payment, provided that such election must result in all of the applicable Section 3.1 Deferral, Employer Matching Amount, or Additional Deferral for the Plan Year with related earnings being paid in a single sum or in a series of annual payments over a period from two (2) to fifteen (15) consecutive years.

6.5    Payment to Specified Employee. Payment to Specified Employee. If a Participant is determined to be a “specified employee” as defined in Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations at the time of their Separation from Service, then pursuant to Treasury Regulation

§1.409A-3(i)(2) (to the extent applicable), such applicable payment or benefit shall not be paid until the date following the six-month anniversary of the Participant’s Separation from Service or, if earlier, on the Participant’s death.

6.6    Payment Upon the Death of the Participant. In the event of the death of a Participant prior to the start of any payments under the Plan, the Participant's named beneficiary shall receive the entire Account Balance as soon as administratively practicable but not later than 90 days after the Participant’s death. In the event of the death of a Participant after commencing payment of benefits, the Participant’s named beneficiary shall receive the remaining Account Balance in a single sum as soon as administratively practicable but not later than 90 days after the Participant’s death. If the Participant fails to name a beneficiary, or the beneficiary

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predeceases the Participant, then the Participant's estate will receive the entire Account Balance in a single sum as soon as administratively possible but not later than 90 days after the Participant's death. In no event may any recipient designate a year of payment for an amount payable upon the death of the Participant.

6.7    Payment in the Event of an Unforeseeable Emergency. The Participant may request that payments of any vested amounts commence immediately upon the occurrence of an “unforeseeable emergency” as that term is defined in Code § 409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations. Distributions because of an unforeseeable emergency shall not exceed the amount permitted under Code §409A and are limited to the amount reasonably necessary to satisfy the emergency need (after use of insurance proceeds, liquidation of assets, etc.) plus an amount to pay taxes reasonably anticipated as a result of the distribution. In the event any payment is made due to an unforeseeable emergency, all deferral elections for the current Plan Year will be cancelled and the Participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections under this Plan for the following Plan Year. For any Participant receiving a hardship withdrawal from the Savings Plan as permitted by the Code and the Savings Plan, all deferral elections under this Plan for the current Plan Year will cease and the Participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections or receive Employer Matching Amounts under this Plan for the following Plan Year.

ARTICLE VII

NON-ALIENIATION OF BENEFITS

Except as may be required by a domestic relations order as described under Code

§414(p)(1)(B), in no event shall the Plan Administrator pay or assign over any part of the interest of a Participant , or their beneficiary, which is payable, distributable or credited to their Account, to any assignee or creditor of such Participant or their beneficiary. Prior to the time of distribution, a Participant, their beneficiary or legal representative shall have no right by way of anticipation or otherwise to assign or otherwise dispose of any interest which may be payable, distributable or credited to the Account of the Participant or their beneficiary under the Plan, and every attempted assignment or other disposition of such interest in the Plan shall not be merely voidable but absolutely void.

ARTICLE VIII

ADMINISTRATION OF PLAN

8.1    Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator shall have authority to take necessary actions to implement the Plan and is granted full discretionary authority to apply the terms of the Plan, make administrative rulings, interpret the Plan, and make any other determinations with respect to all aspects of the Plan. Any Participant with a claim under the Plan must make a written request within sixty (60) days to the Plan Administrator for a determination on the claim. If the claim involves a benefit or issue relevant to an individual who has been appointed to the Benefit Administration Committee, the individual so affected shall not participate in any determination on such issue. The Plan Administrator may hire such experts, accountants, or attorneys as it deems necessary to decide and may rely on the opinion of such persons. The Plan Administrator shall notify the Participant of its determination in writing within sixty (60) days of the claim unless the Plan Administrator advises the Participant that it requires additional time (not to exceed ninety (90) days) to complete its investigation. The Participant may, within sixty (60) days from the date the determination was mailed to the Participant, request a redetermination of the matter, and provide any additional information for the Plan Administrator to consider in its redetermination. The Plan

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Administrator will issue its opinion within sixty (60) days of the request for redetermination unless the Plan Administrator advised the Participant that it requires additional time (not to exceed ninety

(90) days) to complete its redetermination of the matter.

8.2    Administrative Expenses. Any administrative expenses, costs, charges, or fees, to the extent not paid by the Company are to be charged to the Participant Accounts in accordance with the Plan Record Keeper's normal procedures and in accordance with any applicable law.

8.3    Amendment or Termination of the Plan. The Company may amend or terminate the Plan at any time. Upon termination, any vested Account Balance will remain in the Plan and be paid out in accordance with the Payment Term previously selected. While the Account Balance will continue to be subject to investment gains and losses, upon termination of the Plan, no further Deferrals or Employer Matching Amounts shall be made to the Plan. The Plan Administrator is authorized to make any amendments that are deemed necessary or desirable to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or orders or as may be advised by counsel to clarify the terms and operation of the Plan. Notwithstanding the above, no termination of the Plan shall accelerate any benefits under the Plan unless such termination is consistent with the requirements of Code §409A and any applicable regulations, with respect to when a terminated plan may accelerate payment to a Participant.

8.4    Naming a Beneficiary. A Participant may at any time file a beneficiary designation with the Company or the Plan Record Keeper. Only one such beneficiary designation, the most recent received by the Plan Record Keeper, is effective at any time. No beneficiary designation is effective until it is received and accepted by the Company or the Plan Record Keeper. If a Participant fails to name a beneficiary or if the beneficiary predeceases the Participant, any benefit payable under the Plan will be paid to the Participant's estate. A Participant must name a separate beneficiary for each non-qualified plan.

8.5    Funding. The Plan is intended to constitute an unfunded, nonqualified, unsecured plan of deferred compensation . Further, it is the intention of the Company that the Plan be unfunded for purposes of the Code and Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 as amended. To the extent the Company elects to place funds with a trustee to pay its future obligations under the Plan, such amounts are placed for the convenience of the Company, remain the property of the Company, and the Participant shall have no right to such funds until properly paid in accordance with the provisions of the Plan. For administrative ease and convenience, such amounts may be referred to as Participant Accounts, but as such they are a notional account only and are not the property of the Participant. The Plan constitutes a mere promise by the Company to make benefit payments in the future. Employee shall have the status of, and shall have no better status than, a general unsecured creditor of the Company. The Employee understands that the Employee must rely upon the general credit of the Company for payment of benefits under the Plan.

8.6    §409A Compliance. The Plan is intended to provide for payments that are exempt from the provisions of Code §409A to the maximum extent possible and otherwise to be administered in a manner consistent with the requirements, where applicable, of Code §409A. Where reasonably possible and practicable, the Plan shall be administered in a manner to avoid the imposition on Participants of immediate tax recognition and additional taxes pursuant to Code §409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company, nor any of the Company’s directors, officers or employees shall have any liability to any person in the event Code §409A applies to any payment or right under the Plan in a manner that results in adverse tax consequences for the Participant or any of their beneficiaries or transferees. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to

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the contrary, the Company, the Company's Board of Directors, or the Benefit Administration Committee may unilaterally amend, modify or terminate the Plan or any right hereunder if the Company, the Company's Board of Directors, or Benefit Administration Committee determines, in its sole discretion, that such amendment, modification or termination is necessary or advisable to comply with applicable law, as a result of changes in applicable law or Treasury Regulation, or to mitigate the imposition of an additional tax, interest or penalty under Code §409A. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, in no event whatsoever shall the Company, or Plan Administrator have any obligation to take any action to prevent the assessment of any taxes, interest or penalties or be liable for any additional tax, interest or penalties that may be imposed on a Participant (or payee) by reasons of Code §409A or any damages for failing to comply with Code§409A.

8.7    Severability. If any provision of the Plan is held unenforceable, the remainder of the Plan shall continue in full force and effect without regard to such unenforceable provision and shall be applied as though the unenforceable provision were not contained in the Plan.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, execution is hereby effected this 14th day of December, 2021.

ATTEST: CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY
By:	/s/ Catherine A. Hendrian	By:	/s/ Srikanth Maddipati
	Catherine A. Hendrian		Srikanth Maddipati
	SVP, People & Culture		Treasurer, VP Finance & Investor Relations

38358333.1 !/018544.00160

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EX-10.5

Exhibit 10.5

DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN

DC SERP for Consumers Energy Company

Amended 12/21/2023 Effective 1/1/2024

DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN

The objective of the Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the "Plan") is to attract and motivate top level executives, including those recruited in mid to late- career levels. The Plan is designed to provide additional retirement income to supplement that provided under the applicable Qualified Plans.

The original effective date of the Plan was April 1, 2006. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan if hired into or promoted to a Covered Executive Position on or after April 1, 2006. The Plan is amended effective January 1, 2024.

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

The following terms shall have the respective meanings set forth below when used in the Plan unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

1.1"Account" or "Account Balance" means the notional amount credited to a Participant or beneficiary in accordance with the provisions of the Plan.

1.2"Annual Compensation Limit" means the amount as determined annually by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to Code §401(a)(17) above which annual compensation is disregarded for Qualified Plans. The Annual Compensation Limit for the 2023 calendar year is $330,000.00.

1.3"Board" means the Board of Directors of the Company.

1.4"Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

1.5"Company" means Consumers Energy Company and an employer that is sufficiently affiliated with Consumers Energy Company under Code §414(b), (c), or (m) to be able to participate in the same benefit plan pursuant to the Code and be treated as a single employer for purposes of the Code.

1.6"Company Contribution" means the amount, which is a notional amount, contributed by the Employer on behalf of a Participant in accordance with Article Ill. Company Contributions for a Plan Year shall mean the amount contributed by the Employer with respect to the Compensation and Incentive Compensation earned by the Employee during that Plan Year.

1.7"Compensation" means a Participant's regular salary from the Employer, before any adjustment for deferrals under any deferred compensation plan of the Company, any reductions for contributions to the Savings Plan, any reductions under any welfare benefit plan or deductions for taxes or other withholdings, but excluding any bonus, imputed income, incentive, or other premium pay.

1.8"Covered Executive Position" means a position with the Company in which (a) the Employee is classified as an Executive Director and above, or (b) held a position in which the Employee was classified as a Salary Grade 24 or above immediately prior to the Company's July 1, 2023 adoption of Career Stream Job Levels subject to the limitations at paragraph 2.3.

1.9"Date Certain" means a month and year elected by the Participant.

1.10"DB SERP" means the Defined Benefit Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan. The DB SERP

Plan is closed for new participants as of April 1, 2006.

1.11"Employee" means any person, employed by the Company in a Covered Executive Position, and on the payroll and employment records system as an employee (excluding consultants, advisors, and independent contractors).

1.12"Employer" means the entity within the Company that employs the Participant.

1.13"Incentive Compensation" means an amount paid to a Participant in a Plan Year under the terms of the Annual Employee Incentive Compensation Plan or the Annual Officer Incentive Compensation Plan. Incentive Compensation earned during a Plan Year includes amounts of Incentive Compensation deferred at the election of the Participant.

1.14"Later of Event" means the later of (a) the date of the SFS Event, or (b) a Date Certain that is elected by the Participant.

1.15"Participant" means any Employee who meets or met the eligibility requirements of the Plan and for whom Company Contributions are made or were previously made under the Plan which have not been distributed.

1.16"Payment Event" means the time upon which the Participant may receive the benefits deferred under the Plan as described in Section 6.1.

1.17"Payment Term" means the form and duration of any payment made to a Participant or beneficiary as described in Section 6.2.

1.18"Plan" means this Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan.

1.19"Plan Administrator" means the Benefit Administration Committee as selected by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company to manage the Plan.

1.20"Plan Record Keeper" means the person(s), or entity named as such by the Plan Administrator.

1.21"Plan Year" means January 1 to December 31 of a calendar year.

1.22"Post-2015 Company Contributions" means Company Contributions with respect to Compensation and Incentive Compensation for Plan Years beginning after 2015, together with related earnings.

1.23"Pre-2016 Company Contributions" means Company Contributions with respect to Compensation and Incentive Compensation for Plan Years beginning before 2016, together with related earnings.

1.24"Qualified Plan" means a pension plan providing benefits for a broad group of employees and meeting the requirements for a qualified plan under the Code.

1.25"Savings Plan" means the Consumers Energy Company Employees' Savings Plan.

1.26"Separation from Service" means an Employee retires or otherwise has a separation from service from the Company as defined under Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations. The Plan Administrator shall determine, consistent with the requirements of Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations, to what extent a person on a leave of absence, including on paid sick leave pursuant to Company policy, has incurred a Separation from Service. Notwithstanding the above, a Separation from Service shall occur consistent with the requirements of Code §409A and Treasury Regulation §1.409A-l(h) when it is reasonably anticipated that the future level of bona fide services provided by the Employee (whether as an employee or as an

independent contractor) will be no more than 45% of the average level of bona fide services performed by the Employee (whether as an employee or as an independent contractor) over the immediately preceding 36-month period (or the full period of service if less than 36 months).

1.27"SFS Event" means a Separation from Service for any reason other than death.

ARTICLE II

ELIGIBILITY AND ENROLLMENT

2.1Initial Eligibility and Enrollment. Any Employee in a Covered Executive Position who is not a participant in the DB SERP shall be eligible for the Plan and become a Participant as of their date of hire or promotion to a Covered Executive Position. Enrollment into the Plan is automatic upon eligibility to participate.

2.2Mandatory Retirement. Any Employee in a Vice President or above position who is covered under this Plan must retire and incur a Separation from Service at age 65 unless such Employee is specifically asked in writing, not less than six months prior to turning age 65, to remain as an active Employee by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board. The request shall be for a one-year period but may be renewed each subsequent year at the discretion of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board, or any successor committee. This provision will apply only to the extent that it is consistent with §631© of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and other applicable laws.

2.3Participant Eligibility Under 1.8(b). All participants who are eligible for the Plan under the definition at paragraph 1.8(b) will remain eligible through January 31, 2024. As of February 1, 2024, any Participant who is eligible for the Plan under the definition at paragraph 1.8(b) who, on or after July 1, 2023, retires or goes into a different job (voluntarily or involuntarily) will become immediately ineligible for the Plan. Such Participant will only become eligible for future participation in the Plan by meeting the requirements of the definition at paragraph 1.8(a).

ARTICLE Ill

COMPANY CONTRIBUTION

3.1ContributionAmounts. The Plan is a defined contribution non-qualified deferred compensation plan. The benefit provided under the Plan is equal to the Company Contributions to the Participant Account as well as the gains or losses attributable to the performance of the investments selected by the Participant. Company Contributions shall be credited to the Participant Account not less frequently than annually and shall be determined based upon the Participant's employment status as of the date the Company Contribution is credited to the Participant Account. Company Contributions shall be based upon the Participant's job title, Compensation, and Incentive Compensation as follows:

(a)Participants in the position of Executive Director or Associate Vice President and those who qualify under the definition at paragraph 1.8(b), subject to paragraph 2.3, shall be eligible to receive a Company Contribution for a Plan Year equal to the sum of (i) 5% of their Compensation earned during the Plan Year in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit, and (ii) 5% of any Incentive Compensation earned by the Participant during the Plan Year.

(b)Participants in the position of Vice President or Senior Vice President shall be eligible to receive a Company Contribution for a Plan Year equal to the sum of (i) 5% of their Compensation earned during the Plan Year up to the Annual Compensation Limit, and (ii) 10% of Compensation earned during the Plan Year in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit, and (iii) 10% of any Incentive Compensation earned during the Plan Year.

(c)Participants in the position of Executive Vice President prior to May 1, 2019 shall be eligible to receive a Company Contribution for a Plan Year equal to the sum of (i) 10% of Compensation earned during the Plan Year up to the Annual Compensation Limit, and (ii) 15% of Compensation earned during the Plan Year in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit, and (iii) 15% of any Incentive Compensation earned by the Participant during the Plan Year.

(d)Participants hired or promoted into the position of Executive Vice President or CEO on or after May 1, 2019 shall be eligible to receive a Company Contribution for a Plan Year equal to the sum of (i) 10% of Compensation earned during the Plan Year up to the Annual Compensation Limit, and (ii) 10% of Compensation earned during the Plan Year in excess of the Annual Compensation Limit, and (iii) 10% of any Incentive Compensation earned during the Plan Year.

ARTICLE IV

INVESTMENTS

4.1DesignationofInvestments. The Participant shall specify the percentage of the Company Contribution to be treated as if invested among the various options available as investment funds under the Plan. A Participant who already has deferred amounts under a nonqualified deferred compensation plan of the Company will automatically have their existing investment profile apply to the Company Contribution.

All determinations of the available investments by the Plan Administrator are final and binding upon the Participants. If a Participant fails to make an investment election, then such amounts shall be accounted for as if contributed to the Target Date Fund (as that term is defined in the Savings Plan) with a date that is applicable to the Participant's aged 65, rounded up, or such other investments as determined by the Plan Administrator.

4.2Changes in Investment Elections. All investment elections may be changed prospectively at the Participant's election at any time prior to the payment of the benefit subject to any applicable restrictions imposed by the Plan Administrator, the Plan Record Keeper and/or by any applicable laws and regulations.

4.3Determination of Investment Earnings. All gains and losses will be based upon the performance of the investments selected by the Participant from the date any Company Contribution is first credited to the Participant Account. If the Company elects to fund the Accounts for its convenience as described in Section 8.5, then investment performance will be based on the balance in the Participant Account pursuant to the customary procedures of the Plan Record Keeper.

ARTICLE V

VESTING AND RECOUPMENT

5.1Vesting. All Company Contributions and related earnings with respect to Plan Years 2018 and earlier of each Participant shall be fully vested effective May 1, 2019, regardless of the Participant's age or time of service. Effective January 1, 2019, Company Contributions and related earnings for Plan Years 2019 and thereafter shall be fully vested only upon the Participant's: (i) completion of five (5) full years of service while a Participant (including any service as a participant under the DB SERP); and (ii) attainment of age 55. Notwithstanding the above, if a Participant incurs a "disability"', as that term is defined under Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations, then such Participant shall vest in the entire Account Balance as of the date of disability. The Account Balance shall vest in full upon the Participant's death or the mandatory retirement under Section 2.2.

The Participant's Account Balance shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Employee's share of any

applicable FICA and FUTA taxes in accordance with the applicable Treasury Regulations under Code §409A. To the extent required by applicable law, the Participant shall be imputed with income for the value of the taxes paid through the reduction of the Account Balance.

5.2 Recoupment. Any and all Company Contributions are also subject to recoupment as required by applicable law.

ARTICLE VI

PAYMENT OPTIONS

6.1Payment Events. The Plan provides for payment of vested benefits as follows or as otherwise specified in this Plan document:

(a)For Plan Years Before 2019. Except as provided below, payment will be made upon a SFS Event. Payment shall be made, or begin, in January of the year following Separation from Service or, if later, the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later payments in a series of annual installment payments, if any, will be paid in January of the succeeding years.

Participants may elect, to the extent provided in Section 6.3 with respect to Company Contributions for 2016 and subsequent Plan Years, that such payment will be made, or begin, upon the Later of Event. If payment is made upon Separation from Service, it will be made, or begin, in January of the year following Separation from Service or, if later, the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later payments in a series of annual installment payments, if any, will be paid in January of the succeeding years.

(b)For Plan Years After 2018. Except as provided below, payment will be made upon a SFS Event. Payment will be made, or begin, the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later payments in a series of annual payments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years.

Participants may elect, to the extent provided in Section 6.3 that such payment will be made, or begin, upon the Later of Event. If payment is made upon Separation from Service, it will be made, or begin, the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later payments in a series of annual payments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years.

6.2Payment Term.

(a)With respect to Pre-2016 Company Contributions, payment shall be made in a single lump

sum.

(b)With respect to Post-2015 Company Contributions, the Plan provides for payment as

follows:

(i)Unless otherwise elected by the Participant under Section 6.3, the payment method for the Company Contributions for each Plan Year shall be a series of annual installment payments over five (5) consecutive years. Each installment payment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the payable Account Balance, the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. Each payment in the series to the Participant, because earnings will be credited over different periods of time, may differ in amount.

(ii)Participants may elect, to the extent provided in Section 6.3 with respect to Company Contributions for 2017 and subsequent Plan Years, to receive payment of the Company Contributions for a Plan Year in (I) a single lump sum, or (II) a series of annual payments over a period from two (2) years to fifteen (15) consecutive years in lieu of the default payment method set forth in Section6.2(b)(i). If installment payments are elected, each installment payment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the payable Account Balance, the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. Each payment in the series to a Participant, because earnings will be credited over different periods of time, may differ in amount.

6.3Payment Elections. To the extent determined by the Plan Administrator and in compliance with Code §409A, Participants shall be permitted, but not required, to make irrevocable annual payment elections with respect to Company Contributions (and related earnings) for 2017 and all subsequent Plan Years. Any payment election with respect to the Company Contributions for any Plan Year must be made by the Participant no later than the December 31 of the prior Plan Year and shall become irrevocable at that time. A payment election must be filed in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Plan Administrator.

Any payment election with respect to the Company Contributions for a Plan Year must specify a payment time and payment term as provided in Sections 6.1 and 6.2. A payment election filed with respect to the Company Contributions for a Plan Year shall be effective for that Plan Year and for all subsequent Plan Years (in which case such election shall become irrevocable for each succeeding Plan Year on December 31 of the prior Plan Year) until changed by the Participant.

Any Post-2015 Company Contributions to which no payment election applies under this Section 6.3 (i.e., Company Contributions for the 2016 Plan Year and any subsequent Plan Year for which a Participant does not have an election in effect) shall be paid upon Separation from Service as set forth in Section 6.1(a) and in a series of annual payments over five (5) consecutive years as set forth in Section 6.2(b)(ii).

6.4Changes in Payment Options. Subsequent changes to the original payment options that would otherwise accelerate the receipt of benefits from the Plan are not permitted, except that the Plan Administrator may at its sole discretion elect to accelerate payments to the limited extent permitted by Code §409A and applicable Treasury Regulations.

A subsequent election by a Participant to change the payment options with respect to any Company Contributions can be made when all of the conditions set forth below are satisfied and solely in accordance with the applicable requirements of Code §409A. A subsequent election must be made on an election form provided by the Plan Administrator and must be filed in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Plan Administrator. A subsequent election must specify the new payment terms for each election (including, as applicable, the payment form, payment date or commencement date and payment schedule), which terms must comply with all applicable requirements under Code §409A and all conditions below.

For purposes of applying the conditions below, with respect to Pre-2016 Company Contributions and related earnings, the right to a series of installment payments shall be treated as a right to a single payment for purposes of Code §409A and any applicable Treasury Regulations. With respect to Post-2015 Company Contributions and related earnings, the right to a series of annual installment payments shall be treated as a right to a series of separate payments for such purposes.

The conditions for subsequent elections are as follows:

(a)such election may not take effect until at least twelve (12) months after the date on which

the election is made.

(b)    the payment(s) with respect to which such election is made is deferred for a period of not less than five (5) years from the date such payment would otherwise have been made or, in the case of installment payments with regard to Pre-2016 Company Contributions, five (5) years from the date the first installment was scheduled to be paid; and

(c)    such election must be made not less than twelve (12) months before the date the payment was previously scheduled to be made (or, in the case of installment payments with regard to Pre-2016 Company Contributions, twelve (12) months before the first installment was scheduled to be paid).

Subject to the applicable conditions in this Section 6.4, with respect to all Company Contributions, including Pre-2016 Company Contributions: (i) a subsequent election regarding a prior SFS Event can specify either a new SFS Event or a Later of Event; and (ii) a subsequent election regarding a prior Later of Event election can specify a new Later of Event.

Any subsequent election with respect to the payment of Pre-2016 Company Contributions must apply to all Pre-2016 Company Contributions. When making a subsequent election with respect to the payment of Pre-2016 Company Contributions, the Participant may elect to receive either a single sum or a series of annual installment payments over a period from two (2) years to fifteen (15) consecutive years. If installment payments are elected, each installment payment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the Account Balance, the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. For example, a series of five installment payments will result in a benefit payment equal to one fifth of the original Account Balance (i.e., all Pre-2016 Company Contributions and related earnings) for the first installment, one fourth of the remaining Account Balance for the second installment, one third of the remaining Account Balance for the third installment, one half of the remaining Account Balance for the fourth year and in the fifth installment the remaining Account Balance is paid in full. Each installment, because of gains and losses, may not be identical to the prior installment.

When making a subsequent election with respect to the payment of any Post-2015 Company Contributions, the Participant may make a separate election with respect to each separate payment, provided that such election must result in all of the Company Contributions for the Plan Year with related earnings being paid in a single sum or in a series of annual payments over a period from two (2) to fifteen (15) consecutive years.

6.5Payment to Specified Employee. If a Participant is determined to be a "specified employee" as defined in Code §409A and its implementing Treasury Regulations at the time of their SES Event, then pursuant to Treasury Regulation §1.409A-3(i)(2) (to the extent applicable), such applicable payment or benefit shall not be paid until the date following the six-month anniversary of the Participant's SES Event or, if earlier, on the Participant's death.

6.6Payment Upon the Death of the Participant. In the event of the death of a Participant prior to the start of any payments under the Plan, the Participant's named beneficiary shall receive the entire Account Balance under the Plan within ninety (90) days following the death of the Participant. In the event of the death of a Participant after commencing payment of benefits, the Participant's named beneficiary shall receive the remaining Account Balance in a single sum within ninety (90) days following the death of the Participant. If the Participant fails to name a beneficiary, the Account Balance will be paid in a single sum to their estate within ninety (90) days following the death of the Participant. In no event may any recipient designate a year of payment for an amount payable upon the death of the Participant.

ARTICLE VII

NON-ALIENIATION OF BENEFITS

Except as may be required by a domestic relations order as described under Code §414(p)(1)(B), in no event shall the Plan Administrator pay or assign over any part of the interest of a Participant, or their beneficiary, which is payable, distributable or credited to their Account, to any assignee or creditor of such Participant or their beneficiary. Prior to the time of distribution, a Participant, their beneficiary or legal representative shall have no right by way of anticipation or otherwise to assign or otherwise dispose of any interest which may be payable, distributable, or credited to the Account of the Participant or their beneficiary under the Plan, and every attempted assignment or other disposition of such interest in the Plan shall not be merely voidable but absolutely void.

ARTICLE VIII

ADMINISTRATION OF PLAN

8.1Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator shall have authority to take necessary actions to implement the Plan and is granted full discretionary authority to apply the terms of the Plan, make administrative rulings, interpret the Plan, and make any other determinations with respect to all aspects of the Plan. Any Participant with a claim under the Plan must make a written request within sixty (60) days to the Plan Administrator for a determination on the claim. If the claim involves a benefit or issue relevant to an individual who has been appointed to the Benefit Administration Committee, the individual so affected shall not participate in any determination on such issue. The Plan Administrator may hire such experts, accountants, or attorneys as it deems necessary to decide and may rely on the opinion of such persons. The Plan Administrator shall notify the Participant of its determination in writing within sixty (60) days of the claim unless the Plan Administrator advises the Participant that it requires additional time (not to exceed 90 days) to complete its investigation. The Participant may, within sixty (60) days from the date the determination was mailed to the Participant, request a redetermination of the matter, and provide any additional information for the Plan Administrator to consider in its redetermination. The Plan Administrator will issue its opinion within sixty (60) days of the request for redetermination unless the Plan administrator advised the Participant that it requires additional time (not to exceed ninety (90) days) to complete its redetermination of the matter.

8.2AdministrativeExpenses. Any administrative expenses, costs, charges, or fees, to the extent not paid by the Company are to be charged to the Participant Accounts in accordance with the Plan Record Keeper's normal procedures and in accordance with any applicable law.

8.3Amendment or Termination of the Plan. The Company may amend or terminate the Plan at any time. Upon termination, any vested Account Balance will remain in the Plan and be paid out in accordance with the Payment Term. While the Account Balance will continue to be subject to investment gains and losses, upon termination of the Plan, no further Company Contributions shall be made to the Plan. The Plan Administrator is authorized to make any amendments that are deemed necessary or desirable to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or orders or as may be advised by counsel to clarify the terms and operation of the Plan. Notwithstanding the above, no termination of the Plan shall accelerate any benefits under the Plan unless such termination is consistent with the requirements of Code §409A and any applicable regulations, with respect to when a terminated plan may accelerate payment to a Participant.

8.4Naming a Beneficiary. A Participant may at any time file a beneficiary designation with the Plan Record Keeper. Only one such beneficiary designation, the most recent received by the Plan Record Keeper, is effective at any time. No beneficiary designation is effective until it is received by the Plan Record Keeper. If a Participant fails to name a beneficiary, any benefit payable under the Plan will be paid to the Participant's estate. A Participant must name a separate beneficiary for each non-qualified plan.

8.5Funding. The Plan is intended to constitute an unfunded, nonqualified, unsecured plan of deferred

compensation. Further, it is the intention of the Company that the Plan be unfunded for purposes of the Code and Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 as amended. To the extent the Company elects to place funds with a trustee to pay its future obligations under this Plan, such amounts are placed for the convenience of the Company, remain the property of the Company, and the Participant shall have no right to such funds until properly paid in accordance with the provisions of this Plan. For administrative ease and convenience, such amounts may be referred to as Participant Accounts, but as such they are a notional account only and are not the property of the Participant. The Plan constitutes a mere promise by the Company to make benefit payments in the future. Employee shall have the status of, and shall have no better status than, a general unsecured creditor of the Company. The Employee understands that the Employee must rely upon the general credit of the Company for payment of benefits under the Plan.

8.6§409A Compliance. The Plan is intended to provide for payments that are exempt from the provisions of Code §409A to the maximum extent possible and otherwise to be administered in a manner consistent with the requirements, where applicable, of Code §409A. Where reasonably possible and practicable, the Plan shall be administered in a manner to avoid the imposition on Participants of immediate tax recognition and additional taxes pursuant to Code §409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company, nor any of the Company's directors, officers or employees shall have any liability to any person in the event Code §409A applies to any payment or right under the Plan in a manner that results in adverse tax consequences for the Participant or any of their beneficiaries or transferees. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, the Company, the Board, or the Benefit Administration Committee may unilaterally amend, modify or terminate the Plan or any right hereunder if the Company, Board, or Benefit Administration Committee determines, in its sole discretion, that such amendment, modification or termination is necessary or advisable to comply with applicable law, as a result of changes in applicable law or regulation, or to mitigate the imposition of an additional tax, interest or penalty under Code §409A. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, in no event whatsoever shall the Company, or Plan Administrator have any obligation to take any action to prevent the assessment of any taxes, interest or penalties or be liable for any additional tax, interest or penalties that may be imposed on a Participant (or payee) by reasons of Code §409A or any damages for failing to comply with Code §409A

8.7Severability. If any provision of the Plan is held unenforceable, the remainder of the Plan shall continue in full force and effect without regard to such unenforceable provision and shall be applied as though the unenforceable provision were not contained in the Plan.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, execution is hereby affected this 21st day of December 2023.

ATTEST: CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY
By:	/s/ Catherine A. Hendrian	By:	/s/ Jason M. Shore
	Catherine A. Hendrian		Jason M. Shore
	SVP, People & Culture		VP Investor Relations & Treasurer

EX-10.12

Exhibit 10.12

ANNUALEMPLOYEE INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

PLAN FOR CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY

Amended 12/11/2023

Effective 7/1/2023

Supersedes previous amendment adopted October 15, 2023 and effective 7/1/2023

ANNUAL EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

PLAN FOR CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY

    I.    GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1    Purpose. The purpose of the Annual Employee Incentive Compensation Plan (“EICP” or “Plan”) is to provide an equitable and competitive level of compensation that will permit Consumers Energy Company (“Company”) and its subsidiaries to attract, retain and motivate their employees.

1.2Effective Date. The Plan as described herein is amended and restated effective as of March 14, 2014 and revised August 4, 2017, December 1, 2018, December 1, 2019, December 1, 2021, January 27, 2022, and July 1, 2023.

1.3Eligibility. Regular non-union U.S. employees who have received a performance rating of at least “Fully Effective” (also known as “Effective” or “Meets Expectations” or “Satisfactory” or “Fully Contributing”) for the Performance Year as documented on their annual performance, evaluation, feedback and development appraisal are eligible for participation in the EICP. Any regular non-union employee who has received a performance rating of less than “Highly Effective” (also known as “Meets Expectations” or “Satisfactory” or “Fully Contributing”) or under-performing (also known as “under-contributing” or (“U”) for the Performance Year as documented on their annual performance, evaluation, feedback and development appraisal is not eligible for participation in the EICP.

II.    CORPORATE PERFORMANCE GOALS

Each year the President and CEO of CMS Energy Corporation will establish the Corporate Performance Goals ("Goals") for the EICP. The Goals will consist of between five and fifteen utility specific performance criteria relating to such items as customer service, safety and reliability. When establishing the Goals for a Performance Year, the President and CEO will include the total number of criteria to be used for the year as well as the award percent for achievement of a specified number of the established criteria. The specific Goals will be communicated to employees no later than March 31st of the Performance Year. The Award Formula may include additional adjustments based on financial performance goals relating to CMS Energy Corporation as determined by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Company Board of Directors (the “Committee”).

    III.    ANNUAL AWARD FORMULA

3.1    Annual Awards. Annual Awards for each eligible EICP participant will be based upon a standard award as set forth in the table below. The total amount of a participant’s Annual Award shall be computed according to the annual award formula set forth in Section 3.2. The Standard Award Amounts are subject to adjustment by the President and CEO of CMS Energy Corporation as indicated by market practices.

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SALARY GRADE AWARD TABLE

Salary Grade	Fulltime Standard Award Amount	Part time Standard Award Amount
25	$18,500	$9,250
24	$18,250	$9,125
23	$11,250	$5,625
22	$11,000	$5,500
21	$6,750	$3,375
20	$6,500	$3,250
19	$6,250	$3,125
18	$1,000	$500
17	$875	$438
16	$750	$375
15	$675	$338
14	$600	$300
13	$575	$288
12	$550	$275
11	$525	$263
10	$500	$250
9	$475	$238
8	$450	$225
7	$425	$213
6	$400	$200
5	$375	$188
4	$350	$175
3	$325	$163
2	$300	$150
1	$275	$138

3.2Annual Awards for EICP participants will be calculated and made as follows:

Annual Award = Standard Award Amount X Operational Award Level X 50% Plus Standard Target Amount X Financial Award Level X 50%

3.3 Impact of Transition from Salary Grade to Career Stream Job Levels. Effective July 1, 2023 (for exempt employees) or July 3, 2023 (for non-exempt employees) (“Transition Date”), the Company changed its job category structure from “salary grade” to “career stream” with “job levels”. Each eligible EICP participant’s Annual Award for 2023 shall be calculated based on the eligible EICP participant’s salary grade level in effect on January 1, 2023 (subject to Section 5.1) unless the eligible EICP participant (1) experienced a Qualifying Event on or after the Transition Date; or (2) initially became an eligible EICP participant on or after the Transition Date.

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3.4 Impact of Qualifying Event on or after Transition Date. The term “Qualifying Event” means the eligible EICP participant took a new job in the context of a fill vacancy, step promotion, other data change, or a job reclassification that changed their pre-Transition salary grade.

(a)Increase in their pre-Transition salary grade from a Qualifying Event

(1)An eligible EICP participant who took a new job in the context of a fill vacancy that increased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award prorated according to the salary grade that the new job would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

(2)An eligible EICP participant who experiences a step promotion designated by action ZC and code 06 in SAP that increased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award prorated according to the salary grade that the new job would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

(3)An eligible EICP participant who experiences an other data change that increased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award prorated according to the salary grade that the other data change would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

(4)An eligible EICP participant who experiences a job reclassification that increased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award prorated according to the salary grade that the reclassified job would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

(b)Decrease in their pre-Transition salary grade from a Qualifying Event

(1)An eligible EICP participant who took a new job in the context of a fill vacancy that decreased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award calculated according to the salary grade that the previous job prior to the fill vacancy would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

(2)An eligible EICP participant who experiences an other data change that decreased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award calculated according to the salary grade that prior to the other data change would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

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(3)An eligible EICP participant who experiences a job reclassification that decreased their pre-Transition salary grade will have their 2023 Annual Award calculated according to the salary grade that the job prior to reclassification would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

3.5 2023 Annuals Awards for New Hires On or After Transition Date. 2023 Annual Awards for each eligible EICP participant hired, rehired, or newly eligible on or after the Transition Date shall be based on the salary grade that the job would have been in under the salary grade structure in effect prior to the Transition Date.

    IV.    PAYMENT OF ANNUAL AWARDS

4.1    Cash Annual Award. All Annual Awards for a Performance Year will be paid in cash no later than March 15th of the calendar year following the Performance Year provided that the Annual Award for a particular Performance Year has not been deferred voluntarily pursuant to Section 4.2. The amounts required by law to be withheld for income and employment taxes will be deducted from the Annual Award payments. All Annual Awards become the obligation of the company on whose payroll the employee is enrolled at the time the Committee makes the Annual Award.

4.2Deferred Annual Awards.

(a)    The payment of all or any portion (rounded to an even multiple of 10%) of a cash Annual Award may be deferred voluntarily at the election of individual participants in salary grades 19-25. Any such deferral will be net of any applicable FICA or FUTA taxes. A separate irrevocable election must be made prior to the Performance Year. Any Annual Award made by the Committee after termination of employment of a participant or retirement of a participant will be paid in accordance with any deferral election made within the enrollment period.

(b)    At the time the participant makes a deferral election he or she must select the payment options (including the Payment Event as set forth at (c) below and the Payment Term as set forth at (d) below) applicable to the Deferred Annual Award for the Performance Year, as well as any earnings or income attributable to such amounts. The payment options elected will apply only to that year’s Deferred Annual Award and will not apply to any previous Deferred Annual Award or to any subsequent Deferred Annual Award. Any participant who elects to defer all or a portion of an Annual Award and who fails to select a Payment Event, or a Payment Term will be presumed to have elected a Payment Event of Separation from Service in accordance with paragraph (c)(i) below and/or a Payment Term of a single sum.

(c)    The Payment Event elected can be either:

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(i)    Separation from Service for any reason other than death. Payment will be made, or begin, in the later of: (1) January of the year following the year of the Separation from Service; or (2) the seventh month after the month of the Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in January of the succeeding years. Effective for amounts deferred in 2019 and succeeding years, payment will be made, or begin, in the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years;

(ii)    Payment upon attainment of a date certain that is more than 1 year after the last day of the applicable Performance Year. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years; or

(iii)    The later to occur of (i) or (ii) above.

(d)    Payment Term. At the time of electing to defer an Annual Award, the participant must also elect how he or she wishes to receive any such payment from among the following options (the participant may elect a separate Payment Term for each Payment Event elected):

(i)    Payment in a single sum upon occurrence of the Payment Event.

(ii)    Payment of a series of annual installment payments over a period from two (2) years to fifteen (15) years following the Payment Event. Each installment payment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the balance in the account the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. Although initially such installment payments will be identical, actual payments may vary based upon investment performance. For example, a series of 5 installment payments will result in a payout of 1/5 of the account balance in the first installment, ¼ of the account balance (including investment gains or losses since the first installment date) in the second installment, etc.

(e)    Changes to Payment Options. Once a payment option has been elected, subsequent changes which would accelerate the receipt of benefits from the Plan are not permitted, except that the Plan Administrator, which is the Benefit Administration Committee as defined in the Savings Plan for Employees of Consumers Energy and other CMS Energy Companies (the “Savings Plan”), may at its discretion accelerate payments to the extent permitted by Code Section 409A and applicable regulations. A subsequent election to change the payment options related to a Payment Event, in order to delay a payment or to change the form of a payment, can only be made when all of the following conditions are satisfied:

(i)    such election may not take effect until at least 12 months after the date on which the election is made;

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(ii)    the payment(s) with respect to which such election is made is deferred for a period of not less than 5 years from the date such payment would otherwise have been made (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 4.2(d)(ii) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, 5 years from the date the first installment was scheduled to be paid); and

(iii)    such election must be made not less than 12 months before the date the payment was previously scheduled to be made (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 4.2(d)(ii) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, 12 months before the first installment was scheduled to be paid), if the participant’s previous commencement date was a specified date.

Effective January 1, 2016, the right to a series of installment payments is to be treated as a right to a series of separate payments to the extent permissible under Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations. When making a subsequent election with respect to the payment of any post-December 31, 2015 deferral, the participant may make a separate election with respect to each separate payment, provided that such election must result in all of the applicable Performance Year’s deferral with related earnings being paid in a single sum or in a series of annual payments over a period from two (2) to fifteen (15) consecutive years.

(f)    Investments. At the time of electing to voluntarily defer payment, the participant must elect how the Deferred Annual Award will be treated by the Company or Subsidiary. To the extent that any amounts deferred are placed in a rabbi trust with an independent Record Keeper, a participant who has previously deferred amounts under this Plan will automatically have his or her existing investment profile apply to this deferral also. Record Keeper means the person(s) or entity named as such by the Plan Administrator. All determinations of the available investment options by the Plan Administrator are final and binding upon participants. A participant may change the investment elections at any time prior to the payment of the benefit, subject to any restrictions imposed by the Plan Administrator, the plan Record Keeper or by any applicable laws and regulations. A participant not making an election will have amounts deferred treated as if in a Lifestyle Fund as defined in the Savings Plan applicable to the participant's age 65, rounded up, or such other investment as determined by the Plan Administrator. All gains and losses will be based upon the performance of the investments selected by the participant from the date the deferral is first credited to the nominal account. If the Company elects to fund its obligation as discussed below, then investment performance will be based on the balance as determined by the Record Keeper.

(g)    The amount of any Deferred Annual Award is to be satisfied from the general corporate funds of the company on whose payroll the Plan participant was enrolled prior to the payout beginning and are subject to the claims of general

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creditors of the company. This is an unfunded nonqualified deferred compensation plan. To the extent the Company elects to place funds with a trustee to pay its future obligations under this Plan, such amounts are placed for the convenience of the Company or Subsidiary, remain the property of the Company or Subsidiary and the participant shall have no right to such funds until properly paid in accordance with the provisions of this Plan. For administrative ease and convenience, such amounts may be referred to as participant accounts, but as such are a notional account only and are not the property of the participant. Such amounts remain subject to the claims of the creditors of the Company or Subsidiary.

(h)    Payment in the Event of an Unforeseeable Emergency. The participant may request that payments commence immediately upon the occurrence of an Unforeseeable Emergency as that term is defined in Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations. Generally, an unforeseeable emergency is a severe financial hardship resulting from an illness or accident of the participant or the participant’s spouse or dependent, loss of the participant’s property due to casualty, or other similar extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances arising as a result of events beyond the control of the participant. A distribution on account of unforeseeable emergency may not be made to the extent that such emergency is or may be relieved through reimbursement or compensation from insurance or otherwise, by liquidation of the participant’s assets (without causing severe financial hardship), or by cessation of deferrals under this arrangement, the Savings Plan or other arrangements. Distributions because of an unforeseeable emergency shall not exceed the amount permitted under Section 409A and accordingly are limited to the amount reasonably necessary to satisfy the emergency need (after use of insurance proceeds, liquidation of assets, etc.) plus an amount to pay taxes reasonably anticipated as a result of the distribution. In the event any payment is made due to an unforeseeable emergency, all deferral elections for the current Performance Year will cease and the participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections under this Plan for the following Performance Year. For any participant receiving a hardship withdrawal under the Savings Plan, all deferral elections under this Plan for the current Performance Year will cease and the participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections under this Plan for the following Performance Year.

4.3    Payment in the Event of Death.

(a)    A participant may name the beneficiary of his or her choice on a beneficiary form provided by the Company or Record Keeper, and the beneficiary shall receive, within 90 days of the participant’s death, in a single sum, all payments credited to the participant in the event that the participant dies prior to receipt of Deferred Annual Awards. If there is no beneficiary named at the time of participant’s death or if the beneficiary does not survive the participant, the payment will be made to the participant’s estate. In no event may any recipient designate a year of payment for an amount payable upon the death of the participant.

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(b)    A participant may change beneficiaries at any time, and the change will be effective as of the date the plan Record Keeper or the Company accepts the form as complete. The Company will not be liable for any payments made before receipt and acceptance of a written beneficiary request.

V.    CHANGE OF STATUS

Payments in the event of a change in status will not be made if no Annual Awards are made for the Performance Year.

5.1    Pro-Rata Annual Awards. A new EICP participant, whether hired or promoted to the job, or an EICP employee promoted to a higher salary grade during the Performance Year will receive a pro rata Annual Award based on the percentage of the Performance Year in which the employee is in a particular salary grade.An EICP participant whose salary grade has been lowered, but whose employment is not terminated during the Performance Year will receive a pro rata Annual Award based on the percentage of the Performance Year in which the employee is in a particular salary grade. Awards will also be prorated for any change in full time or part time work status.

5.2    Termination. An EICP participant whose employment is terminated pursuant to a violation of the Company code of conduct or other corporate policies will not be considered for or receive an Annual Award.

5.3    Resignation. An EICP participant who resigns prior to payment (during or after a Performance Year) will not be eligible for an Annual Award. If the resignation is due to reasons such as a downsizing or reorganization, or the ill health of the employee or ill health in the immediate family, the employee may petition the Plan Administrator and may be considered, in the discretion of the Plan Administrator, for a pro rata Annual Award. The Plan Administrator's decision to approve or deny the request for a pro rata Annual Award shall be final.

5.4    Death, Disability, Retirement, Leave of Absence. An EICP participant whose status as an active employee is changed during the Performance Year due to death, Disability, Retirement, or Leave of Absence (as determined by the Plan Administrator) will receive a pro rata Annual Award. An EICP participant whose employment is terminated following the Performance Year but prior to payment due to death, Disability or Retirement will continue to be eligible for an Annual Award for the Performance Year. Any such payment or Annual Award payable due to the death of the EICP participant will be made to the named beneficiary, or if no beneficiary is named or if the beneficiary doesn’t survive the EICP participant, then to the EICP participant’s estate no later than March 15 following the applicable Performance Year. Notwithstanding the above, an EICP participant who retires, is on disability or leave of absence and who becomes employed by a competitor of CMS Energy or Consumers Energy or their subsidiaries or affiliates prior to award payout will forfeit all rights to an Annual Award, unless prior approval of such

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employment has been granted by the Committee. A “competitor” shall mean an entity engaged in the business of (1) selling (a) electric power or natural gas at retail or wholesale within the State of Michigan or (b) electric power at wholesale within the market area in which an electric generating plant owned by a subsidiary or affiliate of CMS Enterprises is located or (2) developing an electric generating plant within the State of Michigan or a market area in which an electric generating plant owned by a subsidiary.

5.5    Payment Following Leave of Absence. Payment of an award for an EICP participant who is on leave of absence or Family Medical Leave Act leave at the time of payment shall be paid in the same payroll period as active employees. Payment of an award for an EICP participant who is laid-off at the time of payment shall be paid in the payroll period that is within an administratively reasonable time after returning to work, but no later than March 15 of the year following the year the participant has returned to work.

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    VI.    MISCELLANEOUS

6.1    Impact on Benefit Plans. Payments made under the Plan will be considered as earnings for the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (Salary Grades 24 and 25) but not for purposes of the Employees’ Savings Plan, Pension Plan, or other employee benefit programs.

6.2    Impact on Employment. Neither the adoption of the Plan nor the granting of any Annual Award under the Plan will be deemed to create any right in any individual to be retained or continued in the employment of the Company or any corporation within the Company’s control group.

6.3    Termination or Amendment of the Plan. The Company may amend or terminate the Plan at any time. Upon termination, any Deferred Annual Award accrued under the Plan and vested will remain in the Plan and be paid out in accordance with the Payment Elections previously selected. The Plan Administrator is authorized to make any amendments that are deemed necessary or desirable to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or orders or as may be advised by counsel or to clarify the terms and operation of the Plan. The Company may terminate the Plan and accelerate any benefits under the Plan, at its discretion, if it acts consistent in all manners with the requirements of Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations with respect to when a terminated plan may accelerate payment to a participant.

6.4    Governing Law. The Plan will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Michigan.

6.5    Dispute Resolution. Any disputes related to the Plan must be brought to the Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator is granted full discretionary authority to apply the terms of the Plan, make administrative rulings, interpret the Plan and make any other determinations with respect to the Plan. If the Plan Administrator makes a determination and the participant disagrees with or wishes to appeal the determination, the participant must appeal the decision to the Plan Administrator, in writing and not later than 60 days from when the determination was mailed to the participant. If the participant does not timely appeal the original determination, the participant has no further rights under the Plan with respect to the matter presented in the claim. If the participant appeals the original determination and that appeal does not result in a mutually agreeable resolution, then the dispute shall be subject to final and binding arbitration before a single arbitrator selected by the parties to be conducted in Jackson, Michigan, provided the participant makes such request for arbitration in writing within 30 days of the final decision by the Plan Administrator. The arbitration will be conducted and finished within 90 days of the selection of the arbitrator. The parties shall share equally the cost of the arbitrator and of conducting the arbitration proceeding, but each party shall bear the cost of its own legal counsel and experts and other out-of-pocket expenditures. The arbitrator must use an arbitrary and capricious standard of review when considering any determinations and findings by the Plan Administrator.

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    VII.    AMENDMENT TO REFLECT CODE SECTION 409A

7.1    Code Section 409A. This Plan has been amended, effective as of January 1, 2005, to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code. To the extent counsel determines additional amendments may be reasonable or desirable in order to comply with Code Section 409A, and any other applicable rules, laws and regulations, such changes shall be authorized with the approval of the Plan Administrator.

11

EX-10.22

Exhibit 10.22

ANNUALEMPLOYEE INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

PLAN FOR CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY

(amended and restated effective January 1, 2024)

ANNUAL EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

PLAN FOR CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY

    I.    GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1    Purpose. The purpose of the Annual Employee Incentive Compensation Plan (“EICP” or “Plan”) is to provide an equitable and competitive level of compensation that will permit Consumers Energy Company (“Company”) and its subsidiaries to attract, retain and motivate their employees.

1.2    Effective Date. The Plan as described herein was originally effective as of March 24, 2014. The Plan has been amended and restated several times since then. The effective date of this amendment and restatement is January 1, 2024.

1.3    Eligibility. Regular non-union U.S. employees who have received a performance rating of at least “Highly Effective” (also known as “Fully Effective” or “Effective” or “Meets Expectations” or “Satisfactory” or “Fully Contributing”) for the Performance Year as documented on their annual performance, evaluation, feedback and development appraisal are eligible for participation in the EICP. Any regular non-union employee who has received a performance rating of less than “Highly Effective” (also known as “Fully Effective” or “Effective” or “Meets Expectations” or “Satisfactory” or “Fully Contributing”) or under-performing (also known as “under-contributing” or (“U”) for the Performance Year as documented on their annual performance, evaluation, feedback and development appraisal is not eligible for participation in the EICP.

II.    CORPORATE PERFORMANCE GOALS

Each year the President and CEO of CMS Energy Corporation will establish the Corporate Performance Goals ("Goals") for the EICP. The Goals will consist of between five and fifteen utility specific performance criteria relating to such items as customer service, safety and reliability. When establishing the Goals for a Performance Year, the President and CEO will include the total number of criteria to be used for the year as well as the award percent for achievement of a specified number of the established criteria. The specific Goals will be communicated to employees no later than March 31st of the Performance Year. Any award formula may include additional adjustments based on financial performance goals relating to CMS Energy Corporation as determined by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Company Board of Directors (the “Committee”).

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    III.    ANNUAL AWARD FORMULA

3.1    Annual Awards. Annual Awards for each eligible EICP participant will be based upon a standard award as set forth in the Career Stream Award Table below. Specifically, the total amount of a participant’s Annual Award shall be computed based upon the applicable Standard Target $ Amount set forth within the Career Stream Award Table and according to the following award formula (except as modified pursuant to Section 3.2) (“Career Stream Award Formula”):

(Standard Target $ Amount* x Operational Award Level x 50% Plus Standard Target $ Amount x Financial Award Level x 50%)

The Career Stream Award Formula is subject to adjustment by the President and CEO of CMS Energy Corporation as indicated by market practices.

CAREER STREAM AWARD TABLE

Management		Individual Contributor (Professional-Attorney)		Individual Contributor (Technical & Professional)		Individual Contributor (Support)
JOB LEVEL	Standard  Target $ Amount	JOB LEVEL	Standard Target $ Amount	JOB LEVEL	Standard  Target $ Amount	JOB LEVEL	Standard Target $ Amount
Executive Director	$        18,500	Senior Principal	$         11,250	Fellow	$          6,500	Senior Lead	$          800
Director	$        11,250	Principal	$           8,000	Senior Principal	$          4,750	Lead	$          750
Senior Manager	$          8,000	Senior	$           6,750	Principal	$          3,000	Senior	$          700
Manager	$          6,750	Career	$           3,000	Senior	$          1,000	Career	$          650
Supervisor-OM&C Ops	$          6,500			Career	$          1,000	Entry	$          600
Supervisor	$         3,000			Entry	$             800

3.2    Part-Time. Part-time employees will receive an applicable Standard Target $ Amount set forth in Section 3.1, multiplied by their work schedule percentage. For example, if the Standard Target $ Amount based on Career Stream and Level is $800 and the part-time employees works 35 hours per week (87.5% of a standard 40 hour per week schedule), then their Standard Target $ Amount will be $700 ($800 * 87.5%).

