As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 19, 2023

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

This is an initial public offering of the Ordinary Shares of Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Cayman”), a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, which conducts substantially all of its operations in China through its operating subsidiaries. Throughout this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, references to “Leishen Cayman” refer to Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd., the Cayman Islands holding company, and references to “we,” “us”, the “Company” or the “Group” are to the combined group of Leishen Cayman and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Leishen Cayman is offering on a firm commitment basis ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”). We have granted to the underwriter the option, exercisable for 45 days from the date this registration statement is declared effective, to purchase up to an additional 15% of the total number of Ordinary Shares to be offered by Leishen Cayman in this offering. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for Leishen Cayman’s Ordinary Shares. We expect the initial public offering price to be in the range of $ to $ per share. We reserved the symbol “LSE” for purposes of listing the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) and intend to apply to list the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The initial public offering is contingent upon receiving authorization to list the Ordinary Shares on a national exchange. There is no guarantee or assurance that the Ordinary Shares will be approved for listing on Nasdaq or any other national stock exchange. There were 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to this offering. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, each Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws. We are also a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing rules, since Hongliang Li, our chief executive officer and director, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited, controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares. As such, we are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements for this and future filings. If we rely on these exemptions, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company”, “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer,” and “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being a Controlled Company”.

INVESTORS PURCHASING SECURITIES IN THIS OFFERING ARE PURCHASING SECURITIES OF LEISHEN CAYMAN, A CAYMAN ISLANDS HOLDING COMPANY, RATHER THAN SECURITIES OF LEISHEN CAYMAN’S SUBSIDIARIES THAT CONDUCT SUBSTANTIVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN CHINA. Leishen Cayman is not a Chinese operating company but a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. This is an offering of the Ordinary Shares of Leishen Cayman, the offshore holding company. You are not investing in any of the Affiliated Entities. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Leishen Cayman conducts substantially all of its operations through its Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC. All of our subsidiaries are controlled by Leishen Cayman through, direct or indirect, equity ownership and we do not have any variable interest entities structure. For a description of our corporate structure, see “Business—Our Corporate History and Structure” beginning on page 89.

Leishen Cayman’s Ordinary Shares offered in this prospectus are shares of the company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and not the shares of its subsidiaries. Because of the Group’s corporate structure, and since our operations are primarily located in the PRC, we are subject to various legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in or having the majority of our operations in China and the complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offerings conducted overseas by and foreign investment in China-based issuers, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity, data privacy and personal information. For a description of our corporate structure, see “Business—Our Corporate History and Structure”.

The PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate activities in the oversea securities listing in China, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity structure. On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which have come into effect on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, whether directly or indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedures and report relevant information to the CSRC within three working days after submitting listing applications and subsequent amendments. According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies from the CSRC, or the CSRC Notice, Leishen Cayman shall be required to designate an operating subsidiary in the PRC to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. However, there is no guarantee that Leishen Cayman or its Operating Subsidiaries will receive or not be denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges in the future. On February 17, 2023, CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration requires that, in the process of overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic entities, the domestic entities, and securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities service shall strictly implement the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and the requirements of these provisions, establish and improve rules on confidentiality and archives administration. However, since the Trial Measures were newly promulgated, the interpretation, application and enforcement of Trial Measures remain unclear. If the filing procedure with the CSRC under the Trial Measures is required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to complete the filing, or how long it will take us to do so. We submitted initial documents in connection with this offering and our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market to the CSRC on August 28, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification of its approval of our completion of the required filing procedures of this offering on [ ], 2023. In accordance with the CSRC notification, we are required to report the offering and listing status to the CSRC after our completion of this offering. If we fail to complete this offering within 12 months from the issuance date of the notification, and the offering is still under progress, we are required to update the filing materials and documents with the CSRC, which may take us additional time to comply with the filing requirements. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Additionally, the PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are evolving, including adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng, we will not be subject to cybersecurity review with the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the “CAC,” after the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (the “Cybersecurity Review Measures”) became effective on February 15, 2022, considering that (i) we currently do not have personal information of more than one million people and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million people’s personal information in the foreseeable future, (ii) we have not been identified as a “critical information infrastructure operator” by any government authorities, and (iii) we have not received any notification of cybersecurity review from relevant governmental authorities due to our impact or potential impact on national security. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Any failure or perceived failure of us to fully comply with the above regulatory requirements could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Cash may be transferred among Leishen Cayman and its subsidiaries in the following manners: (1) funds may be transferred to our PRC Operating Subsidiaries from Leishen Cayman as needed through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong in the form of capital contribution or shareholder loans; (2) dividends or other distributions may be paid by our PRC Operating Subsidiaries to Leishen Cayman through our subsidiaries in the Hong Kong; and (3) our PRC subsidiaries may lend to and borrow from each other from time to time for business operation purposes. Leishen Cayman and our subsidiaries in Hong Kong are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our subsidiaries in the form of loans or capital contributions, provided that the applicable governmental registration and approval requirements are satisfied. In the future, cash proceeds raised from financings conducted outside of China, including this offering, may be transferred by Leishen Cayman to our PRC subsidiaries via capital contribution or shareholder loans. As a holding company, Leishen Cayman may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC operating subsidiaries for its cash and financing requirements. Current PRC regulations permit Chinese companies to distribute dividends only out of their accumulated profits, and additionally, PRC companies are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of the company’s registered capital. Funds under such reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends. None of our subsidiaries has made any dividends or other distributions to Leishen Cayman as of the date of this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, neither Leishen Cayman nor its subsidiaries have made any dividend or distribution to U.S. investors. Leishen Cayman and its subsidiaries currently do not have plans to distribute earnings in the near future. See “Prospectus Summary—Transfer of Cash Through Our Group” beginning on page 1, “Dividend Policy” on page 44 and the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying footnotes beginning on page F-1 of this prospectus.

Currently, other than complying with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we do not have our own cash management policy and procedures that dictate how funds are transferred. See “Prospectus Summary—Transfer of Cash Through Our Group” beginning on page 1. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries generate their revenue primarily in Renminbi, and cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to their parent companies outside of China are subject to PRC government regulation of currency conversion. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to Leishen Cayman. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, the funds and assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to Chinese government’s regulation and limitations on the ability of Leishen Cayman or its subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” on page 24.

Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading on a national exchange or “over-the-counter” markets under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”) if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) determines it is unable to inspect or fully investigate our auditor and as a result the exchange where our securities are traded may delist our securities. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA”), which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive instead of three consecutive years. Pursuant to the HFCAA, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021, which found it was unable to inspect or investigate completely certain named registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, is headquartered in the United States and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis and as such, it is not affected by or subject to the PCAOB’s Determination Report. On August 26, 2022, the SEC issued a statement announcing that the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced secured complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate the 2021 Determination Report to the contrary. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Investing in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of losing your entire investment. See “Risk Factors” starting on page 16 to read about factors you should consider before investing in our Ordinary Shares.

We have granted the underwriter an option, exercisable for 45 days from the date of the closing of this offering, to purchase up to an additional 15% of the total number of our Ordinary Shares on the same terms as the other Ordinary Shares being purchased by the underwriter from us. For additional information regarding our arrangement with the underwriter, please see “Underwriting” beginning on page 167.

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriter is obligated to take and pay for all of the shares if any such shares are taken. The total underwriting discounts and commissions payable will be $ based on an offering price of $ per share, and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be $ .

If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us on the applicable closing date. We will not be able to use such proceeds in China, however, until we complete capital contribution procedures that require prior approval from each of the respective local counterparts of China’s Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration for Market Regulation, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. See the remittance procedures described at page 25, “Risk Factors—We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.”

Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriter expects to deliver the Ordinary Shares in this offering to purchasers in this offering on or about , 2023.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. We and the underwriter have not authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses prepared by us or on our behalf or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the Ordinary Shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted or where the person making the offer or sale is not qualified to do so or to any person to whom it is not permitted to make such offer or sale. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date on the front cover of the prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

Substantially all of our business is conducted by our Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC, using Chinese dollars (the “RMB”), the legal currency of mainland China. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. In this prospectus, we refer to assets, obligations, commitments and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements in United States dollars. These dollar references are based on the exchange rate of RMB to United States dollars, determined as of a specific date or for a specific period. Changes in the exchange rate will affect the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets in terms of United States dollars which may result in an increase or decrease in the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets, including accounts receivable.

The English names of our PRC business entities are directly translated from Chinese and may be different from their names shown on their respective records filed with relevant PRC authorities.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We have not, and the underwriter has not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriter take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any Ordinary Shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriter have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. We are not, and the underwriter is not, making an offer to sell our Ordinary Shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Until , 2023 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information and financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to this summary, we urge you to read the entire prospectus carefully, especially the risks of investing in our Ordinary Shares, discussed under “Risk Factors,” before deciding whether to buy our Ordinary Shares.

OVERVIEW

Leishen Cayman is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Leishen Cayman conducts substantially all of the operations through its Operating Subsidiaries. Our primary office is located in Beijing, China, from which we serve a large customer base throughout the PRC. Our Group comprises 11 subsidiaries, established in, having branches, offices or customer service centers in the Xinjiang, Sichuan, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces of China, as well as Hong Kong.

The Leishen Group was founded in 2007 and is a provider of clean-energy equipment and integrated solutions for the oil and gas industry, with a commitment to providing customers with high-performance, safe and cost-effective energy solutions. Our businesses include (i) designing and supplying equipment for the clean-energy industry; (ii) oil and gas engineering technical services; (iii) new energy production and operation; and (iv) digitalization and integration equipment. At present, the Group holds more than 70 patents and software copyrights, forming a comprehensive ecosystem of core technical capabilities. Currently, our business operations have expanded to many countries and regions, such as the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, and our service abilities and quality have been widely recognized and praised by foreign customers. Efficient, safe and energy-saving equipment combined with professional technical services have enabled our brand to gain positive attention and recognition from our customers and enabled us to become a well-known equipment and services provider in the oil and gas industry.

As of July 31, 2023, we had approximately 171 employees. Our two manufacturing plants are in Chengdu, Sichuan, PRC.

Two of our primary Operating Subsidiaries, ZJY Technologies Co., Ltd. and China Oil Blue Ocean Petroleum Technology Inc. were founded in 2007, and we have over 15 years of operational history. Throughout our operating history, we continued to establish other Operating Subsidiaries as we expanded our global footprint and business lines in the 2010s and 2020s. Leishen Cayman was incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands on October 19, 2022, as the holding company of our Group.

We are also in the process of establishing overseas customer service centers in the United Arab Emirates, Kazakhstan, Chad and Turkmenistan.

BUSINESS SEGMENTS

Through more than 15 years of operating history in the oil and gas industry, we have accumulated substantial experience and proprietary know-how, and are applying our hard-earned expertise into our businesses, which are divided into the following four segments:

Clean-Energy Equipment

Based on the different needs of customers and varying production environments, we design customized solutions for our clients, and supply our customers with a wide variety of equipment, such as reciprocating compressor units, expansion units, wellhead heating systems (electromagnetic/solar energy), wellhead safety control systems, oil-water separation systems, natural gas online sampling systems, oil and gas skid-mounted equipment, and polymer flexible composite pipes. Revenues from sales of our clean-energy equipment were $18,697,671 and $19,482,911 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross profit for our clean-energy equipment sales increased by $377,881 to $6,231,271 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $5,853,390 in 2021.

Oil and Gas Engineering Technical Services

We provide customers with a broad range of products and technical solutions for oil and gas production to meet the different needs of oilfield users and production site geographical conditions, and achieve clients’ objectives for production maximization, cost reduction and operational reliability. More specifically, we design and customize various pressurization gas injection units, coupled with ancillary services such as equipment leasing, technical personnel support and remote expert product diagnosis, in order to help our customers attain heightened productivity and efficiency. We also offer various types of professional services, such as equipment maintenance, spare parts supply, upgrading and customization, and other technical services to our customers. Leveraging on our long-term cooperative relationships with world-renowned brand owners, we can establish a spare parts reserve warehouse at the customer’s site to provide integrated and timely operation support for the transportation, maintenance, repair, and troubleshooting of the user’s on-site equipment. Revenues from our oil and gas field engineering technical services were $5,949,349 and $3,148,087 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross profit for our oil and gas field engineering technical services segment increased to $4,966,560 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $2,815,991 in 2021.

New Energy Production and Operation

Our New Energy Production and Operation business focuses on the processing and sale of natural gas (LNG/CNG), the substitution of traditional fuels, development of distributed energy, and the planning and operation of new energy and new energy industries. We are committed to providing customers with natural gas and other multi-category clean-energy resources (LNG, CNG, solar energy, expander differential pressure power generation), providing integrated solutions and developing diversified products and operational services centered around customer needs. Revenues from sales of new energy were $17,713,342 and $7,523,079 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross profit for sales of new energy increased by $1,512,497 to $1,707,579 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $195,082 for 2021.

Digitalization and Integration Equipment

Leveraging on our years of practical experience in the oil and gas industry, and in anticipation of future trends of industrial interconnectivity, our Digitalization and Integration business is designed to provide informatization solutions for the industry chain which is being met with industrial intelligence, mobility, industrial interconnection and big data trends. At present, this business segment is centered on creating digital oilfields (equipped with predictive technologies for the maintenance and management of equipment, health, safety and environment monitoring and intelligent inspection, intelligent central control rooms etc.), digitalized oil and gas transportation, intelligent manufacturing and warehousing, and intelligent hardware. Revenues from sales of our digitalization and integration equipment were $4,356,143 and $1,103,335 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross profit for our digitalization and integration equipment sales increased by $470,222 to $630,125 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $159,903 in 2021.

OUR STRENGTHS AND STRATEGIES

We believe the following strengths contributed to our continuous growth and differentiates us from our competitors:

	●	We have over 15 years of operational history in the oil and gas industry and are increasing our domestic market share in China.

	●	Our high-quality products and capabilities distinguish us from our competitors and have won recognition from our customers.

	●	We have continuously improved and accumulated substantial internal expertise and technical knowhow. At present, the Group holds more than 70 invention and utility model patents and software copyrights.

	●	We have evolved our business model and revenue model to meet customer needs and provide more diverse offerings, which also diversifies our revenue streams.

	●	The continuing integration of our upstream and downstream coverage in the oil and gas industry creates further market advantages for our business.

	●	We have utilized various industry advantages and customer support to realize cost savings.

The main focus of our business strategies includes the following:

	●	increasing the Company’s market share in China;

	●	developing the Company’s own branded products and services and shift the Company’s focus away from the trading business;

	●	focusing on high-margin market segments;

	●	providing services for foreign oil fields outside PRC contracted by Chinese consultants;

	●	seeking opportunities for cooperation with foreign companies in China; and

	●	providing high customer satisfaction through our products and service.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Our Corporate History and Structure

We commenced our operations in the PRC in 2007 through ZJY Technologies Co., Ltd. and China Oil Blue Ocean Petroleum Technology Inc. On October 19, 2022, we incorporated Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. (referred to herein as “Leishen Cayman”) under the laws of the Cayman Islands to serve as our offshore holding company and our public listed company following completion of the offering. We also commenced a corporate restructuring in 2022, including incorporating LeiShen Energy Group Holding Co., Limited, for the purpose of serving as intermediate holding companies.

The following diagram illustrates our current corporate structure and existing shareholders of each corporate entity listed herein as of the date of this prospectus, prior to completion of the offering:

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure and shareholders of each corporate entity listed herein immediately after completion of the offering (assuming no exercise of the over-allotment option):

For a detailed description of our corporate structure, see “Business—Our Corporate History and Structure” and “Principal Shareholders.”

Transfer of Cash Through our Group

Cash from Leishen Cayman to Subsidiaries. Leishen Cayman is permitted under the laws of the Cayman Islands and its memorandum and articles of association to provide funding to its subsidiaries in the form of loans or capital contributions, without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Leishen Cayman and its Hong Kong subsidiaries are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to the PRC subsidiaries in the form of loans or capital contributions, provided that the applicable governmental registration and approval requirements are satisfied. According to the PRC regulations related to foreign investment and foreign currency, any funds that Leishen Cayman and its Hong Kong subsidiaries transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, there are no quantity limits on the ability of Leishen Cayman and its Hong Kong subsidiaries to make capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries in the form of an increase in registered capital or additional paid-in capital. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business”.

Cash from Subsidiaries to Leishen Cayman. As a holding company, Leishen Cayman may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiaries for its cash and financing requirements. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends only out of their accumulated profits, and additionally, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of the company’s registered capital. Funds under such reserves are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. In addition, if any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends.

Under our current corporate structure, Leishen Cayman may rely on dividend payments from our PRC operating subsidiaries to fund cash and financing requirements it may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to Leishen Cayman’s shareholders or to service any debt it may incur. As of the date of this prospectus, there were no material cash flows between Leishen Cayman, our Cayman Islands holding company, and any of its subsidiaries.

As of the date of this prospectus, for the past three fiscal years, none of our subsidiaries have declared any dividends or made other distributions to Leishen Cayman or their respective shareholders, nor have Leishen Cayman or any of our subsidiaries paid dividends or made other distributions to U.S. investors. We intend to retain most of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering and cash proceeds from financing activities, including this offering, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the near future. See “Dividend Policy” on page 44.

In addition, the PRC government imposes regulation on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may prevent us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, and we may not be able to transfer cash out of China or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, the funds and assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to regulation and limitations on the ability of Leishen Cayman or its subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business”.

CORPORATE INFORMATION

Our principal executive office is located at 103 Huizhong Li, B Building, Peking Times Square, Unit 15B10, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-10-84871799. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is at 89 Nexus Way, Camana Bay, Grand Cayman, KY1-9009, Cayman Islands. The legal name of Leishen Cayman is Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. and we operate our business under the commercial name “Leishen Energy Group.”

Investor inquiries should be directed to us at the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices set forth above. Our website address is https://www.r-egroup.com/. The information contained on our website does not form part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates at 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711.

Recent Regulatory Developments

PRC Regulations on Overseas Listings

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the July 6, 2021 Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The July 6, 2021 Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and to strengthen supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-concept overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection.

In addition, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which have come into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, whether directly or indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedures and report relevant information to the CSRC within three working days after submitting listing applications. According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies from the CSRC, or the CSRC Notice, Leishen Cayman shall be required to designate an Operating Subsidiary in the PRC to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. We are not able to guarantee that we will obtain such filings, approval or complete such review or other procedure timely or at all. We submitted initial documents in connection with this offering and our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market to the CSRC on August 28, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification of its approval of our completion of the required filing procedures of this offering on [ ]. In accordance with the CSRC notification, we are required to report the offering and listing status to the CSRC after our completion of this offering. If we fail to complete this offering within 12 months from the issuance date of notification, and the offering is still under progress, we are required to update the filing materials with the CSRC. See “Regulations—Regulations on Overseas Listing” on page 126.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which became law in December 2020 and prohibits foreign companies from listing their securities on U.S. exchanges if the company has been unavailable for PCAOB inspection or investigation for three consecutive years. In June 2021, the Senate passed the AHFCAA, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive instead of three consecutive years.

Our auditor, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report in this prospectus, is an auditor of certain companies that are traded publicly in the United States, and is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in United States and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. Pursuant to the HFCAA, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021, which found the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely certain named registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China of the PRC and Hong Kong. On August 26, 2022, the SEC issued a statement announcing that the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, jointly agreeing on the need for a framework. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced it has secured complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate the previous 2021 Determination Report to the contrary.

The recent developments add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach, or experience as it relates to our audit.

IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements compared to those that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”). The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to take advantage of such exemptions. As a result, our operating results and financial statements may not be comparable to the operating results and financial statements of other companies who have adopted the new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of the Ordinary Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Implications of being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are also considered a “foreign private issuer.” Accordingly, upon consummation of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. This means that, even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

	●	the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

	●	the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

	●	the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

We may take advantage of these exemptions until such time as we are no longer a foreign private issuer. We would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time as more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (i) the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States.

In this prospectus, we have taken advantage of certain of the reduced reporting requirements as a result of being an emerging growth company and a foreign private issuer. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.

Implications of being a CONTROLLED company

Under the Nasdaq listing rules, a controlled company is a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company. We may be deemed a controlled company because we anticipate that Hongliang Li, our CEO and Director, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited will control more than 50% of our voting power following the completion of this offering. On August 10, 2023, the shareholders of Leishen Cayman prior to this offering, Polar Energy Company Limited, WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD entered into a voting rights proxy agreement and a power of attorney, pursuant to which WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD. appointed Polar Energy Company Limited to act as their attorney with full power in the appointers’ name to exercise all rights in relation to the Ordinary Shares held by the appointers, including all or any of the voting and other rights, powers and privileges attached to the Ordinary Shares or otherwise capable of being exercised by the appointers in relation to such Ordinary Shares.

For so long as we remain a controlled company, we are exempt from the obligation to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, including:

	●	our board of directors (“BOD”) is not required to be comprised of a majority of independent directors;

	●	our BOD is not subject to the compensation committee requirement; and

	●	we are not subject to the requirement that director nominees be selected either by the independent directors or a nomination committee comprised solely of independent directors.

The controlled company exemptions do not apply to the audit committee requirement or the requirement for executive sessions of independent directors. We are required to disclose in our annual report that we are a controlled company and the basis for that determination. Although we do not plan to take advantage of the exemptions provided to controlled companies, we may in the future take advantage of such exemptions. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. For details, see “Risk Factors— Risks Related to an Investment in Our Ordinary Shares and this Offering—As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.”

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

This prospectus contains estimates and information concerning our industry, including our market position and the size and growth rates of the markets in which we participate, that are based on industry publications and the reports. The “Industry Overview” section of this prospectus contains statistical data and estimates published by Frost & Sullivan, an independent research firm, to whom we paid a fee. Frost & Sullivan’s report includes information and an overview of China’s macro economy and energy market, analysis of the oilfield services market in China, analysis of the oilfield compressor market in China and Southeast Asia, analysis of the natural gas expender market in China, analysis of the wellhead control panel market in China, the competitive landscape of oilfield services market in China, analysis of the hydrogen compressor market in China, and analysis of the renewable energy market in China. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these estimates. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry reports. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications and reports.

Industry publications, research, surveys, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Risk Factors”. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the forecasts or estimates from independent third parties and us.

RISK FACTORS

We face the following risks and uncertainties in achieving our business objectives and executing our business strategies. For details of each of these bulleted risk factors, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” under the same subheadings.

	●	We are reliant on a small number of customers who contribute a majority of our revenue and the loss of one or more of these customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

	●	The cyclical nature of the oil and natural gas industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

	●	The ongoing military action between Russia and Ukraine could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

	●	We must continually research and develop new technologies and products to remain competitive.

	●	A failure by our third-party vendors to fulfill their obligations would negatively affect our ability to operate profitably.

	●	As a technology-oriented business, our ability to operate profitably is directly related to our ability to develop and protect our proprietary technology.

	●	We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

	●	We may be accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

	●	Our software products may contain integration challenges, design defects or software errors that could be difficult to detect and correct.

	●	Our future success depends on our ability to help our customers find, develop and acquire oil and gas reserves.

	●	Our customers are companies engaged in the oil and gas industry and the greater energy industry, and, consequently, our financial performance is dependent upon the economic conditions of those industries.

	●	Changes in environmental and regulatory factors may impair our business.

	●	Natural gas reserve degradation and depletion may reduce our customers’ profitability and in turn our financial performance.

	●	We are heavily dependent upon the services of experienced personnel who possess skills that are valuable in our industry, and we may have to actively compete for their services.

	●	Our ability to attract and retain skilled workers may impact growth potential and profitability.

	●	Our business is capital intensive and our growth strategy may require additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

	●	Our certificates, permits, and license are subject to governmental regulation and renewal, and the failure to obtain renewal would cause all or part of our operations to be suspended and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

	●	If any of the affiliated entities becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by such entity, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

	●	The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect the operations of our system, in-person oil and gas services and results of our business operations.

We are a China-based business and the PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, like us, to conduct our business, conduct offerings overseas, accept foreign investments or list on a U.S. stock exchange. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and cybersecurity and data privacy. The PRC government may also intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory goals. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the securities we are registering for sale, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors or cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless. We may also face the following risks and uncertainties doing business in China. For details of each of these bulleted risk factors, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China” under the same subheadings.

	●	Changes in China’s economic, political, or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

	●	The Chinese government has significant authority to exert influence on the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which result in a material change in our operations, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

	●	Uncertainties with respect to the enforcement of laws, and changes in laws and regulations in China with little advance notice, could materially and adversely affect us.

	●	Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation or claims against us and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

	●	PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

	●	PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC laws.

	●	We may be affected by the currency conversion system.

	●	We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.

	●	We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Chinese anti-corruption law.

	●	Evolution with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

	●	Because our business is conducted in Chinese yuan or RMB and the price of our Ordinary Shares is quoted in United States dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the amount of proceeds we will receive after the currency exchange from U.S. dollars to RMB.

	●	The PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.

	●	If we become subject to the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve such matters, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation.

	●	The approval, filing, or other procedures of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities may be required in connection with this offering under PRC laws, regulations, and rules.

	●	The newly enacted “HFCAA” and “AHFCAA” both call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to restrictive market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering and if our auditors fail to permit the PCAOB to inspect the auditing firm, our Ordinary Shares may be subject to delisting.

	●	Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

	●	Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

	●	Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

	●	You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

	●	You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in this prospectus based on Hong Kong laws.

	●	It may be difficult for overseas regulators to directly conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

	●	It may be difficult for overseas shareholders and/or regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within Hong Kong.

	●	Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

	●	You may be subject to PRC income tax on dividends from us or on any gain realized on the transfer of our Ordinary Shares.

	●	We may be subject to risks associated with historical equity transfers and unpaid tax liabilities.

	●	In light of recent events indicating greater oversight by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) over data security, we may be subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding cybersecurity and data protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, financial condition, results of operations, and the offering.

	●	Failure to comply with PRC property-related laws and regulations regarding certain of our leased properties may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

	●	We may face administrative penalty if we fail to register the correct business address.

	●	If the chops of our PRC subsidiaries are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.

	●	Investors in this offering are not buying shares of our Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC, but instead are buying Ordinary Shares of Leishen Cayman.

In addition to the risks described above, Leishen Cayman is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with substantially all of its operating subsidiaries incorporated in PRC, including Hong Kong. As a result of this corporate structure, investors face risks investing in our securities and in this offering. For details of each of these bulleted risk factors, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to an Investment in Our Ordinary Shares and this Offering” under the same subheadings.

	●	Our chief executive officer and director, Hongliang Li, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and will be able to influence our management and affairs and all matters requiring shareholder approval.

	●	There has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Ordinary Shares at or above the price you have paid, or at all.

	●	The initial public offering (“IPO”) price for our Ordinary Shares may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market and such market prices may be volatile.

	●	You will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of Ordinary Shares purchased.

	●	Substantial future sales of our Ordinary Shares or the anticipation of future sales of our Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

	●	We have not historically declared or paid dividends on our Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will primarily depend on appreciation in the price of our Ordinary Shares.

	●	If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish negative reports regarding our Ordinary Shares or business operations, the price and/or trading volume of our Ordinary Shares could decline.

	●	The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

	●	We may encounter extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares.

	●	Because we are an “emerging growth company,” we may not be subject to requirements that other public companies are subject to, which could affect investor confidence in us and our Ordinary Shares.

	●	Our management has broad discretion to determine how to use the funds raised in the offering and may use them in ways that may not enhance our results of operations or the price of our Ordinary Shares.

	●	We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

	●	If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

	●	As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to certain U.S. securities law disclosure requirements that apply to a domestic U.S. issuer, and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, which may limit the information publicly available to our investors and afford them less protection than if we were an U.S issuer.

	●	As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

	●	If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, United States taxpayers who own our Ordinary Shares may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

	●	The laws of the Cayman Islands may not provide our shareholders with benefits comparable to those provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

	●	Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control.

	●	You may be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by shareholders.

	●	Our pre-IPO shareholders will be able to sell their shares after completion of this offering subject to restrictions under the lock-up requirement and Rule 144.

	●	If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the initial listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, although we exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to US issuers as a Foreign Private Issuer, our securities may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.

THE OFFERING

Ordinary Shares offered by us		Ordinary Shares, or Ordinary Shares if the underwriter exercises the over- allotment option in full.

Price per Ordinary Share		We currently estimate that the IPO price will be between US$ and US$ per Ordinary Share.

Over-Allotment		We granted to the underwriter the option, exercisable for 45 days from the date this registration statement is declared effective, to purchase up to an additional 15% of the total number of Ordinary Shares to be offered by Leishen Cayman in this offering.

Authorized Capital		As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital comprised of 50,000,000 Ordinary Shares of US$0.001 par value per share. See “Description of Share Capital and Certain Cayman Islands Company Considerations.”

Ordinary Shares outstanding prior to completion of this offering		As of the date of this prospectus, we have 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares outstanding, prior to completion of this offering.

Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after completion of the Offering		Ordinary Shares, or Ordinary Shares if the underwriter exercises the over-allotment option in full (not including the shares issued upon the exercise of the Underwriter’s Warrants). The numbers do not include any of the Ordinary Shares underlying the Underwriter Warrants. Our authorized share capital as of this offering is 50,000,000 Ordinary Shares, US$0.001 par value per share. See “Description of Share Capital and Certain Cayman Islands Company Considerations.”

Voting Rights		Each Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote per share. Our principal shareholders will beneficially own approximately % to % of the total outstanding voting power, depending on whether the Underwriter exercises its over-allotment option in full or not, following the completion of this offering and will have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for votes, including the election of our directors and the approval of any change in control transaction. See the sections titled “Principal Shareholders” and “Description of Share Capital and Certain Cayman Islands Company Considerations” for additional information.

Concentration of Ownership		Upon completion of this offering, our executive officers and directors, and their affiliates, will beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately % of the total votes for our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, assuming the underwriter does not exercise its over-allotment option.

Lock-up period		Leishen Cayman, its directors and executive officers, and certain shareholders of the Ordinary Shares, have agreed with the underwriter not to sell, transfer or dispose of any Ordinary Shares for 180 days after the effective date of this registration statement, subject to certain exceptions. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.”

Listing		We intend to apply to have our Ordinary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Nasdaq Capital Market Symbol		We have reserved “LSE” as our ticker symbol.

Transfer Agent

Use of proceeds		We intend to use the proceeds from this offering for the construction of a high-tech manufacturing industrial park, for the establishment of our smart manufacturing and new energy R&D center, for the purchase of business equipment and other patented technologies, to strengthen and expand our presence in the PRC Southwest oil and gas market, and for working capital. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.

Risk factors		Investing in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk and purchasers of our Ordinary Shares may lose part or all of their investment. See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our Ordinary Shares beginning on page 16.

The following historical summarized statements of operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and summarized balance sheets data as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, was derived from our audited financial statements as of and for those years included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. You should read this data together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus as well as “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” appearing elsewhere in the prospectus.

This prospectus contains “forward-looking statements,” all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by the use of words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may” or other similar expressions in this prospectus. These statements are likely to address our growth strategy, financial results and product and development programs. You must carefully consider any such statements and should understand that many factors could cause actual results to differ from our forward-looking statements. These factors may include inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of other risks and uncertainties, including some that are known and some that are not. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

We describe material risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could affect our business, including our financial condition and results of operations, under “Risk Factors.” We base our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that actual outcomes and results may, and are likely to, differ materially from what is expressed, implied or forecast by our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should be careful about relying on any forward-looking statements. Except as required under the federal securities laws, we do not have any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements after the distribution of this prospectus, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions, or otherwise.

You should read thoroughly this prospectus and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sections of this prospectus include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance.

This prospectus contains statistical data that we obtained from various government and private publications. We have not independently verified the data in these reports. Statistical data in these publications also may include projections based on a number of assumptions. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the statistical data turns out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements except as required by applicable law.

You should carefully consider the risks described below in conjunction with the other information and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. The trading price of our Ordinary Shares could decline due to any of these risks, and as a result you may lose all or part of your investment. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements relating to events subject to risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to the material risks that we face described below.

We are reliant on a small number of customers who contribute a majority of our revenue and the loss of one or more of these customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, we had a high concentration of customer revenue and our four largest customers accounted for 54.1% and 61.0% of our total operating revenue respectively. Please see “Business—Our Customers” and “Note 2—Significant risks—Concentration of customers and suppliers” to our consolidated financial statements enclosed with this prospectus for further information. Due to the concentration of revenues from a limited number of customers, if we do not receive the payments expected from any of these key customers, or if our agreements and working relationships with such customers are not renewed, our revenue, financial condition and results of operations will be negatively and materially impacted. We cannot guarantee that any of our customers in the future will not cease purchasing services or products from us in favor of services or products from our competitors, significantly reduce orders or seek price reductions in the future, and any such event could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability, and results of operations.

The cyclical nature of the oil and natural gas industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

We derive our revenues from companies in the oil and natural gas industry, a historically cyclical industry with levels of activity that are significantly affected by the levels and volatility of oil and natural gas prices. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, significant fluctuations in operating results as a result of the reactions of our customers to changes in oil and natural gas prices. For example, prolonged low commodity prices experienced by the oil and natural gas industry during 2015, 2016 and recently in 2020, combined with adverse changes in the capital and credit markets, caused many companies to reduce their capital budgets and drilling activity. This resulted in a significant decline in demand for oilfield services and adversely impacted the prices oilfield services companies could charge for their services.

The ongoing military action between Russia and Ukraine could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On February 24, 2022, Russian military forces commenced a military operation in Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region is likely. Although the length, impact and outcome of the ongoing military conflict in Ukraine is highly unpredictable, this conflict could lead to significant market and other disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability, changes in consumer or purchaser preferences as well as increase in cyberattacks and espionage.

Russia’s recognition of two separatist republics in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine and subsequent military action against Ukraine have led to an unprecedented expansion of sanction programs imposed by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Japan and other countries against Russia, Belarus, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, including, among others:

The situation is rapidly evolving as a result of the conflict in Ukraine, and the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries may implement additional sanctions, export controls or other measures against Russia, Belarus and other countries, regions, officials, individuals or industries in the respective territories. Such sanctions and other measures, as well as the existing and potential further responses from Russia or other countries to such sanctions, tensions and military actions, could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our manufacturing operations would be potentially vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of certain materials, which are incorporated into parts we obtain from suppliers that we use in our manufacturing processes.

We must continually research and develop new technologies and products to remain competitive.

Because our industry is so competitive, we will need to continually research, develop and refine new technologies and offer new products to compete effectively. Many factors may limit our ability to develop and refine new products, including the availability of funds to dedicate to this portion of our business and access to new products and technologies that we can incorporate into our products, as well as marketplace resistance to new products and technologies. We believe that our subsidiaries and our products are able to compete in the marketplace based upon, among other things, our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. We cannot assure investors that applications of our and our subsidiaries’ technologies or those of third parties, if developed, will not be rendered superfluous or obsolete by research efforts and technological advances by others in these fields.

As new technologies are developed, our subsidiaries and we may need to adapt and change our products and services, our method of marketing or delivery or alter our current business in ways that may adversely affect revenue and our ability to achieve our proposed business goals. Accordingly, there is a risk that our subsidiaries’ and our technology will not support a viable commercial enterprise.

A failure by our third-party vendors to fulfill their obligations would negatively affect our ability to operate profitably.

In the ordinary course of business, our third-party vendors have historically required advance payments before they deliver goods and services to us that enable our operations. These advance payments are often substantial, and we dedicate a material amount of our liquidity to advance these to such third-party vendors. There is no guarantee that the materials and services we require will actually be delivered, whether due to supply chain disruptions or any other reason after we provide our advance payments, and many of our vendors lack sufficient insurance to protect us against such failures to deliver. Moreover, if a third-party vendor declares bankruptcy or we engage in litigation, we be unable to recover the advance fees in their entirety, if at all.

As a technology-oriented business, our ability to operate profitably is directly related to our ability to develop and protect our proprietary technology.

We rely on a combination of trademarks, trade secret, nondisclosure, copyright and patent law to protect our subsidiaries’ and our software and hardware, which may afford only limited protection from misuse.

Despite our efforts to protect our subsidiaries’ and our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties, including customers, may attempt to reverse engineer or copy aspects of our subsidiaries’ and our products or to obtain and use information that our subsidiaries and we regard as proprietary. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent or superior proprietary information and techniques, reverse engineer information and techniques, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technology. In the future, we cannot guarantee that others will not use our subsidiaries’ and our technology without proper authorization. In addition, under the Chinese intellectual property law, the 50-year protection period for software copyright and 10-year to 20-year patent protection period are not subject to renewal upon expiration.

In addition, our subsidiaries and we may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity, scope or enforceability of our proprietary rights. Any such claims could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, cause product development or shipment delays or force our subsidiaries or us to enter into royalty or license agreements rather than dispute the merits of such claims, thereby impairing our financial performance by requiring our subsidiaries or us to pay additional royalties and/or license fees to third parties. There is always a risk that patents, if issued, may be subsequently invalidated, either in whole or in part and this could diminish or extinguish protection for any technology we may license. Therefore, we may be unable to meaningfully protect our rights in trade secrets, technical know-how and other non-patented technology. Any failure to enforce or protect our subsidiaries’ and our rights could cause us to lose the ability to exclude others from issuing technology to develop or sell competing products.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our turnover and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, copyrights, patents, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property (which we have ownership or legal rights to use) as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete arrangements with our employees and others, to protect our proprietary rights.

As China has a “first to file” trademark registration system and there are trademarks similar to ours which were registered in the same categories, we may not be able to successfully register our trademarks in such categories and may be exposed to the risk that we are held to be infringing third-party trademark rights. Moreover, for our trademarks unregistered in China, we may not be able to prevent a third-party from using our brand. There are others using trademarks similar to our trademarks. We believe our trademarks are vital to our business. We are in the process of filing requests for certain trademarks currently in use. However, we cannot assure you that such requests would be successful, or that we can successfully register our trademarks at all.

If any third-party brings trademark infringement against us in connection with our use of any of the unregistered trademarks, we may face civil and administrative liabilities under the PRC Trademark Law. We may also be ordered to abandon any product alleged or held to infringe upon third parties’ legal interests, or redesign our products or processes to avoid assertion of infringement and compensate for losses of such third parties up to RMB5 million, and may be ordered to eliminate any negative impact. In addition, we may be subject to various administrative liabilities including, among others, imposition of fines with a maximum of five times of illegal turnover if such illegal turnover exceeds RMB50,000, or RMB250,000 if such illegal turnover is less than RMB50,000. Any of these liabilities may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and operating results. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, legal proceedings could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management.

Further, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights. Policing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights arising from breach of contract or third-party infringement, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources and could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or narrowed in scope. We cannot assure you that we will prevail in such litigation, and even if we do prevail, we may not obtain a meaningful recovery. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. Any failure in maintaining, protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

In the future, our subsidiaries and we may receive notices claiming that we are infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot guarantee that our subsidiaries and we will not become the subject of infringement claims or legal proceedings by third parties with respect to our subsidiaries’ and our current programs or future software developments.

Our software products may contain integration challenges, design defects or software errors that could be difficult to detect and correct.

Despite extensive testing, we may, from time to time, discover defects or errors in our subsidiaries’ and our software only after use by a customer. We may also experience delays in shipment of our software during the period required to correct such errors. In addition, we may, from time to time, experience difficulties relating to the integration of our subsidiaries’ and our software products with other hardware or software in the customer’s environment that are unrelated to defects in such software products. Such defects, errors or difficulties may cause future delays in product introductions and shipments, result in increased costs and diversion of development resources, require design modifications or impair customer satisfaction with our subsidiaries’ and our software. Since these software products are used by our customers to perform mission-critical functions related to oil and gas mining and extraction, design defects, software errors, misuse of these products, incorrect data from external sources or other potential problems within or out of our control that may arise from the use of our subsidiaries’ and our products could result in financial or other damages to our customers. We do not maintain product liability insurance. Although our agreements with customers contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to potential claims as well as any liabilities arising from such claims, such provisions may not effectively protect us against such claims and the liability and costs associated therewith. To the extent we are found liable in a product liability case, we could be required to pay substantial amount of damages to an injured customer, thereby impairing our financial condition.

Our future success depends on our ability to help our customers find, develop and acquire oil and gas reserves.

To remain competitive in our industry, our products must help our customers develop, acquire or successfully exploit oil and gas reserves to replace those depleted by production. Without successful exploration or acquisition activities, our customers’ reserves, production and revenues will decline rapidly. If our subsidiaries’ and our technology is less well accepted for helping our customers exploit additional reserves than our competitors’ technology, our customers may terminate their relationships with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and future growth prospects.

Our customers are companies engaged in the oil and gas industry and the greater energy industry, and, consequently, our financial performance is dependent upon the economic conditions of those industries.

We have derived most of our revenues to date from providing integrated automation services to petroleum companies. Our customers’ success is intrinsically linked to economic conditions in China and in the petroleum and energy industries in general and the volatility of prices of crude oil, refined oil products and coal chemical products in particular. Each of the petroleum industry and energy industry is subject to intense competitive pressures and is affected by overall economic conditions. Demand for our services could be harmed by volatility in those industries. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue our historical revenue growth or sustain our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis or that our results of operations will not be adversely affected by continuing or future volatility in those industries.

The regulation on oil drilling industry is still a developing legal sector in China. More legislation or regulations maybe implemented by the Chinese government. Either of these scenarios may have a significant impact on our customers’ mining and extraction operations and may require us or our customers to significantly change operations or to incur substantial costs and additional expenditures. We believe that our subsidiaries’ and our operations in China are in compliance with China’s applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

Natural gas reserve degradation and depletion may reduce our customers’ profitability and in turn our financial performance.

Our profitability depends substantially on our ability to help our customers exploit their natural gas reserves at competitive costs. Replacement reserves may not be available to our customers when required or, if available, may not be drilled at costs comparable to those characteristics of the depleting oilfield. Our subsidiaries’ and our technology may not enable our customers to accurately assess the geological characteristics of any new reserves, which may adversely affect their decision to use our subsidiaries’ services and our products in the future.

We are heavily dependent upon the services of experienced personnel who possess skills that are valuable in our industry, and we may have to actively compete for their services.