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    3.3    Grandfather Exception. Certain eligible EICP participants are being grandfathered to the highest eligible target amount available and applicable under the Annual Incentive Employee Compensation Plan for Consumers Energy Company (as adopted on December 11, 2023 and effective July 1, 2023). If an eligible grandfathered EICP participant has a change in job status on or after January 1, 2024, then the award amount for the applicable Performance Year shall be calculated pursuant to the Career Stream Award Formula beginning on the effective date of the change in job status with respect to days of service provided on or after the change in job status through end of the Performance Year in which the change in job status occurred.

Example: Individual is a grandfathered exempt employee who provided services as an EICP participant from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024. The grandfathered EICP participant had a change in job status effective September 1, 2024. The EICP participant’s Annual Award for 2024 is calculated as follows: The award amount is calculated using the applicable grandfathered target award through August 30, 2024, and then pursuant to the Career Stream Award Formula for the period beginning September 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024.

    IV.    PAYMENT OF ANNUAL AWARDS

4.1    Cash Annual Award. All Annual Awards for a Performance Year will be paid in cash no later than March 15th of the calendar year following the Performance Year provided that the Annual Award for a particular Performance Year has not been deferred voluntarily pursuant to Section 4.2. The amounts required by law to be withheld for income and employment taxes will be deducted from the Annual Award payments. All Annual Awards become the obligation of the company on whose payroll the employee is enrolled at the time the Committee makes the Annual Award.

4.2Deferred Annual Awards.

(a)    The payment of all or any portion (rounded to an even multiple of 10%) of a cash Annual Award may be deferred voluntarily at the election of individual participants in Career Stream Management. Any such deferral will be net of any applicable FICA or FUTA taxes. A separate irrevocable election must be made prior to the Performance Year. Any Annual Award made by the Committee after termination of employment of a participant or retirement of a participant will be paid in accordance with any deferral election made within the enrollment period.

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(b)    At the time the participant makes a deferral election he or she must select the payment options (including the Payment Event as set forth at (c) below and the Payment Term as set forth at (d) below) applicable to the Deferred Annual Award for the Performance Year, as well as any earnings or income attributable to such amounts. The payment options elected will apply only to that year’s Deferred Annual Award and will not apply to any previous Deferred Annual Award or to any subsequent Deferred Annual Award. Any participant who elects to defer all or a portion of an Annual Award and who fails to select a Payment Event, or a Payment Term will be presumed to have elected a Payment Event of Separation from Service in accordance with paragraph (c)(i) below and/or a Payment Term of a single sum.

(c)    The Payment Event elected can be either:

(i)    Separation from Service for any reason other than death. Payment will be made, or begin, in the later of: (1) January of the year following the year of the Separation from Service; or (2) the seventh month after the month of the Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in January of the succeeding years. Effective for amounts deferred in 2019 and succeeding years, payment will be made, or begin, in the seventh month after the month of Separation from Service. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years;

(ii)    Payment upon attainment of a date certain that is more than 1 year after the last day of the applicable Performance Year. Later installments, if any, will be paid in the same month of the succeeding years; or

(iii)    The later to occur of (i) or (ii) above.

(d)    Payment Term. At the time of electing to defer an Annual Award, the participant must also elect how he or she wishes to receive any such payment from among the following options (the participant may elect a separate Payment Term for each Payment Event elected):

(i)    Payment in a single sum upon occurrence of the Payment Event.

(ii)    Payment of a series of annual installment payments over a period from two (2) years to fifteen (15) years following the Payment Event. Each installment payment shall be equal to a fractional amount of the balance in the account the numerator of which is one and the denominator of which is the number of installment payments remaining. Although initially such installment payments will be identical, actual payments may vary based upon investment performance. For example, a series of 5 installment payments will result in a payout of 1/5 of the account balance in the first

4

installment, ¼ of the account balance (including investment gains or losses since the first installment date) in the second installment, etc.

(e)    Changes to Payment Options. Once a payment option has been elected, subsequent changes which would accelerate the receipt of benefits from the Plan are not permitted, except that the Plan Administrator, which is the Benefit Administration Committee as defined in the Savings Plan for Employees of Consumers Energy and other CMS Energy Companies (the “Savings Plan”), may at its discretion accelerate payments to the extent permitted by Code Section 409A and applicable regulations. A subsequent election to change the payment options related to a Payment Event, in order to delay a payment or to change the form of a payment, can only be made when all of the following conditions are satisfied:

(i)    such election may not take effect until at least 12 months after the date on which the election is made;

(ii)    the payment(s) with respect to which such election is made is deferred for a period of not less than 5 years from the date such payment would otherwise have been made (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 4.2(d)(ii) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, 5 years from the date the first installment was scheduled to be paid); and

(iii)    such election must be made not less than 12 months before the date the payment was previously scheduled to be made (or, in the case of installment payments under Section 4.2(d)(ii) with regard to amounts deferred (and the related earnings) prior to January 1, 2016, 12 months before the first installment was scheduled to be paid), if the participant’s previous commencement date was a specified date.

Effective January 1, 2016, the right to a series of installment payments is to be treated as a right to a series of separate payments to the extent permissible under Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations. When making a subsequent election with respect to the payment of any post-December 31, 2015 deferral, the participant may make a separate election with respect to each separate payment, provided that such election must result in all of the applicable Performance Year’s deferral with related earnings being paid in a single sum or in a series of annual payments over a period from two (2) to fifteen (15) consecutive years.

(f)    Investments. At the time of electing to voluntarily defer payment, the participant must elect how the Deferred Annual Award will be treated by the Company or Subsidiary. To the extent that any amounts deferred are placed in a rabbi trust with an independent Record Keeper, a participant who has previously deferred

5

amounts under this Plan will automatically have his or her existing investment profile apply to this deferral also. Record Keeper means the person(s) or entity named as such by the Plan Administrator. All determinations of the available investment options by the Plan Administrator are final and binding upon participants. A participant may change the investment elections at any time prior to the payment of the benefit, subject to any restrictions imposed by the Plan Administrator, the plan Record Keeper or by any applicable laws and regulations. A participant not making an election will have amounts deferred treated as if in a Lifestyle Fund as defined in the Savings Plan applicable to the participant's age 65, rounded up, or such other investment as determined by the Plan Administrator. All gains and losses will be based upon the performance of the investments selected by the participant from the date the deferral is first credited to the nominal account. If the Company elects to fund its obligation as discussed below, then investment performance will be based on the balance as determined by the Record Keeper.

(g)    The amount of any Deferred Annual Award is to be satisfied from the general corporate funds of the company on whose payroll the Plan participant was enrolled prior to the payout beginning and are subject to the claims of general creditors of the company. This is an unfunded nonqualified deferred compensation plan. To the extent the Company elects to place funds with a trustee to pay its future obligations under this Plan, such amounts are placed for the convenience of the Company or Subsidiary, remain the property of the Company or Subsidiary and the participant shall have no right to such funds until properly paid in accordance with the provisions of this Plan. For administrative ease and convenience, such amounts may be referred to as participant accounts, but as such are a notional account only and are not the property of the participant. Such amounts remain subject to the claims of the creditors of the Company or Subsidiary.

(h)    Payment in the Event of an Unforeseeable Emergency. The participant may request that payments commence immediately upon the occurrence of an Unforeseeable Emergency as that term is defined in Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations. Generally, an unforeseeable emergency is a severe financial hardship resulting from an illness or accident of the participant or the participant’s spouse or dependent, loss of the participant’s property due to casualty, or other similar extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances arising as a result of events beyond the control of the participant. A distribution on account of unforeseeable emergency may not be made to the extent that such emergency is or may be relieved through reimbursement or compensation from insurance or otherwise, by liquidation of the participant’s assets (without causing severe financial hardship), or by cessation of deferrals under this arrangement, the Savings Plan or other arrangements. Distributions because of an unforeseeable emergency shall not exceed the amount permitted under Section 409A and accordingly are limited to the amount reasonably necessary to

6

satisfy the emergency need (after use of insurance proceeds, liquidation of assets, etc.) plus an amount to pay taxes reasonably anticipated as a result of the distribution. In the event any payment is made due to an unforeseeable emergency, all deferral elections for the current Performance Year will cease and the participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections under this Plan for the following Performance Year. For any participant receiving a hardship withdrawal under the Savings Plan, all deferral elections under this Plan for the current Performance Year will cease and the participant will not be eligible to make any deferral elections under this Plan for the following Performance Year.

4.3    Payment in the Event of Death.

(a)    A participant may name the beneficiary of his or her choice on a beneficiary form provided by the Company or Record Keeper, and the beneficiary shall receive, within 90 days of the participant’s death, in a single sum, all payments credited to the participant in the event that the participant dies prior to receipt of Deferred Annual Awards. If there is no beneficiary named at the time of participant’s death or if the beneficiary does not survive the participant, the payment will be made to the participant’s estate. In no event may any recipient designate a year of payment for an amount payable upon the death of the participant.

(b)    A participant may change beneficiaries at any time, and the change will be effective as of the date the plan Record Keeper or the Company accepts the form as complete. The Company will not be liable for any payments made before receipt and acceptance of a written beneficiary request.

    V.    CHANGE OF STATUS

Payments in the event of a change in status will not be made if no Annual Awards are made for the Performance Year.

5.1    Pro-Rata Annual Awards. A new EICP participant, whether hired or promoted to the position, or an EICP employee promoted to a higher job level during the Performance Year will receive a pro rata Annual Award based on the percentage of the Performance Year in which the employee is in a particular salary grade / job level.An EICP participant whose salary grade / job level has been lowered, but whose employment is not terminated during the Performance Year will receive a pro rata Annual Award based on the percentage of the Performance Year in which the employee is in a particular salary grade / job level. Awards will also be prorated for any change in full time or part time work status.

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5.2    Termination. An EICP participant whose employment is terminated pursuant to a violation of the Company code of conduct or other corporate policies will not be considered for or receive an Annual Award.

5.3    Resignation. An EICP participant who resigns prior to payment (during or after a Performance Year) will not be eligible for an Annual Award. If the resignation is due to reasons such as a downsizing or reorganization, or the ill health of the employee or ill health in the immediate family, the employee may petition the Plan Administrator and may be considered, in the discretion of the Plan Administrator, for a pro rata Annual Award. The Plan Administrator's decision to approve or deny the request for a pro rata Annual Award shall be final.

5.4    Death, Disability, Retirement, Leave of Absence. An EICP participant whose status as an active employee is changed during the Performance Year due to death, Disability, Retirement, or Leave of Absence (as determined by the Plan Administrator) will receive a pro rata Annual Award. An EICP participant whose employment is terminated following the Performance Year but prior to payment due to death, Disability or Retirement will continue to be eligible for an Annual Award for the Performance Year. Any such payment or Annual Award payable due to the death of the EICP participant will be made to the named beneficiary, or if no beneficiary is named or if the beneficiary doesn’t survive the EICP participant, then to the EICP participant’s estate no later than March 15 following the applicable Performance Year. Notwithstanding the above, an EICP participant who retires, is on disability or leave of absence and who becomes employed by a competitor of CMS Energy or Consumers Energy or their subsidiaries or affiliates prior to award payout will forfeit all rights to an Annual Award, unless prior approval of such employment has been granted by the Committee. A “competitor” shall mean an entity engaged in the business of (1) selling (a) electric power or natural gas at retail or wholesale within the State of Michigan or (b) electric power at wholesale within the market area in which an electric generating plant owned by a subsidiary or affiliate of CMS Enterprises is located or (2) developing an electric generating plant within the State of Michigan or a market area in which an electric generating plant owned by a subsidiary.

5.5    Payment Following Leave of Absence. Payment of an award for an EICP participant who is on leave of absence or Family Medical Leave Act leave at the time of payment shall be paid in the same payroll period as active employees. Payment of an award for an EICP participant who is laid-off at the time of payment shall be paid in the payroll period that is within an administratively reasonable time after returning to work, but no later than March 15 of the year following the year the participant has returned to work.

8

    VI.    MISCELLANEOUS

6.1    Impact on Benefit Plans. Payments made under the Plan will be considered as earnings for the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (Salary Grades 24 and 25 or Career Stream Management – Job Level Executive Director) but not for purposes of the Employees’ Savings Plan, Pension Plan, or other employee benefit programs.

6.2    Impact on Employment. Neither the adoption of the Plan nor the granting of any Annual Award under the Plan will be deemed to create any right in any individual to be retained or continued in the employment of the Company or any corporation within the Company’s control group.

6.3    Termination or Amendment of the Plan. The Company may amend or terminate the Plan at any time. Upon termination, any Deferred Annual Award accrued under the Plan and vested will remain in the Plan and be paid out in accordance with the Payment Elections previously selected. The Plan Administrator is authorized to make any amendments that are deemed necessary or desirable to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or orders or as may be advised by counsel or to clarify the terms and operation of the Plan. The Company may terminate the Plan and accelerate any benefits under the Plan, at its discretion, if it acts consistent in all manners with the requirements of Code Section 409A and any applicable regulations with respect to when a terminated plan may accelerate payment to a participant.

6.4    Governing Law. The Plan will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Michigan.

6.5    Dispute Resolution. Any disputes related to the Plan must be brought to the Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator is granted full discretionary authority to apply the terms of the Plan, make administrative rulings, interpret the Plan and make any other determinations with respect to the Plan. If the Plan Administrator makes a determination and the participant disagrees with or wishes to appeal the determination, the participant must appeal the decision to the Plan Administrator, in writing and not later than 60 days from when the determination was mailed to the participant. If the participant does not timely appeal the original determination, the participant has no further rights under the Plan with respect to the matter presented in the claim. If the participant appeals the original determination and that appeal does not result in a mutually agreeable resolution, then the dispute shall be subject to final and binding arbitration before a single arbitrator selected by the parties to be conducted in Jackson, Michigan, provided the participant makes such request for arbitration in writing within 30 days of the final decision by the Plan Administrator. The arbitration will be conducted and finished within 90 days of the selection of the arbitrator. The parties shall share equally the cost of the arbitrator and of conducting the arbitration proceeding, but each party shall bear the cost of its own legal counsel and experts and other out-of-pocket expenditures. The arbitrator must use an

9

arbitrary and capricious standard of review when considering any determinations and findings by the Plan Administrator.

    VII.    AMENDMENT TO REFLECT CODE SECTION 409A

7.1    Code Section 409A. This Plan has been amended, effective as of January 1, 2005, to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code. To the extent counsel determines additional amendments may be reasonable or desirable in order to comply with Code Section 409A, and any other applicable rules, laws and regulations, such changes shall be authorized with the approval of the Plan Administrator.

41654965.1/018544.00160

10

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

For the purpose of this filing, information is organized under the headings of CMS Energy Corporation (Tier 1), CMS Capital, L.L.C. (Tier 2), NorthStar Clean Energy Company, formerly known as CMS Enterprises Company (Tier 2), CMS Treasury Services, LLC (Tier 2), and Consumers Energy Company (Tier 2). As set forth in detail below, CMS Energy Corporation is the parent company of CMS Capital, L.L.C., NorthStar Clean Energy Company, CMS Treasury Services, LLC, and Consumers Energy Company. All ownership interests are 100 percent unless indicated parenthetically to the contrary and are accurate as of December 31, 2023.

NAME of COMPANY	JURISDICTION of ORGANIZATION
01 CMS ENERGY CORPORATION	Michigan
02 CMS Capital, L.L.C.	Michigan
03 CMS Land Company	Michigan
02 NorthStar Clean Energy Company	Michigan
03 Dearborn Industrial Energy, L.L.C.	Michigan
04 Dearborn Industrial Generation, L.L.C.	Michigan
03 CMS Energy Resource Management Company	Michigan
04 CMS ERM Michigan LLC	Michigan
03 CMS Enterprises Sustainable Energy, LLC	Michigan
04 NorthStar Onsite, LLC	Delaware
04 Grand River Solar, LLC	Michigan
05 Branch Solar, LLC	Delaware
05 Lake Iris Solar, LLC	Delaware
05 Delta Solar Equity Holdings, LLC	Delaware
06 Delta Solar Power I, LLC	Michigan
06 Delta Solar Power II, LLC	Michigan
05 Flambeau Solar Partners, LLC	Delaware
05 Hart Solar Holdings II, LLC	Delaware
06 Hart Solar Holdings I, LLC	Delaware
07 Hart Solar Partners, LLC	Delaware
05 Newport Solar Equity Holdings, LLC	Delaware
06 Newport Solar Holdings II, LLC (99%)	Delaware
07 Newport Solar Holdings I, LLC	Delaware
06 Newport Solar Holdings III, LLC	Delaware
07 Newport Solar, LLC	Delaware
06 Newport Solar Holdings IV, Inc.	Delaware
07 Newport Solar Holdings II, LLC (1%)	Delaware
05 Genesee Solar Energy, LLC	Delaware
05 Hercules Solar, LLC	Delaware
05 Diamond Solar, LLC	Missouri
04 Grand River Wind, LLC	Michigan
05 NWO Wind Equity Holdings, LLC	Delaware
06 NWO Holdco I, LLC	Delaware
07 NWO Holdco, L.L.C.	Delaware
08 Northwest Ohio Wind, LLC	Ohio
09 Northwest Ohio IA, LLC (97%)	Delaware
05 Northwest Ohio Solar, LLC	Delaware

NAME of COMPANY	JURISDICTION of ORGANIZATION
06 Northwest Ohio IA, LLC (3%)	Delaware
05 Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, LLC (51%)	Delaware
06 AW Holdings III, LLC	Delaware
07 AW Holdings II, LLC	Delaware
08 AW Holdings I, LLC	Delaware
09 Aviator Wind Holdings, LLC	Delaware
10 Aviator Wind, LLC	Delaware
03 CMS Gas Transmission Company	Michigan
04 CMS International Ventures, L.L.C. (37.01%)     (See Exhibit A for list of subsidiaries)	Michigan
03 CMS International Ventures, L.L.C. (61.49%)     (See Exhibit A for list of subsidiaries)	Michigan
03 HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc.     (See Exhibit B for list of subsidiaries)	New York
02 CMS Treasury Services, LLC	Michigan
02 Consumers Energy Company	Michigan
Conducts business under the following assumed names:
Consumers Business Energy Services
Consumers Energy
Consumers Energy Business Services
Consumers Energy Consultants
Consumers Energy Contractor Network
Consumers Energy Dealer Network
Consumers Energy Finance
Consumers Energy Fitness Audits
Consumers Energy Group
Consumers Energy HouseCall
Consumers Energy HouseCall Services
Consumers Energy Management
Consumers Energy Resources
Consumers Energy Security Services
Consumers Energy Services
Consumers Energy Systems
Consumers Energy Traders
Consumers Power
Consumers Power Company
Laboratory Commercial Services
Laboratory Services
Michigan Gas Storage
Michigan Gas Storage Company
Technical Training Centers
Zeeland Power Company

NAME of COMPANY	JURISDICTION of ORGANIZATION
03 CMS Engineering Co.	Michigan
03 Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding LLC	Delaware
03 Consumers Campus Holdings, LLC	Michigan
03 Consumers Receivables Funding II, LLC	Delaware
03 ES Services Company	Michigan
03 Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding LLC	Delaware

Exhibit A

Subsidiaries of CMS International Ventures, L.L.C. (98.5%)

NAME of COMPANY	JURISDICTION of ORGANIZATION
04 CMS Electric & Gas, L.L.C.	Michigan
05 CMS Venezuela, S.A.	Venezuela
05 ENELMAR S.A.	Venezuela

Exhibit B

Subsidiaries of HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc.

NAME of COMPANY	JURISDICTION of ORGANIZATION
04 CMS Generation Filer City, Inc.	Michigan
05 T.E.S. Filer City Station Limited Partnership (50%)	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Filer City Operating LLC	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Genesee Company	Michigan
05 Genesee Power Station Limited Partnership (1% GP)	Delaware
04 CMS Generation Grayling Company	Michigan
05 Grayling Generating Station Limited Partnership (1% GP)	Michigan
06 AJD Forest Products Limited Partnership (49.5% LP)	Michigan
06 GGS Holdings Company	Michigan
07 AJD Forest Products Limited Partnership (0.5% GP)	Michigan
05 Grayling Partners Land Development, L.L.C. (1%)	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Grayling Holdings Company	Michigan
05 Grayling Generating Station Limited Partnership (49% LP)	Michigan
06 AJD Forest Products Limited Partnership (49.5%LP)	Michigan
06 GGS Holdings Company	Michigan
07 AJD Forest Products Limited Partnership (0.5% GP)	Michigan
05 Grayling Partners Land Development, L.L.C. (49%)	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Holdings Company	Michigan
05 Genesee Power Station Limited Partnership (48.75% LP)	Delaware
05 GPS Newco, L.L.C. (50%)	Kansas
06 Genesee Power Station Limited Partnership (0.5% LP)	Delaware
04 CMS Generation Michigan Power L.L.C.	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Operating Company II, Inc.	New York
04 CMS Generation Operating LLC	Michigan
04 CMS Generation Recycling Company	Michigan
05 Mid-Michigan Recycling, L.C. (50%)	Michigan
04 Craven County Wood Energy Limited Partnership (44.99% LP)	Delaware
04 Dearborn Generation Operating, L.L.C.	Michigan
04 HCE-Biopower, Inc.	New York
05 IPP Investment Partnership (51%)
06 Craven County Wood Energy Limited Partnership (0.01% LP)	Delaware
04 IPP Investment Partnership (49%)
05 Craven County Wood Energy Limited Partnership (0.01% LP)	Delaware
04 New Bern Energy Recovery, Inc.	Delaware
05 Craven County Wood Energy Limited Partnership (5% GP)	Delaware

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S‑8 (No. 333‑238842) and Form S‑3 (Nos. 333‑270060 and 333‑275106) of CMS Energy Corporation of our report dated February 8, 2024 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedules and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10‑K.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 8, 2024

EX-23.2

Exhibit 23.2

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S‑3 (No. 333‑270060‑01) of Consumers Energy Company of our report dated February 8, 2024 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10‑K.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Detroit, Michigan

February 8, 2024

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Garrick J. Rochow

I, Garrick J. Rochow, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of CMS Energy Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
		Garrick J. Rochow
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Rejji P. Hayes

I, Rejji P. Hayes, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of CMS Energy Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
		Rejji P. Hayes
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-31.3

Exhibit 31.3

Certification of Garrick J. Rochow

I, Garrick J. Rochow, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Consumers Energy Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
		Garrick J. Rochow
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.4

Exhibit 31.4

Certification of Rejji P. Hayes

I, Rejji P. Hayes, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Consumers Energy Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
		Rejji P. Hayes
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of CMS Energy Corporation (the “Company”) for the annual period endedDecember 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Garrick J. Rochow, as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Rejji P. Hayes, as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
Name:	Garrick J. Rochow
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024
/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
Name:	Rejji P. Hayes
Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10‑K of Consumers Energy Company (the “Company”) for the annual period endedDecember 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Garrick J. Rochow, as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Rejji P. Hayes, as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Garrick J. Rochow
Name:	Garrick J. Rochow
Title:	President andChief Executive Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024
/s/ Rejji P. Hayes
Name:	Rejji P. Hayes
Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date:	February 8, 2024

EX-97.1

Exhibit 97.1

CMS ENERGY CORPORATION/ CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY (the “COMPANY”)

CLAWBACK POLICY

Introduction

The Company is committed to maintain a culture that reinforces the Company’s pay-for-performance compensation philosophy that is in compliance with applicable federal securities laws, rules, and regulations, including those of the Securities and Exchange Commission (”SEC”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Therefore, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee (“Committee”) has adopted this policy regarding the recovery of Incentive-Based Compensation in certain circumstances (“Policy”). This Policy shall be effective as of the date it is adopted by the Committee and shall apply to Incentive-Based Compensation that is approved, awarded or granted to Executive Officers on or after that date.

Administration

The Committee shall have full power and authority to construe, interpret and administer this Policy. All decisions, actions or interpretations of the Committee shall be final, conclusive and binding upon all parties. It is intended that this Policy be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of Section 10D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and any applicable rules or standards adopted by the SEC or NYSE.

Executive Officers

In accordance with the definition of Executive Officer set forth in Rule 10D-1 of the Exchange Act and the NYSE listing standards, this Policy applies to the Company’s current and former Executive Officers who were employed by the Company during the Recovery Period defined below.1 This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Executive Officers and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives.

Accounting Restatement

If the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the Company’s material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period, the Company will recover, reasonably promptly and regardless of fault, the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that was erroneously provided to any person serving as an Executive Officer in any one or more of

1 For purposes of this Policy, the Company’s Executive Officers are listed in the Company’s Form 10-K and in the event they are not otherwise considered Executive Officers, the chief financial officer and chief accounting officer are also Company Executive Officers.

1

the three completed fiscal years (including a transition period if the date of the fiscal year changes) immediately preceding the date on which the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement.

The Recovery Period is the earlier of (i) the date the Board, a Board committee, or Company officer(s) concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement as described above or (ii) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the issuer to prepare an accounting restatement as described above.

Incentive-Based Compensation

Incentive-Based Compensation is any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a financial reporting measure. Currently, Executive Officer Incentive-Based Compensation is awarded through the Performance Incentive Stock Plan and the CMS Incentive Compensation Plan for CMS Energy and Consumers Energy Officers. Incentive-Based Compensation is considered received in the Company’s fiscal period during which the financial reporting measure specified in the award is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period.

Financial reporting measures are measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. Stock price and total shareholder return are also financial reporting measures. A financial reporting measure does not need to be presented within the financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC.    

Incentive-Based Compensation subject to recovery

The amount of erroneously awarded compensation is the Incentive-Based Compensation that is received that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated (corrected) amounts and must be computed without regard to any taxes paid. Incentive-Based Compensation is considered to have been received by an Executive Officer in the final year during which the applicable financial reporting measure was attained or purportedly attained, regardless of when the payment or grant of such Incentive-Based Compensation occurs. If the Incentive-Based Compensation was based on stock price or total shareholder return: (i) the amount must be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the accounting restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received and (2) the Company must maintain documentation of the determination of a reasonable estimate and provide that to NYSE, or its successor. The Committee or its delegate will determine the recovery method.

2

Exceptions

The compensation recouped under this Policy shall not include Incentive-Based Compensation received by an Executive Officer (i) prior to beginning service as an Executive Officer or (ii) if he or she did not serve as an Executive Officer at any time during the applicable Recovery Period.  The Committee (or a majority of independent directors serving on the Board) may determine not to seek recovery from an Executive Officer in whole or part to the extent it determines in its sole discretion that such recovery would be impracticable because (A) the direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing recovery would exceed the recoverable amount (after having made a reasonable attempt to recover the erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation and providing corresponding documentation of such attempt to the NYSE), (B) recovery would violate the home country law that was adopted prior to November 28, 2022, as determined by an opinion of counsel licensed in the applicable jurisdiction that is acceptable to and provided to the NYSE, or (C) recovery would likely cause the Company’s 401(k) plan or any other tax-qualified retirement plan to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the regulations thereunder.

Indemnification

The Company shall not indemnify any Executive Officer against the loss of any incorrectly awarded Incentive-Based Compensation.

Miscellaneous

The Company’s exercise of recovery under this Policy, shall not prohibit any other remedies the Company may have.

3

XML

Cover Page - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Jan. 12, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-9513
Entity Registrant Name	CMS ENERGY CORPORATION
Entity Tax Identification Number	38-2726431
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	MI
Entity Address, Address Line One	One Energy Plaza
Entity Address, City or Town	Jackson
Entity Address, State or Province	MI
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	49201
City Area Code	517
Local Phone Number	788‑0550
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filer	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 17,063
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		294,443,620
Documents Incorporated by Reference	CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ proxy statement relating to their 2024 Annual Meetings of Shareholders to be held May 3, 2024.
Entity Central Index Key	0000811156
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false
Consumers Energy Company
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity File Number	1-5611
Entity Registrant Name	CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY
Entity Tax Identification Number	38-0442310
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	MI
Entity Address, Address Line One	One Energy Plaza
Entity Address, City or Town	Jackson
Entity Address, State or Province	MI
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	49201
City Area Code	517
Local Phone Number	788‑0550
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filer	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		84,108,789
Entity Central Index Key	0000201533
CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock, $0.01 par value
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock
Trading Symbol	CMS
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	CMS Energy Corporation 5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078
Trading Symbol	CMSA
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078
Trading Symbol	CMSC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2079
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2079
Trading Symbol	CMSD
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
CMS Energy Corporation Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 4.200% Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	CMS Energy Corporation Depositary Shares
Trading Symbol	CMS PRC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series
Trading Symbol	CMS-PB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Auditor Firm ID	238
Auditor Name	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Auditor Location	Detroit, Michigan
Consumers Energy Company
Document Information [Line Items]
Auditor Firm ID	238
Auditor Name	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Auditor Location	Detroit, Michigan

XML

CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Revenue	$ 7,462	$ 8,596	$ 7,329
Operating Expenses
Fuel for electric generation	561	905	593
Purchased power – related parties	75	76	77
Maintenance and other operating expenses	1,687	1,669	1,610
Depreciation and amortization	1,180	1,126	1,114
General taxes	447	412	389
Total operating expenses	6,227	7,372	6,183
Operating Income	1,235	1,224	1,146
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	180	205	165
Other income	195	19	30
Other expense	(13)	(27)	(18)
Total other income	362	197	177
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt	616	509	481
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction	(3)	(2)	(3)
Total interest charges	643	519	500
Income Before Income Taxes	954	902	823
Income Tax Expense	147	93	95
Income From Continuing Operations	807	809	728
Income From Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax of $—, $1, and $170	1	4	602
Net Income	808	813	1,330
Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	(79)	(24)	(23)
Net Income	887	837	1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends	10	10	5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	$ 877	$ 827	$ 1,348
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	$ 3.01	$ 2.84	$ 2.58
Income from discontinued operations per average common share available to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	0	0.01	2.08
Basic earnings per average common share (in dollars per share)	3.01	2.85	4.66
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	3.01	2.84	2.58
Income from discontinued operations per average common share available to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	0	0.01	2.08
Diluted earnings per average common share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.01	$ 2.85	$ 4.66
Related Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	$ 12	$ 12	$ 12
Nonrelated Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	18	0	10
Purchased and interchange power
Operating Expenses
Cost of goods and services sold	1,375	1,928	1,665
Cost of gas sold
Operating Expenses
Cost of goods and services sold	$ 902	$ 1,256	$ 735

XML

CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
Tax effect of discontinued operations	$ 0	$ 1	$ 170

XML

CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net Income	$ 808	$ 813	$ 1,330
Retirement Benefits Liability
Net gain arising during the period	5	1	19
Settlement arising during the period	0	0	1
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	2	4	5
Amortization of prior service credit	(1)	(1)	(1)
Derivatives
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax	0	2	2
Reclassification adjustments included in net income	0	(1)	(1)
Other Comprehensive Income	6	7	27
Comprehensive Income	814	820	1,357
Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	(79)	(24)	(23)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to CMS Energy	$ 893	$ 844	$ 1,380

XML

CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net gain (loss) arising during the period, tax	$ 2	$ 0	$ 6
Settlement arising during the period, tax	0	0	0
Amortization of net actuarial loss, tax	0	1	2
Amortization of prior service credit, tax	0	0	0
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, tax	0	1	0
Reclassification adjustments included in net income , tax	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1

XML

CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Income	$ 808	$ 813	$ 1,330
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	1,180	1,126	1,114
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits	157	89	249
Bad debt expense	34	50	22
Postretirement benefits contributions	(12)	(12)	(12)
Gain from sale of EnerBank	0	(5)	(657)
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments	(274)	(93)	(70)
Net cash used in discontinued operations	0	0	(111)
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue	241	(677)	(103)
Inventories	185	(450)	(93)
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds	(136)	4	153
Other current assets and liabilities	(21)	14	13
Other non‑current assets and liabilities	147	(4)	(16)
Net cash provided by operating activities	2,309	855	1,819
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net proceeds from sale of EnerBank	0	5	898
Net cash provided by discontinued operations	0	0	78
Cost to retire property and other investing activities	(167)	(107)	(133)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,386)	(2,476)	(1,233)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt	3,551	1,899	335
Retirement of debt	(2,132)	(106)	(235)
Increase in notes payable	73	20	0
Issuance of common stock	192	69	26
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs	0	0	224
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock	(579)	(544)	(508)
Proceeds from the sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor	86	49	0
Contribution from noncontrolling interest	6	2	1
Net cash used in discontinued operations	0	0	(84)
Other financing costs	(54)	(62)	(54)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,143	1,327	(295)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts	66	(294)	291
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period	182	476	185
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period	248	182	476
Cash transactions
Interest paid (net of amounts capitalized)	607	490	489
Income taxes paid	15	1	16
Non‑cash transactions
Capital expenditures not paid	265	228	196
Capital Expenditures
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	(2,407)	(2,374)	(2,076)
Covert Plant Acquisition
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	$ (812)	$ 0	$ 0

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CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 227	$ 164
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	21	18
Inventories at average cost
Gas in underground storage	587	840
Materials and supplies	267	212
Generating plant fuel stock	84	65
Deferred property taxes	426	384
Regulatory assets	203	57
Prepayments and other current assets	80	113
Total current assets	2,839	3,433
Plant, Property, and Equipment
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	33,135	30,491
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	9,007	8,960
Plant, property, and equipment, net	24,128	21,531
Construction work in progress	944	1,182
Total plant, property, and equipment	25,072	22,713
Other Non‑current Assets
Regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Accounts receivable	22	23
Investments	76	71
Postretirement benefits	1,468	1,208
Other	357	310
Total other non‑current assets	5,606	5,207
Total Assets	33,517	31,353
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases	980	1,099
Notes payable	93	20
Accrued rate refunds	54	0
Accrued interest	142	122
Accrued taxes	612	538
Regulatory liabilities	56	104
Other current liabilities	149	166
Total current liabilities	2,895	2,985
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	14,508	13,122
Non-current portion of finance leases	62	68
Regulatory liabilities	3,894	3,796
Postretirement benefits	106	108
Asset retirement obligations	771	746
Deferred investment tax credit	126	129
Deferred income taxes	2,615	2,407
Other non‑current liabilities	415	397
Total non‑current liabilities	22,497	20,773
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity
Common stock	3	3
Other paid-in capital	5,705	5,490
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(46)	(52)
Retained earnings	1,658	1,350
Total common stockholders’ equity	7,320	6,791
Cumulative preferred stock	224	224
Total stockholders’ equity	7,544	7,015
Noncontrolling interests	581	580
Total equity	8,125	7,595
Total Liabilities and Equity	33,517	31,353
Nonrelated Party
Current Assets
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2023 and $27 in 2022	933	1,564
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	802	928
Related Party
Current Assets
Accounts receivable – related parties	11	16
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$ 7	$ 8

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CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance	$ 21	$ 27
Common stock authorized (in shares)	350,000,000.0	350,000,000.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares)	294,400,000	291,300,000
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	10,000,000
Series C Preferred Stock Depositary Shares
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	9,200,000	9,200,000
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares)	9,200,000	9,200,000

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CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Other Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Retirement benefits liability	Derivative instruments	Retained Earnings	Cumulative Preferred Stock	Noncontrolling Interests
Beginning of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		288,940
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 6,077	$ 3	$ 5,365	$ (86)	$ (80)	$ (6)	$ 214	$ 0	$ 581
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common stock issued (in shares)		997
Common stock issued			50					224
Common stock repurchased (in shares)		(157)
Common stock repurchased			(9)
Common stock reacquired (in shares)		(22)
Common stock reacquired			0
Net gain arising during the period	19				19
Settlement arising during the period	1				1
Amortization of net actuarial loss	5				5
Amortization of prior service credit	(1)				(1)
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments	2					2
Reclassification adjustments included in net income	1					1
Net Income	1,330						1,353		(23)
Dividends declared on common stock							(505)
Dividends declared on preferred stock							(5)
Sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor									0
Contribution from noncontrolling interest									1
Distributions and other changes in noncontrolling interests									(2)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 7,188	$ 3	5,406	(59)	(56)	(3)	1,057	224	557
End of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		289,758
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.7400
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.5688
Common stock issued (in shares)		1,704
Common stock issued			93					0
Common stock repurchased (in shares)		(151)
Common stock repurchased			(9)
Common stock reacquired (in shares)		(43)
Common stock reacquired			0
Net gain arising during the period	$ 1				1
Settlement arising during the period	0				0
Amortization of net actuarial loss	4				4
Amortization of prior service credit	(1)				(1)
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments	2					2
Reclassification adjustments included in net income	1					1
Net Income	813						837		(24)
Dividends declared on common stock							(534)
Dividends declared on preferred stock							(10)
Sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor									49
Contribution from noncontrolling interest									2
Distributions and other changes in noncontrolling interests									(4)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 7,595	$ 3	5,490	(52)	(52)	0	1,350	224	580
End of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	291,300	291,268
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.8400
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.0500
Common stock issued (in shares)		3,355
Common stock issued			222					0
Common stock repurchased (in shares)		(119)
Common stock repurchased			(7)
Common stock reacquired (in shares)		(64)
Common stock reacquired			0
Net gain arising during the period	$ 5				5
Settlement arising during the period	0				0
Amortization of net actuarial loss	2				2
Amortization of prior service credit	(1)				(1)
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments	0					0
Reclassification adjustments included in net income	0					0
Net Income	808						887		(79)
Dividends declared on common stock							(569)
Dividends declared on preferred stock							(10)
Sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor									86
Contribution from noncontrolling interest									6
Distributions and other changes in noncontrolling interests									(12)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 8,125	$ 3	$ 5,705	$ (46)	$ (46)	$ 0	$ 1,658	$ 224	$ 581
End of period (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	294,400	294,440
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.9500
Dividends declared per preferred stock Series C depositary share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.0500

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Revenue	$ 7,462	$ 8,596	$ 7,329
Operating Expenses
Operating Income	1,235	1,224	1,146
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	180	205	165
Other income	195	19	30
Other expense	(13)	(27)	(18)
Total other income	362	197	177
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt	616	509	481
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction	(3)	(2)	(3)
Total interest charges	643	519	500
Income Before Income Taxes	954	902	823
Income Tax Expense	147	93	95
Net Income	887	837	1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends	10	10	5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	877	827	1,348
Related Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	12	12	12
Nonrelated Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	18	0	10
Consumers Energy Company
Operating Revenue	7,166	8,151	7,021
Operating Expenses
Fuel for electric generation	435	662	463
Purchased and interchange power	1,331	1,867	1,599
Purchased power – related parties	75	76	77
Cost of gas sold	897	1,243	726
Maintenance and other operating expenses	1,586	1,582	1,531
Depreciation and amortization	1,137	1,088	1,077
General taxes	437	400	373
Total operating expenses	5,898	6,918	5,846
Operating Income	1,268	1,233	1,175
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	171	195	155
Other income	49	17	23
Other expense	(12)	(25)	(18)
Total other income	208	187	160
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt	415	325	294
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction	(3)	(2)	(3)
Total interest charges	448	335	311
Income Before Income Taxes	1,028	1,085	1,024
Income Tax Expense	161	140	156
Net Income	867	945	868
Preferred Stock Dividends	2	2	2
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	865	943	866
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	20	12	12
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party
Interest Charges
Other interest expense	$ 16	$ 0	$ 8

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Income	$ 887	$ 837	$ 1,353
Retirement Benefits Liability
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	5	1	19
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	2	4	5
Other Comprehensive Income	6	7	27
Comprehensive Income Attributable to CMS Energy	893	844	1,380
Consumers Energy Company
Net Income	867	945	868
Retirement Benefits Liability
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	(1)	15	2
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax	1	2	2
Other Comprehensive Income	0	17	4
Comprehensive Income Attributable to CMS Energy	$ 867	$ 962	$ 872

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net gain (loss) arising during the period, tax	$ 2	$ 0	$ 6
Amortization of net actuarial loss, tax	0	1	2
Consumers Energy Company
Net gain (loss) arising during the period, tax	0	5	1
Amortization of net actuarial loss, tax	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Income	$ 887	$ 837	$ 1,353
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits	157	89	249
Bad debt expense	34	50	22
Postretirement benefits contributions	(12)	(12)	(12)
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments	(274)	(93)	(70)
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue	241	(677)	(103)
Inventories	185	(450)	(93)
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds	(136)	4	153
Other current assets and liabilities	(21)	14	13
Other non‑current assets and liabilities	147	(4)	(16)
Net cash provided by operating activities	2,309	855	1,819
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cost to retire property and other investing activities	(167)	(107)	(133)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,386)	(2,476)	(1,233)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt	3,551	1,899	335
Retirement of debt	(2,132)	(106)	(235)
Increase in notes payable	73	20	0
Other financing costs	(54)	(62)	(54)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,143	1,327	(295)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts	66	(294)	291
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period	182	476	185
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period	248	182	476
Cash transactions
Interest paid (net of amounts capitalized)	607	490	489
Income taxes paid	15	1	16
Non‑cash transactions
Capital expenditures not paid	265	228	196
Capital Expenditures
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	(2,407)	(2,374)	(2,076)
Covert Plant Acquisition
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	(812)	0	0
Consumers Energy Company
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Income	867	945	868
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	1,137	1,088	1,077
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits	156	134	154
Bad debt expense	34	50	22
Postretirement benefits contributions	(9)	(9)	(9)
Other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments	(123)	(87)	(64)
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue	219	(660)	(103)
Inventories	186	(447)	(90)
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds	(127)	(9)	140
Other current assets and liabilities	(35)	18	27
Other non‑current assets and liabilities	125	(29)	(40)
Net cash provided by operating activities	2,430	994	1,982
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)			(2,052)
Cost to retire property and other investing activities	(141)	(105)	(133)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,201)	(2,344)	(2,185)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt	2,666	1,799	335
Retirement of debt	(1,654)	(28)	(27)
Stockholder contribution	475	685	575
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock	(697)	(771)	(724)
Other financing costs	(21)	(22)	(32)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	767	1,366	212
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts	(4)	16	9
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period	60	44	35
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period	56	60	44
Cash transactions
Interest paid (net of amounts capitalized)	417	309	298
Income taxes paid	31	(2)	(10)
Non‑cash transactions
Capital expenditures not paid	264	210	192
Consumers Energy Company | Capital Expenditures
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	(2,248)	(2,239)
Consumers Energy Company | Covert Plant Acquisition
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease)	(812)	0	0
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Increase in notes payable	73	20	0
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Increase in notes payable	$ (75)	$ (317)	$ 85

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 227	$ 164
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	21	18
Inventories at average cost
Gas in underground storage	587	840
Materials and supplies	267	212
Generating plant fuel stock	84	65
Deferred property taxes	426	384
Regulatory assets	203	57
Prepayments and other current assets	80	113
Total current assets	2,839	3,433
Other Non‑current Assets
Regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Accounts receivable	22	23
Postretirement benefits	1,468	1,208
Other	357	310
Total other non‑current assets	5,606	5,207
Total Assets	33,517	31,353
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases	980	1,099
Notes payable	93	20
Accrued rate refunds	54	0
Accrued interest	142	122
Accrued taxes	612	538
Regulatory liabilities	56	104
Other current liabilities	149	166
Total current liabilities	2,895	2,985
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	14,508	13,122
Non-current portion of finance leases	62	68
Regulatory liabilities	3,894	3,796
Postretirement benefits	106	108
Asset retirement obligations	771	746
Deferred investment tax credit	126	129
Deferred income taxes	2,615	2,407
Other non‑current liabilities	415	397
Total non‑current liabilities	22,497	20,773
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity
Common stock	3	3
Other paid-in capital	5,705	5,490
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(46)	(52)
Retained earnings	1,658	1,350
Total common stockholders’ equity	7,320	6,791
Cumulative preferred stock	224	224
Total stockholders’ equity	7,544	7,015
Total Liabilities and Equity	33,517	31,353
Nonrelated Party
Current Assets
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2023 and $27 in 2022	933	1,564
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	802	928
Related Party
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	7	8
Consumers Energy Company
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	35	43
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	21	17
Inventories at average cost
Gas in underground storage	587	840
Materials and supplies	257	206
Generating plant fuel stock	80	59
Deferred property taxes	426	384
Regulatory assets	203	57
Prepayments and other current assets	65	96
Total current assets	2,594	3,236
Plant, Property, and Equipment
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	31,723	29,342
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	8,796	8,791
Plant, property, and equipment, net	22,927	20,551
Construction work in progress	845	994
Total plant, property, and equipment	23,772	21,545
Other Non‑current Assets
Regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Postretirement benefits	1,367	1,126
Other	313	286
Total other non‑current assets	5,486	5,135
Total Assets	31,852	29,916
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases	731	1,000
Accrued rate refunds	54	0
Accrued interest	110	90
Accrued taxes	614	556
Regulatory liabilities	56	104
Other current liabilities	128	147
Total current liabilities	2,563	2,871
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	10,037	9,192
Non-current portion of finance leases	39	45
Regulatory liabilities	3,894	3,796
Postretirement benefits	77	79
Asset retirement obligations	739	722
Deferred investment tax credit	126	129
Deferred income taxes	2,789	2,585
Other non‑current liabilities	364	342
Total non‑current liabilities	18,489	16,890
Commitments and Contingencies
Common stockholders’ equity
Common stock	841	841
Other paid-in capital	7,759	7,284
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(15)	(15)
Retained earnings	2,178	2,008
Total common stockholders’ equity	10,763	10,118
Cumulative preferred stock	37	37
Total stockholders’ equity	10,800	10,155
Total Liabilities and Equity	31,852	29,916
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party
Current Assets
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2023 and $27 in 2022	909	1,524
Other Non‑current Assets
Accounts receivable	28	29
Current Liabilities
Notes payable	93	20
Accounts payable	764	864
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	10,037	9,192
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Current Assets
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties	11	10
Other Non‑current Assets
Accounts receivable	95	99
Current Liabilities
Notes payable	0	75
Accounts payable	13	15
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	$ 424	$ 0

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance	$ 21	$ 27
Common stock authorized (in shares)	350,000,000.0	350,000,000.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares)	294,400,000	291,300,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	10,000,000
Consumers Energy Company
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, allowance	$ 21	$ 27
Common stock authorized (in shares)	125,000,000.0	125,000,000.0
Common stock outstanding (in shares)	84,100,000	84,100,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 4.50	$ 4.50
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	7,500,000	7,500,000
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares)	400,000	400,000

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Consumers Energy Company Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Other Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Retirement benefits liability	Retained Earnings	Cumulative Preferred Stock	Consumers Energy Company	Consumers Energy Company Common Stock	Consumers Energy Company Other Paid-in Capital	Consumers Energy Company Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Consumers Energy Company Retirement benefits liability	Consumers Energy Company Retained Earnings	Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock
Total Equity at Beginning of Period at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 6,077	$ 3	$ 5,365	$ (86)	$ (80)	$ 214	$ 0	$ 8,556	$ 841	$ 6,024		$ (36)	$ 1,690	$ 37
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stockholder contribution										575
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	19				19			2				2
Amortization of net actuarial loss	5				5			2				2
Net Income	1,353							868					868
Dividends declared on common stock						(505)							(722)
Dividends declared on preferred stock						(5)							(2)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2021	7,188	3	5,406	(59)	(56)	1,057	224	9,279	841	6,599	$ (32)	(32)	1,834	37
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stockholder contribution										685
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	1				1			15				15
Amortization of net actuarial loss	4				4			2				2
Net Income	837							945					945
Dividends declared on common stock						(534)							(769)
Dividends declared on preferred stock						(10)							(2)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2022	7,595	3	5,490	(52)	(52)	1,350	224	10,155	841	7,284	(15)	(15)	2,008	37
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stockholder contribution										475
Net gain (loss) arising during the period	5				5			(1)				(1)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	2				2			1				$ 1
Net Income	887							867					867
Dividends declared on common stock						(569)							(695)
Dividends declared on preferred stock						(10)							(2)
Total Equity at End of Period at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 8,125	$ 3	$ 5,705	$ (46)	$ (46)	$ 1,658	$ 224	$ 10,800	$ 841	$ 7,759	$ (15)		$ 2,178	$ 37

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Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation: CMS Energy and Consumers prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements comprise CMS Energy, Consumers, NorthStar Clean Energy, and all other entities in which CMS Energy has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Consumers’ consolidated financial statements comprise Consumers and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. CMS Energy uses the equity method of accounting for investments in companies and partnerships that are not consolidated, where they have significant influence over operations and financial policies but are not the primary beneficiary. CMS Energy and Consumers eliminate intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates: CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers record estimated loss contingencies on their consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. For environmental remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. Unless regulatory accounting applies, CMS Energy and Consumers expense legal fees as incurred; fees incurred but not yet billed are accrued based on estimates of work performed.

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs: Upon the issuance of long-term debt, CMS Energy and Consumers defer issuance costs, discounts, and premiums and amortize those amounts over the terms of the associated debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt on the balance sheet. Upon the refinancing of long-term debt, Consumers, as a regulated entity, defers any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with the refinanced debt and amortizes those amounts over the term of the newly issued debt. For the non‑regulated portions of CMS Energy’s business, any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with extinguished debt are charged to earnings.

Derivative Instruments: In order to support ongoing operations, CMS Energy and Consumers may enter into contracts for the future purchase and sale of various commodities, such as electricity, natural gas, and coal. These forward contracts are generally long-term in nature and result in physical delivery of the

commodity at a contracted price. Most of these contracts are not subject to derivative accounting for one or more of the following reasons:

•they do not have a notional amount (that is, a number of units specified in a derivative instrument, such as MWh of electricity or bcf of natural gas)

•they qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception

•they cannot be net settled due in part to the absence of an active market for the commodity

Consumers also uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion-related transmission charges. Consumers accounts for FTRs as derivatives and changes in the fair value of FTRs are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities. For details regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivative instruments recorded at fair value, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

EPS: CMS Energy calculates basic and diluted EPS using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period. Potential common stock, for purposes of determining diluted EPS, includes the effects of nonvested stock awards, forward equity sales, and convertible securities. CMS Energy computes the effect on potential common stock using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Diluted EPS excludes the impact of antidilutive securities, which are those securities resulting in an increase in EPS or a decrease in loss per share. For EPS computations, see Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Equity Method Investments: CMS Energy and Consumers perform tests of impairment if certain triggering events occur that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that there has been a decline in value that may be other than temporary.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate long-lived assets held in use for impairment by calculating the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, CMS Energy and Consumers recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the fair value of the asset using quoted market prices, market prices of similar assets, or discounted future cash flow analyses.

CMS Energy also assesses equity method investments for impairment whenever there has been a decline in value that is other than temporary. This assessment requires CMS Energy to determine the fair value of the equity method investment. CMS Energy determines fair value using valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flows, and assesses the ability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that justifies the carrying amount of the investment. CMS Energy records an impairment if the fair value is less than the carrying amount and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary.

Investment Tax Credits: CMS Energy and its subsidiaries use the flow-through method of accounting for investment tax credits. Under the flow-through method, the credit is recognized as a reduction to income tax expense when the related plant, property, and equipment is placed into service. For its regulated utility assets, Consumers amortizes its investment tax credits over the life of the related property in accordance with regulatory treatment.

Inventory: CMS Energy and Consumers use the weighted-average cost method for valuing working gas, recoverable base gas in underground storage facilities, and materials and supplies inventory. CMS Energy

and Consumers also use this method for valuing coal inventory, and they classify these amounts as generating plant fuel stock on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers account for RECs and emission allowances as inventory and use the weighted-average cost method to remove amounts from inventory. RECs and emission allowances are used to satisfy compliance obligations related to the generation of power. CMS Energy and Consumers classify these amounts within other assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate inventory for impairment as required to ensure that its carrying value does not exceed the lower of cost or net realizable value.

MISO Transactions: MISO requires the submission of hourly day-ahead and real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. CMS Energy and Consumers account for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the real-time and day-ahead markets, netted across all MISO energy market locations. CMS Energy and Consumers record net hourly purchases in purchased and interchange power and net hourly sales in operating revenue on their consolidated statements of income. They record net billing adjustments upon receipt of settlement statements, record accruals for future net purchases and sales adjustments based on historical experience, and reconcile accruals to actual expenses and sales upon receipt of settlement statements.

Property Taxes: Property taxes are based on the taxable value of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ real and personal property assessed by local taxing authorities. CMS Energy and Consumers record property tax expense over the fiscal year of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. The deferred property tax balance represents the amount of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accrued property tax that will be recognized over future governmental fiscal periods.

Other: For additional accounting policies, see:

•Note 2, Regulatory Matters

•Note 7, Plant, Property, and Equipment

•Note 8, Leases

•Note 9, Asset Retirement Obligations

•Note 10, Retirement Benefits

•Note 12, Income Taxes

•Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy

•Note 14, Revenue

•Note 18, Variable Interest Entities

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $2 million for the local tax loss carryforward. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully their tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation allowance has been provided. It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

If recognized, all of these uncertain tax benefits would affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual effective tax rates in future years. One uncertain tax benefit relates to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. The Michigan Tax Tribunal heard oral arguments on this methodology during 2022. A final conclusion is not anticipated in the next 12 months.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense. CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest or penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2020

and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. CMS Energy’s Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for 2013-2016 and 2019 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 were adequate for all years.

Consumers Energy Company

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation: CMS Energy and Consumers prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements comprise CMS Energy, Consumers, NorthStar Clean Energy, and all other entities in which CMS Energy has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Consumers’ consolidated financial statements comprise Consumers and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. CMS Energy uses the equity method of accounting for investments in companies and partnerships that are not consolidated, where they have significant influence over operations and financial policies but are not the primary beneficiary. CMS Energy and Consumers eliminate intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates: CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers record estimated loss contingencies on their consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. For environmental remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. Unless regulatory accounting applies, CMS Energy and Consumers expense legal fees as incurred; fees incurred but not yet billed are accrued based on estimates of work performed.

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs: Upon the issuance of long-term debt, CMS Energy and Consumers defer issuance costs, discounts, and premiums and amortize those amounts over the terms of the associated debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt on the balance sheet. Upon the refinancing of long-term debt, Consumers, as a regulated entity, defers any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with the refinanced debt and amortizes those amounts over the term of the newly issued debt. For the non‑regulated portions of CMS Energy’s business, any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with extinguished debt are charged to earnings.

Derivative Instruments: In order to support ongoing operations, CMS Energy and Consumers may enter into contracts for the future purchase and sale of various commodities, such as electricity, natural gas, and coal. These forward contracts are generally long-term in nature and result in physical delivery of the

commodity at a contracted price. Most of these contracts are not subject to derivative accounting for one or more of the following reasons:

•they do not have a notional amount (that is, a number of units specified in a derivative instrument, such as MWh of electricity or bcf of natural gas)

•they qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception

•they cannot be net settled due in part to the absence of an active market for the commodity

Consumers also uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion-related transmission charges. Consumers accounts for FTRs as derivatives and changes in the fair value of FTRs are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities. For details regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivative instruments recorded at fair value, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

EPS: CMS Energy calculates basic and diluted EPS using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period. Potential common stock, for purposes of determining diluted EPS, includes the effects of nonvested stock awards, forward equity sales, and convertible securities. CMS Energy computes the effect on potential common stock using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Diluted EPS excludes the impact of antidilutive securities, which are those securities resulting in an increase in EPS or a decrease in loss per share. For EPS computations, see Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Equity Method Investments: CMS Energy and Consumers perform tests of impairment if certain triggering events occur that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that there has been a decline in value that may be other than temporary.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate long-lived assets held in use for impairment by calculating the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, CMS Energy and Consumers recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the fair value of the asset using quoted market prices, market prices of similar assets, or discounted future cash flow analyses.

CMS Energy also assesses equity method investments for impairment whenever there has been a decline in value that is other than temporary. This assessment requires CMS Energy to determine the fair value of the equity method investment. CMS Energy determines fair value using valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flows, and assesses the ability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that justifies the carrying amount of the investment. CMS Energy records an impairment if the fair value is less than the carrying amount and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary.

Investment Tax Credits: CMS Energy and its subsidiaries use the flow-through method of accounting for investment tax credits. Under the flow-through method, the credit is recognized as a reduction to income tax expense when the related plant, property, and equipment is placed into service. For its regulated utility assets, Consumers amortizes its investment tax credits over the life of the related property in accordance with regulatory treatment.

Inventory: CMS Energy and Consumers use the weighted-average cost method for valuing working gas, recoverable base gas in underground storage facilities, and materials and supplies inventory. CMS Energy

and Consumers also use this method for valuing coal inventory, and they classify these amounts as generating plant fuel stock on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers account for RECs and emission allowances as inventory and use the weighted-average cost method to remove amounts from inventory. RECs and emission allowances are used to satisfy compliance obligations related to the generation of power. CMS Energy and Consumers classify these amounts within other assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate inventory for impairment as required to ensure that its carrying value does not exceed the lower of cost or net realizable value.

MISO Transactions: MISO requires the submission of hourly day-ahead and real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. CMS Energy and Consumers account for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the real-time and day-ahead markets, netted across all MISO energy market locations. CMS Energy and Consumers record net hourly purchases in purchased and interchange power and net hourly sales in operating revenue on their consolidated statements of income. They record net billing adjustments upon receipt of settlement statements, record accruals for future net purchases and sales adjustments based on historical experience, and reconcile accruals to actual expenses and sales upon receipt of settlement statements.

Property Taxes: Property taxes are based on the taxable value of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ real and personal property assessed by local taxing authorities. CMS Energy and Consumers record property tax expense over the fiscal year of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. The deferred property tax balance represents the amount of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accrued property tax that will be recognized over future governmental fiscal periods.

Other: For additional accounting policies, see:

•Note 2, Regulatory Matters

•Note 7, Plant, Property, and Equipment

•Note 8, Leases

•Note 9, Asset Retirement Obligations

•Note 10, Retirement Benefits

•Note 12, Income Taxes

•Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy

•Note 14, Revenue

•Note 18, Variable Interest Entities

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $2 million for the local tax loss carryforward. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully their tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation allowance has been provided. It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

If recognized, all of these uncertain tax benefits would affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual effective tax rates in future years. One uncertain tax benefit relates to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. The Michigan Tax Tribunal heard oral arguments on this methodology during 2022. A final conclusion is not anticipated in the next 12 months.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense. CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest or penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2020

and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. CMS Energy’s Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for 2013-2016 and 2019 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 were adequate for all years.

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Regulatory Matters

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]

Regulatory Matters

Regulatory Matters

Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and PSCR and GCR processes. Intervenors also participate in certain FERC matters, including FERC’s regulation of certain wholesale rates that affect Consumers’ power supply costs. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC and FERC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.

There are multiple appeals pending that involve various issues concerning cost recovery from customers, the MPSC’s authority to approve voluntary revenue refunds, and other matters. Consumers is unable to predict the outcome of these appeals.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Consumers is subject to the actions of the MPSC and FERC and therefore prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the provisions of regulatory accounting. A utility must apply regulatory accounting when its rates are designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services. Under regulatory accounting, Consumers records regulatory assets or liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as expense or revenue by non‑regulated businesses.

Presented in the following table are the regulatory assets and liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Regulatory assets
Current
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		$	126		$	—
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		54			47
Retention incentive program3		12			2
Other		11			8
Total current regulatory assets		$	203		$	57
Non-current
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired1		$	1,265		$	1,258
Securitized costs1		778			843
Postretirement benefits4		741			856
ARO3		328			281
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		126			—
MGP sites1		99			108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt1		96			100
Decommissioning costs3		83			24
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		58			55
Retention incentive program3		27			31
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism3		24			—
Energy waste reduction plan3		19			10
Ludington overhaul contract dispute3		13			—
Other		26			29
Total non-current regulatory assets		$	3,683		$	3,595
Total regulatory assets		$	3,886		$	3,652
Regulatory liabilities
Current
Income taxes, net		$	49		$	48
Reserve for customer refunds		2			47
Other		5			9
Total current regulatory liabilities		$	56		$	104
Non-current
Cost of removal		$	2,545		$	2,426
Income taxes, net		1,220			1,267
Renewable energy grant		43			45
Renewable energy plan		29			32
Energy waste reduction plan		25			6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism		12			—
Other		20			20
Total non-current regulatory liabilities		$	3,894		$	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities		$	3,950		$	3,900

1The MPSC has provided a specific return on these regulatory assets.

2These regulatory assets have arisen from an alternative revenue program and are not associated with incurred costs or capital investments. Therefore, the MPSC has provided for recovery without a return.

3These regulatory assets represent incurred costs for which the MPSC has provided recovery without a return on investment.

4This regulatory asset is included in rate base, thereby providing a return.

Regulatory Assets

2022 PSCR Underrecovery: As a result of rising fuel prices during 2022, Consumers’ power supply costs for 2022 were significantly higher than those projected in its 2022 PSCR plan. At the end of 2022, Consumers had recorded $401 million of under-recovered power supply costs. In February 2023, the MPSC authorized Consumers to recover the 2022 underrecovery amount over three years, providing immediate relief to electric customers.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive: The energy waste reduction incentive mechanism provides a financial incentive if the energy savings of Consumers’ customers exceed annual targets established by the MPSC. Consumers accounts for this program as an alternative-revenue program that meets the criteria for recognizing revenue related to the incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC.

In November 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing Consumers to collect $55 million during 2024 as an incentive for exceeding its statutory savings targets in 2022. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $55 million in 2022.

Consumers also exceeded its statutory savings targets in 2023, achieved certain other goals, and will request the MPSC’s approval to collect $58 million, the maximum performance incentive, in the energy waste reduction reconciliation to be filed in May 2024. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $58 million in 2023.

Retention Incentive Program: To ensure necessary staffing at the D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units through their retirement, Consumers established retention incentive programs. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for the retention and severance costs incurred under these programs and has allowed for recovery over three years. For additional details regarding the retention incentive program, see Note 19, Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations.

Costs of Coal-fueled Electric Generating Units to be Retired: In June 2022, the MPSC approved Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, under which Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Upon the units’ retirement, Consumers will receive regulatory asset treatment to recover their remaining book value, as well as a 9.0‑percent return on equity, through 2040, the units’ original retirement date. Until retirement, the book value of the generating units will remain in rate base and receive full regulatory returns in general rate cases.

In June 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a non‑current regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets.

Securitized Costs: The MPSC has issued securitization financing orders authorizing Consumers to issue securitization bonds in order to finance the recovery of the remaining book value of three smaller natural gas-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in 2015, seven smaller coal-fueled electric

generating units that Consumers retired in 2016, and the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in June 2023. Consumers has removed from plant, property, and equipment and recorded as a regulatory asset the book value of these units. Consumers is amortizing the regulatory asset over the life of the related securitization bonds, which it issued through subsidiaries in 2014 and 2023. For additional details regarding the securitization bonds, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Postretirement Benefits: As part of the ratemaking process, the MPSC allows Consumers to recover the costs of postretirement benefits. Accordingly, Consumers defers the net impact of actuarial losses and gains, prior service costs and credits, and settlements associated with postretirement benefits as a regulatory asset or liability. The asset or liability will decrease as the deferred items are amortized and recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For details about settlements and the amortization periods, see Note 10, Retirement Benefits.

ARO: The recovery of the underlying asset investments and related removal and monitoring costs of recorded AROs is approved by the MPSC in depreciation rate cases. Consumers records a regulatory asset and a regulatory liability for timing differences between the recognition of AROs for financial reporting purposes and the recovery of these costs from customers. The recovery period approximates the useful life of the assets to be removed.

MGP Sites: Consumers is incurring environmental remediation and other response activity costs at 23 former MGP facilities. The MPSC allows Consumers to recover from its natural gas customers over a ten‑year period the costs incurred to remediate the MGP sites. For additional information, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies—Gas Environmental Matters.

Unamortized Loss on Reacquired Debt: Under regulatory accounting, any unamortized discount, premium, or expense related to debt redeemed with the proceeds of new debt is capitalized and amortized over the life of the new debt.

Decommissioning Costs: In Consumers’ electric depreciation and general rate cases, the MPSC has authorized Consumers to remove from depreciation rates the costs of decommissioning the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units, and instead defer those costs as a regulatory asset to be recovered through 2031. Additionally, ash disposal costs related to Consumers’ retired coal-fueled generating units may be deferred as a regulatory asset and collected over a ten-year period. In its 2022 order approving Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, the MPSC authorized similar treatment for the decommissioning and ash disposal costs associated with the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units that will be retired in 2025.

Postretirement Benefits Expense Deferral Mechanism: In Consumers’ general rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect surcharges from customers to fund its energy waste reduction plan. The amount of spending incurred in excess of surcharges collected is recorded as a regulatory asset and amortized as surcharges are collected from customers over the plan period. The amount of surcharges collected in excess of spending incurred is recorded as a regulatory liability and amortized as costs are incurred.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: The MPSC has authorized Consumers to defer as a regulatory asset costs associated with repairing or replacing defective work performed by TAES during a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. Consumers will defer such costs while litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from

TAES or Toshiba. Consumers will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation. For additional details on the contract dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies.

Regulatory Liabilities

Income Taxes, Net: Consumers records regulatory assets and liabilities to reflect the difference between deferred income taxes recognized for financial reporting purposes and amounts previously reflected in Consumers’ rates. This net balance will decrease over the remaining life of the related temporary differences and flow through income tax expense. The majority of the net regulatory liability recorded related to income taxes is associated with plant assets that are subject to normalization, which is governed by the Internal Revenue Code, and will be returned to customers over the remaining book life of the related plant assets. For additional details on deferred income taxes, see Note 12, Income Taxes.

Reserve for Customer Refunds: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. During 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ requests that the refund take the form of contributions to programs that assist vulnerable electric and gas customers and incremental vegetation management. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit and to fund $10 million in contributions to programs that directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Cost of Removal: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect amounts from customers to fund future asset removal activities. This regulatory liability is reduced as costs are incurred to remove the assets at the end of their useful lives.

Renewable Energy Grant: In 2013, Consumers received a $69 million renewable energy grant for Lake Winds® Energy Park, which began operations in 2012. This grant reduces Consumers’ cost of complying with Michigan’s renewable portfolio standard and, accordingly, reduces the overall renewable energy surcharge to be collected from customers. The regulatory liability recorded for the grant will be amortized over the life of Lake Winds® Energy Park. Consumers presents the amortization as a reduction to maintenance and other operating expenses on its consolidated statements of income.

Renewable Energy Plan: Consumers has collected surcharges to fund its renewable energy plan. Amounts not yet spent under the plan are recorded as a regulatory liability, which is amortized as incremental costs are incurred to operate and depreciate Consumers’ renewable generation facilities and to purchase RECs under renewable energy purchase agreements. Incremental costs represent costs incurred in excess of amounts recovered through the PSCR process.

Consumers Electric and Gas Utility

Meter Investigation: In July 2023, the MPSC issued an order initiating an investigation into Consumers’ handling of malfunctioning meters and meters requiring transition from 3G to 4G technology, estimated billing, and new service installations. The order directed Consumers to provide information on such meters and their replacement, meter-reading performance, communications with customers and the MPSC regarding these issues, and other information; Consumers provided this information in August 2023. As directed in the order, the MPSC Staff analyzed this information and made recommendations, including continued monitoring of Consumers’ performance in these areas and penalties for failure to comply with MPSC service rules.

In October 2023, the MPSC issued a show-cause order directing Consumers to provide further information on consecutive estimated billings, the provision of actual meter readings, and new service installation issues. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this matter, but it could be subject to regulatory penalties that are not expected to have a material effect on Consumers’ results of operations and Consumers could be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny.

Consumers Electric Utility

2022 Electric Rate Case: In January 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $155 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity. The MPSC also approved a surcharge for the recovery of $6 million of depreciation, property tax, and interest expense related to distribution investments made in 2021 that exceeded what was authorized in rates in accordance with the December 2020 electric rate order. The new rates became effective January 20, 2023.

Consumers Gas Utility

2022 Gas Rate Case: In December 2022, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $212 million, based on a 10.25‑percent authorized return on equity for the projected 12‑month period ending September 30, 2024. In August 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $95 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity, effective October 1, 2023. The MPSC also authorized the use of a cost deferral mechanism that will allow Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expense above or below the amounts used to set existing rates.

Power Supply Cost Recovery and Gas Cost Recovery

The PSCR and GCR ratemaking processes are designed to allow Consumers to recover all of its power supply and purchased natural gas costs if incurred under reasonable and prudent policies and practices. The MPSC reviews these costs, policies, and practices in annual plan and reconciliation proceedings. Consumers adjusts its PSCR and GCR billing charges monthly, subject to ceiling factor limitations, in order to minimize the underrecovery or overrecovery amount in the annual reconciliations. Underrecoveries represent power supply and purchased natural gas costs that will be recovered from customers; overrecoveries represent previously collected revenues that will be refunded to customers.

Presented in the following table are the assets and liabilities for PSCR and GCR underrecoveries and overrecoveries reflected on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Assets
PSCR underrecoveries		$	—		$	401
GCR underrecoveries		—			8
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue		$	—		$	409
Liabilities
PSCR overrecoveries		$	10		$	—
GCR overrecoveries		44			—
Accrued rate refunds		$	54		$	—

PSCR Plans and Reconciliations: In September 2023, the MPSC issued an order in Consumers’ 2021 PSCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $2.1 billion of power costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022 PSCR reconciliation the overrecovery of $7 million.

In March 2023, Consumers filed its 2022 PSCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $2.5 billion of power costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $404 million. In November 2023, Consumers revised its reconciliation, requesting authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $401 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023 PSCR plan to the MPSC in September 2022 and self-implemented a 2023 PSCR charge in accordance with that plan in January 2023. As a result of significantly higher-than-projected power costs during 2022, Consumers subsequently filed a motion for a temporary order in its 2023 PSCR plan, requesting that the MPSC approve only a third of the 2022 underrecovery amount for recovery in 2023, with the remaining amount to be recovered equally during 2024 and 2025. The MPSC approved Consumers’ motion in February 2023, providing immediate relief to electric customers. The MPSC approved Consumers’ 2023 PSCR plan in August 2023.

GCR Plans and Reconciliations: In March 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement in Consumers’ 2021-2022 GCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $0.7 billion of gas costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $9 million.

In June 2023, Consumers filed its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $1.1 billion of gas costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023-2024 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $15 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023-2024 GCR plan to the MPSC in December 2022 and self-implemented its proposed 2023-2024 GCR charge in April 2023.

Consumers Energy Company

Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]

Regulatory Matters

Regulatory Matters

Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, residential customer advocacy groups, environmental organizations, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and PSCR and GCR processes. Intervenors also participate in certain FERC matters, including FERC’s regulation of certain wholesale rates that affect Consumers’ power supply costs. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC and FERC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.

There are multiple appeals pending that involve various issues concerning cost recovery from customers, the MPSC’s authority to approve voluntary revenue refunds, and other matters. Consumers is unable to predict the outcome of these appeals.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Consumers is subject to the actions of the MPSC and FERC and therefore prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the provisions of regulatory accounting. A utility must apply regulatory accounting when its rates are designed to recover specific costs of providing regulated services. Under regulatory accounting, Consumers records regulatory assets or liabilities for certain transactions that would have been treated as expense or revenue by non‑regulated businesses.

Presented in the following table are the regulatory assets and liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Regulatory assets
Current
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		$	126		$	—
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		54			47
Retention incentive program3		12			2
Other		11			8
Total current regulatory assets		$	203		$	57
Non-current
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired1		$	1,265		$	1,258
Securitized costs1		778			843
Postretirement benefits4		741			856
ARO3		328			281
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		126			—
MGP sites1		99			108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt1		96			100
Decommissioning costs3		83			24
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		58			55
Retention incentive program3		27			31
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism3		24			—
Energy waste reduction plan3		19			10
Ludington overhaul contract dispute3		13			—
Other		26			29
Total non-current regulatory assets		$	3,683		$	3,595
Total regulatory assets		$	3,886		$	3,652
Regulatory liabilities
Current
Income taxes, net		$	49		$	48
Reserve for customer refunds		2			47
Other		5			9
Total current regulatory liabilities		$	56		$	104
Non-current
Cost of removal		$	2,545		$	2,426
Income taxes, net		1,220			1,267
Renewable energy grant		43			45
Renewable energy plan		29			32
Energy waste reduction plan		25			6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism		12			—
Other		20			20
Total non-current regulatory liabilities		$	3,894		$	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities		$	3,950		$	3,900

1The MPSC has provided a specific return on these regulatory assets.

2These regulatory assets have arisen from an alternative revenue program and are not associated with incurred costs or capital investments. Therefore, the MPSC has provided for recovery without a return.

3These regulatory assets represent incurred costs for which the MPSC has provided recovery without a return on investment.

4This regulatory asset is included in rate base, thereby providing a return.

Regulatory Assets

2022 PSCR Underrecovery: As a result of rising fuel prices during 2022, Consumers’ power supply costs for 2022 were significantly higher than those projected in its 2022 PSCR plan. At the end of 2022, Consumers had recorded $401 million of under-recovered power supply costs. In February 2023, the MPSC authorized Consumers to recover the 2022 underrecovery amount over three years, providing immediate relief to electric customers.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive: The energy waste reduction incentive mechanism provides a financial incentive if the energy savings of Consumers’ customers exceed annual targets established by the MPSC. Consumers accounts for this program as an alternative-revenue program that meets the criteria for recognizing revenue related to the incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC.

In November 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing Consumers to collect $55 million during 2024 as an incentive for exceeding its statutory savings targets in 2022. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $55 million in 2022.

Consumers also exceeded its statutory savings targets in 2023, achieved certain other goals, and will request the MPSC’s approval to collect $58 million, the maximum performance incentive, in the energy waste reduction reconciliation to be filed in May 2024. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $58 million in 2023.

Retention Incentive Program: To ensure necessary staffing at the D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units through their retirement, Consumers established retention incentive programs. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for the retention and severance costs incurred under these programs and has allowed for recovery over three years. For additional details regarding the retention incentive program, see Note 19, Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations.

Costs of Coal-fueled Electric Generating Units to be Retired: In June 2022, the MPSC approved Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, under which Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Upon the units’ retirement, Consumers will receive regulatory asset treatment to recover their remaining book value, as well as a 9.0‑percent return on equity, through 2040, the units’ original retirement date. Until retirement, the book value of the generating units will remain in rate base and receive full regulatory returns in general rate cases.

In June 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a non‑current regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets.

Securitized Costs: The MPSC has issued securitization financing orders authorizing Consumers to issue securitization bonds in order to finance the recovery of the remaining book value of three smaller natural gas-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in 2015, seven smaller coal-fueled electric

generating units that Consumers retired in 2016, and the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units that Consumers retired in June 2023. Consumers has removed from plant, property, and equipment and recorded as a regulatory asset the book value of these units. Consumers is amortizing the regulatory asset over the life of the related securitization bonds, which it issued through subsidiaries in 2014 and 2023. For additional details regarding the securitization bonds, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Postretirement Benefits: As part of the ratemaking process, the MPSC allows Consumers to recover the costs of postretirement benefits. Accordingly, Consumers defers the net impact of actuarial losses and gains, prior service costs and credits, and settlements associated with postretirement benefits as a regulatory asset or liability. The asset or liability will decrease as the deferred items are amortized and recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For details about settlements and the amortization periods, see Note 10, Retirement Benefits.

ARO: The recovery of the underlying asset investments and related removal and monitoring costs of recorded AROs is approved by the MPSC in depreciation rate cases. Consumers records a regulatory asset and a regulatory liability for timing differences between the recognition of AROs for financial reporting purposes and the recovery of these costs from customers. The recovery period approximates the useful life of the assets to be removed.

MGP Sites: Consumers is incurring environmental remediation and other response activity costs at 23 former MGP facilities. The MPSC allows Consumers to recover from its natural gas customers over a ten‑year period the costs incurred to remediate the MGP sites. For additional information, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies—Gas Environmental Matters.

Unamortized Loss on Reacquired Debt: Under regulatory accounting, any unamortized discount, premium, or expense related to debt redeemed with the proceeds of new debt is capitalized and amortized over the life of the new debt.

Decommissioning Costs: In Consumers’ electric depreciation and general rate cases, the MPSC has authorized Consumers to remove from depreciation rates the costs of decommissioning the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units, and instead defer those costs as a regulatory asset to be recovered through 2031. Additionally, ash disposal costs related to Consumers’ retired coal-fueled generating units may be deferred as a regulatory asset and collected over a ten-year period. In its 2022 order approving Consumers’ Clean Energy Plan, the MPSC authorized similar treatment for the decommissioning and ash disposal costs associated with the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units that will be retired in 2025.

Postretirement Benefits Expense Deferral Mechanism: In Consumers’ general rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility.

Energy Waste Reduction Plan: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect surcharges from customers to fund its energy waste reduction plan. The amount of spending incurred in excess of surcharges collected is recorded as a regulatory asset and amortized as surcharges are collected from customers over the plan period. The amount of surcharges collected in excess of spending incurred is recorded as a regulatory liability and amortized as costs are incurred.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: The MPSC has authorized Consumers to defer as a regulatory asset costs associated with repairing or replacing defective work performed by TAES during a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. Consumers will defer such costs while litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from

TAES or Toshiba. Consumers will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation. For additional details on the contract dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies.

Regulatory Liabilities

Income Taxes, Net: Consumers records regulatory assets and liabilities to reflect the difference between deferred income taxes recognized for financial reporting purposes and amounts previously reflected in Consumers’ rates. This net balance will decrease over the remaining life of the related temporary differences and flow through income tax expense. The majority of the net regulatory liability recorded related to income taxes is associated with plant assets that are subject to normalization, which is governed by the Internal Revenue Code, and will be returned to customers over the remaining book life of the related plant assets. For additional details on deferred income taxes, see Note 12, Income Taxes.

Reserve for Customer Refunds: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. During 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ requests that the refund take the form of contributions to programs that assist vulnerable electric and gas customers and incremental vegetation management. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit and to fund $10 million in contributions to programs that directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Cost of Removal: The MPSC allows Consumers to collect amounts from customers to fund future asset removal activities. This regulatory liability is reduced as costs are incurred to remove the assets at the end of their useful lives.

Renewable Energy Grant: In 2013, Consumers received a $69 million renewable energy grant for Lake Winds® Energy Park, which began operations in 2012. This grant reduces Consumers’ cost of complying with Michigan’s renewable portfolio standard and, accordingly, reduces the overall renewable energy surcharge to be collected from customers. The regulatory liability recorded for the grant will be amortized over the life of Lake Winds® Energy Park. Consumers presents the amortization as a reduction to maintenance and other operating expenses on its consolidated statements of income.

Renewable Energy Plan: Consumers has collected surcharges to fund its renewable energy plan. Amounts not yet spent under the plan are recorded as a regulatory liability, which is amortized as incremental costs are incurred to operate and depreciate Consumers’ renewable generation facilities and to purchase RECs under renewable energy purchase agreements. Incremental costs represent costs incurred in excess of amounts recovered through the PSCR process.

Consumers Electric and Gas Utility

Meter Investigation: In July 2023, the MPSC issued an order initiating an investigation into Consumers’ handling of malfunctioning meters and meters requiring transition from 3G to 4G technology, estimated billing, and new service installations. The order directed Consumers to provide information on such meters and their replacement, meter-reading performance, communications with customers and the MPSC regarding these issues, and other information; Consumers provided this information in August 2023. As directed in the order, the MPSC Staff analyzed this information and made recommendations, including continued monitoring of Consumers’ performance in these areas and penalties for failure to comply with MPSC service rules.

In October 2023, the MPSC issued a show-cause order directing Consumers to provide further information on consecutive estimated billings, the provision of actual meter readings, and new service installation issues. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this matter, but it could be subject to regulatory penalties that are not expected to have a material effect on Consumers’ results of operations and Consumers could be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny.

Consumers Electric Utility

2022 Electric Rate Case: In January 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $155 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity. The MPSC also approved a surcharge for the recovery of $6 million of depreciation, property tax, and interest expense related to distribution investments made in 2021 that exceeded what was authorized in rates in accordance with the December 2020 electric rate order. The new rates became effective January 20, 2023.

Consumers Gas Utility

2022 Gas Rate Case: In December 2022, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $212 million, based on a 10.25‑percent authorized return on equity for the projected 12‑month period ending September 30, 2024. In August 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate increase of $95 million, based on a 9.9‑percent authorized return on equity, effective October 1, 2023. The MPSC also authorized the use of a cost deferral mechanism that will allow Consumers to defer for future recovery or refund pension and OPEB expense above or below the amounts used to set existing rates.

Power Supply Cost Recovery and Gas Cost Recovery

The PSCR and GCR ratemaking processes are designed to allow Consumers to recover all of its power supply and purchased natural gas costs if incurred under reasonable and prudent policies and practices. The MPSC reviews these costs, policies, and practices in annual plan and reconciliation proceedings. Consumers adjusts its PSCR and GCR billing charges monthly, subject to ceiling factor limitations, in order to minimize the underrecovery or overrecovery amount in the annual reconciliations. Underrecoveries represent power supply and purchased natural gas costs that will be recovered from customers; overrecoveries represent previously collected revenues that will be refunded to customers.

Presented in the following table are the assets and liabilities for PSCR and GCR underrecoveries and overrecoveries reflected on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Assets
PSCR underrecoveries		$	—		$	401
GCR underrecoveries		—			8
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue		$	—		$	409
Liabilities
PSCR overrecoveries		$	10		$	—
GCR overrecoveries		44			—
Accrued rate refunds		$	54		$	—

PSCR Plans and Reconciliations: In September 2023, the MPSC issued an order in Consumers’ 2021 PSCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $2.1 billion of power costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022 PSCR reconciliation the overrecovery of $7 million.

In March 2023, Consumers filed its 2022 PSCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $2.5 billion of power costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $404 million. In November 2023, Consumers revised its reconciliation, requesting authorization to reflect in its 2023 PSCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $401 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023 PSCR plan to the MPSC in September 2022 and self-implemented a 2023 PSCR charge in accordance with that plan in January 2023. As a result of significantly higher-than-projected power costs during 2022, Consumers subsequently filed a motion for a temporary order in its 2023 PSCR plan, requesting that the MPSC approve only a third of the 2022 underrecovery amount for recovery in 2023, with the remaining amount to be recovered equally during 2024 and 2025. The MPSC approved Consumers’ motion in February 2023, providing immediate relief to electric customers. The MPSC approved Consumers’ 2023 PSCR plan in August 2023.

GCR Plans and Reconciliations: In March 2023, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement in Consumers’ 2021-2022 GCR reconciliation, authorizing recovery of $0.7 billion of gas costs and authorizing Consumers to reflect in its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $9 million.

In June 2023, Consumers filed its 2022-2023 GCR reconciliation, requesting full recovery of $1.1 billion of gas costs and authorization to reflect in its 2023-2024 GCR reconciliation the underrecovery of $15 million.

Consumers submitted its 2023-2024 GCR plan to the MPSC in December 2022 and self-implemented its proposed 2023-2024 GCR charge in April 2023.

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Contingencies and Commitments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies and Commitments

CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures stating that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.

CMS Energy Contingencies

Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement establishing the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit, which is valid through 2025.

At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $45 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and

maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $57 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4

CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.

Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies

Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.

Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss to be between $2 million and $4 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $2 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA had reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB-containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow-up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties asked to participate in the removal action plan, including Consumers, declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.

Based on its experience, Consumers estimates its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites to be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the

nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: Consumers and DTE Electric, co-owners of Ludington, are parties to a 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. The overhauled Ludington units are operational, but TAES’ work has been defective and non‑conforming. Consumers and DTE Electric have demanded that TAES provide a comprehensive plan to resolve those matters, including adherence to its warranty commitments and other contractual obligations. Consumers and DTE Electric have taken extensive efforts to resolve these issues with TAES, including a formal demand to TAES’ parent, Toshiba, under a parent guaranty it provided. TAES has not provided a comprehensive plan or otherwise met its performance obligations.

In order to enforce the contract, Consumers and DTE Electric filed a complaint against TAES and Toshiba in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in April 2022. In June 2022, TAES and Toshiba filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, along with an answer and counterclaims seeking approximately $15 million in damages related to payments allegedly owed under the parties’ contract. As a co-owner of Ludington, Consumers would be liable for 51 percent of any such damages, if liability and damages were proven. In September 2022, the court denied the motion to dismiss filed by TAES and Toshiba. The parties are engaged in ongoing litigation, including discovery, pursuant to a court-ordered schedule. Consumers believes the counterclaims filed by TAES and Toshiba are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Toshiba has announced that, through a common stock purchase, TBJH became the majority shareholder and new parent company of Toshiba. TBJH is a subsidiary of a Japanese private equity firm. Consumers and DTE Electric continue to monitor this development, but do not believe that this affects their rights under the parent guaranty provided by Toshiba.

In May 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ and DTE Electric’s jointly-filed request for authority to defer as a regulatory asset the costs associated with repairing or replacing the defective work performed by TAES while the litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from TAES or Toshiba. Consumers and DTE Electric will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of such proceedings.

J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute: In May 2022, Consumers filed a complaint against Wolverine Power in the Ottawa County Circuit Court and requested a ruling that Consumers has sole authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. In July 2022, Wolverine Power filed an answer, affirmative defenses, and a counterclaim seeking approximately $37 million in damages allegedly caused by Consumers’ decision to retire the unit before the end of its useful life. In October 2022, the state circuit court judge found that Consumers may, in its sole discretion, retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit, provided that Consumers continues to operate and make necessary improvements to the unit while the litigation concerning Wolverine Power’s claim for damages is pending. In May 2023, the circuit court judge issued an order granting Consumers’ Motion for Clarification confirming that Consumers may continue to operate and invest in J.H. Campbell 3 consistent with the May 2025 retirement date. Consumers believes Wolverine Power’s claim has no merit, but cannot predict the final impact or outcome on this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies

Gas Environmental Matters: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.

At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $62 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Remediation and other response activity costs		$	2		$	1		$	7		$	10		$	25

Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.

Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP-related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten-year period. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $99 million related to the MGP sites.

Consumers estimates that its liability to perform remediation and other response activities at NREPA sites other than the MGP sites could reach $1 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of less than $1 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Guarantees

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Guarantee Description	Issue Date	Expiration Date	Maximum Obligation			Carrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1	various	indefinite		$	304		$	—
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2	various	indefinite		153			1
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		30			—
Consumers
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		$	30		$	—

1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These

obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.

3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.

Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities and those disclosed in the table to be remote.

Other Contingencies

In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 2, Regulatory Matters, there are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self-report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Contractual Commitments

Purchase Obligations: Purchase obligations arise from long-term contracts for the purchase of commodities and related services, and construction and service agreements. The commodities and related services include long-term PPAs, natural gas and associated transportation, and coal and associated transportation. Related-party PPAs are between Consumers and certain affiliates of NorthStar Clean

Energy. Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contractual purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 for each of the periods shown:

In Millions
	Payments Due
	Total			2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Beyond 2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		3,491			1,720			885			301			207			150			228
Total purchase obligations		$	10,695		$	2,431		$	1,677		$	1,084		$	994		$	852		$	3,657
Consumers
PPAs
MCV PPA		$	2,506		$	342		$	402		$	416		$	410		$	371		$	565
Related-party PPAs		206			60			44			30			31			14			27
Other PPAs		4,492			309			346			337			346			317			2,837
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		2,802			1,615			648			266			168			82			23
Total purchase obligations		$	10,006		$	2,326		$	1,440		$	1,049		$	955		$	784		$	3,452

MCV PPA: Consumers has a PPA with the MCV Partnership giving Consumers the right to purchase up to 1,240 MW of capacity and energy produced by the MCV Facility through May 2030. The MCV PPA provides for:

•a capacity charge of $10.14 per MWh of available capacity through March 2025 and $5.00 per MWh of available capacity from March 2025 through the termination date of the PPA

•a fixed energy charge of $6.30 per MWh for on-peak hours and $6.00 for off-peak hours

•a variable energy charge based on the MCV Partnership’s cost of production for energy delivered to Consumers

•a $5 million annual contribution by the MCV Partnership to a renewable resources program through March 2025

Capacity and energy charges under the MCV PPA were $340 million in 2023, $519 million in 2022, and $348 million in 2021.

Other PPAs: Consumers has PPAs expiring through 2048 with various counterparties. The majority of the PPAs have capacity and energy charges for delivered energy. Capacity and energy charges under these PPAs were $498 million in 2023, $510 million in 2022, and $338 million in 2021. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases. See Note 8, Leases for more information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease obligations.

Consumers Energy Company

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies and Commitments

CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures stating that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.

CMS Energy Contingencies

Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement establishing the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit, which is valid through 2025.

At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $45 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and

maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $57 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4

CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.

Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies

Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.

Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss to be between $2 million and $4 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $2 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA had reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB-containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow-up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties asked to participate in the removal action plan, including Consumers, declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.

Based on its experience, Consumers estimates its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites to be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the

nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.

Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute: Consumers and DTE Electric, co-owners of Ludington, are parties to a 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. The overhauled Ludington units are operational, but TAES’ work has been defective and non‑conforming. Consumers and DTE Electric have demanded that TAES provide a comprehensive plan to resolve those matters, including adherence to its warranty commitments and other contractual obligations. Consumers and DTE Electric have taken extensive efforts to resolve these issues with TAES, including a formal demand to TAES’ parent, Toshiba, under a parent guaranty it provided. TAES has not provided a comprehensive plan or otherwise met its performance obligations.

In order to enforce the contract, Consumers and DTE Electric filed a complaint against TAES and Toshiba in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in April 2022. In June 2022, TAES and Toshiba filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, along with an answer and counterclaims seeking approximately $15 million in damages related to payments allegedly owed under the parties’ contract. As a co-owner of Ludington, Consumers would be liable for 51 percent of any such damages, if liability and damages were proven. In September 2022, the court denied the motion to dismiss filed by TAES and Toshiba. The parties are engaged in ongoing litigation, including discovery, pursuant to a court-ordered schedule. Consumers believes the counterclaims filed by TAES and Toshiba are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Toshiba has announced that, through a common stock purchase, TBJH became the majority shareholder and new parent company of Toshiba. TBJH is a subsidiary of a Japanese private equity firm. Consumers and DTE Electric continue to monitor this development, but do not believe that this affects their rights under the parent guaranty provided by Toshiba.

In May 2023, the MPSC approved Consumers’ and DTE Electric’s jointly-filed request for authority to defer as a regulatory asset the costs associated with repairing or replacing the defective work performed by TAES while the litigation with TAES and Toshiba moves forward; such costs will be offset by potential future litigation proceeds received from TAES or Toshiba. Consumers and DTE Electric will have the opportunity to seek appropriate recovery and ratemaking treatment for amounts recorded as a regulatory asset following resolution of the litigation, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of such proceedings.

J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute: In May 2022, Consumers filed a complaint against Wolverine Power in the Ottawa County Circuit Court and requested a ruling that Consumers has sole authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. In July 2022, Wolverine Power filed an answer, affirmative defenses, and a counterclaim seeking approximately $37 million in damages allegedly caused by Consumers’ decision to retire the unit before the end of its useful life. In October 2022, the state circuit court judge found that Consumers may, in its sole discretion, retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit, provided that Consumers continues to operate and make necessary improvements to the unit while the litigation concerning Wolverine Power’s claim for damages is pending. In May 2023, the circuit court judge issued an order granting Consumers’ Motion for Clarification confirming that Consumers may continue to operate and invest in J.H. Campbell 3 consistent with the May 2025 retirement date. Consumers believes Wolverine Power’s claim has no merit, but cannot predict the final impact or outcome on this matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies

Gas Environmental Matters: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.

At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of $62 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Remediation and other response activity costs		$	2		$	1		$	7		$	10		$	25

Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.

Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP-related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten-year period. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $99 million related to the MGP sites.

Consumers estimates that its liability to perform remediation and other response activities at NREPA sites other than the MGP sites could reach $1 million. At December 31, 2023, Consumers had a recorded liability of less than $1 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.

Guarantees

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Guarantee Description	Issue Date	Expiration Date	Maximum Obligation			Carrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1	various	indefinite		$	304		$	—
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2	various	indefinite		153			1
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		30			—
Consumers
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		$	30		$	—

1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These

obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.

3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.

Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities and those disclosed in the table to be remote.

Other Contingencies

In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 2, Regulatory Matters, there are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self-report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Contractual Commitments

Purchase Obligations: Purchase obligations arise from long-term contracts for the purchase of commodities and related services, and construction and service agreements. The commodities and related services include long-term PPAs, natural gas and associated transportation, and coal and associated transportation. Related-party PPAs are between Consumers and certain affiliates of NorthStar Clean

Energy. Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contractual purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 for each of the periods shown:

In Millions
	Payments Due
	Total			2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Beyond 2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		3,491			1,720			885			301			207			150			228
Total purchase obligations		$	10,695		$	2,431		$	1,677		$	1,084		$	994		$	852		$	3,657
Consumers
PPAs
MCV PPA		$	2,506		$	342		$	402		$	416		$	410		$	371		$	565
Related-party PPAs		206			60			44			30			31			14			27
Other PPAs		4,492			309			346			337			346			317			2,837
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		2,802			1,615			648			266			168			82			23
Total purchase obligations		$	10,006		$	2,326		$	1,440		$	1,049		$	955		$	784		$	3,452

MCV PPA: Consumers has a PPA with the MCV Partnership giving Consumers the right to purchase up to 1,240 MW of capacity and energy produced by the MCV Facility through May 2030. The MCV PPA provides for:

•a capacity charge of $10.14 per MWh of available capacity through March 2025 and $5.00 per MWh of available capacity from March 2025 through the termination date of the PPA

•a fixed energy charge of $6.30 per MWh for on-peak hours and $6.00 for off-peak hours

•a variable energy charge based on the MCV Partnership’s cost of production for energy delivered to Consumers

•a $5 million annual contribution by the MCV Partnership to a renewable resources program through March 2025

Capacity and energy charges under the MCV PPA were $340 million in 2023, $519 million in 2022, and $348 million in 2021.

Other PPAs: Consumers has PPAs expiring through 2048 with various counterparties. The majority of the PPAs have capacity and energy charges for delivered energy. Capacity and energy charges under these PPAs were $498 million in 2023, $510 million in 2022, and $338 million in 2021. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases. See Note 8, Leases for more information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease obligations.

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Financings and Capitalization

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Financings and Capitalization

Financings and Capitalization

Presented in the following table is CMS Energy’s long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
CMS Energy, parent only
Senior notes	3.875		2024		$	250		$	250
	3.600		2025		250			250
	3.000		2026		300			300
	2.950		2027		275			275
	3.450		2027		350			350
	4.700		2043		250			250
	4.875		2044		300			300
					$	1,975		$	1,975
Convertible senior notes	3.375		2028		800			—
					$	800		$	—
Junior subordinated notes1	4.750	2	2050		500			500
	3.750	3	2050		400			400
	5.625		2078		200			200
	5.875		2078		280			280
	5.875		2079		630			630
					$	2,010		$	2,010
Total CMS Energy, parent only					$	4,785		$	3,985
CMS Energy subsidiaries
Consumers					10,863			$	10,277
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility	variable		2023		—			100
Total principal amount outstanding					$	15,648		$	14,362
Current amounts					(975)			(1,090)
Unamortized discounts					(30)			(30)
Unamortized issuance costs					(135)			(120)
Total long-term debt					$	14,508		$	13,122

1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness.

2On June 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 4.116 percent.

3On December 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five‑year treasury rate plus 2.900 percent.

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity		2023			2022
Consumers
First mortgage bonds
		0.350		2023		$	—		$	300
		3.375		2023		—			325
		3.125		2024		250			250
		3.190		2024		52			52
		5.240		2026		115			—
		3.680		2027		100			100
		3.390		2027		35			35
		4.650		2028		425			—
		3.800		2028		300			300
		4.900		2029		500			—
		5.070		2029		50			—
		5.170		2032		95			—
		3.600		2032		350			350
		3.180		2032		100			100
		4.625		2033		700			—
		5.800		2035		175			175
		5.380		2037		140			—
		3.520		2037		335			335
		4.010		2038		215			215
		6.170		2040		50			50
		4.970		2040		50			50
		4.310		2042		263			263
		3.950		2043		425			425
		4.100		2045		250			250
		3.250		2046		450			450
		3.950		2047		350			350
		4.050		2048		550			550
		4.350		2049		550			550
		3.750		2050		300			300
		3.100		2050		550			550
		3.500		2051		575			575
		2.650		2052		300			300
		4.200		2052		450			450
		3.860		2052		50			50
		4.280		2057		185			185
		2.500		2060		525			525
		4.350		2064		250			250
		variable	1	2069		76			76
		variable	1	2070		134			134
		variable	1	2070		127			127

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity			2023			2022
							$	10,397		$	8,997
Tax-exempt revenue bonds		0.875	2	2035			35			35
		1.800	3	2049			75			75
							$	110		$	110
2014 Securitization bonds		3.421	4	2025-2029	5		$	141		$	170
2023 Securitization bonds		5.342	6	2028-2031	5		646			—
							$	787		$	170
Term loan facility		variable		2024			—			1,000
Total principal amount outstanding							$	11,294		$	10,277
Current amounts							(725)			(991)
Long-term debt – related parties7 principal amount outstanding				2050-2060			(431)			—
Unamortized discounts							(28)			(27)
Unamortized issuance costs							(73)			(67)
Total long-term debt							$	10,037		$	9,192

1The variable-rate bonds bear interest quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR minus 0.038 percent, subject to a zero-percent floor. At December 31, 2023, the interest rates were 5.346 percent for bonds due September 2069, 5.329 percent for bonds due May 2070, and 5.368 percent for bonds due October 2070. The interest rate for all variable-rate bonds at December 31, 2022 was zero percent. The holders of these variable-rate bonds may put them to Consumers for redemption on certain dates prior to their stated maturity, including dates within one year of December 31, 2023.

2The interest rate on these tax-exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 8, 2026.

3The interest rate on these tax‑exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 1, 2024.

4The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding, was 3.421 percent at December 31, 2023 and 3.343 percent at December 31, 2022.

5Principal and interest payments are made semiannually.

6The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, was 5.342 percent at December 31, 2023.

7Long-term debt – related parties reflects Consumers’ outstanding debt held by its parent as a result of CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds.

CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds: Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt—related parties at December 31, 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)
First mortgage bonds due 2060		$	163		2.500
First mortgage bonds due 2052		106			2.650
First mortgage bonds due 2050		23			3.750
First mortgage bonds due 2050		52			3.100
First mortgage bonds due 2051		27			3.500
First mortgage bonds due 2048		60			4.050
Total principal amount outstanding		$	431
Unamortized discounts		(3)
Unamortized issuance costs		(4)
Total long-term debt — related parties		$	424

During 2023, CMS Energy purchased these Consumers’ first mortgage bonds for $293 million. On a consolidated basis, CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds was accounted for as a debt extinguishment and resulted in a pre-tax gain of $131 million. Interest expense related to the repurchased bonds was $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Convertible senior notes		$	800	3.375	May 2023	May 2028
Total CMS Energy, parent only		$	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility1		$	85	variable	February 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	85
Consumers
First mortgage bonds		$	425	4.650	January 2023	March 2028
First mortgage bonds		700		4.625	February 2023	May 2033
First mortgage bonds		115		5.240	May 2023	May 2026
First mortgage bonds		50		5.070	May 2023	May 2029
First mortgage bonds		95		5.170	May 2023	May 2032
First mortgage bonds		140		5.380	May 2023	May 2037
First mortgage bonds		500		4.900	August 2023	February 2029
2023 Securitization bonds2		250		5.550	December 2023	March 2028
2023 Securitization bonds2		396		5.210	December 2023	September 2031
Total Consumers		$	2,671
Total CMS Energy		$	3,556

1    In December 2022, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into a $185 million unsecured term loan credit agreement. Under this credit agreement, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy borrowed $85 million in 2023.

2    For additional details on the securitization, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs.

In January 2024, Consumers issued $600 million of first mortgage bonds that mature in May 2029 and bear interest at a rate of 4.600 percent. The proceeds of the bonds will be used for general corporate purposes.

Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes: In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes that bear an interest rate of 3.375 percent and mature in May 2028 unless redeemed, repurchased, or converted earlier. Unamortized debt costs associated with this issuance were $12 million at December 31, 2023. The convertible senior notes rank equal in right of payment to any of CMS Energy’s unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated. There are no sinking fund requirements for the notes.

Holders of the convertible senior notes may convert their notes at their option in accordance with the conditions outlined in the related indenture. CMS Energy will settle conversions of the notes by paying cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be converted and paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of CMS Energy common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of CMS Energy common stock, at its election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the notes being converted. The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment for anti-dilutive events and fundamental change and redemption provisions

as described in the related indenture. At December 31, 2023, the conversion price for the notes was $73.97 per share of common stock.

CMS Energy may redeem for cash all or any portion of the notes, at its option, on or after May 6, 2026 if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130 percent of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period. Holders of the convertible senior notes may require CMS Energy to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their notes if a fundamental change, as outlined in the related indenture, occurs. In both cases, CMS Energy will redeem or repurchase the notes at a price equal to 100 percent of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Retirements: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Retirement Date	Maturity Date
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility		$	185	variable	November 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	185
Consumers
Term loan facility		$	1,000	variable	February 2023	January 2024
First mortgage bonds		300		0.350	June 2023	June 2023
First mortgage bonds		325		3.375	August 2023	August 2023
Total Consumers		$	1,625

In January 2024, CMS Energy retired $250 million of its senior notes bearing an interest rate of 3.875 percent and an original maturity date of March 2024.

Regulatory Authorization for Financings: Consumers is required to maintain FERC authorization for financings. Its current authorization ends on March 31, 2025. Any long-term issuances during the authorization period are exempt from FERC’s competitive bidding and negotiated placement requirements.

First Mortgage Bonds: Consumers secures its first mortgage bonds by a mortgage and lien on substantially all of its property. Consumers’ ability to issue first mortgage bonds is restricted by certain provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture and the need for regulatory approvals under federal law. Restrictive issuance provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture include achieving a two‑times interest coverage ratio and having sufficient unfunded net property additions.

Securitization Bonds: Certain regulatory assets held by Consumers’ subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding are distinct subsidiaries. The bondholders of each entity have no recourse to the other’s assets or the assets of Consumers. Consumers collects securitization surcharges to cover the principal and interest on the bonds as well as certain other qualified costs. The surcharges collected by Consumers on behalf of each entity are remitted to that subsidiary’s account and are not available to creditors of Consumers or creditors of Consumers’ affiliates other than the subsidiary that issued the bonds.

Debt Maturities: At December 31, 2023, the aggregate annual maturities for long-term debt for the next five years, based on stated maturities or earlier put dates, were:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt
CMS Energy, parent only		$	250		$	250		$	300		$	625		$	800
Consumers		725			116			237			263			843
Total CMS Energy1		$	975		$	366		$	537		$	888		$	1,643
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	725		$	116		$	237		$	263		$	843

Credit Facilities: The following credit facilities with banks were available at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Expiration Date	Amount of Facility			Amount Borrowed			Letters of Credit Outstanding			Amount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271		$	550		$	—		$	24		$	526
September 22, 2024		50			—			50			—
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
September 25, 20252		$	37		$	—		$	37		$	—
Consumers3
December 14, 2027		$	1,100		$	—		$	27		$	1,073
November 18, 2025		250			—			48			202

1There were no borrowings under this facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

2This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

3Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Short-term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, investment-grade commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At December 31, 2023, there were $93 million of commercial paper notes outstanding under this program with a weighted-average annual interest rate of 5.609 percent, recorded as current notes payable on the consolidated balance sheets of CMS Energy and Consumers.

In December 2023, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million at an interest rate of the prior month’s average one-month Term SOFR minus 0.100 percent. At December 31, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreement.

Consumers’ Supplier Financing Program: Under a supplier financing program, Consumers agrees to pay a bank, acting as its payment agent, the stated amount of confirmed invoices from participating suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full within 60 days of the invoice date. Consumers does not provide collateral or a guarantee to the bank in support of its payment obligations under the agreement, nor does it pay a fee for the service. Consumers or the bank may terminate the supplier financing program agreement upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party. There were no trade payables outstanding under the program in accounts payable on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023, and less than $1 million at December 31, 2022.

Dividend Restrictions: At December 31, 2023, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $7.3 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.

Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at December 31, 2023, Consumers had $2.1 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Consumers paid $695 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.

Capitalization: The authorized capital stock of CMS Energy consists of:

•350 million shares of CMS Energy Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

•10 million shares of CMS Energy Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share

Issuance of Common Stock: In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions. There have been no sales of securities under this program.

In November 2023, CMS Energy partially settled a forward contract, issued under its previous equity offering program, by issuing shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $68.05 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $178 million.

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its equity offering program at December 31, 2023:

			Forward Price Per Share
Contract Date	Maturity Date	Number of Shares	Initial			December 31, 2023
August 3, 2022	December 31, 2024	328,207		$	67.59		$	68.37
August 24, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,677,938		69.46			70.91
August 29, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,783,388		68.18			69.54

Under these contracts, CMS Energy may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving

cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.

The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments. No amounts are recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur. If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle or net cash settle the contracts as of December 31, 2023, CMS Energy would not have been required to deliver shares or pay cash. In January 2024, CMS Energy settled the remaining forward sale contracts issued under its previous equity offering program by issuing shares at a weighted average price of $70.31 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $266 million.