Our Group is smaller than certain of our other competitors, and we compete in large part on the basis of the quality of services we are able to provide our clients. As a result, we are heavily dependent upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate skilled personnel to serve our clients. Many of our personnel possess skills that would be valuable to all companies engaged in the integrated automation services industry. Consequently, we expect that we will have to actively compete for these employees. Some of our competitors may be able to pay our employees more than we are able to pay to retain them. Our ability to profitably operate is substantially dependent upon our ability to locate, hire, train and retain our personnel. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain our current personnel, or that we will be able to attract or assimilate other personnel in the future. If we are unable to effectively obtain and maintain skilled personnel, the development and quality of our technological products and the effectiveness of installation and training could be materially impaired.

Our ability to attract and retain skilled workers may impact growth potential and profitability.

Our ability to be productive and profitable will depend substantially on our ability to attract and retain skilled workers. Our ability to expand our operations is, in part, impacted by our ability to increase our labor force. A significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers could result in a reduction in our skilled labor force, increases in the wage rates paid by us, or both. If labor shortages continue or a significant increase in wages occur, our capacity and profitability could be diminished, and our growth potential could be impaired.

Our business is capital intensive and our growth strategy may require additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions, implementation of our growth strategy or potential investments or acquisitions we may pursue. To meet our capital needs, we may sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities or other securities convertible into such equity securities could result in dilution of your holdings. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to expand our business operations and could harm our overall business prospects.

Our certificates, permits, and license are subject to governmental regulation and renewal, and the failure to obtain renewal would cause all or part of our operations to be suspended and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We are subject to various PRC laws and regulations pertaining to our products and services for the oil and gas industry and the new energy sector. We have obtained certain certificates, permits, and licenses required for our various business segments, including the supply of equipment and provision of management services for the oil and gas extraction industry and the manufacturing and distribution of software and hardware products for the oil and gas industry in the PRC.

During the application or renewal process for our licenses and permits, we will be evaluated and re-evaluated by the appropriate governmental authorities and must comply with the prevailing standards and regulations, which may change from time to time. In the event that we are not able to obtain or renew the certificates, permits and licenses, all or part of our operations may be suspended by the government, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Furthermore, if escalating compliance costs associated with governmental standards and regulations restrict or prohibit any part of our operations, it may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

If any of the affiliated entities becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by such entity, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently conduct our operations in China through our PRC Operating Subsidiaries. As part of these arrangements, substantially all of our assets that are significant to the operation of our business are held by the subsidiaries. If any of our Operating Subsidiaries becomes bankrupt and all or part of its assets become subject to the rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if any of the Operating Subsidiaries undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights relating to some or all of these assets, which would hinder our ability to operate our business and could materially and adversely affect our business operations, financial performance and the market prices of our Ordinary Shares.

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect the operations of our system, in-person oil and gas services and results of our business operations.

We face risks related to public health crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant and swift reduction in international and U.S. economic activity. The collapse in the demand for oil caused by this unprecedented global health and economic crisis contributed to the significant decrease in crude oil prices in 2020 and adversely impacted the demand for our services and could, in the future, have a material adverse effect on our operations, business and financial results.

Beginning in 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities. Normal economic life was curtailed. We took a series of measures to protect our employees, including temporarily closing our offices, facilitating remote working arrangements for our employees, and rescheduling business meetings and travels.

The extent to which our operating and financial results continue to be affected by COVID-19 will depend on various factors and consequences beyond our control, such as the emergence of more contagious and harmful variants of the COVID-19 virus, the duration and scope of the pandemic, additional actions by businesses and governments in response to the pandemic, and the speed and effectiveness of responses to combat the virus. COVID-19, and the volatile regional and global economic conditions stemming from the pandemic, could also aggravate the other risk factors that we identify herein.

Changes in China’s economic, political, or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are currently located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be influenced, to a significant degree, by political, economic, and social conditions in China generally.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing down. Any changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government, or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, reduce demand for our services, and weaken our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guided the allocation of various types of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on our operations. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government regulation over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In the past, the Chinese government has implemented certain measures to control the pace of economic growth, such as interest rate adjustments.

In reliance on the advice of our PRC counsel, as of the date of this prospectus, except for the filing with the CSRC within three business days after we file our overseas listing application, we believe that we are not required to obtain any additional permission or approval to offer, sell or issue our Ordinary Shares being registered herein to non-Chinese investors.

The Chinese government has significant authority to exert influence on the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which result in a material change in our operations, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time with little advance notice. Therefore, uncertainties in the PRC legal system and the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protection available to you and us, hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer the securities, result in a material adverse effect on our business operations, and damage our reputation, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The economic, political and social conditions in the PRC differ from those in more developed countries in many respects, including structure, government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, capital reinvestment, allocation of resources, rate of inflation and trade balance position. Before the adoption of its reform and opening up policies in 1978, the PRC was primarily a planned economy. In recent years, the PRC government has been reforming the PRC economic system and government structure. For example, the PRC government has implemented economic reform and measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces in the development of the PRC economy in the past three decades. These reforms have resulted in significant economic growth and social prospects. Economic reform measures, however, may be adjusted, modified or applied inconsistently from industry to industry or across different regions of the country.

We cannot predict whether the resulting changes will have any adverse effect on our current or future business, financial condition or results of operations. Despite these economic reforms and measures, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development, allocation of natural and other resources, production, pricing and management of currency, and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will continue to pursue a policy of economic reform. Our ability to successfully expand business operations in the PRC depends on a number of factors, including macro-economic and other market conditions. Demand for our future products in the Chinese market and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by the following factors:

These factors are affected by a number of variables which are beyond our control.

The Chinese government has shown an increased inclination to and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of the securities we are registering for sale. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC. Please refer to “The approval, filing, or other procedures of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities may be required in connection with this offering under PRC laws, regulations, and rules” in this section for more details.

Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers like us could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Uncertainties with respect to the enforcement of laws, and changes in laws and regulations in China with little advance notice, could materially and adversely affect us.

Our operations in mainland China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but do not have binding authority. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our business and the enforcement and performance of our business arrangements in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement could be unpredictable, with little advance notice. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and our business may be affected if we rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from our current understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on our business.

As certain laws and regulations which apply to us are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which may not be published on a timely basis or at all, and some of which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may also impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into. As a result, these uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation or claims against us and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC government has adopted a series of anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws and regulations and has recently enhanced its enforcement of such laws and regulations. The PRC Anti-monopoly Law and the relevant implementing rules (i) require that where concentration of undertakings reaches the filing threshold stipulated by the State Council, a filing must be made with the anti-monopoly authority before the parties implement the concentration, (ii) prohibit a business operator with a dominant market position from abusing such position, such as by selling commodities at unfairly high prices or buying commodities at unfairly low prices, selling products at prices below cost without any justifiable cause, or refusing to trade with a trading party without any justifiable cause, and (iii) prohibit business operators from entering into monopoly agreements, which refer to agreements that eliminate or restrict competition with competing business operators or transaction counterparties, such as by boycotting transactions, fixing or changing the price of commodities, limiting the output of commodities or fixing the price of commodities for resale to third parties, unless the agreements satisfy certain exemptions under the PRC Anti-monopoly Law.

According to the PRC Anti-unfair Competition Law, unfair competition, which refers to the production and operating activities where the operator disrupts the market competition order and damages the legitimate rights and interests of other operators or consumers in violation of the provisions of the PRC Anti-unfair Competition Law, shall be prohibited. Pursuant to the PRC Anti-unfair Competition Law, operators shall abide by the principle of voluntariness, equality, impartiality, integrity and adhere to laws and business ethics during market transactions. Operators in violation of the PRC Anti-unfair Competition Law may be subject to civil, administrative or criminal liabilities depending on the specific circumstances.

In March 2018, the SAMR was formed as a new governmental agency to take over, among other things, the anti-monopoly enforcement functions from the relevant departments under the MOFCOM, the NDRC, and the former State Administration for Industry and Commerce, respectively. Since its inception, the SAMR has continued to strengthen anti-monopoly enforcement. In December 2018, the SAMR issued the Notice on Anti-monopoly Enforcement Authorization, which grants authorities to its provincial branches to conduct anti-monopoly enforcement within their respective jurisdictions. In September 2020, the SAMR issued Anti-monopoly Compliance Guideline for Operators, which requires operators to establish anti-monopoly compliance management systems to prevent anti-monopoly compliance risks. In particular, the PRC regulators have been increasingly focused on inspection and regulation on potential noncompliance with anti-unfair competition and anti-monopoly related laws recently. We have been conducting necessary self-inspection and rectifications. We cannot guarantee you we will not be subject to more similar or even stricter rectification requests from the governmental authorities or that we will fully comply with all applicable rules and regulations at all times. As a result of the regulators’ focus on anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition compliance, our business practice and expansion strategy may be subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny. To comply with existing laws and regulations and new laws and regulations that may be enacted in the future, we may need to devote significant resources and efforts, including restructuring affected businesses and adjusting investment activities, which may adversely affect our business operation, growth prospects and reputation. In addition, we cannot assure you that our efforts are sufficient to comply with the all the applicable laws and regulations on anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition and the authorities’ requirements in all respects. Any anti-monopoly or anti-unfair competition related lawsuit, regulatory investigations or administrative proceedings initiated against us could also result in our being subject to regulatory actions and constraints on our investments and acquisitions, which could include forced termination of any agreements or transactions, required divestitures, limitations on certain pricing and business practices or significant fines. As a result, we may be subject to adverse influence in operating our current business and pursuing our investment and acquisition strategy.

PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. For example, any capital contributions to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries must be reported with MOFCOM afterwards or its local counterparts, and registered with a local bank authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. In addition, any loan provided by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries cannot exceed the difference between its total investment amount and registered capital or twice of their net worth, and must be registered with SAFE or its local counterparts. In light of the various requirements imposed by the PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, or at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, whether we can provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed is determined by the applicable PRC law and regulations. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from this offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allowed FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continued to prohibit FIEs from using funds denominated in RMB converted from any foreign currency for expenditures beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 could result in serious monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and relevant foreign exchange regulatory rules may limit our ability to use RMB denominated funds converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund subsidiaries’ operations in China, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries or the affiliates or to establish new affiliates in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On June 9, 2016, SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or “SAFE Circular 16,” effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-affiliated enterprises. On October 23, 2019, the SAFE issued the Notice of the SAFE on Further Facilitating Cross-border Trade and Investment, which, among other things, expanded the use of foreign exchange capital to domestic equity investment area. Foreign invested enterprises that are not classified as investment companies are allowed to make domestic equity investments by using their capital, provided that they are not in violation of the prevailing special administrative measures for access to foreign investments (negative list), and provided that the relevant domestic investment projects are authentic and in compliance with the relevant regulations.

If our subsidiaries in PRC requires financial support from Leishen Cayman, Leishen Hong Kong or Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong in the future and we find it necessary to use foreign currency-denominated capital to provide such financial support, our ability to fund their operations will be subject to statutory limits and restrictions, including those described above.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC laws.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purposes) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as change of a PRC individual shareholder, name and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. The PRC residents shall, by themselves or entrusting accounting firms or banks, file with the online information system designated by SAFE with respect to its existing rights under offshore direct investment each year prior to the requisite time.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches or qualified local banks or complete annual filing of its existing rights under offshore direct investment, our PRC subsidiaries may be restricted in the ability to distribute to us its profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries as well. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have used our best efforts to notify PRC residents or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents or entities to complete the foreign exchange registrations and annual filings of its existing rights under offshore direct investment. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure you that all shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations.

The failure or inability of such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC government imposes regulation and limitation on the conversion of the RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the mainland PRC. Our PRC subsidiaries receive substantially all of their revenue in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, to fund any cash and financing requirements Leishen Cayman may have, Leishen Cayman may rely on dividend payments from the subsidiaries. As such we may convert a portion of the subsidiaries’ revenue into other currencies to meet the foreign currency obligations, such as payments of dividends, if any. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of the subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to Leishen Cayman. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, the subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to Leishen Cayman without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the mainland PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations. Approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion regulate access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents the subsidiaries from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy its foreign currency demand, the subsidiaries may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to Leishen Cayman shareholders. In addition, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC resident enterprises, unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident.

We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.

We plan to remit the proceeds of this offering back to China, and the process for sending funds of such scale to China may take several months after the closing of this offering. Leishen Cayman may make advances or additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries while the remittance of the offering proceeds is in process. For example, loans by us or additional capital contribution to our subsidiaries in China, cannot exceed the PRC statutory limits, while the shareholder loan must be also registered with the SAFE. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment or twice of their net worth as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company. The PRC regulatory clearance on the transfer of the offering proceeds to the PRC may delay our deployment of such capital and therefore may negatively affect our business growth strategy as planned.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Chinese anti-corruption law.

In connection with any future offering, we may be subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. persons and issuers as defined by the statute for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We may also be subjected to Chinese anti-corruption laws, which strictly prohibit the payment of bribes to government officials. Going forward, we may have operations, agreements with third parties, and make sales in China, which may experience corruption. Our future activities in China may create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of the employees of our Company, because sometimes these employees are out of our control. Violations of the FCPA or Chinese anti-corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, the government may seek to hold our Company liable for successor liability FCPA violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes, where prior court decisions have limited precedential value.

In particular, PRC laws and regulations concerning the oil equipment industries are developing and evolving. Although we have taken measures to comply with the laws and regulations applicable to our business operations and to avoid conducting any non-compliant activities under these laws and regulations, the PRC governmental authorities may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating internet-related industries. We cannot assure you that our business operations would not be deemed to violate any such new PRC laws or regulations. Moreover, developments in the industries may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations and policies, which in turn may limit or restrict us, and could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

Because our business is conducted in Chinese yuan or RMB and the price of our Ordinary Shares is quoted in United States dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the amount of proceeds we will receive after the currency exchange from U.S. dollars to RMB.

Our business is conducted in the PRC, our internal books and records are recorded in Renminbi or “RMB”, which is the legal currency of the mainland PRC, and the audited consolidated financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in United States dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the RMB and U.S. dollars would affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations denominated in United States dollars. The value of the RMB against the United States dollars and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of the PRC and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue and financial condition presented in U.S. dollars. Further, we will need to convert the net proceeds denominated in U.S. dollars we receive in this offering into RMB in order to use the funds for our business in the PRC. Any decrease in the conversion rate from the United States dollars to the RMB would reduce the amount of net proceeds in RMB we would receive after the currency conversion and therefore adversely affect our ability to implement our plan to use such proceeds from the offering.

The PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.

Laws regulating foreign investment in China include the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the PRC FIL, effective from January 1, 2020, and the Regulation on Implementing the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, effective from January 1, 2020. The PRC FIL specifies that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the “negative list” to be issued or approved to be issued by the State Council. While we do not operate in an industry that is currently subject to foreign investment restrictions or prohibition in China, it is uncertain whether our industry will be named in an updated “negative list” to be issued in the future. If our industry is added to the “negative list” or if the PRC regulatory authorities otherwise decide to limit foreign ownership in our industry, there could be a risk that we would be unable to do business in China as we are currently structured. If any new laws and/or regulations on foreign investments in China are promulgated and implemented, such changes could have a significant impact on our current corporate structure, which in turn could have a material adverse impact on our business and operations, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our shares. In such event, despite our efforts to restructure to comply with the then applicable PRC laws and regulations in order to continue our operations in China, we may experience material changes in our business and results of operations, our attempts may prove to be futile due to factors beyond our control, and the value of the shares you invest in may significantly decline or become worthless.

If we become subject to the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve such matters, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and U.S. regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities, lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies and, in many cases, allegations of fraudulent activities. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stocks of many U.S. listed Chinese companies have experienced and may experience in the future high volatility in trading prices and market value and, in some cases, may be subject to the delisting procedures from the national stock exchanges. Some of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on our business and stock prices when listed on a national stock exchange. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or false, we will have to expend significant capital and time to investigate such allegations and defend our company. If such allegations are proven to have merits, we and our business operations could be severely affected and you could sustain a significant loss in your investment in our Ordinary Shares.

The approval, filing, or other procedures of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities may be required in connection with this offering under PRC laws, regulations, and rules.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Measures, which became effective March 31, 2023. On the same date, the CSRC circulated the Guidance Rules and Notice on the CSRC’s official website. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, beginning March 31, 2023, domestic enterprises that have submitted valid applications for overseas offerings and listings but have not obtained the approval from the relevant overseas regulatory authority or overseas stock exchange shall complete filings with the CSRC prior to their overseas offerings and listings. If a domestic company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge, and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines.

As advised by our PRC legal counsel, according to the relevant PRC laws and regulations as of the date of this registration statement, we shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures. On August 28, 2023, we submitted to the CSRC the necessary disclosure in connection with this offering, and the CSRC published the notification on our completion of the required filing procedures on [___] for this offering.

If the filing procedure with the CSRC under the Trial Measures is required for any future offerings or any other capital raising activities, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to complete the filing, or how long it will take us to do so. Failure to complete the required filing may result in an investigation by the relevant authorities, as well as fines or penalties, and could lead to an order prohibiting us from conducting an offering. These risks have the potential to cause a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ordinary shares. Moreover, they could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC jointly with other relevant governmental authorities, promulgated the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, which took effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions, domestic companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide the applicable laws and regulations when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. If such documents or materials contain any state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority. Furthermore, the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions provide that securities companies and securities service providers shall fulfill the applicable legal procedures when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other relevant institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest. Since the Confidentiality and Archives Management Provisions were promulgated recently, substantial uncertainties still exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of such provisions and how they will affect us.

We submitted initial documents in connection with this offering and our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market to the CSRC on August 28, 2023, and the CSRC published the notification of its approval of our completion of the required filing procedures of this offering on [ ]. In accordance with the CSRC notification, we are required to report the offering and listing status to the CSRC after our completion of this offering.

If it is determined that we are subject to the approval of the CSRC for this Offering, we may fail to obtain such approval, filing or meet such requirements in a timely manner or at all, or completion could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval, filing or completing such procedures for this Offering, or a rescission of any such approval or filing obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the Offering or future capital raising activities into China, or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as this offering and the listing of the securities.

The newly enacted “HFCAA” and “AHFCAA” both call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to restrictive market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering and if our auditors fail to permit the PCAOB to inspect the auditing firm, our Ordinary Shares may be subject to delisting.

On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or having substantial operations in certain “restrictive markets,” including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access from the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in the markets where the PCAOB has limited access to the local auditing firms and their work.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply a minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a restrictive market, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or the board of directors of companies in the restrictive markets, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditor.

On December 18, 2020, the “HFCAA” was signed by President Donald Trump and became law. This legislation requires certain issuers to establish that they are not owned or controlled by a foreign government. Specifically, an issuer must make this certification if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the issuer has retained a foreign public accounting firm that is not subject to inspection by the PCAOB. Furthermore, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are banned from trading on a national stock exchange.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which became law in December 2020. In June 2021, the Senate passed the AHFCAA, which was signed into law and reduced the time period for the delisting of foreign companies under the HFCAA to two consecutive, instead of three years.

On August 26, 2022, the SEC issued a statement announcing that the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, jointly agreeing on the need for a framework.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced it secured complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate the previous 2021 Determination Report to the contrary. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

Our auditor, Wei Wei & Co, LLP, is an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB and is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. However, the above recent developments may have added uncertainties to our proposed offering, to which Nasdaq may apply additional and more stringent criteria with respect to our auditor’s audit and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, sufficiency of resources, geographic reach, and experience as related to their audits. If independent registered public accounting firm fails to permit PCAOB to inspect its firm, our Ordinary Shares may be subject to delisting by the stock exchange where such Ordinary Shares will be listed.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s economy has experienced increases in labor costs in recent years, which is expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to our customers by increasing prices for our services or oil and gas products, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefits of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law that became effective in January 2008 and its rules and amendments promulgated thereunder, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of labor contracts, minimum wages, payments of remuneration, terms of probation and unilateral termination of labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise alter our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and regulations may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As the periodic amendments of the PRC Labor Contract Laws and regulations continue evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice does not and will not violate such rules and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in such amounts in relation to their employees’ salaries, as specified by the local government where the business operations are. Such requirement to contribute to employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Historically, we did not complete the relevant employee benefit plan registrations for some of our employees in China, and the social insurance and housing fund contributions we paid for certain of our employees may be found inadequate under PRC law. If we fail to make social insurance contributions in full and on time, the relevant administrative authorities may demand us to pay a late payment fee that equals to 0.05% of the outstanding amount for each day of delay. If we fail to make such payment within the deadline, the relevant administrative authorities may impose a fine that equals to one to three times of the outstanding amount. Pursuant to relevant PRC laws and regulations, if we fail to make housing provident fund contributions in full, the housing provident fund management center may demand us to pay and deposit the relevant amount within a stipulated deadline. If we fail to pay and deposit the relevant amount within the deadline, it may apply to a PRC court for compulsory enforcement. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any notice of warning or been subject to any administrative penalties or other disciplinary actions from the relevant governmental authorities for our historical shortfall in social insurance and housing fund contribution. However, we cannot assure you that local authorities will not impose penalties or other administrative actions on us for our historical noncompliance. If local authorities determine that we failed to make adequate contributions to any employee benefits as required by relevant PRC regulations in the future, we may be subject to penalties and fines and/or catch-up contributions to certain employee benefit plans. A large lump sum payment obligation due to certain labor law violations will likely negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company (the “Stock Option Rules”), replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject us to fines and legal sanctions and additional restrictions on such shareholders’ ability to exercise their stock options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their securities into the PRC.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

Leishen Cayman is a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, but we generate substantially all of our revenues from China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all of our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and all are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside mainland China. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors as none of them currently resides in the U.S. or has substantial assets located in the U.S.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. Mainland PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions.

You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in this prospectus based on Hong Kong laws.

We currently have two subsidiaries incorporated Hong Kong, Leishen Hong Kong and Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong. You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in the prospectus, as judgments entered in the United States can be enforced in Hong Kong only at common law. If you want to enforce a judgment of the United States in Hong Kong, it must be a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, for a liquidated amount in a civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts.

The common law permits an action to be brought upon a foreign judgment. That is to say, a foreign judgment itself may form the basis of a cause of action since the judgment may be regarded as creating a debt between the parties to it. In a common law action for enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong, the enforcement is subject to various conditions, including but not limited to, that the foreign judgment is a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, the judgment is for a liquidated amount in civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts. The defenses that are available to a defendant in a common law action brought on the basis of a foreign judgment include lack of jurisdiction, breach of natural justice, fraud, and contrary to public policy. However, a separate legal action for debt must be commenced in Hong Kong in order to recover such debt from the judgment debtor. As a result, subject to the conditions with regard to enforcement of judgments of United States courts being met, including but not limited to the above, a foreign judgment of United States of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any State or territory within the United States could be enforceable in Hong Kong.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to directly conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

In China, the action to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated by regulators outside China shall comply with the applicable PRC law and regulations. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States involves uncertainty. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation, evidence collection and other activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

It may be difficult for overseas shareholders and/or regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within Hong Kong.

The Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong (“SFC”) is a signatory to the International Organisation of Securities Commissions Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (“MMOU”), which provides for mutual investigatory and other assistance and exchange of information between securities regulators around the world, including the SEC. This is also reflected in section 186 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (“SFO”) which empowers the SFC to exercise its investigatory powers to obtain information and documents requested by non-Hong Kong regulators, and section 378 of the SFO which allows the SFC to share confidential information and documents in its possession with such regulators. However, there is no assurance that such cooperation will materialize, or if it does, whether it will adequately address any efforts to investigate or collect evidence to the extent that may be sought by U.S. regulators.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the “EIT Law,” that became effective in January 2008 and last amended in 2018, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the implementation rules to the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances, and properties of an enterprise. In addition, a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, issued in April 2009 by the State Administration of Taxation, or the “SAT,” specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in the PRC: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Further to SAT Circular 82, the SAT issued a bulletin, known as SAT Bulletin 45, which took effect in September 2011, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of such “Chinese controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises.” SAT Bulletin 45 provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration on post-determination matters. Although both SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreign individuals, the determining criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, PRC enterprise groups, or by PRC or foreign individuals.

We believe neither we nor any of our offshore subsidiaries are a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities. If the PRC tax authorities determine we and/or our offshore subsidiaries are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax, we and/or our offshore subsidiaries should follow a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences. First, we will be subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax on our world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Finally, dividends payable by us to our investors and gains on the sale of our shares may become subject to PRC withholding tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether any of our non-PRC shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our shares. Although up to the date of this prospectus, neither Leishen Cayman nor our Hong Kong subsidiaries were notified or informed by the PRC tax authorities that it has been deemed to be a resident enterprise for the purpose of the EIT Law, we cannot assure you that it will not be deemed to be a resident enterprise in the future.

You may be subject to PRC income tax on dividends from us or on any gain realized on the transfer of our Ordinary Shares.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10% is generally applicable to dividends from PRC sources paid to investors that are resident enterprises outside of China and that do not have an establishment or place of business in China, or that have an establishment or place of business in China if the income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business. Any gain realized on the transfer of shares by such investors is subject to 10% PRC income tax if this gain is regarded as income derived from sources within China. Under the PRC Individual Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, dividends from sources within China paid to foreign individual investors who are not PRC residents are generally subject to a PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20% and gains from PRC sources realized by these investors on the transfer of shares are generally subject to 20% PRC income tax. Any such PRC tax liability may be reduced by the provisions of an applicable tax treaty.

Although substantially all of our business operations are in China, it is unclear whether the dividends we pay with respect to our Ordinary Shares, or the gains realized from the transfer of our Ordinary Shares, would be treated as income derived from sources within China and as a result be subject to PRC income tax if we are considered a PRC resident enterprise. If PRC income tax is imposed on gains realized through the transfer of our Ordinary Shares or on dividends paid to our non-resident investors, the value of your investment in our Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, our shareholders whose jurisdictions of residence have tax treaties or arrangements with China may not qualify for benefits under these tax treaties or arrangements. Non-PRC resident enterprises that are entitled to be taxed at a reduced rate under an applicable income tax treaty may apply to the PRC tax authorities for a refund of any amount withheld in excess of the applicable treaty rate, and payment of such refund will be subject to the PRC tax authorities’ verification.

In addition, pursuant to the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement between Hong Kong and China, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25% of the equity interest of a PRC company at all times during the twelve-month period immediately prior to obtaining a dividend from such company, the 10% withholding tax on the dividend is reduced to 5%, provided that certain other conditions and requirements are satisfied at the discretion of the PRC tax authority. However, based on the Notice on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties, issued in 2009 by the SAT, if the PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from the reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, the PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment. If our Hong Kong subsidiaries are determined by PRC government authorities as receiving benefits from reduced income tax rates due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, the dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiaries will be taxed at a higher rate, which will have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

We may be subject to risks associated with historical equity transfers and unpaid tax liabilities.

Historically, several Affiliated Entities have been involved in equity transfer transaction, including cases where the declared transfer price was zero. The reasons for such situations include nominee shareholder arrangement and cancellation of such arrangement, acquisitions of equity to achieve controlling purposes, and equity transfers between related-party. Such actions pose some of the Company’s shareholders, as the transferor, the risk of being subject to the obligation to pay individual income tax.

Furthermore, in the Leishen Nanjing’s history, foreign shareholder acquired equity held by domestic individual shareholder in Leishen Nanjing, transforming it from a domestic enterprise to a foreign-invested enterprise without assessing the value of such equity.

Pursuant to the Measures for the Administration of Individual Income Tax on Equity Transfer Income (Trial), promulgated December 7, 2014 and effective January 1, 2015, individual income tax incurred by equity transfer shall be paid by the transferor, with the transferee shall act as the withholding obligor. If the declared equity transfer price is significantly low without justified reasons, the competent tax authorities may assess the income from equity transfer, as the basis for taxation.

Additionally, the Tax Collection and Administration Law, promulgated September 4, 1992 and amended April 24, 2015, stipulates the PRC law and regulations define tax obligors and define the withholding agents responsible for withholding, collecting, and paying taxes as well. Tax obligors and withholding agents must comply with PRC law and regulations to pay, withhold, and collect taxes; Moreover, the Tax Collection and Administration Law further stipulates that if withholding agents fail to withhold or collect taxes, tax authorities may recover the tax from the tax obligor and impose a fine on withholding agents from 50% to 300% of the uncollected tax; if a taxpayer fails to file, pays less, or fails to pay taxes due, the tax authorities may recover the unpaid or underpaid tax, late payment penalty from the taxpayer, and impose a fine on the taxpayer ranging from 50% to 500% of the unpaid or underpaid tax.

Furthermore, pursuant to the Rules on Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, promulgated June 22, 2009 and revised in 2009, the parties to a equity transfer transaction should determine the transaction price based on the valuation of the equity to be transferred or assets to be sold by an asset appraisal institution. Asset valuation should adopt internationally accepted methods, and it is prohibited to transfer equity or sell assets at prices significantly below the appraisal results, to disguise the transfer of capital abroad.

Although the agreed transfer price of equity of the Affiliated Entities in the above-mentioned transaction was zero, we cannot assure the tax authorities will not deem the transaction price as unfair or significantly lower than the value of the transferred equity. Therefore, the tax authorities may require payment of individual income tax based on fair value, accordingly, some shareholders of the Company face the risk of being pursued by the tax authorities for unpaid or underpaid taxes, late payment penalty, and fines ranging from 50% to 500% of the unpaid or underpaid tax.

In light of recent events indicating greater oversight by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) over data security, we may be subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding cybersecurity and data protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, financial condition, results of operations, and the offering.

The regulatory requirements with respect to cybersecurity and data privacy are constantly evolving. Failure to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, may subject us to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension or disruption of our operations, among other things. The Cybersecurity Law, which was adopted by the National People’s Congress on November 7, 2016 and came into force on June 1, 2017. It requires, among other things, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to comply with legal requirements, enhance cybersecurity and address any issues caused by security failures.

In addition, a number of regulations, guidelines and other measures have been and are expected to be adopted under the PRC Cybersecurity Law. For example, the PRC government promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review in April 2020, which became effective in June 2020. Under these measures, critical information infrastructure operators must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which affect or may affect national security. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with certain other PRC governmental authorities, jointly released the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, (i) operators of critical information infrastructure that intend to purchase network products and services and online platform operators that conduct data processing activities, in each case that affect or may affect national security, and (ii) operators of network platforms seeking listing abroad that are in possession of more than one million users’ personal information must apply for a cybersecurity review. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures set out certain general factors which would be the focus in assessing the national security risk during a cybersecurity review, including without limitation, risks of influence, control or malicious use of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or large amounts of personal information by foreign governments in relation to a listing abroad.

On August 17, 2021, the PRC State Council promulgated the Regulations on Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective September 1, 2021. Pursuant to such regulations, “critical information infrastructure” means any important network facilities or information systems of important industries or fields such as public communication and information service, transport, communications, water resources, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and any other important network facilities or information systems which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector, or Protection Departments, shall be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or field. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. As of the date hereof, no detailed rules or implementation were issued by any Protection Departments, and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any governmental authorities. As this regulation is newly issued and the governmental authorities, including Protection Departments, may further formulate detailed rules or explanations with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this regulation, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under PRC law.

According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, we believe we may not be subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering, given that: (i) we currently do not have personal information of more than one million people and do not anticipate we will be collecting over one million people’s personal information in the foreseeable future, (ii) we have not been identified as a “critical information infrastructure operator” by any government authorities, and (iii) the Cybersecurity Review Measures provides no further explanation or interpretation for “affect or may affect national security”, which remains to be clarified and elaborated by the CAC, and we have not received any notification of cybersecurity review from relevant governmental authorities due to our impact or potential impact on national security. Therefore, we believe that we have complied with the regulations and policies issued by the CAC as of the date of this prospectus.

However, the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the Cybersecurity Review Measures. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation come into effect, we expect to take all reasonable measures and actions to comply therewith. However, we cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and we will not be subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC or designated as a “critical information infrastructure operator”. We may experience disruptions to our operations should we be required to have a cybersecurity review by the CAC. Any cybersecurity review could also result in uncertainty to our Nasdaq listing, negative impacts on our share trading prices and diversion of our managerial and financial resources.

In addition, the Company as a corporate group currently operates the majority of its operations in Mainland China, except that Leishen Hong Kong and Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong, our subsidiaries in Hong Kong, currently and may continue to conduct certain business operations in Hong Kong and transfer funds within our corporate group. We think that the legal and operational risks associated with operating in mainland China also may apply to Leishen Hong Kong’s and Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong’s activities in Hong Kong, to the extent applicable to the transfers of funds in Hong Kong, if Hong Kong adopts certain rules, regulations or policy guidance with respect to currency exchange control. However, we believe, without in reliance on the opinion of Hong Kong legal counsel, that any commensurate laws or regulations or regulatory actions in Hong Kong related to data security concerns in Hong Kong may have very minimum impact or no impact at all on the Company’s business and this offering because we currently do not have and do not plan to conduct any substantial or material operation, including any data-related operations, in Hong Kong.

Failure to comply with PRC property-related laws and regulations regarding certain of our leased properties may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We leased certain properties in the PRC in connection with our business operations. See “Business—Properties.” Some of these properties do not meet certain property-related requirements under PRC laws and regulations. For example, all of the leasing agreements of our leased properties for operation had not been registered and filed with the competent PRC government authorities as required by applicable PRC laws and regulations. We cannot assure you that the lessors will cooperate and complete the registration in a timely manner, although failure to complete the registration and filing of lease agreements will not affect the validity of such leases or impede our use of the relevant properties but could result in the imposition of fines up to RMB10,000 for each leased property that is unregistered if we fail to rectify the noncompliance within the time frame prescribed by the relevant authorities. Furthermore, some of the lessors of our leased properties have not provided us with their property ownership certificates, and no lease agreements were executed for some of these properties. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors, our leases could be invalidated or terminated as a result of challenges by third parties. If that occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or other parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. Although we may seek damages from such lessors, such leases may be void and we may be forced to relocate, which may negatively influence our operations.

We may face administrative penalty if we fail to register the correct business address.

According to Article 7 of the Company Law of the PRC (2018 Amendment), a company’s business license shall specify the company’s name and domicile. If the items recorded in the company’s business license were changed, the company shall register these changes for the company registration authority to reissue the business license. According to Article 68 of the Regulations on the Administration of Companies Registration of the PRC (2016 Amendment), the company registration authority shall order the registration within a time limit and those who fail to register within the time limit shall be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan.

Currently, some of our PRC subsidiaries do not have consistent business address and registered address. This may cause these subsidiaries to face administrative penalties if governmental agencies cannot contact the companies should issues arise.

If the chops of our PRC subsidiaries are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.

In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of a company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Each legally registered company in China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”). In addition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. The chops of our PRC subsidiaries are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordance with our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised, and we may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve the matter, while distracting management from our operations, while our business operations may be materially and adversely affected and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms of any documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so.

Investors in this offering are not buying shares of our Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC, but instead are buying Ordinary Shares of Leishen Cayman.

Investors in this offering are not buying shares of our Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC which directly own our assets and generate the revenue of our Group, but instead are buying Ordinary Shares of Leishen Cayman, a holding company that owns 100% of the outstanding equity interests in Leishen Hong Kong and Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong, which in turn collectively own the equity interests in our Operating Subsidiaries. Should any or part of this holding structure become invalid, illegal or unenforceable under the laws, regulations or policies of PRC, the market price of our Ordinary Shares shall be likely to be adversely affected and the value of such shall decline greatly or even become completely worthless. As a result, you may lose part or all of your investment in our Ordinary Shares.

Our chief executive officer and director, Hongliang Li, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and will be able to influence our management and affairs and all matters requiring shareholder approval.

On August 10, 2023, the shareholders of Leishen Cayman prior to this offering, Polar Energy Company Limited, WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD entered into a voting rights proxy agreement and a power of attorney, pursuant to which WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD. appointed Polar Energy Company Limited to act as their attorney with full power in the appointers’ name to exercise all rights in relation to the Ordinary Shares held by the appointers, including all or any of the voting and other rights, powers and privileges attached to the Ordinary Shares or otherwise capable of being exercised by the appointers in relation to such Ordinary Shares. Polar Energy Company Limited IS solely owned by Hongliang Li, our CEO and director, who is thus able to exercise voting rights with respect to a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and therefore has the ability to control the outcome of all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This consolidated control could prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that our other shareholders support or result in the consummation of such a transaction that our other shareholders do not support. This concentrated control may also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our Ordinary Shares, as Hongliang Li will likely retain a substantial portion of the voting power of our shares and might harm the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. In addition, Hongliang Li has the ability to control the management and major strategic investments of our Company as a result of his position as our CEO and his ability to vote as a shareholder and control the election or, in some cases, the replacement of our directors. As a board member and officer, Hongliang Li owes a fiduciary duty to our shareholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our shareholders. As a shareholder, even a controlling shareholder, Hongliang Li is entitled to vote his shares, and shares over which he has voting control as governed by the voting rights proxy agreement, in his own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our shareholders generally. This may mean that minority shareholders of Leishen Cayman will have limited control and power to affect the management and strategic director of our Company, which may affect the demand and trading price of our Ordinary Shares, and potentially our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Ordinary Shares at or above the price you have paid, or at all.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our Ordinary Shares. We plan to apply for the listing of our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. However, an active public market for our Ordinary Shares may not develop or be sustained after the offering, in which case the market price and liquidity of our Ordinary Shares will be materially and adversely affected.

The initial public offering price for our Ordinary Shares may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market and such market prices may be volatile.

The IPO price for our Ordinary Shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriter, and does not bear any relationship to our earnings, book value or any other indicia of value. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Ordinary Shares will not decline significantly below the IPO price. The financial markets in the United States and other countries have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in the last few years. Volatility in the price of our Ordinary Shares may be caused by factors outside of our control and may be unrelated or disproportionate to changes in our results of operations.

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of Ordinary Shares purchased.

The IPO price of our Ordinary Shares is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share. Consequently, when you purchase our Ordinary Shares in the offering and upon completion of the offering, you will incur immediate dilution. See “Dilution” on page 46. In addition, you may experience further dilution to the extent that additional Ordinary Shares are issued upon exercise of outstanding warrants or options we may grant from time to time.

Substantial future sales of our Ordinary Shares or the anticipation of future sales of our Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline. As of the date of this prospectus, there are 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. Ordinary Shares are expected to be outstanding immediately after the consummation of this offering, assuming the underwriter does not exercise its over-allotment, and Ordinary Shares are expected to be outstanding immediately after the consummation of this offering, assuming the underwriter exercises its over-allotment option in full. Sales of these shares into the market could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on our Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will primarily depend on appreciation in the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on our Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to invest the Company’s future earnings, if any, to fund the Company’s growth, to develop the Company’s business, for working capital needs, to reduce debt and for general corporate purposes. We do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the near future. Therefore, the success of an investment in our Ordinary Shares will mainly depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that the Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or even maintain their current value.

Any decision to pay dividends in the future will be at the full discretion of the Company’s BOD and will depend upon various factors then existing, including earnings, financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, restrictions imposed by applicable law, general business conditions and other factors that the Company’s BOD may deem relevant.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish negative reports regarding our Ordinary Shares or business operations, the price and/or trading volume of our Ordinary Shares could decline.

The trading market for our Ordinary Shares may be affected in part by the research reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our stock or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts or their reports. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Ordinary Shares or share negative information about us, the price of our Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on our Ordinary Shares, our visibility in the financial markets may decline, which could lead to the decreases of the trading price and trading volume of our Ordinary Shares.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the IPO price.

The IPO price for our Ordinary Shares will be determined through negotiations between the underwriter and us and may deviate substantially from the market price of our Ordinary Shares following our IPO. If you purchase our Ordinary Shares in our IPO, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above the IPO price. We cannot assure you that the IPO price of our Ordinary Shares, or the market price following our IPO, will equal or exceed the prices in the private offering transactions of our Ordinary Share prior to our IPO. The market price of our Ordinary Shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the financial performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have filed securities class actions following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

We may encounter extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares.

Prior to this offering, there was no public market for shares of our Ordinary Shares. The IPO price for the shares of our Ordinary Shares sold in this offering will be determined by negotiation between the underwriters and us. This IPO price may not reflect the market price of our Ordinary Shares following this offering.

In 2022, there were recent instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and stock price volatility seemingly unrelated to those companies’ performance following a number of recent initial public offerings. After the consummation of this offering, our Ordinary Shares may in the future experience extreme volatility, such as rapid stock price run-ups and declines that may not be related to the operating performance of the issuer. The potential extreme volatility may confuse the public investors of the value of our stock, distort the market perception of our stock price and our company’s financial performance and public image, negatively affect the long-term liquidity of our Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual or expected operating performance. If we encounter such volatility, including any rapid stock price increases and declines seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, it will likely make it difficult and confusing for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares and understand the value thereof.

Because we are an “emerging growth company,” we may not be subject to requirements that other public companies are subject to, which could affect investor confidence in us and our Ordinary Shares.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure and other requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important. Also, pursuant to Section 107 of the JOBS Act, as an emerging growth company, we may choose to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of issuers which are required to comply with the effective dates for new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. This may make affect the quality of our disclosure and make our Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Our Being an Emerging Growth Company.”

Our management has broad discretion to determine how to use the funds raised in the offering and may use them in ways that may not enhance our results of operations or the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We anticipate we will use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and other corporate purposes as set forth in the “Use of Proceeds” on page 43. Our management will have significant discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that may not improve our results of operations or enhance the market price of our Ordinary Shares in the near future.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon consummation of this offering, we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the applicable stock exchange, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies.

Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some corporate activities more time-consuming and costlier. We expect to incur additional costs in obtaining director and officer liability insurance. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s ICFR and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant additional expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we will be required to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures.

We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

We expect to qualify as a foreign private issuer upon the completion of this offering. As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from the rules under the Securities Exchange Act prescribing the proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and we will not be required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. While we currently expect to qualify as a foreign private issuer immediately following the completion of this offering, we may cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future due to changes to our operations and other factors. Should we cease being a foreign private issuer, we will incur additional significant legal, accounting and related expenses, which may adversely affect our results of operations in the future.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to certain U.S. securities law disclosure requirements that apply to a domestic U.S. issuer, and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, which may limit the information publicly available to our investors and afford them less protection than if we were an U.S issuer.