Preferred Stock: CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS PRC. Depositary shares represent a 1/1000th interest in a share of its Series C preferred stock. The Series C preferred stock has no maturity or mandatory redemption date and is not redeemable at the option of the holders. CMS Energy may, at its option, redeem the Series C preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time on or after July 15, 2026. The Series C preferred stock ranks senior to CMS Energy’s common stock with respect to dividend rights and distribution rights upon liquidation. Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Depositary Share Par Value			Depositary Share Optional Redemption Price			Number of Depositary Shares Authorized	Number of Depositary Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, redeemable perpetual		$	25		$	25	9,200,000	9,200,000

Preferred Stock of Subsidiary: Consumers’ preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS-PB. Presented in the following table are details of Consumers’ preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Par Value			Optional Redemption Price			Number of Shares Authorized	Number of Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, with no mandatory redemption		$	100		$	110	7,500,000	373,148

Consumers Energy Company

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Financings and Capitalization

Financings and Capitalization

Presented in the following table is CMS Energy’s long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
CMS Energy, parent only
Senior notes	3.875		2024		$	250		$	250
	3.600		2025		250			250
	3.000		2026		300			300
	2.950		2027		275			275
	3.450		2027		350			350
	4.700		2043		250			250
	4.875		2044		300			300
					$	1,975		$	1,975
Convertible senior notes	3.375		2028		800			—
					$	800		$	—
Junior subordinated notes1	4.750	2	2050		500			500
	3.750	3	2050		400			400
	5.625		2078		200			200
	5.875		2078		280			280
	5.875		2079		630			630
					$	2,010		$	2,010
Total CMS Energy, parent only					$	4,785		$	3,985
CMS Energy subsidiaries
Consumers					10,863			$	10,277
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility	variable		2023		—			100
Total principal amount outstanding					$	15,648		$	14,362
Current amounts					(975)			(1,090)
Unamortized discounts					(30)			(30)
Unamortized issuance costs					(135)			(120)
Total long-term debt					$	14,508		$	13,122

1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness.

2On June 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 4.116 percent.

3On December 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five‑year treasury rate plus 2.900 percent.

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity		2023			2022
Consumers
First mortgage bonds
		0.350		2023		$	—		$	300
		3.375		2023		—			325
		3.125		2024		250			250
		3.190		2024		52			52
		5.240		2026		115			—
		3.680		2027		100			100
		3.390		2027		35			35
		4.650		2028		425			—
		3.800		2028		300			300
		4.900		2029		500			—
		5.070		2029		50			—
		5.170		2032		95			—
		3.600		2032		350			350
		3.180		2032		100			100
		4.625		2033		700			—
		5.800		2035		175			175
		5.380		2037		140			—
		3.520		2037		335			335
		4.010		2038		215			215
		6.170		2040		50			50
		4.970		2040		50			50
		4.310		2042		263			263
		3.950		2043		425			425
		4.100		2045		250			250
		3.250		2046		450			450
		3.950		2047		350			350
		4.050		2048		550			550
		4.350		2049		550			550
		3.750		2050		300			300
		3.100		2050		550			550
		3.500		2051		575			575
		2.650		2052		300			300
		4.200		2052		450			450
		3.860		2052		50			50
		4.280		2057		185			185
		2.500		2060		525			525
		4.350		2064		250			250
		variable	1	2069		76			76
		variable	1	2070		134			134
		variable	1	2070		127			127

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity			2023			2022
							$	10,397		$	8,997
Tax-exempt revenue bonds		0.875	2	2035			35			35
		1.800	3	2049			75			75
							$	110		$	110
2014 Securitization bonds		3.421	4	2025-2029	5		$	141		$	170
2023 Securitization bonds		5.342	6	2028-2031	5		646			—
							$	787		$	170
Term loan facility		variable		2024			—			1,000
Total principal amount outstanding							$	11,294		$	10,277
Current amounts							(725)			(991)
Long-term debt – related parties7 principal amount outstanding				2050-2060			(431)			—
Unamortized discounts							(28)			(27)
Unamortized issuance costs							(73)			(67)
Total long-term debt							$	10,037		$	9,192

1The variable-rate bonds bear interest quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR minus 0.038 percent, subject to a zero-percent floor. At December 31, 2023, the interest rates were 5.346 percent for bonds due September 2069, 5.329 percent for bonds due May 2070, and 5.368 percent for bonds due October 2070. The interest rate for all variable-rate bonds at December 31, 2022 was zero percent. The holders of these variable-rate bonds may put them to Consumers for redemption on certain dates prior to their stated maturity, including dates within one year of December 31, 2023.

2The interest rate on these tax-exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 8, 2026.

3The interest rate on these tax‑exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 1, 2024.

4The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding, was 3.421 percent at December 31, 2023 and 3.343 percent at December 31, 2022.

5Principal and interest payments are made semiannually.

6The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, was 5.342 percent at December 31, 2023.

7Long-term debt – related parties reflects Consumers’ outstanding debt held by its parent as a result of CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds.

CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds: Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt—related parties at December 31, 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)
First mortgage bonds due 2060		$	163		2.500
First mortgage bonds due 2052		106			2.650
First mortgage bonds due 2050		23			3.750
First mortgage bonds due 2050		52			3.100
First mortgage bonds due 2051		27			3.500
First mortgage bonds due 2048		60			4.050
Total principal amount outstanding		$	431
Unamortized discounts		(3)
Unamortized issuance costs		(4)
Total long-term debt — related parties		$	424

During 2023, CMS Energy purchased these Consumers’ first mortgage bonds for $293 million. On a consolidated basis, CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds was accounted for as a debt extinguishment and resulted in a pre-tax gain of $131 million. Interest expense related to the repurchased bonds was $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Convertible senior notes		$	800	3.375	May 2023	May 2028
Total CMS Energy, parent only		$	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility1		$	85	variable	February 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	85
Consumers
First mortgage bonds		$	425	4.650	January 2023	March 2028
First mortgage bonds		700		4.625	February 2023	May 2033
First mortgage bonds		115		5.240	May 2023	May 2026
First mortgage bonds		50		5.070	May 2023	May 2029
First mortgage bonds		95		5.170	May 2023	May 2032
First mortgage bonds		140		5.380	May 2023	May 2037
First mortgage bonds		500		4.900	August 2023	February 2029
2023 Securitization bonds2		250		5.550	December 2023	March 2028
2023 Securitization bonds2		396		5.210	December 2023	September 2031
Total Consumers		$	2,671
Total CMS Energy		$	3,556

1    In December 2022, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into a $185 million unsecured term loan credit agreement. Under this credit agreement, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy borrowed $85 million in 2023.

2    For additional details on the securitization, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs.

In January 2024, Consumers issued $600 million of first mortgage bonds that mature in May 2029 and bear interest at a rate of 4.600 percent. The proceeds of the bonds will be used for general corporate purposes.

Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes: In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes that bear an interest rate of 3.375 percent and mature in May 2028 unless redeemed, repurchased, or converted earlier. Unamortized debt costs associated with this issuance were $12 million at December 31, 2023. The convertible senior notes rank equal in right of payment to any of CMS Energy’s unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated. There are no sinking fund requirements for the notes.

Holders of the convertible senior notes may convert their notes at their option in accordance with the conditions outlined in the related indenture. CMS Energy will settle conversions of the notes by paying cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be converted and paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of CMS Energy common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of CMS Energy common stock, at its election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the notes being converted. The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment for anti-dilutive events and fundamental change and redemption provisions

as described in the related indenture. At December 31, 2023, the conversion price for the notes was $73.97 per share of common stock.

CMS Energy may redeem for cash all or any portion of the notes, at its option, on or after May 6, 2026 if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130 percent of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period. Holders of the convertible senior notes may require CMS Energy to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their notes if a fundamental change, as outlined in the related indenture, occurs. In both cases, CMS Energy will redeem or repurchase the notes at a price equal to 100 percent of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed or repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Retirements: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Retirement Date	Maturity Date
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility		$	185	variable	November 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	185
Consumers
Term loan facility		$	1,000	variable	February 2023	January 2024
First mortgage bonds		300		0.350	June 2023	June 2023
First mortgage bonds		325		3.375	August 2023	August 2023
Total Consumers		$	1,625

In January 2024, CMS Energy retired $250 million of its senior notes bearing an interest rate of 3.875 percent and an original maturity date of March 2024.

Regulatory Authorization for Financings: Consumers is required to maintain FERC authorization for financings. Its current authorization ends on March 31, 2025. Any long-term issuances during the authorization period are exempt from FERC’s competitive bidding and negotiated placement requirements.

First Mortgage Bonds: Consumers secures its first mortgage bonds by a mortgage and lien on substantially all of its property. Consumers’ ability to issue first mortgage bonds is restricted by certain provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture and the need for regulatory approvals under federal law. Restrictive issuance provisions in the First Mortgage Bond Indenture include achieving a two‑times interest coverage ratio and having sufficient unfunded net property additions.

Securitization Bonds: Certain regulatory assets held by Consumers’ subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding are distinct subsidiaries. The bondholders of each entity have no recourse to the other’s assets or the assets of Consumers. Consumers collects securitization surcharges to cover the principal and interest on the bonds as well as certain other qualified costs. The surcharges collected by Consumers on behalf of each entity are remitted to that subsidiary’s account and are not available to creditors of Consumers or creditors of Consumers’ affiliates other than the subsidiary that issued the bonds.

Debt Maturities: At December 31, 2023, the aggregate annual maturities for long-term debt for the next five years, based on stated maturities or earlier put dates, were:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt
CMS Energy, parent only		$	250		$	250		$	300		$	625		$	800
Consumers		725			116			237			263			843
Total CMS Energy1		$	975		$	366		$	537		$	888		$	1,643
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	725		$	116		$	237		$	263		$	843

Credit Facilities: The following credit facilities with banks were available at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Expiration Date	Amount of Facility			Amount Borrowed			Letters of Credit Outstanding			Amount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271		$	550		$	—		$	24		$	526
September 22, 2024		50			—			50			—
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
September 25, 20252		$	37		$	—		$	37		$	—
Consumers3
December 14, 2027		$	1,100		$	—		$	27		$	1,073
November 18, 2025		250			—			48			202

1There were no borrowings under this facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

2This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

3Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Short-term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, investment-grade commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days at market interest rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At December 31, 2023, there were $93 million of commercial paper notes outstanding under this program with a weighted-average annual interest rate of 5.609 percent, recorded as current notes payable on the consolidated balance sheets of CMS Energy and Consumers.

In December 2023, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million at an interest rate of the prior month’s average one-month Term SOFR minus 0.100 percent. At December 31, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreement.

Consumers’ Supplier Financing Program: Under a supplier financing program, Consumers agrees to pay a bank, acting as its payment agent, the stated amount of confirmed invoices from participating suppliers on the original maturity dates of the invoices. The supplier invoices that have been confirmed as valid under the program require payment in full within 60 days of the invoice date. Consumers does not provide collateral or a guarantee to the bank in support of its payment obligations under the agreement, nor does it pay a fee for the service. Consumers or the bank may terminate the supplier financing program agreement upon 30 days prior written notice to the other party. There were no trade payables outstanding under the program in accounts payable on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023, and less than $1 million at December 31, 2022.

Dividend Restrictions: At December 31, 2023, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $7.3 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.

Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at December 31, 2023, Consumers had $2.1 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Consumers paid $695 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.

Capitalization: The authorized capital stock of CMS Energy consists of:

•350 million shares of CMS Energy Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

•10 million shares of CMS Energy Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share

Issuance of Common Stock: In 2023, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $1 billion in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, or through forward sales transactions. There have been no sales of securities under this program.

In November 2023, CMS Energy partially settled a forward contract, issued under its previous equity offering program, by issuing shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $68.05 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $178 million.

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its equity offering program at December 31, 2023:

			Forward Price Per Share
Contract Date	Maturity Date	Number of Shares	Initial			December 31, 2023
August 3, 2022	December 31, 2024	328,207		$	67.59		$	68.37
August 24, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,677,938		69.46			70.91
August 29, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,783,388		68.18			69.54

Under these contracts, CMS Energy may either settle physically by issuing shares of its common stock at the then-applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or settle net by delivering or receiving

cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.

The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments. No amounts are recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur. If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle or net cash settle the contracts as of December 31, 2023, CMS Energy would not have been required to deliver shares or pay cash. In January 2024, CMS Energy settled the remaining forward sale contracts issued under its previous equity offering program by issuing shares at a weighted average price of $70.31 per share, resulting in net proceeds of $266 million.

Preferred Stock: CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS PRC. Depositary shares represent a 1/1000th interest in a share of its Series C preferred stock. The Series C preferred stock has no maturity or mandatory redemption date and is not redeemable at the option of the holders. CMS Energy may, at its option, redeem the Series C preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time on or after July 15, 2026. The Series C preferred stock ranks senior to CMS Energy’s common stock with respect to dividend rights and distribution rights upon liquidation. Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Depositary Share Par Value			Depositary Share Optional Redemption Price			Number of Depositary Shares Authorized	Number of Depositary Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, redeemable perpetual		$	25		$	25	9,200,000	9,200,000

Preferred Stock of Subsidiary: Consumers’ preferred stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMS-PB. Presented in the following table are details of Consumers’ preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Par Value			Optional Redemption Price			Number of Shares Authorized	Number of Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, with no mandatory redemption		$	100		$	110	7,500,000	373,148

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are observable, market-based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.

CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions
	CMS Energy, including Consumers						Consumers
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
Assets1
Cash equivalents		$	18		$	—		$	—		$	—
Restricted cash equivalents		21			18			21			17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets		30			24			22			18
Derivative instruments		2			2			2			2
Total assets		$	71		$	44		$	45		$	37
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18
Total liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18

1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 3.

Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are bought and sold only at the discretion of plan participants.The assets are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 3.

The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. There was no material activity within the Level 3 categories of assets and liabilities during the periods presented.

Consumers Energy Company

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are observable, market-based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.

CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions
	CMS Energy, including Consumers						Consumers
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
Assets1
Cash equivalents		$	18		$	—		$	—		$	—
Restricted cash equivalents		21			18			21			17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets		30			24			22			18
Derivative instruments		2			2			2			2
Total assets		$	71		$	44		$	45		$	37
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18
Total liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18

1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 3.

Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are bought and sold only at the discretion of plan participants.The assets are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 3.

The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. There was no material activity within the Level 3 categories of assets and liabilities during the periods presented.

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Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Financial Instruments [Line Items]

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	December 31, 2023															December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount			Fair Value												Carrying Amount			Fair Value
				Total			Level												Total			Level
							1			2			3									1			2			3
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt2		15,483			14,305			1,103			11,186			2,016			14,212			12,384			987			8,741			2,656
Long-term payables3		11			11			—			—			11			9			7			—			—			7
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Notes receivable – related party4		97			97			—			—			97			101			101			—			—			101
Liabilities
Long-term debt5		10,762			9,757			—			7,741			2,016			10,183			8,728			—			6,172			2,556
Long-term debt – related party		424			303			—			303			—			—			—			—			—			—
Long-term payables		5			5			—			—			5			—			—			—			—			—

1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7 million at December 31, 2022.

2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $975 million at December 31, 2023 and $1,090 million at December 31, 2022.

3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $2 million at December 31, 2022.

4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $725 million at December 31, 2023 and $991 million at December 31, 2022.

Notes receivable – related party represents Consumers’ portion of the DB SERP demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.

Consumers Energy Company

Financial Instruments [Line Items]

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short-term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	December 31, 2023															December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount			Fair Value												Carrying Amount			Fair Value
				Total			Level												Total			Level
							1			2			3									1			2			3
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt2		15,483			14,305			1,103			11,186			2,016			14,212			12,384			987			8,741			2,656
Long-term payables3		11			11			—			—			11			9			7			—			—			7
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Notes receivable – related party4		97			97			—			—			97			101			101			—			—			101
Liabilities
Long-term debt5		10,762			9,757			—			7,741			2,016			10,183			8,728			—			6,172			2,556
Long-term debt – related party		424			303			—			303			—			—			—			—			—			—
Long-term payables		5			5			—			—			5			—			—			—			—			—

1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7 million at December 31, 2022.

2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $975 million at December 31, 2023 and $1,090 million at December 31, 2022.

3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $2 million at December 31, 2022.

4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $725 million at December 31, 2023 and $991 million at December 31, 2022.

Notes receivable – related party represents Consumers’ portion of the DB SERP demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.

XML

Plant, Property, and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Plant, Property, and Equipment

Plant, Property, and Equipment

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment:

In Millions
December 31	Estimated Depreciable Life in Years	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Consumers	3 – 125		$	31,723		$	29,342
NorthStar Clean Energy
Independent power production1	3 – 40		1,387			1,124
Assets under finance leases2			24			24
Other	3 – 5		1			1
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	33,135		$	30,491
Construction work in progress			944			1,182
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(9,007)			(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment3			$	25,072		$	22,713
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric
Generation	15 – 125		$	6,511		$	5,780
Distribution	15 – 75		11,339			10,590
Other	5 – 55		1,355			1,374
Assets under finance leases2			97			126
Gas
Distribution	20 – 85		7,452			6,951
Transmission	17 – 75		2,806			2,440
Underground storage facilities4	27 – 75		1,295			1,197
Other	5 – 55		815			835
Assets under finance leases2			15			20
Other non-utility property	3 – 51		38			29
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	31,723		$	29,342
Construction work in progress			845			994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(8,796)			(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment2			$	23,772		$	21,545

1A portion of independent power production assets are leased to others under operating leases. For information regarding CMS Energy’s operating leases of owned assets, see Note 8, Leases.

2For information regarding the amortization terms of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases, see Note 8, Leases.

3Consumers’ plant additions were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ plant retirements, which include the impact of transfers to held for sale, were $856 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $290 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Accordingly, in 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a regulatory asset. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

4Underground storage includes base natural gas of $26 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Base natural gas is not subject to depreciation.

Asset Acquisition: In May 2023, Consumers purchased the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility with 1,200 MW of nameplate capacity in Van Buren County, Michigan for $810 million. In August 2023, Consumers paid an additional $2 million as a result of a post-closing adjustment required under the purchase agreement.

Consumers accounted for the purchase as an asset acquisition, allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. The original cost of the plant was $665 million and the seller had recognized $225 million of accumulated depreciation. Upon acquisition, Consumers recorded the net book value of $440 million and a plant acquisition adjustment of $370 million, resulting in an increase to plant, property, and equipment of $810 million. The remainder of the purchase price was allocated among various working capital accounts.

Intangible Assets: Included in net plant, property, and equipment are intangible assets. Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ intangible assets:

In Millions
Description	Amortization Life in Years	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
		Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization			Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization
Consumers
Software development	3 – 15		$	772		$	543		$	846		$	593
Rights of way	50 – 85		229			64			218			61
Franchises and consents	5 – 50		16			11			16			10
Leasehold improvements	various2		11			7			9			6
Other intangibles	various		24			15			25			16
Total			$	1,052		$	640		$	1,114		$	686

1Consumers’ intangible asset additions were $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ intangible asset retirements were $142 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, which may change whenever the lease is renewed or extended.

Capitalization: CMS Energy and Consumers record plant, property, and equipment at original cost when placed into service. The cost includes labor, material, applicable taxes, overhead such as pension and other benefits, and AFUDC, if applicable. Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment is generally recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

With the exception of utility property for which the remaining book value has been securitized, mothballed utility property stays in rate base and continues to be depreciated at the same rate as before the mothball period. When utility property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business, Consumers records the original cost to accumulated depreciation, along with associated cost of removal, net of salvage. CMS Energy and Consumers recognize gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of non‑regulated assets in income. Consumers records cost of removal collected from customers, but not spent, as a regulatory liability.

Software: CMS Energy and Consumers capitalize the costs to purchase and develop internal-use computer software. These costs are expensed evenly over the estimated useful life of the internal-use computer software. If computer software is integral to computer hardware, then its cost is capitalized and depreciated with the hardware.

AFUDC: Consumers capitalizes AFUDC on regulated major construction projects. AFUDC represents the estimated cost of debt and authorized return-on-equity funds used to finance construction additions. Consumers records the offsetting credit as a reduction of interest for the amount representing the borrowed funds component and as other income for the equity funds component on the consolidated statements of income. When construction is completed and the property is placed in service, Consumers depreciates and recovers the capitalized AFUDC from customers over the life of the related asset. Presented in the following table are Consumers’ average AFUDC capitalization rates:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric	6.5	%	6.2	%	6.2	%
Gas	5.8		5.6		5.6

Assets Under Finance Leases: Presented in the following table are further details about changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	170		$	332
Additions		—			44
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	136		$	170
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	146		$	332
Additions		—			20
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	112		$	146

Assets under finance leases are presented as gross amounts. CMS Energy and Consumers’ accumulated amortization of assets under finance leases was $64 million at December 31, 2023 and $88 million at December 31, 2022.

Depreciation and Amortization: Presented in the following table are further details about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accumulated depreciation and amortization:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		217			175
Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		6			6

Consumers depreciates utility property on an asset-group basis, in which it applies a single MPSC-approved depreciation rate to the gross investment in a particular class of property within the electric and gas segments. Consumers performs depreciation studies periodically to determine appropriate group lives. Presented in the following table are the composite depreciation rates for Consumers’ segment properties:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric utility property	3.8	%	3.7	%	3.9	%
Gas utility property	2.8		2.9		2.9
Other property	7.8		8.9		9.4

CMS Energy and Consumers record property repairs and minor property replacement as maintenance expense. CMS Energy and Consumers record planned major maintenance activities as operating expense unless the cost represents the acquisition of additional long-lived assets or the replacement of an existing long-lived asset.

Presented in the following table are the components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ depreciation and amortization expense:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,050		$	990		$	975
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,007		$	952		$	938
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Intangible asset amortization expense		$	89		$	88		$	87		$	81		$	73

Jointly Owned Regulated Utility Facilities

Presented in the following table are Consumers’ investments in jointly owned regulated utility facilities at December 31, 2023:

In Millions, Except Ownership Share
	J.H. Campbell Unit 3				Ludington				Other
Ownership share		93.3		%		51.0		%		various
Utility plant in service		$	1,752			$	619			$	443
Accumulated provision for depreciation		(812)				(227)				(97)
Plant under construction		1				5				11
Net investment		$	941			$	397			$	357

Consumers includes its share of the direct expenses of the jointly owned plants in operating expenses. Consumers shares operation, maintenance, and other expenses of these jointly owned utility facilities in proportion to each participant’s undivided ownership interest. Consumers is required to provide only its share of financing for the jointly owned utility facilities.

Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units and, in 2022, removed an amount representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement from total plant, property, and equipment and recorded it as a regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers is engaged in ongoing litigation with Wolverine Power related to Consumers’ authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute.

Consumers and DTE Electric are engaged in ongoing litigation with TAES and Toshiba related to the 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute.

Consumers Energy Company

Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Plant, Property, and Equipment

Plant, Property, and Equipment

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment:

In Millions
December 31	Estimated Depreciable Life in Years	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Consumers	3 – 125		$	31,723		$	29,342
NorthStar Clean Energy
Independent power production1	3 – 40		1,387			1,124
Assets under finance leases2			24			24
Other	3 – 5		1			1
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	33,135		$	30,491
Construction work in progress			944			1,182
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(9,007)			(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment3			$	25,072		$	22,713
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric
Generation	15 – 125		$	6,511		$	5,780
Distribution	15 – 75		11,339			10,590
Other	5 – 55		1,355			1,374
Assets under finance leases2			97			126
Gas
Distribution	20 – 85		7,452			6,951
Transmission	17 – 75		2,806			2,440
Underground storage facilities4	27 – 75		1,295			1,197
Other	5 – 55		815			835
Assets under finance leases2			15			20
Other non-utility property	3 – 51		38			29
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	31,723		$	29,342
Construction work in progress			845			994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(8,796)			(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment2			$	23,772		$	21,545

1A portion of independent power production assets are leased to others under operating leases. For information regarding CMS Energy’s operating leases of owned assets, see Note 8, Leases.

2For information regarding the amortization terms of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases, see Note 8, Leases.

3Consumers’ plant additions were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ plant retirements, which include the impact of transfers to held for sale, were $856 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $290 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Accordingly, in 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a regulatory asset. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

4Underground storage includes base natural gas of $26 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Base natural gas is not subject to depreciation.

Asset Acquisition: In May 2023, Consumers purchased the Covert Generating Station, a natural gas-fueled generating facility with 1,200 MW of nameplate capacity in Van Buren County, Michigan for $810 million. In August 2023, Consumers paid an additional $2 million as a result of a post-closing adjustment required under the purchase agreement.

Consumers accounted for the purchase as an asset acquisition, allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. The original cost of the plant was $665 million and the seller had recognized $225 million of accumulated depreciation. Upon acquisition, Consumers recorded the net book value of $440 million and a plant acquisition adjustment of $370 million, resulting in an increase to plant, property, and equipment of $810 million. The remainder of the purchase price was allocated among various working capital accounts.

Intangible Assets: Included in net plant, property, and equipment are intangible assets. Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ intangible assets:

In Millions
Description	Amortization Life in Years	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
		Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization			Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization
Consumers
Software development	3 – 15		$	772		$	543		$	846		$	593
Rights of way	50 – 85		229			64			218			61
Franchises and consents	5 – 50		16			11			16			10
Leasehold improvements	various2		11			7			9			6
Other intangibles	various		24			15			25			16
Total			$	1,052		$	640		$	1,114		$	686

1Consumers’ intangible asset additions were $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ intangible asset retirements were $142 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, which may change whenever the lease is renewed or extended.

Capitalization: CMS Energy and Consumers record plant, property, and equipment at original cost when placed into service. The cost includes labor, material, applicable taxes, overhead such as pension and other benefits, and AFUDC, if applicable. Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment is generally recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

With the exception of utility property for which the remaining book value has been securitized, mothballed utility property stays in rate base and continues to be depreciated at the same rate as before the mothball period. When utility property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business, Consumers records the original cost to accumulated depreciation, along with associated cost of removal, net of salvage. CMS Energy and Consumers recognize gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of non‑regulated assets in income. Consumers records cost of removal collected from customers, but not spent, as a regulatory liability.

Software: CMS Energy and Consumers capitalize the costs to purchase and develop internal-use computer software. These costs are expensed evenly over the estimated useful life of the internal-use computer software. If computer software is integral to computer hardware, then its cost is capitalized and depreciated with the hardware.

AFUDC: Consumers capitalizes AFUDC on regulated major construction projects. AFUDC represents the estimated cost of debt and authorized return-on-equity funds used to finance construction additions. Consumers records the offsetting credit as a reduction of interest for the amount representing the borrowed funds component and as other income for the equity funds component on the consolidated statements of income. When construction is completed and the property is placed in service, Consumers depreciates and recovers the capitalized AFUDC from customers over the life of the related asset. Presented in the following table are Consumers’ average AFUDC capitalization rates:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric	6.5	%	6.2	%	6.2	%
Gas	5.8		5.6		5.6

Assets Under Finance Leases: Presented in the following table are further details about changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	170		$	332
Additions		—			44
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	136		$	170
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	146		$	332
Additions		—			20
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	112		$	146

Assets under finance leases are presented as gross amounts. CMS Energy and Consumers’ accumulated amortization of assets under finance leases was $64 million at December 31, 2023 and $88 million at December 31, 2022.

Depreciation and Amortization: Presented in the following table are further details about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accumulated depreciation and amortization:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		217			175
Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		6			6

Consumers depreciates utility property on an asset-group basis, in which it applies a single MPSC-approved depreciation rate to the gross investment in a particular class of property within the electric and gas segments. Consumers performs depreciation studies periodically to determine appropriate group lives. Presented in the following table are the composite depreciation rates for Consumers’ segment properties:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric utility property	3.8	%	3.7	%	3.9	%
Gas utility property	2.8		2.9		2.9
Other property	7.8		8.9		9.4

CMS Energy and Consumers record property repairs and minor property replacement as maintenance expense. CMS Energy and Consumers record planned major maintenance activities as operating expense unless the cost represents the acquisition of additional long-lived assets or the replacement of an existing long-lived asset.

Presented in the following table are the components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ depreciation and amortization expense:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,050		$	990		$	975
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,007		$	952		$	938
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Intangible asset amortization expense		$	89		$	88		$	87		$	81		$	73

Jointly Owned Regulated Utility Facilities

Presented in the following table are Consumers’ investments in jointly owned regulated utility facilities at December 31, 2023:

In Millions, Except Ownership Share
	J.H. Campbell Unit 3				Ludington				Other
Ownership share		93.3		%		51.0		%		various
Utility plant in service		$	1,752			$	619			$	443
Accumulated provision for depreciation		(812)				(227)				(97)
Plant under construction		1				5				11
Net investment		$	941			$	397			$	357

Consumers includes its share of the direct expenses of the jointly owned plants in operating expenses. Consumers shares operation, maintenance, and other expenses of these jointly owned utility facilities in proportion to each participant’s undivided ownership interest. Consumers is required to provide only its share of financing for the jointly owned utility facilities.

Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units and, in 2022, removed an amount representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement from total plant, property, and equipment and recorded it as a regulatory asset on its consolidated balance sheets. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers is engaged in ongoing litigation with Wolverine Power related to Consumers’ authority to decide to retire the J.H. Campbell 3 coal-fueled generating unit under the unit’s Joint Ownership and Operating Agreement. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute.

Consumers and DTE Electric are engaged in ongoing litigation with TAES and Toshiba related to the 2010 engineering, procurement, and construction agreement with TAES, under which TAES contracted to perform a major overhaul and upgrade of Ludington. For additional details on this dispute, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Ludington Overhaul Contract Dispute.

XML

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Line Items]

Leases

Leases

Lessee

CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.

CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.

Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.

Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted
	CMS Energy, including Consumers								Consumers
December 31	2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets1		$	26			$	31			$	23			$	27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities2		4				4				4				4
Non-current lease liabilities3		22				27				19				23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets		71				82				48				58
Lease liabilities4
Current lease liabilities		5				9				5				9
Non-current lease liabilities		62				68				39				45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases		19				20				18				18
Finance leases		19				18				11				10
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases		5.2		%		4.0		%		5.3		%		3.9		%
Finance leases5		5.3				5.2				1.5				1.6

1CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4Includes related-party lease liabilities of $24 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	6		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		9			12
Interest on lease liabilities		15			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			23
Total lease costs		$	151		$	148
Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	5		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		8			12
Interest on lease liabilities		13			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			22
Total lease costs		$	147		$	147

Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		15			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			36
Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		13			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			12

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions
				Finance Leases
December 31, 2023	Operating Leases			Pipelines and PPAs			Other			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	6		$	19
2025		4			13			3			16
2026		3			13			4			17
2027		2			13			1			14
2028		1			13			1			14
2029 and thereafter		30			26			66			92
Total minimum lease payments		$	45		$	91		$	81		$	172
Less discount		19			62			43			105
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	26		$	29		$	38		$	67
Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	5		$	18
2025		4			13			2			15
2026		2			13			2			15
2027		2			13			—			13
2028		1			13			—			13
2029 and thereafter		24			26			8			34
Total minimum lease payments		$	38		$	91		$	17		$	108
Less discount		15			62			2			64
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	23		$	29		$	15		$	44

Lessor

CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases.

CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the year ended December 31, 2023, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $116 million, which included variable lease payments of $74 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $240 million, which included variable lease payments of $191 million.

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:

In Millions
December 31, 2023
2024	$	43
2025	44
2026	18
Total minimum lease payments	$	105

Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements.

Minimum rental payments to be received under Consumers’ direct financing lease are less than $1 million for each of the next five years and $6 million for the years thereafter. The lease receivable was $6 million as of December 31, 2023, which does not include unearned income of $5 million.

Consumers Energy Company

Leases [Line Items]

Leases

Leases

Lessee

CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.

CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.

Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.

Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted
	CMS Energy, including Consumers								Consumers
December 31	2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets1		$	26			$	31			$	23			$	27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities2		4				4				4				4
Non-current lease liabilities3		22				27				19				23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets		71				82				48				58
Lease liabilities4
Current lease liabilities		5				9				5				9
Non-current lease liabilities		62				68				39				45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases		19				20				18				18
Finance leases		19				18				11				10
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases		5.2		%		4.0		%		5.3		%		3.9		%
Finance leases5		5.3				5.2				1.5				1.6

1CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4Includes related-party lease liabilities of $24 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	6		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		9			12
Interest on lease liabilities		15			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			23
Total lease costs		$	151		$	148
Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	5		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		8			12
Interest on lease liabilities		13			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			22
Total lease costs		$	147		$	147

Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		15			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			36
Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		13			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			12

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions
				Finance Leases
December 31, 2023	Operating Leases			Pipelines and PPAs			Other			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	6		$	19
2025		4			13			3			16
2026		3			13			4			17
2027		2			13			1			14
2028		1			13			1			14
2029 and thereafter		30			26			66			92
Total minimum lease payments		$	45		$	91		$	81		$	172
Less discount		19			62			43			105
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	26		$	29		$	38		$	67
Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	5		$	18
2025		4			13			2			15
2026		2			13			2			15
2027		2			13			—			13
2028		1			13			—			13
2029 and thereafter		24			26			8			34
Total minimum lease payments		$	38		$	91		$	17		$	108
Less discount		15			62			2			64
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	23		$	29		$	15		$	44

Lessor

CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases.

CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the year ended December 31, 2023, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $116 million, which included variable lease payments of $74 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $240 million, which included variable lease payments of $191 million.

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:

In Millions
December 31, 2023
2024	$	43
2025	44
2026	18
Total minimum lease payments	$	105

Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements.

Minimum rental payments to be received under Consumers’ direct financing lease are less than $1 million for each of the next five years and $6 million for the years thereafter. The lease receivable was $6 million as of December 31, 2023, which does not include unearned income of $5 million.

XML

Asset Retirement Obligations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Asset Retirement Obligations [Line Items]

Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset Retirement Obligations

CMS Energy and Consumers record the fair value of the cost to remove assets at the end of their useful lives, if there is a legal obligation to remove them. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the ARO is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities associated with the closure of certain gas wells that have an indeterminate life. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities for assets that have immaterial cumulative disposal costs, such as substation batteries.

CMS Energy and Consumers calculate the fair value of ARO liabilities using an expected present-value technique that reflects assumptions about costs and inflation, and uses a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the expected cash flows. CMS Energy’s ARO liabilities are primarily at Consumers.

Presented below are the categories of assets that CMS Energy and Consumers have legal obligations to remove at the end of their useful lives and for which they have an ARO liability recorded:

ARO Description	In-Service Date	Long-Lived Assets
Closure of coal ash disposal areas	various	Generating plants coal ash areas
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap	various	Gas distribution mains and services
Asbestos abatement	1973	Electric and gas utility plant
Closure of renewable generation assets	various	Wind and solar generation facilities
Gas wells plug and abandon	various	Gas transmission and storage

Presented in the following tables are the changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ARO liabilities:

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2022			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions			ARO Liability 12/31/2023
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739
Renewable generation assets		24			7			—			1			—			32
Total CMS Energy		$	746		$	11		$	(28)		$	33		$	9		$	771
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	272		$	—		$	(15)		$	11		$	—		$	268
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		287			—			(10)			14			(1)			290
Asbestos abatement		39			—			(1)			3			10			51
Renewable generation assets		95			4			—			3			—			102
Gas wells plug and abandon		29			—			(2)			1			—			28
Total Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2021			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions1			ARO Liability 12/31/2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722
Renewable generation assets		23			—			—			1			—			24
Total CMS Energy		$	628		$	1		$	(39)		$	28		$	128		$	746
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	157		$	—		$	(20)		$	7		$	128		$	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		282			1			(11)			15			—			287
Asbestos abatement		38			—			(1)			2			—			39
Renewable generation assets		93			—			—			2			—			95
Gas wells plug and abandon		35			—			(7)			1			—			29
Total Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722

1Increase was attributable to a proposed change for closure work at the J.H. Campbell 3 ash disposal landfill and an updated cost estimate for other coal ash disposal areas.

Consumers Energy Company

Asset Retirement Obligations [Line Items]

Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset Retirement Obligations

CMS Energy and Consumers record the fair value of the cost to remove assets at the end of their useful lives, if there is a legal obligation to remove them. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the ARO is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities associated with the closure of certain gas wells that have an indeterminate life. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities for assets that have immaterial cumulative disposal costs, such as substation batteries.

CMS Energy and Consumers calculate the fair value of ARO liabilities using an expected present-value technique that reflects assumptions about costs and inflation, and uses a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the expected cash flows. CMS Energy’s ARO liabilities are primarily at Consumers.

Presented below are the categories of assets that CMS Energy and Consumers have legal obligations to remove at the end of their useful lives and for which they have an ARO liability recorded:

ARO Description	In-Service Date	Long-Lived Assets
Closure of coal ash disposal areas	various	Generating plants coal ash areas
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap	various	Gas distribution mains and services
Asbestos abatement	1973	Electric and gas utility plant
Closure of renewable generation assets	various	Wind and solar generation facilities
Gas wells plug and abandon	various	Gas transmission and storage

Presented in the following tables are the changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ARO liabilities:

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2022			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions			ARO Liability 12/31/2023
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739
Renewable generation assets		24			7			—			1			—			32
Total CMS Energy		$	746		$	11		$	(28)		$	33		$	9		$	771
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	272		$	—		$	(15)		$	11		$	—		$	268
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		287			—			(10)			14			(1)			290
Asbestos abatement		39			—			(1)			3			10			51
Renewable generation assets		95			4			—			3			—			102
Gas wells plug and abandon		29			—			(2)			1			—			28
Total Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2021			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions1			ARO Liability 12/31/2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722
Renewable generation assets		23			—			—			1			—			24
Total CMS Energy		$	628		$	1		$	(39)		$	28		$	128		$	746
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	157		$	—		$	(20)		$	7		$	128		$	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		282			1			(11)			15			—			287
Asbestos abatement		38			—			(1)			2			—			39
Renewable generation assets		93			—			—			2			—			95
Gas wells plug and abandon		35			—			(7)			1			—			29
Total Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722

1Increase was attributable to a proposed change for closure work at the J.H. Campbell 3 ash disposal landfill and an updated cost estimate for other coal ash disposal areas.

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Retirement Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Retirement Benefits

Retirement Benefits

Benefit Plans: CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to employees under a number of different plans. These plans include:

•non‑contributory, qualified DB Pension Plans (closed to new non‑union participants as of July 1, 2003 and closed to new union participants as of September 1, 2005)

•a non‑contributory, qualified DCCP for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003

•benefits to certain management employees under a non‑contributory, nonqualified DB SERP (closed to new participants as of March 31, 2006)

•a non‑contributory, nonqualified DC SERP for certain management employees hired or promoted on or after April 1, 2006

•a contributory, qualified defined contribution 401(k) plan

•health care and life insurance benefits under an OPEB Plan

DB Pension Plans: Participants in the pension plans include present and former employees of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries. Pension plan trust assets are not distinguishable by company. Effective December 31, 2017, CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ then-existing pension plan was amended to include only retired and former employees already covered; this amended plan is referred to as DB Pension Plan B. Also effective December 31, 2017, active employees were moved to a newly created pension plan, referred to as DB Pension Plan A, whose benefits mirror those provided under DB Pension Plan B. Maintaining separate plans for the two groups allows CMS Energy and Consumers to employ a more targeted investment strategy and provides additional opportunities to mitigate risk and volatility.

DCCP: CMS Energy and Consumers provide an employer contribution to the DCCP 401(k) plan for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003. The contribution ranges from five percent to ten percent of base pay, depending on years of service and employee class. Employees are not required to contribute in order to receive the plan’s employer contribution. DCCP expense for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $51 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. DCCP expense for Consumers was $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

DB SERP: The DB SERP is a nonqualified plan as defined by the Internal Revenue Code. DB SERP benefits are paid from a rabbi trust established in 1988. The trust assets are not considered plan assets under ASC 715. DB SERP rabbi trust earnings are taxable. Presented in the following table are the fair values of trust assets and ABO for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB SERP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Trust assets		$	132		$	137
ABO		115			118
Consumers
Trust assets		$	98		$	101
ABO		83			85

Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions to the DB SERP in 2023 or 2022.

DC SERP: On April 1, 2006, CMS Energy and Consumers implemented a DC SERP and froze further new participation in the DB SERP. The DC SERP provides participants benefits ranging from five percent to 15 percent of total compensation. The DC SERP requires a minimum of five years of participation before vesting. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contributions to the plan, if any, are placed in a grantor trust. For CMS Energy and Consumers, trust assets were $14 million at December 31, 2023 and $12 million at December 31, 2022. DC SERP assets are included in other non‑current assets on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DC SERP expense was $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

401(k) Plan: The 401(k) plan employer match equals four to six percent of employee eligible contributions based on an employee’s wages and class. The total 401(k) plan cost for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $44 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total 401(k) plan cost for Consumers was $40 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

OPEB Plan: Participants in the OPEB Plan include all regular full-time employees covered by the employee health care plan on the day before retirement from either CMS Energy or Consumers at age 55 or older with at least 10 full years of applicable continuous service. Regular full-time employees who qualify for disability retirement under the DB Pension Plans or are disabled and covered by the DCCP and who have 15 years of applicable continuous service may also participate in the OPEB Plan. Retiree health care costs were based on the assumption that costs would increase 8.00 percent in 2024 and 6.50 percent in 2023 for those under 65 and would increase 8.50 percent in 2024 and 6.75 percent in 2023 for those over 65. The rate of increase was assumed to decline to 4.75 percent by 2032 and thereafter for all retirees.

Assumptions: Presented in the following table are the weighted-average assumptions used in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost:

December 31	2023		2022		2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted average for benefit obligations1
Discount rate2
DB Pension Plan A	5.05	%	5.24	%	3.02	%
DB Pension Plan B	4.95		5.14		2.79
DB SERP	4.94		5.13		2.78
OPEB Plan	5.02		5.21		2.99
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.60
DB SERP3	—		5.50		5.50
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost1
Service cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.27	%	3.09	%	2.83	%
DB SERP	5.18		3.09		2.84
OPEB Plan	5.31		3.23		3.03
Interest cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.12		2.44		1.97
DB Pension Plan B	5.06		2.21		1.70
DB SERP	5.06		2.21		1.72
OPEB Plan	5.10		2.45		1.99
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5
DB Pension Plans	7.20		6.50		6.75
OPEB Plan	7.20		6.50		6.75
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.50
DB SERP	5.50		5.50		5.50

1The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

Costs: Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP									OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit)
Service cost		$	29		$	41		$	53		$	12		$	17		$	18
Interest cost		112			84			63			44			28			23
Settlement loss		—			1			1			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets		(220)			(206)			(208)			(103)			(115)			(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss		12			40			100			12			1			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(41)			(51)			(53)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic cost (credit)		$	(52)		$	(27)		$	19		$	(76)		$	(120)		$	(113)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost		$	28		$	39		$	51		$	11		$	17		$	17
Interest cost		105			79			59			42			27			23
Expected return on plan assets		(208)			(194)			(197)			(95)			(107)			(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss		11			37			96			12			—			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(40)			(50)			(51)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic credit		$	(49)		$	(26)		$	19		$	(70)		$	(113)		$	(105)

In Consumers’ 2022 electric and gas rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility. At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $11 million of pension credits and $23 million of OPEB costs under this mechanism.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Reconciliations: Presented in the following table are reconciliations of the funded status of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans with their retirement benefit plans’ liabilities:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans							DB SERP						OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022				2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period		$	2,169		$	3,070			$	117		$	149		$	889		$	1,166
Service cost		29			41				—			—			12			17
Interest cost		106			81				6			3			44			28
Plan amendments		—			—				—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)		52		1	(811)		1		1			(25)			9		1	(274)		1
Benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(54)			(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period		$	2,195		$	2,169			$	114		$	117		$	900		$	889
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period		$	2,820		$	3,599			$	—		$	—		$	1,446		$	1,787
Actual return on plan assets		345			(567)				—			—			165			(294)
Company contribution		—			—				10			10			—			—
Actual benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(52)			(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period		$	3,004		$	2,820			$	—		$	—		$	1,559		$	1,446
Funded status		$	809	2	$	651	2		$	(114)		$	(117)		$	659		$	557
Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period									$	85		$	109		$	856		$	1,122
Service cost									—			—			11			17
Interest cost									4			2			42			27
Plan amendments									—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)									1			(19)			10		1	(265)		1
Benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(52)			(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period									$	83		$	85		$	867		$	856
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,350		$	1,668
Actual return on plan assets									—			—			154			(273)
Company contribution									7			7			—			—
Actual benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(51)			(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,453		$	1,350
Funded status									$	(83)		$	(85)		$	586		$	494

1The actuarial losses for 2023 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of lower discount rates. The actuarial gains for 2022 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of higher discount rates.

2The total funded status of the DB Pension Plans attributable to Consumers, based on an allocation of expenses, was $781 million at December 31, 2023 and $632 million at December 31, 2022.

Presented in the following table is the classification of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans’ assets and liabilities:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	809		$	651
OPEB Plan		659			557
Current liabilities
DB SERP		10			10
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		104			107
Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	781		$	632
OPEB Plan		586			494
Current liabilities
DB SERP		7			7
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		76			78

The ABO for the DB Pension Plans was $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the PBO and ABO did not exceed plan assets for any of the defined benefit pension plans.

Items Not Yet Recognized as a Component of Net Periodic Benefit Cost: Presented in the following table are the amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For additional details on regulatory assets see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP						OPEB Plan
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)		65			69			(3)			2
Prior service cost (credit)		1			1			(2)			(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	716		$	815		$	86		$	110
Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss		20			20			—			—
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	670		$	765		$	91		$	111

Plan Assets: Presented in the following tables are the fair values of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan, by asset category and by level within the fair value hierarchy. For additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	178		$	178		$	—		$	122		$	122
Mutual funds		47			47			—			263			263
		$	225		$	225		$	—		$	385		$	385
Pooled funds		2,779									2,435
Total		$	3,004								$	2,820

In Millions
	OPEB Plan
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	82		$	82		$	—		$	28		$	28
U.S. government and agencies securities		16			—			16			—			—
Corporate debt		67			—			67			—			—
State and municipal bonds		1			—			1			—			—
Foreign corporate bonds		15			—			15			—			—
Common stocks		161			161			—			69			69
Mutual funds		60			60			—			754			754
		$	402		$	303		$	99		$	851		$	851
Pooled funds		1,157									595
Total		$	1,559								$	1,446

Cash and Short-term Investments: Cash and short-term investments consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

U.S. Government and Agencies Securities: U.S. government and agencies securities consist of U.S. Treasury notes and other debt securities backed by the U.S. government and related agencies. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices.

Corporate Debt: Corporate debt investments consist of investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

State and Municipal Bonds: State and municipal bonds are valued using a matrix-pricing model that incorporates Level 2 market-based information. The fair value of the bonds is derived from various observable inputs, including benchmark yields, reported securities trades, broker/dealer quotes, bond ratings, and general information on market movements for investment grade state and municipal securities normally considered by market participants when pricing such debt securities.

Foreign Corporate Bonds: Foreign corporate debt securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or on yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

Common Stocks: Common stocks in the OPEB Plan consist of equity securities that are actively managed and tracked to the S&P 500 Index and MSCI All Country World ex-US. These securities are valued at their quoted closing prices.

Mutual Funds: Mutual funds represent shares in registered investment companies that are priced based on the daily quoted net asset values that are publicly available and are the basis for transactions to buy or sell shares in the funds.

Pooled Funds: Pooled funds include both common and collective trust funds as well as special funds that contain only employee benefit plan assets from two or more unrelated benefit plans. These funds primarily consist of U.S. and foreign equity securities, but also include U.S. and foreign fixed-income securities and multi-asset investments. Since these investments are valued at their net asset value as a practical expedient, they are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Asset Allocations: Presented in the following table are the investment components of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan as of December 31, 2023:

	DB Pension Plans			OPEB Plan
Fixed-income securities		42.0	%		40.0	%
Equity securities		38.0			42.0
Real asset investments		9.0			8.0
Return-seeking fixed income		6.0			5.0
Liquid alternative investments		4.0			4.0
Cash and cash equivalents		1.0			1.0
		100.0	%		100.0	%

CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

CMS Energy established union and non‑union VEBA trusts to fund future retiree health and life insurance benefits known as OPEB. These trusts are funded through the ratemaking process for Consumers and through direct contributions from the non‑utility subsidiaries. CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for OPEB trusts was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

The goal of these target allocations was to maximize the long-term return on plan assets, while maintaining a prudent level of risk. The level of acceptable risk is a function of the liabilities of the plans. Equity investments are diversified mostly across the S&P 500 Index, with lesser allocations to the S&P MidCap and SmallCap Indexes and Foreign Equity Funds. Fixed-income investments are diversified across investment grade instruments of government and corporate issuers, as well as high-yield and global bond funds. Return-seeking fixed-income investments are diversified exposure to high-yield bonds, emerging market debt, and bank loans. Real asset investments are diversified across core real estate and real estate investment trusts. Liquid alternatives are investments in private funds comprised of different and independent hedge funds with various investment strategies. CMS Energy uses annual liability measurements, quarterly portfolio reviews, and periodic asset/liability studies to evaluate the need for adjustments to the portfolio allocations.

Contributions: Contributions comprise required amounts and discretionary contributions. Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions in 2023 or 2022, or plans to contribute to the DB Pension Plans or OPEB Plan in 2024. Actual future contributions will depend on future investment performance, discount rates, and various factors related to the participants of the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan. CMS Energy and Consumers will, at a minimum, contribute to the plans as needed to comply with federal funding requirements.

Benefit Payments: Presented in the following table are the expected benefit payments for each of the next five years and the five‑year period thereafter:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans			DB SERP			OPEB Plan
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	158		$	10		$	55
2025		160			10			57
2026		159			10			58
2027		159			10			60
2028		159			9			61
2029-2033		785			43			315
Consumers
2024		$	148		$	7		$	53
2025		151			7			54
2026		150			7			56
2027		150			7			57
2028		150			6			59
2029-2033		741			29			301

Collective Bargaining Agreements: At December 31, 2023, unions represented 44 percent of CMS Energy’s employees and 45 percent of Consumers’ employees. The UWUA represents Consumers’ operating, maintenance, construction, and customer contact center employees. The USW represents Zeeland plant employees. The UWUA and USW agreements expire in 2025.

Consumers Energy Company

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Retirement Benefits

Retirement Benefits

Benefit Plans: CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to employees under a number of different plans. These plans include:

•non‑contributory, qualified DB Pension Plans (closed to new non‑union participants as of July 1, 2003 and closed to new union participants as of September 1, 2005)

•a non‑contributory, qualified DCCP for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003

•benefits to certain management employees under a non‑contributory, nonqualified DB SERP (closed to new participants as of March 31, 2006)

•a non‑contributory, nonqualified DC SERP for certain management employees hired or promoted on or after April 1, 2006

•a contributory, qualified defined contribution 401(k) plan

•health care and life insurance benefits under an OPEB Plan

DB Pension Plans: Participants in the pension plans include present and former employees of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries. Pension plan trust assets are not distinguishable by company. Effective December 31, 2017, CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ then-existing pension plan was amended to include only retired and former employees already covered; this amended plan is referred to as DB Pension Plan B. Also effective December 31, 2017, active employees were moved to a newly created pension plan, referred to as DB Pension Plan A, whose benefits mirror those provided under DB Pension Plan B. Maintaining separate plans for the two groups allows CMS Energy and Consumers to employ a more targeted investment strategy and provides additional opportunities to mitigate risk and volatility.

DCCP: CMS Energy and Consumers provide an employer contribution to the DCCP 401(k) plan for employees hired on or after July 1, 2003. The contribution ranges from five percent to ten percent of base pay, depending on years of service and employee class. Employees are not required to contribute in order to receive the plan’s employer contribution. DCCP expense for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $51 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. DCCP expense for Consumers was $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

DB SERP: The DB SERP is a nonqualified plan as defined by the Internal Revenue Code. DB SERP benefits are paid from a rabbi trust established in 1988. The trust assets are not considered plan assets under ASC 715. DB SERP rabbi trust earnings are taxable. Presented in the following table are the fair values of trust assets and ABO for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB SERP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Trust assets		$	132		$	137
ABO		115			118
Consumers
Trust assets		$	98		$	101
ABO		83			85

Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions to the DB SERP in 2023 or 2022.

DC SERP: On April 1, 2006, CMS Energy and Consumers implemented a DC SERP and froze further new participation in the DB SERP. The DC SERP provides participants benefits ranging from five percent to 15 percent of total compensation. The DC SERP requires a minimum of five years of participation before vesting. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contributions to the plan, if any, are placed in a grantor trust. For CMS Energy and Consumers, trust assets were $14 million at December 31, 2023 and $12 million at December 31, 2022. DC SERP assets are included in other non‑current assets on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DC SERP expense was $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

401(k) Plan: The 401(k) plan employer match equals four to six percent of employee eligible contributions based on an employee’s wages and class. The total 401(k) plan cost for CMS Energy, including Consumers, was $41 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $44 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total 401(k) plan cost for Consumers was $40 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

OPEB Plan: Participants in the OPEB Plan include all regular full-time employees covered by the employee health care plan on the day before retirement from either CMS Energy or Consumers at age 55 or older with at least 10 full years of applicable continuous service. Regular full-time employees who qualify for disability retirement under the DB Pension Plans or are disabled and covered by the DCCP and who have 15 years of applicable continuous service may also participate in the OPEB Plan. Retiree health care costs were based on the assumption that costs would increase 8.00 percent in 2024 and 6.50 percent in 2023 for those under 65 and would increase 8.50 percent in 2024 and 6.75 percent in 2023 for those over 65. The rate of increase was assumed to decline to 4.75 percent by 2032 and thereafter for all retirees.