Nasdaq listing rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we may follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements, or we may choose to comply with the above requirement within one year of listing on the Nasdaq. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of the company, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management of our company may decrease as a result. In addition, Nasdaq listing rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have a compensation committee, a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members. We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to those requirements. Nasdaq listing rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as approval on equity incentive plans, material revisions to those plans, and certain Ordinary Share issuances. We may consider following home country practice in the future in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq listing rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act and therefore there may be less publicly available information about us available to the public shareholders than if we were a U.S. domestic issuer. We are exempt from:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months from the end of each fiscal year. However, the information we are required to file with the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same level of protections or information that would be made available to you if we were a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

Hongliang Li, our CEO and Director, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. Under the Nasdaq listing rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Listing Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our BOD might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, during any time while we remain a controlled company relying on the exemption and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance requirements. Our status as a controlled company could afford less protection to our public shareholders than a non-controlled company due to the possibility of us opting for the “controlled company” exemption.

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, United States taxpayers who own our Ordinary Shares may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as us, will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which is known as a PFIC, for any taxable year if, for such year, either

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. taxpayer who holds our Ordinary Shares, the U.S. taxpayer may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements.

For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. taxpayers if we were determined to be a PFIC, see “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Companies.”

The laws of the Cayman Islands may not provide our shareholders with benefits comparable to those provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

Leishen Cayman is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, by the Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law in the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands and from English common law. Decisions of the Privy Council (which is the final Court of Appeal for British overseas territories such as the Cayman Islands) are binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. Decisions of the English courts, and particularly the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal are generally of persuasive authority but are not binding in the courts of the Cayman Islands. Decisions of courts in other Commonwealth jurisdictions are similarly of persuasive but not binding authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws relative to the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of the register of members of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control.

Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, which will take effect following this offering, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including, among other things, the following:

You may be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings called by shareholders.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. These rights, however, may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Leishen Cayman’s amended and restated articles of association allow our shareholders holding shares representing in aggregate not less than 10% of our voting share capital in issue, to requisition a general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our directors are obliged to call such meeting. Advance notice of at least 10 clear days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and at least 5 clear days’ notice any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder present or by proxy, representing not less than one-third of the total issued shares carrying the right to vote at a general meeting of Leishen Cayman. For these purposes, “clear days” means that period excluding (a) the day when the notice is given or deemed to be given and (b) the day for which it is given or on which it is to take effect.

Our pre-IPO shareholders will be able to sell their shares after completion of this offering subject to restrictions under the lock-up requirement and Rule 144.

Our pre-IPO shareholders who purchased our Ordinary Shares in pre-IPO private offerings may be able to sell their Ordinary Shares under Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933 after completion of this offering. Because these shareholders have paid a lower price per share than the initial public offering price, when they are able to sell their pre-IPO shares under Rule 144, they may be more willing to accept a lower sales price than the IPO price. This fact could impact the trading price of our Ordinary Shares following completion of the offering, to the detriment of investors in this offering. We issued 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares to our pre-IPO shareholders. Under Rule 144, before our pre-IPO shareholders can sell their shares, in addition to meeting other requirements, they must meet the applicable holding periods, as well as the respective lock-up periods required as part of our underwriting agreement with our underwriter. We do not expect any of the Ordinary Shares to be sold pursuant to Rule 144 during the pendency of this offering.

If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the initial listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, although we exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to US issuers as a Foreign Private Issuer, our securities may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.

We will seek to have our securities approved for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market upon consummation of this offering. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet those initial listing requirements at that time. Even if our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we cannot assure you that our securities will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

In addition, following this offering, in order to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we will be required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, including those regarding minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, and certain corporate governance requirements. Even if we initially meet the listing requirements and other applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq Capital Market criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

If the Nasdaq Capital Market does not list our securities or subsequently delists our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

We estimate we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$ , or approximately US$ if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and the estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We plan to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering for the following purposes:

The foregoing represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering.

Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus. To the extent that the net proceeds we receive from this offering are not immediately used for the above purposes, we intend to invest our net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing bank deposits, debt instruments or other financial instruments and products.

In using the proceeds of this offering, Leishen Cayman is permitted under PRC laws and regulations as an offshore holding company to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans to our PRC subsidiaries or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries to fund its capital expenditures or working capital. We cannot assure you we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all, which may delay or prevent us from providing the proceeds of this offering to our PRC subsidiaries. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Risk Factors—We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.”

We intend to keep any future earnings to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the near future.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or from the share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of the share premium account if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the dividend is proposed to be paid.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our Hong Kong subsidiaries and our Operating Subsidiaries in the PRC.

Current PRC regulations permit our indirect PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to our Hong Kong subsidiaries only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiaries in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entity in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

The value of the RMB fluctuates and is affected by, among other things, changes in Chinese political and economic conditions. The PRC government also imposes regulation on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the mainland PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries and the affiliates in the PRC incur debts in the future, the debt instruments may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to receive all of the revenue from our operations through the current contractual arrangements, we may be unable to pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares.

Cash dividends, if any, on our Ordinary Shares, will be paid in U.S. dollars. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China sourced income and as a result may be subject to mainland PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%. See “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Enterprise Taxation.”

In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we will rely on payments made from our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiaries, and the distribution of such payments to our Hong Kong subsidiaries as dividends from the PRC subsidiaries. Certain payments from the PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiaries are subject to PRC taxes, including but not limited to business taxes and VAT and corporate income tax.

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of September 30, 2022:

You should read this capitalization table together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, “Use of Proceeds” and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares, your interest will be diluted for each Ordinary Share you purchase to the extent of the difference between the IPO price per Ordinary Share and our net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the IPO price per Ordinary Share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding Ordinary Shares.

Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022 was $28,493,728. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets, less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share (as adjusted for the offering) from the IPO price per Ordinary Share and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts, and the estimated offering expenses payable by us.

After giving effect to our sale of Ordinary Shares offered in this offering based on the IPO price of $ per Ordinary Share after deduction of the estimated underwriting discounts and the estimated offering expenses including out-of-pocket expense including out-of-pocket expense payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022, would be approximately $ , or $ per outstanding Ordinary Share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $ per Ordinary Share to the existing shareholders, and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per Ordinary Share to investors purchasing Ordinary Shares in this offering. The as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only.

The following charts illustrate our pro forma proportionate ownership as of September 30, 2022, upon completion of this offering by existing shareholders and investors in this Offering, compared to the relative amounts paid by each group. The charts reflect payment by existing shareholders as of the date the consideration was received and by investors in this Offering at the assumed offering price without deduction of commissions or expenses. The chart further assumes no changes in net tangible book value other than those resulting from the offering and the over-allotment option is not exercised.

Leishen Cayman is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. Leishen Cayman is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and may provide significantly less protection for investors than the United States.

Substantially all of our assets are located in the PRC. In addition, all but one of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of the PRC and all or substantially all of the PRC officers’ and directors’ assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon Leishen Cayman or these persons, or to enforce judgments against Leishen Cayman or them obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

We have appointed Puglisi & Associates as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any state in the United States or any action brought against us in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in the County of New York under the securities laws of the State of New York.

Campbells LLP (“Campbells”), our counsel with respect to the laws of Cayman Islands, and Jingtian & Gongcheng, our counsel with respect to the PRC laws, have advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Campbells has further advised us that there is no statutory enforcement or treaty between the United States and the Cayman Islands providing for enforcement of judgments. A judgment obtained in the United States, however, may be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination on the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment: (i) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction; (ii) is final; (iii) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty; and (iv) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or public policy of the Cayman Islands. Furthermore, it is uncertain that Cayman Islands courts would enforce: (1) judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or other persons that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws; or (2) original actions brought against us or other persons predicated upon the Securities Act. Campbells has informed us that there is uncertainty with regard to Cayman Islands law relating to whether a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the securities laws will be determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands as penal or punitive in nature.

Jingtian & Gongcheng has further advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedure Law. Mainland PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures based on either the treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or the reciprocity between two jurisdictions.

In addition, our investors may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in the prospectus, as judgments entered in the United States can be enforced in Hong Kong only at common law. If you want to enforce a judgment of the United States in Hong Kong, it must be a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, for a liquidated amount in a civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts.

Furthermore, the common law permits an action to be brought upon a foreign judgment. That is to say, a foreign judgment itself may form the basis of a cause of action since the judgment may be regarded as creating a debt between the parties to it. In a common law action for enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong, the enforcement is subject to various conditions, including but not limited to, that the foreign judgment is a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, the judgment is for a liquidated amount in civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts. The defenses that are available to a defendant in a common law action brought on the basis of a foreign judgment include lack of jurisdiction, breach of natural justice, fraud, and contrary to public policy. However, a separate legal action for debt must be commenced in Hong Kong in order to recover such debt from the judgment debtor. As a result, subject to the conditions with regard to enforcement of judgments of United States courts being met, including but not limited to the above, a foreign judgment of United States of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any State or territory within the United States could be enforceable in Hong Kong.

The following discussion and analysis of our company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors.

Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Cayman”) was incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on October 19, 2022. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Leishen Cayman conducts substantially all of the operations through its operating subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) in the PRC. The Company is a provider of clean-energy equipment and integrated solutions to the oil and gas industry, with a commitment to providing customers with high-performance, safe and cost-effective energy solutions. The Company’s major businesses segments include (i) clean-energy equipment; (ii) oil and gas engineering technical services; (iii) new energy production and operation; and (iv) digitalization and integration equipment. The Company’s business operations have expanded beyond the PRC to the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. At present, the Company holds 70 invention and utility model patent and 5 software copyrights.

A reorganization of legal structure (“Reorganization”) was completed on March 24, 2023. The reorganization involved the incorporation of Leishen Energy Group Holding Co., Ltd. (“Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong”), and the transfer of the 100% equity interest of Leishen Energy Group Co., Limited (“Leishen Hong Kong”). Consequently, Leishen Cayman, through its subsidiaries Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong and Leishen Hong Kong, directly controls ZJY Technologies Co., Ltd. (“ZJY Technologies”), China Oil Blue Ocean Petroleum Technology Inc. (“China Oil Blue Ocean”), Leishen Energy Technology (Nanjing) Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Nanjing”), Leishen Green Energy Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Leishen Green Energy”), Leishen Energy Technology (Shandong) Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Shandong”) and Leishen Energy Services Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Services”), and became the ultimate holding company of all other entities mentioned above.

The Reorganization was accounted for as a reorganization among entities under common control since the same controlling shareholders, controlled all these entities before and after the Reorganization. The consolidation of the Company and its subsidiaries was accounted for at historical cost and prepared on the basis as if the aforementioned transactions were effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements(“CFS”). Results of operations for the periods presented comprise those of the previously separate entities combined from the beginning of the period to the end of the period, eliminating the effects of intra-entity transactions.

The Company’s principal subsidiaries after giving effect to the Reorganization are as follows:

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic—the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. The outbreak has reached almost every country, resulting in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. We are also taking precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions, and temporarily closing businesses.

During the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, COVID-19 had limited impact on the Company’s operations. As there are still regional outbreaks of coronavirus diseases in 2022 (such as in Beijing and Shanghai), movement in China is still limited. It could impact economies and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could impact our ability to raise capital or slow down potential business opportunities. There are still uncertainties of COVID-19’s future impact, and the extent of the impact will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and severity of the pandemic.

As of the date hereof, the COVID-19 pandemic is generally considered under control in China. In light of the current circumstances, the Company estimates its financial results will not be adversely affected in 2023. The Company is closely monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and continuously evaluating any further potential impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition. If the outbreak persists or escalates, the Company may be subject to further negative impact on its business operations and financial condition.

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 caused widespread production shutdown and resulted in disruptions to global supply chains in certain sectors. In the past two years, the Chinese government has been strict in controlling the pandemic and such policies have indeed had an impact on our business operations. However, the country’s progress in the energy sector has not stagnated and demand for energy has been increasing, resulting in the continual increase in our sales orders. The common problem affecting us is the delay in delivery date of raw materials, such as spart parts and metals, from our suppliers.

We have adopted various countermeasures to safeguard our supply chain, such as relying on governmental coordination of the supply chain, replacing underperforming suppliers and undertaking on-site manufacturing supervision. At the same time, we have also added many new high-quality suppliers into our network, broadening our supply options further. In terms of production, our manufacturing operations did not stop during the pandemic, and there were also no reductions in product quality requirements. The high-pressure gas injection compressors we debuted during the pandemic period have progressed smoothly in terms of installation and debugging, and they were officially put into production in April 2023. We believe that the pandemic policies of the past two years will not continue as the energy sector is the top priority of China, and the domestic economic environment is also recovering from the effects of the pandemic.

Current macroeconomic conditions, including inflationary pressures in the broader U.S. economy, military conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, have had, and are expected to continue to have, an impact on oil and gas commodity prices and, therefore, demand for our services and, depending on the duration and severity, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Exchange rate fluctuations may significantly impact our business and profitability

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. It is difficult to predict when and how the relationship between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may change. Any significant revaluation of RMB may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in RMB when translated into U.S. dollars. To the extent we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars to make payments for business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

Our Company evaluates our operational performance using a variety of metrics. The key non-financial metrics we use to measure our performance include:

Patent technology expansion rate: We adopt the model of technology-driven innovation and we regard technology patent acquisition as a key indicator of the Company’s performance. In the past two years, the number of patents obtained by our Company has increased by 45 from 30 to 75, mainly in the areas of clean-energy equipment, oil and gas engineering technical services, and new energy production and operation, which is indicative of a clear business growth model. Technology development is a decisive factor in our sale growth strategy. As of September 30, 2023, we have five invention patents pending, which will enhance our core technical competitiveness.

Customer retention and upselling: Based around the model of technological innovation, increases in sale volume, solidification of long term partnerships and the continual evolution and upgrade of the types of products and services we provide for each of our customers are key indicators of the quality and improvement of our business and services. Taking the examples of our Customer A, Customer B and Customer C as an example, we started from initial one-off product sales to project-based services and leasing services, to forming multi-year co-operation agreements. Our increasing in-depth delivery of customer value will help us understand the operations of our individual customers and their needs, and help us to continue to solidify key relationships with our most important clients.

International customer growth rate: Our Company intends to expand overseas business and enter into the international market, as the first priority of our operation. Customer development and growth in international markets is a key indicator of our business planning. For example, in the newly opened market of Iraq, we are setting up a joint reserve warehouse of spare parts with the Missan Oilfield and Abu Dhabi Oilfield, and we are also establishing a power plant operation and maintenance project in Chad, West Africa. We expect such newly developed international customers to generate revenue in the first half of 2024, and subsequently we will gradually expand our international customer base, from operation and maintenance orders to equipment manufacturing, leasing engineering services, operation and maintenance and other businesses.

Growth of sales contracts: We also measure our performance based on the value of contracts signed, especially in new and developing markets which hold greater potential for expansion and penetration. In the future, we will continue to bring in new customers and new contract orders to expand our market share.

Growth rate of operating income: We have established a business and financial management system and we regard and evaluate operating income as a key indicator in the assessment of financial performance of each business unit.

Gross margin: We improve competitiveness by optimizing operation and management, and regard gross margin as an important indicator to evaluate enterprise operation and performance.

Return on equity: We evaluate return on investment from the perspective of total owner’s equity. The return on equity in 2021 was 17.68%, and the return on equity in 2022 was 17.93%, The future return on equity is expected to be more than 15%, which reflects our high level of corporate management and good economic return.

Asset-liability ratio: We regard net cash flow as the lifeblood of the Company, and the current financing channels are mainly obtained through the accumulation of residual value of enterprise operations to achieve the rapid development of the Group’s business scale. The asset-liability ratio in 2021 is 40.67%, compared to 36.23% in 2022. It is expected that the asset-liability ratio of the Group will be below 50% in the future, with the operating risk of the Group remaining low, and financial capital being relatively safe.

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and provides information regarding the dollar and percentage increase or (decrease) during the years.

Currently, we have four revenue streams: clean-energy equipment sales, digitalization and integration equipment sales, new energy sales and delivery of oil and gas field engineering technical services. Total revenues for the year ended September 30, 2022 increased by $15,459,093, or 49.5%, to $46,716,505 from $31,257,412 in 2021. The increase in our revenues was primarily attributable to the increase in the revenue from new energy (natural gas) sales.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022, and 2021:

Revenues from clean-energy equipment sales. Revenues from clean-energy equipment sales accounted for 40.1% and 62.3% of our total revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenue from clean-energy equipment sales decreased by $785,240 or 4.0% to $18,697,671 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $19,482,911 in 2021. The decrease was mainly due to the Company’s customers are mainly state-owned enterprises. These customers delayed their procurement plans because of the COVID-19 outbreak in the end of 2021. These customers’ businesses recovered gradually in 2022 and restarted their procurement plans. Therefore, clean-energy equipment revenue decreased significantly compared to that in 2021.

Revenues from digitalization and integration equipment sales. Revenues from digitalization and integration equipment sales accounted for 9.3% and 3.5% of our total revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenue from digitalization and integration equipment sales increased by $3,252,808 or 294.8% to $4,356,143 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $1,103,335 in 2021. Due to the effect of COVID-19 in previous years, our customers slowed down their procurement plans. With the pandemic generally considered under control, these customers resumed their procurement plans gradually. Therefore, the digitalization and integration equipment sales increased.

Revenues from new energy sales. Revenues from new energy sales accounted for 37.9% and 24.1% of our total revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenue from new energy production and operation sales increased by $10,190,263 or 135.5% to $17,713,342 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $7,523,079 in 2021. The increase was mainly due to increased demand for natural gas due to rising natural gas prices.

Revenues from oil and gas engineering technical services. Revenues from oil and gas engineering technical services accounted for 12.7% and 10.1% of our total revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenues from oil and gas field engineering technical services increased by $2,801,262 or 89.0% to $5,949,349 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $3,148,087 in 2021. The increase was attributable to continuous increase in demand for our service. In addition, our customers resumed their procurement plans with COVID-19 gradually under control.

We also believe that the increased demand for energy related products and services is related to the strategic policies of the Chinese government. On February 27, 2023, the National Energy Administration issued a notice on the issuance of the Action Plan for Accelerating the Integration of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development with New Energy (2023-2025), indicating that the country’s demand for energy continues to grow. We believe China is increasing its investment in oil and gas exploration and development, as well as new energy substitution. Our business focus is in line with the country’s oil and gas energy policies and our products and services will continue to experience growth in line with the country’s investments and demand.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our cost of revenue for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Cost of clean-energy equipment sales decreased by $1,163,120, or 8.5%, to $12,466,400 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $13,629,520 in 2021, which was mainly due to the decrease of equipment sales revenue.

Cost of digitalization and integration equipment sales increased by $2,782,586, or 294.9%, to $3,726,018 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $943,432 in 2021, which was mainly due to the increase of digitalization and integration equipment sales revenue.

Cost of new energy sales increased by $8,677,766 or 118.4% to $16,005,763 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $7,327,997 in 2021. The increase was mainly due to rising new energy production and operation prices.

Cost of oil and gas engineering technical services increased by $650,692 or 195.9% to $982,789 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $332,096 in 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increase in labor cost, and the increase was in line with increase in revenue related to our compressor booster service.

Total gross profit was $13,535,535 for the year ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $4,511,169, from $9,024,366 in 2021. Profit margin increased by 0.1%, to 29.0% for the year ended September 30, 2022, from 28.9% in 2021.

Gross profit for clean-energy equipment sales increased by $377,880 to $6,231,271 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $5,853,391 in 2021. The increase in gross profit was due to the Company strengthens cost management. Profit margin increased by 3.3%, to 33.3% for the year ended September 30, 2022, from 30.0% for the same period in 2021.

Gross profit for digitalization and integration equipment sales increased by $470,222 to $630,125 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $159,903 in 2021. The increase in gross profit was due to the increase in revenue. Profit margin in 2022 keeps consistent with that in 2021.

Gross profit for new energy sales increased by $1,512,497 to $1,707,579 for the year ended September 30, 2022, compared to $195,082 for the same period in 2021. The increase in gross profit was mainly due to the increasing demand for new energy production and operation in 2022 and increasing price in natural gas. Profit margin increased by 7.0%, to 9.6% for the year ended September 30, 2022, from 2.6% in 2021.

Gross profit for oil and gas engineering technical services increased to $4,966,560 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $2,815,990 in 2021. Gross profit margin decreased by 6.0%, to 83.5% for the year ended September 30, 2022, from 89.5% in 2021. The decrease of profit margin was mainly due to the increase in labor cost.

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of shipping and warehouse fees, consulting fees, bidding fees and payroll and benefits for employees involved in the sales and distribution functions. Selling expenses were $576,773 for the year ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $255,598, or 79.6%, from $321,175 in 2021. The main reason for the increase was mainly due to the increase in shipping and warehousing fees of $274,429.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll and related costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including accounting, finance, tax, legal and human resources, professional fees and other general corporate expenses as well as costs associated with the use by these functions of facilities and equipment, such as depreciation and rental expenses. Our general and administrative expenses were $4,742,036 for the year ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $ 2,288,219 or 93.3%, from $ 2,453,817 in 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increase in professional consulting fees of $1,406,371, labor cost of $634,558, and entertainment fees of $133,003.

The increase in other income (expenses) during fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021 was due primarily to higher change in fair value of short-term investments and increase in exchange losses, partially offset by decrease of impairment loss of long-term investments.

Our income taxes was $1,978,217 for the year ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $720,490, or 57.3% from $1,257,727 in 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increase of $153,499 of current income tax provision and net of deferred income taxes of $566,991.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law of the PRC, domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are usually subject to a unified 25% EIT rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays, and even tax exemptions may be granted on case-by-case basis. For the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our effective tax rates are 25.6% and 21.5%, respectively.

As a result of the foregoing, our net income for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, was $5,757,922 and $4,587,366, respectively.

Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of net income that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company as the controlling shareholder. For the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries, non-controlling interests are a minority shareholder’s 49% ownership interest in Sichuan Huayou Huitong New Material Co., Ltd and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo Energy Development Co., Ltd. Net income/loss attributable to non-controlling interest was income of $35,846 and loss of $68,014 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net income attributable to Leishen Energy increased by $1,066,696, or 22.9% from $4,655,380 for the year ended September 30, 2021, to $5,722,076 for the year ended September 30, 2022.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China. As a result, our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China. If our subsidiaries in China incur debt on their behalf, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, our subsidiaries in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of their registered capital. Our subsidiaries in China may also allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

As of September 30, 2022, and 2021, we had cash of $6,256,236 and $8,324,267, respectively. All the cash was held by our subsidiaries in China with banks and financial institutions. Our current assets were $40,621,594 and $39,985,149 as of September 30, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our current liabilities were $13,756,007 and $16,757,723 as of September 30, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our current ratios as of September 30, 2022, and 2021 are 295.3% and 238.6%, respectively. Total equity as of September 30, 2022, and 2021 was $29,643,706 and $26,029,746, respectively.

We have historically funded our working capital needs from operations, loans from banks, and capital contributions from shareholders. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash in the amount of approximately $6.26 million and total working capital of approximately $26.86 million. Presently, our principal sources of liquidity are generated from our operations and bank loans.

As of September 30, 2022, we had various outstanding bank loans of approximately $1.1 million. We have also entered into operating lease agreements for office and warehouses. The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2022:

Our capital needs include our daily working capital needs and capital needs to finance the development of our business. Our capital needs are influenced by our operations and the timing of accounts receivable collections. With the uncertainty of the current market and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, our management believes it is necessary to enhance collection of outstanding accounts receivable and other receivables, and to be cautious on operational decisions and project selection. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. Our management is confident that the Company’s accounts receivable and other receivables are collectable.

Based on our revenue projection, we believe we will have the ability to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business for the next 12 months. We also have the intention and ability to extend or renew the bank loans, or to borrow new loans from commercial banks or other institutions or entities in the next 12 months. If we are unable to generate significant revenue, we may be required to cease or curtail our operations. We will try to alleviate our cash position through the following sources: (1) will continue to seek equity financing to support our working capital; (2) other available sources of financing (including debt) from PRC banks and other financial institutions; and (3) financial support and credit guarantee commitments from our related parties. In addition, we will be able to effectively manage cash disbursements for operating costs and negotiate payment schedules with suppliers based on our cash on hand. Based on the historical trends and our revenue projection, we believe that the current cash and cash flows provided by future operating activities and loans from banks and third parties will be sufficient to meet the working capital needs in the next 12 months from the date the audited financial statements were issued.

If we experience an adverse operating environment or incurs unanticipated capital expenditure requirements, or if we decide to accelerate growth, then additional financing may be required. We cannot guarantee, however, that additional financing, if required, would be available at all or on favorable terms. Such financing may include the use of additional debt or the sale of additional equity securities. Any financing which involves the sale of equity securities or instruments that are convertible into equity securities could result in immediate and possibly significant dilution to our existing shareholders. If it is determined that the cash requirements exceed the Company’s amounts of cash on hand, the Company may seek to issue additional debt or obtain financial support from shareholders. The principal shareholder of the Company has made pledges to provide financial support to the Company whenever necessary. We believe the borrowings through our shareholders and additional financing will be sufficient to meet the Company’s long-term working capital needs.

We may also raise additional capital through public offerings or private placements to finance our business development and to consummate any merger or acquisition, if necessary. Such transfer of funds from any of our offshore subsidiaries to our PRC subsidiaries is subject to the PRC regulatory restrictions and procedures: (i) the capital increase of the existing PRC subsidiaries and establishment of new PRC subsidiaries must be either filed with or approved by Ministry of Foreign Trade and Commerce (“MOFCOM”) or its local counterparts depending on whether the business of the PRC subsidiary is subject to restrictions with respect to foreign investment under the PRC law, and registered with local banks authorized by SAFE; and (ii) loans to any of our PRC subsidiaries must not exceed the statutory limits and must be filed with SAFE.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Net cash used in operating activities was $4,386,090 for the year ended September 30, 2022. It was primarily due to the following:

Net cash provided by operating activities was $12,589,158 for the year ended September 30, 2021. It was primarily due to the following:

Net cash provided by investing activities was $1,208,235 for the year ended September 30, 2022, and net cash used in investing activities was $7,916,590 for the year ended September 30, 2021. It was primarily due to: a) the purchase of property and equipment of $2,853,713 and $1,013,660 for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively; b) purchase of short-term investments of $12,360,939 and $15,509,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively; c) proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of $17,054,623 and $9,044,134 for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively; d) purchase of long-term investments of $633,307 and $438,064 for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1,717,713 for the year ended September 30, 2022. During fiscal 2022, we borrowed $1,419,219 in short-term bank loans as working capital, which were offset by the repayment of $686,719 in principal. We borrowed $572,268 in long-term bank loans as working capital, which were offset by the repayment of $94,242 in principal. In addition, we received $598,208 from shareholders. And we also paid $91,021 as deferred offering cost.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $153,707 for the year ended September 30, 2021. During fiscal year 2021, we received $153,707 from shareholders.

On February 10, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB300,000 (US$42,255) from China Resources Shenzhen Investment Trust Co., Ltd with interest of 11.34%. From February 10, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB57,143 (US$8,049) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB242,857(US$34,206) was outstanding, of which RMB142,857 (US$20,121) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On May 14, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB60,000 (US$8,451) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 11.97%. From May 14, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB10,000 (US$1,408) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB50,000 (US$7,043) was outstanding, of which RMB25,000 (US$3,521) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On May 14, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB140,000 (US$19,719) from Huaneng Guicheng Trust Corporation Limited with interest at 11.97%. From May 14, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB23,333 (US$3,286) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB116,667 (US$16,433) was outstanding, of which RMB58,333 (US$8,216) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On May 16, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB2,600,000 (US$366,210) from Huaneng Guicheng Trust Corporation Limited with interest at 11.97%. From May 16, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB433,334 (US$61,032) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB2,166,666 (US$305,172) was outstanding, of which RMB1,083,333 (US$152,586) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On May 28, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB300,000 (US$42,255) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 12.6%. From May 28, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB50,000 (US$7,042) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB250,000 (US$35,212) was outstanding, of which RMB125,000 (US$17,606) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On June 17, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB200,000 (US$28,170) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 12.6%. From June 17, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB25,000 (US$3,521) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB175,000 (US$24,649) was outstanding, of which RMB175,000 (US$24,649) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On June 23, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB150,015 (US$21,129) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 11.97%. From June 23, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB18,752 (US$2,641) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB131,263 (US$18,488) was outstanding, of which RMB62,506 (US$8,804) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

On August 19, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB 4.8 million (US$676,075) from Bank of China Chengdu Zijing West Road Sub-branch with interest at 3.9%, which is due on August 18, 2023.

From time to time, the Company may be subject to certain legal proceedings, claims, and disputes that arise in the ordinary course of business. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not currently considered to be material to the consolidated financial statements.

The Company leases certain office spaces and factories under operating lease agreements. Future minimum lease payments are $118,400 for the 12 months ended September 30, 2023.

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity, or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk, or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging, or research and development services with us.

The nature of our business does not appear to be affected by seasonal variations.

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our CFS. These financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and any related disclosures. We continue to evaluate these estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We rely on these evaluations as the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application.

We believe that the following accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulted from collection risk. The Company reviews its accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Company considers many factors, including the age of the balance, customer payment history, the customer’s current credit-worthiness, and current economic trends. Accounts are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the likelihood of collection is not probable. The allowance for doubtful accounts as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $1,222,983 and $876,439, respectively. For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, no accounts receivable were written off.

In accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of the product or the benefit of the services transfers to the customer. Under the guidance of ASC 606, the Company is required to (a) identify the contract with a customer, (b) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (c) determine the transaction price, (d) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (e) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

In accordance with ASC 606-10-55-89 through 55-91, the Company selected the type of good or service as presentation of disaggregated revenue. The Company’s presentation of its disaggregated revenues is aligned with information that can be reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments. The Company derives its revenues mainly from sales of clean-energy equipment, sales of digitalization and integration equipment, sales of new energy and delivery of oil and gas engineering technical services. Revenues represent the amount of consideration that the Company is entitled to in exchange for the transfer of promised goods or services in the ordinary course of the Company’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). Consistent with the criteria of ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligation in a contract is satisfied by transferring the control of promised goods or services to the customer. The Company also evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods and services sold and the related costs.

The Company signs contracts with customers and provides clean-energy equipment according to the sales contract or sales list. The customer issues an acceptance document after checking the quantity and quality of the goods received. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of goods acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. And in accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the specified goods before they are transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified goods transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and provides digitalization and integration equipment according to the sales contract or sales list. The customer issues an acceptance document after checking the quantity and quality of the goods received and installed. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of goods acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. And in accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the specified goods before they are transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified goods transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and sells new energy, such as LNG/CNG, purchased from third parties to the customers. The customer issues an acceptance document after acquiring the new energy. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of natural gas acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. And in accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of new energy sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the new energy before they are transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the new energy transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and provides compressor booster service to the customers during their shale gas production process. An evaluation is performed to determine whether the Company is a principal or agent in these transactions. Under the terms of these compressor booster service contracts, the Company concludes it is the agent as title to the shale gas production remains with a third-party producer. Revenue is recognized on a net basis since the Company is strictly providing a service. The Company concludes that the services provided each month are substantially similar and result in the transfer of substantially similar services to the third-party each month. That is, the benefit consumed by the third-party are substantially similar for each month, even though the exact volume of services may vary. Therefore, the Company concludes the monthly compressor booster service satisfies the requirements of ASC 606-10-25-14(b) to be accounted for as a single performance obligation. Accordingly, based on the output method, the Company recognizes revenues over time when it satisfies its performance obligations throughout the contract terms.

The Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC and Hong Kong are subject to the income tax laws of the PRC and Hong Kong, respectively. No taxable income was generated outside the PRC for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASC 740 requires an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting for income taxes and allows recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets based upon the likelihood of realization of tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or future deductibility is uncertain.

ASC 740-10-25 prescribes a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. It also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, years open for tax examination, accounting for income taxes in interim periods and income tax disclosures. There were no material uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The amendments in this Update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The amendments broaden the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The use of forecasted information incorporates more timely information in the estimate of expected credit loss, which will be more decision useful to users of the financial statements. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. This ASU adds optional transition relief for entities to elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis to increase comparability of similar financial assets. The ASUs should be applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified retrospective approach). On November 19, 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 to amend the effective date for ASU 2016-13 to be fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods therein. The Company is evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on the Company’s CFS.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740, and also improves consistent application of and simplifies U.S. GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021. For all other entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this ASU on October 1, 2022 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s CFS.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, “Codification Improvements”. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify the Codification or correct unintended application of guidance that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practices or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The amendments in this Update affect a wide variety of Topics in the Codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. ASU 2021-10 is effective for annual periods beginning after July 1, 2022 for public business entities. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively. The adoption of this new standard did not have a significant impact on Company’s CFS and related disclosures.

The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s CFS.

Certain information, including statistics and estimates, set forth in this section and elsewhere in this prospectus has been derived from an industry report commissioned by us and independently prepared by Frost & Sullivan in connection with this offering. All the information and data presented in this section was derived from Frost & Sullivan’s industry report unless otherwise noted. Frost & Sullivan has advised us that the statistical and graphical information contained herein is drawn from its database and other sources. However, neither we nor any other party involved in this offering has independently verified such information, and neither we nor any other party involved in this offering makes any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. Therefore, investors are cautioned not to place any undue reliance on the information, including statistics and estimates, set forth in this section or similar information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

China’s economy experienced a rapid growth rate over the past decades, China’s nominal Gross Domestic Products (“GDP”) grew from RMB83.2 trillion in 2017 to RMB121.0 trillion in 2022, with a CAGR of 7.8%. In the future, the nominal GDP in China is forecasted to keep growing at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2022 to 2027 and increase to RMB161.3 trillion in 2027. The rapid growth of China’s economy made China becomes the largest energy consumption country in the world, which stimulate China oil and gas enterprises increased their spending on oil and gas exploration and development. Moreover, the increasing energy consumption has led the development of the overall oilfield services market in China.

Primary energy is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. Primary energy includes oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, hydropower and new energy. From 2017 to 2022, the consumption volume of primary energy in China raises from 134 EJ to 162 EJ, representing at a CAGR of 3.9%.

In line with the growth of population, the demand of primary energy consumption is expected to increase. Accordingly, the consumption volume of primary energy is anticipated to reach 199 EJ, with a CAGR of 4.2% from 2022 to 2027.

In 2022, the major consumption of primary energy in China are coal, oil and natural gas, which accounted for 53.4%, 19.5% and 9.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the share of clean-energy is relatively low, which accounted for 27.1%, comprising natural gas, hydropower, new energy and nuclear energy.

In order to continuously improve the capacity of the energy supply, China has actively promoted the revolution of energy supply and accelerated the process of clean-energy production. Accordingly, the proportion of consumption of natural gas in primary energy consumption is expected to increase from 9.1% in 2022 to 10.9% in 2027. In addition, the proportion of oil is anticipated to maintain at the same level in 2027.

Major oil field in China includes Daqing Oil Field, Liaohe Oil Field, Karamay Oil Field, Shengli Oil Field, etc. The oil production in China had increased from 191.5 million tonnes in 2017 to 204.7 million tonnes in 2022 with a CAGR of 1.3%. In addition, the oil apparent consumption had grown from 606.2 million tonnes in 2017 to 709.2 million tonnes in 2022, with a CAGR of 3.2%.

From 2022 to 2027, according to the PRC government’s energy plan, China’s annual oil production volume is expected to maintain at the level of around 200.0 million tonnes, oil production volume is estimated to be at a CAGR of 0.9%. On the other hand, the oil apparent consumption is anticipated to steady grow and reach 820.1 million tonnes in 2027 with a CAGR of 2.9% from 2022 to 2027.

Given the limited domestic oil reserve and relatively high oil exploration cost, China depends largely on import of oil. From 2017 to 2022, the oil import in China increased from 419.6 million tonnes to 508.3 million tonnes, a CAGR of 3.9% during the same period. However, the oil export in China had decreased from 4.9 million tonnes in 2017 to 3.8 million tonnes in 2022, with an CAGR of negative 5.0%.

Meanwhile, with the demand for oil and the stable production of oil, resulting in continuous growth of oil import volume. The oil import of China is anticipated to reach 612.9 million tonnes in 2027, a CAGR of 3.7% from 2022 to 2026. Additionally, the oil export of China is predicted at an CAGR of negative 2.2% from 2022 to 2027 that reach around 2.4 million tonnes in 2027.

In response to the energy structure reform, China’s production and consumption volume of natural gas kept growing in the past few years. The increasing investment on exploration and development of gas source contributed to the continuous growth of natural gas supply. The production volumes of natural gas increased from 148.0 billion m³ in 2017 to 217.8 billion m³ in 2022, a CAGR of 8.0%. The consumption volumes of natural gas increased from 239.4 billion m3 in 2017 to 363.8 billion m3 in 2022, a CAGR of 8.7%.

In the future, the production volume of natural gas would reach approximately 295.3 billion m³ in 2027 due to the increasing investment in natural gas exploration, a CAGR of 6.3% from 2022 to 2027. The consumption volume of natural gas is forecasted to reach 556.7 billion m³ in 2027, at a CAGR of approximately 8.9% from 2022 to 2027.

China depends largely in import volume of natural gas that increased from 95.5 billion m³ in 2017 to 151.9 billion m³ in 2022, with a CAGR of 9.7%. Accordingly, the export volume of natural gas had grown at a CAGR of 7.0% from 4.2 billion m³ in 2017 to 5.9 billion m³in 2022. Russia is one of the major natural gas importers to China. Due to the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, the import volume of natural gas decreased by year-over-year rate of negative 8.9%.

In the future, in line with an increasing rate of consumption higher than production, the import volume of natural gas is expected to reach 274.4 billion m³in 2027 with a CAGR of 12.0% from 2022 to 2027. Meanwhile, the export volume of natural gas is predicted at 6.5 billion m³in 2027 with a CAGR of 2.0% from 2022 to 2027.

The clients of oilfield service are oil and gas exploration and production companies. In China, this market is dominated by three major national oil companies, namely China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC) and China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). The demand for the oilfield services market in China is directly linked to the capital expenditures of oil and gas exploration and production companies represented by the aforementioned three major national oil companies.

From 2017 to 2021, the exploration and development capital expenditure of three national oil companies in China grew from RMB246.1 billion to RMB339.9 billion, a CAGR of 6.7%. To enhance domestic resource production capabilities and achieve the goals of the “14th Five-Year Plan for Modern Energy System”, it is expected that three national oil companies will keep increasing their exploration and development capital expenditure, which can benefit China’s oilfield services market in the long run. By the end of 2027, the exploration and development capital expenditure of three national oil companies in China is expected to steadily grow and reach RMB371.5 billion in 2027, with a CAGR of 1.8%.

During the period from the founding of the PRC to the early 1990s, Chinese oilfield service enterprises were state-owned and targeted to serve the national oil enterprises to which they belonged. State-owned enterprises accounted for almost all of the market share in the industry, and CNPC, SINOPEC, and CNOOC prefer to cooperate with the internal oilfield service enterprises, which restricted the improvement of oilfield service enterprises’ operational efficiency and technology level in a certain extent.

In the early 1990s, influenced by the China policy of reform and opening up, foreign oilfield service enterprises gradually entered into oilfield services market in China, and private oil service enterprises also existed, which enriched the market pattern of China’s oilfield service industry.

Since the 21st century, with the increasing demand from oil and gas enterprises, China’s oilfield service enterprises continued to make technological innovations and experienced rapid development. Due to the remarkable improvement of technology, state-owned oil service enterprises and some outstanding private oil service enterprises have started to expand their business to overseas market.

Oilfield services include providing services and equipment to support the field-related activities to oil and gas companies during the process of exploration and production of natural resources, primarily oil, and gas. Due to the complexity in oil and gas industry, a wide range of equipment and service are needed during the process.

The whole oilfield service includes a series of activities from exploration/discovery of hydrocarbon resources, drilling and completion of oil and gas wells, well logging, oil and gas production, and oilfield engineering construction. In addition, oilfield technical services of oil and gas production include booster services, well cementing services, coiled tubing services, and others, such as rental services of oilfield equipment and maintenance staff.

The oil services market can be divided into onshore and offshore oilfield services according to the place of crude oil extraction. Onshore oilfield services include conventional oil and gas exploration and first-level unconventional oil and gas development, such as shale oil, shale gas, tight oil, coal-bed methane, etc. Offshore oilfield services can be divided according to the different water depths, such as offshore continental shelf, deepwater and ultra-deepwater.

The value chain of China’s oilfield services market is generally composed of raw material suppliers in the upstream, that provide raw materials such as iron and steel, engines, machinery components, chemical raw materials, etc.; oil and gas resource developers in the downstream; and oilfield services companies in the midstream. The oilfield services companies can be divided into two types, including (i)oilfield equipment manufacturers, such as exploration equipment, drilling equipment, fracturing equipment, compressor and expender, etc.; and (ii) oilfield technical services providers.

The oilfield services market in China can be classified into two types: (i) the oilfield equipment market, and (ii) the oilfield technical services market. From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of oilfield services market increased from RMB207.4 billion to RMB327.3 billion, with a CAGR of 9.6%. The oilfield services market has a strong correlation with crude oil prices, as higher oil prices will motivate oil and gas companies to increase their capital expenditure to drill more wells and therefore facilitate the need for oilfield service. However, in 2020, affected by the outbreak of COVID-19, the oil price significantly decreased, then, the oilfield services market had a decline at a year-over-year rate of negative 14.1% in 2020.

Meanwhile, in 2021, the revenue of oilfield technical services market was RMB290.0 billion, or 88.6% of the oilfield services market, while the revenue of oilfield equipment market was RMB37.3 billion, contributing a relatively less portion. However, the oilfield equipment market growth rate outpaced the oilfield services market. From 2017 to 2022, the oilfield equipment market grew with a CAGR of 15.6%, compared with 9.6% for the total market.