Assumptions: Presented in the following table are the weighted-average assumptions used in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost:

December 31	2023		2022		2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted average for benefit obligations1
Discount rate2
DB Pension Plan A	5.05	%	5.24	%	3.02	%
DB Pension Plan B	4.95		5.14		2.79
DB SERP	4.94		5.13		2.78
OPEB Plan	5.02		5.21		2.99
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.60
DB SERP3	—		5.50		5.50
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost1
Service cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.27	%	3.09	%	2.83	%
DB SERP	5.18		3.09		2.84
OPEB Plan	5.31		3.23		3.03
Interest cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.12		2.44		1.97
DB Pension Plan B	5.06		2.21		1.70
DB SERP	5.06		2.21		1.72
OPEB Plan	5.10		2.45		1.99
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5
DB Pension Plans	7.20		6.50		6.75
OPEB Plan	7.20		6.50		6.75
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.50
DB SERP	5.50		5.50		5.50

1The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

Costs: Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP									OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit)
Service cost		$	29		$	41		$	53		$	12		$	17		$	18
Interest cost		112			84			63			44			28			23
Settlement loss		—			1			1			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets		(220)			(206)			(208)			(103)			(115)			(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss		12			40			100			12			1			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(41)			(51)			(53)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic cost (credit)		$	(52)		$	(27)		$	19		$	(76)		$	(120)		$	(113)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost		$	28		$	39		$	51		$	11		$	17		$	17
Interest cost		105			79			59			42			27			23
Expected return on plan assets		(208)			(194)			(197)			(95)			(107)			(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss		11			37			96			12			—			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(40)			(50)			(51)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic credit		$	(49)		$	(26)		$	19		$	(70)		$	(113)		$	(105)

In Consumers’ 2022 electric and gas rate cases, the MPSC approved a mechanism allowing Consumers to defer the future recovery or refund of pension and OPEB expenses above or below the amounts used to set existing rates, respectively, beginning in January 2023 for the electric utility and October 2023 for the gas utility. At December 31, 2023, CMS Energy, including Consumers, had deferred $11 million of pension credits and $23 million of OPEB costs under this mechanism.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Reconciliations: Presented in the following table are reconciliations of the funded status of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans with their retirement benefit plans’ liabilities:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans							DB SERP						OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022				2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period		$	2,169		$	3,070			$	117		$	149		$	889		$	1,166
Service cost		29			41				—			—			12			17
Interest cost		106			81				6			3			44			28
Plan amendments		—			—				—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)		52		1	(811)		1		1			(25)			9		1	(274)		1
Benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(54)			(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period		$	2,195		$	2,169			$	114		$	117		$	900		$	889
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period		$	2,820		$	3,599			$	—		$	—		$	1,446		$	1,787
Actual return on plan assets		345			(567)				—			—			165			(294)
Company contribution		—			—				10			10			—			—
Actual benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(52)			(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period		$	3,004		$	2,820			$	—		$	—		$	1,559		$	1,446
Funded status		$	809	2	$	651	2		$	(114)		$	(117)		$	659		$	557
Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period									$	85		$	109		$	856		$	1,122
Service cost									—			—			11			17
Interest cost									4			2			42			27
Plan amendments									—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)									1			(19)			10		1	(265)		1
Benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(52)			(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period									$	83		$	85		$	867		$	856
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,350		$	1,668
Actual return on plan assets									—			—			154			(273)
Company contribution									7			7			—			—
Actual benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(51)			(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,453		$	1,350
Funded status									$	(83)		$	(85)		$	586		$	494

1The actuarial losses for 2023 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of lower discount rates. The actuarial gains for 2022 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of higher discount rates.

2The total funded status of the DB Pension Plans attributable to Consumers, based on an allocation of expenses, was $781 million at December 31, 2023 and $632 million at December 31, 2022.

Presented in the following table is the classification of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans’ assets and liabilities:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	809		$	651
OPEB Plan		659			557
Current liabilities
DB SERP		10			10
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		104			107
Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	781		$	632
OPEB Plan		586			494
Current liabilities
DB SERP		7			7
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		76			78

The ABO for the DB Pension Plans was $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the PBO and ABO did not exceed plan assets for any of the defined benefit pension plans.

Items Not Yet Recognized as a Component of Net Periodic Benefit Cost: Presented in the following table are the amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For additional details on regulatory assets see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP						OPEB Plan
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)		65			69			(3)			2
Prior service cost (credit)		1			1			(2)			(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	716		$	815		$	86		$	110
Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss		20			20			—			—
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	670		$	765		$	91		$	111

Plan Assets: Presented in the following tables are the fair values of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan, by asset category and by level within the fair value hierarchy. For additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	178		$	178		$	—		$	122		$	122
Mutual funds		47			47			—			263			263
		$	225		$	225		$	—		$	385		$	385
Pooled funds		2,779									2,435
Total		$	3,004								$	2,820

In Millions
	OPEB Plan
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	82		$	82		$	—		$	28		$	28
U.S. government and agencies securities		16			—			16			—			—
Corporate debt		67			—			67			—			—
State and municipal bonds		1			—			1			—			—
Foreign corporate bonds		15			—			15			—			—
Common stocks		161			161			—			69			69
Mutual funds		60			60			—			754			754
		$	402		$	303		$	99		$	851		$	851
Pooled funds		1,157									595
Total		$	1,559								$	1,446

Cash and Short-term Investments: Cash and short-term investments consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.

U.S. Government and Agencies Securities: U.S. government and agencies securities consist of U.S. Treasury notes and other debt securities backed by the U.S. government and related agencies. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices.

Corporate Debt: Corporate debt investments consist of investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries. These securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

State and Municipal Bonds: State and municipal bonds are valued using a matrix-pricing model that incorporates Level 2 market-based information. The fair value of the bonds is derived from various observable inputs, including benchmark yields, reported securities trades, broker/dealer quotes, bond ratings, and general information on market movements for investment grade state and municipal securities normally considered by market participants when pricing such debt securities.

Foreign Corporate Bonds: Foreign corporate debt securities are valued based on quoted market prices, when available, or on yields available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings.

Common Stocks: Common stocks in the OPEB Plan consist of equity securities that are actively managed and tracked to the S&P 500 Index and MSCI All Country World ex-US. These securities are valued at their quoted closing prices.

Mutual Funds: Mutual funds represent shares in registered investment companies that are priced based on the daily quoted net asset values that are publicly available and are the basis for transactions to buy or sell shares in the funds.

Pooled Funds: Pooled funds include both common and collective trust funds as well as special funds that contain only employee benefit plan assets from two or more unrelated benefit plans. These funds primarily consist of U.S. and foreign equity securities, but also include U.S. and foreign fixed-income securities and multi-asset investments. Since these investments are valued at their net asset value as a practical expedient, they are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Asset Allocations: Presented in the following table are the investment components of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan as of December 31, 2023:

	DB Pension Plans			OPEB Plan
Fixed-income securities		42.0	%		40.0	%
Equity securities		38.0			42.0
Real asset investments		9.0			8.0
Return-seeking fixed income		6.0			5.0
Liquid alternative investments		4.0			4.0
Cash and cash equivalents		1.0			1.0
		100.0	%		100.0	%

CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

CMS Energy established union and non‑union VEBA trusts to fund future retiree health and life insurance benefits known as OPEB. These trusts are funded through the ratemaking process for Consumers and through direct contributions from the non‑utility subsidiaries. CMS Energy’s target 2023 asset allocation for OPEB trusts was 40‑percent fixed income, 38‑percent equity, 11‑percent real assets, 7‑percent return-seeking fixed income, and 4‑percent liquid alternatives.

The goal of these target allocations was to maximize the long-term return on plan assets, while maintaining a prudent level of risk. The level of acceptable risk is a function of the liabilities of the plans. Equity investments are diversified mostly across the S&P 500 Index, with lesser allocations to the S&P MidCap and SmallCap Indexes and Foreign Equity Funds. Fixed-income investments are diversified across investment grade instruments of government and corporate issuers, as well as high-yield and global bond funds. Return-seeking fixed-income investments are diversified exposure to high-yield bonds, emerging market debt, and bank loans. Real asset investments are diversified across core real estate and real estate investment trusts. Liquid alternatives are investments in private funds comprised of different and independent hedge funds with various investment strategies. CMS Energy uses annual liability measurements, quarterly portfolio reviews, and periodic asset/liability studies to evaluate the need for adjustments to the portfolio allocations.

Contributions: Contributions comprise required amounts and discretionary contributions. Neither CMS Energy nor Consumers made any contributions in 2023 or 2022, or plans to contribute to the DB Pension Plans or OPEB Plan in 2024. Actual future contributions will depend on future investment performance, discount rates, and various factors related to the participants of the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan. CMS Energy and Consumers will, at a minimum, contribute to the plans as needed to comply with federal funding requirements.

Benefit Payments: Presented in the following table are the expected benefit payments for each of the next five years and the five‑year period thereafter:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans			DB SERP			OPEB Plan
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	158		$	10		$	55
2025		160			10			57
2026		159			10			58
2027		159			10			60
2028		159			9			61
2029-2033		785			43			315
Consumers
2024		$	148		$	7		$	53
2025		151			7			54
2026		150			7			56
2027		150			7			57
2028		150			6			59
2029-2033		741			29			301

Collective Bargaining Agreements: At December 31, 2023, unions represented 44 percent of CMS Energy’s employees and 45 percent of Consumers’ employees. The UWUA represents Consumers’ operating, maintenance, construction, and customer contact center employees. The USW represents Zeeland plant employees. The UWUA and USW agreements expire in 2025.

XML

Stock-based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based Compensation

CMS Energy and Consumers provide a PISP to officers, employees, and non‑employee directors based on their contributions to the successful management of the company. The PISP has a ten‑year term, expiring in May 2030.

In 2023, all awards were in the form of restricted stock or restricted stock units. The PISP also allows for unrestricted common stock, stock options, stock appreciation rights, phantom shares, performance units, and incentive options, none of which was granted in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

Shares awarded or subject to stock options, phantom shares, or performance units may not exceed 6.5 million shares from June 2020 through May 2030. CMS Energy and Consumers may issue awards of up to 4,960,465 shares of common stock under the PISP as of December 31, 2023. Shares for which payment or exercise is in cash, as well as shares that expire, terminate, or are canceled or forfeited, may be awarded or granted again under the PISP.

All awards under the PISP vest fully upon death. Upon a change of control of CMS Energy or termination under an officer separation agreement, the awards will vest in accordance with specific officer agreements. If stated in the award, for restricted stock recipients who terminate employment due to retirement or disability, a pro-rata portion of the award will vest upon termination, with any market-based award also contingent upon the outcome of the market condition and any performance-based award contingent upon the outcome of the performance condition. The pro-rata portion is equal to the portion of the service period served between the award grant date and the employee’s termination date. The remaining portion of the awards will be forfeited. All awards for directors vest fully upon retirement. Restricted shares may be forfeited if employment terminates for any other reason or if the minimum service requirements are not met, as described in the award document.

Restricted Stock Awards: Restricted stock awards for employees under the PISP are in the form of performance-based, market-based, and time-lapse restricted stock. Award recipients receive shares of CMS Energy common stock that have dividend and voting rights. The dividends on time-lapse restricted stock are paid in cash or in CMS Energy common stock. The dividends on performance-based and market-based restricted stock are paid in restricted shares equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted shares are subject to the same vesting conditions as the underlying restricted stock shares.

Performance-based restricted stock vesting is contingent on meeting at least a 36‑month service requirement and a performance condition. The performance condition is based on an adjusted measure of CMS Energy’s EPS growth relative to a peer group over a three‑year period. The awards granted in 2023, 2022, and 2021 require a 38‑month service period. Market-based restricted stock vesting is generally contingent on meeting a three‑year service requirement and a market condition. The market condition is based on a comparison of CMS Energy’s total shareholder return with the median total shareholder return of a peer group over the same three‑year period. Depending on the outcome of the performance condition or the market condition, a recipient may earn a total award ranging from zero to 200 percent of the initial grant. Time-lapse restricted stock generally vests after a service period of three years.

Restricted Stock Units: In 2023, 2022, and 2021, CMS Energy and Consumers granted restricted stock units to certain non‑employee directors who elected to defer their restricted stock awards. The restricted stock units generally vest after a service period of one year or, if earlier, at the next annual meeting. The restricted stock units will be distributed to the recipients as shares in accordance with the directors’ deferral agreements. Restricted stock units do not have voting rights, but do have dividend rights. In lieu of cash dividend payments, the dividends on restricted stock units are paid in additional units equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted stock units are subject to the same vesting and

distribution conditions as the underlying restricted stock units. No restricted stock units were forfeited during 2023.

Presented in the following tables is the activity for restricted stock and restricted stock units under the PISP:

	CMS Energy, including Consumers				Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share			Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period	1,029,523		$	60.13	978,146		$	60.15
Granted
Restricted stock	502,039		52.62		474,917		52.42
Restricted stock units	19,082		50.32		18,315		50.34
Vested
Restricted stock	(313,344)		51.54		(302,177)		51.48
Restricted stock units	(15,211)		52.60		(14,523)		52.55
Forfeited – restricted stock	(63,987)		53.57		(60,312)		53.45
Nonvested at end of period	1,158,102		$	59.50	1,094,366		$	59.50

Year Ended December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers	Consumers
Granted
Time-lapse awards	115,591	108,216
Market-based awards	147,453	139,255
Performance-based awards	153,383	145,008
Restricted stock units	15,545	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards	14,825	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards	15,608	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units	3,537	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition	55,179	53,613
Total granted	521,121	493,232

CMS Energy and Consumers charge the fair value of the restricted stock awards to expense over the required service period and charge the fair value of the restricted stock units to expense immediately. For performance-based awards, CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the number of shares expected to vest at the end of the performance period based on the probable achievement of the performance objective. Performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards have graded vesting features for retirement-eligible employees, and CMS Energy and Consumers recognize expense for those awards on a graded vesting schedule over the required service period. Expense for performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards for non‑retirement-eligible employees and time-lapse awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period.

The fair value of performance-based and time-lapse restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the price of CMS Energy’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is calculated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. CMS Energy and Consumers base expected volatilities on the historical volatility of the price of CMS Energy common stock. The risk-

free rate for valuation of the market-based restricted stock awards was based on the three‑year U.S. Treasury yield at the award grant date.

Presented in the following table are the most significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the market-based restricted stock awards:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Expected volatility	30.3	%	27.3	%	27.6	%
Expected dividend yield	2.9		2.8		2.8
Risk-free rate	3.9		1.4		0.2

Presented in the following table is the weighted-average grant-date fair value of all awards under the PISP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.62		$	48.69		$	43.52
Restricted stock units granted		50.32			56.13			54.11
Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.42		$	48.57		$	42.85
Restricted stock units granted		50.34			56.07			53.93

Presented in the following table are amounts related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	20		$	27		$	25
Compensation expense recognized		28			26			22
Income tax benefit recognized		3			—			1
Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	19		$	25		$	24
Compensation expense recognized		26			25			21
Income tax benefit recognized		2			—			1

At December 31, 2023, $29 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for CMS Energy, including Consumers, and $27 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for Consumers. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to recognize this cost over a weighted-average period of two years.

Consumers Energy Company

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based Compensation

CMS Energy and Consumers provide a PISP to officers, employees, and non‑employee directors based on their contributions to the successful management of the company. The PISP has a ten‑year term, expiring in May 2030.

In 2023, all awards were in the form of restricted stock or restricted stock units. The PISP also allows for unrestricted common stock, stock options, stock appreciation rights, phantom shares, performance units, and incentive options, none of which was granted in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

Shares awarded or subject to stock options, phantom shares, or performance units may not exceed 6.5 million shares from June 2020 through May 2030. CMS Energy and Consumers may issue awards of up to 4,960,465 shares of common stock under the PISP as of December 31, 2023. Shares for which payment or exercise is in cash, as well as shares that expire, terminate, or are canceled or forfeited, may be awarded or granted again under the PISP.

All awards under the PISP vest fully upon death. Upon a change of control of CMS Energy or termination under an officer separation agreement, the awards will vest in accordance with specific officer agreements. If stated in the award, for restricted stock recipients who terminate employment due to retirement or disability, a pro-rata portion of the award will vest upon termination, with any market-based award also contingent upon the outcome of the market condition and any performance-based award contingent upon the outcome of the performance condition. The pro-rata portion is equal to the portion of the service period served between the award grant date and the employee’s termination date. The remaining portion of the awards will be forfeited. All awards for directors vest fully upon retirement. Restricted shares may be forfeited if employment terminates for any other reason or if the minimum service requirements are not met, as described in the award document.

Restricted Stock Awards: Restricted stock awards for employees under the PISP are in the form of performance-based, market-based, and time-lapse restricted stock. Award recipients receive shares of CMS Energy common stock that have dividend and voting rights. The dividends on time-lapse restricted stock are paid in cash or in CMS Energy common stock. The dividends on performance-based and market-based restricted stock are paid in restricted shares equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted shares are subject to the same vesting conditions as the underlying restricted stock shares.

Performance-based restricted stock vesting is contingent on meeting at least a 36‑month service requirement and a performance condition. The performance condition is based on an adjusted measure of CMS Energy’s EPS growth relative to a peer group over a three‑year period. The awards granted in 2023, 2022, and 2021 require a 38‑month service period. Market-based restricted stock vesting is generally contingent on meeting a three‑year service requirement and a market condition. The market condition is based on a comparison of CMS Energy’s total shareholder return with the median total shareholder return of a peer group over the same three‑year period. Depending on the outcome of the performance condition or the market condition, a recipient may earn a total award ranging from zero to 200 percent of the initial grant. Time-lapse restricted stock generally vests after a service period of three years.

Restricted Stock Units: In 2023, 2022, and 2021, CMS Energy and Consumers granted restricted stock units to certain non‑employee directors who elected to defer their restricted stock awards. The restricted stock units generally vest after a service period of one year or, if earlier, at the next annual meeting. The restricted stock units will be distributed to the recipients as shares in accordance with the directors’ deferral agreements. Restricted stock units do not have voting rights, but do have dividend rights. In lieu of cash dividend payments, the dividends on restricted stock units are paid in additional units equal to the value of the dividends. These additional restricted stock units are subject to the same vesting and

distribution conditions as the underlying restricted stock units. No restricted stock units were forfeited during 2023.

Presented in the following tables is the activity for restricted stock and restricted stock units under the PISP:

	CMS Energy, including Consumers				Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share			Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period	1,029,523		$	60.13	978,146		$	60.15
Granted
Restricted stock	502,039		52.62		474,917		52.42
Restricted stock units	19,082		50.32		18,315		50.34
Vested
Restricted stock	(313,344)		51.54		(302,177)		51.48
Restricted stock units	(15,211)		52.60		(14,523)		52.55
Forfeited – restricted stock	(63,987)		53.57		(60,312)		53.45
Nonvested at end of period	1,158,102		$	59.50	1,094,366		$	59.50

Year Ended December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers	Consumers
Granted
Time-lapse awards	115,591	108,216
Market-based awards	147,453	139,255
Performance-based awards	153,383	145,008
Restricted stock units	15,545	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards	14,825	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards	15,608	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units	3,537	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition	55,179	53,613
Total granted	521,121	493,232

CMS Energy and Consumers charge the fair value of the restricted stock awards to expense over the required service period and charge the fair value of the restricted stock units to expense immediately. For performance-based awards, CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the number of shares expected to vest at the end of the performance period based on the probable achievement of the performance objective. Performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards have graded vesting features for retirement-eligible employees, and CMS Energy and Consumers recognize expense for those awards on a graded vesting schedule over the required service period. Expense for performance-based and market-based restricted stock awards for non‑retirement-eligible employees and time-lapse awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period.

The fair value of performance-based and time-lapse restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the price of CMS Energy’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is calculated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation. CMS Energy and Consumers base expected volatilities on the historical volatility of the price of CMS Energy common stock. The risk-

free rate for valuation of the market-based restricted stock awards was based on the three‑year U.S. Treasury yield at the award grant date.

Presented in the following table are the most significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the market-based restricted stock awards:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Expected volatility	30.3	%	27.3	%	27.6	%
Expected dividend yield	2.9		2.8		2.8
Risk-free rate	3.9		1.4		0.2

Presented in the following table is the weighted-average grant-date fair value of all awards under the PISP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.62		$	48.69		$	43.52
Restricted stock units granted		50.32			56.13			54.11
Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.42		$	48.57		$	42.85
Restricted stock units granted		50.34			56.07			53.93

Presented in the following table are amounts related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	20		$	27		$	25
Compensation expense recognized		28			26			22
Income tax benefit recognized		3			—			1
Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	19		$	25		$	24
Compensation expense recognized		26			25			21
Income tax benefit recognized		2			—			1

At December 31, 2023, $29 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for CMS Energy, including Consumers, and $27 million of total unrecognized compensation cost was related to restricted stock for Consumers. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to recognize this cost over a weighted-average period of two years.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $2 million for the local tax loss carryforward. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully their tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation allowance has been provided. It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

If recognized, all of these uncertain tax benefits would affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual effective tax rates in future years. One uncertain tax benefit relates to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. The Michigan Tax Tribunal heard oral arguments on this methodology during 2022. A final conclusion is not anticipated in the next 12 months.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense. CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest or penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2020

and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. CMS Energy’s Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for 2013-2016 and 2019 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 were adequate for all years.

Consumers Energy Company

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effect of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and the reported amounts on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated financial statements.

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

CMS Energy has provided a valuation allowance of $2 million for the local tax loss carryforward. CMS Energy and Consumers expect to utilize fully their tax loss and credit carryforwards for which no valuation allowance has been provided. It is reasonably possible that further adjustments will be made to the valuation allowances within one year.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

If recognized, all of these uncertain tax benefits would affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ annual effective tax rates in future years. One uncertain tax benefit relates to the methodology of state apportionment for Consumers’ electricity sales to MISO. The Michigan Tax Tribunal heard oral arguments on this methodology during 2022. A final conclusion is not anticipated in the next 12 months.

CMS Energy and Consumers recognize accrued interest and penalties, where applicable, as part of income tax expense. CMS Energy, including Consumers, recognized no interest or penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities, which can result in proposed assessments. CMS Energy’s federal income tax returns for 2020

and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the IRS. CMS Energy’s Michigan Corporate Income Tax returns for 2013-2016 and 2019 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the State of Michigan. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly judgmental. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that their accrued tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 were adequate for all years.

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Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy

Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on income from continuing operations:

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations		$	807		$	809		$	728
Less loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(79)			(24)			(23)
Less preferred stock dividends		10			10			5
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted		$	876		$	823		$	746
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares – basic		291.2			289.5			289.0
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards		0.5			0.3			0.5
Add dilutive forward equity sale contracts		—			0.2			—
Weighted-average shares – diluted		291.7			290.0			289.5
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic		$	3.01		$	2.84		$	2.58
Diluted		3.01			2.84			2.58

Nonvested Stock Awards

CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.

Forward Equity Sale Contracts

CMS Energy has entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non‑participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were

included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

Convertible Securities

In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Upon conversion, the convertible senior notes are required to be paid in cash with only amounts exceeding the principal permitted to be settled in shares. The convertible senior notes were anti-dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further details on CMS Energy’s convertible senior notes, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

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Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]

Revenue

Revenue

Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	—		$	7,080
Other		—			—			181			181
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	181		$	7,261
Leasing income		—			—			116			116
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		49			20			—			69
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,745		$	2,420		$	297		$	7,462
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,236		$	1,619					$	3,855
Commercial		1,550			489						2,039
Industrial		660			60						720
Other		240			226						466
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394					$	7,080
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		49			20						69
Other non-segment revenue		—			—						1
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,745		$	2,420					$	7,166

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	—		$	8,115
Other		—			—			205			205
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	205		$	8,320
Leasing income		—			—			240			240
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		43			14			—			57
Consumers revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)			—			(37)
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	5,419		$	2,732		$	445		$	8,596
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,523		$	1,879					$	4,402
Commercial		1,733			559						2,292
Industrial		792			75						867
Other		347			207						554
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720					$	8,115
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		43			14						57
Revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)						(37)
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	5,419		$	2,732					$	8,151

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	—		$	6,961
Other		—			—			114			114
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	114		$	7,075
Leasing income		—			—			194			194
Financing income		10			5			—			15
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		33			12			—			45
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,958		$	2,063		$	308		$	7,329
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,402		$	1,396					$	3,798
Commercial		1,573			396						1,969
Industrial		624			54						678
Other		316			200						516
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046					$	6,961
Financing income		10			5						15
Alternative-revenue programs		33			12						45
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,958		$	2,063					$	7,021

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

Electric and Gas Utilities

Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.

In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals, appliance service plans, and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.

CMS Energy and Consumers recorded uncollectible accounts expense of $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Uncollectible accounts expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a commitment to contribute $10 million to directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $494 million at December 31, 2023 and $663 million at December 31, 2022.

Alternative‑revenue Programs: Consumers accounts for its energy waste reduction incentive mechanism and financial compensation mechanism as alternative-revenue programs. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the energy waste reduction incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC and recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs. For additional information on these mechanisms, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.

Revenues to Be Refunded: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit. For additional information, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers Energy Company

Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]

Revenue

Revenue

Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	—		$	7,080
Other		—			—			181			181
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	181		$	7,261
Leasing income		—			—			116			116
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		49			20			—			69
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,745		$	2,420		$	297		$	7,462
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,236		$	1,619					$	3,855
Commercial		1,550			489						2,039
Industrial		660			60						720
Other		240			226						466
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394					$	7,080
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		49			20						69
Other non-segment revenue		—			—						1
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,745		$	2,420					$	7,166

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	—		$	8,115
Other		—			—			205			205
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	205		$	8,320
Leasing income		—			—			240			240
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		43			14			—			57
Consumers revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)			—			(37)
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	5,419		$	2,732		$	445		$	8,596
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,523		$	1,879					$	4,402
Commercial		1,733			559						2,292
Industrial		792			75						867
Other		347			207						554
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720					$	8,115
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		43			14						57
Revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)						(37)
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	5,419		$	2,732					$	8,151

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	—		$	6,961
Other		—			—			114			114
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	114		$	7,075
Leasing income		—			—			194			194
Financing income		10			5			—			15
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		33			12			—			45
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,958		$	2,063		$	308		$	7,329
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,402		$	1,396					$	3,798
Commercial		1,573			396						1,969
Industrial		624			54						678
Other		316			200						516
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046					$	6,961
Financing income		10			5						15
Alternative-revenue programs		33			12						45
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,958		$	2,063					$	7,021

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

Electric and Gas Utilities

Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.

In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals, appliance service plans, and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.

CMS Energy and Consumers recorded uncollectible accounts expense of $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $50 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Uncollectible accounts expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 included a commitment to contribute $10 million to directly assist vulnerable customers with utility bills.

Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable and accrued revenue on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $494 million at December 31, 2023 and $663 million at December 31, 2022.

Alternative‑revenue Programs: Consumers accounts for its energy waste reduction incentive mechanism and financial compensation mechanism as alternative-revenue programs. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the energy waste reduction incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC and recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs. For additional information on these mechanisms, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.

Revenues to Be Refunded: In December 2022, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to refund $22 million voluntarily to utility customers. Additionally, in the settlement of its 2022 electric rate case, Consumers agreed to refund voluntarily $15 million of 2022 revenues to utility customers through a one‑time bill credit. For additional information, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

XML

Other Income and Other Expense

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]

Other Income and Other Expense

Other Income and Other Expense

Presented in the following table are the components of other income and other expense at CMS Energy and Consumers:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other income
Gain on extinguishment of debt1		$	131		$	—	$	—
Interest income		37			5		3
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
Income from equity method investees		7			3		10
All other		13			5		9
Total other income – CMS Energy		$	195		$	19	$	30
Consumers
Other income
Interest income		$	25		$	2	$	2
Interest income - related parties		5			5		5
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
All other		12			4		8
Total other income – Consumers		$	49		$	17	$	23
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(7)			(12)		(7)
Total other expense – CMS Energy		$	(13)		$	(27)	$	(18)
Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(6)			(10)		(7)
Total other expense – Consumers		$	(12)		$	(25)	$	(18)

1For information regarding the gain on extinguishment of debt, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

Consumers Energy Company

Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]

Other Income and Other Expense

Other Income and Other Expense

Presented in the following table are the components of other income and other expense at CMS Energy and Consumers:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other income
Gain on extinguishment of debt1		$	131		$	—	$	—
Interest income		37			5		3
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
Income from equity method investees		7			3		10
All other		13			5		9
Total other income – CMS Energy		$	195		$	19	$	30
Consumers
Other income
Interest income		$	25		$	2	$	2
Interest income - related parties		5			5		5
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
All other		12			4		8
Total other income – Consumers		$	49		$	17	$	23
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(7)			(12)		(7)
Total other expense – CMS Energy		$	(13)		$	(27)	$	(18)
Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(6)			(10)		(7)
Total other expense – Consumers		$	(12)		$	(25)	$	(18)

1For information regarding the gain on extinguishment of debt, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

XML

Reportable Segments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Reportable Segments

Reportable Segments

Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate the performance of each segment based on its contribution to net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders.

Accounting policies for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ segments are as described in Note 1, Significant Accounting Policies. The consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the individual segments when appropriate. Accounts are allocated among the segments when common accounts are attributable to more than one segment. The allocations are based on certain measures of business activities, such as revenue, labor dollars, customers, other operating and maintenance expense, construction expense, leased property, taxes, or functional surveys. For example, customer receivables are allocated based on revenue, and pension provisions are allocated based on labor dollars.

Inter-segment sales and transfers are accounted for at current market prices and are eliminated in consolidated net income available to common stockholders by segment. Inter-segment sales and transfers were immaterial for all periods presented.

CMS Energy

The segments reported for CMS Energy are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

•NorthStar Clean Energy, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production

CMS Energy presents corporate interest and other expenses, discontinued operations, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.

Consumers

The segments reported for Consumers are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.

Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy		297			445			308
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
Other reconciling items		1			—			—
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
NorthStar Clean Energy		43			38			37
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – CMS Energy		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – Consumers		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
Total income from equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	281		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		158			116			104
NorthStar Clean Energy		2			3			6
Other reconciling items		202			182			183
Total interest charges – CMS Energy		$	643		$	519		$	500
Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	285		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		161			116			104
Other reconciling items		2			1			—
Total interest charges – Consumers		$	448		$	335		$	311
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
NorthStar Clean Energy		4			3			(2)
Other reconciling items		(22)			(51)			(59)
Total income tax expense – CMS Energy		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
Other reconciling items		(4)			(1)			—
Total income tax expense – Consumers		$	161		$	140		$	156

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			23
Other reconciling items		(55)			(152)			458
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy		$	877		$	827		$	1,348
Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
Other reconciling items		—			(2)			(1)
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers		$	865		$	943		$	866
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,420			1,148			1,122
Other reconciling items		30			30			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy		$	33,135		$	30,491		$	29,893
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
Other reconciling items		38			29			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers		$	31,723		$	29,342		$	28,771
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Investments in equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71
Total investments in equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,358		$	17,907		$	16,493
Gas utility2		12,353			11,873			10,517
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,604			1,464			1,312
Other reconciling items		202			109			431
Total assets – CMS Energy		$	33,517		$	31,353		$	28,753
Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,417		$	17,968		$	16,555
Gas utility2		12,397			11,918			10,564
Other reconciling items		38			30			21
Total assets – Consumers		$	31,852		$	29,916		$	27,140
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
NorthStar Clean Energy		156			113			17
Other reconciling items		2			7			2
Total capital expenditures – CMS Energy		$	3,280		$	2,393		$	2,161
Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
Other reconciling items		23			7			2
Total capital expenditures – Consumers		$	3,145		$	2,280		$	2,144

1Consumers had no equity method investments.

2Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

3Amounts include assets placed under finance lease.

4Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ capital expenditures for plant and equipment attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

Consumers Energy Company

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Reportable Segments

Reportable Segments

Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate the performance of each segment based on its contribution to net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders.

Accounting policies for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ segments are as described in Note 1, Significant Accounting Policies. The consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the individual segments when appropriate. Accounts are allocated among the segments when common accounts are attributable to more than one segment. The allocations are based on certain measures of business activities, such as revenue, labor dollars, customers, other operating and maintenance expense, construction expense, leased property, taxes, or functional surveys. For example, customer receivables are allocated based on revenue, and pension provisions are allocated based on labor dollars.

Inter-segment sales and transfers are accounted for at current market prices and are eliminated in consolidated net income available to common stockholders by segment. Inter-segment sales and transfers were immaterial for all periods presented.

CMS Energy

The segments reported for CMS Energy are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

•NorthStar Clean Energy, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production

CMS Energy presents corporate interest and other expenses, discontinued operations, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.

Consumers

The segments reported for Consumers are:

•electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

•gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.

Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy		297			445			308
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
Other reconciling items		1			—			—
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
NorthStar Clean Energy		43			38			37
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – CMS Energy		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – Consumers		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
Total income from equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	281		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		158			116			104
NorthStar Clean Energy		2			3			6
Other reconciling items		202			182			183
Total interest charges – CMS Energy		$	643		$	519		$	500
Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	285		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		161			116			104
Other reconciling items		2			1			—
Total interest charges – Consumers		$	448		$	335		$	311
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
NorthStar Clean Energy		4			3			(2)
Other reconciling items		(22)			(51)			(59)
Total income tax expense – CMS Energy		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
Other reconciling items		(4)			(1)			—
Total income tax expense – Consumers		$	161		$	140		$	156

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			23
Other reconciling items		(55)			(152)			458
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy		$	877		$	827		$	1,348
Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
Other reconciling items		—			(2)			(1)
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers		$	865		$	943		$	866
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,420			1,148			1,122
Other reconciling items		30			30			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy		$	33,135		$	30,491		$	29,893
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
Other reconciling items		38			29			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers		$	31,723		$	29,342		$	28,771
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Investments in equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71
Total investments in equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,358		$	17,907		$	16,493
Gas utility2		12,353			11,873			10,517
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,604			1,464			1,312
Other reconciling items		202			109			431
Total assets – CMS Energy		$	33,517		$	31,353		$	28,753
Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,417		$	17,968		$	16,555
Gas utility2		12,397			11,918			10,564
Other reconciling items		38			30			21
Total assets – Consumers		$	31,852		$	29,916		$	27,140
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
NorthStar Clean Energy		156			113			17
Other reconciling items		2			7			2
Total capital expenditures – CMS Energy		$	3,280		$	2,393		$	2,161
Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
Other reconciling items		23			7			2
Total capital expenditures – Consumers		$	3,145		$	2,280		$	2,144

1Consumers had no equity method investments.

2Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

3Amounts include assets placed under finance lease.

4Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ capital expenditures for plant and equipment attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

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Related party Transactions - Consumers

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Consumers Energy Company

Related Party Transaction [Line Items]

Related party Transactions - Consumers

Related-party Transactions—Consumers

Consumers enters into a number of transactions with related parties in the normal course of business. These transactions include but are not limited to:

•purchases of electricity from affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy

•payments to and from CMS Energy related to parent company overhead costs

•payments of principal and interest when due to CMS Energy related to borrowings under certain credit agreements and CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds

Transactions involving power supply purchases from certain affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy are based on avoided costs under PURPA, state law, and competitive bidding. The payment of parent company overhead costs is based on the use of accepted industry allocation methodologies. These payments are for costs that occur in the normal course of business.

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ expense recorded from related-party transactions for the years ended December 31:

In Millions
Description	Related Party	2023			2022			2021
Purchases of capacity and energy	Affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy		$	75		$	76		$	77

Amounts payable to related parties for purchased power and other services were $19 million at December 31, 2023 and $20 million at December 31, 2022. Accounts receivable from related parties were $9 million at December 31, 2023 and $8 million at December 31, 2022.

CMS Energy has a demand note payable to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028. The portion of the demand note attributable to Consumers was recorded as a note receivable – related party on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. For additional details about the agreement, see Note 8, Leases.

During 2023, CMS Energy repurchased certain of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds. For more information about these repurchases, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

In November 2023, an unregulated subsidiary of Consumers sold certain non-utility renewable development projects to NorthStar Clean Energy for $20 million, the projects’ net book value; there was no gain or loss recognized on this sale.

In December 2023, Consumers renewed a short-term credit agreement with CMS Energy, permitting Consumers to borrow up to $500 million. For additional details about the agreement, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Short-term Borrowings

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Variable Interest Entities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

Consolidated VIEs: During 2023, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a Class A membership interest in Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors for $86 million. Newport Solar Holdings wholly owns Newport Solar, a 180‑MW solar generation project located in Jackson County, Arkansas; the project began commercial operation in October 2023.

NorthStar Clean Energy holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco, which wholly owns Northwest Ohio Wind, LLC, a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio. The Class A membership interest in NWO Holdco is held by a tax equity investor.

NorthStar Clean Energy has a 51-percent ownership interest in Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, which holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind, the holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas. The Class A membership interest in Aviator Wind is held by a tax equity investor.

Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, and Aviator Wind are allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company agreements; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. Since these entities’ income and cash flows are not distributed among their investors based on ownership interest percentages, NorthStar Clean Energy allocates the entities’ income (loss) among the investors by applying the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. This method calculates each investor’s earnings based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entities at the net book value of underlying assets as of the balance sheet date. The liquidation tax gain (loss) is allocated to each investor’s capital account, resulting in income (loss) equal to the period change in the investor’s capital account balance.

Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind are VIEs. In accordance with the associated limited liability company agreements, the tax equity investors are guaranteed preferred returns from these entities. However, NorthStar Clean Energy manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. As a result, NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind and presents the Class A membership interests and 49 percent of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings as noncontrolling interests.

Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		$	28		$	43
Accounts receivable		3			7
Prepayments and other current assets		4			7
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net		1,064			850
Construction work in progress		—			156
Other non-current assets		3			—
Total assets1		$	1,102		$	1,063
Current
Current portion of long-term debt		$	—		$	100
Accounts payable		12			33
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases		23			23
Asset retirement obligations		32			24
Total liabilities		$	67		$	180

1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.

NorthStar Clean Energy is obligated under certain indemnities that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. For additional details on these indemnity obligations, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.

Consumers’ wholly-owned subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, are VIEs designed to collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. These entities are considered VIEs primarily because their equity capitalization is insufficient to support their operations. Consumers is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these VIEs, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. The VIEs’ primary assets and liabilities comprise regulatory assets and long-term debt. For more information on these assets and liabilities, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs and Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Non-consolidated VIEs: CMS Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While CMS Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.

Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:

Name	Nature of the Entity	Nature of CMS Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City	Coal-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Employee assignment agreement
Grayling	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Genesee	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Craven	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Operating and management contract

1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.

The creditors of these partnerships do not have recourse to the general credit of CMS Energy or Consumers. CMS Energy’s maximum risk exposure to these partnerships is generally limited to its investment in the partnerships, which is included in investments on its consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $74 million at December 31, 2023 and $71 million at December 31, 2022.

Consumers Energy Company

Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

Consolidated VIEs: During 2023, NorthStar Clean Energy sold a Class A membership interest in Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors for $86 million. Newport Solar Holdings wholly owns Newport Solar, a 180‑MW solar generation project located in Jackson County, Arkansas; the project began commercial operation in October 2023.

NorthStar Clean Energy holds a Class B membership interest in NWO Holdco, which wholly owns Northwest Ohio Wind, LLC, a 100‑MW wind generation project in Paulding County, Ohio. The Class A membership interest in NWO Holdco is held by a tax equity investor.

NorthStar Clean Energy has a 51-percent ownership interest in Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, which holds a Class B membership interest in Aviator Wind, the holding company of a 525‑MW wind generation project in Coke County, Texas. The Class A membership interest in Aviator Wind is held by a tax equity investor.

Earnings, tax attributes, and cash flows generated by Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, and Aviator Wind are allocated among and distributed to the membership classes in accordance with the ratios specified in the associated limited liability company agreements; these ratios change over time and are not representative of the ownership interest percentages of each membership class. Since these entities’ income and cash flows are not distributed among their investors based on ownership interest percentages, NorthStar Clean Energy allocates the entities’ income (loss) among the investors by applying the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. This method calculates each investor’s earnings based on a hypothetical liquidation of the entities at the net book value of underlying assets as of the balance sheet date. The liquidation tax gain (loss) is allocated to each investor’s capital account, resulting in income (loss) equal to the period change in the investor’s capital account balance.

Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind are VIEs. In accordance with the associated limited liability company agreements, the tax equity investors are guaranteed preferred returns from these entities. However, NorthStar Clean Energy manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. As a result, NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. NorthStar Clean Energy consolidates Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind and presents the Class A membership interests and 49 percent of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings as noncontrolling interests.

Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		$	28		$	43
Accounts receivable		3			7
Prepayments and other current assets		4			7
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net		1,064			850
Construction work in progress		—			156
Other non-current assets		3			—
Total assets1		$	1,102		$	1,063
Current
Current portion of long-term debt		$	—		$	100
Accounts payable		12			33
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases		23			23
Asset retirement obligations		32			24
Total liabilities		$	67		$	180

1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.

NorthStar Clean Energy is obligated under certain indemnities that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. For additional details on these indemnity obligations, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.

Consumers’ wholly-owned subsidiaries, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding and Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, are VIEs designed to collateralize Consumers’ securitization bonds. These entities are considered VIEs primarily because their equity capitalization is insufficient to support their operations. Consumers is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these VIEs, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies. The VIEs’ primary assets and liabilities comprise regulatory assets and long-term debt. For more information on these assets and liabilities, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs and Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Securitization Bonds.

Non-consolidated VIEs: CMS Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While CMS Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.

Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:

Name	Nature of the Entity	Nature of CMS Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City	Coal-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Employee assignment agreement
Grayling	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Genesee	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Craven	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Operating and management contract

1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.

The creditors of these partnerships do not have recourse to the general credit of CMS Energy or Consumers. CMS Energy’s maximum risk exposure to these partnerships is generally limited to its investment in the partnerships, which is included in investments on its consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $74 million at December 31, 2023 and $71 million at December 31, 2022.

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Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]

Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

Exit Activities: In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers retired the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units in June 2023 and plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to ensure necessary staffing at both D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell through retirement, Consumers has implemented retention incentive programs. The aggregate cost of the D.E. Karn program, which is now complete, was $32 million. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be $50 million. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset.

As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative cost incurred and charged to maintenance and other operating expenses related to the D.E. Karn retention incentive program was $16 million. Additionally, an amount of $4 million was capitalized as a cost of plant, property, and equipment and an amount of $12 million was deferred as a regulatory asset. The cumulative cost incurred and deferred as a regulatory asset related to the J.H. Campbell retention incentive program was $35 million. The regulatory assets for both programs will be collected from customers over three years.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period		$	21		$	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset		16			24
Costs paid or settled		(21)			(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1		$	16		$	21

1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and $13 million at December 31, 2022.

Discontinued Operations: In 2021, EnerBank was acquired by a non-affiliated company. CMS Energy received proceeds of over $1.0 billion from the transaction and recognized a pre-tax gain of $657 million in 2021. In March 2022, CMS Energy received $6 million of additional proceeds as the result of a post-closing adjustment. Net of related transaction costs, CMS Energy recognized a pre-tax gain of $5 million during 2022.

EnerBank’s results of operations through the date of the sale are presented as income from discontinued operations on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The table below presents the financial results of EnerBank included in income from discontinued operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2022			2021
Operating revenue		$	—		$	209
Expenses
Operating expenses		—			60
Interest expense		—			34
Income before income taxes		$	—		$	115
Gain on sale		5			657
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes		$	5		$	772
Income tax expense		1			170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		$	4		$	602

Consumers Energy Company

Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]

Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations

Exit Activities: In accordance with its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers retired the D.E. Karn coal-fueled electric generating units in June 2023 and plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. In order to ensure necessary staffing at both D.E. Karn and J.H. Campbell through retirement, Consumers has implemented retention incentive programs. The aggregate cost of the D.E. Karn program, which is now complete, was $32 million. The aggregate cost of the J.H. Campbell program through 2025 is estimated to be $50 million. The MPSC has approved deferred accounting treatment for these costs; these expenses are deferred as a regulatory asset.

As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative cost incurred and charged to maintenance and other operating expenses related to the D.E. Karn retention incentive program was $16 million. Additionally, an amount of $4 million was capitalized as a cost of plant, property, and equipment and an amount of $12 million was deferred as a regulatory asset. The cumulative cost incurred and deferred as a regulatory asset related to the J.H. Campbell retention incentive program was $35 million. The regulatory assets for both programs will be collected from customers over three years.

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period		$	21		$	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset		16			24
Costs paid or settled		(21)			(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1		$	16		$	21

1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and $13 million at December 31, 2022.

Discontinued Operations: In 2021, EnerBank was acquired by a non-affiliated company. CMS Energy received proceeds of over $1.0 billion from the transaction and recognized a pre-tax gain of $657 million in 2021. In March 2022, CMS Energy received $6 million of additional proceeds as the result of a post-closing adjustment. Net of related transaction costs, CMS Energy recognized a pre-tax gain of $5 million during 2022.

EnerBank’s results of operations through the date of the sale are presented as income from discontinued operations on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The table below presents the financial results of EnerBank included in income from discontinued operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2022			2021
Operating revenue		$	—		$	209
Expenses
Operating expenses		—			60
Interest expense		—			34
Income before income taxes		$	—		$	115
Gain on sale		5			657
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes		$	5		$	772
Income tax expense		1			170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		$	4		$	602

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

Condensed Statements of Income

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses		$	10		$	7		$	7
Total operating expenses		10			7			7
Operating Loss		(10)			(7)			(7)
Other Income (Expense)
Equity earnings of subsidiaries		929			980			1,482
Nonoperating retirement benefits, net		(1)			(1)			(1)
Other income		31			5			2
Other expense		—			(1)			—
Total other income		959			983			1,483
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt		201			181			183
Intercompany interest expense and other		10			8			7
Total interest charges		211			189			190
Income Before Income Taxes		738			787			1,286
Income Tax Benefit		(20)			(50)			(60)
Income From Continuing Operations		758			837			1,346
Income From Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax of $—, $—, and $(5)		—			—			7
Net Income Attributable to CMS Energy		758			837			1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends		10			10			5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	748		$	827		$	1,348

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities		$	595		$	565		$	1,549
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Investment in subsidiaries		(630)			(796)			(581)
Investment in debt securities - intercompany		(293)			—			—
Decrease (increase) in notes receivable – intercompany		55			286			(83)
Net cash used in investing activities		(868)			(510)			(664)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt		800			—			—
Issuance of common stock		192			69			26
Issuance of preferred stock		—			—			224
Retirement of long-term debt		—			—			(200)
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock		(579)			(544)			(507)
Debt issuance costs and financing fees		(20)			(11)			(10)
Change in notes payable – intercompany		(7)			77			(28)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		386			(409)			(495)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts		113			(354)			390
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period		36			390			—
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period		$	149		$	36		$	390

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

CMS Energy—Parent Company

Condensed Balance Sheets

ASSETS
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	149		$	36
Notes and accrued interest receivable – intercompany		60			107
Accounts receivable – intercompany and related parties		9			8
Taxes receivable		11			45
Prepayments and other current assets		—			1
Total current assets		229			197
Other Non‑current Assets
Deferred income taxes		137			105
Investments in subsidiaries		11,701			10,881
Investment in debt securities – intercompany		296			—
Other investments		8			6
Other		24			11
Total other non‑current assets		12,166			11,003
Total Assets		$	12,395		$	11,200

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt		$	250		$	—
Accounts and notes payable – intercompany		75			74
Accrued interest, including intercompany		37			33
Other current liabilities		9			9
Total current liabilities		371			116
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt		4,471			3,930
Notes payable – intercompany		105			109
Postretirement benefits		15			15
Other non‑current liabilities		18			15
Total non‑current liabilities		4,609			4,069
Equity
Common stock		3			3
Other stockholders' equity		7,188			6,788
Total common stockholders’ equity		7,191			6,791
Preferred stock		224			224
Total equity		7,415			7,015
Total Liabilities and Equity		$	12,395		$	11,200

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

Basis of Presentation

CMS Energy’s condensed financial statements have been prepared on a parent-only basis. In accordance with Rule 12‑04 of Regulation S‑X, these parent-only financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements, and therefore these parent-only financial statements and other information included should be read in conjunction with CMS Energy’s audited consolidated financial statements contained within Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Guarantees

CMS Energy has issued guarantees with a maximum potential obligation of $886 million on behalf of some of its wholly owned subsidiaries and related parties. CMS Energy’s maximum potential obligation consists primarily of potential payments:

•to third parties under certain commodity purchase and sales agreements entered into by CMS ERM and other subsidiaries of NorthStar Clean Energy

•to tax equity investors that hold membership interests in certain VIEs held by NorthStar Clean Energy

•to EGLE on behalf of CMS Land and CMS Capital, for environmental remediation obligations at Bay Harbor

•to the U.S. Department of Energy on behalf of Consumers, in connection with Consumers’ 2011 settlement agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers

The expiration dates of these guarantees vary, depending upon contractual provisions or upon the statute of limitations under the relevant governing law.

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves

CMS Energy Corporation

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20
Deferred tax valuation allowance
2023		$	2		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2
2022		2			—			—			—			2
2021		1			1			—			—			2

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

Consumers Energy Company

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

Consumers Energy Company

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves

CMS Energy Corporation

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20
Deferred tax valuation allowance
2023		$	2		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2
2022		2			—			—			—			2
2021		1			1			—			—			2

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

Consumers Energy Company

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

In Millions
Description	Balance at Beginning of Period			Charged to Expense			Charged to Other Accounts			Deductions			Balance at End of Period
Allowance for uncollectible accounts1
2023		$	27		$	34		$	—		$	40		$	21
2022		20			50			—			43			27
2021		29			22			—			31			20

1Deductions represent write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation: CMS Energy and Consumers prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements comprise CMS Energy, Consumers, NorthStar Clean Energy, and all other entities in which CMS Energy has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Consumers’ consolidated financial statements comprise Consumers and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. CMS Energy uses the equity method of accounting for investments in companies and partnerships that are not consolidated, where they have significant influence over operations and financial policies but are not the primary beneficiary. CMS Energy and Consumers eliminate intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates: CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Contingencies

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers record estimated loss contingencies on their consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. For environmental remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. Unless regulatory accounting applies, CMS Energy and Consumers expense legal fees as incurred; fees incurred but not yet billed are accrued based on estimates of work performed.

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs: Upon the issuance of long-term debt, CMS Energy and Consumers defer issuance costs, discounts, and premiums and amortize those amounts over the terms of the associated debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt on the balance sheet. Upon the refinancing of long-term debt, Consumers, as a regulated entity, defers any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with the refinanced debt and amortizes those amounts over the term of the newly issued debt. For the non‑regulated portions of CMS Energy’s business, any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with extinguished debt are charged to earnings.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments: In order to support ongoing operations, CMS Energy and Consumers may enter into contracts for the future purchase and sale of various commodities, such as electricity, natural gas, and coal. These forward contracts are generally long-term in nature and result in physical delivery of the

commodity at a contracted price. Most of these contracts are not subject to derivative accounting for one or more of the following reasons:

•they do not have a notional amount (that is, a number of units specified in a derivative instrument, such as MWh of electricity or bcf of natural gas)

•they qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception

•they cannot be net settled due in part to the absence of an active market for the commodity

Consumers also uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion-related transmission charges. Consumers accounts for FTRs as derivatives and changes in the fair value of FTRs are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities. For details regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivative instruments recorded at fair value, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

EPS

EPS: CMS Energy calculates basic and diluted EPS using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period. Potential common stock, for purposes of determining diluted EPS, includes the effects of nonvested stock awards, forward equity sales, and convertible securities. CMS Energy computes the effect on potential common stock using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Diluted EPS excludes the impact of antidilutive securities, which are those securities resulting in an increase in EPS or a decrease in loss per share. For EPS computations, see Note 13, Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy.

Nonvested Stock Awards

CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.

Forward Equity Sale Contracts

CMS Energy has entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non‑participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were

included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

Convertible Securities

In May 2023, CMS Energy issued an aggregate principal amount of $800 million convertible senior notes. Potentially dilutive common shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes are determined using the if-converted method for calculating diluted EPS. Upon conversion, the convertible senior notes are required to be paid in cash with only amounts exceeding the principal permitted to be settled in shares. The convertible senior notes were anti-dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further details on CMS Energy’s convertible senior notes, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Equity Method Investments: CMS Energy and Consumers perform tests of impairment if certain triggering events occur that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that there has been a decline in value that may be other than temporary.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate long-lived assets held in use for impairment by calculating the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, CMS Energy and Consumers recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the fair value of the asset using quoted market prices, market prices of similar assets, or discounted future cash flow analyses.

Impairment of Equity Method Investments

CMS Energy also assesses equity method investments for impairment whenever there has been a decline in value that is other than temporary. This assessment requires CMS Energy to determine the fair value of the equity method investment. CMS Energy determines fair value using valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flows, and assesses the ability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that justifies the carrying amount of the investment. CMS Energy records an impairment if the fair value is less than the carrying amount and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary.

Investment Tax Credits

Investment Tax Credits: CMS Energy and its subsidiaries use the flow-through method of accounting for investment tax credits. Under the flow-through method, the credit is recognized as a reduction to income tax expense when the related plant, property, and equipment is placed into service. For its regulated utility assets, Consumers amortizes its investment tax credits over the life of the related property in accordance with regulatory treatment.

Inventory - Gas and Coal

Inventory: CMS Energy and Consumers use the weighted-average cost method for valuing working gas, recoverable base gas in underground storage facilities, and materials and supplies inventory. CMS Energy

and Consumers also use this method for valuing coal inventory, and they classify these amounts as generating plant fuel stock on their consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory - RECs and Emission Allowances

CMS Energy and Consumers account for RECs and emission allowances as inventory and use the weighted-average cost method to remove amounts from inventory. RECs and emission allowances are used to satisfy compliance obligations related to the generation of power. CMS Energy and Consumers classify these amounts within other assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory - Impairment

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate inventory for impairment as required to ensure that its carrying value does not exceed the lower of cost or net realizable value.

MISO Transactions

MISO Transactions: MISO requires the submission of hourly day-ahead and real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. CMS Energy and Consumers account for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the real-time and day-ahead markets, netted across all MISO energy market locations. CMS Energy and Consumers record net hourly purchases in purchased and interchange power and net hourly sales in operating revenue on their consolidated statements of income. They record net billing adjustments upon receipt of settlement statements, record accruals for future net purchases and sales adjustments based on historical experience, and reconcile accruals to actual expenses and sales upon receipt of settlement statements.

Property Taxes

Property Taxes: Property taxes are based on the taxable value of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ real and personal property assessed by local taxing authorities. CMS Energy and Consumers record property tax expense over the fiscal year of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. The deferred property tax balance represents the amount of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accrued property tax that will be recognized over future governmental fiscal periods.

Other: For additional accounting policies, see:

Capitalization

Capitalization: CMS Energy and Consumers record plant, property, and equipment at original cost when placed into service. The cost includes labor, material, applicable taxes, overhead such as pension and other benefits, and AFUDC, if applicable. Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment is generally recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

Software: CMS Energy and Consumers capitalize the costs to purchase and develop internal-use computer software. These costs are expensed evenly over the estimated useful life of the internal-use computer software. If computer software is integral to computer hardware, then its cost is capitalized and depreciated with the hardware.

Plant Retirement and Abandonment

With the exception of utility property for which the remaining book value has been securitized, mothballed utility property stays in rate base and continues to be depreciated at the same rate as before the mothball period. When utility property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business, Consumers records the original cost to accumulated depreciation, along with associated cost of removal, net of salvage. CMS Energy and Consumers recognize gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of non‑regulated assets in income. Consumers records cost of removal collected from customers, but not spent, as a regulatory liability.

AFUDC

AFUDC: Consumers capitalizes AFUDC on regulated major construction projects. AFUDC represents the estimated cost of debt and authorized return-on-equity funds used to finance construction additions. Consumers records the offsetting credit as a reduction of interest for the amount representing the borrowed funds component and as other income for the equity funds component on the consolidated statements of income. When construction is completed and the property is placed in service, Consumers depreciates and recovers the capitalized AFUDC from customers over the life of the related asset.

Planned Major Maintenance Activities

CMS Energy and Consumers record property repairs and minor property replacement as maintenance expense. CMS Energy and Consumers record planned major maintenance activities as operating expense unless the cost represents the acquisition of additional long-lived assets or the replacement of an existing long-lived asset.

Lessee

Lessee

CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.

CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.

Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.

Asset Retirement Obligations

CMS Energy and Consumers record the fair value of the cost to remove assets at the end of their useful lives, if there is a legal obligation to remove them. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the ARO is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities associated with the closure of certain gas wells that have an indeterminate life. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities for assets that have immaterial cumulative disposal costs, such as substation batteries.

CMS Energy and Consumers calculate the fair value of ARO liabilities using an expected present-value technique that reflects assumptions about costs and inflation, and uses a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the expected cash flows. CMS Energy’s ARO liabilities are primarily at Consumers.

Retirement Benefits - Pension

The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Retirement Benefits - Nonpension

The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Income taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.

Consolidation, Variable Interest Entity

Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind are VIEs. In accordance with the associated limited liability company agreements, the tax equity investors are guaranteed preferred returns from these entities. However, NorthStar Clean Energy manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. As a result, NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies.CMS Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While CMS Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.

Consumers Energy Company

Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation: CMS Energy and Consumers prepare their consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements comprise CMS Energy, Consumers, NorthStar Clean Energy, and all other entities in which CMS Energy has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Consumers’ consolidated financial statements comprise Consumers and all other entities in which it has a controlling financial interest. CMS Energy uses the equity method of accounting for investments in companies and partnerships that are not consolidated, where they have significant influence over operations and financial policies but are not the primary beneficiary. CMS Energy and Consumers eliminate intercompany transactions and balances.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates: CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.

Contingencies

Contingencies: CMS Energy and Consumers record estimated loss contingencies on their consolidated financial statements when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. For environmental remediation projects in which the timing of estimated expenditures is considered reliably determinable, CMS Energy and Consumers record the liability at its net present value, using a discount rate equal to the interest rate on monetary assets that are essentially risk-free and have maturities comparable to that of the environmental liability. Unless regulatory accounting applies, CMS Energy and Consumers expense legal fees as incurred; fees incurred but not yet billed are accrued based on estimates of work performed.

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs

Debt Issuance Costs, Discounts, Premiums, and Refinancing Costs: Upon the issuance of long-term debt, CMS Energy and Consumers defer issuance costs, discounts, and premiums and amortize those amounts over the terms of the associated debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of long-term debt on the balance sheet. Upon the refinancing of long-term debt, Consumers, as a regulated entity, defers any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with the refinanced debt and amortizes those amounts over the term of the newly issued debt. For the non‑regulated portions of CMS Energy’s business, any remaining unamortized issuance costs, discounts, and premiums associated with extinguished debt are charged to earnings.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments: In order to support ongoing operations, CMS Energy and Consumers may enter into contracts for the future purchase and sale of various commodities, such as electricity, natural gas, and coal. These forward contracts are generally long-term in nature and result in physical delivery of the

commodity at a contracted price. Most of these contracts are not subject to derivative accounting for one or more of the following reasons:

•they do not have a notional amount (that is, a number of units specified in a derivative instrument, such as MWh of electricity or bcf of natural gas)

•they qualify for the normal purchases and sales exception

•they cannot be net settled due in part to the absence of an active market for the commodity

Consumers also uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion-related transmission charges. Consumers accounts for FTRs as derivatives and changes in the fair value of FTRs are deferred as regulatory assets or liabilities. For details regarding CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivative instruments recorded at fair value, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Equity Method Investments: CMS Energy and Consumers perform tests of impairment if certain triggering events occur that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that there has been a decline in value that may be other than temporary.

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate long-lived assets held in use for impairment by calculating the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, CMS Energy and Consumers recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers estimate the fair value of the asset using quoted market prices, market prices of similar assets, or discounted future cash flow analyses.

Investment Tax Credits

Investment Tax Credits: CMS Energy and its subsidiaries use the flow-through method of accounting for investment tax credits. Under the flow-through method, the credit is recognized as a reduction to income tax expense when the related plant, property, and equipment is placed into service. For its regulated utility assets, Consumers amortizes its investment tax credits over the life of the related property in accordance with regulatory treatment.

Inventory - Gas and Coal

Inventory: CMS Energy and Consumers use the weighted-average cost method for valuing working gas, recoverable base gas in underground storage facilities, and materials and supplies inventory. CMS Energy

and Consumers also use this method for valuing coal inventory, and they classify these amounts as generating plant fuel stock on their consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory - RECs and Emission Allowances

CMS Energy and Consumers account for RECs and emission allowances as inventory and use the weighted-average cost method to remove amounts from inventory. RECs and emission allowances are used to satisfy compliance obligations related to the generation of power. CMS Energy and Consumers classify these amounts within other assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory - Impairment

CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate inventory for impairment as required to ensure that its carrying value does not exceed the lower of cost or net realizable value.

MISO Transactions

MISO Transactions: MISO requires the submission of hourly day-ahead and real-time bids and offers for energy at locations across the MISO region. CMS Energy and Consumers account for MISO transactions on a net hourly basis in each of the real-time and day-ahead markets, netted across all MISO energy market locations. CMS Energy and Consumers record net hourly purchases in purchased and interchange power and net hourly sales in operating revenue on their consolidated statements of income. They record net billing adjustments upon receipt of settlement statements, record accruals for future net purchases and sales adjustments based on historical experience, and reconcile accruals to actual expenses and sales upon receipt of settlement statements.

Property Taxes

Property Taxes: Property taxes are based on the taxable value of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ real and personal property assessed by local taxing authorities. CMS Energy and Consumers record property tax expense over the fiscal year of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. The deferred property tax balance represents the amount of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accrued property tax that will be recognized over future governmental fiscal periods.

Other: For additional accounting policies, see:

Government Assistance

Renewable Energy Grant: In 2013, Consumers received a $69 million renewable energy grant for Lake Winds® Energy Park, which began operations in 2012. This grant reduces Consumers’ cost of complying with Michigan’s renewable portfolio standard and, accordingly, reduces the overall renewable energy surcharge to be collected from customers. The regulatory liability recorded for the grant will be amortized over the life of Lake Winds® Energy Park. Consumers presents the amortization as a reduction to maintenance and other operating expenses on its consolidated statements of income.

Capitalization

Capitalization: CMS Energy and Consumers record plant, property, and equipment at original cost when placed into service. The cost includes labor, material, applicable taxes, overhead such as pension and other benefits, and AFUDC, if applicable. Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment is generally recoverable through its general ratemaking process.

Software: CMS Energy and Consumers capitalize the costs to purchase and develop internal-use computer software. These costs are expensed evenly over the estimated useful life of the internal-use computer software. If computer software is integral to computer hardware, then its cost is capitalized and depreciated with the hardware.

Plant Retirement and Abandonment

With the exception of utility property for which the remaining book value has been securitized, mothballed utility property stays in rate base and continues to be depreciated at the same rate as before the mothball period. When utility property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business, Consumers records the original cost to accumulated depreciation, along with associated cost of removal, net of salvage. CMS Energy and Consumers recognize gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of non‑regulated assets in income. Consumers records cost of removal collected from customers, but not spent, as a regulatory liability.

AFUDC

AFUDC: Consumers capitalizes AFUDC on regulated major construction projects. AFUDC represents the estimated cost of debt and authorized return-on-equity funds used to finance construction additions. Consumers records the offsetting credit as a reduction of interest for the amount representing the borrowed funds component and as other income for the equity funds component on the consolidated statements of income. When construction is completed and the property is placed in service, Consumers depreciates and recovers the capitalized AFUDC from customers over the life of the related asset.

Regulatory Depreciation and Amortization

Consumers depreciates utility property on an asset-group basis, in which it applies a single MPSC-approved depreciation rate to the gross investment in a particular class of property within the electric and gas segments. Consumers performs depreciation studies periodically to determine appropriate group lives.

Planned Major Maintenance Activities

CMS Energy and Consumers record property repairs and minor property replacement as maintenance expense. CMS Energy and Consumers record planned major maintenance activities as operating expense unless the cost represents the acquisition of additional long-lived assets or the replacement of an existing long-lived asset.

Lessee

Lessee

CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.

CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.

Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.

Asset Retirement Obligations

CMS Energy and Consumers record the fair value of the cost to remove assets at the end of their useful lives, if there is a legal obligation to remove them. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period in which the ARO is incurred, such as for assets with indeterminate lives, the liability is recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities associated with the closure of certain gas wells that have an indeterminate life. CMS Energy and Consumers have not recorded liabilities for assets that have immaterial cumulative disposal costs, such as substation batteries.

CMS Energy and Consumers calculate the fair value of ARO liabilities using an expected present-value technique that reflects assumptions about costs and inflation, and uses a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the expected cash flows. CMS Energy’s ARO liabilities are primarily at Consumers.

Retirement Benefits - Pension

The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Retirement Benefits - Nonpension

The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

CMS Energy and Consumers amortize net gains and losses in excess of ten percent of the greater of the PBO or the MRV over the average remaining service period for DB Pension Plan A and the OPEB Plan and over the average remaining life expectancy of participants for DB Pension Plan B. For DB Pension Plan A, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was eight years for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. For DB Pension Plan B, the estimated period of amortization of gains and losses was 17 years for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 18 years for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the OPEB Plan, the estimated amortization period was nine years for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Prior service cost (credit) amortization is established in the year in which the prior service cost (credit) first occurred, and is based on the same amortization period for all future years until the prior service cost (credit) is fully amortized. CMS Energy and Consumers had new prior service costs for OPEB in 2020. The estimated period of amortization of these new prior service costs is eight years.

CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for the assets of the DB Pension Plans as the fair value of plan assets on the measurement date, adjusted by the gains or losses that will not be admitted into the MRV until future years. CMS Energy and Consumers reflect each year’s gain or loss in the MRV in equal amounts over a five‑year period beginning on the date the original amount was determined. CMS Energy and Consumers determine the MRV for OPEB Plan assets as the fair value of assets on the measurement date.

Income taxes

CMS Energy and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return as well as a Michigan Corporate Income Tax return for the unitary business group and various other state unitary group combined income tax returns. Income taxes are allocated based on each company’s separate taxable income in accordance with the CMS Energy tax sharing agreement.

Consumers Utility Revenue

Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff-based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff-based sales performance obligations are described below.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.

•Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate-making process and represent the stand-alone selling price of a bundled product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.

In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed-term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals, appliance service plans, and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for uncollectible accounts. The allowance is increased for uncollectible accounts expense and decreased for account write-offs net of recoveries. CMS Energy and Consumers establish the allowance based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and reasonable and supported forecast information. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past-due terms established with customers. Accounts are written off when deemed uncollectible, which is generally when they become six months past due.

Unbilled Revenues

Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month-end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class.

Alternative-revenue Programs

Alternative‑revenue Programs: Consumers accounts for its energy waste reduction incentive mechanism and financial compensation mechanism as alternative-revenue programs. Consumers recognizes revenue related to the energy waste reduction incentive as soon as energy savings exceed the annual targets established by the MPSC and recognizes revenue related to the financial compensation mechanism as payments are made on MPSC-approved PPAs. For additional information on these mechanisms, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.

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Noncontrolling Interest (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]
Consolidation, Variable Interest Entity	Newport Solar Holdings, NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, and Aviator Wind are VIEs. In accordance with the associated limited liability company agreements, the tax equity investors are guaranteed preferred returns from these entities. However, NorthStar Clean Energy manages and controls the entities’ operating activities. As a result, NorthStar Clean Energy is the primary beneficiary, as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the companies, as well as the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the companies.CMS Energy has variable interests in T.E.S. Filer City, Grayling, Genesee, and Craven. While CMS Energy owns 50 percent of each partnership, it is not the primary beneficiary of any of these partnerships because decision making is shared among unrelated parties, and no one party has the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance, such as operations and maintenance, plant dispatch, and fuel strategy. The partners must agree on all major decisions for each of the partnerships.

XML

Regulatory Matters (Tables) - Consumers Energy Company

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Schedule of Regulatory Assets

Presented in the following table are the regulatory assets and liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Regulatory assets
Current
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		$	126		$	—
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		54			47
Retention incentive program3		12			2
Other		11			8
Total current regulatory assets		$	203		$	57
Non-current
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired1		$	1,265		$	1,258
Securitized costs1		778			843
Postretirement benefits4		741			856
ARO3		328			281
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		126			—
MGP sites1		99			108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt1		96			100
Decommissioning costs3		83			24
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		58			55
Retention incentive program3		27			31
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism3		24			—
Energy waste reduction plan3		19			10
Ludington overhaul contract dispute3		13			—
Other		26			29
Total non-current regulatory assets		$	3,683		$	3,595
Total regulatory assets		$	3,886		$	3,652
Regulatory liabilities
Current
Income taxes, net		$	49		$	48
Reserve for customer refunds		2			47
Other		5			9
Total current regulatory liabilities		$	56		$	104
Non-current
Cost of removal		$	2,545		$	2,426
Income taxes, net		1,220			1,267
Renewable energy grant		43			45
Renewable energy plan		29			32
Energy waste reduction plan		25			6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism		12			—
Other		20			20
Total non-current regulatory liabilities		$	3,894		$	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities		$	3,950		$	3,900

1The MPSC has provided a specific return on these regulatory assets.

2These regulatory assets have arisen from an alternative revenue program and are not associated with incurred costs or capital investments. Therefore, the MPSC has provided for recovery without a return.

3These regulatory assets represent incurred costs for which the MPSC has provided recovery without a return on investment.

4This regulatory asset is included in rate base, thereby providing a return.

Schedule of Regulatory Liabilities

Presented in the following table are the regulatory assets and liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Regulatory assets
Current
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		$	126		$	—
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		54			47
Retention incentive program3		12			2
Other		11			8
Total current regulatory assets		$	203		$	57
Non-current
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired1		$	1,265		$	1,258
Securitized costs1		778			843
Postretirement benefits4		741			856
ARO3		328			281
2022 PSCR underrecovery1		126			—
MGP sites1		99			108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt1		96			100
Decommissioning costs3		83			24
Energy waste reduction plan incentive2		58			55
Retention incentive program3		27			31
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism3		24			—
Energy waste reduction plan3		19			10
Ludington overhaul contract dispute3		13			—
Other		26			29
Total non-current regulatory assets		$	3,683		$	3,595
Total regulatory assets		$	3,886		$	3,652
Regulatory liabilities
Current
Income taxes, net		$	49		$	48
Reserve for customer refunds		2			47
Other		5			9
Total current regulatory liabilities		$	56		$	104
Non-current
Cost of removal		$	2,545		$	2,426
Income taxes, net		1,220			1,267
Renewable energy grant		43			45
Renewable energy plan		29			32
Energy waste reduction plan		25			6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism		12			—
Other		20			20
Total non-current regulatory liabilities		$	3,894		$	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities		$	3,950		$	3,900

1The MPSC has provided a specific return on these regulatory assets.

2These regulatory assets have arisen from an alternative revenue program and are not associated with incurred costs or capital investments. Therefore, the MPSC has provided for recovery without a return.

3These regulatory assets represent incurred costs for which the MPSC has provided recovery without a return on investment.

4This regulatory asset is included in rate base, thereby providing a return.

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities for PSCR and GCR Underrecoveries and Overrecoveries

Presented in the following table are the assets and liabilities for PSCR and GCR underrecoveries and overrecoveries reflected on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Assets
PSCR underrecoveries		$	—		$	401
GCR underrecoveries		—			8
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue		$	—		$	409
Liabilities
PSCR overrecoveries		$	10		$	—
GCR overrecoveries		44			—
Accrued rate refunds		$	54		$	—

XML

Contingencies and Commitments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Site Contingency [Line Items]

Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year

CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy
Long-term leachate disposal and operating and maintenance costs		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4		$	4

Summary of Guarantees

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Guarantee Description	Issue Date	Expiration Date	Maximum Obligation			Carrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1	various	indefinite		$	304		$	—
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2	various	indefinite		153			1
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		30			—
Consumers
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		$	30		$	—

1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These

obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.

3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.

Schedule of Contractual Purchase Obligations

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contractual purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 for each of the periods shown:

In Millions
	Payments Due
	Total			2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Beyond 2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		3,491			1,720			885			301			207			150			228
Total purchase obligations		$	10,695		$	2,431		$	1,677		$	1,084		$	994		$	852		$	3,657
Consumers
PPAs
MCV PPA		$	2,506		$	342		$	402		$	416		$	410		$	371		$	565
Related-party PPAs		206			60			44			30			31			14			27
Other PPAs		4,492			309			346			337			346			317			2,837
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		2,802			1,615			648			266			168			82			23
Total purchase obligations		$	10,006		$	2,326		$	1,440		$	1,049		$	955		$	784		$	3,452

Consumers Energy Company

Site Contingency [Line Items]

Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year

Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs in each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Remediation and other response activity costs		$	2		$	1		$	7		$	10		$	25

Summary of Guarantees

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Guarantee Description	Issue Date	Expiration Date	Maximum Obligation			Carrying Amount
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Indemnity obligations from sale of membership interests in VIEs1	various	indefinite		$	304		$	—
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements2	various	indefinite		153			1
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		30			—
Consumers
Guarantee3	2011	indefinite		$	30		$	—

1These obligations arose from the sale of membership interests in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings to tax equity investors. NorthStar Clean Energy provided certain indemnity obligations that protect the tax equity investors against losses incurred as a result of breaches of representations and warranties under the associated limited liability company agreements. These

obligations are generally capped at an amount equal to the tax equity investor’s capital contributions plus a specified return, less any distributions and tax benefits it receives, in connection with its membership interest. For any indemnity obligations related to Aviator Wind, NorthStar Clean Energy would recover 49 percent of any amounts paid to the tax equity investor from the other owner of Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. Additionally, Aviator Wind holds insurance coverage that would partially protect against losses incurred as a result of certain failures to qualify for production tax credits. For further details on NorthStar Clean Energy’s ownership interest in NWO Holdco, Aviator Wind, and Newport Solar Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

2These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, including claims related to taxes. The maximum obligation amount is mostly related to an Equatorial Guinea tax claim.

3This obligation comprises a guarantee provided by Consumers to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers.

Schedule of Contractual Purchase Obligations

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ contractual purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 for each of the periods shown:

In Millions
	Payments Due
	Total			2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Beyond 2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		3,491			1,720			885			301			207			150			228
Total purchase obligations		$	10,695		$	2,431		$	1,677		$	1,084		$	994		$	852		$	3,657
Consumers
PPAs
MCV PPA		$	2,506		$	342		$	402		$	416		$	410		$	371		$	565
Related-party PPAs		206			60			44			30			31			14			27
Other PPAs		4,492			309			346			337			346			317			2,837
Total PPAs		$	7,204		$	711		$	792		$	783		$	787		$	702		$	3,429
Other		2,802			1,615			648			266			168			82			23
Total purchase obligations		$	10,006		$	2,326		$	1,440		$	1,049		$	955		$	784		$	3,452

XML

Financings and Capitalization (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Summary of Long-Term Debt

Presented in the following table is CMS Energy’s long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
CMS Energy, parent only
Senior notes	3.875		2024		$	250		$	250
	3.600		2025		250			250
	3.000		2026		300			300
	2.950		2027		275			275
	3.450		2027		350			350
	4.700		2043		250			250
	4.875		2044		300			300
					$	1,975		$	1,975
Convertible senior notes	3.375		2028		800			—
					$	800		$	—
Junior subordinated notes1	4.750	2	2050		500			500
	3.750	3	2050		400			400
	5.625		2078		200			200
	5.875		2078		280			280
	5.875		2079		630			630
					$	2,010		$	2,010
Total CMS Energy, parent only					$	4,785		$	3,985
CMS Energy subsidiaries
Consumers					10,863			$	10,277
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility	variable		2023		—			100
Total principal amount outstanding					$	15,648		$	14,362
Current amounts					(975)			(1,090)
Unamortized discounts					(30)			(30)
Unamortized issuance costs					(135)			(120)
Total long-term debt					$	14,508		$	13,122

1These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness.

2On June 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus 4.116 percent.

3On December 1, 2030, and every five years thereafter, the notes will reset to an interest rate equal to the five‑year treasury rate plus 2.900 percent.

Schedule of Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt—related parties at December 31, 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)
First mortgage bonds due 2060		$	163		2.500
First mortgage bonds due 2052		106			2.650
First mortgage bonds due 2050		23			3.750
First mortgage bonds due 2050		52			3.100
First mortgage bonds due 2051		27			3.500
First mortgage bonds due 2048		60			4.050
Total principal amount outstanding		$	431
Unamortized discounts		(3)
Unamortized issuance costs		(4)
Total long-term debt — related parties		$	424

Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Convertible senior notes		$	800	3.375	May 2023	May 2028
Total CMS Energy, parent only		$	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility1		$	85	variable	February 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	85
Consumers
First mortgage bonds		$	425	4.650	January 2023	March 2028
First mortgage bonds		700		4.625	February 2023	May 2033
First mortgage bonds		115		5.240	May 2023	May 2026
First mortgage bonds		50		5.070	May 2023	May 2029
First mortgage bonds		95		5.170	May 2023	May 2032
First mortgage bonds		140		5.380	May 2023	May 2037
First mortgage bonds		500		4.900	August 2023	February 2029
2023 Securitization bonds2		250		5.550	December 2023	March 2028
2023 Securitization bonds2		396		5.210	December 2023	September 2031
Total Consumers		$	2,671
Total CMS Energy		$	3,556

1    In December 2022, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into a $185 million unsecured term loan credit agreement. Under this credit agreement, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy borrowed $85 million in 2023.

2    For additional details on the securitization, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs.

Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt retirements during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Retirement Date	Maturity Date
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility		$	185	variable	November 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	185
Consumers
Term loan facility		$	1,000	variable	February 2023	January 2024
First mortgage bonds		300		0.350	June 2023	June 2023
First mortgage bonds		325		3.375	August 2023	August 2023
Total Consumers		$	1,625

Schedule of Debt Maturities

Debt Maturities: At December 31, 2023, the aggregate annual maturities for long-term debt for the next five years, based on stated maturities or earlier put dates, were:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt
CMS Energy, parent only		$	250		$	250		$	300		$	625		$	800
Consumers		725			116			237			263			843
Total CMS Energy1		$	975		$	366		$	537		$	888		$	1,643
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	725		$	116		$	237		$	263		$	843

Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities

The following credit facilities with banks were available at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Expiration Date	Amount of Facility			Amount Borrowed			Letters of Credit Outstanding			Amount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271		$	550		$	—		$	24		$	526
September 22, 2024		50			—			50			—
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
September 25, 20252		$	37		$	—		$	37		$	—
Consumers3
December 14, 2027		$	1,100		$	—		$	27		$	1,073
November 18, 2025		250			—			48			202

1There were no borrowings under this facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

2This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

3Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Schedule of Forward Contracts

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s forward sales contracts under its equity offering program at December 31, 2023:

			Forward Price Per Share
Contract Date	Maturity Date	Number of Shares	Initial			December 31, 2023
August 3, 2022	December 31, 2024	328,207		$	67.59		$	68.37
August 24, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,677,938		69.46			70.91
August 29, 2022	December 31, 2024	1,783,388		68.18			69.54

Schedule of Preferred Stock

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s Series C preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Depositary Share Par Value			Depositary Share Optional Redemption Price			Number of Depositary Shares Authorized	Number of Depositary Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, redeemable perpetual		$	25		$	25	9,200,000	9,200,000

Consumers Energy Company

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Summary of Long-Term Debt

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt at December 31:

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity		2023			2022
Consumers
First mortgage bonds
		0.350		2023		$	—		$	300
		3.375		2023		—			325
		3.125		2024		250			250
		3.190		2024		52			52
		5.240		2026		115			—
		3.680		2027		100			100
		3.390		2027		35			35
		4.650		2028		425			—
		3.800		2028		300			300
		4.900		2029		500			—
		5.070		2029		50			—
		5.170		2032		95			—
		3.600		2032		350			350
		3.180		2032		100			100
		4.625		2033		700			—
		5.800		2035		175			175
		5.380		2037		140			—
		3.520		2037		335			335
		4.010		2038		215			215
		6.170		2040		50			50
		4.970		2040		50			50
		4.310		2042		263			263
		3.950		2043		425			425
		4.100		2045		250			250
		3.250		2046		450			450
		3.950		2047		350			350
		4.050		2048		550			550
		4.350		2049		550			550
		3.750		2050		300			300
		3.100		2050		550			550
		3.500		2051		575			575
		2.650		2052		300			300
		4.200		2052		450			450
		3.860		2052		50			50
		4.280		2057		185			185
		2.500		2060		525			525
		4.350		2064		250			250
		variable	1	2069		76			76
		variable	1	2070		134			134
		variable	1	2070		127			127

In Millions
	Interest Rate (%)		Maturity			2023			2022
							$	10,397		$	8,997
Tax-exempt revenue bonds		0.875	2	2035			35			35
		1.800	3	2049			75			75
							$	110		$	110
2014 Securitization bonds		3.421	4	2025-2029	5		$	141		$	170
2023 Securitization bonds		5.342	6	2028-2031	5		646			—
							$	787		$	170
Term loan facility		variable		2024			—			1,000
Total principal amount outstanding							$	11,294		$	10,277
Current amounts							(725)			(991)
Long-term debt – related parties7 principal amount outstanding				2050-2060			(431)			—
Unamortized discounts							(28)			(27)
Unamortized issuance costs							(73)			(67)
Total long-term debt							$	10,037		$	9,192

1The variable-rate bonds bear interest quarterly at a rate of three-month SOFR minus 0.038 percent, subject to a zero-percent floor. At December 31, 2023, the interest rates were 5.346 percent for bonds due September 2069, 5.329 percent for bonds due May 2070, and 5.368 percent for bonds due October 2070. The interest rate for all variable-rate bonds at December 31, 2022 was zero percent. The holders of these variable-rate bonds may put them to Consumers for redemption on certain dates prior to their stated maturity, including dates within one year of December 31, 2023.

2The interest rate on these tax-exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 8, 2026.

3The interest rate on these tax‑exempt revenue bonds will reset on October 1, 2024.

4The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2014 Securitization Funding, was 3.421 percent at December 31, 2023 and 3.343 percent at December 31, 2022.

5Principal and interest payments are made semiannually.

6The weighted-average interest rate for Consumers’ securitization bonds issued through its subsidiary, Consumers 2023 Securitization Funding, was 5.342 percent at December 31, 2023.

7Long-term debt – related parties reflects Consumers’ outstanding debt held by its parent as a result of CMS Energy’s repurchase of Consumers’ first mortgage bonds.

Schedule of Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ long-term debt—related parties at December 31, 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)
First mortgage bonds due 2060		$	163		2.500
First mortgage bonds due 2052		106			2.650
First mortgage bonds due 2050		23			3.750
First mortgage bonds due 2050		52			3.100
First mortgage bonds due 2051		27			3.500
First mortgage bonds due 2048		60			4.050
Total principal amount outstanding		$	431
Unamortized discounts		(3)
Unamortized issuance costs		(4)
Total long-term debt — related parties		$	424

Presented in the following table is a summary of major long-term debt issuances during 2023:

	Principal (In Millions)			Interest Rate (%)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date
CMS Energy, parent only
Convertible senior notes		$	800	3.375	May 2023	May 2028
Total CMS Energy, parent only		$	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
Term loan facility1		$	85	variable	February 2023	November 2023
Total NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries		$	85
Consumers
First mortgage bonds		$	425	4.650	January 2023	March 2028
First mortgage bonds		700		4.625	February 2023	May 2033
First mortgage bonds		115		5.240	May 2023	May 2026
First mortgage bonds		50		5.070	May 2023	May 2029
First mortgage bonds		95		5.170	May 2023	May 2032
First mortgage bonds		140		5.380	May 2023	May 2037
First mortgage bonds		500		4.900	August 2023	February 2029
2023 Securitization bonds2		250		5.550	December 2023	March 2028
2023 Securitization bonds2		396		5.210	December 2023	September 2031
Total Consumers		$	2,671
Total CMS Energy		$	3,556

1    In December 2022, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy entered into a $185 million unsecured term loan credit agreement. Under this credit agreement, a subsidiary of NorthStar Clean Energy borrowed $85 million in 2023.

2    For additional details on the securitization, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters— Securitized Costs.

Schedule of Debt Maturities

Debt Maturities: At December 31, 2023, the aggregate annual maturities for long-term debt for the next five years, based on stated maturities or earlier put dates, were:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Long-term debt
CMS Energy, parent only		$	250		$	250		$	300		$	625		$	800
Consumers		725			116			237			263			843
Total CMS Energy1		$	975		$	366		$	537		$	888		$	1,643
Consumers
Long-term debt		$	725		$	116		$	237		$	263		$	843

Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities

The following credit facilities with banks were available at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
Expiration Date	Amount of Facility			Amount Borrowed			Letters of Credit Outstanding			Amount Available
CMS Energy, parent only
December 14, 20271		$	550		$	—		$	24		$	526
September 22, 2024		50			—			50			—
NorthStar Clean Energy, including subsidiaries
September 25, 20252		$	37		$	—		$	37		$	—
Consumers3
December 14, 2027		$	1,100		$	—		$	27		$	1,073
November 18, 2025		250			—			48			202

1There were no borrowings under this facility during the year ended December 31, 2023.

2This letter of credit facility is available to Aviator Wind Equity Holdings. For more information regarding Aviator Wind Equity Holdings, see Note 18, Variable Interest Entities.

3Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers. There were no borrowings under these facilities during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Schedule of Preferred Stock

Presented in the following table are details of Consumers’ preferred stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Par Value			Optional Redemption Price			Number of Shares Authorized	Number of Shares Outstanding
Cumulative, with no mandatory redemption		$	100		$	110	7,500,000	373,148

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions
	CMS Energy, including Consumers						Consumers
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
Assets1
Cash equivalents		$	18		$	—		$	—		$	—
Restricted cash equivalents		21			18			21			17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets		30			24			22			18
Derivative instruments		2			2			2			2
Total assets		$	71		$	44		$	45		$	37
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18
Total liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18

1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 3.

Consumers Energy Company

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions
	CMS Energy, including Consumers						Consumers
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
Assets1
Cash equivalents		$	18		$	—		$	—		$	—
Restricted cash equivalents		21			18			21			17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets		30			24			22			18
Derivative instruments		2			2			2			2
Total assets		$	71		$	44		$	45		$	37
Liabilities1
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18
Total liabilities		$	30		$	24		$	22		$	18

1All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 3.

XML

Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Financial Instruments [Line Items]

Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments

For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	December 31, 2023															December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount			Fair Value												Carrying Amount			Fair Value
				Total			Level												Total			Level
							1			2			3									1			2			3
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt2		15,483			14,305			1,103			11,186			2,016			14,212			12,384			987			8,741			2,656
Long-term payables3		11			11			—			—			11			9			7			—			—			7
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Notes receivable – related party4		97			97			—			—			97			101			101			—			—			101
Liabilities
Long-term debt5		10,762			9,757			—			7,741			2,016			10,183			8,728			—			6,172			2,556
Long-term debt – related party		424			303			—			303			—			—			—			—			—			—
Long-term payables		5			5			—			—			5			—			—			—			—			—

1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7 million at December 31, 2022.

2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $975 million at December 31, 2023 and $1,090 million at December 31, 2022.

3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $2 million at December 31, 2022.

4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $725 million at December 31, 2023 and $991 million at December 31, 2022.

Consumers Energy Company

Financial Instruments [Line Items]

Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments

For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	December 31, 2023															December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount			Fair Value												Carrying Amount			Fair Value
				Total			Level												Total			Level
							1			2			3									1			2			3
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt2		15,483			14,305			1,103			11,186			2,016			14,212			12,384			987			8,741			2,656
Long-term payables3		11			11			—			—			11			9			7			—			—			7
Consumers
Assets
Long-term receivables1		$	11		$	11		$	—		$	—		$	11		$	14		$	14		$	—		$	—		$	14
Notes receivable – related party4		97			97			—			—			97			101			101			—			—			101
Liabilities
Long-term debt5		10,762			9,757			—			7,741			2,016			10,183			8,728			—			6,172			2,556
Long-term debt – related party		424			303			—			303			—			—			—			—			—			—
Long-term payables		5			5			—			—			5			—			—			—			—			—

1Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable and notes receivable of $6 million at December 31, 2023 and $7 million at December 31, 2022.

2Includes current portion of long-term debt of $975 million at December 31, 2023 and $1,090 million at December 31, 2022.

3Includes current portion of long-term payables of $2 million at December 31, 2022.

4Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5Includes current portion of long-term debt of $725 million at December 31, 2023 and $991 million at December 31, 2022.

XML

Plant, Property, and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment:

In Millions
December 31	Estimated Depreciable Life in Years	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Consumers	3 – 125		$	31,723		$	29,342
NorthStar Clean Energy
Independent power production1	3 – 40		1,387			1,124
Assets under finance leases2			24			24
Other	3 – 5		1			1
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	33,135		$	30,491
Construction work in progress			944			1,182
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(9,007)			(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment3			$	25,072		$	22,713
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric
Generation	15 – 125		$	6,511		$	5,780
Distribution	15 – 75		11,339			10,590
Other	5 – 55		1,355			1,374
Assets under finance leases2			97			126
Gas
Distribution	20 – 85		7,452			6,951
Transmission	17 – 75		2,806			2,440
Underground storage facilities4	27 – 75		1,295			1,197
Other	5 – 55		815			835
Assets under finance leases2			15			20
Other non-utility property	3 – 51		38			29
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	31,723		$	29,342
Construction work in progress			845			994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(8,796)			(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment2			$	23,772		$	21,545

1A portion of independent power production assets are leased to others under operating leases. For information regarding CMS Energy’s operating leases of owned assets, see Note 8, Leases.

2For information regarding the amortization terms of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases, see Note 8, Leases.

3Consumers’ plant additions were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ plant retirements, which include the impact of transfers to held for sale, were $856 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $290 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Accordingly, in 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a regulatory asset. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

4Underground storage includes base natural gas of $26 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Base natural gas is not subject to depreciation.

Summary of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class

Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ intangible assets:

In Millions
Description	Amortization Life in Years	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
		Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization			Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization
Consumers
Software development	3 – 15		$	772		$	543		$	846		$	593
Rights of way	50 – 85		229			64			218			61
Franchises and consents	5 – 50		16			11			16			10
Leasehold improvements	various2		11			7			9			6
Other intangibles	various		24			15			25			16
Total			$	1,052		$	640		$	1,114		$	686

1Consumers’ intangible asset additions were $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ intangible asset retirements were $142 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, which may change whenever the lease is renewed or extended.

Summary of Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization

Presented in the following table are further details about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accumulated depreciation and amortization:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		217			175
Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		6			6

Summary of Depreciation and Amortization

Presented in the following table are the components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ depreciation and amortization expense:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,050		$	990		$	975
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,007		$	952		$	938
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

Schedule of Estimated Amortization Expense for Intangibles

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Intangible asset amortization expense		$	89		$	88		$	87		$	81		$	73

Consumers Energy Company

Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ plant, property, and equipment:

In Millions
December 31	Estimated Depreciable Life in Years	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Consumers	3 – 125		$	31,723		$	29,342
NorthStar Clean Energy
Independent power production1	3 – 40		1,387			1,124
Assets under finance leases2			24			24
Other	3 – 5		1			1
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	33,135		$	30,491
Construction work in progress			944			1,182
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(9,007)			(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment3			$	25,072		$	22,713
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric
Generation	15 – 125		$	6,511		$	5,780
Distribution	15 – 75		11,339			10,590
Other	5 – 55		1,355			1,374
Assets under finance leases2			97			126
Gas
Distribution	20 – 85		7,452			6,951
Transmission	17 – 75		2,806			2,440
Underground storage facilities4	27 – 75		1,295			1,197
Other	5 – 55		815			835
Assets under finance leases2			15			20
Other non-utility property	3 – 51		38			29
Plant, property, and equipment, gross			$	31,723		$	29,342
Construction work in progress			845			994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(8,796)			(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment2			$	23,772		$	21,545

1A portion of independent power production assets are leased to others under operating leases. For information regarding CMS Energy’s operating leases of owned assets, see Note 8, Leases.

2For information regarding the amortization terms of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases, see Note 8, Leases.

3Consumers’ plant additions were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ plant retirements, which include the impact of transfers to held for sale, were $856 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $290 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers plans to retire the J.H. Campbell coal-fueled generating units in 2025. Accordingly, in 2022, Consumers removed from total plant, property, and equipment an amount of $1.3 billion, representing the projected remaining book value of the electric generating units upon their retirement, and recorded it as a regulatory asset. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

4Underground storage includes base natural gas of $26 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Base natural gas is not subject to depreciation.

Assets Under Finance Leases: Presented in the following table are further details about changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets under finance leases:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	170		$	332
Additions		—			44
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	136		$	170
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	146		$	332
Additions		—			20
Net retirements and other adjustments		(34)			(206)
Balance at end of period		$	112		$	146

Summary of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class

Presented in the following table are details about Consumers’ intangible assets:

In Millions
Description	Amortization Life in Years	December 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
		Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization			Gross Cost1			Accumulated Amortization
Consumers
Software development	3 – 15		$	772		$	543		$	846		$	593
Rights of way	50 – 85		229			64			218			61
Franchises and consents	5 – 50		16			11			16			10
Leasehold improvements	various2		11			7			9			6
Other intangibles	various		24			15			25			16
Total			$	1,052		$	640		$	1,114		$	686

1Consumers’ intangible asset additions were $80 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $116 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consumers’ intangible asset retirements were $142 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

2Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease, which may change whenever the lease is renewed or extended.

Summary of Average Capitalization Rates

Presented in the following table are Consumers’ average AFUDC capitalization rates:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric	6.5	%	6.2	%	6.2	%
Gas	5.8		5.6		5.6

Summary of Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization

Presented in the following table are further details about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ accumulated depreciation and amortization:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		217			175
Consumers
Utility plant assets		$	8,790		$	8,785
Non-utility plant assets		6			6

Summary of Composite Depreciation Rates for Properties

Presented in the following table are the composite depreciation rates for Consumers’ segment properties:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Electric utility property	3.8	%	3.7	%	3.9	%
Gas utility property	2.8		2.9		2.9
Other property	7.8		8.9		9.4

Summary of Depreciation and Amortization

Presented in the following table are the components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ depreciation and amortization expense:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,050		$	990		$	975
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment		$	1,007		$	952		$	938
Amortization expense
Software		92			103			108
Other intangible assets		5			5			4
Securitized regulatory assets		33			28			27
Total depreciation and amortization expense		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

Schedule of Estimated Amortization Expense for Intangibles

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ estimated amortization expense on intangible assets for each of the next five years:

In Millions
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028
Consumers
Intangible asset amortization expense		$	89		$	88		$	87		$	81		$	73

Summary of Jointly Owned Regulated Utility Facilities

Presented in the following table are Consumers’ investments in jointly owned regulated utility facilities at December 31, 2023:

In Millions, Except Ownership Share
	J.H. Campbell Unit 3				Ludington				Other
Ownership share		93.3		%		51.0		%		various
Utility plant in service		$	1,752			$	619			$	443
Accumulated provision for depreciation		(812)				(227)				(97)
Plant under construction		1				5				11
Net investment		$	941			$	397			$	357

XML

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Line Items]

Summary of Lease Right-of-Use Assets and Liabilities

Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted
	CMS Energy, including Consumers								Consumers
December 31	2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets1		$	26			$	31			$	23			$	27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities2		4				4				4				4
Non-current lease liabilities3		22				27				19				23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets		71				82				48				58
Lease liabilities4
Current lease liabilities		5				9				5				9
Non-current lease liabilities		62				68				39				45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases		19				20				18				18
Finance leases		19				18				11				10
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases		5.2		%		4.0		%		5.3		%		3.9		%
Finance leases5		5.3				5.2				1.5				1.6

1CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4Includes related-party lease liabilities of $24 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

Schedule of Lease Cost

Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	6		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		9			12
Interest on lease liabilities		15			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			23
Total lease costs		$	151		$	148
Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	5		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		8			12
Interest on lease liabilities		13			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			22
Total lease costs		$	147		$	147

Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		15			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			36
Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		13			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			12

Summary of Minimum Annual Rental Commitments

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions
				Finance Leases
December 31, 2023	Operating Leases			Pipelines and PPAs			Other			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	6		$	19
2025		4			13			3			16
2026		3			13			4			17
2027		2			13			1			14
2028		1			13			1			14
2029 and thereafter		30			26			66			92
Total minimum lease payments		$	45		$	91		$	81		$	172
Less discount		19			62			43			105
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	26		$	29		$	38		$	67
Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	5		$	18
2025		4			13			2			15
2026		2			13			2			15
2027		2			13			—			13
2028		1			13			—			13
2029 and thereafter		24			26			8			34
Total minimum lease payments		$	38		$	91		$	17		$	108
Less discount		15			62			2			64
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	23		$	29		$	15		$	44

Summary of Future Payments to be Received

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:

In Millions
December 31, 2023
2024	$	43
2025	44
2026	18
Total minimum lease payments	$	105

Consumers Energy Company

Leases [Line Items]

Summary of Lease Right-of-Use Assets and Liabilities

Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted
	CMS Energy, including Consumers								Consumers
December 31	2023				2022				2023				2022
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets1		$	26			$	31			$	23			$	27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities2		4				4				4				4
Non-current lease liabilities3		22				27				19				23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets		71				82				48				58
Lease liabilities4
Current lease liabilities		5				9				5				9
Non-current lease liabilities		62				68				39				45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases		19				20				18				18
Finance leases		19				18				11				10
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases		5.2		%		4.0		%		5.3		%		3.9		%
Finance leases5		5.3				5.2				1.5				1.6

1CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4Includes related-party lease liabilities of $24 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

Schedule of Lease Cost

Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	6		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		9			12
Interest on lease liabilities		15			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			23
Total lease costs		$	151		$	148
Consumers
Operating lease costs		$	5		$	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets		8			12
Interest on lease liabilities		13			14
Variable lease costs		107			93
Short-term lease costs		14			22
Total lease costs		$	147		$	147

Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		15			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			36
Consumers
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases		$	6		$	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases		13			14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases		8			12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases		1			10
Finance leases		—			12

Summary of Minimum Annual Rental Commitments

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions
				Finance Leases
December 31, 2023	Operating Leases			Pipelines and PPAs			Other			Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	6		$	19
2025		4			13			3			16
2026		3			13			4			17
2027		2			13			1			14
2028		1			13			1			14
2029 and thereafter		30			26			66			92
Total minimum lease payments		$	45		$	91		$	81		$	172
Less discount		19			62			43			105
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	26		$	29		$	38		$	67
Consumers
2024		$	5		$	13		$	5		$	18
2025		4			13			2			15
2026		2			13			2			15
2027		2			13			—			13
2028		1			13			—			13
2029 and thereafter		24			26			8			34
Total minimum lease payments		$	38		$	91		$	17		$	108
Less discount		15			62			2			64
Present value of minimum lease payments		$	23		$	29		$	15		$	44

XML

Asset Retirement Obligations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Asset Retirement Obligations [Line Items]

Schedule of Categories of Assets for which an ARO Liability is Recorded

Presented below are the categories of assets that CMS Energy and Consumers have legal obligations to remove at the end of their useful lives and for which they have an ARO liability recorded:

ARO Description	In-Service Date	Long-Lived Assets
Closure of coal ash disposal areas	various	Generating plants coal ash areas
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap	various	Gas distribution mains and services
Asbestos abatement	1973	Electric and gas utility plant
Closure of renewable generation assets	various	Wind and solar generation facilities
Gas wells plug and abandon	various	Gas transmission and storage

Schedule of Change in Asset Retirement Obligation

Presented in the following tables are the changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ARO liabilities:

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2022			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions			ARO Liability 12/31/2023
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739
Renewable generation assets		24			7			—			1			—			32
Total CMS Energy		$	746		$	11		$	(28)		$	33		$	9		$	771
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	272		$	—		$	(15)		$	11		$	—		$	268
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		287			—			(10)			14			(1)			290
Asbestos abatement		39			—			(1)			3			10			51
Renewable generation assets		95			4			—			3			—			102
Gas wells plug and abandon		29			—			(2)			1			—			28
Total Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2021			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions1			ARO Liability 12/31/2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722
Renewable generation assets		23			—			—			1			—			24
Total CMS Energy		$	628		$	1		$	(39)		$	28		$	128		$	746
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	157		$	—		$	(20)		$	7		$	128		$	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		282			1			(11)			15			—			287
Asbestos abatement		38			—			(1)			2			—			39
Renewable generation assets		93			—			—			2			—			95
Gas wells plug and abandon		35			—			(7)			1			—			29
Total Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722

1Increase was attributable to a proposed change for closure work at the J.H. Campbell 3 ash disposal landfill and an updated cost estimate for other coal ash disposal areas.

Consumers Energy Company

Asset Retirement Obligations [Line Items]

Schedule of Categories of Assets for which an ARO Liability is Recorded

Presented below are the categories of assets that CMS Energy and Consumers have legal obligations to remove at the end of their useful lives and for which they have an ARO liability recorded:

ARO Description	In-Service Date	Long-Lived Assets
Closure of coal ash disposal areas	various	Generating plants coal ash areas
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap	various	Gas distribution mains and services
Asbestos abatement	1973	Electric and gas utility plant
Closure of renewable generation assets	various	Wind and solar generation facilities
Gas wells plug and abandon	various	Gas transmission and storage

Schedule of Change in Asset Retirement Obligation

Presented in the following tables are the changes in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ ARO liabilities:

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2022			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions			ARO Liability 12/31/2023
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739
Renewable generation assets		24			7			—			1			—			32
Total CMS Energy		$	746		$	11		$	(28)		$	33		$	9		$	771
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	272		$	—		$	(15)		$	11		$	—		$	268
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		287			—			(10)			14			(1)			290
Asbestos abatement		39			—			(1)			3			10			51
Renewable generation assets		95			4			—			3			—			102
Gas wells plug and abandon		29			—			(2)			1			—			28
Total Consumers		$	722		$	4		$	(28)		$	32		$	9		$	739

In Millions
Company and ARO Description	ARO Liability 12/31/2021			Incurred			Settled			Accretion			Cash Flow Revisions1			ARO Liability 12/31/2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722
Renewable generation assets		23			—			—			1			—			24
Total CMS Energy		$	628		$	1		$	(39)		$	28		$	128		$	746
Consumers
Coal ash disposal areas		$	157		$	—		$	(20)		$	7		$	128		$	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap		282			1			(11)			15			—			287
Asbestos abatement		38			—			(1)			2			—			39
Renewable generation assets		93			—			—			2			—			95
Gas wells plug and abandon		35			—			(7)			1			—			29
Total Consumers		$	605		$	1		$	(39)		$	27		$	128		$	722

1Increase was attributable to a proposed change for closure work at the J.H. Campbell 3 ash disposal landfill and an updated cost estimate for other coal ash disposal areas.

XML

Retirement Benefits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of SERP Trust Assets, ABO and Contributions

Presented in the following table are the fair values of trust assets and ABO for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB SERP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Trust assets		$	132		$	137
ABO		115			118
Consumers
Trust assets		$	98		$	101
ABO		83			85

Schedule of Assumptions Used

Presented in the following table are the weighted-average assumptions used in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost:

December 31	2023		2022		2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted average for benefit obligations1
Discount rate2
DB Pension Plan A	5.05	%	5.24	%	3.02	%
DB Pension Plan B	4.95		5.14		2.79
DB SERP	4.94		5.13		2.78
OPEB Plan	5.02		5.21		2.99
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.60
DB SERP3	—		5.50		5.50
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost1
Service cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.27	%	3.09	%	2.83	%
DB SERP	5.18		3.09		2.84
OPEB Plan	5.31		3.23		3.03
Interest cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.12		2.44		1.97
DB Pension Plan B	5.06		2.21		1.70
DB SERP	5.06		2.21		1.72
OPEB Plan	5.10		2.45		1.99
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5
DB Pension Plans	7.20		6.50		6.75
OPEB Plan	7.20		6.50		6.75
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.50
DB SERP	5.50		5.50		5.50

1The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

Schedule of Net Benefit Costs

Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP									OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit)
Service cost		$	29		$	41		$	53		$	12		$	17		$	18
Interest cost		112			84			63			44			28			23
Settlement loss		—			1			1			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets		(220)			(206)			(208)			(103)			(115)			(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss		12			40			100			12			1			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(41)			(51)			(53)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic cost (credit)		$	(52)		$	(27)		$	19		$	(76)		$	(120)		$	(113)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost		$	28		$	39		$	51		$	11		$	17		$	17
Interest cost		105			79			59			42			27			23
Expected return on plan assets		(208)			(194)			(197)			(95)			(107)			(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss		11			37			96			12			—			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(40)			(50)			(51)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic credit		$	(49)		$	(26)		$	19		$	(70)		$	(113)		$	(105)

Schedule of Funded Status of Retirement Benefit Plans

Presented in the following table are reconciliations of the funded status of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans with their retirement benefit plans’ liabilities:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans							DB SERP						OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022				2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period		$	2,169		$	3,070			$	117		$	149		$	889		$	1,166
Service cost		29			41				—			—			12			17
Interest cost		106			81				6			3			44			28
Plan amendments		—			—				—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)		52		1	(811)		1		1			(25)			9		1	(274)		1
Benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(54)			(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period		$	2,195		$	2,169			$	114		$	117		$	900		$	889
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period		$	2,820		$	3,599			$	—		$	—		$	1,446		$	1,787
Actual return on plan assets		345			(567)				—			—			165			(294)
Company contribution		—			—				10			10			—			—
Actual benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(52)			(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period		$	3,004		$	2,820			$	—		$	—		$	1,559		$	1,446
Funded status		$	809	2	$	651	2		$	(114)		$	(117)		$	659		$	557
Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period									$	85		$	109		$	856		$	1,122
Service cost									—			—			11			17
Interest cost									4			2			42			27
Plan amendments									—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)									1			(19)			10		1	(265)		1
Benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(52)			(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period									$	83		$	85		$	867		$	856
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,350		$	1,668
Actual return on plan assets									—			—			154			(273)
Company contribution									7			7			—			—
Actual benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(51)			(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,453		$	1,350
Funded status									$	(83)		$	(85)		$	586		$	494

1The actuarial losses for 2023 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of lower discount rates. The actuarial gains for 2022 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of higher discount rates.