In the future, the revenue of oilfield services market in China is expected to keep stable growth from 2022 to 2027, reaching RMB478.6 billion in 2027 with a CAGR of 7.9%. Moreover, the revenue of oilfield equipment market is expected to reach RMB53.6 billion in 2027, with a CAGR of 7.5% from 2022 to 2027, while, the revenue of oilfield technical services market is predicted to increase at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2022 to 2027 to RMB425.0 billion in 2027.

Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume, which can be used to increase the pressure on a gas phase fluid. Classified by different medium, compressors can press natural gas, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. Classified by the basis of design and operating principle, the three main types of compressors are reciprocating compressors, screw compressors and centrifugal compressors. The oilfield industry uses two main types of compressors: reciprocating compressors and screw compressors.

Oilfield compressor is one of the main equipment in oil and gas production in the oilfield services market. From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of oilfield compressor market grew from RMB7.2 billion to RMB9.7 billion, a CAGR of 6.4%. The growth was mainly fueled by the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas in China. In 2019, the oilfield compressor market surged to RMB8.7 billion, which was attributable to government support. In detail, the year of 2019 is the initial year of the “Seven-Year Action Plan” introduced by National Energy Administration. To ensure the fully implement of the national energy security strategy, three national oil companies significantly increased their exploration and development capital expenditure, the exploration and development capital expenditure of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in 2019 even broke the previous peak level. In 2020, due to the outbreak of COVID-19, oil and gas production activities were interrupted. The fall in oil prices frustrated oil and gas companies, as a result, the oilfield compressor market size remains at RMB8.7 billion in 2020.

Looking forward, as the Chinese government insists on national energy security target, three national oil companies are expected to accelerate their investment in oil and gas exploration and development in order to achieve the 14th Five-Year Plan goal. The revenue of oilfield compressor market in China is expected to grow with the increased spending from oil companies, and reach RMB12.1 billion in 2027, a CAGR of 4.5% from 2022 to 2027.

Natural gas is the most accessible gas medium for compressors in oil and gas fields, therefore oilfield compressor is mainly natural gas compressor. The revenue of natural gas compressor market in China grew from RMB6.1 billion in 2027 to RMB7.9 billion in 2022, with a CAGR of 5.3%. In 2020, with the decline in oil prices, oil and gas companies reduced oil and gas production. As a result, the revenue of natural gas compressor market remained at around RMB7.3 billion in 2020.

By the end of 2027, the revenue of natural gas compressor market in China is expected to reach RMB9.6 billion, a CAGR of 4.0% from 2022 to 2027, mainly driven by the increasing capital expenditure of oil and gas exploration and drill.

In addition, the growth of the natural gas compressor market in China is also fueled by the construction and development of underground gas storage (USG). In general, the USG is depleted gas reservoirs, aquifers, or salt caverns. In 2022, the number of USG in China is over 30 and continue to grow. The purpose of USG is peak shaving and resource supplement, which involves storing the natural gas when output exceeds consumption, and extracting it when the demand exceeds supply. In the process of storing and extracting, the natural gas compressors play an important role that pressurize and inject natural gas from gas station into USG and extracted it from USG to transportation pipeline. For instances, Dalaobei and Sizhan are depleted gas reservoirs that apply natural gas compressors to cyclic gas injection to product natural gas. Consequently, with an increasing number of USG, the natural gas compressor market in China is expected to develop.

The revenue of natural gas compressor market in Southeast Asia increased from RMB2,950.5 billion in 2017 to RMB3,843.5 million in 2022, with a CAGR of 5.4%. In 2020, with the decline in oil prices which affected by the outbreak of COVID-19, oil and gas companies reduced oil and gas production. Consequently, the revenue of natural gas compressor market steady grew at around RMB3,444.1 billion in 2020. However, with the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, the increasing demand of oil and gas stimulated the natural gas compressor market in Southeast Asia that grew at a year-over-year rate of 7.4%.

By the end of 2027, the revenue of natural gas compressor market in Southeast Asia is expected to reach RMB5,320.3 million, a CAGR of 6.7% from 2022 to 2027, mainly driven by the increasing capital expenditure of oil and gas exploration and drill in Southeast Asia. In addition, affected by Russia-Ukraine conflict, most countries in Southeast Asia are concerned about the limited supply of energy, accordingly, the exploitation of oil and gas is expected to raise that increase the demand of natural gas compressor.

Natural gas reciprocating compressors are commonly used in oil and gas production and transportation. From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of natural gas reciprocating compressor market in China raised from RMB3.4 billion to RMB4.9 billion, with a CAGR of 7.6%. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, oil prices had decreased, resulting in slow growth for the natural gas reciprocating compressor market.

In the future, along with the increasing capital expenditure of oil and gas exploration and drill, the revenue of natural gas reciprocating compressor market is expected to reach RMB6.5 billion in 2027, with a CAGR of 5.8% from 2022 to 2027.

Market Size of Ultra-high Pressure Natural Gas Reciprocating Compressor Market in China

In the later stages of oil and gas field production, the low oil and gas pressure makes it difficult to extract. Consequently, some oil and gas companies use ultra-high pressure natural gas compressors to produce oil and gas.

The revenue of ultra-high pressure natural gas compressor market in China increased from RMB165.3 million in 2017 to RMB307.4 million, with a CAGR of 13.2%. Although affected by the decrease in oil prices, the ultra-high pressure natural gas compressor market remaining grew in 2020, with a year-over-year rate of 1.4%.

In the future, driven by increasing application of ultra-high pressure natural gas compressor in oil and gas production, the revenue of ultra-high pressure natural gas compressor market is expected to reach RMB436.6 million in 2027, with a CAGR of 7.3%.

From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of natural gas compressor rental market increased from RMB881.1 million to RMB1,432.3 million with a CAGR of 10.2%. Fueled by unconventional oil and gas exploration such as shale oil and gas, the natural gas compressor rental market took an upward trend. Although affected by COVID-19 and the decrease in oil prices, the revenue of natural gas compressor rental market continuously grew during 2019 and 2020.

By the end of 2027, the revenue of natural gas compressor rental market in China is expected to reach RMB2,173.3 million, a CAGR of 8.7% from 2022 to 2027.

The expander is a kind of machinery that uses the principle of compressing the gas to reduce the temperature of the gas by outputting mechanical work to the outside. Based on the form of movement and structure, the expander can be divided into two categories piston expander and turbine expander. The turbine expenders usually use in natural gas separation and generate electric power by differential pressure. Classified by different medium, expanders can expand air, nitrogen, natural gas, etc. The expenders that applied in the oilfield market are mainly natural gas expenders.

From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of natural gas expender market grew from RMB435.1 million to RMB619.1 million, a CAGR of 7.3%. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, oil prices had fallen that leading to the natural gas expender market decreased, with year-over-year rate of negative 3.0% in 2020, respectively.

Along with the accelerated application of pressure recovery turbine for power generation. In the future, the revenue of natural gas expender market is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2022 to 2027 and reach RMB786.3 million in 2027.

The Development of Clean-Energy: Gas separation is one of the most important applications of turbine expanders. In the future, as China is switching to clean-energy consumption, the demand for the turbine expanders market in China is expected to increase. In recent years, in response to global climate change and China’s action plan for reaching peak carbon emissions by 2030, China has gradually shifted towards clean-energy consumption, such as power generation by natural gas to achieve economic decarbonization. Therefore, switching to consuming clean-energy has resulted in increasing demand for natural gas, which in turn drives up the demand for turbine expanders.

Wide Application of Differential Pressure Generation Technology: The turbine expanders with differential pressure generation technology convert the gas pressure energy of natural gas to mechanical energy and transfer mechanical energy to electricity without any external force, which saves energy consumption for oil and gas companies. Meanwhile, the turbine expanders with differential pressure generation technology are highly automated and easy to maintain, which could save labor costs for oil and gas companies. Consequently, with the considerable economic benefits, the turbine expander with differential pressure generation technology will be widely applied by oil and gas enterprises.

Improvement of the Technology: As turbine expander manufacturers in China continue to focus on technological R&D, the technology level of domestic turbine expander manufacturers will be further improved in the future. In the past, due to the high technical requirements of turbine expanders, turbine expanders that are used in domestic petroleum, chemical, metallurgical, air separation, and other industries were mainly imported from abroad. In recent years, some of the leading manufacturers in China continue to learn from foreign advanced technology and recruit top technical staff of the industry, making these companies have the ability to produce turbine expanders that reach the technology level of foreign brands. Accordingly, the technology level of turbine expander manufacturers in China will be further improved in the future.

The wellhead control panel (WHCP) is consisting of valves and equipment that control the wellhead pressure and flow. The purpose of a WHCP is to monitor the Subsurface Controlled Safety Valves (SCSSV), Surface Safety Valves (SSV), and other wellhead safety valves for the safety of the well. The WHCP is avoid hazardous conditions in oil and gas production which is caused by the flow of flammable materials out of the well and the high pressure inside the well. In addition, by closing the valve in unstable production of oil and gas, the WHCP should prevents the risk of injury or damage to personnel, the environment, or equipment.

From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of wellhead control panel market grew from RMB176.4 million to RMB331.4 million, a CAGR of 13.4%. As the outbreak of COVID-19, oil prices had fallen that result in the wellhead control panel market relatively grew steadily, with year-over-year rate of 9.1% in 2020.

With an increasing attention of safety in oil and gas production, the penetration rate of application of wellhead control panel in wellhead is expected to raise that stimulate the wellhead control panel market. Consequently, the revenue of wellhead control panel market is predicted to reach RMB533.5 million in 2027, with a CAGR of 10.0% from 2022 to 2027.

Sufficient Capital: A large amount of initial start-up capital and operating investments are required to sustain the business operation in China’s oilfield service industry. It is crucial for new entrants to have sufficient capital support to conduct their own research and develop their own equipment and tools, machine purchasing and substantial expenditures on human resources, account resources, and logistics, etc. In addition, if the oilfield service providers plan to operate in multiple regions, capital requirements associated with the scale of the enterprise tend to be high. Thus, sufficient capital investment has set a high barrier for new entrants to enter into the market.

Technology Infrastructure: Technologies are revolutionizing the oilfield service industry’s traditional operating experience. In order to meet the needs of different markets, different types of technology infrastructure are required. For instance, some service providers use AI and other technologies to provide customers with intelligent well safety systems which can intelligently manage oil and gas wells and ensure customers’ safe production. Therefore, the technology infrastructure is also considered an entry barrier for new entrants with limited technological experience.

Operation Efficiency & Cost Control: As the projects are getting more complex and capital-intensive, there is an increasing need for innovative technologies to reduce the cost of development. It is hard for new entrants to string together the whole project flow thus enabling measurement, forecasting and improvement in project cost performance.

Brand Awareness & Customer Relationship: Generally, brand identity and customer loyalty serve as barriers to entry for potential entrants. The brand awareness of China’s oilfield services market is highly related to key account development, customer relationship maintenance, project bidding rate, high resource ownership, etc. In this case, the oilfield service providers with high brand awareness are more likely to be chosen by customers. For the new entrants, it is hard to establish brand awareness in the short term, while existing well-known players are easier gain an increasing market share in the market. On the other hand, the main customers of domestic oilfield service enterprises are CNPC, SINOPEC and CNOOC which increases the importance of maintaining customer relationships.

Favorable Government Policy: China faces serious energy security challenges and Improving energy security is now becoming one of the priorities for the government. China has intensified its efforts for the exploration and production of oil and gas resources, to increase reserves and production volumes. Government has rolled out a series of measures to stimulate the production of oil and gas resources, for example, “Guiding Opinions on Energy Work in 2022” released by National Energy Administration states that “the production volume of natural gas should keep steady growth rate”. Moreover, Government also provides fiscal incentives to boost domestic energy production. The Ministry of Finance released “Interim Measures for the Management of the Special Fund for Clean-Energy Development” in 2020 to use special funds to subsidize the producers of unconventional oil and gas resources if their production volume exceeds the pre-set target. Therefore, the favorable government policy has pushed the development of the oilfield services market in China.

Growing Energy Demand: China’s economy experienced a rapid growth rate over the past decades, which made China becomes the largest energy consumption country in the world. According to IMF, China’s nominal GDP increased from RMB 83.7 trillion in 2017 to RMB 121.0 trillion in 2027. According to BP, China’s primary energy consumption in 2021 was 157.7 EJ, exceeding the United States, which ranked No.2 with a primary energy consumption of 93.0 EJ. From 2017 to 2022, the primary energy consumption in China grew with a CAGR of 3.9%. In order to meet the increasing domestic energy demand, oil and gas enterprises increased their spending on oil and gas exploration and development, and therefore benefitted the overall oilfield service industry.

Potential of Unconventional Oil and Gas: China has massive unconventional oil and gas resources, three national oil enterprises already set the goal to increase the output of unconventional oil and gas resources in the 14th Five-Year Plan period. For example, CNPC said by the end of 14th Five-Year Plan period, the unconventional oil production contribution will rise to 20% from 10%, and the unconventional gas production contribution will rise to 50% from 30%. Compared with conventional oil and gas, unconventional oil and gas resources are harder to extract and produce, and require more advanced and value-added techniques and equipment. Therefore, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources will be a catalyst for the growth of the oilfield service industry.

Increase of Oil Price: The exploration and development capital expenditure of oil and gas enterprises is closely correlated to oil and gas price, and the total oilfield services market is mainly driven by the exploration activities of oil and gas enterprises. From 2017 to 2019, the Brent oil price grew from USD54.4 per barrel to USD64.0 per barrel, an increase of 17.7%. During the same period, the global oilfield services market grew 14.4% from USD234 billion to USD268 billion. The increase of oilfield services market could lag behind the increase of oil price, as it takes time to tender bidding. Global oil price is on upward cycle now and even soared to decades high in March 2022 as a result of geopolitical uncertainties. The increase of oil price will boost the willingness of oil and gas enterprises to spend on exploration and development, and lead to growth in oilfield service industry.

The Belt and Road Initiative: The Belt and Road Initiative is a strategy initiated by China which aims to improve regional co-operation though better connectivity. According to the data released by Chinese Ministry of Commerce, Chinese enterprises invested USD10.0 billion in non-financial direct investments in countries along the Belt and Road in the first half of 2022. Among that, the investments related to the energy sector constitutes approximately 42.0% of China’s Belt and Road Initiative investment, and 74.0% of the energy engagement went into oil and gas sector, according to the data tracker from the American Enterprise Institute. The Belt and Road Initiative brings more opportunities to China oilfield service enterprises, and these domestic enterprises can expand their global presence and tap into a bigger market, which stimulated the growth of China oilfield services market.

Diversifying the Revenue Sources: In line with the rapid-growing oilfield service industry, a number of players will continuously expand their service types such as providing integrated services and participating in the clean-energy sector to diversify their revenue sources. The total revenue of the oilfield services market in China is expected to grow from RMB327.3 billion in 2022 to RMB478.6 billion in 2027, with a CAGR of 7.9%. For instance, some of the oilfield service players with proven technology and operational experience start to provide natural gas compressor rental services to oil industry customers. In addition, with economic development and the concentration of low-carbon transition, more oilfield service enterprises will offer various services in the clean-energy sector, such as the production and trading of LNG and CNG.

Accelerating the Layout of Overseas Markets: As the technology level of domestic oilfield service enterprises get further improved and oil and gas enterprises actively expand the overseas market, more domestic oilfield service enterprises are expected to accelerate the layout of overseas markets. For example, with the accumulation of mature technologies, a number of experienced private oilfield service enterprises are planning to export large quantities of equipment to overseas market such as Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia and North America. Furthermore, oil and gas enterprises such as PetroChina and Sinopec are actively promoting overseas oil and gas cooperation projects, which will also encourage more oil service enterprises to enter into the overseas market.

The Application of Digital and Automation Technology: The large-scale application of digital and automation technology can significantly improve the operational efficiency of oilfield development and extraction, and reduce the cost of oil and gas production. At present, many oil service enterprises already operate automation projects in oil and gas fields, and leading oil service enterprises in China market have established their own digital oilfield service software systems, such as well safety systems, etc. In the future, it is expected that more medium and small-sized oilfield services providers will apply digitization and automation technology on their equipment due to the advantages of improving efficiency of oilfield development and extraction and reducing the cost of oil and gas production.

Increasing Demand on High-performance Equipment: In recent years, many oil and gas enterprises start to invest a large amount of capital in re-exploitation of old oil wells and continuing exploiting the existing oil wells, which will increase the oil and gas enterprises’ demand for high-performance oil and gas equipment such as ultra-high pressure natural gas compressors, well control panels, etc. For example, some wells have been exploited for too long, resulting in low oil pressure, which requiring oil and gas enterprises using ultra-high pressure natural gas compressors. Moreover, as old oil fields are generally characterized by complex geological structures and technical difficulties, oil and gas enterprises need to use high performance gas compressors and well control panels and other equipment during the extraction process.

Accelerated Industry Concentration: In the future, the industry concentration of the oilfield services market is expected to accelerate. On the one hand, as the oil and gas enterprises’ requirements for oilfield service provider capabilities and management continue to be improved, some providers with low-end and weak technical and management capabilities will be eliminated in the future. On the other hand, the problem of overcapacity that exists in the oilfield services market can also be alleviated by the increased industry concentration in the future.

Encouraging by the Favorable Policies: In the future, encouraged by favorable policies, more oil and gas enterprises will concentrate on the construction of digital oilfields. In 2021, The State Council issued the “14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Digital Economy”, which proposes to accelerate the application of smart energy construction, promote intelligent upgrading of energy production, transportation, and consumption, and promote the low-carbon transformation of the energy industry. Moreover, the National Energy Administration implemented the ‘Guidance Opinions on Energy Work 2022’’ in 2022, which proposes that oil and gas enterprises should carry out intelligent upgrading of equipment, facilities, and processes. Consequently, there will be more oil and gas enterprises focusing on the construction of digital oilfields.

Increasing the Profitability and Productivity: In the long-term, the oil and gas enterprises who have started the construction of digital oilfields will see a significant increase in profitability and production efficiency. In the past, oil and gas companies need to employ a large number of labors to monitor the oilfields in order to prevent accidents caused by gas leaks during oil and gas extraction and production. Nowadays, the oil and gas enterprises that have started the construction of digital oilfields are able to use information technology tools such as intelligent robots instead of human monitoring, which saves labor and operation costs in the long run. In addition, digital oilfields can provide production data and video in real-time through the systems so that oil and gas companies can respond to unexpected situations in a timely manner, which greatly improves production efficiency. Accordingly, the digital oilfield will help oil and gas enterprises to increase profitability and production efficiency in the long run.

Catching up with the Foreign Countries: With the accelerated development of technologies such as AI, 5G, and big data in China, the digitalization level of the oilfields in China will catch up with foreign countries. In the past decades, compared with foreign countries, such as U.S., the digitalization level of the oilfield in China still lags behind the overseas market such as a lack of capabilities in data analysis and intelligent decision-making for oilfields. However, China has undertaken a sustained effort toward the digitization of oilfields in recent years. Moreover, with the rapid development of technologies such as 5G and big data and the application of these advanced technologies in oilfields, the digitalization level of the oilfields in China will catch up with foreign countries in the future.

Customization Capability: In the oilfield services market in China, one of the success factors of natural gas compressor rental companies is the capability to design and customization of compressors that can achieve the best output under different working conditions in oilfields. For instance, the requirements of natural gas compressors differ based on the depth of extraction wellhead of oil and gas fields. As a result, natural gas compressor rental companies with design and customization capabilities have an advantage in oil and gas production under different working conditions.

Diversified Service: The capacity to offer a variety of services, such as rental and maintenance services, is a key success factor for natural gas rental compressors. Natural gas compressor rental companies that offer a variety of services cater to the various demands of customers. In general, only manufacturers of natural gas compressors are capable of providing diversified services. Consequently, natural gas compressor manufacturers that provide rental services and maintenance services do not need to purchase equipment externally which enables them to have higher profitability with lower rental costs. Additionally, natural gas compressor rental companies with good maintenance capabilities are easier to win rental bids of the oil and gas enterprises in the oilfield services market of China.

In recent years, China’s minimum monthly wage has been steadily rising, which result in the growing labor costs for oilfield service providers to bear. From 2017 to 2022, the monthly average wages in oilfield services market developed rapidly, from RMB5,344 to RMB8,883 with a CAGR of 10.7%. Affected by COVID-19 and decrease of oil prices, oil and gas production activities were interrupted. Therefore, the labor cost of oilfield services market had a slightly growth in 2020.

By the end of 2027, the monthly average wages of oilfield services market in China is expected to reach RMB13,465, a CAGR of 8.7% from 2022 to 2027. The profit margin for oilfield service may be impacted by rising labor costs.

In the oilfield services market in China, the top ten companies accounted for 68.2% of the total revenue of natural gas compressors in China in 2022.

In terms of the natural gas compressors revenue in China in 2022, our Group ranked sixth and accounted for 3.8% in China’s natural gas compressors market.

Note: The above ranking table includes only service providers and excludes assemblers in the market. The assemblers engage in the assembly of compressors by procuring parts from compressor manufacturers. Due to a lack of expertise in producing, designing, and maintaining compressors, assemblers cannot offer engineering technical support services. In general, oil and gas resource developers prefer those natural gas compressor manufacturers who are capable of offering both production and services. Consequently, the top ten oilfield service providers by the sales revenue of natural gas compressors merely include the companies that provide both manufacturing and engineering services for natural gas compressors.

In the oilfield services market in China, the top five private companies accounted for 16.8% of the total revenue of natural gas compressors market in China in 2022.

In terms of sales revenue of natural gas compressors, among the leading private companies, our Group ranked second, accounted for 3.8% of the natural gas compressors market in China.

Due to reciprocating natural gas compressors with high technology level used in the oilfield extraction and transportation process, there is a limited number of oilfield service companies that have the capabilities of manufacturing natural gas reciprocation compressors.

The top five companies accounted for 55.3% of the total revenue of natural gas reciprocation compressors market in China in 2022.

In terms of sales revenue of natural gas reciprocating compressors, among the leading companies, our Group ranked third, and accounting 6.1% of the natural gas reciprocation compressors market in China. In addition, among the private oilfield service providers, our group ranked first.

2. The reciprocating natural gas compressors are applied in the oil and gas production and transportation process.

There is a limited number of companies that have the capabilities of manufacturing and R&D the ultra-high pressure natural gas compressor in China.

In terms of the sales revenue of the ultra-high pressure natural gas compressors in China in 2022, our Group ranked first, accounted for 38.7% in China’s ultra-high pressure natural gas compressors market.

China’s natural gas compressor rental services market is highly fragmented. There is large number of small-sized companies providing natural gas compressor rental services in this market.

In terms of the natural gas compressor rental services revenue in Southwest China in 2022, our Group ranked first, accounted for 17.2% in Southwest China’s natural gas compressor rental services market.

1. The figure of group refer to the estimation revenue of technical services. The ranking will be updated once our group provides detailed figure of natural gas compressors rental services in Southwest China.

There is a limited number of companies that have the capabilities of manufacturing wellhead control panels in China.

The top five companies accounted for 88.0% of the total revenue of wellhead safety control panels in China in 2022.

In terms of sales revenue of wellhead control panels, our Group ranked second, accounted for 18.2% of total revenue of wellhead safety control panels in China.

The top three companies accounted for 19.3% of the total revenue of natural gas expenders in China in 2022.

In terms of sales revenue of natural gas expanders, among the leading companies, our Group ranked first, accounted for 12.9% of natural gas expanders market in China.

A hydrogen compressor is a device that increases the pressure of hydrogen by reducing its volume resulting in compressed hydrogen or liquid hydrogen. Depending on the application, the hydrogen compressor can be used in industrial hydrogen production, filling hydrogen and hydrogen refueling station.

From 2017 to 2022, the revenue of hydrogen compressor market grew from RMB2.2 billion to RMB19.3 billion, a CAGR of 54.4%. In 2022, National Development and Reform Commission and National Energy Board jointly issued “Plan on the development of hydrogen energy for the 2021-2035 period”, which encourage the construction of hydrogen refueling station and promote the hydrogen production from new energy. Consequently, the hydrogen compressor market increased at a year-over-year rate of 65.0%.

Along with the accelerated hydrogen production from new energy and increased number of new hydrogen refueling stations, in the future, the revenue of hydrogen compressor market is predicted to increase at a CAGR of 43.2% from 2022 to 2027 and reach RMB116.4 billion in 2027.

Hydrogen Production from New Energy Sources: Currently, the government is promoting the development of new energy hydrogen production, for example, National Development and Reform Commission and National Energy Board jointly issued “Plan on the development of hydrogen energy for the 2021-2035 period”, which proposes the development target of new energy hydrogen production will reach 100-200,000 tons/year by 2025. Moreover, the hydrogen compressors are core equipment in the process of hydrogen production from new energy sources. Therefore, in the future, with the rapid development of hydrogen production from new energy sources, it is expected that the demand for hydrogen compressors in the China will continue to increase.

Increasing Penetration Rate of Domestic Hydrogen Compressors: In the past, due to the foreign hydrogen compressor brands have the advantages of stability and safety, the hydrogen compressors used by hydrogen refueling stations in China were mainly imported from abroad. However, in recent years, the technology level of domestic hydrogen compressor brands has been improved and the price of domestic brands are much lower than foreign brands, many hydrogen refueling stations in China prefer to choose domestic brands. Therefore, with the improvement of the technology and the price edge, the penetration rate of domestic hydrogen compressor brands will be further increased in the future.

Increasing Demand for Hydrogen Compressors with High Pressure and Large Displacement: In the future, the demand for hydrogen compressors with high pressure and large displacement will increase due to the advantages of high compression efficiency and improving the endurance for the hydrogen vehicles. Firstly, as hydrogen compressors with high pressure and large displacement can improve compression efficiency, more hydrogen refueling stations will choose high pressure and large displacement hydrogen compressors in order to refuel for more hydrogen vehicles in the limited time period. Secondly, as the hydrogen compressors with high pressure and large displacement could help to improve the endurance of hydrogen vehicles, many hydrogen refueling stations have to replace their hydrogen compressors with high pressure and large displacement compressors in order to meet hydrogen vehicles’ requirements for long endurance. Accordingly, with the above advantages, the demand for hydrogen compressors with high pressure and large displacement will increase in the future.

New energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed, and the common sources of new energy are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, bioenergy, etc. Driven by new energy sources, the global energy landscape is transforming from fossil energy to a zero-carbon economy. In December 2015, 195 countries and the European Union signed the Paris Agreement to reach a consensus on a zero-emissions strategy. This initiative has prompted countries around the world to focus on the development of new energy sources such as solar and wind power. The widespread use of new energy is the future trend of long-term global development.

In recent years, as the Chinese government paid more attentions on developing new energy, the added new energy installed capacity of China increased from in 79.8 GW in 2017 to 146.1 GW in 2022, with a CAGR of 12.9%.

In the future, with the increasing demand of clean-energy and the more important role of new energy in energy supply, the added installed capacity of new energy in China is expected to reach 295.7 GW in 2027, a CAGR of 15.1% from 2022 to 2027. In particular, the added solar PV installed capacity in China will increase from 86.0 GW in 2022 to 180.4 GW in 2027, with a CAGR of 16.0%.

From 2017 to 2022, the cumulative new energy installed capacity in China increased from 620.9 GW to 1,160.8 GW, with a CAGR of 13.3%. Looking forward, with the development of new energy, the cumulative installed capacity of new energy in China is expected to reach 2,426.6 GW in 2027, representing a CAGR of 15.9% from 2022 to 2027. In particular, the cumulative solar PV installed capacity in China is likely to reach 1,159.2 GW in 2027, with a CAGR of 24.2% from 2022 to 2027.

In recent years, the total power generation in China has experienced stable growth, it increased from 6,604.4 TWh in 2017 to 9,186.4 TWh, with a CAGR of 6.8%. In 2020, under pressure from the large-scale lockdowns affecting the economy, industrial electricity consumption growth subdued, which slowed the growth rate of power generation to 3.7%. In the next five years, led by the growing economy and continued electrification across the energy sector, the total power generation in China will reach 13,738.9 TWh in 2027, with a CAGR of 8.4% from 2022 to 2027.

Favorable Policy Support: The government introducing policies to encourage the development of the new market. For instance, in 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Energy Administration and other nine departments jointly issued the “14th Five-Year Plan for the development of new energy”, proposing to strongly support the development of distributed new energy. In the future, more policies are expected to benefit the development of the new energy market.

More Diversified in Downstream Applications: With the upgrading technique and declining cost in the new energy market, the downstream application of this market is becoming more diversified. For example, the photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems can be applied in the 5G field and building construction. With the advantages of saving the power consumption, more PV power generation systems will be utilized in 5G fields so as to reduce the electricity infrastructure investment of 5G base stations. In addition, as the government have higher standards on energy consumption of buildings, a number of real estate developers prefer to apply PV power plant systems in building construction to reduce energy consumption. Consequently, the downstream application of new energy market is expected to diversify in the future.

Improvement of Technology: The technology level of new energy is constantly improved. In particular, the technologies of solar energy and wind energy have become more efficient and reliable that increase the competitive for energy consumption. In addition, with the development of technology, the cost of new energy power generation is predicted to be decreased in the future that further stimulate the growth of new energy market.

The PV Power Generation Become Main Force: In the future, PV power generation will become the main force of new energy generation. Firstly, the solar PV industry has become an important direction of energy structure reform in China. Secondly, the added PV installed capacity will grow from 86.0GW in 2022 to 180.4GW in 2027, with a CAGR of 16.0%. The growth rate of PV installed capacity is higher than other new power. In addition, the technology level and process level of value chain of China PV market such as PV models, crystalline silicon materials and PV cells, have been greatly improved, which in turn will drive the cost of solar PV power generation down continuously in the following years.

Leishen Cayman is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with no material operations on its own. As a holding company, Leishen Cayman conducts substantially all of the operations through its Operating Subsidiaries. Our primary office is located in Beijing, China where we serve a large customer base throughout PRC. The Company has also entered into agreements with customers from Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan and Indonesia. We have not yet generated revenue from these regions in 2021 and 2022, but we expect to recognize revenue from these regions in 2023 and 2024.

The Leishen Group was founded in 2007 and is a provider of clean-energy equipment and integrated solutions for the oil and gas industry, with a commitment to providing customers with high-performance, safe and cost-effective energy solutions. Our major lines of business include (i) sale of clean-energy industry; (ii) new energy production and operation; (iii) digitalization and integration equipment; and (iv) oil and gas engineering technical services. At present, the Group holds more than 70 patents and software copyrights, forming a comprehensive ecosystem of core technical capabilities. Currently, our business operations have expanded beyond the PRC to the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, and our service abilities and quality have been widely recognized and praised by foreign customers. Efficient, safe and energy-saving equipment combined with professional technical services have enabled our brand to gain positive attention and recognition from our customers and enabled us to become a well-known equipment and services provider in the oil and gas industry.

During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, the Company engaged Sichuan Taibo Fluid Technology Co., Ltd., in which the Company had an equity interest of 40%, to manufacture all of its products. From April 2023 onwards, the Company leased two manufacturing facilities from Sichuan Taibo Fluid Technology Co., Ltd., from which point all of the Company’s products are manufactured through its Group entities at such two manufacturing facilities.

We are headquartered in Beijing, China and our Group comprises 11 subsidiaries, established in, having branches, offices or customer service centers in the Xinjiang province, Sichuan province, Shandong province and Jiangsu province of China, as well as Hong Kong. We are also in the process of establishing overseas customer service centers in the United Arab Emirates, Kazakhstan, Chad and Turkmenistan. Our two manufacturing plants are located in Chengdu, Sichuan, PRC. As of July 31, 2023, we had approximately 171 employees. We have over 15 years of operational history since the founding of two of our primary Operating Subsidiaries, ZJY Technologies Co., Ltd. and China Oil Blue Ocean Petroleum Technology Inc. in 2007, and we established a number of other Operating Subsidiaries as we expanded our operational territories and business lines in the 2010s and 2020s.

We commenced a corporate restructuring in 2022, including incorporating Leishen Cayman under the laws of Cayman Islands on October 19, 2022, to serve as our offshore holding company and public listed entity following completion of the offering, and we also incorporated Leishen Energy Group Holding Co., Limited on November 25, 2022 in Hong Kong, which together with Leishen Energy Group Co., Limited, serves as intermediate holding companies of our other Operating Subsidiaries.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure and shareholders immediately upon the completion of this offering:

Our businesses revolve around the energy sector and primarily include four segments comprising (i) clean-energy equipment; (ii) new energy production and operation; (iii) digitalization and integration equipment; and (iv) oil and gas engineering technical services.

Our New Energy Production and Operation business focuses on the production, storage and transportation of natural gas (LNG/CNG), the substitution of traditional fuels, development of distributed energy, and the planning and operation of new energy and new energy industries. We are committed to providing customers with natural gas and other multi-category clean-energy resources (LNG, CNG, solar energy, and expander differential pressure power generation), providing integrated solutions and developing diversified products and operational services centered around customer needs.

Leveraging years of practical experience in the oil and gas industry, and in anticipation of future trends of industrial interconnectivity, our Digitalization and Integration business is designed to provide informatization solutions for the industry chain which is being met with industrial intelligence, mobility, industrial interconnection and big data trends. At present, this business segment is centered on creating digital oilfields (equipped with predictive technologies for the maintenance and management of equipment, health/safety/environment monitoring and intelligent inspection, intelligent central control rooms etc.), digitalized oil and gas transportation, intelligent manufacturing and warehousing, and intelligent hardware.

We believe that the following competitive strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

In tandem with our supply of equipment and provision of operational support for our key major customers in China, we have successively won bids for a number of strategic framework contracts at our customers’ headquarters level, and on project-bases and long-term bases. These mainly include long-term operation and maintenance contracts for terms of 3 to 5 years, and product procurement framework contracts for terms of 2 to 3 years. Such contracts reflect our customers’ recognition of the quality of our products and services and provide ample opportunities for the Group’s continual product improvement and service optimization. We are confident that such relationships and our current market position will enable our Group’s domestic market share in China to continue to increase steadily.

Our high-quality products and capabilities distinguish us from our competitors

At present, we are the only manufacturer of ultra-high pressure reciprocating compressors in China with pressure discharge of up to 52MPa and a daily processing capacity of more than 250,000 cubic meters. Our products have been widely used in gas injection and oil extraction, gas storage, pipeline transportation, pressurized gas lifts and other key production elements.

Currently in China, our Group is the leading enterprise in the production and application of ultra-high pressure compressors. Looking overbroad, there are two other renowned companies in the United States that are capable of producing 52MPa compressor units, but such companies are currently unable to provide integrated skid solutions. Our Group is customers recognized by ultra-high pressure gas injection customers as the definitive integrated equipment and skid integration solution provider.

We have also highlighted various other advantages and features of our products below. Please refer to “Business—Our primary clean-energy equipment and products”.

Continual improvement and accumulation of internal expertise and technical knowhow

As the Group continues to undertake and complete business projects, our internal technical knowhow has continued to deepen and accumulate. Especially with regards to different types of customers, diverse customer needs, multi-dimensional working conditions and application scenarios, we have accumulated experience from demand analysis, product design, and operation parameters (including equipment real-time data), expert diagnosis and other comprehensive solutions for our customers. In response to abnormal occurrences and events during actual production or upon request from customers regarding quality and efficiency, we are able to respond quickly and effectively, which is also verifiable from our Group’s engineering and technical services performance which has continued to win trust and obtain orders from customers. As of June 30, 2023, the Group owns more than 70 invention and utility model patents and software copyrights, forming a comprehensive core technology library and ecosystem for our customers.

Our Group has gradually evolved from our earlier business model of product design and sales into a four-pronged business model combining (1) business planning; (2) equipment leasing; (3) technical personnel support; and (4) expert diagnosis, which is founded upon the core needs of customers, focusing on customers’ requirements of cost reduction and efficiency increase. Our four-pronged approach helps customers optimize operation processes and mitigate management blind spots through business planning, reduce financial pressure on customers through equipment leasing, lower customer personnel redundancy by providing technical support personnel, and resolve technical issues at customer sites through expert diagnosis and technical troubleshooting based on our accumulated library of big data analytics. Through the continuous iteration of our business model, our Group has also transitioned from an early-stage revenue model based on product margins, to more diversified revenue streams, including business planning fees, equipment leasing income, and fees from other value-added services.

Our Group’s equipment leasing services initially focused on the upstream oilfield sector, and has gradually evolved into an equipment supply model revolving around the oilfield production ecosystem. As we continue to develop in-depth understanding of various business departments of our customers, our Group’s coverage began to gradually extend to the downstream refining enterprises, from oil and gas production, to storage and transportation, seamlessly linking our products and services to downstream refining smart factories. At present, we have preliminarily integrated our services from upstream production to downstream refining, and the solutions our Group can offer have also been enriched. Throughout this process, customer service and marketing strategies can be reused to a large extent, achieving economies of scale and enabling us to increase our market share and attain other competitive advantages.

Our Group has formed strategic cooperations with various well-known design manufacturers and product manufacturers in the oil and gas industry, forming complementary products through the industrial chain, and significantly reducing the cost of products through design optimization and strategic pricing. In conjunction with our deepening cooperation with customers, while meeting business needs at the same time, we are also able to leverage our core capabilities of flexible design and scientific management to reduce business costs and pass on such savings to our customers.

Our board and management deem the following as our key business strategies going forward:

We believe that with the continuous development of China’s economy and energy industry, oil production companies in China will compete at an increasingly rapid pace. Accordingly, our Group believes that it will have the opportunity to acquire additional market share from non-Chinese machinery companies that are operating in China by developing active business relationships in the foreign-owned oil and gas sector in China, including upstream exploration, on-site construction, pipeline transportation, and downstream refining. In the next few years, we will focus on implementing our relatively mature business models in the Northeast and Northwest of China where major Chinese oil fields are located. With high market penetration, the Company would enhance its own brand awareness in the oil and gas industry in such regions.

Developing the Company’s own branded products and services and shift the Company’s focus away from the trading business.

Management believes in the importance of building the Company’s own branded products and services, given their higher profit margins and their long-term significance in securing the Company’s standing in the oil and gas industry. In addition, the agency trading business is dependent on procurement policies from large institutional clients, and any major changes in such policies could jeopardize the Company’s operating results. Therefore, our management believes that in the long run, the Group will need to focus its development strategy on providing its own high quality professional services to the oil and gas industry. In addition, the Group will continue developing new technologies to increase the efficiency of drilling and extraction, reducing costs and increasing efficiency for its oil and gas clients.

Although we plan to continue providing services to all of the Group’s current customers, the Company believes that the Company can improve its profitability by investing heavily in research and development and engineering technical service capabilities to increase overall energy production efficiency.

Our Group aims to provide services for oil fields outside China which are contracted to certain PRC consultants. As our customers, which includes leading PRC oil and gas enterprises, continue to invest in oil fields in other countries, our Group will focus on providing services in these new foreign locations where our customers have interests, leveraging our successful collaborative relationships with these Chinese energy giants.

Some of China’s oil fields are operated by foreign companies. We believe that our hardware and software solutions will benefit any U.S. or other foreign energy firm doing business in China. Our Group plans to continue marketing to and servicing foreign companies entering the Chinese oil and gas market.

Our Group believes that we have opportunities to expand our market share by providing our existing customers with a high level of customer satisfaction and thereby cultivating strong customer referrals to support its ongoing sales activities.

Our Group mainly serves the global oil and gas industry. Focusing on the overseas energy equipment market, our business has expanded to Central Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and other countries. Focusing on China’s energy equipment market, our key customers are customers A and B, which are both leading enterprises in the PRC in the oil and gas energy industry (“Customer Group A” and “Customer Group B”).

Our equipment is mainly used in the upstream sector. In the upstream market, our products are applied and used onsite on the field, from natural gas extracted from the wellhead, as well as crude oil output from the downhole to wellhead, to the entire pipeline export process. Our Group has the design and production capabilities of such ground equipment, and a large number of clean-energy and new energy equipment are used from the wellhead to the pipeline throughout the entire extraction process.

We are the only manufacturer of ultra-high pressure reciprocating compressors in China with pressure discharge of up to 52MPa and a daily processing capacity of more than 250,000 cubic meters. Our products have been widely used in gas injection and oil extraction, gas storage, pipeline transportation, pressurized gas lifts and other key production elements. In the field of reciprocating compressors, other than natural gas compressors, we can also produce compressor units for various gas media such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, acid gas, and hydrogen.

Our experienced and innovative design and project management teams, as well as our lean and strict production quality control processes, provide users with comprehensive solutions for the entire natural gas industry chain, including natural gas processing and application equipment, and our after-sales customized one-stop services, such as operations and maintenance, allow our users to obtain a full range of cost-effective services. At present, the Group has its own patented technologies utilized by the ultra-high pressure natural gas reciprocating compressors and is capable of large-scale manufacturing of medium and high-speed reciprocating compressor sets, which include the following types of compressor units as illustrated below:

1. Our ultra-high pressure gas injection compressor unit (52MPa/250,000m³) are our premium products.

2. Our single-well or multi-well natural gas booster compressor units and downhole gas lift nitrogen production integrated compressor units are used for boosting and increasing production of low-pressure gas wells during the depletion period of unconventional gas wells to increase the production of gas transmission at the wellhead.

Our single-well or multi-well natural gas booster compressor units and downhole gas lift nitrogen production integrated compressor units.

3. Our gas transmission compressor unit are used for pressurization during long-distance natural gas pipeline transportation.

4. Our high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure gas injection compressor units can be used to inject natural gas, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other high-pressure gas into the oil layer or the top of the oil layer to supplement or maintain the pressure of the oil layer and improve the recovery rate during the oil extraction process.

5. Our negative pressure compressor unit is used for natural gas collection and recovery in marginal areas, and for low-yield, low-efficiency, and low-pressure natural gas wells.

6. The vehicle-mounted compressor unit is designed for mobile field operations, such as gas lifting, gas extraction, oil extraction, underbalanced drilling, and pipeline pressure testing. Such compressor unit can undertake skid-mounted pressurized gas production, perform operation data management, as well as data monitoring using intelligent unmanned management systems.

At present, our full and split reciprocating compressor units have the following technical advantages:

Our expansion units attract demand in various scenarios where natural gas transmission pressure difference exists. Our expansion units are covered by two PRC domestic invention patents, and our core expansion unit residual pressure difference power generation technology occupies a leading position in the industry in China and has become a key focus for the Group’s future development. Thus far, we have supplied more than 200 sets of expansion units in 36 specifications to international and domestic users, and the efficiency of such expanders is capable of reaching more than 89%.

The power generation process of the expander residual pressure differential power generation technology can be understood as follows. After natural gas passes through the turbine expander, due to the centrifugal force of the high-speed rotation of the impeller, the gas molecular spacing of the incoming gas increases, causing the gas to expand and the temperature to decrease. At the same time, the gas pressure energy is converted into mechanical energy, transmitted to the coaxial generator for power generation, and finally connected to the grid for output. Our independent solution utilizes natural gas pressure difference to drive the high-speed impeller of the expander for power generation, which has a clear technical threshold and other advantages.

The main advantages of such expansion units include optimizing the original pressure reducing method, recovery of electrical energy, a short investment return period, high power generation and cooling benefits, low consumption of water and electricity, high automation level, unmanned operation capabilities, ease of use and maintenance, simple grid connection, with minimal impact on the power grid, and 10% higher efficiency compared to screw compressor. Taking the 700kW/h natural gas import branch in Chongqing as an example, based on 8,000 hours per year:

Annual power generation revenue = 700kW × 8,000 hours × RMB0.6/degree = RMB33.6 million

The design concept of such expander power generation technology is in line with the global low-carbon, green and environmental protection movements. This product has become an innovative operation plan for our engineering service segment, and we aim to replace traditional oilfield power supply with expander power generation products in the future. This can achieve short-term cost recovery and has promising economic prospects. At the same time, the expansion turbine power generation technology solution also has huge development space in the upstream and downstream of the oil and gas industry, with broad prospects for economies of scale.

Electromagnetic heating systems are widely used in the petroleum and natural gas industry to heat crude oil, natural gas and other well products, so that the temperature required can be attained to enable transportation, separation, dehydration and primary processing. Our electromagnetic/solar dual effect oil well heating units are designed to solve the problems of high viscosity and poor flowability of crude oil caused by expansion of the gathering radius during the gathering and transportation process. This product is used to heat and reduce the viscosity of extracted crude oil in order to enable its transportation, sedimentation, separation, dehydration, and other initial processing processes. This is a widely used specialized equipment in oil and gas transportation systems.

Our design process closely adheres to the business needs of users and optimizes the high energy consumption problem commonly found in conventional heating devices. The unit utilizes the dual effect of electromagnetic and solar energy to provide power to the heating system and adopts an independent solar and electromagnetic power supply system scheme. When there is sufficient sunlight, the solar energy system provides power to the gas turbine load and also charges the battery. At night and on rainy days, the gas turbine load is powered by a battery and electromagnetic power supply.

Advantages of the power supply system of the solar electromagnetic dual effect electromagnetic heating system include:

Our wellhead safety control system is designed based on the core concept of “intelligent perception and automatic shutdown”, aiming to provide automatic unmanned operation of the safety valves of oil and gas well wellheads, automatically providing control hydraulic power, and completing normal well opening and closing actions. When abnormal, unconventional or dangerous circumstances occur at the well site, such as a sudden increase in pressure in the production oil well process pipeline, oil leakage, and uncontrollable fires, this unit can assist in automatically closing the safety valve, without the need for operators to physically reach the site to manually shut down the valves, preventing further expansion and spread of accidents, and ensuring the personal safety of on-site personnel. The use of wellhead safety control systems effectively mitigates the occurrence of dangerous accidents such as fires and explosions and is one of the more indispensable type of equipment in the oil and gas industry.

Our development of this product in China began in 2016, prior to which the Group previously relied mainly on imports. Although a relatively mature technical solution has been formed in China, the quality of the wellhead safety control system is uneven and the stability is not high due to complex structures, high integration of hydraulic pipelines, excessive nesting relationships, and reliance on manual experience in pipe laying and processing. However, our product uses software modeling to provide a solution, and after analyzing the control logic of the open and close safety valves, designing the electrical, gas, and hydraulic control circuits reasonably, calculating and selecting the parameters of the on-site safety valve, and using software for pre-installation simulation, problems such as disordered pipeline layout, mutual interference, and manual measurement errors were solved.

This product of the Company has obtained Bureau Veritas (BV) certification in the UK and is one of our main products. Currently, the wellhead safety control system has introduced a solar power supply solution and is being applied to user sites to solve on-site power supply problems.

The wellhead control system is an important safety control equipment in the modern production of oil and gas fields. It is composed of a ground control panel, a high and low pressure control valve group, electro-static discharge (“E.S.D.”) emergency shutdown mechanism, remote termination units (“RTU”) remote control mechanism, electric control box, and hydraulic pump (electric or manual).

The wellhead control system includes a ground safety valve pressure output circuit, a fusible plug pressure output circuit, and a logic control circuit. The logical relationship between the internal circuits can ensure the opening and closing of the surface safety valve, achieving effective control of the wellhead surface safety valve. This can be manually controlled on-site or remotely, equipped with high and low voltage limit protection, fire safety control, and equipped with an anti-misoperation system. At the same time, the unit can be used to monitor the pressure and temperature of the wellhead oil casing, the throttle pressure and temperature of the wellhead process, and the on-off status of the wellhead.

Our wellhead safety control system is a series of products with multiple patented technologies, which can effectively help oilfield users automate and intelligently manage the continuous and safe production of oil and gas wells. It is also an essential production wellhead equipment for high-pressure gas wells above 70 MPa.

As an integrated control system for electric liquefaction, this system is designed for fault safety with pilot low-pressure control. The internal program logic ensures the opening and closing of the wellhead safety valve and has a complete hydraulic control circuit for the surface safety valve (SSV) and subsurface safety valves (SSSV), as well as a fusible plug circuit for safety purposes. It is also equipped with bypass control function, local E.S.D. and remote E.S.D. functions. The wellhead safety control system has been widely used in the domestic oil and gas industry, and we have formed a complete product line with an annual production of over 200 sets and 70 to 140MPa, which are highly praised by users.

In response to the power supply issues in desert and remote areas, we have developed a solar powered wellhead safety control system that utilizes solar energy as a power source to reduce operating and maintenance costs. The solar power generation system of the solar wellhead safety control system consists of three main components: solar module, charging regulator, and battery. The charging regulator can prevent battery overload and eliminate the reverse current from the battery to the solar module at night. The charging controller provides overshoot and over discharge protection. The battery stores the electricity generated by the solar module during the day and can be used at any time during cloudy or rainy days or at night.

For desert and remote areas, it is difficult and inconvenient for staff to regularly inspect the wellhead. Adoption of a RTU remote control and monitoring thus saves manpower and material resources. The solar wellhead control panel is able to control underground safety valves and surface safety valves. It also has functions including local shutdown, remote shutdown, E.S.D. station shutdown, fusible plug shutdown, and high and low pressure pilot valve shutdown. For natural gas wells, companies can also design systems that utilize natural gas for power.

The online sampling system for natural gas is a patented product of our Group, mainly used for dynamic monitoring, collection of natural gas components, and real-time dynamic analysis. It is an automated reporting system and has been well received and utilized in numerous natural gas and oil fields both domestically in the PRC and internationally.

The pressure of the online sampling system can be as high as 15MPa, and the pressure of compressed natural gas (CNG) can be as high as 30MPa. This is also suitable for sampling liquid or multiphase fluids, featuring point sampling, combined sampling (cumulative sampling), and continuous sampling.

In order to ensure the quality of natural gas in long-distance pipelines and ensure the safe operation of the pipeline, analytical instruments need to be installed at both the natural gas processing plant and the initial station of the pipeline to analyze the gas quality. We developed this online natural gas sampling system to solve the problem of natural gas sampling in natural gas production, pipeline transportation, storage tanks or systems.

The integrated pre water separation device jointly developed by the our Group and our external partner integrates innovative technologies such as grid tube oil-water solid separation and efficient lateral diffusion oil-water solid separation. It combines gas-liquid separation, water separation, and produced water treatment functions. A single device can directly separate water from the produced liquid of the oil well, meeting the needs of on-site water separation and reinjection. The investment and land requirements are only 50% and 30% of the traditional process. This technology is suitable for on-site water separation and reinjection of incoming fluids at wellheads, well groups, metering stations, transfer stations, remote small oil fields, avoiding ineffective heating of large amounts of wastewater and long-distance round-trip transportation, reducing energy consumption and costs, and improving economic returns.

As a closed pressure oil removal integrated pre-separation integrated device, our integrated pre-splitting device has the following features: the ability to resist fluctuations in the flow and oil content of the oil system three-phase separator discharge water (feed water oil content 350mg/L to 1500 mg/L; feed water pressure 0.3 MPa to 0.6 MPa), directly treating the oil system three-phase separator off the oil-bearing produced water without gas lifting treatment, and without dosing or filtering conditions, functioning as a single device under the condition of no dosing and no filtration, achieving the stringent requirements for produced water purification (the oil-bearing produced water has an oil content of 350mg/L to 1,500mg/L and suspended matter content of 150mg/L to 200mg/L, with the produced water having an oil content of ≤50mg/L and suspended matter content of ≤50mg/L), and automated transportation of the treated produced water to the gas stripping tower for subsequent treatment.

At present, such product has been approved by the EPC general contractor of Customer Group A. Since 2017, our integrated pre-splitting device has been successfully implemented in various of Customer Group A’s Northwest Oilfield projects, including the Shunbei No. 5 Combined Station and Shunbei No. 1 Treatment Station Sewage System Expansion Project.

Polymer flexible composite pipes are widely used in fields such as oil and gas field gathering and transportation pipelines, natural gas and crude oil transportation, sewage transportation, high-pressure water injection, and fracturing backflow fluid transportation. Their advantages are high pressure resistance of up to 70 MPa, high temperature resistance of up to 110 degree celsius, corrosion resistance, ease of transportation according to use, convenient laying, as well as simple and firm connection. Compared to traditional metal pipelines, polymer flexible composite pipes possess high cost-effectiveness. They can be used to replace 70% to 80% of traditional metal pipelines in various application scenarios. Moreover, under various application conditions, such as under heating to achieve more rapid flow of fluids, as well as in terms of corrosion resistance and ground environmental protection, our polymer flexible composite pipe provides more advantages compared to traditional metal pipes.

As to surface installation and construction, the length of a single flexible composite pipe can reach 100 to 500 meters, with fewer joints, making on-site pipe laying and laying more convenient and efficient. This is more suitable for construction in deserts, mountainous areas, and swampy areas, and has advantages in installation efficiency and cost compared to metal pipes.

We are a professional supplier of reinforced thermoplastic pipes (“RTP”) composite pipe solutions, with multiple patents for our products. Our core products mainly include flexible composite plastic high-pressure conveying pipes, reinforced ultra-high polymer continuous composite pipes, bonded continuous flexible composite pipes, high-temperature resistant continuous composite pipes, high barrier gas transmission continuous composite pipes. We are a first-class supplier for Customer Group A and an A-level credit rating supplier for Customer Group B. Our products have been widely used in China in the Changqing Oilfield, Tarim Oilfield, Northwest Oilfield, Sichuan Chongqing Shale Gas Project, Shengli Oil Field, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and other countries through third-party partners. We have an annual production capacity of 5,000km flexible composite pipe and we also have extensive installation experience of such pipes for our customers.

Non adhesive flexible composite high-pressure conveying pipes are continuous composite pipes, consisting of a layered inner lining layer, reinforcement layer, and outer protection layer by layer, which may cause relative displacement between the layers during deformation. The inner transmission layer and outer protective layer of the flexible composite pipe are usually produced from polymer materials, and the reinforcing layer is usually made of intertwined high-strength fibers. Therefore, the flexible composite pipe can simultaneously have advantages such as high pressure resistance, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, good flexibility, and convenient and fast construction. The product diameter is DN40-DN200, with a maximum pressure rating of 32MPa for DN40/50, 25MPa for DN65/75/80, 20MPa for DN90/100/125, and 10MPa for DN150/200. Coiled supply is adopted, and the length of a single pipeline can reach 100 to 800 meters, and the connection method being threaded metal crimping joint. Such products has been widely used in oil and gas field single well gathering and transmission pipeline, high-pressure alcohol injection pipeline, high-pressure water injection pipeline, sewage transmission pipeline, shale gas centralized water supply pipeline, fracturing flowback liquid recovery and utilization pipeline, coal-bed methane transmission, coal mine water supply and drainage, brine transmission, chemical pipeline, hot spring water transmission and other fields.

Bonded continuous composite pipe is an updated iteration of traditional non-metallic pipes. The reinforcement layer of the pipe body forms a composite pipe with an integral wall structure that cannot move relative to adjacent layers through fusion or bonding. The inner lining and outer protective layer of bonded composite pipes are formed by polymer extrusion composite molding, while the reinforcing layer is usually formed by heating, bonding and winding with polyester prepreg tape, aramid prepreg tape, glass fiber prepreg tape and steel cord tape. The bonded composite process improves the overall mechanical performance of the composite pipe, with a higher pressure resistance level and stronger resistance to external pressure deformation compared to traditional non-bonded flexible composite pipes, and provides a larger manufacturing diameter, better impact resistance, tensile resistance, and gas permeability resistance. The integral pipe wall structure can be welded by non-metallic sleeve electric heating fusion. This non-metallic reinforced joint connection technology solves the problem of traditional flexible pipe metal joints being prone to corrosion, enabling the service life of both the joint and the pipe body to reach more than 20 years. The adhesive composite pipe product has a diameter of DN40 to DN600 and a pressure rating of 2.5 to 32MPa. This technology has achieved a breakthrough in flexible composite pipes towards large caliber and high pressure, solving the technical problem of non-metallic joint connection. It can be widely used in fields such as oil field single well gathering pipelines, gathering branch pipelines, coal mine water supply and drainage, and is especially suitable for transportation pipelines in acidic oil and gas field gathering and transportation systems containing CO2 and H2S.

For such products, the inner lining layer and outer protective layer are formed by high molecular polymer extrusion compounding, and the reinforcement layer is formed by heating and bonding steel cord belts. The adhesive type composite process improves the overall stress performance of the composite pipe, enhances its resistance to external pressure deformation, and makes the manufacturing diameter larger. This provides better impact resistance, tensile resistance, and gas permeability resistance. The integral pipe wall structure can also be welded using non-metallic sleeve electric heating, with a product diameter of DN150 to DN300 and a pressure rating of 12 to 6MPa. This product mainly achieves breakthroughs in larger diameter and higher pressure of composite pipes, and this technology solves the technical problem of non-metallic joint connection. It can be widely used in fields such as oil field single well gathering pipelines, gathering branch pipelines, and coal mine water supply and drainage.

In addition to our high-end machinery and equipment described above, our expertise in the equipment manufacturing sector also includes the design and production of metering skids, external transmission skids, pressure regulating skids, and sand removal skids.

The desulphurization unit is mainly used to inject various chemicals, such as desulphurizing agents, neutralizing agents, and defoamers, into single wells and gas gathering pipelines. Through the desulphurization unit, defoamer is pumped into the residual acid in the high-pressure area upstream of the process to effectively remove foaming. A neutralizing agent is then added to the defoamed liquid in the middle of the process through the desulphurization unit to effectively neutralize the pH value of the returned residual acid to make it neutral or weakly alkaline. Finally, a desulphurizing agent is added to the neutralized liquid downstream of the process through the desulphurization unit to achieve the ultimate goal of sulphur removal.

The pressure control system for gas transmission stations is a gas regulator for long-distance natural gas pipeline transmission stations, urban distribution stations, storage and distribution stations, power plants and gas turbine gas supply.

The pressure control system consists of a safety emergency shut-off valve, a monitoring regulator and a working regulator. The main equipment is connected in order from upstream to downstream. The whole system is supplied in a modular, skid-mounted way. The main equipment and related instruments of the system are installed and manufactured in our factory and have been individually and are collectively tested for safety, reliability, excellent performance, ease of installation, and ease of operation.

The self-use gas metering and pressure regulation system in the gas transmission station is a skid-mounted system (device) for small generators, heating/hot water boilers in the station and domestic gas supply in long-distance natural gas pipeline gas transmission stations. It integrates filtration, heating, and pressure regulation features. There is also a gas metering and pressure regulating system integrating functions such as metering, distribution, venting, release, leakage alarm, and automatic switching. This system has the characteristics of strict explosion-proof requirements, many pressure regulation stages, large gas pressure adjustment range, safety and reliability, intermittent gas supply, and high measurement requirements.

We provide key technologies for optimizing the production phase of the oil well lifecycle. This includes the middle and later stages of oil and gas exploitation, along with natural gas wells, shale gas wells, and coal-bed gas wells, as well as after the wellhead gas outlet pressure is depleted, where our pressurization equipment can be used to carry out continuous pressurization operations for single wells, multiple wells, or multiple platforms, so as to further improve the wellhead pressure and productivity, tap the wellhead gas production capacity, extend the production life of gas wells, increase the pipeline gas transmission pressure, and achieve continuous and uninterrupted production increase.

We provide leasing of pressurized gas lift equipment and related engineering and technical services for oil and gas fields. We customize natural gas compression units that meet various on-site conditions according to the different needs of users, providing leasing services and operation and maintenance services. The professional design team and high-quality manufacturing ensure that units can operate for more than 8,000 hours without faults, unit overhaul cycle of more than 40,000 hours, and the unit design life of more than 200,000 hours (i.e., more than 25 years). Our products and comprehensive services have received praise from users, and our market share has shown significant growth every year.

Our latest development of the “nitrogen production and pressure boosting gas lift integrated pry compressor unit” adopts a pry mounted pressure boosting compressor unit, a nitrogen production device, and a 35 MPa high-pressure gas lift device, achieving a silent design for containers without basic installation and operation, which can also be transported in vehicles. This can achieve intelligent unmanned management that integrates skid-mounted pressurized gas production with data management and monitoring. For low-pressure gas wells, negative pressure gas wells, gas injection and drainage wells, and gas production platforms, when the wellhead pressure is lower than the external transmission pressure, gas well pressurization and high-pressure gas lift nitrogen injection operations are carried out to achieve drainage, increase production, increase efficiency, and improve gas well production and life cycle.

We not only serve the maintenance and upkeep of various equipment produced by us, but also undertake the equipment maintenance and upkeep of third party products. Currently, we undertake the repair, upkeep, and upkeep of natural gas compressor units, engine sets, valves, instruments, and meters for Customer Group A and Customer Group B, which are two major PRC oil and gas enterprises. At each service base, we will dispatch senior technical engineers with more than 10 years of service to the petroleum department as project leaders, responsible for the normal operation and maintenance of natural gas compressors and various equipment.

At present, we are the largest natural gas compressor rental service provider in Southwestern China, and our business is growing rapidly. This is mainly because we have a professional and systematic design, production, maintenance and operation team, which can provide professional and personalized technical services, to help users solve production needs, and provide value-added and efficient services.

We continue to focus on the engineering technology service sector, focusing on engineering technology services such as expander residual pressure power generation, solar photovoltaic power generation, and marginal well gas recovery. We have very mature independent patent technologies, and have significant advantages in production and operating costs, which are in line with the current and long-term trends in the energy conservation and emission reduction market.

In order to better serve users and consolidate the market, we have established spare parts warehouses for technical service teams in areas with high user demand concentration. The spare parts warehouse provides equipment spare parts produced by our Group as well as equipment accessories owned by oilfield users. Thus, users will not need to expend substantial amount of funds to retain a large number of accessories, which not only meets the production and usage needs of users, but also greatly increases our business volume and customer dependence on our services, maintaining the continuous and stable development of our business operations.

While oil and gas remain critical to many sectors of the global economy, the transition to clean, carbon-neutral energy presents a huge economic opportunity for organizations that can improve the economic competitiveness of new energy. According to the “Global Renewable Energy Outlook” report released by the International Renewable Energy Agency in 2020, the International Renewable Energy Agency predicts that by 2050, should the global carbon dioxide emission drop by 70% as described in the “Paris Agreement”, this would require an estimated expenditure of about $110 trillion.

As China’s natural gas industry has entered a golden period of development, the nation has vigorously enhanced oil and gas exploration and development, accelerated the construction of natural gas production, supply, storage and sales system, and introduced relevant policies to further improve the natural gas market mechanism, which shows that the current natural gas industry is developing rapidly and is full of opportunities. The performance of LNG and CNG in the natural gas market is unprecedentedly active. LNG and CNG are not only reliable clean-energy, but also guarantee peak gas consumption in winter. It is predicted that the promotion of LNG and CNG industrial users and the promotion of the use of LNG heavy trucks are important development directions of the LNG and CNG industries.

Our natural gas business segment is committed to the development of natural gas (LNG/CNG) trade and logistics, the construction and operation of liquefaction stations, natural gas wholesale, industrial users and industrial parks traditional fuel alternative solutions, and new energy fuel industry. We provide comprehensive solutions for the planning, investment and operation, urban gas transmission and distribution construction investment and operation management.

Since 2015, we have been gradually involved in the domestic PRC clean-energy field. In 2019, an operation team was formally established. At present, we have one self-owned liquefied natural gas commissioned processing plant and have invested in the construction of one CNG master station. With the strong support of the local government, we have developed at a growth rate of more than 200% for two consecutive years.

Our Group has signed an LNG processing strategic agreement with the Chengdu city government, and established an exclusive processing plant in Chengdu. The plant has 600 cubic meters of low-temperature storage tanks, a daily processing capacity of 120,000 cubic meters of natural gas, and an annual output of more than 25,000 tons. In 2021, we invested RMB10 million to build a ‘Long 25 Well’ CNG refueling mother station, integrating fuel receiving, purification, compression, storage, and transshipment of natural gas, covering an area of about 4,000 square meters, equipped with a set of 2,000Nm³/h and 3,000Nm³/h compressors, a 70kg/min double-gun and a single-gun filling machine, and with a daily processing capacity of 100,000 cubic meters. In 2022, the plant was qualified for the off-take of Southwest Gas Wellhead of Customer Group A, with a daily CNG processing capacity of 100,000 cubic meters. In June of the same year, we successfully obtained pipeline transportation service approval from the Southwest Oil and Gas Field Branch of Customer Group A. In November of 2022, we entered the PRC national pipeline network consignor qualification database after review.

One of the advantages is that our equipment manufacturing plant can produce 60% of the equipment needed for liquefied natural gas. This can greatly help the Group reduce the construction cost and later-stage operation cost of the liquefaction plant. We have the ability to help users build turnkey LNG liquefied natural gas plants and can also complete the construction and operation of refueling stations according to user requirements, providing technical support and system solutions and services for these projects that are already in operation.

As a new energy investment, photovoltaic solar energy construction will also be the Group’s key area of focus. We have had in-depth cooperation with a well-known solar energy manufacturer in China, to jointly manage the solar energy construction of certain leading oil and gas enterprises in China. In 2021, we were successfully shortlisted for the globalization of solar inverter framework units of a leading Chinese oil and gas enterprise, and in early 2022, we also won the bid for the solar inverter framework contract of a leading PRC oil and gas enterprise. We will continue to actively develop in ground/water surface power stations, distributed power stations, household power stations, providing overall solutions for the whole life cycle of project development investment, system research and development, design and construction, operation management, etc.

In the strategic development of the Group, we will firmly focus on the field of new energy power generation, based on the current work results in the field of petroleum and petrochemicals, and jointly promote core technology research and innovation with partners, continue to promote product green design, and integrate green concepts into our product life cycle.

We provide solutions and products for the entire oil and gas industry chain, including smart datarooms and video conferencing smart solutions. We have accumulated many years of experience in the oil and gas industry and forecast a future trend of industrial interconnection. As our core business sector, we have created intelligent manufacturing and intelligent hardware for our users.

Our solutions are widely used by our major customers, which are leading oil and gas enterprises in China, in the informatization construction of oilfields, oilfields and overseas engineering service companies to help these customers realize oilfield informatization production and transformation, reduce the traditional manual inspection and maintenance workload, and help our customers realize the construction and transformation of digital oilfields, and provide the hardware, integration and package system service solutions they need.

Starting from the oil and gas industry, we provide information-based software and hardware as well as corresponding integrated services. We closely cooperate with several well-known PRC domestic IT intelligent equipment manufacturers, to provide high-quality IT intelligent equipment and automation integration services for the oil and gas industry. By relying on software and hardware supply and project cooperation, we have gradually developed into an information technology professional company with comprehensive brand strength. We have successfully transitioned from simple trade supply and project integration to a combination of software and hardware (super integration) with high profitability.

We have an in-depth cooperation with Customer C, a leading supplier of intelligent hardware solutions in the PRC, and which is a subsidiary of a major PRC oil and gas enterprise, to provide a major customer’s (a leading oil and gas enterprise in China) projects with traditional IT frameworks, such as servers, storage, and networks, video surveillance and security, photovoltaic products, integrated wiring, public intercom, industrial switches and other business-based information services.

We have built an AI machine smart vision oilfield project for our Northwest Oilfield customer, mainly covering oil well intelligent monitoring, outfield building inspection, joint station and office area monitoring, and operation center auxiliary decision support. Other features include:

We believe that the diversified nature of our products and services provide us with a competitive advantage over our peers and competitors, as we are able to provide such products and services spanning the upstream and downstream energy sector, as well as the new clean-energy and new energy sector. For further information regarding the industry in which we operate, please see “Industry Overview.”

With over 15 years of operations in the energy industry, we have been successfully selected on a large number of important projects and developed and secured strategic partnerships with various reputable energy companies. In particular, in 2021, Leishen Shandong was awarded by a leading PRC oil and gas enterprise with a “2020 Top Ten Excellent Supplier” for the Northwest Oilfield No. 5 Project, and in 2022, China Oil Blue Ocean was awarded by Northwest Petroleum Bureau Co., Ltd. with a “2021 Northwest Oilfield Top Ten Key Supplier” award.

The Group’s customers include those as set out in “Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Significant risks—Concentration of credit risk” of the audit report included with this prospectus, being “Customer A”, “Customer B”, “Customer C”, and “Customer D.” The material terms of certain of our agreements with such customers are set forth below:

We have also entered into a number of agreements with Customer B and Customer D and the material terms of typical agreements with such customers are set forth below:

The following sets out a milestone list of representative projects from our four business lines:

Our Group signed a ten-year cooperation framework with a supplier to provide such supplier with gas sources and recover liquefied gas sources, and sell the end products to end users. At present, the counterparty’s liquefaction facility is equipped with a set of 600 cubic meters of low-temperature primary and secondary storage tanks, and the factory can process 100,000 cubic meters of natural gas per day, with an annual output of at least 25,000 tons.

In the regions in which we operate, we have sales and after-sales service agencies, which can establish closer relations with our customers to understand the needs of users and can timely solve the problems of users quickly and efficiently. At the beginning of the operation of each project, we discuss the technical solution of the equipment with the user. We believe that cooperation and transparency are the best shortcuts to achieve customer satisfaction. We have rich experience in design, and we permit and encourage the user to participate in the various stages from design to production, which enables the user to develop an in-depth understanding of our equipment manufacturing process. Through our professional experience, we provide product selection and customization solutions for the needs of each project, and ultimately provide the most suitable design solutions for users’ needs.

Through the strong foundation of our previous project performances, we are able to win the trust of users compared to our competitors when it comes to bidding for projects, and hence we may receive more favorable bidding results compared to such competitors. We have won a substantial amount of after-sales service framework orders, and such framework orders are attributable to our abundant spare parts inventory and strong service team, years of mutual trust and cooperation with users, which enable us to maintain a leading edge in the after-sales service sector.

In the engineering and technical service operation, we have a number of skilled technical service personnel, who based on years of work experience and professional knowledge of our various products, can independently resolve problems in the operation process, and over the years have won praise and trust from users. Users are also more willing to award their projects to us due to our strong historical performances.

We have maintained good cooperative relations with many well-known manufacturers in the oil and gas field for many years, and we have our own supplier management system, with strict control procedures for parts procurement, which can ensure that our production equipment can operate effectively for an extended period of time. At the same time, we set up spare parts warehouses with domestic and foreign famous manufacturers in after-sales service work. The spare parts required for after-sales service will thus be able to be delivered to the user efficiently within a short period of time to solve the needs for equipment repair.

Over the years, we have maintained a good cooperative relationship with some of the world’s top manufacturers, such as Emerson, Cooper, Caterpillar, Waukesha, Flowserve, Daniel, Fisher, RosemountFisher, Honeywell, Huawei, Inspur, and their products are used in a large number of our products. These world’s top suppliers also guarantee that the quality of our products remains excellent and satisfactory to our customers.

Historically, the Group’s business has not been affected by seasons or climate change and do not expect to be such affected. However, certain economic and political factors may affect our business and financial performance. The Chinese government recognizes clean-energy as an important development direction for the future, aiming to follow a development path that includes incorporating high technology, low resource consumption, low environmental pollution, sustainable economic benefits, and safety as a priority. The Group has proactively established a presence in the clean-energy sector, aligning with the country’s strategic energy development, building an emerging energy industry chain. The Group ‘s continuous development in LNG/CNG production, network transmission, field station operations, urban pipeline network construction, and solar energy reflects this strategic focus.

The oil and gas industry has experienced significant volatility throughout its history. Demand for the Group’s products and services is largely dependent on the overall level of activities in the global oil and gas industry. Oil and gas activity level is in turn heavily influenced by factors such as global oil and gas prices. High levels of drilling and well rehabilitation typically stimulate demand for the Group’s products and services. In addition, high levels of oil and gas activity increase the cash flow of oil and gas companies, drilling contractors, oil service companies and manufacturers’ investment in the equipment sold by the Group.

The Company believes that it is a major player in the development of new technologies and equipment to improve the safety and productivity of oil and gas extraction and service processes, and that its sales and revenues depend in part on the successful introduction of new or improved machinery and equipment. Through its internal development programs and certain acquisitions, the Group has assembled a substantial body of technologies protected by a large number of intellectual property rights, including trademarks, patents, trade secrets and other proprietary rights. The Group holds more than 70 patents and copyrights registered in the PRC as of June 30, 2023.

While we believe that these intellectual property rights are valuable, other companies have may successfully developed and marketed competing products of different designs. The Company considers the quality and timely delivery of its products, the service it provides to its customers and the technical knowledge and skills of its personnel to be as important as its intellectual property rights. While the Company understands the importance of its research and development programs, the technical challenges and market uncertainties associated with the development and launch of new products causes uncertainties as to whether and how much the Company will realize future revenues from new products.

The Group’s brands, trade names, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights distinguish its business platforms, services, and products from those of its competitors, giving it a competitive advantage in the specialized oil and gas industry. To protect its intellectual property rights, the Group relies primarily on a combination of patents, know-how, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws.

As of the date of this prospectus, the Group has entered into confidentiality agreements with certain key employees, sales agents, and others who may possess sensitive information about the Group. We also intend to enter into future employment agreements with certain senior executives that include confidentiality and/or non-compete provisions.

We have registered the following patents in the PRC as of the date of this prospectus:

We have registered the following software copyrights in the PRC as of the date of this prospectus:

We have registered or are in the process of registering the following trademarks in the PRC as of the date of this prospectus:

As of July 31, 2023, we had approximately 171 employees (including officers) and our employee composition includes:

The following table sets forth the number of our full-time employees categorized by department as of July 31, 2023:

Our headquarters is at 1410, Tower B, Locke Times Center, Building 103, Huizhongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, which is leased from and owned by our Director, Mr. Hongqi Li. We also lease our other properties, including our two manufacturing facilities and other offices in Chengdu City, Sichuan and Xinjiang. We believe such properties are sufficient for our current operational needs and that suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any future expansion of our operations.

The table below sets out further details of the principal factory space we lease as of September 30, 2023. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021 and 2022, the Company engaged Sichuan Taibo Fluid Technology Co., Ltd., in which the Company had an equity interest of 40%, to manufacture all of its products. From April 2023 onwards, the Company leased two manufacturing facilities from Sichuan Taibo Fluid Technology Co., Ltd., from which point all of the Company’s products are manufactured through its Group entities at such two manufacturing facilities.

The table below sets out further details of the principal office space we lease as of September 30, 2023:

As of the date of this prospectus, we have obtained all requisite licenses, permits and approvals from relevant authorities that are material to our main business. The table below sets forth the relevant details of the material ones we hold for our operation in China:

We participate in various government statutory social security plans, including a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund. We currently do not have any business liability or disruption insurance.

Our insurance coverage complies with the requirements of PRC laws, except that we may be required to make additional contributions of social insurance fund and/or housing provident fund and late payments and fines under PRC laws and regulations. For the related risk factor, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties” for more details. We believe that such coverage is in line with industry norms in the PRC and is adequate and sufficient for our current operations.

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. From time to time, we are involved in litigation or other legal proceedings incidental to our business. However, we do not believe that our business or operations would be materially and adversely affected by any pending or threatened litigation or other pending or threatened legal proceedings.

This section sets forth a summary of the principal PRC laws and regulations relevant to our business and operations in China.

The PRC Company Law, which was promulgated by the SCNPC and further amended in December 1999, August 2004, October 2005, December 2013 and October 2018, applies to the establishment, operation and management of both PRC domestic companies and foreign invested enterprises. According to the PRC Company Law, where there are otherwise provisions in the laws relating to foreign investment, such provisions shall prevail.

The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC (the “FIL”), which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress (the “NPC”) on March 15, 2019, and came into effect on January 1, 2020, provides that the “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities in China carried out directly or indirectly by foreign individuals, enterprises or other organizations (the “Foreign Investors”), including the following: (1) Foreign Investors establishing foreign-invested enterprises in China alone or collectively with other investors; (2) Foreign Investors acquiring shares, equities, properties or other similar rights of Chinese domestic enterprises; (3) Foreign Investors investing in new projects in China alone or collectively with other investors; and (4) Foreign Investors investing through other ways prescribed by laws and regulations or the State Council. The FIL further adopts the management system of pre-establishment national treatment and negative list for foreign investment. The “pre-establishment national treatment” refers to granting to foreign investors and their investments, in the stage of investment access, the treatment no less favorable than that granted to domestic investors and their investments; the “negative list” refers to special administrative measures for access of foreign investment in specific fields as stipulated by the State. The FIL granted national treatment to foreign investments outside the negative list. The negative list will be released by or upon approval of the State Council. In December 2019, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Implementing the

Regulation for Implementing the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC (the “Implementation Rules”) came into effect in January 2020. The Implementation Rules further clarified that the state shall encourage and promote foreign investment, protect the lawful rights and interests in foreign investments, regulate foreign investment administration, continue to optimize foreign investment environment, and advances a higher-level opening.

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors were principally governed by the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access of Foreign Investment (2021 version) (the “Negative List”), and the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (the “Encouraging List”) promulgated by the MOFCOM and the NDRC in October 2022. The Negative List, which came into effect on January 1, 2022, sets out special administrative measures (restricted or prohibited) in respect of the access of foreign investments in a centralized manner, and the Encouraging List, which came into effect on January 1, 2023, sets out the encouraged industries for foreign investment. The Negative Lists cover 12 industries, and any field not falling in the Negative Lists shall be administered under the principle of equal treatment for domestic and foreign investment. Our business as currently conducted does not fall within the confines of the Negative List and is not subject to special administrative measures.

The Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information was released by the MOFCOM and the State Administration for Market Regulation (the “SAMR”) on December 30, 2019, and became effective on January 1, 2020. Foreign investors directly or indirectly conducting investment activities within the territory of China shall submit the investment information through submission of initial reports, change reports, deregistration reports, annual reports etc. to the competent commerce authorities in accordance with The Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information. When submitting an annual report, a foreign-invested enterprise shall submit the basic information on the enterprise, the information on the investors and their actual controlling party, the enterprise’s operation and asset and liabilities information etc, and where the foreign investment admission special administrative measures are involved, the foreign investment enterprise shall also submit the relevant industry licensing information.

China’s oil and gas industry is subject to extensive regulation by the PRC government with respect to exploration, production, transmission and marketing of crude oil and natural gas as well as production, transportation and marketing of refined products and chemical products.

The central government authorities which exercise control over China’s oil and gas industry

The principal laws, regulations, rules and policies relating to oil and gas equipment

On September 22, 2021, the Chinese government issued the Opinions on Fully, Accurately and Comprehensively Implementing the New Development Philosophy and Procuring Satisfactory Performance of the Work Aiming at Achievement of the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Goals (the “Opinions”), in which a series of milestones to be achieved and steps to be taken for finally achieving the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals are set. The milestones for phased increase of the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption set in the Opinions are to increase the share to about 20% by 2025, about 25% by 2030, and more than 80% by 2060. According to the Opinions, China’s oil consumption will reach its peak plateau during the 15^th Five-Year Plan period and the Chinese government will strictly control the investments in petrochemical and other high carbon projects by then.

On October 24, 2021, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Hitting Carbon Peak by 2030 (the “Action Plan”), which sets forth in great detail the initiatives proposed to be pursued for achieving the goal to hit carbon peak by 2030. The initiatives related to oil, natural gas, petrochemicals and new energy mainly include the following:

On September 7, 1990, the SCNPC promulgated the Copyright Law of the PRC, or the Copyright Law, effective on June 1, 1991 and amended on October 27, 2001, February 26, 2010, and November 11, 2020, respectively. The amended Copyright Law extends copyright protection to internet activities, products disseminated over the Internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the Copyright Protection Center of China.

Under the Regulations on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information that took effect on July 1, 2006 and was amended on January 30, 2013, it is further provided that an Internet information service provider may be held liable under various situations, including that if it knows or should reasonably have known a copyright infringement through the Internet and the service provider fails to take measures to remove or block or disconnect links to the relevant content, or, although not aware of the infringement, the Internet information service provider fails to take such measures upon receipt of the copyright holder’s notice of such infringement.

In order to further implement the Regulations on Computer Software Protection, promulgated by the State Council on December 20, 2001 and amended on January 8, 2011 and January 30, 2013, respectively, the National Copyright Administration issued the Measures for the Registration of Computer Software Copyright on February 20, 2002, which specify detailed procedures and requirements with respect to the registration of software copyrights.

According to the Trademark Law of the PRC promulgated by the SCNPC on August 23, 1982, and amended on February 22, 1993, October 27, 2001, August 30, 2013 and April 23, 2019 respectively, the Trademark Office of the SAIC is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks in China. The SAIC under the State Council has established a Trademark Review and Adjudication Board for resolving trademark disputes. Registered trademarks are valid for ten years from the date the registration is approved. A registrant may apply to renew a registration within twelve months before the expiration date of the registration. If the registrant fails to apply in a timely manner, a grace period of six additional months may be granted. If the registrant fails to apply before the grace period expires, the registered trademark shall be deregistered. Renewed registrations are valid for another ten years. On April 29, 2014, the State Council issued the revised the Implementing Regulations of the Trademark Law of the PRC, which specified the requirements of applying for trademark registration and renewal. According to this law, using a trademark that is identical to or similar to a registered trademark in connection with the same or similar goods without the authorization of the owner of the registered trademark constitutes an infringement of the exclusive right to use a registered trademark. The infringer shall, in accordance with the regulations, undertake to cease the infringement, take remedial action, and pay damages.

According to the Patent Law of the PRC, or the Patent Law, promulgated by the SCNPC on March 12, 1984 and amended on September 4, 1992, August 25, 2000, December 27, 2008, and October 17, 2020, respectively, and the Implementation Rules of the Patent Law of the PRC, or the Implementation Rules of the Patent Law, promulgated by the State Council on December 21, 1992, and revised on June 15, 2001, December 28, 2002 and January 9, 2010, the patent administrative department under the State Council is responsible for the administration of patent-related work nationwide. The patent administration departments of provincial or autonomous regions or municipal governments are responsible for administering patents within their respective administrative areas. The Patent Law and Implementation Rules of the Patent Law provide for three types of patents, namely “inventions,” “utility models,” and “designs.” Invention patents are valid for 20 years, while utility model patents are valid for ten years, and design patents are valid for fifteen years from the date of application. The Chinese patent system adopts a “first-come, first file” principle, which means that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who files the application first. An invention or a utility model must possess novelty, inventiveness, and practical applicability to be patentable. Third Parties must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the unauthorized use constitutes an infringement on the patent rights.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PRC, or the MIIT, promulgated the Measures on Administration of Internet Domain Names, or the Domain Name Measures, on August 24, 2017, which took effect on November 1, 2017 and replaced the Administrative Measures on China Internet Domain Name promulgated by the MIIT on November 5, 2004. According to the Domain Name Measures, the MIIT is in charge of the administration of PRC internet domain names. The domain name registration follows a first-to-file principle. Applicants for registration of domain names shall provide true, accurate and complete information of their identities to the domain name registration service institutions. The applicant will become the holder of such domain names upon completion of the registration procedure.

The MOFCOM, adopted the Regulations on Mergers of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was last amended on June 22, 2009. Foreign investors shall comply with the M&A Rules when they purchase equity interests in a domestic company or subscribe the increased capital of a domestic company, and thus changing the nature of the domestic company into a foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors establish a foreign-invested enterprise in China, and purchase the assets of a domestic company and operate the assets; or when the foreign investors purchase the asset of a domestic company, and establish a foreign-invested enterprise by injecting such assets and operate the assets. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require offshore special purpose vehicles formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of Chinese domestic companies and controlled by Chinese companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the Foreign Investment Law has partly replaced the M&A Rules in terms of its rules on equity or assets acquisition of a non-related domestic company by a foreign investor. The equity and assets acquisition of a related domestic company by a foreign investor shall still be subject to the M&A Rules.

On February 17, 2023, CSRC published the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023, together with five relevant guidelines (together with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, collectively referred to as the “New Regulations on Filing”). Under New Regulations on Filing, the PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information.

According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Notice”) published by the CSRC on February 17, 2023 and effective on the same date, the domestic companies that were listed overseas before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to go through filing immediately but shall be required to do so if they involve in re-financing and other filing matters in the future. Further, domestic companies that have obtained the approval documents issued by the CSRC for overseas offering and listing (including new issuance) by joint-stock companies may continue their overseas offering and listing during the valid term of the approval documents. If they fail to complete overseas offering and listing upon expiry of the said term, they shall go through filing as per relevant regulations.