2The total funded status of the DB Pension Plans attributable to Consumers, based on an allocation of expenses, was $781 million at December 31, 2023 and $632 million at December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Retirement Benefit Plan Assets (Liabilities)

Presented in the following table is the classification of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans’ assets and liabilities:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	809		$	651
OPEB Plan		659			557
Current liabilities
DB SERP		10			10
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		104			107
Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	781		$	632
OPEB Plan		586			494
Current liabilities
DB SERP		7			7
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		76			78

Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Not Yet Recognized

Presented in the following table are the amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For additional details on regulatory assets see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP						OPEB Plan
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)		65			69			(3)			2
Prior service cost (credit)		1			1			(2)			(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	716		$	815		$	86		$	110
Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss		20			20			—			—
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	670		$	765		$	91		$	111

Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets

Presented in the following tables are the fair values of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan, by asset category and by level within the fair value hierarchy. For additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	178		$	178		$	—		$	122		$	122
Mutual funds		47			47			—			263			263
		$	225		$	225		$	—		$	385		$	385
Pooled funds		2,779									2,435
Total		$	3,004								$	2,820

In Millions
	OPEB Plan
	December 31, 2023									December 31, 2022
	Total			Level 1			Level 2			Total			Level 1
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Cash and short-term investments		$	82		$	82		$	—		$	28		$	28
U.S. government and agencies securities		16			—			16			—			—
Corporate debt		67			—			67			—			—
State and municipal bonds		1			—			1			—			—
Foreign corporate bonds		15			—			15			—			—
Common stocks		161			161			—			69			69
Mutual funds		60			60			—			754			754
		$	402		$	303		$	99		$	851		$	851
Pooled funds		1,157									595
Total		$	1,559								$	1,446

Schedule of Asset Allocation

Presented in the following table are the investment components of the assets of CMS Energy’s DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan as of December 31, 2023:

	DB Pension Plans			OPEB Plan
Fixed-income securities		42.0	%		40.0	%
Equity securities		38.0			42.0
Real asset investments		9.0			8.0
Return-seeking fixed income		6.0			5.0
Liquid alternative investments		4.0			4.0
Cash and cash equivalents		1.0			1.0
		100.0	%		100.0	%

Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments

Presented in the following table are the expected benefit payments for each of the next five years and the five‑year period thereafter:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans			DB SERP			OPEB Plan
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	158		$	10		$	55
2025		160			10			57
2026		159			10			58
2027		159			10			60
2028		159			9			61
2029-2033		785			43			315
Consumers
2024		$	148		$	7		$	53
2025		151			7			54
2026		150			7			56
2027		150			7			57
2028		150			6			59
2029-2033		741			29			301

Consumers Energy Company

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of SERP Trust Assets, ABO and Contributions

Presented in the following table are the fair values of trust assets and ABO for CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB SERP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Trust assets		$	132		$	137
ABO		115			118
Consumers
Trust assets		$	98		$	101
ABO		83			85

Schedule of Assumptions Used

Presented in the following table are the weighted-average assumptions used in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost:

December 31	2023		2022		2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted average for benefit obligations1
Discount rate2
DB Pension Plan A	5.05	%	5.24	%	3.02	%
DB Pension Plan B	4.95		5.14		2.79
DB SERP	4.94		5.13		2.78
OPEB Plan	5.02		5.21		2.99
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.60
DB SERP3	—		5.50		5.50
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost1
Service cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.27	%	3.09	%	2.83	%
DB SERP	5.18		3.09		2.84
OPEB Plan	5.31		3.23		3.03
Interest cost discount rate2,4
DB Pension Plan A	5.12		2.44		1.97
DB Pension Plan B	5.06		2.21		1.70
DB SERP	5.06		2.21		1.72
OPEB Plan	5.10		2.45		1.99
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5
DB Pension Plans	7.20		6.50		6.75
OPEB Plan	7.20		6.50		6.75
Rate of compensation increase
DB Pension Plan A	3.60		3.60		3.50
DB SERP	5.50		5.50		5.50

1The mortality assumption for benefit obligations was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021. The mortality assumption for net periodic benefit cost was based on the Pri-2012 Mortality Table, with improvement scale MP-2021 for 2023 and 2022 and improvement scale MP-2020 for 2021.

2The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled and is equal to the equivalent single rate resulting from a yield-curve analysis. This analysis incorporated the projected benefit payments specific to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan and the yields on high-quality corporate bonds rated Aa or better.

3The DB SERP no longer requires rate of compensation increase as the last active participant retired in 2023.

4CMS Energy and Consumers have elected to use a full-yield-curve approach in the estimation of service cost and interest cost; this approach applies individual spot rates along the yield curve to future projected benefit payments based on the time of payment.

5CMS Energy and Consumers determined the long-term rate of return using historical market returns, the present and expected future economic environment, the capital market principles of risk and return, and the expert opinions of individuals and firms with financial market knowledge. CMS Energy and Consumers considered the asset allocation of the portfolio in forecasting the future expected total return of the portfolio. The goal was to determine a long-term rate of return that could be incorporated into the planning of future cash flow requirements in conjunction with the change in the liability. Annually, CMS Energy and Consumers review for reasonableness and appropriateness the forecasted returns for various classes of assets used to construct an expected return model. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ expected long-term rate of return on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 7.20 percent in 2023. The actual return (loss) on the assets of the DB Pension Plans was 12.6 percent in 2023, (15.9) percent in 2022, and 12.0 percent in 2021.

Schedule of Net Benefit Costs

Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP									OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit)
Service cost		$	29		$	41		$	53		$	12		$	17		$	18
Interest cost		112			84			63			44			28			23
Settlement loss		—			1			1			—			—			—
Expected return on plan assets		(220)			(206)			(208)			(103)			(115)			(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss		12			40			100			12			1			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(41)			(51)			(53)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic cost (credit)		$	(52)		$	(27)		$	19		$	(76)		$	(120)		$	(113)
Consumers
Net periodic credit
Service cost		$	28		$	39		$	51		$	11		$	17		$	17
Interest cost		105			79			59			42			27			23
Expected return on plan assets		(208)			(194)			(197)			(95)			(107)			(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss		11			37			96			12			—			8
Prior service cost (credit)		4			4			4			(40)			(50)			(51)
Settlement loss		11			9			6			—			—			—
Net periodic credit		$	(49)		$	(26)		$	19		$	(70)		$	(113)		$	(105)

Schedule of Funded Status of Retirement Benefit Plans

Presented in the following table are reconciliations of the funded status of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans with their retirement benefit plans’ liabilities:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans							DB SERP						OPEB Plan
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022				2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period		$	2,169		$	3,070			$	117		$	149		$	889		$	1,166
Service cost		29			41				—			—			12			17
Interest cost		106			81				6			3			44			28
Plan amendments		—			—				—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)		52		1	(811)		1		1			(25)			9		1	(274)		1
Benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(54)			(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period		$	2,195		$	2,169			$	114		$	117		$	900		$	889
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period		$	2,820		$	3,599			$	—		$	—		$	1,446		$	1,787
Actual return on plan assets		345			(567)				—			—			165			(294)
Company contribution		—			—				10			10			—			—
Actual benefits paid		(161)			(212)				(10)			(10)			(52)			(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period		$	3,004		$	2,820			$	—		$	—		$	1,559		$	1,446
Funded status		$	809	2	$	651	2		$	(114)		$	(117)		$	659		$	557
Consumers
Benefit obligation at beginning of period									$	85		$	109		$	856		$	1,122
Service cost									—			—			11			17
Interest cost									4			2			42			27
Plan amendments									—			—			—			—
Actuarial loss (gain)									1			(19)			10		1	(265)		1
Benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(52)			(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period									$	83		$	85		$	867		$	856
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,350		$	1,668
Actual return on plan assets									—			—			154			(273)
Company contribution									7			7			—			—
Actual benefits paid									(7)			(7)			(51)			(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period									$	—		$	—		$	1,453		$	1,350
Funded status									$	(83)		$	(85)		$	586		$	494

1The actuarial losses for 2023 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of lower discount rates. The actuarial gains for 2022 for the DB Pension Plans and OPEB Plan were primarily the result of higher discount rates.

2The total funded status of the DB Pension Plans attributable to Consumers, based on an allocation of expenses, was $781 million at December 31, 2023 and $632 million at December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Retirement Benefit Plan Assets (Liabilities)

Presented in the following table is the classification of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefit plans’ assets and liabilities:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	809		$	651
OPEB Plan		659			557
Current liabilities
DB SERP		10			10
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		104			107
Consumers
Non-current assets
DB Pension Plans		$	781		$	632
OPEB Plan		586			494
Current liabilities
DB SERP		7			7
Non-current liabilities
DB SERP		76			78

Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Not Yet Recognized

Presented in the following table are the amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost. For additional details on regulatory assets see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans and DB SERP						OPEB Plan
December 31	2023			2022			2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)		65			69			(3)			2
Prior service cost (credit)		1			1			(2)			(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	716		$	815		$	86		$	110
Consumers
Regulatory assets
Net loss		$	634		$	724		$	191		$	251
Prior service cost (credit)		16			21			(100)			(140)
Regulatory assets		$	650		$	745		$	91		$	111
AOCI
Net loss		20			20			—			—
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI		$	670		$	765		$	91		$	111

Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments

Presented in the following table are the expected benefit payments for each of the next five years and the five‑year period thereafter:

In Millions
	DB Pension Plans			DB SERP			OPEB Plan
CMS Energy, including Consumers
2024		$	158		$	10		$	55
2025		160			10			57
2026		159			10			58
2027		159			10			60
2028		159			9			61
2029-2033		785			43			315
Consumers
2024		$	148		$	7		$	53
2025		151			7			54
2026		150			7			56
2027		150			7			57
2028		150			6			59
2029-2033		741			29			301

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Schedule of Restricted Stock Activity

Presented in the following tables is the activity for restricted stock and restricted stock units under the PISP:

	CMS Energy, including Consumers				Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share			Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period	1,029,523		$	60.13	978,146		$	60.15
Granted
Restricted stock	502,039		52.62		474,917		52.42
Restricted stock units	19,082		50.32		18,315		50.34
Vested
Restricted stock	(313,344)		51.54		(302,177)		51.48
Restricted stock units	(15,211)		52.60		(14,523)		52.55
Forfeited – restricted stock	(63,987)		53.57		(60,312)		53.45
Nonvested at end of period	1,158,102		$	59.50	1,094,366		$	59.50

Year Ended December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers	Consumers
Granted
Time-lapse awards	115,591	108,216
Market-based awards	147,453	139,255
Performance-based awards	153,383	145,008
Restricted stock units	15,545	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards	14,825	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards	15,608	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units	3,537	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition	55,179	53,613
Total granted	521,121	493,232

Schedule of Significant Assumptions

Presented in the following table are the most significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the market-based restricted stock awards:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Expected volatility	30.3	%	27.3	%	27.6	%
Expected dividend yield	2.9		2.8		2.8
Risk-free rate	3.9		1.4		0.2

Summary of Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value

Presented in the following table is the weighted-average grant-date fair value of all awards under the PISP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.62		$	48.69		$	43.52
Restricted stock units granted		50.32			56.13			54.11
Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.42		$	48.57		$	42.85
Restricted stock units granted		50.34			56.07			53.93

Schedule of Amounts Related to Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units

Presented in the following table are amounts related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	20		$	27		$	25
Compensation expense recognized		28			26			22
Income tax benefit recognized		3			—			1
Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	19		$	25		$	24
Compensation expense recognized		26			25			21
Income tax benefit recognized		2			—			1

Consumers Energy Company

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Schedule of Restricted Stock Activity

Presented in the following tables is the activity for restricted stock and restricted stock units under the PISP:

	CMS Energy, including Consumers				Consumers
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share			Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at beginning of period	1,029,523		$	60.13	978,146		$	60.15
Granted
Restricted stock	502,039		52.62		474,917		52.42
Restricted stock units	19,082		50.32		18,315		50.34
Vested
Restricted stock	(313,344)		51.54		(302,177)		51.48
Restricted stock units	(15,211)		52.60		(14,523)		52.55
Forfeited – restricted stock	(63,987)		53.57		(60,312)		53.45
Nonvested at end of period	1,158,102		$	59.50	1,094,366		$	59.50

Year Ended December 31, 2023	CMS Energy, including Consumers	Consumers
Granted
Time-lapse awards	115,591	108,216
Market-based awards	147,453	139,255
Performance-based awards	153,383	145,008
Restricted stock units	15,545	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards	14,825	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards	15,608	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units	3,537	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition	55,179	53,613
Total granted	521,121	493,232

Schedule of Significant Assumptions

Presented in the following table are the most significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the market-based restricted stock awards:

Years Ended December 31	2023		2022		2021
Expected volatility	30.3	%	27.3	%	27.6	%
Expected dividend yield	2.9		2.8		2.8
Risk-free rate	3.9		1.4		0.2

Summary of Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value

Presented in the following table is the weighted-average grant-date fair value of all awards under the PISP:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.62		$	48.69		$	43.52
Restricted stock units granted		50.32			56.13			54.11
Consumers
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per share
Restricted stock granted		$	52.42		$	48.57		$	42.85
Restricted stock units granted		50.34			56.07			53.93

Schedule of Amounts Related to Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units

Presented in the following table are amounts related to restricted stock awards and restricted stock units:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	20		$	27		$	25
Compensation expense recognized		28			26			22
Income tax benefit recognized		3			—			1
Consumers
Fair value of shares that vested during the year		$	19		$	25		$	24
Compensation expense recognized		26			25			21
Income tax benefit recognized		2			—			1

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Summary of Significant Components of Income Tax Expense

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Summary of Principal Components of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Summary of Loss And Credit Carryforwards

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

Schedule of Reconciliation of Uncertain Tax Benefits

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

Consumers Energy Company

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Presented in the following table is the difference between actual income tax expense on continuing operations and income tax expense computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate:

In Millions, Except Tax Rate
Years Ended December 31	2023				2022				2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	954			$	902			$	823
Income tax expense at statutory rate		200				189				173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		31				51				39
Renewable energy tax credits		(58)				(51)				(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests		17				5				5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(3)				3				—
Income tax expense		$	147			$	93			$	95
Effective tax rate		15.4		%		10.3		%		11.5		%
Consumers
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		$	1,028			$	1,085			$	1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate		216				228				215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect1		36				59				54
Renewable energy tax credits		(46)				(46)				(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes2		(40)				(65)				(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits3		—				(39)				(28)
Other, net		(5)				3				2
Income tax expense		$	161			$	140			$	156
Effective tax rate		15.7		%		12.9		%		15.2		%

1CMS Energy initiated a plan to divest immaterial business activities in a non‑Michigan jurisdiction and will no longer have a taxable presence within that jurisdiction after 2023. As a result of these actions, CMS Energy reversed a $13 million non‑Michigan reserve, all of which was recognized at Consumers.

2In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of the gas portion of its regulatory liability associated with unprotected, non-property-related excess deferred income taxes resulting from the TCJA. This portion of the regulatory liability was fully amortized in 2022.

3In 2020, the MPSC authorized Consumers to accelerate the amortization of income tax benefits associated with the cost to remove gas plant assets. These tax benefits were fully amortized in 2022.

Summary of Significant Components of Income Tax Expense

Presented in the following table are the significant components of income tax expense on continuing operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	5		$	6		$	(1)
State and local		1			—			1
		$	6		$	6		$	—
Deferred income taxes
Federal		107			4			49
State and local		38			65			49
		$	145		$	69		$	98
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Current income taxes
Federal		$	3		$	(2)		$	(13)
State and local		2			8			15
		$	5		$	6		$	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal		117			50			103
State and local		43			66			54
		$	160		$	116		$	157
Deferred income tax credit		(4)			18			(3)
Tax expense		$	161		$	140		$	156

Summary of Principal Components of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities

Presented in the following table are the principal components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) recognized:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		$	428		$	385
Net regulatory tax liability		305			318
Reserves and accruals		28			35
Total deferred income tax assets		$	761		$	738
Valuation allowance		(2)			(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance		$	759		$	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,520)		$	(2,515)
Employee benefits		(473)			(433)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(121)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,374)		$	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,615)		$	(2,407)
Consumers
Deferred income tax assets
Net regulatory tax liability		$	305		$	318
Tax loss and credit carryforwards		175			145
Reserves and accruals		27			28
Total deferred income tax assets		$	507		$	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment		$	(2,498)		$	(2,458)
Employee benefits		(459)			(423)
Gas inventory		(66)			(53)
Securitized costs		(194)			(39)
Other		(79)			(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		$	(3,296)		$	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities		$	(2,789)		$	(2,585)

Summary of Loss And Credit Carryforwards

Presented in the following table are the tax loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023:

In Millions
	Tax Attribute			Expiration
CMS Energy, including Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	69	2030 – 2033
Local net operating loss carryforwards		3		2024 – 2040
General business credits		356		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	428
Consumers
State net operating loss carryforwards		$	53	2030 – 2033
General business credits		122		2035 – 2043
Total tax attributes		$	175

Schedule of Reconciliation of Uncertain Tax Benefits

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax benefits:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	28		$	27		$	25
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			1			2
Additions for prior-year tax positions		—			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(1)			—
Balance at end of period		$	26		$	28		$	27
Consumers
Balance at beginning of period		$	36		$	34		$	31
Additions for current-year tax positions		1			3			3
Additions for prior-year tax positions		2			1			—
Reductions for prior-year tax positions		(3)			(2)			—
Balance at end of period		$	36		$	36		$	34

XML

Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of Basic and Diluted EPS Computations

Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on income from continuing operations:

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations		$	807		$	809		$	728
Less loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(79)			(24)			(23)
Less preferred stock dividends		10			10			5
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted		$	876		$	823		$	746
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted-average shares – basic		291.2			289.5			289.0
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards		0.5			0.3			0.5
Add dilutive forward equity sale contracts		—			0.2			—
Weighted-average shares – diluted		291.7			290.0			289.5
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic		$	3.01		$	2.84		$	2.58
Diluted		3.01			2.84			2.58

XML

Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]

Disaggregation of Revenue

Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	—		$	7,080
Other		—			—			181			181
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	181		$	7,261
Leasing income		—			—			116			116
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		49			20			—			69
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,745		$	2,420		$	297		$	7,462
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,236		$	1,619					$	3,855
Commercial		1,550			489						2,039
Industrial		660			60						720
Other		240			226						466
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394					$	7,080
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		49			20						69
Other non-segment revenue		—			—						1
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,745		$	2,420					$	7,166

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	—		$	8,115
Other		—			—			205			205
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	205		$	8,320
Leasing income		—			—			240			240
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		43			14			—			57
Consumers revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)			—			(37)
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	5,419		$	2,732		$	445		$	8,596
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,523		$	1,879					$	4,402
Commercial		1,733			559						2,292
Industrial		792			75						867
Other		347			207						554
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720					$	8,115
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		43			14						57
Revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)						(37)
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	5,419		$	2,732					$	8,151

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	—		$	6,961
Other		—			—			114			114
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	114		$	7,075
Leasing income		—			—			194			194
Financing income		10			5			—			15
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		33			12			—			45
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,958		$	2,063		$	308		$	7,329
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,402		$	1,396					$	3,798
Commercial		1,573			396						1,969
Industrial		624			54						678
Other		316			200						516
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046					$	6,961
Financing income		10			5						15
Alternative-revenue programs		33			12						45
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,958		$	2,063					$	7,021

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

Consumers Energy Company

Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]

Disaggregation of Revenue

Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	—		$	7,080
Other		—			—			181			181
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394		$	181		$	7,261
Leasing income		—			—			116			116
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		49			20			—			69
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,745		$	2,420		$	297		$	7,462
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,236		$	1,619					$	3,855
Commercial		1,550			489						2,039
Industrial		660			60						720
Other		240			226						466
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,686		$	2,394					$	7,080
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		49			20						69
Other non-segment revenue		—			—						1
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,745		$	2,420					$	7,166

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2022	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	—		$	8,115
Other		—			—			205			205
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720		$	205		$	8,320
Leasing income		—			—			240			240
Financing income		10			6			—			16
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		43			14			—			57
Consumers revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)			—			(37)
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	5,419		$	2,732		$	445		$	8,596
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,523		$	1,879					$	4,402
Commercial		1,733			559						2,292
Industrial		792			75						867
Other		347			207						554
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	5,395		$	2,720					$	8,115
Financing income		10			6						16
Alternative-revenue programs		43			14						57
Revenues to be refunded		(29)			(8)						(37)
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	5,419		$	2,732					$	8,151

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

In Millions
Year Ended December 31, 2021	Electric Utility			Gas Utility			NorthStar Clean Energy1			Consolidated
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	—		$	6,961
Other		—			—			114			114
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046		$	114		$	7,075
Leasing income		—			—			194			194
Financing income		10			5			—			15
Consumers alternative-revenue programs		33			12			—			45
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	4,958		$	2,063		$	308		$	7,329
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue
Residential		$	2,402		$	1,396					$	3,798
Commercial		1,573			396						1,969
Industrial		624			54						678
Other		316			200						516
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers		$	4,915		$	2,046					$	6,961
Financing income		10			5						15
Alternative-revenue programs		33			12						45
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	4,958		$	2,063					$	7,021

1Amounts represent NorthStar Clean Energy’s operating revenue from independent power production and its sales of energy commodities.

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Other Income and Other Expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]

Summary of Components of Other Income and Other Expense

Presented in the following table are the components of other income and other expense at CMS Energy and Consumers:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other income
Gain on extinguishment of debt1		$	131		$	—	$	—
Interest income		37			5		3
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
Income from equity method investees		7			3		10
All other		13			5		9
Total other income – CMS Energy		$	195		$	19	$	30
Consumers
Other income
Interest income		$	25		$	2	$	2
Interest income - related parties		5			5		5
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
All other		12			4		8
Total other income – Consumers		$	49		$	17	$	23
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(7)			(12)		(7)
Total other expense – CMS Energy		$	(13)		$	(27)	$	(18)
Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(6)			(10)		(7)
Total other expense – Consumers		$	(12)		$	(25)	$	(18)

1For information regarding the gain on extinguishment of debt, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

Consumers Energy Company

Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]

Summary of Components of Other Income and Other Expense

Presented in the following table are the components of other income and other expense at CMS Energy and Consumers:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other income
Gain on extinguishment of debt1		$	131		$	—	$	—
Interest income		37			5		3
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
Income from equity method investees		7			3		10
All other		13			5		9
Total other income – CMS Energy		$	195		$	19	$	30
Consumers
Other income
Interest income		$	25		$	2	$	2
Interest income - related parties		5			5		5
Allowance for equity funds used during construction		7			6		8
All other		12			4		8
Total other income – Consumers		$	49		$	17	$	23
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(7)			(12)		(7)
Total other expense – CMS Energy		$	(13)		$	(27)	$	(18)
Consumers
Other expense
Donations		$	(1)		$	(9)	$	(6)
Civic and political expenditures		(5)			(6)		(5)
All other		(6)			(10)		(7)
Total other expense – Consumers		$	(12)		$	(25)	$	(18)

1For information regarding the gain on extinguishment of debt, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—CMS Energy’s Purchase of Consumers’ First Mortgage Bonds.

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Reportable Segments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments

Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy		297			445			308
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
Other reconciling items		1			—			—
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
NorthStar Clean Energy		43			38			37
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – CMS Energy		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – Consumers		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
Total income from equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	281		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		158			116			104
NorthStar Clean Energy		2			3			6
Other reconciling items		202			182			183
Total interest charges – CMS Energy		$	643		$	519		$	500
Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	285		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		161			116			104
Other reconciling items		2			1			—
Total interest charges – Consumers		$	448		$	335		$	311
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
NorthStar Clean Energy		4			3			(2)
Other reconciling items		(22)			(51)			(59)
Total income tax expense – CMS Energy		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
Other reconciling items		(4)			(1)			—
Total income tax expense – Consumers		$	161		$	140		$	156

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			23
Other reconciling items		(55)			(152)			458
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy		$	877		$	827		$	1,348
Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
Other reconciling items		—			(2)			(1)
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers		$	865		$	943		$	866
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,420			1,148			1,122
Other reconciling items		30			30			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy		$	33,135		$	30,491		$	29,893
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
Other reconciling items		38			29			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers		$	31,723		$	29,342		$	28,771
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Investments in equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71
Total investments in equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,358		$	17,907		$	16,493
Gas utility2		12,353			11,873			10,517
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,604			1,464			1,312
Other reconciling items		202			109			431
Total assets – CMS Energy		$	33,517		$	31,353		$	28,753
Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,417		$	17,968		$	16,555
Gas utility2		12,397			11,918			10,564
Other reconciling items		38			30			21
Total assets – Consumers		$	31,852		$	29,916		$	27,140
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
NorthStar Clean Energy		156			113			17
Other reconciling items		2			7			2
Total capital expenditures – CMS Energy		$	3,280		$	2,393		$	2,161
Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
Other reconciling items		23			7			2
Total capital expenditures – Consumers		$	3,145		$	2,280		$	2,144

1Consumers had no equity method investments.

2Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

3Amounts include assets placed under finance lease.

4Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ capital expenditures for plant and equipment attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

Consumers Energy Company

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Schedule of Financial Information by Reportable Segments

Presented in the following tables is financial information by segment:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy		297			445			308
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy		$	7,462		$	8,596		$	7,329
Consumers
Operating revenue
Electric utility		$	4,745		$	5,419		$	4,958
Gas utility		2,420			2,732			2,063
Other reconciling items		1			—			—
Total operating revenue – Consumers		$	7,166		$	8,151		$	7,021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
NorthStar Clean Energy		43			38			37
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – CMS Energy		$	1,180		$	1,126		$	1,114
Consumers
Depreciation and amortization
Electric utility		$	797		$	757		$	772
Gas utility		338			330			304
Other reconciling items		2			1			1
Total depreciation and amortization – Consumers		$	1,137		$	1,088		$	1,077

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income from equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
Total income from equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	7		$	3		$	10
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	281		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		158			116			104
NorthStar Clean Energy		2			3			6
Other reconciling items		202			182			183
Total interest charges – CMS Energy		$	643		$	519		$	500
Consumers
Interest charges
Electric utility		$	285		$	218		$	207
Gas utility		161			116			104
Other reconciling items		2			1			—
Total interest charges – Consumers		$	448		$	335		$	311
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
NorthStar Clean Energy		4			3			(2)
Other reconciling items		(22)			(51)			(59)
Total income tax expense – CMS Energy		$	147		$	93		$	95
Consumers
Income tax expense (benefit)
Electric utility		$	67		$	109		$	117
Gas utility		98			32			39
Other reconciling items		(4)			(1)			—
Total income tax expense – Consumers		$	161		$	140		$	156

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
NorthStar Clean Energy		67			34			23
Other reconciling items		(55)			(152)			458
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy		$	877		$	827		$	1,348
Consumers
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder
Electric utility		$	550		$	567		$	565
Gas utility		315			378			302
Other reconciling items		—			(2)			(1)
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers		$	865		$	943		$	866
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,420			1,148			1,122
Other reconciling items		30			30			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy		$	33,135		$	30,491		$	29,893
Consumers
Plant, property, and equipment, gross
Electric utility2		$	19,302		$	17,870		$	18,147
Gas utility2		12,383			11,443			10,601
Other reconciling items		38			29			23
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers		$	31,723		$	29,342		$	28,771
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Investments in equity method investees1
NorthStar Clean Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71
Total investments in equity method investees – CMS Energy		$	76		$	71		$	71

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022			2021
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,358		$	17,907		$	16,493
Gas utility2		12,353			11,873			10,517
NorthStar Clean Energy		1,604			1,464			1,312
Other reconciling items		202			109			431
Total assets – CMS Energy		$	33,517		$	31,353		$	28,753
Consumers
Total assets
Electric utility2		$	19,417		$	17,968		$	16,555
Gas utility2		12,397			11,918			10,564
Other reconciling items		38			30			21
Total assets – Consumers		$	31,852		$	29,916		$	27,140
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
NorthStar Clean Energy		156			113			17
Other reconciling items		2			7			2
Total capital expenditures – CMS Energy		$	3,280		$	2,393		$	2,161
Consumers
Capital expenditures3
Electric utility4		$	2,081		$	1,265		$	1,153
Gas utility4		1,041			1,008			989
Other reconciling items		23			7			2
Total capital expenditures – Consumers		$	3,145		$	2,280		$	2,144

1Consumers had no equity method investments.

2Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

3Amounts include assets placed under finance lease.

4Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ capital expenditures for plant and equipment attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

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Related party Transactions - Consumers (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Consumers Energy Company

Related Party Transaction [Line Items]

Schedule of Related Party Transactions, by Related Party

Presented in the following table is Consumers’ expense recorded from related-party transactions for the years ended December 31:

In Millions
Description	Related Party	2023			2022			2021
Purchases of capacity and energy	Affiliates of NorthStar Clean Energy		$	75		$	76		$	77

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Variable Interest Entities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Variable Interest Entities [Abstract]

Schedule of Variable Interest Entities

Presented in the following table are the carrying values of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
December 31	2023			2022
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		$	28		$	43
Accounts receivable		3			7
Prepayments and other current assets		4			7
Non-current
Plant, property, and equipment, net		1,064			850
Construction work in progress		—			156
Other non-current assets		3			—
Total assets1		$	1,102		$	1,063
Current
Current portion of long-term debt		$	—		$	100
Accounts payable		12			33
Non-current
Non-current portion of finance leases		23			23
Asset retirement obligations		32			24
Total liabilities		$	67		$	180

1Assets may be used only to meet VIEs’ obligations and commitments.

Presented in the following table is information about these partnerships:

Name	Nature of the Entity	Nature of CMS Energy’s Involvement
T.E.S. Filer City	Coal-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Employee assignment agreement
Grayling	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Genesee	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Long-term PPA between partnership and Consumers
		Reduced dispatch agreement with Consumers1
		Operating and management contract
Craven	Wood waste-fueled power generator	Operating and management contract

1Reduced dispatch agreements allow the facilities to be dispatched based on the market price of power compared with the cost of production of the plants. This results in fuel cost savings that each partnership shares with Consumers’ customers.

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Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]

Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period		$	21		$	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset		16			24
Costs paid or settled		(21)			(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1		$	16		$	21

1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and $13 million at December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Income, Assets, and Liabilities from Discontinued Operations

The table below presents the financial results of EnerBank included in income from discontinued operations:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2022			2021
Operating revenue		$	—		$	209
Expenses
Operating expenses		—			60
Interest expense		—			34
Income before income taxes		$	—		$	115
Gain on sale		5			657
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes		$	5		$	772
Income tax expense		1			170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		$	4		$	602

Consumers Energy Company

Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]

Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward

Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the retention benefit liability recorded in other liabilities on Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions
Years Ended December 31	2023			2022
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period		$	21		$	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset		16			24
Costs paid or settled		(21)			(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period1		$	16		$	21

1Includes current portion of other liabilities of $7 million at December 31, 2023 and $13 million at December 31, 2022.

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Regulatory Matters (Schedule of Regulatory Assets and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	$ 203	$ 57
Total non-current regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Total current regulatory liabilities	56	104
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	3,894	3,796
Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	203	57
Total non-current regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Total regulatory assets	3,886	3,652
Total current regulatory liabilities	56	104
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	3,894	3,796
Total regulatory liabilities	3,950	3,900
Income taxes, net | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory liabilities	49	48
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	1,220	1,267
Reserve for customer refunds | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory liabilities	2	47
Total regulatory liabilities	15
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory liabilities	5	9
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	20	20
Cost of removal | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	2,545	2,426
Renewable energy grant | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	43	45
Renewable energy plan | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	29	32
Energy waste reduction plan | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	25	6
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	12	0
2022 PSCR underrecovery | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	126	0
Total non-current regulatory assets	126	0
Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	54	47
Total non-current regulatory assets		55
Retention incentive program | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	12	2
Total non-current regulatory assets	27	31
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total current regulatory assets	11	8
Total non-current regulatory assets	26	29
Costs of coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	1,265	1,258
Securitized costs | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	778	843
Postretirement benefits | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	741	856
ARO | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	328	281
MGP sites | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	99	108
Unamortized loss on reacquired debt | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	96	100
Decommissioning costs | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	83	24
Postretirement benefits expense deferral mechanism | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	24	0
Ludington overhaul contract dispute | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	13	0
Energy waste reduction plan | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Total non-current regulatory assets	$ 19	$ 10

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Regulatory Matters - (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended				12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) facility	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 unit	Dec. 31, 2015 unit	Dec. 31, 2013 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Incentive revenue					$ 7,462		$ 8,596		$ 7,329
Regulatory assets			$ 3,595		3,683		3,595
Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Incentive revenue					7,166		8,151		7,021
Regulatory assets			3,595		3,683		3,595
Regulatory liability			3,900		3,950		3,900
Purchased and interchange power					1,331		1,867		1,599
Cost of gas sold					897		1,243		726
Consumers Energy Company | Voluntary refund mechanism
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Regulatory liability			22				22
Consumers Energy Company | Reserve for customer refunds
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Regulatory liability					15
Consumers Energy Company | Contributions to assistance programs
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Regulatory liability					$ 10
Consumers Energy Company | Renewable energy grant
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Proceeds from government grant												$ 69
Consumers Energy Company | MGP sites
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Number of former MGPs | facility					23
Regulatory asset collection period					10 years
Consumers Energy Company | Gas-Fueled Electric Generation
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Number of units retired | unit											3
Consumers Energy Company | Coal-Fueled Electric Generation
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Number of units retired | unit										7
Consumers Energy Company | J.H. Campbell Generating Units
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Regulatory assets				$ 1,300
Rate of return on equity authorized				9.00%
PSCR underrecoveries | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
PSCR underrecoveries			401		$ 0		401
Purchased and interchange power							2,500		$ 2,100
Over (under) recovery for gas fuel and power supply costs authorized														$ 7
Over (under) recovery for gas fuel and power supply costs requested						$ (404)
PSCR underrecoveries | Consumers Energy Company | Revision of Prior Period, Adjustment
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Over (under) recovery for gas fuel and power supply costs requested													$ (401)
Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Authorized recovery collection													$ 55
Incentive revenue					58		$ 55
Regulatory assets					$ 58
Electric Rate Case | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Rate of return on equity authorized		9.90%
Additional annual rate increase authorized		$ 155
Surcharge for the recovery of excess distribution investments		$ 6
Gas Rate Case | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Rate of return on equity authorized	9.90%
Additional annual rate increase authorized	$ 95
Requested annual rate increase			$ 212
Requested annual rate increase, as a percent			10.25%
GCR underrecoveries | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Over (under) recovery for gas fuel and power supply costs authorized						(9)
Over (under) recovery for gas fuel and power supply costs requested															$ (15)
Cost of gas sold						$ 1,100		$ 700

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Regulatory Matters (Schedule of Assets and Liabilities for PSCR and GCR Over/(Under) Recoveries) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Accrued rate refunds	$ 54	$ 0
Consumers Energy Company
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue	0	409
Accrued rate refunds	54	0
Consumers Energy Company | PSCR underrecoveries
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
PSCR underrecoveries	0	401
Accrued rate refunds	10	0
Consumers Energy Company | GCR underrecoveries
Public Utilities, General Disclosures [Line Items]
GCR underrecoveries	0	8
Accrued rate refunds	$ 44	$ 0

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Contingencies and Commitments (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) MW $ / MWh facility	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Environmental Loss Contingency, Statement Of Financial Position, Extensible Enumeration, Not Disclosed Flag			recorded liability
Regulatory assets			$ 3,683	$ 3,595
Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Regulatory assets			$ 3,683	3,595
Consumers Energy Company | MCV PPA
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
PPA maximum quantity required | MW			1,240
PPA fixed energy charge per MWh, on-peak (in dollars per MWh) | $ / MWh			6.30
PPA fixed energy charge per MWh, off-peak (in dollars per MWh) | $ / MWh			6.00
Annual contribution to renewable resources program by counterparty			$ 5
Purchases			$ 340	519	$ 348
Consumers Energy Company | MCV PPA | Year End Through March 2025
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
PPA capacity charge per MWh (in dollars per MWh) | $ / MWh			10.14
Consumers Energy Company | MCV PPA | March 2025 Through Termination
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
PPA capacity charge per MWh (in dollars per MWh) | $ / MWh			5.00
Consumers Energy Company | Other PPAs
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Purchases			$ 498	510	$ 338
Consumers Energy Company | MGP sites
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Regulatory assets			$ 99	$ 108
Consumers Energy Company | Ludington
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Ownership share			51.00%
Consumers Energy Company | Ludington Plant Overhaul Contract Dispute
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought		$ 15
Consumers Energy Company | J.H. Campbell 3 Plant Retirement Contract Dispute
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought	$ 37
Bay Harbor
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies			$ 45
Discount rate			4.34%
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies, inflation rate			1.00%
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies, gross			$ 57
NREPA | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies			2
NREPA | Gas Utility | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies			1
NREPA | Minimum | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remediation and other response activity costs			2
NREPA | Maximum | Electric Utility | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remediation and other response activity costs			4
NREPA | Maximum | Gas Utility | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remediation and other response activity costs			1
CERCLA Liability | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies			3
CERCLA Liability | Minimum | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remediation and other response activity costs			3
CERCLA Liability | Maximum | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Remediation and other response activity costs			8
MGP sites | Consumers Energy Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrual for environmental loss contingencies			$ 62
Number of former MGPs | facility			23
Regulatory asset collection period			10 years

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Contingencies and Commitments (Schedule of Remediation and Other Response Activity Costs by Year) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Bay Harbor
Site Contingency [Line Items]
2024	$ 4
2025	4
2026	4
2027	4
2028	4
Consumers Energy Company | MGP sites
Site Contingency [Line Items]
2024	2
2025	1
2026	7
2027	10
2028	$ 25

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Contingencies and Commitments (Summary of Guarantees) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Aviator Wind Class B Membership
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Ownership percentage	49.00%
Guarantees
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Expiration Date	indefinite
Maximum Obligation	$ 30
Carrying Amount	$ 0
Guarantees | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Expiration Date	indefinite
Maximum Obligation	$ 30
Carrying Amount	$ 0
Indemnification agreement from sale of membership interests in VIEs
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Expiration Date	indefinite
Maximum Obligation	$ 304
Carrying Amount	$ 0
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Expiration Date	indefinite
Maximum Obligation	$ 153
Carrying Amount	$ 1

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Contingencies and Commitments (Schedule of Contractual Purchase Obligations) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	$ 10,695
2024	2,431
2025	1,677
2026	1,084
2027	994
2028	852
Beyond 2028	3,657
Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	10,006
2024	2,326
2025	1,440
2026	1,049
2027	955
2028	784
Beyond 2028	3,452
Total PPAs | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	7,204
2024	711
2025	792
2026	783
2027	787
2028	702
Beyond 2028	3,429
Other
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	3,491
2024	1,720
2025	885
2026	301
2027	207
2028	150
Beyond 2028	228
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	2,802
2024	1,615
2025	648
2026	266
2027	168
2028	82
Beyond 2028	23
MCV PPA | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	2,506
2024	342
2025	402
2026	416
2027	410
2028	371
Beyond 2028	565
Related-party PPAs | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	206
2024	60
2025	44
2026	30
2027	31
2028	14
Beyond 2028	27
Other PPAs | Consumers Energy Company
Guarantees And Other Contingencies [Line Items]
Total	4,492
2024	309
2025	346
2026	337
2027	346
2028	317
Beyond 2028	$ 2,837

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Financings and Capitalization (Summary of Long-Term Debt) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 01, 2030	Jun. 01, 2030	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 15,648	$ 14,362
Current amounts			(975)	(1,090)
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(3,556)
Unamortized discounts			(30)	(30)
Unamortized issuance costs			(135)	(120)
Long-term debt			14,508	13,122
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			11,294	10,277
Current amounts			(725)	(991)
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(2,671)
Unamortized discounts			(28)	(27)
Unamortized issuance costs			(73)	(67)
Long-term debt			10,037	9,192
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(431)
Long-term debt			424	0
First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			10,397	8,997
First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(431)
Unamortized discounts			(3)
Unamortized issuance costs			(4)
Long-term debt			424
Tax-exempt revenue bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			110	110
Securitization bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 787	170
0.350% First Mortgage Bonds Due June 2023 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			0.35%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 0	300
3.375% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2023 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.375%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 0	325
3.125% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2024 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.125%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
3.190% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2024 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.19%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 52	52
5.240 First Mortgage Bonds Due 2026 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.24%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 115	0
3.680% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2027 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.68%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 100	100
3.390 % First Mortgage Bonds Due 2027 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.39%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 35	35
4.650% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2028 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.65%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 425	0
3.800% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2028 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.80%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 300	300
4.900% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2029 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.90%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 500	0
5.070% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2029 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.07%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 50	0
5.170% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2032 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.17%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 95	0
3.600% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2032 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.60%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 350	350
3.180% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2032 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.18%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 100	100
4.625% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2033 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.625%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 700	0
5.800 % First Mortgage Bonds Due 2035 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.80%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 175	175
5.380% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2037 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.38%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 140	0
3.520% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2037 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.52%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 335	335
4.010% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2038 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.01%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 215	215
6.170% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2040 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			6.17%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 50	50
4.970% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2040 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.97%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 50	50
4.310% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2042 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.31%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 263	263
3.950% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2043 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.95%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 425	425
4.100% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2045 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.10%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
3.250% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2046 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.25%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 450	450
3.950% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2047 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.95%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 350	350
4.050% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2048 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.05%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 550	550
4.350% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2049 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.35%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 550	550
3.750% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.75%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 300	300
3.750% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (23)
3.100% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.10%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 550	550
3.100% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (52)
3.500 First Mortgage Bonds Due 2051 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.50%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 575	575
3.500 First Mortgage Bonds Due 2051 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (27)
2.650% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2060 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			2.50%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 525	525
2.650% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2060 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (163)
4.200% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.20%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 450	450
3.860% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.86%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 50	50
4.280% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2057 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.28%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 185	185
2.500 First Mortgage Bonds Due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			2.65%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 300	300
2.500 First Mortgage Bonds Due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (106)
4.350% First Mortgage Bonds Due 2064 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.35%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
Variable Rate First Mortgage Bonds Due 2069 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 76	76
Interest rate at period end			5.346%
Variable Rate First Mortgage Bonds Due 2070 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 134	134
Interest rate at period end			5.329%
Variable Rate First Mortgage Bonds Due 2070 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 127	127
Interest rate at period end			5.368%
0.875% Tax Exempt Revenue Bonds Due 2035 | Tax-exempt revenue bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			0.875%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 35	35
1.800% Tax Exempt Revenue Bonds Due 2049 | Tax-exempt revenue bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			1.80%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 75	75
3.421% Securitization Bonds | Securitization bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 141	$ 170
Weighted average interest rate			3.421%	3.343%
- Securitization Bonds Due - | Securitization bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 646	$ 0
Weighted average interest rate			5.342%
Term Loan Facility Due 2024 | Term loan facility | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 0	$ 1,000
Variable Rate First Mortgage Bonds | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate at period end				0.00%
Variable Rate First Mortgage Bonds | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate			0.038%
CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 4,785	$ 3,985
Current amounts			(250)	0
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(800)
Long-term debt			4,471	3,930
CMS Energy | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			10,863	10,277
CMS Energy | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			1,975	1,975
CMS Energy | Convertible debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			800	0
CMS Energy | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 2,010	2,010
CMS Energy | 3.875% Senior Notes Due 2024 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.875%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
CMS Energy | 3.600% Senior Notes Due 2025 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.60%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
CMS Energy | 3.000% Senior Notes Due 2026 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.00%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 300	300
CMS Energy | 2.950% Senior Notes Due 2027 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			2.95%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 275	275
CMS Energy | 3.450% Senior Notes Due 2027 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.45%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 350	350
CMS Energy | 4.700% Senior Notes Due 2043 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.70%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 250	250
CMS Energy | 4.875% Senior Notes Due 2044 | Senior notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.875%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 300	300
CMS Energy | 3.375% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028 | Convertible debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.375%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 800	0
CMS Energy | 4.750% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2050 | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			4.75%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 500	500
CMS Energy | 4.750% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2050 | Junior subordinated notes | Forecast | US Treasury (UST) Interest Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		4.116%
CMS Energy | 3.750% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2050 | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			3.75%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 400	400
CMS Energy | 3.750% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2050 | Junior subordinated notes | Forecast | US Treasury (UST) Interest Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.90%
CMS Energy | 5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078 | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.625%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 200	200
CMS Energy | 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2078 | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.875%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 280	280
CMS Energy | 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes Due 2079 | Junior subordinated notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate			5.875%
Total principal amount outstanding			$ 630	630
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			(85)
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Term Loan Facility Due 2023 | Term loan facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal amount outstanding			0	$ 100
Long-term debt - related parties principal amount outstanding			$ (85)

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Financings and Capitalization (First Mortgage Bond Purchase) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 3,556
Unamortized discounts	(30)	$ (30)
Unamortized issuance costs	(135)	(120)
Long-term debt	14,508	13,122
Gain on debt extinguishment		0	$ 0
Interest on long-term debt	616	509	481
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	2,671
Unamortized discounts	(28)	(27)
Unamortized issuance costs	(73)	(67)
Long-term debt	10,037	9,192
Interest on long-term debt	415	325	294
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	431
Long-term debt	424	0
CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	800
Long-term debt	4,471	3,930
Interest on long-term debt	201	$ 181	$ 183
First mortgage bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain on debt extinguishment	131
First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	431
Unamortized discounts	(3)
Unamortized issuance costs	(4)
Long-term debt	424
First mortgage bonds | CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payment for purchase of first mortgage bonds	$ 293
First mortgage bonds due 2060 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	2.50%
First mortgage bonds due 2060 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 163
First mortgage bonds due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	2.65%
First mortgage bonds due 2052 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 106
First mortgage bonds due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	3.75%
First mortgage bonds due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 23
First mortgage bonds due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	3.10%
First mortgage bonds due 2050 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 52
First mortgage bonds due 2051 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	3.50%
First mortgage bonds due 2051 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 27
First mortgage bonds due 2048 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate	4.05%
First mortgage bonds due 2048 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 60
Repurchased Debt | First mortgage bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest on long-term debt	$ 5

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Financings and Capitalization (Major Long-Term Debt Issuances and Retirements) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 3,556
CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	800
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	85
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	2,671
Convertible debt | 3.375% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028 | CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 800	$ 800
Interest rate	3.375%	3.375%
Term loan facility | Term Loan Facility Due 2023 | NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 85
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 185
First mortgage bonds | 4.650% First Mortgage Bonds Due March 2028 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 425
Interest rate	4.65%
First mortgage bonds | 4.625% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2033 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 700
Interest rate	4.625%
First mortgage bonds | 5.240% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2026 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 115
Interest rate	5.24%
First mortgage bonds | 5.070% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2029 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 50
Interest rate	5.07%
First mortgage bonds | 5.170% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2032 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 95
Interest rate	5.17%
First mortgage bonds | 5.380% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2037 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 140
Interest rate	5.38%
First mortgage bonds | 4.900% First Mortgage Bonds Due February 2029 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 500
Interest rate	4.90%
Securitization bonds | 5.550% Securitization Bonds Due March 2028 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 250
Interest rate	5.55%
Securitization bonds | 5.210% Securitization Bonds Due September 2031 | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 396
Interest rate	5.21%

XML

Financings and Capitalization (Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes) (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($) d	Jan. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)			$ 3,556
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)			2,671
CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)			800
3.375% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028 | Convertible debt | CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 800		$ 800
Interest rate	3.375%		3.375%
Unamortized issuance costs	$ 12
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares			$ 73.97
Threshold percentage of stock price trigger	130.00%
Threshold trading days | d	20
Threshold consecutive trading days | d	30
Redemption price percentage	100.00%
4.600% First Mortgage Bonds Due May 2029 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company | Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)		$ 600
Interest rate		4.60%

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Financings and Capitalization (Retirements of Debt) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		$ 1,625
Term Loan Facility Due 2024 | Term loan facility | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		1,000
0.350% First Mortgage Bonds Due June 2023 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		$ 300
Interest rate		0.35%
3.375% First Mortgage Bonds Due August 2023 | First mortgage bonds | Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		$ 325
Interest rate		3.375%
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		$ 185
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Term Loan Facility Due October 2025 | Term loan facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt		$ 185
CMS Energy | Senior Notes | Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayments of debt	$ 250
Interest rate	3.875%

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Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Debt Maturities) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2024	$ 975
2025	366
2026	537
2027	888
2028	1,643
CMS Energy
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2024	250
2025	250
2026	300
2027	625
2028	800
Consumers Energy Company
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2024	725
2025	116
2026	237
2027	263
2028	$ 843

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Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Revolving Credit Facilities) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Consumers Energy Company | Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings	$ 0
Consumers Energy Company | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Amount of Facility	1,100,000,000
Amount Borrowed	0
Letters of Credit Outstanding	27,000,000
Amount Available	1,073,000,000
Consumers Energy Company | Revolving Credit Facilities November 18, 2024
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Amount of Facility	250,000,000
Amount Borrowed	0
Letters of Credit Outstanding	48,000,000
Amount Available	202,000,000
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Amount of Facility	550,000,000
Amount Borrowed	0
Letters of Credit Outstanding	24,000,000
Amount Available	526,000,000
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities December 14, 2027 | Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings	0
CMS Energy | Revolving Credit Facilities September 22, 2024
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Amount of Facility	50,000,000
Amount Borrowed	0
Letters of Credit Outstanding	50,000,000
Amount Available	0
NorthStar Clean Energy, Including Subsidiaries | Revolving Credit Facilities September 25, 2025
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Amount of Facility	37,000,000
Amount Borrowed	0
Letters of Credit Outstanding	37,000,000
Amount Available	$ 0

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Financings and Capitalization (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Nov. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Notes payable		$ 93		$ 93	$ 20
Limitation on payment of stock dividends		$ 7,300		7,300
Dividends paid				$ 695
Common stock authorized (in shares)		350,000,000.0		350,000,000.0	350,000,000.0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)		10,000,000		10,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Stock offering program maximum value				$ 1,000
Issuance of common stock				192	$ 69	$ 26
CMS Energy
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock				192	69	$ 26
Settlement Of Forward Contracts
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Settlement of forward contracts through issuance of stock (in dollars per share)			$ 68.05
Issuance of common stock			$ 178
Settlement Of Forward Contracts | Subsequent Event
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Settlement of forward contracts through issuance of stock (in dollars per share)	$ 70.31
Issuance of common stock	$ 266
Consumers Energy Company
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Payables under supplier finance program		$ 0		0	$ 1
Unrestricted retained earnings		$ 2,100		$ 2,100
Common stock authorized (in shares)		125,000,000.0		125,000,000.0	125,000,000.0
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)		7,500,000		7,500,000	7,500,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 4.50		$ 4.50	$ 4.50
Consumers Energy Company | Consumers' Supplier Financing Program
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Supplier financing program, payment period		60 days		60 days
Supplier financing program, termination period		30 days		30 days
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Notes payable		$ 0		$ 0	$ 75
Consumers Energy Company | Credit Agreement | Related Party
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		500		500
Notes payable		$ 0		0
Consumers Energy Company | Credit Agreement | Related Party | SOFR
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		(0.10%)
Consumers Energy Company | Commercial Paper
Financing And Capitalization [Line Items]
Short-term debt authorized borrowings				500
Short-term borrowings outstanding		$ 93		$ 93
Weighted average interest rate		5.609%		5.609%

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Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Forward Stock Contracts) (Details) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Aug. 29, 2022	Aug. 24, 2022	Aug. 03, 2022
Forward contracts entered into 8/3/2022
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Number of Shares (in shares)				328,207
Initial forward price (in dollars per share)	$ 68.37			$ 67.59
Forward contracts entered into 8/24/2022
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Number of Shares (in shares)			1,677,938
Initial forward price (in dollars per share)	70.91		$ 69.46
Forward contracts entered into 8/29/2022
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Number of Shares (in shares)		1,783,388
Initial forward price (in dollars per share)	$ 69.54	$ 68.18