According to the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration in Respect of Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Enterprises, which were issued by the CSRC, Ministry of Finance of China, National Administration of State Secrets Protection, National Archives Administration of China on February 24, 2023 and came into effect on March 31, 2023, where a domestic company provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing subjects, documents and materials involving state secrets and working secrets of state organs, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level. Domestic company providing accounting archives or copies thereof to entities and individuals concerned such as securities companies, securities service institutions and overseas regulatory authorities shall perform the corresponding procedures in compliance with applicable national regulations.

According to the Labor Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by SCNPC on July 5, 1994, became effective on January 1, 1995, and was most recently amended on December 29, 2018, an employer shall develop and improve its rules and regulations to safeguard the rights of its employees, and shall develop and improve its labor safety and health system, stringently implement national protocols and standards on labor safety and health, conduct labor safety and health education for workers, guard against labor accidents and reduce occupational hazards.

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC, or the Labor Contract Law, which was promulgated on June 29, 2007 and amended on December 28, 2012, is primarily aimed at regulating the rights and obligations of employers and employees, including the establishment, performance and termination of such relationship. Pursuant to the Labor Contract Law, labor contracts shall be concluded in writing if labor relationships are to be or have been established between employers and the employees. Employers are prohibited from forcing employees to work above certain time limit and employers shall pay employees for overtime work in accordance with certain national regulations. In addition, employee wages shall be no lower than local standards on minimum wages and shall be paid to employees timely.

According to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC effective as of July 1, 2011, and as amended on December 29, 2018, the Regulations on Occupational Injury Insurance effective as of January 1, 2004 and as amended on December 20, 2010, the Interim Measures concerning the Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees effective as of January 1, 1995, the Unemployment Insurance Regulations effective as of January 22, 1999, the Interim Regulations concerning the Levy of Social Insurance effective as of January 22, 1999 and most recently amended on March 24, 2019, enterprises and institutions in the PRC shall provide their employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, occupational injury insurance and medical insurance.

An enterprise must provide social insurance by processing social insurance registration with local social insurance agencies, and shall pay or withhold relevant social insurance premiums for or on behalf of employees. If an employer does not pay the full amount of social insurance premiums as required by law, the social insurance premium collection institution shall order the employer to make the payment or make up the difference within the stipulated period and impose a daily surcharge equivalent to 0.05% of the overdue payment from the date on which the payment is overdue. If such overdue payment is not made within the stipulated period, the relevant administration government department shall impose a fine from one to three times the amount of overdue payment.

According to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, which were promulgated and became effective on April 3, 1999, and were most recently amended on March 24, 2019, the employer shall timely pay up and deposit housing provident fund contributions in full amount and late or insufficient payments shall be prohibited. The employer shall process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations with the housing provident fund administration center.

With respect to companies which violate the above regulations and fail to process housing provident fund payment and deposit registrations or open housing provident fund accounts for their employees, such companies shall be ordered by the housing provident fund administration center to complete such procedures within a designated period. Those who fail to process their registrations within the designated period shall be subject to a fine from RMB10,000 to RMB50,000. When companies violate these regulations and fail to pay housing provident fund contributions in full as due, the housing provident fund administration center shall order such companies to pay within a designated period, and may further apply to the People’s Court for mandatory enforcement against those still fail to comply after the expiration of such period.

Pursuant to the Law Against Unfair Competition, which was promulgated by SCNPC on September 2, 1993, effective on December 1, 1993, and was most recently amended on April 23, 2019, where the legitimate rights and interests of a business operator are harmed by unfair competition, the business operator may file a lawsuit with a People’s Court. The compensation for a business operator which suffers damages due to unfair competition shall be determined in accordance with the actual losses suffered as a result of the infringement; where it is hard to ascertain the actual losses, the compensation shall be determined in accordance with the gains made by the infringer from the infringement. For business operators who infringe upon commercial secrets maliciously and if the case is serious, the compensation amount may be determined in accordance with one to five times the amount determined using the aforesaid method. The compensation amount shall also include reasonable expenses paid by the business operator to stop the infringement.

On August 17, 2021, SAMR issued the Provisions on Prohibition of Unfair Competition on the Internet (Draft for Public Comment), which regulate that business operators shall not carry out or help carry out acts of unfair competition on the Internet, disrupt the order of market competition, affect fair market transactions, or directly or indirectly damage the legitimate rights and interests of other operators or consumers.

According to the Anti-Monopoly Law which was promulgated by SCNPC on August 30, 2007, became effective on August 1, 2008 and most recently amended on June 24, 2022 and came into effect on August 1, 2022, the prohibited monopolistic acts include monopolistic agreements, abuse of a dominant market position and concentration of businesses that may have the effect to eliminate or restrict competition. Pursuant to the Anti-Monopoly Law, a business operator that possesses a dominant market position is prohibited from abusing its dominant market position, including conducting the following acts: (i) selling commodities at unfairly high prices or buying commodities at unfairly low prices; (ii) without justifiable reasons, selling commodities at prices below cost; (iii) without justifiable reasons, refusing to enter into transactions with their trading counterparts; (iv) without justifiable reasons, allowing trading counterparts to make transactions exclusively with itself or with the business operators designated by it; (v) without justifiable reasons, tying commodities or imposing unreasonable trading conditions to transactions; (vi) without justifiable reasons, applying differential prices and other transaction terms among their trading counterparts who are on an equal footing; and (vii) other acts determined as abuse of dominant market position by the relevant governmental authorities.

Pursuant to the Provisions on Prohibition of the Abuse of Market Dominance, which were issued by SAMR on March 10, 2023, an abuse of market dominance determined by the SAMR shall simultaneously satisfy all the following criteria: (i) the business operator is dominating the market; (ii) the business operator has eliminated or restricted competition; (iii) the business operator has no legitimate reason to implement such acts; and (iv) such acts by the business operator have an impact on elimination or restriction of market competition.

In addition, pursuant to the Provisions on Prohibition of Monopoly Agreements, which were issued by SAMR on March 10, 2023, entering into monopolistic agreements, which means agreements or concerted practices to eliminate or restrict competition, is prohibited, unless such agreements satisfy the specific exemptions prescribed in the Anti-Monopoly Law, such as improving technologies or increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of small and medium-sized undertakings. If business operators fail to comply with the Anti-Monopoly Law or other relevant regulations, the anti-monopoly agency is empowered to cease the relevant activities, unwind the transactions, and confiscate illegal gains and fines.

Pursuant to the Administration of Urban Real Estate Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on July 5, 1994 and most recently amended on August 26, 2019 and came into effect on January 1, 2020, a written lease contract shall be entered into between the lessor and the lessee for leasing a property. The contract shall include the terms and conditions such as the term, purpose and price of leasing and liability for maintenance and repair, as well as other rights and obligations of both parties. The contract shall be filed for registration and record with the real estate administration department.

The Administrative Measures for Commercial House Leasing were promulgated by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on December 1, 2010, and became effective on February 1, 2011. These measures set out specific rules for commercial house leasing. Houses may not be leased in any of the following circumstances: (i) the house is an illegal structure; (ii) the house fails to meet mandatory engineering construction standards with respect to safety and disaster preventions; (iii) the house usage is changed in violation of applicable regulations; and (iv) other circumstances prohibited by laws and regulations. The lessor and the lessee shall register and file with the local property administration authority within thirty days after entering into the lease contract. Non-compliance with such registration and filing requirements shall be subject to fines from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 provided they fail to rectify within required time limits.

The lease contract shall also comply with the provisions of the Civil Code. Pursuant to the Civil Code, the contents of a lease contract generally include terms such as the name, quantity and purpose of the leased property, lease term, lease expense as well as time limit and method for its payment, and maintenance of the leased property. The term of a lease shall not exceed twenty years. Where the term of a lease exceeds 20 years, that part of the lease beyond the said limit shall be null and void. At the expiration of the term of a lease, the parties may renew the lease contract; however, the renewed term as agreed may not exceed 20 years commencing on the date of renewal.

According to the Environmental Protection Law of the PRC, promulgated by the SCNPC on December 26, 1989 and amended on April 24, 2014, the Administrative Regulations on the Environmental Protection of Construction Project (the “Construction Environmental Protection Rule”), promulgated by the State Council on November 29, 1998 and amended on July 16, 2017, and other relevant environmental laws and regulations, enterprises which plan to construct projects shall provide the assessment reports, assessment form, or registration form on the environmental impact of such projects with relevant environmental protection administrative authority for approval or filing. Enterprises may entrust a technical entity to conduct an environmental impact assessment of its construction projects and prepare environmental impact reports and environmental impact statements on construction projects. If a construction entity has the technical capability of environmental impact assessment, it may carry out the above activities itself.

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the PRC, promulgated by the SCNPC on October 28, 2002 and amended on July 2, 2016 and December 29, 2018 respectively, for any construction projects that have an impact on the environment, an entity is required to produce either a report, or a statement, or a registration form of such environmental impacts depending on the seriousness of effect that may be exerted on the environment.

The Construction Environmental Protection Rule also requires that upon completion of construction for which an environmental impact report or environmental impact statement is formulated, the constructor shall conduct an acceptance inspection of the environmental protection facilities pursuant to the standards and procedures stipulated by the environmental protection administrative authorities of the State Council, formulate the acceptance inspection report, and announce the acceptance inspection report pursuant to the law except for circumstances where there is a need to keep confidentiality pursuant to the provisions of the State. Where the environmental protection facilities have not undergone acceptance inspection or do not pass acceptance inspection, the construction project shall not be put into production or use.

The Interim Measures for Acceptance of Environmental Protection upon Completion of Construction Projects was promulgated and implemented by the former Ministry of Environmental Protection (now the Ministry of Ecology and Environment) on November 20, 2017. The Measures regulates the procedures and standards for environmental protection independent acceptance by construction units upon the completion of construction projects.

The Fire Prevention Law of the PRC (the “Fire Prevention Law”) was adopted on April 29, 1998 and last amended on April 29, 2021. According to the Fire Prevention Law and other relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the Emergency Management Authority of the State Council and its local counterparts at or above county level shall monitor and administer the fire prevention affairs. The Fire and Rescue Department of the People’s Government are responsible for implementation. The Fire Prevention Law provides that the fire prevention design or construction of a construction project must conform to the national fire prevention technical standards (as the case may be).

According to the requirement of the Fire Protection Law and Interim Provisions on the Administration of the Fire Protection Design Review and Final Inspection of Construction Projects, which were issued April 1, 2020 and became effective June 1, 2020, the housing and urban-rural development authorities of the local government at or above the county level (the “fire protection design review and final inspection authorities”) shall undertake fire protection design review, fire protection final inspection and recordation and random inspection of construction projects within their respective administrative regions. For construction projects that satisfy certain criteria (the “special construction projects”), the construction institutions shall apply for fire protection design review and approval. For construction projects other than the foregoing (the “other construction projects”), the construction institutions shall provide fire protection design drawings or technical information as needed for construction when applying for a construction permit or a construction commencement report. If fire protection design drawings or technical information as needed for construction fail to be submitted, the relevant authority shall neither issue a construction permit nor approve the construction commencement report.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Construction Permits for Construction Projects, which were issued by the Ministry of Construction October 15, 1999 and last amended by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development March 30, 2021, for the construction and decoration of all types of buildings and their ancillary facilities, the installation of supporting lines, pipelines and equipment, and the construction of municipal infrastructure projects in cities and towns within the territory of the PRC, the owner of a construction project shall, prior to the commencement of construction, apply to the competent administrative department of housing and urban-rural development of the local people’s government at the county level or above at the place where the construction project is located for a construction permit in accordance with the provisions of the Measures. No construction permit is required for a construction project with an investment of less than RMB300,000 or with a construction area of less than 300㎡.

Pursuant to the Production Safety Law of the PRC which was promulgated June 29, 2002 and amended August 27, 2009, August 31, 2014 and June 10, 2021, production and operation entities shall abide by the Production Safety Law of the PRC and other laws and regulations concerning work safety, and redouble their efforts to ensure work safety by setting up and perfecting the responsibility system for work safety of all employees and rules and regulations on work safety, increasing the input and guarantee of funds, materials, technologies, and personnel in terms of work safety, improving the conditions for work safety, strengthening the development of standards and adoption of information technologies for work safety, building a dual prevention mechanism of level-to-level safety risk management and control and hidden danger identification and management, and perfecting the risk prevention and resolution mechanism, to raise the work safety level and ensure work safety.

Pursuant to the Regulations on Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals (Order No. 645 of the State Council, effective March 15, 2002 and amended March 2, 2011 and December 7, 2013, respectively), the production, storage, use, operation, and transportation of hazardous chemicals must be in accordance with the safety management regulations. The hazardous chemical units shall oblige to the safety conditions required by laws and administrative regulations and state and industry standards, establish and improve safety management rules and post safety responsibility systems, and provide safety education and legal education and occupation technical training for employees. Employees should accept such education and training, and may begin working only after qualifying the relevant assessment. Where it requires employees to have certain qualification to assume a post, an enterprise shall only designated employees having such qualification to assume the post.

According to the General Lending Provisions (the “General Lending Provisions”) promulgated by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”), a loan means a currency fund provided by a lender to a borrower and both the principal amount and interests shall be paid back, according to the interest rate and duration agreed. Enterprises are prohibited from engaging in borrowing and lending or borrowing and lending in a disguised manner in violation of laws and regulations. If enterprises engage in borrowing and lending or borrowing and lending in a disguised manner without authorization, the PBOC may impose a fine on the lending party in an amount equal to one to five times of the illegal proceeds generated from the lending activity, and concurrently, invalidate such lending activity.

According to the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Private Lending Cases which came into effect 23 June 2015 and was last amended in December 2020, the Supreme People’s Court recognizes the validity and legality of financing arrangements and lending transactions between non-financial institutions so long as, among other, the enterprises entered into a loan agreement and the interest rates charged do not exceed four times of the LPR for one-year loan published by PBOC when the agreement is concluded. In addition, the Private Lending Provisions and Civil Code of the PRC set out situations that allow the People’s Court to void a loan agreement.

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations which took effect April 1, 1996 and were last amended August 5, 2008. Under PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investments, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China.

SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, which took effect December 17, 2012 and was last amended on December 30, 2019. The Circular substantially amends and simplifies the foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to the Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of Renminbi proceeds derived by foreign investors in China, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, which took effect June 1, 2015 and was last amended December 30, 2019. Instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals may apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, may directly review the applications and conduct the registration.

Besides, the PRC governmental authorities have gradually relaxed restrictions on the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises in recent years. In March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, which expands a pilot reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises nationwide. The Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, replaced both the Circular of the SAFE on Issues Relating to the Improvement of Business Operations with Respect to the Administration of Foreign Exchange Capital Payment and Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises, and the Circular of the SAFE on Issues concerning the Pilot Reform of the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises in Certain Areas. The Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise allows all foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC to settle their foreign exchange capital on a discretionary basis according to the actual needs of their business operation, provides the procedures for foreign invested companies to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments and removes certain other restrictions that had been provided in the Circular of the SAFE on Issues Relating to the Improvement of Business Operations with Respect to the Administration of Foreign Exchange Capital Payment and Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises. However, the Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using Renminbi funds converted from their foreign exchange capital for expenditure beyond their business scope and providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, effective June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in the Circular of the SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise The Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account provides that discretionary foreign exchange settlement applies to foreign exchange capital, foreign debt offering proceeds and remitted foreign listing proceeds, and the corresponding Renminbi capital converted from foreign exchange may be used to extend loans to related parties or repay inter-company loans (including advances by third parties). On October 23, 2019, SAFE further issued the Circular of the SAFE on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, which took effect on the same day. The Circular of the SAFE on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment allows non-investment foreign-invested enterprises to use their capital funds to make equity investments in China as long as such investments do not violate the Negative List and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with laws. In addition, the Circular of the SAFE on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment stipulates that qualified enterprises in certain pilot areas may use their capital income from registered capital, foreign debt and overseas listing, for the purpose of domestic payments without providing authenticity certifications to the relevant banks in advance for those domestic payments.

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises is the PRC Company Law. Under these laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with China accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a Chinese company, including a foreign-invested enterprise in China, is required to allocate at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprise. A Chinese company may, at its discretion, allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on China accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

The SAFE promulgated the Notice on Improving the Check of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control in January 2017, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to outbound remittance of profits from domestic entities to offshore entities, including the following: (1) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (2) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulation on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, which became effective July 4, 2014, replacing the Circular on Issues Concerning the Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Equity Finance and Return Investments by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles. The Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Under the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, a “special purpose vehicle” refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by Chinese residents or entities to seek offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to direct investment in China by Chinese residents or entities through special purpose vehicles, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain ownership, control rights and management rights. The Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles provides that, before making a contribution into a special purpose vehicle, Chinese residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with SAFE or its local branch.

On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, which has amended the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles by requiring Chinese residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. Chinese residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to special purpose vehicles but had not registered as required before the implementation of the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles must register their ownership interests or control in the special purpose vehicles with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the special purpose vehicle registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the Chinese residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentations or failing to disclose the control of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant Chinese residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration of PRC Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, replacing the previous rules issued by SAFE. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, domestic individuals, which means the Chinese residents and non-Chinese citizens residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are Chinese residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a Chinese subsidiary of the overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by the Chinese subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. The participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The PRC agents must, on behalf of the Chinese residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the Chinese residents’ exercise of the employee share options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the Chinese residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in China opened by the PRC agents before distribution to such Chinese residents. In addition, the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles provides that Chinese residents who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas unlisted special purpose company may register with SAFE or its local branches before exercising rights.

Pursuant to the EIT Law of the PRC effective January 1, 2008 and amended December 29, 2018 and the Regulation on the Implementation of the EIT Law of the PRC effective April 23, 2019, companies are classified into resident companies and non-resident companies. Corporate Income Tax rate is 25%, or 20% for non-resident company which hasn’t set up an organization or an operating site, or its income from established organization or operating side is not connected to such organization or site, judging by the source of its income within the PRC territory. High and new technology companies encouraged by the government shall be accorded with 15% income tax.

Pursuant to the Announcement on Issues Regarding Implementation of Preferential Income Tax Policy for High and New Technology Companies released on June 19, 2017 by State Administration of Taxation or the SAT, company qualified as high or new technology company shall enjoy preferential tax from the year indicated on the certificate for high and new technology company, and file for registration with taxation agency of jurisdiction according to relevant provisions. On expiration of the qualification as high and new technology company, income tax shall be temporarily levied pursuant to a preferential tax rate of 15% before renewal of the qualification; if such qualification is not obtained before the end of the year, the difference between the preferential tax rate and the regular tax rate should be paid according to applicable provisions.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers or Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 7, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers properties such as equity in PRC resident enterprises without any justifiable business purposes and aiming to avoid the payment of enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer must be reclassified as a direct transfer of equity in PRC resident enterprise. To assess whether an indirect transfer of PRC taxable properties has reasonable commercial purposes, all arrangements related to the indirect transfer must be considered comprehensively and factors set forth in SAT Bulletin 7 must be comprehensively analyzed in light of the actual circumstances. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity securities through a public securities market.

Pursuant to the Arrangement Between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the “Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement”) promulgated August 21, 2006 and last amended December 6, 2019, where a Hong Kong resident enterprise that holds more than a 25% equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise at any time within 12 consecutive months before receiving the dividend, the competent PRC tax authority may determine the Hong Kong resident enterprise to have satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and the withholding tax rate on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from a PRC resident enterprise may be reduced to 5% from 10% applicable under the EIT Law.

Pursuant to the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax of the PRC last amended November 19, 2017, and its Implementation Rules promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, or the MOF and last amended October 28, 2011, tax payers engaging in sale of goods, provision of processing services, repairs and replacement services, sales of services, intangible assets or real property, or importation of goods within the territory of the PRC shall pay value-added tax, or the VAT.

On November 16, 2011, the MOF and the SAT jointly promulgated the Pilot Plan for Levying Value-Added Tax in lieu of Business Tax. Starting from January 1, 2012, the PRC government has been gradually implementing a pilot program in certain provinces and municipalities, to levy a 6% VAT on revenue generated from modern service industries in lieu of the business tax.

The Measures for the Exemption of Value-Added Tax from Cross-Border Taxable Activities in the Collection of Value-Added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax (for Trial Implementation), which was promulgated May 6, 2016 by the SAT, and revised according to the Notice of SAT on Revising Some Normative Documents on Taxation on June 15, 2018, provides that if a domestic enterprise provides cross-border taxable activities such as professional technology services, technology transfer, software service etc., the above mentioned cross-border taxable activities shall be exempted from the VAT.

On March 23, 2016, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Notice of Implementing the Pilot Program of Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax in an All-round Manner which confirms that business tax will be completely replaced by the VAT from May 1, 2016.

Pursuant to the Announcement No. 39 (2019) jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance, the SAT, and the General Administration of Customs, effective on April 1, 2019, the applicable VAT for VAT-taxable sales activities and imported goods are adjusted respectively from 16% to 13% and from 10% to 9%, respectively.

The Measures for the Administration of Individual Income Tax on Equity Transfer Income (Trial), promulgated on December 7, 2014 and took effect January 1, 2015, individual income tax incurred by equity transfer shall be paid by the transferor, with the transferee shall act as the withholding obligor. Additionally, the Tax Collection and Administration Law, which was promulgated September 4, 1992 and amended April 24, 2015, stipulates the units and individuals specified by applicable PRC law and regulations as having tax obligations are taxpayers, and meanwhile the units and individuals designated by applicable PRC law and regulations as having the obligation to withhold and pay taxes on behalf of taxpayers are withholding obligors. Taxpayers and withholding obligors must pay taxes and withhold and pay taxes on behalf of the taxpayers subject to the applicable PRC law and regulations. Provided a withholding obligor fails to withhold taxes that should have been withheld or fails to collect taxes that should have been collected, the tax authorities may recover the taxes from the taxpayer and impose a fine on the withholding obligor of 50% to 300% the amount of tax that should have been withheld but was not, or the tax that should have been collected but was not. Addiontally, if a taxpayer fails to file, pays less, or fails to pay taxes due, the tax authorities may recover the unpaid or underpaid tax, late payment penalty, and impose a fine ranging from 50% to 500% of the unpaid or underpaid tax.

Pursuant to the PRC Civil Code promulgated by the NPC May 28, 2020 and effective January 1, 2021, the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. An information processor shall not disclose or tamper with any personal information collected or stored thereby; and without the consent of the natural person, no personal information shall be illegally provided to any other person.

In August 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which became effective November 1, 2021. According to the Personal Information Protection Law of PRC, sensitive personal information means the personal information of which the leakage or illegal use could easily lead to the violation of the personal dignity of a natural person or harm to personal or property safety, including information on biometric identification, religious beliefs, specific identity, health care, financial accounts, and personal whereabouts, and personal information of minors under the age of fourteen. Personal information processors shall bear responsibility for their personal information handling activities and adopt the necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they process. Otherwise, the personal information processors will be ordered to correct or suspend or terminate the provision of services and be subject to confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly released the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information (the “Interpretations”), which came into effect on June 1, 2017, clarifies several concepts regarding the crime of “infringement of citizens’ personal information” stipulated by Article 253A of the Criminal Law of the PRC, including the “provision of citizens’ personal information” and “illegally obtaining any citizen’s personal information by other methods”. In addition, the Interpretations specify the standards for determining “serious circumstances” and “particularly serious circumstances” of this crime.

The SCNPC promulgated the Cybersecurity Law of the PRC in November 2016, which became effective in June 2017, to protect cyberspace security and order. Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, any individual or organization using the network must comply with the Constitution and the applicable laws, follow the public order and respect social moralities, and must not endanger cyber security, or engage in activities by making use of the network that endanger the national security, honor and interests, or infringe on the fame, privacy, intellectual property and other legitimate rights and interests of others.

According to the Article 42 of Cyber Security Law, the network operators must not disclose, distort or damage personal information they collect, without the agreement of the person whose information is collected, and personal information may not be provided to others, except where it has been processed in such a manner that it is impossible to distinguish a particular individual’s information and it cannot be retraced.

According to the Article 31 of Data Security Law of the PRC (the “Data Security Law”), which was promulgated by the SCNPC June 10, 2021 and took effect September 1, 2021, specifies that the provisions of the cybersecurity law of the PRC apply to the outbound security management of important data collected or produced by critical information infrastructure operators operating within the territory of the PRC. Outbound security management measures for other data processors collecting or producing important data within the territory of the PRC are to be jointly formulated by the national cyberspace administration and relevant departments of the State Council. The Data Security Law further provides all regions and departments shall establish a data classification and grading protection system and important data catalogs to enhance the protection of important data. Processors of important data shall specify the person responsible for data security and management agencies to implement data security protection responsibilities. Relevant authorities will establish the measures for the cross-border transfer of important data. If any company violates the Data Security Law of the PRC to provide important data outside China, such company may be punished by administration sanctions, including penalties, fines, and/or suspension of relevant business or revocation of the business license. In addition, the Data Security Law of the PRC provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

On 28 December 2021, the CAC promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect 15 February 2022. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, there are two mechanisms to trigger cybersecurity review: (a) review of voluntary declaration by enterprises: applicable to (i) critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase network products and services; (ii) a network platform operator that processes the personal information of more than one million people intends to be listed overseas; and (b) initiation of review by regulatory authorities: for any member of the cybersecurity review working mechanism believes that any network product or service or data processing activity affects or is likely to affect national security. In this case, the Office of Cybersecurity Review shall report this circumstance to the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission for approval, and conduct a review after approval.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC promulgated the Regulation on the Administration of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments) (the “Draft Cyber Data Security Regulation”), which provides more detailed guidelines on the current rules on various aspects of data processing, including the processors’ announcement of data processing rules, obtaining consents and separate consents, security of important data and cross-border transfer of data, and further obligations of platform operators.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for Security Assessment for Cross-border Data Transfer (the “Measures”), which took effect September 1, 2022. According to the Measures, a data processor shall apply to the competent cyberspace department for security assessment and clearance of the outbound data under any of the following circumstances: (i) outbound transfer of important data by a data processor; (ii) outbound transfer of personal information by an operator of critical information infrastructure or a data processor which has processed more than one million users’ personal data; (iii) outbound transfer of personal information by a data processor which has made outbound transfers of more than 100,000 users’ personal information or more than 10,000 users’ sensitive personal information cumulatively since January 1 of the previous year, or (iv) such other circumstances where ex-ante security assessment and evaluation of cross-border data transfer is required by the CAC. A data processor shall, before applying for the security assessment of an outbound data transfer, conduct a self-assessment of the risks involved in the outbound data transfer.

According to the Foreign Trade Law of the PRC which was promulgated by the SCNPC 12 May 1994 and amended 6 April 2004, 7 November 2016 and the Measures for the Archival Filing and Registration of Foreign Trade Business Operators which was promulgated by the MOFCOM 25 June 2004 and amended 18 August 2016 and 10 May 2021, foreign trade operators engaged in imports and exports of goods or technologies shall file records with the foreign trade department of the State Council or its authorised agency, unless otherwise stipulated by the laws, administrative regulations or the foreign trade department of the State Council. Foreign trade operators that have not filed for registration in accordance with the provisions will be declined by the customs to carry out customs clearance and inspection procedures for the import and export of goods.

On 30 December 2022, SCNPC amended the Foreign Trade Law of the PRC, in which the provisions about the requirement of the records filing towards the foreign trade operators no longer existed. However, the MOFCOM has not yet abolished the Measures for the Archival Filing and Registration of Foreign Trade Business Operators. Principal regulations on the inspection of import and export commodities are set out in the Law of the PRC on Import and Export Commodity Inspection promulgated by the SCNPC 21 February 1989 and last amended on 29 April 2021 and its implementation rules. According to the aforesaid relevant laws and regulations, the import and export commodities that are subject to compulsory inspection listed in the catalogue compiled by the State administration shall be inspected by the commodity inspection authorities, and the consignor shall apply to the inspection and quarantine authorities for inspection in the places and within the time limit specified by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the PRC. No permission shall be granted for the export of export commodities until they have been found to be up to standard through mandatory inspection by the inspection and quarantine authorities while the import and export commodities that are not subject to statutory inspection shall be subject to random inspection. Consignees and consignors themselves or their entrusted agents may apply for inspection from the commodity inspection authorities. The Customs Laws of the PRC (the ‘‘Customs Law’’) was promulgated by the SCNPC 22 January 1987 and last amended on 29 April 2021. Pursuant to the Customs Law, unless otherwise stipulated, the declaration of import and export goods and payment of duties on them may be completed by consignees and consignors themselves, and such formalities may also be completed by representatives entrusted by the consignees and consignors and approved by and registered with the customs. In addition, the consignor or consignee of the goods exported or imported and the customs broker must register themselves for declaration activities with the customs.

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this prospectus.

Mr. Hongqi Li is our founder and the chairman of Leishen Cayman’s board of directors. Mr. Hongqi Li is responsible for the strategic direction of our Company in our bid to become the leading equipment manufacturer and solutions provider in the energy sector. Under Mr. Li’s leadership, the Group was able to use technology innovation and break into the high-end oil and gas equipment market. Mr. Li also oversaw our consolidation of market share in the PRC domestic market and expansion into overseas regions. Mr. Li started his career in the oil and gas industry in 2003 and has accumulated more than two decades of experience in the sector. Mr. Li obtained a bachelor’s degree from the Rocket Army Command Academy in 1994.

Mr. Hongliang Li is our chief executive officer, interim chief financial officer and director and joined our Group in 2008. Mr. Hongliang Li started his career at Shandong Jining Optical Cable Factory as an oil and gas department manager from 2003 to 2007, and oversaw oilfield project developments. In 2007, he joined Beijing Zhongji Xin’an Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. and served as its oil and gas department senior manager until 2008, overseeing oilfield sales, market development and strategic planning. Mr. Hongliang Li is responsible for the day-to-day management of our Company and our Group. He graduated in 2003 from Peking University with a bachelor’s degree in computer software.

Except for Hongliang Li and Hongqi Li, none of the directors or executive officers have a family relationship as defined in Item 401 of Regulation S-K. Hongliang Li and Hongqi Li are brothers.

To the best of our knowledge, none of our directors or executive officers has, during the past ten years, been involved in any legal proceedings described in subparagraph (f) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K.

Prior to our listing, we will enter into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where the executive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time with an advance written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.

In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for two years following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.

We will also enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being our director or officer.

Our BOD will consist of directors upon closing of this offering, three of whom shall be “independent” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq listing rules and will meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.

Under Cayman Islands law, all of our directors owe three types of duties to us: (i) statutory duties, (ii) fiduciary duties, and (iii) common law duties. The Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands imposes a number of statutory duties on a director. A Cayman Islands director’s fiduciary duties are not codified, however, the courts of the Cayman Islands have held that a director owes the following fiduciary duties: (a) a duty to act in what the director bona fide considers to be in the best interests of the company, (b) a duty to exercise their powers for the purposes they were conferred, (c) a duty to avoid fettering his or her discretion in the future and (d) a duty to avoid conflicts of interest and of duty. The common law duties owed by a director are those to act with skill, care and diligence that may reasonably be expected of a person carrying out the same functions as are carried out by that director in relation to the company and, also, to act with the skill, care and diligence in keeping with a standard of care commensurate with any particular skill they have which enables them to meet a higher standard than a director without those skills. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our articles of association expected to be amended and effective on or before the completion of this offering. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached.

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our BOD and the shareholders voting by ordinary resolution. Our directors are not subject to a set term of office and hold office until the next general meeting called for the election of directors and until their successor is duly appointed or such time as they die, resign or are removed from office by a shareholders’ ordinary resolution. The office of a director will be vacated automatically if, among other things, the directors resigns in writing, becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his/her creditors generally or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind. All of our executive officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our BOD.

Following the appointment of our three independent directors, such independent directors comprising our compensation committee be making all determinations regarding the executive officer compensation.

Upon the effectiveness of this registration statement, we will establish three committees under the BOD: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the corporate governance and nominating committee, and adopt a charter for each of such committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee will consist of with as the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that will satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act. Our board also has determined that qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the SEC rules or possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of the Nasdaq listing rules. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee will consist of upon the effectiveness of the registration statement with serving as the chair of our compensation committee. The compensation committee will assist the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee will consist of upon the declaration of effectiveness of the registration statement. will be the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee will assist the BOD in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

Our BOD intends to adopt a code of business conduct and ethics, which is applicable to all of our officers and employees upon closing of this offering. We will make our code of business conduct and ethics publicly available on our website prior to the initial closing of this offering.

Hongliang Li, our CEO and Director, through his holding company Polar Energy Company Limited controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. On August 10, 2023, the shareholders of Leishen Cayman prior to this offering, Polar Energy Company Limited, WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD entered into a voting rights proxy agreement and a power of attorney, pursuant to which WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., LTD., COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD and Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., LTD. appointed Polar Energy Company Limited to act as their attorney with full power in the appointers’ name to exercise all rights in relation to the Ordinary Shares held by the appointers, including all or any of the voting and other rights, powers and privileges attached to the Ordinary Shares or otherwise capable of being exercised by the appointers in relation to such Ordinary Shares.

Under the Nasdaq listing rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq listing rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Our status as a controlled company could afford less protection to our public shareholders than a non-controlled company due to the possibility of us opting for the “controlled company” exemption.

For the year ended September 30, 2022, we paid US$0.1 million in cash to our executive officers and directors. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares, as of the date of this prospectus, by:

Beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. Percentage of beneficial ownership of each listed person prior to this offering is based on 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, none of which are held by persons in the U.S.

The number and percentage of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned after the offering are based on (1) 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately before the offering; and (2) the sale of Ordinary Shares, assuming no exercise of the over-allotment option, in this initial offering. Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of 5% or more of our Ordinary Shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally requires that such person have voting or investment power with respect to securities. In computing the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by a person listed below and the percentage ownership of such person, Ordinary Shares underlying options, warrants or convertible securities held by each such person that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days of the date of this prospectus are deemed outstanding, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes, the address for each principal shareholder is in the care of our Company at 103 Huizhong Li, B Building, Peking Times Square, Unit 15B10 Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. As of the date of the prospectus, we have four shareholders of record, none of which are located in the United States. We will be required to have at least 300 unrestricted round lot shareholders at closing in order to satisfy the Nasdaq listing rules.

Before the completion of this offering, we intend to adopt an audit committee charter, which will require the committee to review all related-party transactions on an ongoing basis and all such transactions be approved by the committee. Set forth below are material related party transactions in the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

The “related party transactions” are transactions identified in accordance with the rules prescribed under Part I, Item 7.B. of Form 20-F. Please see “Note 16 – Related Party Transactions” from page F-27 to F-28 for more details:

In addition, the following tables show related party balances which are non-interest bearing as of September 30, 2022 and 2021:

DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL AND CERTAIN CAYMAN ISLANDS COMPANY CONSIDERATIONS

Leishen Cayman is incorporated as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the “Cayman Islands Companies Act.” A copy of our memorandum and articles of association is filed as an exhibit to our registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part (and which is referred to in this section as, respectively, the “memorandum” and the “articles”). A Cayman Islands exempted company:

Assuming we obtain the requisite shareholder approval, we will adopt our post-offering memorandum and articles of association which will become effective and replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety immediately prior to the completion of this offering. We will include summaries of material provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association and the Cayman Islands Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our share capital.

All of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form, and are issued when registered in our register of members. Unless the Board of Directors determine otherwise, each holder of our ordinary share will not receive a certificate in respect of such ordinary share. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary share. We may not issue shares or warrants to bearer.

Our authorized share capital is $50,000, with 50,000,000 authorized ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share.

Subject to the provisions of the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our articles regarding redemption and purchase of the shares, the directors have general and unconditional authority to allot (with or without confirming rights of renunciation), grant options over or otherwise deal with any unissued shares to such persons, at such times and on such terms and conditions as they may decide. Such authority could be exercised by the directors to allot shares which carry rights and privileges that are preferential to the rights attaching to ordinary share. No share may be issued at a discount except in accordance with the provisions of the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The directors may refuse to accept any application for shares, and may accept any application in whole or in part, for any reason or for no reason.

At the completion of this offering assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, there will be Ordinary Shares, issued and outstanding. Shares sold in this offering will be delivered against payment from the underwriters upon the closing of the offering in New York, New York, on or about , 2023.

Subject to the provisions of the Cayman Islands Companies Act and any rights attaching to any class or classes of shares under and in accordance with the Articles:

Subject to the requirements of the Cayman Islands Companies Act regarding the application of a company’s share premium account and with the sanction of an ordinary resolution, dividends may also be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our board of directors determine is no longer needed. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, our company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. The directors when paying dividends to shareholders may make such payment either in cash or in specie.

Unless provided by the rights attached to a share, no dividend shall bear interest.

A dividend that remains unclaimed for a period of six years after it became due for payment shall be forfeited to, and shall cease to remain owing by, the company.

Subject to any rights or restrictions as to voting attached to any shares, each holder of Ordinary Shares who is present in person or by proxy (or, in the case of a shareholder being a corporation, by its duly authorized representative) will have one vote for each Ordinary Share which such shareholder holds. Votes may be given either personally or by proxy.

Whenever our capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attaching to any class of share (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may be varied either with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the holders of shares of the class present in person or by proxy at a separate general meeting of the holders of shares of that class.

Unless the terms on which a class of shares was issued state otherwise, the rights conferred on the shareholder holding shares of any class shall not be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with the existing shares of that class or subsequent to them or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class by our company. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act, our shareholders may, by ordinary resolution:

Subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act and to any rights for the time being conferred on the shareholders holding a particular class of shares, our shareholders may, by special resolution, reduce its share capital in any way.

Subject to the terms of allotment, the directors may make calls on the shareholders in respect of any monies unpaid on their shares including any premium and each shareholder shall (subject to receiving at least 14 clear days’ notice specifying when and where payment is to be made), pay to us the amount called on his shares. Shareholders registered as the joint holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all calls in respect of the share. If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable the person from whom it is due and payable shall pay interest on the amount unpaid from the day it became due and payable until it is paid at the rate fixed by the terms of allotment of the share or in the notice of the call or if no rate is fixed, at the rate of 6 percent per annum. The directors may, at their discretion, waive payment of the interest wholly or in part.

We have a first and paramount lien on all shares (whether fully paid up or not) registered in the name of a shareholder (whether solely or jointly with others). The lien is for all monies payable to us by the shareholder or the shareholder’s estate:

At any time the directors may declare any share to be wholly or partly exempt from the lien on shares provisions of the articles.

We may sell, in such manner as the directors may determine, any share on which the sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable, if due notice that such sum is payable has been given (as prescribed by the articles) and, within 14 days of the date on which the notice is deemed to be given under the articles, such notice has not been complied with.

The directors may accept the surrender for no consideration of any fully paid share.

The directors shall establish a share premium account and shall carry the credit of such account from time to time to a sum equal to the amount or value of the premium paid on the issue of any share or capital contributed or such other amounts required by the Cayman Islands Companies Act.

Subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act and any rights for the time being conferred on the shareholders holding a particular class of shares, we may by our directors:

We may make a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of its own shares in any manner authorized by the Cayman Islands Companies Act, including out of any combination of capital, our profits and the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares for the purpose of repurchase or redemption.

When making a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of shares, the directors may make the payment in cash or in specie (or partly in one and partly in the other) if so authorized by the terms of the allotment of those shares or by the terms applying to those shares, or otherwise by agreement with the shareholder holding those shares.

Provided that a transfer of Ordinary Shares complies with applicable rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, a shareholder may transfer Ordinary Shares to another person by completing an instrument of transfer in a common form or in a form prescribed by Nasdaq or in any other form approved by the directors, executed:

The transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of an Ordinary Share until the name of the transferee is entered into the register of members of the Company.

Where the Ordinary Shares in question are not listed on or subject to the rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share that has not been fully paid up or is subject to a company lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of such Ordinary Share unless:

If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they are required, within one month after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, to send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, on 14 clear calendar days’ notice being given by advertisement in such one or more newspapers or by electronic means, be suspended and our register of members closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine. However, the registration of transfers may not be suspended, and the register may not be closed, for more than 30 calendar days in any year.

Holders of our Ordinary Shares will have no general right under the Cayman Islands Companies Act to inspect or obtain copies of our register of members or our corporate records.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obligated by the Cayman Islands Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings; accordingly, we may, but shall not be obliged to, in each year hold a general meeting as an annual general meeting. Any annual general meeting held shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our board of directors. All general meetings other than annual general meetings shall be called extraordinary general meetings.

The directors may convene general meetings whenever they think fit. General meetings shall also be convened on the written requisition of one or more of the shareholders entitled to attend and vote at our general meetings who (together) hold not less than ten percent of the rights to vote at such general meeting in accordance with the notice provisions in the articles, specifying the purpose of the meeting and signed by each of the shareholders making the requisition. If the directors do not convene such meeting for a date not later than 21 clear days’ after the date of receipt of the written requisition, those shareholders who requested the meeting may convene the general meeting themselves within three months after the end of such period of 21 clear days in which case reasonable expenses incurred by them as a result of the directors failing to convene a meeting shall be reimbursed by us.

At least 14 days’ notice of an extraordinary general meeting and 21 days’ notice of an annual general meeting shall be given to shareholders entitled to attend and vote at such meeting. The notice shall specify the place, the day and the hour of the meeting and the general nature of that business. In addition, if a resolution is proposed as a special resolution, the text of that resolution shall be given to all shareholders. Notice of every general meeting shall also be given to the directors and our auditors.

Subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act and with the consent of the shareholders who, individually or collectively, hold at least 90 percent of the voting rights of all those who have a right to vote at a general meeting, a general meeting may be convened on shorter notice.

A quorum shall consist of the presence (whether in person or represented by proxy) of one or more shareholders holding shares that represent not less than one-third of the outstanding shares carrying the right to vote at such general meeting.

If, within 15 minutes from the time appointed for the general meeting, or at any time during the meeting, a quorum is not present, the meeting, if convened upon the requisition of shareholders, shall be cancelled. In any other case it shall stand adjourned to the same time and place seven days or to such other time or place as is determined by the directors.

The chairman may, with the consent of a meeting at which a quorum is present, adjourn the meeting. When a meeting is adjourned for seven days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given in accordance with the articles.

At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands, unless a poll is (before, or on, the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded by the chairman of the meeting or by at least two shareholders having the right to vote on the resolutions or one or more shareholders present who together hold not less than ten percent of the voting rights of all those who are entitled to vote on the resolution. Unless a poll is so demanded, a declaration by the chairman as to the result of a resolution and an entry to that effect in the minutes of the meeting, shall be conclusive evidence of the outcome of a show of hands, without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favor of, or against, that resolution.

If a poll is duly demanded it shall be taken in such manner as the chairman directs and the result of the poll shall be deemed to be the resolution of the meeting at which the poll was demanded.

In the case of an equality of votes, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, the chairman of the meeting at which the show of hands takes place or at which the poll is demanded, shall not be entitled to a second or casting vote.

We may by ordinary resolution, from time to time, fix the maximum and minimum number of directors to be appointed. Under the Articles, we are required to have a minimum of one director and the maximum number of Directors shall be unlimited.

A director may be appointed by ordinary resolution or by the directors. Any appointment may be to fill a vacancy or as an additional director.

Unless the remuneration of the directors is determined by the shareholders by ordinary resolution, the directors shall be entitled to such remuneration as the directors may determine.

The shareholding qualification for directors may be fixed by our shareholders by ordinary resolution and unless and until so fixed no share qualification shall be required.

Unless removed or re-appointed, each director shall be appointed for a term expiring at the next-following annual general meeting, if one is held. At any annual general meeting held, our directors will be elected by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. At each annual general meeting, each director so elected shall hold office for a one-year term and until the election of their respective successors in office or removed.

A director may at any time resign or retire from office by giving us notice in writing. Unless the notice specifies a different date, the director shall be deemed to have resigned on the date that the notice is delivered to us.

Subject to the provisions of the articles, the office of a director may be terminated forthwith if:

Each of the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee shall consist of at least two independent directors within the meaning of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules. The audit committee shall consist of at least three directors, all of whom shall be independent within the meaning of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules and will meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.

Subject to the provisions of the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our memorandum and articles of association, our business shall be managed by the directors, who may exercise all our powers. No prior act of the directors shall be invalidated by any subsequent alteration of our memorandum or articles of association. To the extent allowed by the Cayman Islands Companies Act, however, shareholders may by special resolution validate any prior or future act of the directors which would otherwise be in breach of their duties.

The directors may delegate any of their powers to any committee consisting of one or more persons who need not be shareholders and may include non-directors so long as the majority of those persons are directors; any committee so formed shall in the exercise of the powers so delegated conform to any regulations that may be imposed on it by the directors. Upon the initial closing of this offering, our board of directors will have established an audit committee, compensation committee, and nomination and corporate governance committee.

The BOD may establish any local or divisional BOD or agency and delegate to it its powers and authorities (with power to sub-delegate) for managing any of our affairs whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere and may appoint any persons to be members of a local or divisional BOD, or to be managers or agents, and may fix their remuneration.

The directors may from time to time and at any time by power of attorney or in any other manner they determine appoint any person, either generally or in respect of any specific matter, to be our agent with or without authority for that person to delegate all or any of that person’s powers.

The directors may from time to time and at any time by power of attorney or in any other manner they determine appoint any person, whether nominated directly or indirectly by the directors, to be our attorney or our authorized signatory and for such period and subject to such conditions as they may think fit. The powers, authorities and discretions, however, must not exceed those vested in, or exercisable, by the directors under the articles.

The BOD may remove any person so appointed and may revoke or vary the delegation.

The directors may exercise all of our powers to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets both present and future and uncalled capital or any part thereof, to issue debentures and other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of ours or our parent undertaking (if any) or any subsidiary undertaking of us or of any third party.

A director shall not, as a director, vote in respect of any contract, transaction, arrangement or proposal in which he has an interest which (together with any interest of any person connected with him) is a material interest (otherwise than by virtue of his interests, direct or indirect, in shares or debentures or other securities of, or otherwise in or through, us) and if he shall do so his vote shall not be counted, nor in relation thereto shall he be counted in the quorum present at the meeting, but (in the absence of some other material interest than is mentioned below) none of these prohibitions shall apply to:

A director may, as a director, vote (and be counted in the quorum) in respect of any contract, transaction, arrangement or proposal in which he has an interest which is not a material interest or as described above.

The amount resolved to be capitalized must be appropriated to the shareholders who would have been entitled to it had it been distributed by way of dividend and in the same proportions.

If we are wound up, the shareholders may, subject to the articles and any other sanction required by the Cayman Islands Companies Act, pass a special resolution allowing the liquidator to do either or both of the following:

The directors have the authority to present a petition for our winding up to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on our behalf without the sanction of a resolution passed at a general meeting.

Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, we must keep a register of members and there should be entered therein:

For these purposes, “voting rights” means rights conferred on shareholders, including the right to appoint or remove directors, in respect of their shares to vote at general meetings of the company on all or substantially all matters. A voting right is conditional where the voting right arises only in certain circumstances.

Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (that is, the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a shareholder registered in the register of members is deemed as a matter of the Cayman Islands Companies Act to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. Upon the completion of this offering, the register of members will be immediately updated to record and give effect to the issuance of shares by us to the custodian or its nominee. Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members will be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name.

If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a shareholder of our company, the person or shareholder aggrieved (or any shareholder of our company or our company itself) may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

The Cayman Islands Companies Act is derived, to a large extent, from the older Companies Acts of England and Wales but does not follow recent United Kingdom statutory enactments, and accordingly there are significant differences between the Cayman Islands Companies Act and the current Companies Act of England. In addition, the Cayman Islands Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain significant differences between the provisions of the Cayman Islands Companies Act applicable to us and the comparable laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware in the United States.

The Cayman Islands Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a declaration as to the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the shareholders and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose, a subsidiary is a company of which whose issued shares that together represent at least 90% of the issued shares entitled to votes at a general meeting are owned by the parent company.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.

Except in certain limited circumstances, a shareholder of a Cayman Islands constituent company who dissents from the merger or consolidation is entitled to payment of the fair value of his or her shares upon dissenting from to a merger or consolidation, provide the dissenting shareholder complies strictly with the procedures set out in the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The exercise of such dissenter rights will preclude the exercise by the dissenting shareholder of any other rights to which he or she might otherwise be entitled by virtue of holding shares, except for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.

In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must, in addition, represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder or creditor has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the Grand Court will usually consider that the affected stakeholders (shareholders and/or creditors affected by the scheme) of the company are the best judges of their own commercial interests and will typically sanction the scheme provided that the prescribed procedures have been followed and the requisite statutory majorities have been achieved at the scheme meetings.

The Cayman Courts will typically consider the following factors in exercising its discretion as to whether to sanction the scheme:

When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection may be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved, unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If an arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, or if a takeover offer is made and accepted, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise generally be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff to sue for a wrong done to us as a company and as a general rule, a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, it is possible that a non-controlling shareholder may be permitted to commence and maintain a class action against and/or derivative actions in the name of the company to challenge:

Indemnification of Directors And Executive Officers And Limitation of Liability

The Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our articles of association provide to the extent permitted by law, we shall indemnify each existing or former secretary, director (including alternate director), and any of our other officers (including an investment adviser or an administrator or liquidator) and their personal representatives against:

No such existing or former director (including alternate director), secretary or officer, however, shall be indemnified in respect of any matter arising out of his own dishonesty.

To the extent permitted by law, we may make a payment, or agree to make a payment, whether by way of advance, loan or otherwise, for any legal costs incurred by an existing or former director (including alternate director), secretary or any of our officers in respect of any matter identified in above on condition that the director (including alternate director), secretary or officer must repay the amount paid by us to the extent that it is ultimately found not liable to indemnify the director (including alternate director), the secretary or that officer for those legal costs.

This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that will provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our articles of association.

Some provisions of our articles may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue shares at such times and on such terms and conditions as the board of directors may decide without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company and for a proper purpose.

Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He or she must not use his or her corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interests of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, a director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director owes three types of duties to the company: (i) statutory duties, (ii) fiduciary duties, and (iii) common law duties. The Cayman Islands Companies Act imposes a number of statutory duties on a director. A Cayman Islands director’s fiduciary duties are not codified, however the courts of the Cayman Islands have held that a director owes the following fiduciary duties (a) a duty to act in what the director bona fide considers to be in the best interests of the company, (b) a duty to exercise their powers for the purposes they were conferred, (c) a duty to avoid fettering his or her discretion in the future and (d) a duty to avoid conflicts of interest and of duty. The common law duties owed by a director are those to act with skill, and care and diligence that may reasonably be expected of a person carrying out the same functions as are carried out by that director in relation to the company and, also, to act with the skill, care and diligence in keeping with a standard of care commensurate with any particular skill they have which enables them to meet a higher standard than a director without those skills. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and amended articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached.

Under statute, our directors are subject to a number of statutory obligations, which provisions prescribe penalties for breach. The most serious of these involves dishonesty or the authorizing of illegal payments and carry both criminal and civil penalties. By way of example, material statutory provisions attracting penalties include where (1) the director willfully authorizes or permits any distribution or dividend in contravention of the Cayman Islands Companies Act; (ii) where the director knowingly or willfully authorizes or permits any payment out of capital by a company for a redemption or purchase of its own shares when the company is insolvent; (iii) where there has been a failure to maintain the books of account, minutes of meetings, or the company’s statutory registers of members, beneficial ownership, mortgages and charges, or directors (which includes alternate directors); (iv) where there has been a failure to provide information or access to documents to specified persons as required by the Cayman Islands Companies Act; and (v) where the director makes or authorizes a false annual return to the Registrar of Companies.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. The Delaware General Corporation Law does not provide shareholders an express right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, but in keeping with common law, Delaware corporations generally afford shareholders an opportunity to make proposals and nominations provided that they comply with the notice provisions in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

The Cayman Islands Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that general meetings shall be convened on the written requisition of one or more of the shareholders entitled to attend and vote at our general meetings who (together) hold not less than 10 percent of the rights to vote at such general meeting in accordance with the notice provisions in the articles, specifying the purpose of the meeting and signed by each of the shareholders making the requisition. If the directors do not convene such meeting for a date not later than twenty-one clear days’ after the date of receipt of the written requisition, those shareholders who requested the meeting may convene the general meeting themselves within three months after the end of such period of twenty-one clear days in which case reasonable expenses incurred by them as a result of the directors failing to convene a meeting shall be reimbursed by us. Our articles provide no other right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings. As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obligated by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, but our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise.

Subject to the provisions of our articles of association (which include the removal of a director by ordinary resolution), the office of a director may be terminated forthwith if (a) he is prohibited by the laws of the Cayman Islands from acting as a director, (b) he is made bankrupt or makes an arrangement or composition with his creditors generally, (c) he resigns his office by notice to us, (d) he only held office as a director for a fixed term and such term expires, (e) in the opinion of a registered medical practitioner by whom he is being treated he becomes physically or mentally incapable of acting as a director, (f) he is given notice by the majority of the other directors (not being less than two in number) to vacate office (without prejudice to any claim for damages for breach of any agreement relating to the provision of the services of such director), (g) he is made subject to any law relating to mental health or incompetence, whether by court order or otherwise, or (h) without the consent of the other directors, he is absent from meetings of directors for continuous period of six months.

The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware public corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws that is approved by its shareholders, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting stock or who or which is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and owned 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

The Cayman Islands Companies Act has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although the Cayman Islands Companies Act does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, the directors of the company are required to comply with fiduciary duties which they owe to the company under Cayman Islands law, including the duty to ensure that, in their opinion, such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the BOD approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board of directors.

Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our articles of association, the Company may be wound up by a special resolution of our shareholders, or if the winding up is initiated by our board of directors, by either a special resolution of our members or, if our company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of our members. In addition, a company may be wound up by an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, the rights attaching to any class of share (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may be varied either with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the holders of shares of the class present in person or by proxy at a separate general meeting of the holders of shares of that class.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may be amended only if adopted and declared advisable by the board of directors and approved by a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, and the bylaws may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote and may, if so provided in the certificate of incorporation, also be amended by the board of directors. Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, our memorandum and articles of association may only be amended by special resolution of our shareholders.

In order to comply with legislation and regulations aimed at the prevention of money laundering and counter terrorist financing, we may be required to adopt and maintain anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing policies and procedures, and may require subscribers to provide evidence to satisfactorily identify and verify their identity and source of funds. Such customer due diligence can be simplified or enhanced depending on the risk rating given to the subscriber. Where permitted, and subject to certain conditions, we may also delegate the maintenance of our anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing policies and procedures (including the acquisition of due diligence information) to a suitable third persons based in Cayman Islands approved equivalent jurisdictions.

We reserve the right to request such information as is necessary to identify and verify the identity of a subscriber. In the event of delay or failure on the part of the subscriber in producing any information and/or documentation required for identification or verification purposes, we may refuse to accept the application, in which case any funds received will be returned without interest to the account from which they were originally debited.

We also reserve the right to refuse to make any redemption payment to a shareholder if our directors or officers suspect or are advised that the payment of redemption proceeds to such shareholder might result in a breach of applicable anti-money laundering, counter terrorist financing or other applicable laws, regulations or guidance by any person in any equivalent jurisdiction, or if such refusal is considered necessary or appropriate to ensure our compliance with any such laws or regulations in any applicable jurisdiction.

If any person resident in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects or has reason for knowing or suspecting that another person is engaged in criminal conduct, money laundering or proliferation financing or is involved with terrorism or terrorist property and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of their business in the regulated sector, or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) a nominated officer (appointed in accordance with the Proceeds of Crime Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands) or the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (Revised), if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct or money laundering or (ii) to a police constable or a nominated officer (pursuant to the Terrorism Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands) or the Financial Reporting Authority, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (Revised), if the disclosure relates to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and terrorist property. Such a report shall not be treated as a breach of confidence or of any restriction upon the disclosure of information imposed by any enactment or otherwise.

The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, have recently introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. With effect from January 1, 2019, the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act, 2018 (the “Substance Law”) came into force in the Cayman Islands introducing certain economic substance requirements for certain in-scope Cayman Islands “relevant entities” which are engaged in certain “relevant activities” and receives “relevant income” which in the case of “relevant entities” incorporated before January 1, 2019 must comply with the economic substance requirements under the Substance Law commencing July 1, 2019, onwards. The Tax Information Authority of the Cayman Islands has published guidance notes in relation to the Substance Law, and it is anticipated that the law may be subject to further changes and interpretations. The Company itself falls within the definition of a “relevant entity” although as of the date of this prospectus, it is not entirely clear that the Company would remain in or out of scope of the legislation or else be subject to reduced substance requirements. As the legislation is new and remains subject to further clarification and interpretation it is not currently possible to ascertain the precise impact of these legislative changes on the Company.

This privacy notice explains the manner in which the Company collects, processes and maintains personal data about investors of the Company pursuant to the Data Protection Act, 2017 of the Cayman Islands, as amended from time to time and any regulations, codes of practice or orders promulgated pursuant thereto (“DPA”).

The Company is committed to processing personal data in accordance with the DPA. In its use of personal data, the Company will be characterized under the DPA as a ‘data controller’, whilst certain of the Company’s service providers, affiliates and delegates may act as ‘data processors’ under the DPA. These service providers may process personal information for their own lawful purposes in connection with services provided to the Company.

By virtue of making an investment in the Company, the Company and certain of the Company’s service providers may collect, record, store, transfer and otherwise process personal data by which individuals may be directly or indirectly identified.

Your personal data will be processed fairly and for lawful purposes, including (a) where the processing is necessary for the Company to perform a contract to which you are a party or for taking pre-contractual steps at your request (b) where the processing is necessary for compliance with any legal, tax or regulatory obligation to which the Company is subject or (c) where the processing is for the purposes of legitimate interests pursued by the Company or by a service provider to whom the data are disclosed. As a data controller, we will only use your personal data for the purposes for which we collected it. If we need to use your personal data for an unrelated purpose, we will contact you.

We anticipate that we will share your personal data with the Company’s service providers for the purposes set out in this privacy notice. We may also share relevant personal data where it is lawful to do so and necessary to comply with our contractual obligations or your instructions or where it is necessary or desirable to do so in connection with any regulatory reporting obligations. In exceptional circumstances, we will share your personal data with regulatory, prosecuting and other governmental agencies or departments, and parties to litigation (whether pending or threatened), in any country or territory including to any other person where we have a public or legal duty to do so (e.g. to assist with detecting and preventing fraud, tax evasion and financial crime or compliance with a court order).

Your personal data shall not be held by the Company for longer than necessary with regard to the purposes of the data processing.

We will not sell your personal data. Any transfer of personal data outside of the Cayman Islands shall be in accordance with the requirements of the DPA. Where necessary, we will ensure that separate and appropriate legal agreements are put in place with the recipient of that data.

The Company will only transfer personal data in accordance with the requirements of the DPA, and will apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of the personal data and against the accidental loss, destruction or damage to the personal data.

If you are a natural person, this will affect you directly. If you are a corporate investor (including, for these purposes, legal arrangements such as trusts or exempted limited partnerships) that provides us with personal data on individuals connected to you for any reason in relation to your investment into the Company, this will be relevant for those individuals and you should inform such individuals of the content.

You have certain rights under the DPA, including (a) the right to be informed as to how we collect and use your personal data (and this privacy notice fulfils the Company’s obligation in this respect) (b) the right to obtain a copy of your personal data (c) the right to require us to stop direct marketing (d) the right to have inaccurate or incomplete personal data corrected (e) the right to withdraw your consent and require us to stop processing or restrict the processing, or not begin the processing of your personal data (f) the right to be notified of a data breach (unless the breach is unlikely to be prejudicial) (g) the right to obtain information as to any countries or territories outside the Cayman Islands to which we, whether directly or indirectly, transfer, intend to transfer or wish to transfer your personal data, general measures we take to ensure the security of personal data and any information available to us as to the source of your personal data (h) the right to complain to the Office of the Ombudsman of the Cayman Islands and (i) the right to require us to delete your personal data in some limited circumstances.

If you consider that your personal data has not been handled correctly, or you are not satisfied with the Company’s responses to any requests you have made regarding the use of your personal data, you have the right to complain to the Cayman Islands’ Ombudsman. The Ombudsman can be contacted by calling +1 (345) 946-6283 or by email at info@ombudsman.ky.

We plan to list the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “LSE”.

Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our Ordinary Shares. We plan to apply to list our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “LSE”. Future sales of substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares in the public market after our IPO, or the possibility of these sales occurring, could cause the prevailing market price for our Ordinary Shares to fall or impair our ability to raise equity capital in the future. Upon completion of this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option, we will have outstanding Ordinary Shares held by public shareholders representing approximately % of our Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding if the Ordinary Shares are offered and sold at the maximum offering amount.

All of the Ordinary Shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our affiliates without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act.

All of our Ordinary Shares outstanding prior to this offering are “restricted securities” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act and may be sold publicly in the United States only if they are subject to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirement such as those provided by Rule 144 and Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act.

In general, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who at the time of a sale is not, and has not been during the three months preceding the sale, an affiliate of ours and has beneficially owned our restricted securities for at least six months will be entitled to sell the restricted securities without registration under the Securities Act, subject only to the availability of current public information about us, and will be entitled to sell restricted securities beneficially owned for at least one year without restriction. Persons who are our affiliates and have beneficially owned our restricted securities for at least six months may sell within any three months period a number of restricted shares that does not exceed the greater of the following:

Sales by our affiliates under Rule 144 are also subject to certain requirements relating to manner of sale, notice and the availability of current public information about us.

In general, under Rule 701 of the Securities Act as currently in effect, each of our employees, consultants or advisors who purchases our Ordinary Shares from us in connection with a compensatory stock or option plan or other written agreement relating to compensation is eligible to resell such ordinary shares 90 days after we became a reporting company under the Exchange Act in reliance on Rule 144, but without compliance with some of the restrictions, including the holding period, contained in Rule 144. However, these shares would remain subject to lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires.

Regulation S provides generally that sales made in offshore transactions are not subject to the registration or prospectus-delivery requirements of the Securities Act.

We agreed not to, for a period of 180 days beginning on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, offer, issue, sell, contract to sell, encumber, grant any option for the sale of, or otherwise dispose of, except in this offering, any of our Ordinary Shares or securities that are substantially similar to our Ordinary Shares, including but not limited to any options or warrants to purchase our Ordinary Shares, or any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, our Ordinary Shares or any such substantially similar securities (other than pursuant to employee stock option plans existing on, or upon the conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable securities outstanding as of, the date such lock-up agreement was executed), without the prior written consent of the underwriter.

Furthermore, each of our directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders (5% or more shareholders of our Ordinary Shares) has also entered into a similar lock-up agreement for a period of 180 days beginning on the date of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, subject to certain exceptions, with respect to our Ordinary Shares and securities that are substantially similar to our Ordinary Shares.

Other than this offering, we are not aware of any plans by any significant shareholders to dispose of significant numbers of our Ordinary Shares. However, one or more existing shareholders or owners of securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for our Ordinary Shares may dispose of significant numbers of our Ordinary Shares in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, future sales of our Ordinary Shares, or the availability of Ordinary Shares for future sale, will have on the trading price of our Ordinary Shares from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.

The following summary of certain Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares is based on laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change. Please note that this summary should not be considered a comprehensive description of all the tax considerations that may be relevant to the decision to purchase our Ordinary Shares, such as tax considerations under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the PRC and the United States. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it represents the opinion of Campbells, our Cayman Islands counsel. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of PRC tax law, it represents the opinion of Jingtian & Gongcheng, our mainland PRC counsel. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of U.S. Federal Income Taxation, it represents the opinion of Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP, our U.S. counsel.

The following brief description of Chinese enterprise laws is designed to highlight the enterprise-level taxation on our earnings, which will affect the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders. See “Dividend Policy.”

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and we may gain substantial income by way of dividends paid to us from our PRC subsidiaries.

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” which means that it is treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. Although the implementation rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management body” as a managing body that actually, comprehensively manage and control the production and operation, staff, accounting, property and other aspects of an enterprise, the only official guidance for this definition currently available is set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, known as SAT Notice 82 (which issued by the China State Administration of Taxation on April 22, 2009), which provides guidance on the determination of the tax residence status of a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the laws of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC enterprise or enterprise group as its primary controlling shareholder. Although SAT Notice 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not offshore enterprises controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises.

According to SAT Notice 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having a “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following criteria are met: (i) the places where senior management and senior management departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management of the enterprise perform their duties are mainly located within the territory of China; (ii) financial decisions (such as money borrowing, lending, financing and financial risk management) and personnel decisions (such as appointment, dismissal and salary and wages) are decided or need to be decided by organizations or persons located within the territory of China; (iii) main property, accounting books, corporate seal, the board of directors and files of the minutes of shareholders’ meetings of the enterprise are located or preserved within the territory of China; and (iv) one half (or more) of the directors or senior management staff having the right to vote habitually reside within the territory of China.

The Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial Version), or Bulletin 45, further clarifies certain issues related to the determination of tax resident status. Bulletin 45 also specifies that when provided with a resident Chinese-controlled, offshore-incorporated enterprise’s copy of its recognition of residential status, a payer does not need to withhold a 10% income tax when paying certain PRC-source income, such as dividends, interest and royalties to such Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

We believe we do not meet some of the conditions outlined in the immediately preceding paragraph. For example, as a holding company, the key assets and records of the Company, including the resolutions and meeting minutes of our board of directors and the resolutions and meeting minutes of our shareholders, are located and maintained outside the PRC. Accordingly, we believe that the Company and its offshore subsidiaries should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes if the criteria for “de facto management body” as set forth in SAT Notice 82 were deemed applicable to us. However, as the tax residency status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” as applicable to our offshore entities, we will continue to monitor our tax status.

If Leishen Cayman were to be a non-resident for PRC tax purpose, dividends paid to it out of profits earned by PRC subsidiaries would be subject to 10% withholding tax. In addition, under the current tax treaty between the PRC and Hong Kong, if the foreign investor is incorporated in Hong Kong and qualifies as the beneficial owner, the applicable withholding tax rate may be reduced to 5%, if the investor holds at least 25% in the FIE; or 10%, if the investor holds less than 25% in the FIE. However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that Leishen Cayman is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to dividends or gains realized by non-PRC individuals, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty.

According to the Announcement of SAT on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, or Circular 7, which was promulgated by the SAT and became effective February 3, 2015, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in the public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer may be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, the gain derived from such transfer, which means the equity transfer price less the cost of equity, will be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%.

Under the terms of Circular 7, a transfer which meets all of the following circumstances shall be directly deemed as having no reasonable commercial purposes if:

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises, or Circular 37, which took effect on December 1, 2017 was amended in June 2018. Circular 37 purports to provide further clarifications by setting forth the definitions of equity transfer income and tax basis, the foreign exchange rate to be used in the calculation of the withholding amount and the date on which the withholding obligation arises.

Specifically, Circular 37 provides that where the transfer income subject to withholding at source is derived by a non-PRC resident enterprise in instalments, the instalments may first be treated as recovery of costs of previous investments. Upon recovery of all costs, the tax amount to be withheld must then be computed and withheld.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Circular 7 and Circular 37. Circular 7 and Circular 37 may be determined by the PRC tax authorities to be applicable to transfers of our shares that involve non-resident investors, if any of such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack a reasonable commercial purpose.

As a result, we and our non-resident investors in such transactions may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 7 and Circular 37, and we may be required to comply with Circular 7 and Circular 37 or to establish that we should not be taxed under the general anti-avoidance rule of the EIT Law. This process may be costly and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.”

According to the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and its implementation regulations, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993, amended on November 10, 2008 and subsequently abolished on November 19, 2017, it is generally provided that all entities and individuals engaged in providing taxable services, the transfer of intangible assets or the sales of immovable properties in the PRC shall pay business tax.

Under the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of Value-added Tax to Replace Business Tax, or Circular 36, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on March 23, 2016 and became effective on May 1, 2016 and most recently amended in April 2019, entities and individuals engaging in the sale of services, intangible assets or fixed assets within the territory of the PRC are required to pay value added tax, or VAT, instead of business tax.

According to the Circular 36, our PRC subsidiaries are subject to VAT, at a rate of 6% to 17% on proceeds received from customers.

According to the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on Adjusting Value-added Tax Rates, where a taxpayer engages in a taxable sales activity for the value-added tax purpose or imports goods, the previous applicable tax rates of 17% and 11% are adjusted to 16% and 10% respectively.

According to the Circular on Policies to Deepen Value-added Tax Reform, where a taxpayer engages in a taxable sales activity for the value-added tax purpose or imports goods, the previous applicable 16% and 10% tax rates are lowered to 13% and 9% respectively.

The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our Ordinary Shares by U.S. Holders (as defined below) that will hold our Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code”). This discussion is based upon applicable provisions of the Code, U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, pertinent judicial decisions, interpretive rulings of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and such other authorities as we have considered relevant, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual investment circumstances, including investors subject to special tax and/or reporting rules (for example, certain financial institutions; insurance companies; broker-dealers; pension plans; regulated investment companies; real estate investment trusts; tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations); holders who are not U.S. Holders (as defined below); holders who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of the voting power or value of our stock; investors that will hold their Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; investors that are traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting; or investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar), or holders that acquire ordinary shares through the exercise of options or other convertible instruments or in connection with the provision of services, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those discussed below.

In addition, this discussion does not address tax considerations relevant to U.S. Holders under any non-U.S., state or local tax laws, the Medicare tax on net investment income, the one-percent excise tax on stock repurchases, estate or gift tax, or the alternative minimum tax. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local, and non-U.S. income and other tax considerations of an investment in our Ordinary Shares.

The discussion below of U.S. federal income tax consequences applies to you if you are a “U.S. Holder.” You are a U.S. Holder if you are a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares and you are: (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (ii) a corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created in, or organized under the law of any state of the United States, or the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. federal or state court and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person under the Code.

If you are a partner in a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated or elects to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that holds our Ordinary Shares, your tax treatment generally will depend on your status and the activities of the partnership (or any such entity or arrangement treated as or elects to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Partners in a partnership (or any such entity or arrangement treated as or elects to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holding our Ordinary Shares should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of an investment in the Ordinary Shares.

Leishen Cayman is a corporation organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As such, we believe that we are properly classified as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under certain provisions of the Code and U.S. Treasury regulations, however, if pursuant to a plan (or a series of related transactions), a non-U.S. corporation (such as our company) acquires substantially all of the properties constituting a trade or business of a U.S. corporation or partnership, and after the acquisition 80% or more of the stock (by vote or value) of the non-U.S. corporation (excluding stock issued in a public offering related to the acquisition) is owned by former stockholder or partners of the U.S. corporation or partnership by reason of their holding stock or a capital or profits interest in the U.S. corporation or partnership, the non-U.S. corporation will be considered a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the income tax consequences of purchasing, holding or disposing of Ordinary Shares if we were to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The remainder of this discussion assumes that our company is treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. Federal income tax purposes.

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC or other tax withheld) paid on our Ordinary Shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in your gross income as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by you. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution paid will generally be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes by us. Dividends received by corporations on our Ordinary Shares may be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code.

A non-corporate U.S. Holder generally may be subject to tax at preferential tax rates applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (1) our stock is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or, in the event that we are deemed to be a PRC tax resident enterprise under the PRC tax law, we are eligible for the benefit of the comprehensive United States-PRC income tax treaty, or the “Treaty”, (2) we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. Holder (as discussed below) for the taxable year in which the dividend was paid and the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the preferential rate for any dividends paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares.

In the event we are deemed to be a PRC tax resident enterprise under PRC tax law, you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares, as described under “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation”. If we are deemed to be a PRC tax resident enterprise, you may, however, be eligible for the benefits of the Treaty. If we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our Ordinary Shares may be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation applicable to qualified dividend income, as discussed above.

For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends generally will be treated as income from foreign sources and generally will constitute “passive” category income. Depending on your particular circumstances, you may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our Ordinary Shares. If you do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld, you may instead claim a deduction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for the foreign tax withheld, but only for a year in which you elect to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, you generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized upon the disposition and your adjusted tax basis in such Ordinary Shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the Ordinary Shares for more than one year, and will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC tax resident enterprise under PRC tax law, gain from the disposition of the Ordinary Shares may be subject to tax in the PRC, as described under “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation”. If such income were treated as U.S.-source income for foreign tax credit purposes, you might not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any tax imposed on the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of our Ordinary Shares unless such credit could be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income derived from foreign sources. However, if PRC tax were to be imposed on any gain from the disposition of our Ordinary Shares, if you are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, you generally may be able to treat such gain as foreign-source income. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our Ordinary Shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s goodwill associated with active business activity is taken into account as an active asset. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.

Based on the projected composition of our assets and income, we do not anticipate being classified as a PFIC for the year ending September 30, 2023. While we do not anticipate being classified as a PFIC, because the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC asset test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our Ordinary Shares, fluctuations in the market price of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or any subsequent taxable year. The determination of whether we will become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets, which will be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. Whether we are a PFIC is a factual determination and we must make a separate determination each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC (after the close of each taxable year). Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be classified as a PFIC for the year ending September 30, 2023 or any future taxable year. If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our Ordinary Shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC, unless you make certain elections, for all succeeding years during which you hold our Ordinary Shares even if we cease to qualify as a PFIC under the rules set forth above.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our Ordinary Shares, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of our Ordinary Shares, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. Distributions you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the Ordinary Shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our Ordinary Shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is also a PFIC, you will be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each such non-U.S. subsidiary classified as a PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for such stock of a PFIC to elect out of the tax treatment discussed in the two preceding paragraphs. If you make a valid mark-to-market election for the Ordinary Shares, you will include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares as of the close of your taxable year over your adjusted basis in such Ordinary Shares. You will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the Ordinary Shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the Ordinary Shares included in your income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in your income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the Ordinary Shares, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ordinary shares, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such Ordinary Shares. Your basis in the Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts. If you make a mark-to-market election, tax rules that apply to distributions by corporations which are not PFICs would apply to distributions by us (except that the preferential rates for qualified dividend income would not apply).

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter (“regularly traded”) on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. We expect that the Ordinary Shares will be listed on the Nasdaq, which is a qualified exchange for these purposes. If the Ordinary Shares are regularly traded, and the Ordinary Shares qualify as “marketable stock” for purposes of the mark-to-market rules, then the mark-to-market election might be available to you if we were to become a PFIC.

Because, as a technical matter, a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, you may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to your indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not currently intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If you own our Ordinary Shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, you must file an annual report with the IRS, subject to certain exceptions based on the value of the Ordinary Shares held. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of our Ordinary Shares if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

You may be required to submit to the IRS certain information with respect to your beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares, if such Ordinary Shares are not held on your behalf by certain financial institutions. Penalties also may be imposed if you are required to submit such information to the IRS and fail to do so.

Dividend payments with respect to Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of Ordinary Shares may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your U.S. Federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

The U.S. federal income tax discussion set forth above is included for general information only and may not be applicable depending upon a holder’s particular situation. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences to them of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and warrants, including the tax consequences under state, local, estate, foreign and other tax laws and tax treaties and the possible effects of changes in U.S. or other tax laws.

The following is a discussion on certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of an investment in the Shares. The discussion is a general summary of the present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor’s particular circumstances, and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands law.

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains, or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on the issue of shares by, or any transfers of shares of, Cayman Islands companies (except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands). There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Ordinary Shares, as the case may be, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

In connection with this offering, we will enter into an underwriting agreement with Pacific Century Securities, LLC, which we sometimes refer to herein as the “Underwriter”. The Underwriter may retain other brokers or dealers to act as sub-agents on its behalf in connection with this offering and may pay any sub-agent a solicitation fee with respect to any securities placed by it. The Underwriter has agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to the Underwriter, the number of shares indicated below:

The Underwriter is offering the Ordinary shares subject to its acceptance of the shares from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the Underwriter to pay for and accept delivery of the shares offered by this prospectus are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to certain other conditions. The Underwriter is obligated to take and pay for all of the shares offered by this prospectus if any such shares are taken. However, the Underwriter is not required to take or pay for the shares covered by the Underwriter’s over-allotment option described below.

The underwriting agreement provides that the obligation of the Underwriter to take and pay for the Ordinary Shares, is subject to certain conditions precedent, including but not limited to (1) obtaining listing approval on the Nasdaq Capital Market, (2) delivery of legal opinions and (3) delivery of the auditor comfort letters. To list on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are required to satisfy the financial and liquidity requirements of Nasdaq Capital Market under the Nasdaq listing rules.

We agreed to grant to the Underwriter an option, exercisable for 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional 15% of our shares at the public offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts. The option may be exercised in whole or in part, and may be exercised more than once, during the 45-day option period. The Underwriter may exercise this option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made in connection with the offering contemplated by this prospectus.

To facilitate the offering of the shares, the Underwriter may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our shares. Specifically, the Underwriter may sell more shares than they are obligated to purchase under the underwriting agreement, creating a short position. A short sale is covered if the short position is no greater than the number of shares available for purchase by the Underwriter under the over-allotment option. The Underwriter can close out a covered short sale by exercising the over-allotment option or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out a covered short sale, the Underwriter will consider, among other things, the open market price of shares compared to the price available under the over-allotment option. The Underwriter may also sell shares in excess of the over-allotment option, creating a naked short position. The Underwriter must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the Underwriter is concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of our shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering. As an additional means of facilitating this offering, the Underwriter may bid for, and purchase, shares in the open market to stabilize the price of our shares. These activities may raise or maintain the market price of our shares above independent market levels or prevent or retard a decline in the market price of our shares. The Underwriter is not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.

Upon the declaration of effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we will enter into an underwriting agreement with the Underwriter. The terms of the underwriting agreement provide that the obligations of the Underwriter is subject to certain conditions precedent, including the absence of any material adverse change in our business and the receipt of certain certificates, opinions and letters from us, our counsel and our auditors.

The Underwriter advised us that it proposes to offer the shares to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers at that price less a concession not in excess of $ per share, midpoint of the range mentioned in the cover page. After this offering, the public offering price and concession to dealers may be reduced by the Underwriter. No such reduction shall change the amount of proceeds to be received by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the Ordinary Shares. The IPO price will be determined by negotiations between us and the Underwriter. In determining the IPO price, we and the Underwriter expects to consider a number of factors, including:

The estimated IPO price is subject to change as a result of market conditions and other factors. Neither we nor the Underwriter can assure investors that an active trading market will develop for our Ordinary Shares, or that the shares will trade in the public market at or above the IPO price. After this offering, the public offering price and concession to dealers may be reduced by the Underwriter. No such reduction shall change the amount of proceeds to be received by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. The securities are offered by the Underwriter as stated herein, subject to receipt and acceptance by them and subject to their right to reject any order in whole or in part. The Underwriter informed us it does not intend to confirm sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.

The following table shows the price per share and total public offering price, underwriting discounts, and proceeds before expenses to us. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the Underwriter’s over-allotment option.

Pursuant to an engagement letter between us and the Underwriter dated June 29, 2023 (the “Engagement Letter”), we agreed to reimburse the Underwriter up to a maximum of US$250,000 for out-of-pocket accountable expenses, including: (i) all reasonable travel and lodging expenses incurred by the underwriter and its counsel in connection with visits to, and examinations of, the Company; (ii) background check on the Company’s principal shareholders, directors and officers; (iii) the reasonable cost for road show meetings; (iv) all due diligence expenses; and (v) legal counsel fees. We have agreed to pay an advance of US$130,000 to the Representative for its anticipated out-of-pocket expenses; any advance will be returned to us to the extent the Representative’s out-of-pocket accountable expenses are not actually incurred in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(4)(A). In addition, at the closing of the offering, we shall reimburse the underwriter one percent (1%) of the gross proceeds of the offering as non-accountable expenses.

We also agreed to issue to Representative (or its permitted assignees) warrants to purchase a number of Ordinary Shares equal to 5% of the total number of Ordinary Shares sold in this offering, including any shares issued upon exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option.

The Representative’s Warrants will have an exercise price per share equal to 120% of the public offering price per share in this offering and may be exercised on a cashless basis. The Representative’s Warrants are exercisable from the date of the closing of this offering and will be exercisable until such warrants expire in five years therefrom. The Representative’s Warrants and the Ordinary Shares underlying the warrants have been deemed compensation by FINRA and are therefore subject to a 180-day lock-up pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1). The Representative and its affiliates or employees (or permitted assignees under FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1)) may not sell, transfer, assign, pledge, or hypothecate the Representative’s Warrants or the Ordinary Shares underlying the Representative’s Warrants, nor will they engage in any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the Representative’s Warrants or the underlying shares for a period of 180 days following the date of commencement of sales of the public offering except as permitted by FINRA Rule 5110(e)(2). The Representative will have the option to exercise, transfer, or assign the Representative’s Warrants at any time, provided that the underlying securities shall not be transferred during the lock-up period; i.e., the 180-day lock-up period will remain on such underlying Ordinary Shares. The Representative and its affiliates or employees will also be entitled to one demand registration of the sale of the shares underlying the Representative’s Warrants at our expense, one additional demand registration at the Representative’s Warrants’ holders’ expense with a duration of no more than five years from the commencement of sales of the public offering, and unlimited “piggyback” registration rights each with a duration of no more than five years from the date of commencement of sales of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8)(D). The Representative’s Warrants will provide for adjustment in the number and price of such warrants and the shares underlying such warrants in the event of recapitalization, merger, or other structural transaction to prevent mechanical dilution.

The Company and its directors, officers, and holders of more than five percent (5.0%) of the Company’s outstanding Ordinary Shares as of the effective date of the registration statement (and all holders of securities exercisable for or convertible into Ordinary Shares) shall enter into customary “lock-up” agreements in favor of Underwriter pursuant to which such persons and entities shall agree, for a period of six (6) months from the date of the offering, and each of the Company and any successors of the Company will agree, for a period of three (3) months from the closing of the offering, that each will not (a) offer, sell, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company; or (b) file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company.

We have agreed to grant to the Representative, provided that this offering is completed, for a period of 12 month period following the date of our engagement letter with the Representative, a right of first refusal to provide investment banking services to the Company on terms that are the same or more favorable to the Company comparing to terms offered to the Company by other underwriters/placement agents on an exclusive basis in all matters for which investment banking services are sought by the Company (such right, the “Right of First Refusal”), which right is exercisable in the Representative’s sole discretion but is non-assignable. For these purposes, investment banking services shall include, without limitation, (a) acting as lead manager for any underwritten public offering; (b) acting as exclusive placement agent, initial purchaser or financial advisor in connection with any private offering of securities of the Company; and (c) acting as financial advisor in connection with any sale or other transfer by the Company, directly or indirectly, of a majority or controlling portion of its capital stock or assets to another entity, any purchase or other transfer by another entity, directly or indirectly, of a majority or controlling portion of the capital stock or assets of the Company, and any merger or consolidation of our Company with another entity. The Right of First Refusal may be terminated by the Company for “cause” which shall mean a material breach by the underwriters of the terms of its engagement letter with the Company or a material failure by the underwriters to provide the services as contemplated by such engagement letter.

The underwriters and their affiliates have engaged in, and may in the future engage in, investment banking and other commercial dealings in the ordinary course of business with us or our affiliates. They have received, or may in the future receive, customary fees and commissions for these transactions.

Prior to this offering and the sales of the Company’s Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders, there has not been a public market for the Company’s securities in the U.S. and the public offering price for the Company’s Ordinary Shares will be determined through negotiations between us and the underwriter. Among the factors to be considered in these negotiations will be prevailing market conditions, our financial information, market valuations of other companies that we and the underwriter believe to be comparable to us, estimates of our business potential, the present state of our development and other factors deemed relevant.

We offer no assurances that the IPO price will correspond to the price at which the Company’s Ordinary Shares will trade in the public market subsequent to this offering or that an active trading market for the Company’s Ordinary Shares will develop and continue after this offering.

As a condition to the Underwriter’s participation in this offering, we agreed to indemnify the Underwriter in accordance with the indemnification provisions set forth in the underwriting agreement. The underwriting agreement provides for indemnification between the Underwriter and us against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and for contribution by us and the Underwriter to payments that may be required to be made with respect to those liabilities. We have been advised that, in the opinion of the Commission, indemnification liabilities under the Securities Act is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is therefore, unenforceable.