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Financings and Capitalization (Schedule of Preferred Stock) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.01
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	10,000,000
Consumers Energy Company
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.50	$ 4.50
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	7,500,000	7,500,000
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares)	400,000	400,000
Series C Preferred Stock Depositary Shares
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading symbol	CMS PRC
Depositary share conversion ratio	0.001
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 25	$ 25
Optional redemption price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 25	$ 25
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	9,200,000	9,200,000
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares)	9,200,000	9,200,000
Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading symbol	CMS-PB
Preferred Stock $4.50 Series | Consumers Energy Company
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 100	$ 100
Optional redemption price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 110	$ 110
Preferred stock authorized (in shares)	7,500,000	7,500,000
Preferred stock outstanding (in shares)	373,148	373,148

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Fair Value Measurements (Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Restricted cash equivalents	$ 21	$ 18
Derivative instruments	2	2
Consumers Energy Company
Assets
Restricted cash equivalents	21	17
Derivative instruments	2	2
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Assets
Cash equivalents	18	0
Restricted cash equivalents	21	18
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets	30	24
Liabilities
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities	30	24
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company
Assets
Cash equivalents	0	0
Restricted cash equivalents	21	17
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets	22	18
Liabilities
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities	22	18
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1, 2 and 3
Assets
Total assets	71	44
Liabilities
Total liabilities	30	24
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1, 2 and 3 | Consumers Energy Company
Assets
Total assets	45	37
Liabilities
Total liabilities	$ 22	$ 18

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Financial Instruments (Schedule of Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Liabilities
Current accounts receivable and notes receivable	$ 6	$ 7
Current portion of long-term debt	975	1,090
Current portion of long-term payables		2
Carrying Amount
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt	15,483	14,212
Long-term payables	11	9
Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt	14,305	12,384
Long-term payables	11	7
Consumers Energy Company
Liabilities
Current accounts receivable and notes receivable	6	7
Current portion of long-term debt	725	991
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Liabilities
Current portion of notes receivable, related party	7	7
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Notes receivable related party	97	101
Liabilities
Long-term payables	5	0
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount | Nonrelated Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	10,762	10,183
Consumers Energy Company | Carrying Amount | Related Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	424	0
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Notes receivable related party	97	101
Liabilities
Long-term payables	5	0
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	9,757	8,728
Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	303	0
Level 1 | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	0	0
Liabilities
Long-term debt	1,103	987
Long-term payables	0	0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	0	0
Notes receivable related party	0	0
Liabilities
Long-term payables	0	0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	0	0
Level 1 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	0	0
Liabilities
Long-term debt	11,186	8,741
Long-term payables	0	0
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	0	0
Notes receivable related party	0	0
Liabilities
Long-term payables	0	0
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	7,741	6,172
Level 2 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	303	0
Level 3 | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Liabilities
Long-term debt	2,016	2,656
Long-term payables	11	7
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value
Assets
Long-term receivables	11	14
Notes receivable related party	97	101
Liabilities
Long-term payables	5	0
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Nonrelated Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	2,016	2,556
Level 3 | Consumers Energy Company | Fair Value | Related Party
Liabilities
Long-term debt	$ 0	$ 0

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Financial Instruments (Narrative) (Details) - CMS Energy Note Payable	Dec. 31, 2023
Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Interest rate	4.10%
Consumers Energy Company
Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Interest rate	4.10%

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	$ 33,135	$ 30,491		$ 29,893
Assets under finance leases	136	170		332
Construction work in progress	944	1,182
Accumulated Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Property, Plant, and Equipment	(9,007)	(8,960)
Total plant, property, and equipment	25,072	22,713
Regulatory assets	3,683	3,595
Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	31,723	29,342		28,771
Assets under finance leases	112	146		$ 332
Construction work in progress	845	994
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(8,796)	(8,791)
Total plant, property, and equipment	23,772	21,545
Plant additions	3,100	2,300
Plant retirements	856	290
Regulatory assets	$ 3,683	3,595
Consumers Energy Company | J.H. Campbell Generating Units
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Regulatory assets			$ 1,300
Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, consumers	3 years
Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, consumers	125 years
Generation | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Generation	$ 6,511	5,780
Generation | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, generation	15 years
Generation | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, generation	125 years
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Distribution	$ 11,339	10,590
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, distribution	15 years
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, distribution	75 years
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Other	$ 1,355	1,374
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	5 years
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	55 years
Assets under finance leases | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Assets under finance leases	$ 97	126
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Distribution	$ 7,452	6,951
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, distribution	20 years
Distribution | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, distribution	85 years
Transmission | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Transmission	$ 2,806	2,440
Transmission | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, transmission	17 years
Transmission | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, transmission	75 years
Underground storage facilities | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Other	$ 1,295	1,197
Underground storage facilities | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	27 years
Underground storage facilities | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	75 years
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Other	$ 815	835
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	5 years
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	55 years
Finance leases | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Assets under finance leases	$ 15	20
Other non-utility property | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Other non-utility property	$ 38	29
Other non-utility property | Consumers Energy Company | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	3 years
Other non-utility property | Consumers Energy Company | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, other	51 years
Natural Gas | Underground storage facilities | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Other	$ 26
NorthStar Clean Energy
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Assets under finance leases	24	24
Independent power production
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	$ 1,387	1,124
Independent power production | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, Enterprises	3 years
Independent power production | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, Enterprises	40 years
Other
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	$ 1	$ 1
Other | Minimum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, Enterprises	3 years
Other | Maximum
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated depreciable life in years, Enterprises	5 years

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	May 31, 2023 USD ($) MW	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Covert Plant Acquisition
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consideration transferred	$ 2	$ 810	$ 812	$ 0	$ 0
Consumers Energy Company
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consideration transferred					2,052
Plant additions			3,100	2,300
Finance lease accumulated amortization			64	88
Consumers Energy Company | Covert Plant Acquisition
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consideration transferred			$ 812	$ 0	$ 0
New Covert Generating Facility | Consumers Energy Company
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW		1,200
Net book value of plant		$ 440
Plant acquisition adjustment		370
Plant additions		810
New Covert Generating Facility | Seller
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Original cost of plant		665
Accumulated depreciation		$ 225

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets by Major Class) (Details) - Consumers Energy Company - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	$ 1,052	$ 1,114
Accumulated Amortization	640	686
Plant additions	3,100	2,300
Plant retirements	856	290
Software development
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	772	846
Accumulated Amortization	543	593
Leasehold improvements
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	11	9
Accumulated Amortization	7	6
Intangible plant
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Plant additions	80	116
Plant retirements	142	104
Rights of way
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	229	218
Accumulated Amortization	64	61
Franchises and consents
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	16	16
Accumulated Amortization	11	10
Other intangible assets
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Gross cost	24	25
Accumulated Amortization	$ 15	$ 16
Minimum | Software development
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	3 years
Minimum | Rights of way
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	50 years
Minimum | Franchises and consents
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	5 years
Maximum | Software development
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	15 years
Maximum | Rights of way
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	85 years
Maximum | Franchises and consents
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization Life in Years	50 years

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Average Capitalization Rates) (Details) - Consumers Energy Company	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Electric Utility
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
AFUDC capitalization rate	6.50%	6.20%	6.20%
Gas Utility
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
AFUDC capitalization rate	5.80%	5.60%	5.60%

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Schedule of Finance Leases and Other Financing Obligations) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finance Leases and Other Financing Obligations, Rollforward [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 170	$ 332
Additions	0	44
Net retirements and other adjustments	(34)	(206)
Balance at end of period	136	170
Consumers Energy Company
Finance Leases and Other Financing Obligations, Rollforward [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	146	332
Additions	0	20
Net retirements and other adjustments	(34)	(206)
Balance at end of period	$ 112	$ 146

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	$ 9,007	$ 8,960
Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consumers accumulated depreciation and amortization	8,796	8,791
Non-utility plant assets
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	217	175
Non-utility plant assets | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consumers accumulated depreciation and amortization	6	6
Utility plant assets
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	8,790	8,785
Utility plant assets | Consumers Energy Company
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Consumers accumulated depreciation and amortization	$ 8,790	$ 8,785

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Composite Depreciation Rates for Properties) (Details) - Consumers Energy Company	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Electric utility property
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Composite depreciation rate	3.80%	3.70%	3.90%
Gas utility property
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Composite depreciation rate	2.80%	2.90%	2.90%
Other property
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Composite depreciation rate	7.80%	8.90%	9.40%

XML

Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Depreciation and Amortization Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment	$ 1,050	$ 990	$ 975
Total depreciation and amortization expense	1,180	1,126	1,114
Securitized regulatory assets
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	33	28	27
Software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	92	103	108
Other intangible assets
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	5	5	4
Consumers Energy Company
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation expense – plant, property, and equipment	1,007	952	938
Total depreciation and amortization expense	1,137	1,088	1,077
Consumers Energy Company | Securitized regulatory assets
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	33	28	27
Consumers Energy Company | Software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	92	103	108
Consumers Energy Company | Other intangible assets
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Amortization expense	$ 5	$ 5	$ 4

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Schedule of Estimated Amortization Expense for Intangibles) (Details) - Consumers Energy Company $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
2024	$ 89
2025	88
2026	87
2027	81
2028	$ 73

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Plant, Property, and Equipment (Summary of Jointly Owned Regulated Utility Facilities) (Details) - Consumers Energy Company $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
J.H. Campbell Unit 3
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Ownership share	93.30%
Utility plant in service	$ 1,752
Accumulated provision for depreciation	(812)
Plant under construction	1
Net investment	$ 941
Ludington
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Ownership share	51.00%
Utility plant in service	$ 619
Accumulated provision for depreciation	(227)
Plant under construction	5
Net investment	397
Other
Public Utility, Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Utility plant in service	443
Accumulated provision for depreciation	(97)
Plant under construction	11
Net investment	$ 357

XML

Leases (Summary of Lease Right-of-Use Assets and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessor, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other	Other
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current liabilities	Other current liabilities
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other non‑current liabilities	Other non‑current liabilities
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Plant, property, and equipment, net	Plant, property, and equipment, net
Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases	Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets	$ 26	$ 31
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities	4	4
Noncurrent lease liabilities	22	27
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets	71	82
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities	5	9
Non-current lease liabilities	$ 62	$ 68
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	19 years	20 years
Finance leases	19 years	18 years
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	5.20%	4.00%
Finance leases	5.30%	5.20%
Finance lease liability	$ 67
Consumers Energy Company
Operating leases
Right-of-use assets	23	$ 27
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities	4	4
Noncurrent lease liabilities	19	23
Finance leases
Right-of-use assets	48	58
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities	5	9
Non-current lease liabilities	$ 39	$ 45
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	18 years	18 years
Finance leases	11 years	10 years
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	5.30%	3.90%
Finance leases	1.50%	1.60%
Finance lease liability	$ 44
Related Party Lease
Lease liabilities
Current lease liabilities	1	$ 1
Weighted-average discount rate
Finance lease liability	$ 24	$ 24

XML

Leases (Schedule of Lease Cost) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease costs	$ 6	$ 6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets	9	12
Interest on lease liabilities	15	14
Variable lease costs	107	93
Short-term lease costs	14	23
Total lease costs	151	148
Consumers Energy Company
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease costs	5	6
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets	8	12
Interest on lease liabilities	13	14
Variable lease costs	107	93
Short-term lease costs	14	22
Total lease costs	$ 147	$ 147

XML

Leases (Schedule of Lessee Cash Flows) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases	$ 6	$ 6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases	15	14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases	8	13
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases	1	10
Finance leases	0	36
Consumers Energy Company
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases	6	6
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases	13	14
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases	8	12
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets
Operating leases	1	10
Finance leases	$ 0	$ 12

XML

Leases (Summary of Minimum Annual Rental Commitments) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Leases
2024	$ 5
2025	4
2026	3
2027	2
2028	1
2028 and thereafter	30
Total minimum lease payments	45
Less discount	19
Present value of minimum lease payments	26
Finance Leases
2024	19
2025	16
2026	17
2027	14
2028	14
2028 and thereafter	92
Total minimum lease payments	172
Less discount	105
Present value of minimum lease payments	67
Consumers Energy Company
Operating Leases
2024	5
2025	4
2026	2
2027	2
2028	1
2028 and thereafter	24
Total minimum lease payments	38
Less discount	15
Present value of minimum lease payments	23
Finance Leases
2024	18
2025	15
2026	15
2027	13
2028	13
2028 and thereafter	34
Total minimum lease payments	108
Less discount	64
Present value of minimum lease payments	44
Pipelines and PPAs
Finance Leases
2024	13
2025	13
2026	13
2027	13
2028	13
2028 and thereafter	26
Total minimum lease payments	91
Less discount	62
Present value of minimum lease payments	29
Pipelines and PPAs | Consumers Energy Company
Finance Leases
2024	13
2025	13
2026	13
2027	13
2028	13
2028 and thereafter	26
Total minimum lease payments	91
Less discount	62
Present value of minimum lease payments	29
Other
Finance Leases
2024	6
2025	3
2026	4
2027	1
2028	1
2028 and thereafter	66
Total minimum lease payments	81
Less discount	43
Present value of minimum lease payments	38
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Finance Leases
2024	5
2025	2
2026	2
2027	0
2028	0
2028 and thereafter	8
Total minimum lease payments	17
Less discount	2
Present value of minimum lease payments	$ 15

XML

Leases (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Consumers Energy Company
Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Minimum rental payments to be received 2023	$ 1
Minimum annual rental payments to be received in 2024	1
Minimum annual rental payments to be received in 2025	1
Minimum annual rental payments to be received in 2026	1
Minimum rental payments to be received in 2027	1
Minimum rental payments to be received 2028 and thereafter	6
Lease receivables	6
Unearned income	5
Power Sales Agreement
Lessor, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Leasing income	116	$ 240
Variable lease income	$ 74	$ 191

XML

Leases (Schedule of Future Payments to be Received) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Leases
2024	$ 43
2025	44
2026	18
Total minimum lease payments	$ 105

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Asset Retirement Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	$ 746	$ 628
Incurred	11	1
Settled	(28)	(39)
Accretion	33	28
Cash Flow Revisions	9	128
ARO Liability, end of period	771	746
Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	722	605
Incurred	4	1
Settled	(28)	(39)
Accretion	32	27
Cash Flow Revisions	9	128
ARO Liability, end of period	739	722
Renewable generation assets
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	24	23
Incurred	7	0
Settled	0	0
Accretion	1	1
Cash Flow Revisions	0	0
ARO Liability, end of period	32	24
Renewable generation assets | Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	95	93
Incurred	4	0
Settled	0	0
Accretion	3	2
Cash Flow Revisions	0	0
ARO Liability, end of period	102	95
Coal ash disposal areas | Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	272	157
Incurred	0	0
Settled	(15)	(20)
Accretion	11	7
Cash Flow Revisions	0	128
ARO Liability, end of period	268	272
Gas distribution cut, purge, and cap | Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	287	282
Incurred	0	1
Settled	(10)	(11)
Accretion	14	15
Cash Flow Revisions	(1)	0
ARO Liability, end of period	290	287
Asbestos abatement | Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	39	38
Incurred	0	0
Settled	(1)	(1)
Accretion	3	2
Cash Flow Revisions	10	0
ARO Liability, end of period	51	39
Gas wells plug and abandon | Consumers Energy Company
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
ARO Liability, at beginning of period	29	35
Incurred	0	0
Settled	(2)	(7)
Accretion	1	1
Cash Flow Revisions	0	0
ARO Liability, end of period	$ 28	$ 29

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Retirement Benefits (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) yr	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Union employees percentage	44.00%
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Retirement age requirement | yr	55
Retirement years of service	10 years
Retirement years of service with disability	15 years
Ultimate health care cost trend rate	4.75%
Year health care cost trend rate reaches ultimate trend rate	2032
Estimated time of amortization of gains losses	9 years	9 years	9 years
OPEB Plan | Volatility Mechanism
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Deferred costs (credits)	$ (23)
OPEB Plan | Under Age 65
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed next fiscal year	8.00%	6.50%
OPEB Plan | Over Age 65
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed next fiscal year	8.50%	6.75%
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP | Volatility Mechanism
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Deferred costs (credits)	$ 11
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Amortized net gains and losses in excess of PBO or MRV	10.00%
Period for gains or losses to be included in market related value	5 years
Accumulated benefit obligation	$ 2,000	$ 2,000
DB Pension Plans | Fixed-income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	40.00%
DB Pension Plans | Equity securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	38.00%
DB Pension Plans | Real asset investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	11.00%
DB Pension Plans | Return-seeking fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	7.00%
DB Pension Plans | Liquid alternative investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	4.00%
Postretirement Health Trusts | Fixed-income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	40.00%
Postretirement Health Trusts | Equity securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	38.00%
Postretirement Health Trusts | Real asset investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	11.00%
Postretirement Health Trusts | Return-seeking fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	7.00%
Postretirement Health Trusts | Liquid alternative investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation percentage	4.00%
Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Union employees percentage	45.00%
Consumers Energy Company | OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Retirement age requirement | yr	55
Retirement years of service	10 years
Retirement years of service with disability	15 years
Ultimate health care cost trend rate	4.75%
Year health care cost trend rate reaches ultimate trend rate	2032
Consumers Energy Company | OPEB Plan | Under Age 65
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed next fiscal year	8.00%	6.50%
Consumers Energy Company | OPEB Plan | Over Age 65
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed next fiscal year	8.50%	6.75%
Defined Company Contribution Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan cost, defined contribution plan	$ 51	$ 48	$ 41
Defined Company Contribution Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan cost, defined contribution plan	50	48	41
DC SERP
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan cost, defined contribution plan	$ 1	1	2
Minimum years of participation before vesting	5 years
Defined Contribution Plan, Trust Assets, Amount	$ 14	12
401 (K) Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan cost, defined contribution plan	41	44	31
401 (K) Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan cost, defined contribution plan	$ 40	$ 43	$ 31
Pension Plan A | DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Estimated time of amortization of gains losses	8 years	8 years	8 years
Estimated time of prior service cost			8 years
Pension Plan A | Consumers Energy Company | DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Estimated time of prior service cost			8 years
Pension Plan B | DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Estimated time of amortization of gains (losses) life expectancy	17 years	18 years	18 years
Minimum | Defined Company Contribution Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Contribution range	5.00%
Minimum | DC SERP
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan contribution percentage	5.00%
Minimum | 401 (K) Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Contribution range	4.00%
Maximum | Defined Company Contribution Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Contribution range	10.00%
Maximum | DC SERP
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan contribution percentage	15.00%
Maximum | 401 (K) Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Contribution range	6.00%

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Retirement Benefits (Schedule of SERP Trust Assets, ABO and Contributions) (Details) - DB SERP - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
ABO	$ 115	$ 118
Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
ABO	83	85
Trust assets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Trust assets	132	137
Trust assets | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Trust assets	$ 98	$ 101

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Assumptions Used) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
DB Pension Plans
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	7.20%	6.50%	6.75%
Actual rate of return on plan assets	12.60%	(15.90%)	12.00%
DB SERP
Weighted average for benefit obligations
Discount rate	4.94%	5.13%	2.78%
Rate of compensation increase	0.00%	5.50%	5.50%
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost
Service cost discount rate	5.18%	3.09%	2.84%
Interest cost discount rate	5.06%	2.21%	1.72%
Rate of compensation increase	5.50%	5.50%	5.50%
OPEB Plan
Weighted average for benefit obligations
Discount rate	5.02%	5.21%	2.99%
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost
Service cost discount rate	5.31%	3.23%	3.03%
Interest cost discount rate	5.10%	2.45%	1.99%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	7.20%	6.50%	6.75%
Pension Plan A | DB Pension Plans
Weighted average for benefit obligations
Discount rate	5.05%	5.24%	3.02%
Rate of compensation increase	3.60%	3.60%	3.60%
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost
Service cost discount rate	5.27%	3.09%	2.83%
Interest cost discount rate	5.12%	2.44%	1.97%
Rate of compensation increase	3.60%	3.60%	3.50%
Pension Plan B | DB Pension Plans
Weighted average for benefit obligations
Discount rate	4.95%	5.14%	2.79%
Weighted average for net periodic benefit cost
Interest cost discount rate	5.06%	2.21%	1.70%

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Net Benefit Costs) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Service cost	$ 29	$ 41	$ 53
Interest cost	112	84	63
Settlement loss	0	1	1
Expected return on plan assets	(220)	(206)	(208)
Amortization of:
Net loss	12	40	100
Prior service cost (credit)	4	4	4
Settlement loss	11	9	6
Net periodic cost (credit)	(52)	(27)	19
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP | Volatility Mechanism
Amortization of:
Deferred costs (credits)	(11)
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Service cost	28	39	51
Interest cost	105	79	59
Expected return on plan assets	(208)	(194)	(197)
Amortization of:
Net loss	11	37	96
Prior service cost (credit)	4	4	4
Settlement loss	11	9	6
Net periodic cost (credit)	(49)	(26)	19
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Service cost	12	17	18
Interest cost	44	28	23
Settlement loss	0	0	0
Expected return on plan assets	(103)	(115)	(109)
Amortization of:
Net loss	12	1	8
Prior service cost (credit)	(41)	(51)	(53)
Settlement loss	0	0	0
Net periodic cost (credit)	(76)	(120)	(113)
OPEB Plan | Volatility Mechanism
Amortization of:
Deferred costs (credits)	23
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Service cost	11	17	17
Interest cost	42	27	23
Expected return on plan assets	(95)	(107)	(102)
Amortization of:
Net loss	12	0	8
Prior service cost (credit)	(40)	(50)	(51)
Settlement loss	0	0	0
Net periodic cost (credit)	$ (70)	$ (113)	$ (105)

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Funded Status of Retirement Benefit Plans) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	$ 2,169	$ 3,070
Service cost	29	41
Interest cost	106	81
Plan amendments	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	52	(811)
Benefits paid	(161)	(212)
Benefit obligation at end of period	2,195	2,169	$ 3,070
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period	2,820	3,599
Actual return on plan assets	345	(567)
Company contribution	0	0
Actual benefits paid	(161)	(212)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period	3,004	2,820	3,599
Funded status	809	651
DB Pension Plans | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Funded status	781	632
DB SERP
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	117	149
Service cost	0	0
Interest cost	6	3
Plan amendments	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	1	(25)
Benefits paid	(10)	(10)
Benefit obligation at end of period	114	117	149
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period	0	0
Actual return on plan assets	0	0
Company contribution	10	10
Actual benefits paid	(10)	(10)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period	0	0	0
Funded status	(114)	(117)
DB SERP | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	85	109
Service cost	0	0
Interest cost	4	2
Plan amendments	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	1	(19)
Benefits paid	(7)	(7)
Benefit obligation at end of period	83	85	109
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period	0	0
Actual return on plan assets	0	0
Company contribution	7	7
Actual benefits paid	(7)	(7)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period	0	0	0
Funded status	(83)	(85)
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	889	1,166
Service cost	12	17	18
Interest cost	44	28	23
Plan amendments	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	9	(274)
Benefits paid	(54)	(48)
Benefit obligation at end of period	900	889	1,166
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period	1,446	1,787
Actual return on plan assets	165	(294)
Company contribution	0	0
Actual benefits paid	(52)	(47)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period	1,559	1,446	1,787
Funded status	659	557
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	856	1,122
Service cost	11	17	17
Interest cost	42	27	23
Plan amendments	0	0
Actuarial loss (gain)	10	(265)
Benefits paid	(52)	(45)
Benefit obligation at end of period	867	856	1,122
Defined Benefit Plan, Roll Forwards [Abstract]
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of period	1,350	1,668
Actual return on plan assets	154	(273)
Company contribution	0	0
Actual benefits paid	(51)	(45)
Plan assets at fair value at end of period	1,453	1,350	$ 1,668
Funded status	$ 586	$ 494

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Retirement Benefit Plan Assets (Liabilities)) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	$ 1,468	$ 1,208
Non-current liabilities	106	108
Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	1,367	1,126
Non-current liabilities	77	79
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	809	651
DB Pension Plans | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	781	632
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	659	557
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Non-current assets	586	494
DB SERP
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Current liabilities	10	10
Non-current liabilities	104	107
DB SERP | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Current liabilities	7	7
Non-current liabilities	$ 76	$ 78

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Not yet Recognized) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Consumers Energy Company
Regulatory assets
Total regulatory assets	$ 3,886	$ 3,652
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP
Regulatory assets
Net loss	634	724
Prior service cost (credit)	16	21
Total regulatory assets	650	745
AOCI
Net loss (gain)	65	69
Prior service cost (credit)	1	1
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI	716	815
DB Pension Plans and DB SERP | Consumers Energy Company
Regulatory assets
Net loss	634	724
Prior service cost (credit)	16	21
Total regulatory assets	650	745
AOCI
Net loss (gain)	20	20
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI	670	765
OPEB Plan
Regulatory assets
Net loss	191	251
Prior service cost (credit)	(100)	(140)
Total regulatory assets	91	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)	(3)	2
Prior service cost (credit)	(2)	(3)
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI	86	110
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Regulatory assets
Net loss	191	251
Prior service cost (credit)	(100)	(140)
Total regulatory assets	91	111
AOCI
Net loss (gain)	0	0
Total amounts recognized in regulatory assets and AOCI	$ 91	$ 111

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	$ 3,004	$ 2,820	$ 3,599
DB Pension Plans | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	225	385
DB Pension Plans | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	225	385
DB Pension Plans | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
DB Pension Plans | Cash and short-term investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	178	122
DB Pension Plans | Cash and short-term investments | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	178	122
DB Pension Plans | Cash and short-term investments | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
DB Pension Plans | Mutual funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	47	263
DB Pension Plans | Mutual funds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	47	263
DB Pension Plans | Mutual funds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
DB Pension Plans | Pooled funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	2,779	2,435
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	1,559	1,446	$ 1,787
OPEB Plan | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	402	851
OPEB Plan | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	303	851
OPEB Plan | Plan Assets Excluding Pooled Funds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	99
OPEB Plan | Cash and short-term investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	82	28
OPEB Plan | Cash and short-term investments | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	82	28
OPEB Plan | Cash and short-term investments | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
OPEB Plan | U.S. government and agencies securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	16	0
OPEB Plan | U.S. government and agencies securities | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0	0
OPEB Plan | U.S. government and agencies securities | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	16
OPEB Plan | Corporate debt
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	67	0
OPEB Plan | Corporate debt | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0	0
OPEB Plan | Corporate debt | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	67
OPEB Plan | State and municipal bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	1	0
OPEB Plan | State and municipal bonds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0	0
OPEB Plan | State and municipal bonds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	1
OPEB Plan | Foreign corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	15	0
OPEB Plan | Foreign corporate bonds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0	0
OPEB Plan | Foreign corporate bonds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	15
OPEB Plan | Common stocks
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	161	69
OPEB Plan | Common stocks | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	161	69
OPEB Plan | Common stocks | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
OPEB Plan | Mutual funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	60	754
OPEB Plan | Mutual funds | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	60	754
OPEB Plan | Mutual funds | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	0
OPEB Plan | Pooled funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets	$ 1,157	$ 595

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Asset Allocation) (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	100.00%
DB Pension Plans | Fixed-income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	42.00%
DB Pension Plans | Equity securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	38.00%
DB Pension Plans | Real asset investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	9.00%
DB Pension Plans | Return-seeking fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	6.00%
DB Pension Plans | Liquid alternative investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	4.00%
DB Pension Plans | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	1.00%
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	100.00%
OPEB Plan | Fixed-income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	40.00%
OPEB Plan | Equity securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	42.00%
OPEB Plan | Real asset investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	8.00%
OPEB Plan | Return-seeking fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	5.00%
OPEB Plan | Liquid alternative investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	4.00%
OPEB Plan | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Asset allocation	1.00%

XML

Retirement Benefits (Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
DB Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	$ 158
2025	160
2026	159
2027	159
2028	159
2029-2033	785
DB Pension Plans | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	148
2025	151
2026	150
2027	150
2028	150
2029-2033	741
DB SERP
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	10
2025	10
2026	10
2027	10
2028	9
2029-2033	43
DB SERP | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	7
2025	7
2026	7
2027	7
2028	6
2029-2033	29
OPEB Plan
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	55
2025	57
2026	58
2027	60
2028	61
2029-2033	315
OPEB Plan | Consumers Energy Company
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	53
2025	54
2026	56
2027	57
2028	59
2029-2033	$ 301

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred compensation arrangements plan term	10 years
Number of shares authorized (in shares)	6,500,000
Shares available for grant (in shares)	4,960,465
Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Deferred compensation arrangements plan term	10 years
Number of shares authorized (in shares)	6,500,000
Shares available for grant (in shares)	4,960,465
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percent of initial grant issued on vesting date	0.00%
Minimum | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percent of initial grant issued on vesting date	0.00%
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percent of initial grant issued on vesting date	200.00%
Maximum | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percent of initial grant issued on vesting date	200.00%
Performance-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	38 months
Vesting period	3 years
Performance-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	38 months
Vesting period	3 years
Performance-based awards | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	36 months
Performance-based awards | Minimum | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	36 months
Market-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	3 years
Vesting period	3 years
Market-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	3 years
Vesting period	3 years
Time-lapse awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	3 years
Time-lapse awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	3 years
Restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	1 year
Shares forfeited (in shares)	0
Restricted stock units | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period	1 year
Shares forfeited (in shares)	0
Restricted stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares forfeited (in shares)	63,987
Unrecognized compensation cost | $	$ 29
Unrecognized compensation cost recognition period	2 years
Restricted stock | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares forfeited (in shares)	60,312
Unrecognized compensation cost | $	$ 27
Unrecognized compensation cost recognition period	2 years

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Schedule of Restricted Stock Activity) (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	521,121
Consumers Energy Company
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	493,232
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Number of Shares
Nonvested, at beginning of period (in shares)	1,029,523
Nonvested, at end of period (in shares)	1,158,102	1,029,523
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share, at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 60.13
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share, at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 59.50	$ 60.13
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units | Consumers Energy Company
Number of Shares
Nonvested, at beginning of period (in shares)	978,146
Nonvested, at end of period (in shares)	1,094,366	978,146
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share, at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 60.15
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share, at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 59.50	$ 60.15
Restricted stock
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	502,039
Vested (in shares)	(313,344)
Forfeited (in shares)	(63,987)
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 52.62	48.69	$ 43.52
Vested (in dollars per share)	51.54
Forfeitured (in dollars per share)	$ 53.57
Restricted stock | Consumers Energy Company
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	474,917
Vested (in shares)	(302,177)
Forfeited (in shares)	(60,312)
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 52.42	48.57	42.85
Vested (in dollars per share)	51.48
Forfeitured (in dollars per share)	$ 53.45
Restricted stock units
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	19,082
Vested (in shares)	(15,211)
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 50.32	56.13	54.11
Vested (in dollars per share)	$ 52.60
Restricted stock units | Consumers Energy Company
Number of Shares
Granted (in shares)	18,315
Vested (in shares)	(14,523)
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 50.34	$ 56.07	$ 53.93
Vested (in dollars per share)	$ 52.55

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Schedule of Restricted Stock Activity - Granted) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	521,121
Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	493,232
Time-lapse awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	115,591
Time-lapse awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	108,216
Market-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	147,453
Market-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	139,255
Performance-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	153,383
Performance-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	145,008
Restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	15,545
Restricted stock units | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	14,925
Dividends on market-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	14,825
Dividends on market-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	14,038
Dividends on performance-based awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	15,608
Dividends on performance-based awards | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	14,787
Dividends on restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	3,537
Dividends on restricted stock units | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	3,390
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	55,179
Additional performance-based shares based on achievement of condition | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	53,613

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Schedule of Significant Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Market-based Restricted Stock Awards) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract]
Expected volatility	30.30%	27.30%	27.60%
Expected dividend yield	2.90%	2.80%	2.80%
Risk-free rate	3.90%	1.40%	0.20%

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Summary of Weighted-average Grant-date Fair Value) (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Restricted stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 52.62	$ 48.69	$ 43.52
Restricted stock | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in dollars per share)	52.42	48.57	42.85
Restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in dollars per share)	50.32	56.13	54.11
Restricted stock units | Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in dollars per share)	$ 50.34	$ 56.07	$ 53.93

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Schedule of Amounts Related to Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units) (Details) - Restricted stock - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of shares that vested during the year	$ 20	$ 27	$ 25
Compensation expense recognized	28	26	22
Income tax benefit recognized	3	0	1
Consumers Energy Company
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Fair value of shares that vested during the year	19	25	24
Compensation expense recognized	26	25	21
Income tax benefit recognized	$ 2	$ 0	$ 1

XML

Income Taxes (Schedule of Effective Income Rate Reconciliation) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Income Before Income Taxes	$ 954	$ 902	$ 823
Income tax expense at statutory rate	200	189	173
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect	31	51	39
Renewable energy tax credits	(58)	(51)	(44)
TCJA excess deferred taxes	(40)	(65)	(50)
Taxes attributable to noncontrolling interests	17	5	5
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits	0	(39)	(28)
Other, net	(3)	3	0
Income Tax Expense	$ 147	$ 93	$ 95
Effective tax rate	15.40%	10.30%	11.50%
Consumers Energy Company
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Income Before Income Taxes	$ 1,028	$ 1,085	$ 1,024
Income tax expense at statutory rate	216	228	215
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect	36	59	54
Renewable energy tax credits	(46)	(46)	(37)
TCJA excess deferred taxes	(40)	(65)	(50)
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits	0	(39)	(28)
Other, net	(5)	3	2
Income Tax Expense	$ 161	$ 140	$ 156
Effective tax rate	15.70%	12.90%	15.20%
Consumers Energy Company | Non-Michigan Jurisdiction
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect	$ (13)

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Income Taxes (Summary of Significant Components of Income Tax Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current income taxes
Federal	$ 5	$ 6	$ (1)
State and local	1	0	1
Total current income tax expense	6	6	0
Deferred income taxes
Federal	107	4	49
State and local	38	65	49
Total deferred income tax expense	145	69	98
Deferred income tax credit	(4)	18	(3)
Income tax expense	147	93	95
Consumers Energy Company
Current income taxes
Federal	3	(2)	(13)
State and local	2	8	15
Total current income tax expense	5	6	2
Deferred income taxes
Federal	117	50	103
State and local	43	66	54
Total deferred income tax expense	160	116	157
Deferred income tax credit	(4)	18	(3)
Income tax expense	$ 161	$ 140	$ 156

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Income Taxes (Summary of Principal Components of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards	$ 428	$ 385
Net regulatory tax liability	305	318
Reserves and accruals	28	35
Total deferred income tax assets	761	738
Valuation allowance	(2)	(2)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance	759	736
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment	(2,520)	(2,515)
Employee benefits	(473)	(433)
Gas inventory	(66)	(53)
Securitized costs	(194)	(39)
Other	(121)	(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(3,374)	(3,143)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities	(2,615)	(2,407)
Consumers Energy Company
Deferred income tax assets
Tax loss and credit carryforwards	175	145
Net regulatory tax liability	305	318
Reserves and accruals	27	28
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance	507	491
Deferred income tax liabilities
Plant, property, and equipment	(2,498)	(2,458)
Employee benefits	(459)	(423)
Gas inventory	(66)	(53)
Securitized costs	(194)	(39)
Other	(79)	(103)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(3,296)	(3,076)
Total net deferred income tax liabilities	$ (2,789)	$ (2,585)

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Income Taxes (Summary of Loss and Credit Carryforwards) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
General business credits	$ 356
Total tax attributes	428
Consumers Energy Company
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
General business credits	122
Total tax attributes	175
State Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Local net operating loss carryforwards	69
State Tax Authority | Consumers Energy Company
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Local net operating loss carryforwards	53
Local Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Local net operating loss carryforwards	$ 3

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Income Taxes (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Benefits [Line Items]
Interest and penalties	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Consumers Energy Company
Income Tax Benefits [Line Items]
Interest and penalties	0	$ 0	$ 0
Local Tax Authority
Income Tax Benefits [Line Items]
Valuation allowance - loss carryforward	$ 2,000,000

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Income Taxes (Schedule of Reconciliation of Uncertain Tax Benefits) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 28	$ 27	$ 25
Additions for current-year tax positions	1	1	2
Additions for prior-year tax positions	0	1	0
Reductions for prior-year tax positions	(3)	(1)	0
Balance at end of period	26	28	27
Consumers Energy Company
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	36	34	31
Additions for current-year tax positions	1	3	3
Additions for prior-year tax positions	2	1	0
Reductions for prior-year tax positions	(3)	(2)	0
Balance at end of period	$ 36	$ 36	$ 34

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Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Basic And Diluted EPS Computations) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income available to common stockholders
Income from continuing operations	$ 807	$ 809	$ 728
Loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(79)	(24)	(23)
Preferred stock dividends	10	10	5
Income from continuing operations available to common stockholders – basic and diluted	$ 876	$ 823	$ 746
Average common shares outstanding
Weighted average shares - basic (in shares)	291.2	289.5	289.0
Dilutive nonvested stock awards (in shares)	0.5	0.3	0.5
Dilutive forward equity sale contracts (in shares)	0.0	0.2	0.0
Weighted average shares - diluted (in shares)	291.7	290.0	289.5
Income from continuing operations per average common share available to common stockholders
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 3.01	$ 2.84	$ 2.58
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 3.01	$ 2.84	$ 2.58

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Earnings Per Share - CMS Energy (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 3,556
CMS Energy
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	800
CMS Energy | 3.375% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2028 | Convertible debt
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Principal (In Millions)	$ 800	$ 800

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Revenue (Disaggregation of Revenue) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	$ 7,261	$ 8,320	$ 7,075
Leasing income	116	240	194
Financing income	16	16	15
Alternative-revenue programs	69	57	45
Revenues to be refunded		(37)
Total operating revenue	7,462	8,596	7,329
Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	4,686	5,395	4,915
Financing income	10	10	10
Alternative-revenue programs	49	43	33
Revenues to be refunded		(29)
Total operating revenue	4,745	5,419	4,958
Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	2,394	2,720	2,046
Financing income	6	6	5
Alternative-revenue programs	20	14	12
Revenues to be refunded		(8)
Total operating revenue	2,420	2,732	2,063
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	181	205	114
Leasing income	116	240	194
Total operating revenue	297	445	308
Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	7,080	8,115	6,961
Financing income	16	16	15
Alternative-revenue programs	69	57	45
Revenues to be refunded		(37)
Other non-segment revenue	1
Total operating revenue	7,166	8,151	7,021
Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	4,686	5,395	4,915
Financing income	10	10	10
Alternative-revenue programs	49	43	33
Revenues to be refunded		(29)
Total operating revenue	4,745	5,419	4,958
Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	2,394	2,720	2,046
Financing income	6	6	5
Alternative-revenue programs	20	14	12
Revenues to be refunded		(8)
Total operating revenue	2,420	2,732	2,063
Residential | Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	3,855	4,402	3,798
Residential | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	2,236	2,523	2,402
Residential | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	1,619	1,879	1,396
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	2,039	2,292	1,969
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	1,550	1,733	1,573
Commercial | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	489	559	396
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	720	867	678
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	660	792	624
Industrial | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	60	75	54
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	181	205	114
Other | NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	181	205	114
Other | Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	466	554	516
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	240	347	316
Other | Consumers Energy Company | Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers	$ 226	$ 207	$ 200

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Revenue (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Bad debt expense	$ 34	$ 50	$ 22
Unbilled receivables	494	663
Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Bad debt expense	34	50	22
Regulatory liability	3,950	3,900
Unbilled receivables	494	663
Consumers Energy Company | Contributions to assistance programs
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Regulatory liability	10
Consumers Energy Company | Voluntary refund mechanism
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Regulatory liability		22
Consumers Energy Company | Reserve for customer refunds
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Regulatory liability	15
Accounts Receivable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Bad debt expense	34	50	22
Accounts Receivable | Consumers Energy Company
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Bad debt expense	$ 34	$ 50	$ 22

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Other Income and Other Expense (Summary of Components of Other Income and Other Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]
Gain on extinguishment of debt		$ 0	$ 0
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	$ 7	6	8
Income from equity method investees	7	3	10
All other	13	5	9
Other income	195	19	30
Donations	(1)	(9)	(6)
Civic and political expenditures	(5)	(6)	(5)
All other	(7)	(12)	(7)
Total other expense	(13)	(27)	(18)
Nonrelated Party
Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]
Interest income	37	5	3
Consumers Energy Company
Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]
Allowance for equity funds used during construction	7	6	8
All other	12	4	8
Other income	49	17	23
Donations	(1)	(9)	(6)
Civic and political expenditures	(5)	(6)	(5)
All other	(6)	(10)	(7)
Total other expense	(12)	(25)	(18)
Consumers Energy Company | Nonrelated Party
Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]
Interest income	25	2	2
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Other Income and Expenses [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 5	$ 5	$ 5

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Reportable Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	$ 7,462	$ 8,596	$ 7,329
Depreciation and amortization	1,180	1,126	1,114
Income from equity method investees	7	3	10
Total interest charges	643	519	500
Income Tax Expense	147	93	95
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	877	827	1,348
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	33,135	30,491	29,893
Investments	76	71	71
Total assets	33,517	31,353	28,753
Capital expenditures	3,280	2,393	2,161
Consumers Energy Company
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	7,166	8,151	7,021
Depreciation and amortization	1,137	1,088	1,077
Total interest charges	448	335	311
Income Tax Expense	161	140	156
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	865	943	866
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	31,723	29,342	28,771
Total assets	31,852	29,916	27,140
Capital expenditures	3,145	2,280	2,144
Other reconciling items
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization	2	1	1
Total interest charges	202	182	183
Income Tax Expense	(22)	(51)	(59)
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	(55)	(152)	458
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	30	30	23
Total assets	202	109	431
Capital expenditures	2	7	2
Other reconciling items | Consumers Energy Company
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	1	0	0
Depreciation and amortization	2	1	1
Total interest charges	2	1	0
Income Tax Expense	(4)	(1)	0
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	0	(2)	(1)
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	38	29	23
Total assets	38	30	21
Capital expenditures	23	7	2
Electric Utility | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	4,745	5,419	4,958
Depreciation and amortization	797	757	772
Total interest charges	281	218	207
Income Tax Expense	67	109	117
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	550	567	565
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	19,302	17,870	18,147
Total assets	19,358	17,907	16,493
Capital expenditures	2,081	1,265	1,153
Electric Utility | Operating Segments | Consumers Energy Company
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	4,745	5,419	4,958
Depreciation and amortization	797	757	772
Total interest charges	285	218	207
Income Tax Expense	67	109	117
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	550	567	565
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	19,302	17,870	18,147
Total assets	19,417	17,968	16,555
Capital expenditures	2,081	1,265	1,153
Gas Utility | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	2,420	2,732	2,063
Depreciation and amortization	338	330	304
Total interest charges	158	116	104
Income Tax Expense	98	32	39
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	315	378	302
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	12,383	11,443	10,601
Total assets	12,353	11,873	10,517
Capital expenditures	1,041	1,008	989
Gas Utility | Operating Segments | Consumers Energy Company
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	2,420	2,732	2,063
Depreciation and amortization	338	330	304
Total interest charges	161	116	104
Income Tax Expense	98	32	39
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	315	378	302
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	12,383	11,443	10,601
Total assets	12,397	11,918	10,564
Capital expenditures	1,041	1,008	989
NorthStar Clean Energy | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating Revenue	297	445	308
Depreciation and amortization	43	38	37
Income from equity method investees	7	3	10
Total interest charges	2	3	6
Income Tax Expense	4	3	(2)
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	67	34	23
Plant, property, and equipment, gross	1,420	1,148	1,122
Investments	76	71	71
Total assets	1,604	1,464	1,312
Capital expenditures	$ 156	$ 113	$ 17

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Related party Transactions - Consumers (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Consumers Energy Company
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Purchased power – related parties		$ 75	$ 76	$ 77
Long-term purchase commitment, amount	$ 20
Consumers Energy Company | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to related parties		19	20
Accounts receivable related parties		9	$ 8
Consumers Energy Company | Credit Agreement | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 500
CMS Energy Note Payable
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest rate		4.10%
CMS Energy Note Payable | Consumers Energy Company
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest rate		4.10%

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Variable Interest Entities (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) MW	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Investments | $	$ 76	$ 71	$ 71
Newport Solar Holdings
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Sale of membership interest in VIE to tax equity investor | $	$ 86
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW	180
NWO Holdco, L.L.C
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW	100
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Aviator Wind
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Nameplate capacity (in MW) | MW	525
Ownership interest	51.00%
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Aviator Wind Class B Membership
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Noncontrolling ownership interest	49.00%
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Investments | $	$ 74	$ 71
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | T.E.S. Filer City
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Ownership interest	50.00%
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Grayling
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Ownership interest	50.00%
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Genesee
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Ownership interest	50.00%
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Craven
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Ownership interest	50.00%

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Variable Interest Entities (Schedule of Variable Interest Entities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 227	$ 164
Prepayments and other current assets	80	113
Plant, property, and equipment, net	25,072	22,713
Construction work in progress	944	1,182
Other non-current assets	357	310
Total Assets	33,517	31,353	$ 28,753
Current portion of long-term debt	975	1,090
Non-current portion of finance leases	62	68
Asset retirement obligations	771	746
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	28	43
Accounts receivable	3	7
Prepayments and other current assets	4	7
Plant, property, and equipment, net	1,064	850
Construction work in progress	0	156
Other non-current assets	3	0
Total Assets	1,102	1,063
Current portion of long-term debt	0	100
Accounts payable	12	33
Non-current portion of finance leases	23	23
Asset retirement obligations	32	24
Total liabilities	$ 67	$ 180

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Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended			15 Months Ended	48 Months Ended
	Oct. 01, 2021	Mar. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Gain on sale				$ 0	$ 5	$ 657
Discontinued Operations, Held-for-sale | EnerBank
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Proceeds from divestiture of businesses	$ 1,000
Gain on sale			$ 657		5	$ 657
Gain from divestiture of business related to post-closing adjustment		$ 6
Retention Benefits
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Cost deferred				$ 16	24
Retention Benefits | D.E. Karn Generating Complex and J.H. Campbell Generating Units | Retention incentive program
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Regulatory asset collection period				3 years
Retention Benefits | D.E. Karn Generating Complex
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Aggregate cost incurred					$ 32
Retention and severance costs								$ 16
Retention Benefits | D.E. Karn Generating Complex | Retention incentive program
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Cost deferred								12
Retention Benefits | D.E. Karn Generating Complex | Property, Plant and Equipment
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Costs incurred and capitalized								$ 4
Retention Benefits | J.H. Campbell Generating Units
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Expected cost				$ 50
Retention Benefits | J.H. Campbell Generating Units | Retention incentive program
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Cost deferred							$ 35

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Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations (Schedule of Retention Benefit Liability Roll Forward) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Other current liabilities	$ 149	$ 166
Retention Benefits
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Retention benefit liability at beginning of period	21	14
Costs deferred as a regulatory asset	16	24
Costs paid or settled	(21)	(17)
Retention benefit liability at the end of the period	16	21
Other current liabilities	$ 7	$ 13

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Exit Activities and Discontinued Operations (Income from Discontinued Operations) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Gain on sale		$ 0	$ 5	$ 657
Income tax expense		0	1	170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		$ 1	4	602
Discontinued Operations, Held-for-sale | EnerBank
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Operating revenue			0	209
Operating expenses			0	60
Interest expense			0	34
Income before income taxes			0	115
Gain on sale	$ 657		5	657
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes			5	772
Income tax expense			1	170
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax			$ 4	$ 602

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Condensed Statements of Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses	$ (1,687)	$ (1,669)	$ (1,610)
Total operating expenses	(6,227)	(7,372)	(6,183)
Operating income	1,235	1,224	1,146
Other Income (Expense)
Equity earnings of subsidiaries	7	3	10
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	180	205	165
Other income	195	19	30
Other expense	(13)	(27)	(18)
Total other income	362	197	177
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt	616	509	481
Total interest charges	643	519	500
Income Before Income Taxes	954	902	823
Income tax expense (benefit)	147	93	95
Income From Continuing Operations	807	809	728
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	1	4	602
Net Income Attributable to CMS Energy	887	837	1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends	10	10	5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	877	827	1,348
Related Party
Interest Charges
Intercompany interest expense and other	12	12	12
CMS Energy
Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses	10	7	7
Total operating expenses	10	7	7
Operating income	(10)	(7)	(7)
Other Income (Expense)
Non-operating retirement benefits, net	(1)	(1)	(1)
Other income	31	5	2
Other expense	0	(1)	0
Total other income	959	983	1,483
Interest Charges
Interest on long-term debt	201	181	183
Total interest charges	211	189	190
Income Before Income Taxes	738	787	1,286
Income tax expense (benefit)	(20)	(50)	(60)
Income From Continuing Operations	758	837	1,346
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	0	0	7
Net Income Attributable to CMS Energy	758	837	1,353
Preferred Stock Dividends	10	10	5
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders	748	827	1,348
CMS Energy | Related Party
Other Income (Expense)
Equity earnings of subsidiaries	929	980	1,482
Interest Charges
Intercompany interest expense and other	$ 10	$ 8	$ 7

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Schedule 1 - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Condensed Statements of Income - Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Condensed Income Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Tax effect of discontinued operations	$ 0	$ 1	$ 170
CMS Energy
Condensed Income Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Tax effect of discontinued operations	$ 0	$ 0	$ (5)

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Condensed Statements Of Cash Flows) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities	$ 2,309	$ 855	$ 1,819
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,386)	(2,476)	(1,233)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt	3,551	1,899	335
Issuance of common stock	192	69	26
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs	0	0	224
Retirement of long-term debt	(2,132)	(106)	(235)
Change in notes payable – intercompany	73	20	0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,143	1,327	(295)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts	66	(294)	291
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period	182	476	185
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period	248	182	476
CMS Energy
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities	595	565	1,549
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Investment in subsidiaries	(630)	(796)	(581)
Net cash used in investing activities	(868)	(510)	(664)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of debt	800	0	0
Issuance of common stock	192	69	26
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs	0	0	224
Retirement of long-term debt	0	0	(200)
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock	(579)	(544)	(507)
Debt issuance costs and financing fees	(20)	(11)	(10)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	386	(409)	(495)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts	113	(354)	390
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period	36	390	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period	149	36	390
CMS Energy | Related Party
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Investment in debt securities - intercompany	293	0	0
Decrease (increase) in notes receivable – intercompany	(55)	286	(83)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Change in notes payable – intercompany	$ (7)	$ 77	$ (28)

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Condensed Balance Sheets) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 227	$ 164
Prepayments and other current assets	80	113
Total current assets	2,839	3,433
Other Non‑current Assets
Investments in subsidiaries	76	71	$ 71
Other	357	310
Total other non‑current assets	5,606	5,207
Total Assets	33,517	31,353	$ 28,753
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt	975	1,090
Accrued interest, including intercompany	142	122
Accrued taxes	612	538
Other current liabilities	149	166
Total current liabilities	2,895	2,985
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	14,508	13,122
Postretirement benefits	106	108
Other non‑current liabilities	415	397
Total non‑current liabilities	22,497	20,773
Equity
Common stock	3	3
Total common stockholders’ equity	7,320	6,791
Preferred stock	224	224
Total stockholders’ equity	7,544	7,015
Total Liabilities and Equity	33,517	31,353
CMS Energy
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	149	36
Taxes receivable	11	45
Prepayments and other current assets	0	1
Total current assets	229	197
Other Non‑current Assets
Deferred income taxes	137	105
Other investments	8	6
Other	24	11
Total other non‑current assets	12,166	11,003
Total Assets	12,395	11,200
Current Liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt	250	0
Accrued interest, including intercompany	37	33
Other current liabilities	9	9
Total current liabilities	371	116
Non‑current Liabilities
Long-term debt	4,471	3,930
Notes payable – intercompany	105	109
Postretirement benefits	15	15
Other non‑current liabilities	18	15
Total non‑current liabilities	4,609	4,069
Equity
Common stock	3	3
Other stockholders' equity	7,188	6,788
Total common stockholders’ equity	7,191	6,791
Preferred stock	224	224
Total stockholders’ equity	7,415	7,015
Total Liabilities and Equity	12,395	11,200
CMS Energy | Intercompany
Current Assets
Notes and accrued interest receivable – intercompany	60	107
Other Non‑current Assets
Investments in subsidiaries	11,701	10,881
Investment in debt securities – intercompany	296	0
Current Liabilities
Accounts and notes payable – intercompany	75	74
CMS Energy | Intercompany and related parties
Current Assets
Accounts receivable – intercompany and related parties	$ 9	$ 8

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Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
CMS Energy
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Maximum potential obligation	$ 886

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Balance at Beginning of Period	$ 27	$ 20	$ 29
Charged to Expense	34	50	22
Charged to Other Accounts	0	0	0
Deductions	40	43	31
Balance at End of Period	21	27	20
Allowance for uncollectible accounts | Consumers Energy Company
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Balance at Beginning of Period	27	20	29
Charged to Expense	34	50	22
Charged to Other Accounts	0	0	0
Deductions	40	43	31
Balance at End of Period	21	27	20
Deferred tax valuation allowance
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Balance at Beginning of Period	2	2	1
Charged to Expense	0	0	1
Charged to Other Accounts	0	0	0
Deductions	0	0	0
Balance at End of Period	$ 2	$ 2	$ 2