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by the Underwriter. In addition, Ordinary Shares may be sold by the Underwriter to securities dealers who resell Ordinary Shares to online brokerage account holders. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the Underwriter’s website and any information contained in any other website maintained by the Underwriter is not part of the prospectus or the prospectus of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the Underwriter in its capacity as underwriter and should not be relied upon by investors.

In connection with this offering, the Underwriter may engage in activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares during and after this offering, including:

Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares while this offering is in progress. Stabilization transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. These transactions may also include making short sales of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, which involve the sale by the underwriter of a greater number of Ordinary Shares than they are required to purchase in this offering and purchasing Ordinary Shares on the open market to cover short positions created by short sales. Short sales may be “covered short sales,” which are short positions in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares referred to above, or may be “naked short sales,” which are short positions in excess of that amount.

The Underwriter may close out any covered short position by either exercising their option, in whole or in part, or by purchasing shares in the open market. In making this determination, the Underwriter will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option.

Naked short sales are short sales made in excess of the over-allotment option. The Underwriter must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the Underwriter is concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the Ordinary Shares in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchased in this offering.

The Underwriter also may impose a penalty bid. This permits a particular underwriter to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the Ordinary Shares originally sold by the syndicate member is purchased in a stabilizing or syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions.

These stabilizing transactions, short sales, purchases to cover positions created by short sales, the imposition of penalty bids and syndicate covering transactions may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares. As a result of these activities, the price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. The Underwriter may carry out these transactions on the Nasdaq Capital Market, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise. Neither the Company’s nor the Underwriter makes any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the shares. Neither we, nor the Underwriter make any representation that the Underwriter will engage in these stabilization transactions or that any transaction, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.

The Underwriter and its respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The Underwriter and its affiliates may from time to time in the future engage with us and perform services for us or in the ordinary course of their business for which they will receive customary fees and expenses. In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the Underwriter and its respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of us. The Underwriter and its respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of these securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in these securities and instruments.

No action has been taken in any jurisdiction (except in the United States) that would permit a public offering of the Ordinary Shares, or the possession, circulation or distribution of this prospectus or any other material relating to us or the Ordinary Shares, where action for that purpose is required. Accordingly, the Ordinary Shares may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, and neither this prospectus nor any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the Ordinary Shares may be distributed or published, in or from any country or jurisdiction except in compliance with any applicable rules and regulations of any such country or jurisdiction.

Australia. This document has not been lodged with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and is only directed to certain categories of exempt persons. Accordingly, if you receive this document in Australia:

and to the extent that you are unable to confirm or warrant that you are an exempt sophisticated investor, associated person or professional investor under the Corporations Act, any offer made to you under this document is void and incapable of acceptance;

(b) you warrant and agree that you will not offer any of the Ordinary Shares issued to you pursuant to this document for resale in Australia within 12 months of those Ordinary Shares being issued unless any such resale offer is exempt from the requirement to issue a disclosure document under section 708 of the Corporations Act.

Canada. The Ordinary Shares may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted customers, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the Ordinary Shares must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 (or, in the case of securities issued or guaranteed by the government of a non-Canadian jurisdiction, section 3A.4) of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (“NI 33-105”), the Underwriter is not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

Cayman Islands This prospectus does not constitute an invitation or offer to the public in the Cayman Islands of the Ordinary Shares, whether by way of sale or subscription. The Underwriter has not offered or sold, and will not offer or sell, directly or indirectly, any Ordinary Shares in the Cayman Islands.

European Economic Area. In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of any shares which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus may not be made in that Relevant Member State unless the prospectus has been approved by the competent authority in such Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Directive, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of any shares may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:

Any person making or intending to make any offer of shares within the EEA should only do so in circumstances in which no obligation arises for us or the Underwriter to produce a prospectus for such offer. Neither we nor the Underwriter has authorized, nor do they authorize, the making of any offer of shares through any financial intermediary, other than offers made by the Underwriter which constitute the final offering of shares contemplated in this prospectus.

For the purposes of this provision, and your representation below, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any shares in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any shares, as the same may be varied in that Relevant Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Relevant Member State and the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State) and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State and the expression “2010 PD Amending Directive” means Directive 2010/73/EU.

Each person in a Relevant Member State who receives any communication in respect of, or who acquires any shares under, the offer of shares contemplated by this prospectus will be deemed to have represented, warranted and agreed to and with us and the Underwriter that:

(i) the shares acquired by it in the offering have not been acquired on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in any Relevant Member State other than “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Directive), or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the representatives has been given to the offer or resale; or (ii) where shares have been acquired by it on behalf of persons in any Relevant Member State other than qualified investors, the offer of those shares to it is not treated under the Prospectus Directive as having been made to such persons.

In addition, in the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed at persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Directive) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19 (5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, or the Order, and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). This document must not be acted on or relied on in the United Kingdom by persons who are not relevant persons. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is only available to, and will be engaged in with, relevant persons.

Hong Kong. The Ordinary Shares may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (ii) to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the Ordinary Shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to Ordinary Shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.

Malaysia. The shares have not been and may not be approved by the securities commission Malaysia, or SC, and this document has not been and will not be registered as a prospectus with the SC under the Malaysian capital markets and services act of 2007, or CMSA. Accordingly, no securities or offer for subscription or purchase of securities or invitation to subscribe for or purchase securities are being made to any person in or from within Malaysia under this document except to persons falling within any of paragraphs 2(g)(i) to (xi) of schedule 5 of the CMSA and distributed only by a holder of a capital markets services license who carries on the business of dealing in securities and subject to the issuer having lodged this prospectus with the SC within seven days from the date of the distribution of this prospectus in Malaysia. The distribution in Malaysia of this document is subject to Malaysian laws. Save as aforementioned, no action has been taken in Malaysia under its securities laws in respect of this document. This document does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of a public offering or an issue, offer for subscription or purchase, invitation to subscribe for or purchase any securities requiring the approval of the SC or the registration of a prospectus with the SC under the CMSA.

Japan. The Ordinary Shares have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan, and Ordinary Shares will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re- offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to a resident of Japan, except pursuant to any exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.

People’s Republic of China. This prospectus has not been and will not be circulated or distributed in the PRC, and Ordinary Shares may not be offered or sold, and will not be offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, to any resident of the PRC except pursuant to applicable laws and regulations of the PRC.

Singapore. This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of our Ordinary Shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may our Ordinary Shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or SFA, (ii) to a relevant person or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA, in each case subject to compliance with conditions set forth in the SFA.

Where our Ordinary Shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 by a relevant person which is: (a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or (b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor; shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the Ordinary Shares under Section 275 of the SFA, except: (1) to an institutional investor (for corporations under Section 274 of the SFA) or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person pursuant to an offer that is made on terms that such shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or such rights and interest in that trust are acquired at a consideration of not less than S$200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction, whether such amount is to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets, and further for corporations, in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA; (2) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer; or (3) where the transfer is by operation of law.

Taiwan The Ordinary Shares have not been and will not be registered or filed with, or approved by, the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be offered or sold in Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitute an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan or relevant laws and regulations that require a registration, filing or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer or sell the Ordinary Shares in Taiwan.

United Kingdom. An offer of the shares may not be made to the public in the United Kingdom within the meaning of Section 102B of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended, or the FSMA, except to legal entities that are authorized or regulated to operate in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated, whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities or otherwise in circumstances that do not require the publication by the company of a prospectus pursuant to the Prospectus Rules of the Financial Services Authority, or the FSA.

An invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of FSMA) may only be communicated to persons who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 or in circumstances in which Section 21 of FSMA does not apply to the company.

All applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by the underwriter in relation to the shares must be complied with in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding the underwriting discounts and non-accountable expense allowance that we expect to incur in connection with this offering. With the exception of the SEC registration fee, the FINRA filing fee, and the Nasdaq listing fee, all amounts are estimates.

We will bear these expenses and the underwriting discounts and commissions incurred in connection with the offer and sale of the Ordinary Shares by us.

We are represented by Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP with respect to legal matters of United States federal securities law. The validity of the Ordinary Shares offered in this offering and certain other legal matters as to Cayman Islands law will be passed upon for us by Campbells LLP. Legal matters as to the PRC law will be passed upon for us by Jingtian & Gongcheng. The underwriter is being represented by VCL Law LLP with respect to certain legal matters as to United States federal securities. Legal matters as to the PRC law in relation to the CSRC filing will be passed upon for the underwriter by Zhong Lun Law Firm, Shenzhen Office. Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP may rely upon Jingtian & Gongcheng with respect to matters governed by PRC law, and Campbells LLP with respect to matters governed by Cayman Islands law and VCL Law LLP may rely upon Zhong Lun Law Firm, Shenzhen Office with respect to matters governed by PRC law in relation to the CSRC filing.

The consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the years in the two-year period ended September 30, 2022 included in this prospectus, have been so included in reliance on the report of Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The office of Wei, Wei & Co., LLP is located at 133-10 39^th Ave, Flushing, NY 11354.

We filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1, including relevant exhibits and schedules under the Securities Act, covering the Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus. You should refer to our registration statement and their exhibits and schedules if you would like to find out more about us and about the Ordinary Shares. This prospectus summarizes material provisions of documents that we refer you to. Since the prospectus may not contain all the information that you may find important, you should review the full text of these documents.

Immediately upon the completion of this offering, we will be subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act, as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders under the federal proxy rules contained in Sections 14(a), (b) and (c) of the Exchange Act, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

The registration statement, reports and other information so filed can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of these documents upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov. The information on that website is not a part of this prospectus.

No dealers, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representations. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of its date.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Cayman”) was incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on October 19, 2022. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Leishen Cayman conducts substantially all of the operations through its operating subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”). The Company is a provider of clean-energy equipment and integrated solutions to the oil and gas industry, with a commitment to providing customers high-performance, safe and cost-effective energy solutions. The Company’s major businesses segments include (i) clean-energy equipment; (ii) oil and gas engineering technical services; (iii) new energy production and operation; and (iv) digitalization and integration equipment. The Company’s key customers include leading enterprises in the PRC in the oil and gas energy industry and its business operations have expanded beyond the PRC to the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. At present, the Company holds 70 invention and utility model patents and 5 software copyrights.

The Reorganization was accounted for as a reorganization among entities under common control since the same controlling shareholders, controlled all these entities before and after the Reorganization. The consolidation of the Company and its subsidiaries accounted for at historical cost and prepared on the basis as if the aforementioned transaction had become effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (“CFS”). Results of operations for the periods presented comprise those of the previously separate entities combined from the beginning of the period to the end of the period, eliminating the effects of intra-entity transactions.

The Company’s principal subsidiaries after giving effect to the Reorganization are as follows:

Legal Entity	Place of Incorporation	Date of Incorporation	Percentage of beneficial ownership	Principal activities
Leishen Green Energy Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Leishen Green Energy”)	Beijing, China	January 29, 2018	100%	No actual business operation
Leishen Energy Technology (Shandong) Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Shandong”)	Shandong, China	September 14, 2010	100%	Sales of oil and gas professional equipment and instruments
Leishen Energy Services Co., Ltd. (“Leishen Services”)	Shandong, China	January 23, 2019	100%	No actual business operation
Sichuan Leishen Green Energy Co., Ltd. (“Sichuan Leishen Green Energy”)	Chengdu, China	January 19, 2020	100%	Natural gas consultation service
Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo Energy Development Co., Ltd. (“Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo”)	Chengdu, China	January 16, 2019	51%	Production, storage and transportation of natural gas (LNG/CNG)
Sichuan Huayou Huitong New Material Co. Ltd. (“Huayou Huitong”)	Chengdu, China	May 29, 2020	51%	Production and sales of bonded composite pipes

These consolidated financial statements (“CFS”) and related notes of the Company were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All adjustments necessary to present fairly in all material respects the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for all periods presented were made.

The CFS include the financial statements of the Company – namely, Leishen Cayman and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances were eliminated upon consolidation. The CFS were prepared on a historical cost basis, except for financial assets and financial liabilities which were measured at fair value (“FV”). The functional currency of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries and Hong Kong subsidiary are the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”). The determination of functional currency is based on the criteria of Accounting Standard Codifications (“ASC”) as promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC 830”). The Company uses U.S. dollars (“US$” or “USD”) as its reporting currency.

Non-controlling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of their equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company as the controlling shareholder. For the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries, non-controlling interests are a minority shareholder’s 49% ownership interest in Sichuan Huayou Huitong New Material Co., Ltd.(“Huayou Huitong”) and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo Energy Development Co., Ltd.(“Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo”).

Non-controlling interests were presented as a separate line item in the equity section of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and were separately disclosed in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income to distinguish the interests from that of the Company.

In preparing the CFS in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the CFS, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the assessment of the allowance for doubtful accounts, the valuation of inventories, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, uncertain tax positions and realization of deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The results of operations and the consolidated statements of cash flows are translated at the average rate of exchange during the reporting period. Assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date are translated at the applicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. The equity is translated at the historical rate of exchange at the time of capital contribution. Because cash flows are translated based on the average translation rate, amounts related to assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included in consolidated statements of changes in equity. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

The value of RMB against USD and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions. Any significant revaluation of RMB may materially affect the Company’s financial condition in terms of USD reporting. The following table outlines the currency exchange rates used in preparing the CFS:

Cash includes cash on hand and demand deposits in accounts maintained with commercial banks. The Company maintains its bank accounts in mainland China and Hong Kong. In accordance with China’s Deposit Insurance Regulation that became effective in May 2015, pursuant to which banking financial institutions, such as commercial banks, established in the PRC are required to purchase deposit insurance for deposits in RMB and in foreign currency placed with them. The insurance limit is RMB 500,000 (approximately US$77,000) for each bank in China.

Short-term investments consist of trading stock and debt securities, which include mutual funds and wealth management products issued by commercial banks. The Company accounts for its short-term investments in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 320 “Investments — Debt and Equity Securities.” Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, for all categories of investments in securities is included in consolidated statements of operations. Net realized and unrealized holding gains and losses for short-term investments are included in net investment (loss) income in the consolidated statements of operations.

If a security is acquired with the intent of selling it within hours or days, the security is classified as a trading security. The Company classifies investments in trading stock and mutual funds as trading securities. Unrealized holding gains and losses for trading securities are included in net investment (loss) income.

If the Company has positive intent and ability to hold the investments to maturity, the security is classified as held-to-maturity security. The Company classifies investments in wealth management products issued by commercial banks as held-to-maturity securities as the Company intends to hold these investments in wealth management products until maturity and the maturity terms of these investments are within one year. Due to their short-term maturity, the investments in wealth management products are valued at carrying value, which approximates the amortized cost. For individual securities classified as held-to-maturity securities, the Company evaluates whether a decline in FV below the amortized cost basis is other-than-temporary, in accordance with ASC 320. Other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to the entire excess of the debt security’s amortized cost basis over its FV at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made.

Notes receivable are trade accounts receivable due from various customers where the customers’ banks guaranteed the payments, which are non-interest bearing and generally range from three to six months from the date of issuance. The Company has the ability to submit request for payment to the customer’s bank earlier than the scheduled payment date but will incur an interest charge and a processing fee.

Advance to suppliers are balances paid to suppliers for inventories or services not provided or received. The Company reviews its advance to suppliers on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the ability of a supplier to meet its contractual obligation or refund an advance.

Inventories consist of raw materials, self-produced products, purchased products and compressed natural gas, and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Raw materials are primarily used to manufacture cleaning equipment which is the Company’s self-produced products, primarily including high-end cleaning equipment accessories. Cost is determined using the weighted average method. The Company periodically evaluates its inventories and will record an allowance for inventories that are either obsolete, slow-moving, may not be saleable or whose cost exceeds its net realizable value.

Property and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the underlying assets. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred; major replacements and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gains or losses are included in income in the year of disposition. The Company examines the possibility of decreases in the value of its property and equipment, when events or changes in circumstances reflect the fact that their recorded value may not be recoverable.

Intangible assets consist primarily of accounting software that are carried at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any. They are tested for impairment if certain triggering events have occurred that could affect their carrying value. There were no asset impairment charges incurred during the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Amortization of intangible assets with finite lives is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives as below:

Direct costs for the construction of property and equipment and incurred to bring the assets to their intended use are capitalized as construction in progress primarily for gas recovery equipment. Construction in progress is transferred to specific property and equipment items and the depreciation of these assets commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” requires certain disclosures regarding the FV of financial instruments. FV is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level FV hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure FV. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure FV are as follows:

Unless otherwise disclosed, the FV of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, notes receivable, advance to suppliers, inventories, due from related parties, prepaid expenses and other current assets, short-term bank loans, long-term loans, accounts payable, advance from customers, taxes payable, due to related parties, and other payables and other current liabilities approximate their recorded values due to their short-term maturities. The FV of longer-term leases approximates their recorded values as their stated interest rates approximate the rates currently available.

The Company’s non-financial assets, such as property and equipment would be measured at FV only if they were determined to be impaired.

The Company’s investments measured at FV on a recurring basis consist of trading securities and held-to-maturity debt securities. The valuation for the Level 1 position is based on quoted prices in active markets. The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities that are measured at FV on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and indicates the FV hierarchy of the valuation techniques we utilized to determine such FV. The valuation techniques are based on the FV measurement on a recurring basis of trading securities and held-to-maturity debt securities.

Equity method investments in investees represents the Company’s investments in privately held companies, over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. The Company applies the equity method to account for an equity investment, in common stock or in-substance common stock, according to ASC 323 “Investment — Equity Method and Joint Ventures”.

An investment in in-substance common stock is an investment in an entity that has risk and reward characteristics that are substantially similar to that entity’s common stock. The Company considers subordination, risks and rewards of ownership and obligation to transfer value when determining whether an investment in an entity is substantially similar to an investment in that entity’s common stock.

Under the equity method, the Company’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the equity investee is recognized in the consolidated income statements and its share of post-acquisition movements in accumulated other comprehensive income is recognized in shareholders’ equity. When the Company’s share of losses in the equity investee equals or exceeds its interest in the equity investee, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments or guarantees on behalf of the equity investee. Investment loss of $11,504 and $nil were recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company continually reviews its investment in equity investees under equity method to determine whether a decline in FV to below the carrying value is other-than-temporary. The primary factors the Company considers in its determination are the duration and severity of the decline in FV, the financial condition, operating performance and the prospects of the equity investee, and other company specific information such as recent financing rounds. If the decline in FV is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the equity investee is written down to FV. The impairment loss was $nil and $307,413 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

ASC 842 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and corresponding lease liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the arrangement and if such lease will be classified as an operating lease or a finance lease. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, all of the Company’s leases are accounted for as operating leases.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate; therefore, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the inception date to determine the present value of the lease payments. Lease terms include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease cost for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. All ROU assets are reviewed for impairment annually. There was no impairment of the Company’s ROU assets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may further restrict the Company’s subsidiaries from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances. Amounts restricted include paid-in capital and statutory reserves of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries as determined pursuant to PRC generally accepted accounting principles.

In accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company will recognize revenue for the transfer of products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of the product or the benefit of the services transfers to the customer. Under the guidance of ASC 606, the Company is required to (a) identify the contract with a customer, (b) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (c) determine the transaction price, (d) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (e) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

In accordance with ASC 606-10-55-89 through 55-91, the Company selected the type of good or service as presentation of disaggregated revenue. The Company’s presentation of its disaggregated revenues is aligned with information that can be reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments. The Company derives its revenues mainly from: sales of clean-energy equipment, sales of digitalization and integration equipment, sales of new energy and delivery of oil and gas engineering technical services. Revenues represent the amount of consideration that the Company is entitled to in exchange for the transfer of promised goods or services in the ordinary course of the Company’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). Consistent with the criteria of ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligation in a contract is satisfied by transferring the control of promised goods or services to the customer. The Company also evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods and services sold and the related costs.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenues for the years ended September 30, 2022, and 2021:

The Company signs contracts with customers and delivers clean-energy equipment according to the sales contract or sales list. The customer issues an acceptance document after checking the quantity and quality of equipment received. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of equipment acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. And in accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the specified equipment before it is transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified equipment transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and provides digitalization and integration equipment according to the sales contract or sales list. The customer issues an acceptance document after checking the quantity and quality of the equipment received and installed. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of equipment acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of goods sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the specified equipment before it is transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified equipment transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and sells new energy, such as liquefied natural gas (“LNG”) and compressed natural gas (“CNG”), purchased from third parties to the customers. The customer issues an acceptance document after acquiring the new energy. Revenue is recognized when the Company receives the confirmation of natural gas acceptance. Revenues are recorded net of value-added tax, discounts, and surcharges and allowance for returns. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company evaluates whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of new energy sales and related costs or the net amount earned as commissions. The Company concludes it is the principal as the control of the new energy before they are transferred to the customers remain with the Company. Revenue is recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the new energy transferred.

The Company signs contracts with customers and delivers compressor booster service to them during their shale gas production process. An evaluation is performed to determine whether the Company is a principal or agent in these transactions. Under the terms of these compressor booster service contracts, the Company concludes it is the agent as title to the shale gas production remains with a third-party producer. Revenue is recognized on a net basis since the Company is providing a service. The Company concludes the services provided each month are substantially similar and result in the transfer of substantially similar services to the third-party each month. That is, the benefit consumed by the third-party are substantially similar for each month, even though the exact volume of services may vary. Therefore, the Company concludes that the monthly compressor booster service revenue satisfies the requirements of ASC 606-10-25-14(b) to be accounted for as a single performance obligation. Accordingly, based on the output method, the Company recognizes revenues over time when it satisfies its performance obligations throughout the contract terms.

Cost of revenues (“COR”) for the sale of clean-energy equipment includes purchasing cost of equipment and accessories from third parties, as well as shipping and handling costs.

COR for sales of digitalization and integration equipment includes purchasing cost of equipment and accessories from third parties, as well as shipping and handling costs.

COR for sales of new energy includes gas cost purchased from third parties and processing fees.

COR for delivery of oil and gas engineering technical service includes labor cost, as well as depreciation expense.

General and administrative expenses consist mainly of payroll and related costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including accounting, finance, tax, legal and human resources, professional fees and other general corporate expenses as well as costs associated with the use by these functions of facilities and equipment, such as depreciation and rental expenses.

Selling expenses consist mainly of payroll and benefits for employees involved in the sales and distribution functions, and marketing expense.

Other expenses, net primarily consist of exchange loss, bank charges and other miscellaneous expenses, net of interest income from banks and other miscellaneous income.

As stipulated by the regulations of the PRC, full-time employees of the Company are entitled to various government statutory employee benefit plans, including medical insurance, maternity insurance, workplace injury insurance, unemployment insurance and pension benefits through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Company is required to make contributions to the plan based on certain percentages of employees’ salaries. These expenses are recorded in general and administrative and selling expenses. The expenses the Company incurred for the plans were $383,597 and $221,899 for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Starting from April 1, 2019, the VAT rate for revenue generated from providing products was 13%. VAT is reported as a reduction of revenue when incurred. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. The net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in taxes payable. The Company records a VAT payable or receivable net of payments in the accompanying CFS. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC, have been and remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share” (“ASC 260”). ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised and converted into ordinary shares. When the Company has a net (loss), diluted securities are not included as they would be anti-dilutive. For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no dilutive securities.

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Net income (loss) refers to revenue, expenses, gains, and losses that under U.S. GAAP are recorded as an element of equity. Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of foreign currency translation adjustments from the Company not using the U.S. dollar as its functional currency.

ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in financial statements for details on the Company’s business segments.

The Company uses the management approach to determine reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the CEO, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company.

Based on management’s assessment, the Company determined that it has four operating segments: (i) clean-energy equipment; (ii) oil and gas engineering technical services; (iii) new energy production and operation; and (iv) digitalization and integration equipment.

A majority of the Company’s expenses are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”). Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Company in China must be processed through the PBOC or other Company foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documentation in order to affect the remittance.

The Company purchased deposit insurance of RMB500,000 (approximately US$77,000) for each bank. However, the Company believes the risk of failure of any of these Chinese banks is remote. Bank failure is uncommon in the PRC and the Company believes those Chinese banks that hold the Company’s cash and restricted cash are financially sound based on public available information. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, all cash balances held in PRC banks are covered by insurance.

Other than the deposit insurance mechanism in the PRC mentioned above, the Company’s bank accounts are not insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance or other insurance.

Currently, all of the Company’s operations are in the PRC. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic and legal environment in the PRC, and by the general state of the PRC’s economy. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things.

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, advances to suppliers and due from related parties. A portion of the Company’s sales are credit sales which are to the customers whose ability to pay is dependent upon industry economics prevailing in these areas; however, concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable is limited due to most clients of the Company are state-owned enterprises. The Company also performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers to help further reduce credit risk.

There are four customers and three suppliers from which revenues or purchases individually represent greater than 10% of the total revenues or the total purchases of the Company for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Details of the customers accounting for 10% or more of the Company’s total operating revenues are as follows:

Details of the customers which accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s accounts receivable are as follows:

Details of the vendors accounting for 10% or more of the Company’s total purchases are as follows:

Details of the vendors which accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s accounts payable are as follows:

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic—the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. The outbreak reached almost every country, resulting in significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. The Chinese government ordered quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and facilities. Companies are also taking precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions, and temporarily closing businesses.

During the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, COVID-19 had limited impact on the Company’s operations. As there were still regional outbreaks of coronavirus diseases in 2022 (such as Beijing and Shanghai), movement in China was still limited. Lockdown measures will be taken closed and control areas with reported COVID-19 cases. Some cities like Beijing require residents to present a negative COVID-19 test result to enter public venues and take public transportation. It could impact economies and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could impact our ability to raise capital or slow down potential business opportunities. There are still uncertainties of COVID-19’s future impact, and the extent of the impact will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and severity of the pandemic; and the macroeconomic impact of government measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 and related government stimulus measures.

The COVID-19 pandemic is generally considered under control in China. In light of the current circumstances, in the absence of long-term local lockdown, the Company estimates its financial results will not be adversely affected in 2023. The Company is closely monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and continuously evaluating any further potential impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition. If the outbreak persists or escalates, the Company may be subject to further negative impact on its business operations and financial condition.

A party is considered related to the Company if it directly or indirectly or through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Company. Related parties also include principal owners of the Company, its management, members of their immediate families and other parties with which the Company may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. A party which can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or if it has an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests is also a related party.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The amendments in this Update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The amendments broaden the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The use of forecasted information incorporates more timely information in the estimate of expected credit loss, which will be more decision useful to users of the financial statements. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. This ASU adds optional transition relief for entities to elect the FV option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis to increase comparability of similar financial assets. The ASUs should be applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified retrospective approach). On November 19, 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 to amend the effective date for ASU 2016-13 to be fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods therein. The Company is evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on the Company’s CFS.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, “Codification Improvements”. The amendments in this Update are changes to clarify the Codification or correct unintended application of guidance that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practices or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The amendments in this Update affect a wide variety of Topics in the Codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. ASU 2021-10 is effective for annual periods beginning after July 1, 2022 for public business entities. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively. The adoption of this new standard was on October 1, 2022 and did not have a significant impact on Company’s CFS.

The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, statements of operations and comprehensive income and cash flows.

Short-term investments included investment in trading securities. Net investment income (loss) for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following:

The movement of allowance of doubtful accounts for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

Notes receivable are trade accounts receivable due from customers where the customers’ banks guaranteed the payments, which are non-interest bearing and generally range from three to six months from the date of issuance. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, no notes were guaranteed or collateralized. The balance of $1,831,037 was collected in full in March 2023.

The movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

The Company reviews its inventories periodically to determine if any reserves are necessary for slow-moving inventory or if a write-down is necessary when the carrying value exceeds net realizable value. There was no allowance for its inventories as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Deposits primarily consists of biding deposits and a deposit to third-party in connection with participating in production of nature gas.

Staff advances primarily were cash advances to employees for their expected business travel or in connection with various expense incurred in the ordinary course of business, such as sales and marketing activities.

Other primarily consists of prepayment to third parties, such as freight, water and electricity, property management fees.

The movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

The Company’s long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the equity method, including Shuifu Yongcheng Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shuifu Yongcheng”) and Sichuan Hongzhuo Shuya Energy Co., Ltd. (“Hongzhuo Shuya), and equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative, including Sichuan TIBO Fluid Technology Co., Ltd. (“Sichuan TIBO”).

Shuifu Yongcheng is a limited liability company incorporated on April 7, 2020, under the laws of PRC, engaged in LNG and CNG operation. Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo held a 41% equity interest for RMB 2 million (approximately US$308,400). In 2021, due to disagreement in the future development direction and the inability to obtain the relevant financial information, Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo reassessed the investment and recorded full impairment for its long-term investment in Shuifu Yongcheng with book value $308,384.

Hongzhuo Shuya is a limited liability company incorporated on February 28, 2019, under the laws of PRC, engaged in LNG and CNG operation. Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo initially held a 51% equity interest of it. On July 6, 2022, Leishen Hongzuo transferred 10% of all the existing shares of Hongzhuo Shuya to Sichuan Shunengwei Energy Technology Co., Ltd., which decreased the proportion of shares held to 41%.

Movement of the Company’s equity investments accounted for using equity method, consist of the following for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Sichuan TIBO is a limited liability company incorporated on April 10, 2008, under the laws of PRC, engaged in cleaning equipment manufacturing. As of January 2021, China Oil Blue Ocean held 85% of the equity of Sichuan TIBO at a consideration of RMB14.85 million (approximately US$2,291,000). In May 2022 and September 2022, China Oil Blue Ocean transferred its 2.5% and 42.5% shares of Sichuan TIBO to Jining Eni Energy Technology Co., Ltd. After that, the share held by China Oil Blue Ocean in Sichuan TIBO decreased to 40%. Considering the Company does not participate in actual operation of Sichuan TIBO, and its control exists through means other than through ownership of a majority, its FV cannot be determined. Based on this, the Company uses alternative accounting for this investment without readily determinable FV.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the carrying value of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative was RMB6.99 million (approximately US$984,800) and RMB14.86 million (approximately US$2.29 million). No investment income was recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive incomes for the years ended September 30, 2021 and 2022.

Property and equipment, at cost less accumulated depreciation, consisted of the following:

For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, depreciation expense was to $290,547 and $165,035, respectively.

In April 2022, Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo started construction of natural gas recovery equipment, with an estimated cost of RMB8 million (approximately US$1,100,000). Upon completion, this natural gas recovery equipment can be used for natural gas recovery and reuse. The equipment adopts advanced technology, and the whole set of equipment can reach the domestic advanced level in energy conservation and environmental protection. As of September 30, 2022, the amount of construction in progress was RMB8,132,627 (approximately US$1,146,000), and the construction of natural gas recovery equipment was completed in December 2022.

For the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, amortization expense amounted to $2,300 and $2,317, respectively.

A summary of maturity to be paid under the Company’s loans as of September 30, 2022 are as follows:

(1) On August 19, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB 4.8 million (US$676,075) from Bank of China Chengdu Zijing West Road Sub-branch with interest at 3.9%, which due August 18, 2023.

(2) On February 10, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB300,000 (US$42,255) from China Resources Shenzhen Investment Trust Co., Ltd with interest of 11.34%. From February 10, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB57,143 (US$8,049) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB242,857(US$34,206) was outstanding, of which RMB142,857 (US$20,121) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(3) On May 14, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB60,000 (US$8,451) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 11.97%. From May 14, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB10,000 (US$1,408). As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB50,000 (US$7,043) was outstanding, of which RMB25,000 (US$3,521) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(4) On May 14, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB140,000 (US$19,719) from Huaneng Guicheng Trust Corporation Limited with interest at 11.97%. From May 14, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB23,333 (US$3,286). As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB116,667 (US$16,433) was outstanding, of which RMB58,333 (US$8,216) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(5) On May 16, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB2,600,000 (US$366,210) from Huaneng Guicheng Trust Corporation Limited with interest at 11.97%. From May 16, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB433,334 (US$61,032). As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB2,166,666 (US$305,172) was outstanding, of which RMB1,083,333 (US$152,586) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(6) On May 28, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB300,000 (US$42,255) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 12.6%. From May 28, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB50,000 (US$7,042). As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB250,000 (US$35,212) was outstanding, of which RMB125,000 (US$17,606) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(7) On June 17, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB200,000 (US$28,170) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 12.6%. From June 17, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB25,000 (US$3,521). As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB175,000 (US$24,649) was outstanding, of which RMB175,000 (US$24,649) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

(8) On June 23, 2022, the Company obtained a loan of RMB150,015 (US$21,129) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 11.97%. From June 23, 2022 to September 30, 2022, the Company repaid RMB18,752 (US$2,641) in total. As of September 30, 2022, the balance of RMB131,263 (US$18,488) was outstanding, of which RMB62,506 (US$8,804) was repaid from October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023.

Other payable primarily related to employee business expense reimbursement and freight.

Effective on October 1, 2020, the Company adopted the new lease accounting standard. Financial position for reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 2020, are presented under the new guidance, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance.

The Company leases office spaces and factories under non-cancelable operating leases, with terms from 24 to 55 months. The Company considers those renewal or termination options that are reasonably certain to be exercised in the determination of the lease term and initial measurement of right of use assets and lease liabilities. Lease expense for lease payment is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.

The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

The table below presents the operating lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheets:

A summary of lease cost recognized in Company’s CFS and supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases is as follows for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

A summary of maturity of operating lease liabilities under the Company’s non-cancelable operating leases as of September 30, 2022 is as follows:

The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of September 30, 2022:

The following represented related party balances which are non-interest bearing as of September 30, 2022 and 2021:

The following are related party transactions for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

On October 19, 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved a Memorandum of Association, pursuant to which 50,000,000 shares were authorized as ordinary shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.001 per share, and the Company initially issued 1 ordinary share. On November 3, 2022, in connection with the reorganization, the Company issued an additional 15,499,999 ordinary shares which was treated as a stock split.

Of the 15,500,000 outstanding ordinary shares, 41% are owned by Wise-Power Energy Services Co., Ltd, a British Virgin Islands company, which is controlled by Li Hongqi (our Chairman of the Board) and Wu Jin (Li Hongqi’s spouse). 41% are owned by Polar Energy Company Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, which is controlled by Li Hongliang (our CEO of the Board), Li Hongqi’s brother. And 10% are owned by COBO Petroleum Technology Co., LTD, a British Virgin Islands company, which is controlled by Li Hongguang, Li Hongqi’s brother. Therefore, Li Hongqi beneficially owns 92% of the Company in total.

In accordance with the Regulations on Enterprises of PRC, the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC are required to provide for statutory reserves, which are appropriated from net profit as reported in the Company’s PRC statutory accounts. They are required to allocate 10% of their after-tax profits to fund statutory reserves until such reserves reach 50% of their respective registered capital. These reserve funds, however, may not be distributed as cash dividends. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the statutory reserves of the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC didn’t reach 50% of their respective registered capital.

Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo is a limited liability company incorporated on January 16, 2019, under the laws of China; BeijingLeishen Green Energy held a 51% equity interest. Huayou Huitong is a limited liability company incorporated on May 29, 2020, under the laws of China; China Oil Blue Ocean holds a 51% equity interest.

Non-controlling interests represent a minority shareholder’s 49% ownership interest in Huayou Huitong and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo. Non-controlling interests consist of the following:

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its PRC operating subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Company’s PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the CFS prepared in accordance with GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, restricted net assets of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries were $12,068,715 and $11,891,053, respectively.

The Company is subject to income taxes on an entity basis on income derived from the location in which each entity is domiciled.

Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd. is incorporated in Cayman Islands as an offshore holding company and is not subject to tax on income or capital gains under the laws of Cayman Islands.

Leishen Energy Group Holding Co., Limited is incorporated in Hong Kong as a holding company with no activities. Under the Hong Kong tax laws, an entity is not subject to income tax if no revenue is generated in Hong Kong.

Leishen Energy Group Co., Limited is incorporated in Hong Kong, exempted from profit tax on its foreign-sourced income, and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law of the PRC, domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are subject to a unified 25% EIT rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays, and even tax exemptions may be granted on case-by-case basis.

The following table reconciles the statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate:

There were no uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and management does not anticipate any potential future adjustments which would result in a material change to its tax positions.

From time to time, the Company may be subject to certain legal proceedings, claims and disputes that arise in the ordinary course of business. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the CFS.

Based on management’s assessment, the Company has determined it has four operating segments: clean-energy equipment, digitalization and integration equipment, new energy production and operation and oil and gas engineering technical services.

The table below provides a summary of the Company’s operating segment results for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

From October 1, 2022 to July 31, 2023, the Company repaid loan principal amounted to RMB1,672,030 (approximately US$235,500).

On April 18, 2023, the Company obtained a loan of RMB300,000 (approximately US$42,300) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 8.82%, which matures on April 17, 2025. As of the date of this report, the balance of RMB300,000 (approximately US$42,300) was outstanding.

On April 18, 2023, the Company obtained a loan of RMB370,000 (approximately US$52,100) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 8.82%, which matures on April 17, 2025. As of the date of this report, the balance of RMB370,000 (approximately US$52,100) was outstanding.

On April 18, 2023, the Company obtained a loan of RMB400,000 (approximately US$56,300) from Shenzhen Qianhai Webank with interest at 7.938% which matures on April 17, 2025. As of the date of this report, the balance of RMB400,000 (approximately US$56,300) was outstanding.

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into an exclusive engagement agreement with Pacific Century Securities, LLC, as the representative of the underwriters relating to the Company’s initial public offering.

Pursuant to the requirements of Rule 12-04(a), 5-04(c) and 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X, the condensed financial information of the parent company shall be filed when the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25% of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. The Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries in accordance with such requirement and concluded that it was applicable to the Company as the restricted net assets of the Company’s PRC subsidiary exceeded 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Company. Therefore, the condensed financial statements for the parent company are included herein.

For purposes of the above test, restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries shall mean that amount of the Company’s proportionate share of net assets of consolidated subsidiaries (after intercompany eliminations) which as of the end of the most recent fiscal year may not be transferred to the parent company by subsidiaries in the form of loans, advances or cash dividends without the consent of a third party.

The condensed financial information of the parent company was prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the Company’s CFS except that the parent company used the equity method to account for investment in its subsidiaries. Such investment is presented on the condensed balance sheets as “Investment in subsidiaries” and the respective profit or loss as “Equity in earnings of subsidiaries” on the condensed statements of operations.

The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company and, as such, these statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the CFS of the Company. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP were condensed or omitted.

As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions for long-term obligations, or guarantees of the Company, except for those which have been separately disclosed in the CFS, if any.

Until and including , 2023 (twenty-five (25) days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. The post offering memorandum and articles of association of Leishen Cayman provide that Leishen Cayman shall indemnify its directors and officers, and their personal representatives, against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such persons, other than by reason of such person’s dishonesty, wilful default or fraud, in or about the conduct of Leishen Cayman’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such person in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning Leishen Cayman or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere.

Under the form of indemnification agreement filed as an exhibit to this registration statement, we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being such a director or executive officer.

The form of underwriting agreement filed as an exhibit to this registration statement will also provide for indemnification by the underwriter of us and our officers and directors for certain liabilities.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

The following sets forth information regarding all unregistered sales of our securities since the registrant’s inception on October 19, 2022.

All of these sales were exempt from registration under the Securities Act by reason of Section 4(2) of the Securities Act, as transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering, or were exempt from registration pursuant to Regulation S. The recipients of securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution of the securities, and appropriate legends were affixed to the share certificates issued in such transactions and there were no investors who are citizens or residents of the United States. We relied on information from purchasers that they were accredited investors and/or such investors were provided adequate information and were otherwise determined to be suitable. In all cases, there was no public solicitation. The issuances of the securities described below were effected without the involvement of underwriters.

Upon Leishen Cayman’s incorporation on October 19, 2022, one Ordinary Share was allotted and issued to Ogier Global Subscriber (Cayman) Limited which transferred the share to WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., Ltd., on November 3, 2022.

On November 3, 2022, Leishen Cayman issued 6,354,999 Ordinary Shares to WISE-POWER ENERGY SERVICES CO., Ltd., 6,355,000 Ordinary Shares to Polar Energy Company Limited, 1,550,000 Ordinary Shares to COBO Petroleum Technology Co., Ltd, and 1,240,000 Ordinary Shares to Pacific Century Oil and Gas Technology Co., Ltd, each for nominal consideration. As a result, the Company had 15,500,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as at November 3, 2022.

Schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 6, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Beijing, China, on [ ], 2023.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Hongliang Li and Hongqi Li, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments, including post-effective amendments, to this registration statement, and any registration statement relating to the offering covered by this registration statement and filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys in fact and agents or their substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd., has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto in Delaware on [ ], 2023.

	As of September 30,
	2022		2021

Current assets	$	40,621,594	$	39,985,149
Non-current assets		5,865,969		3,888,832
Total assets	$	46,487,563	$	43,873,981
Current liabilities	$	13,756,007	$	16,757,723
Non-current liabilities		3,087,850		1,086,512
Total liabilities		16,843,857		17,844,235
Total equity		29,643,706		26,029,746
Total liabilities and equity	$	46,487,563	$	43,873,981

	Years Ended September 30,
	2022			2021
Revenues：
Revenues - third parties	$	45,202,465		$	30,291,386
Revenues - related parties		1,514,040			966,026
Total revenues		46,716,505			31,257,412
Cost of revenues		(33,180,970	)		(22,233,046	)
Gross profit		13,535,535			9,024,366

Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing		576,773			321,175
General and administrative		4,742,036			2,453,817
Total operating expenses		5,318,809			2,774,992

Income from operations		8,216,726			6,249,374

Other income (expenses):
Interest expense		(42,564	)		-
Loss from equity investment		(11,504	)		-
Impairment loss of long-term investment		-			(307,413	)
Net investment (loss) income		(73,253	)		149,418
Other expenses, net		(353,266	)		(246,286	)
Total other expenses, net		(480,587	)		(404,281	)

Income before income taxes		7,736,139			5,845,093

Provision for income taxes		1,978,217			1,257,727

Net income		5,757,922			4,587,366
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		35,846			(68,014	)
Net income attributable to Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd	$	5,722,076		$	4,655,380

Comprehensive income
Net income	$	5,757,922		$	4,587,366
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain		(2,727,448	)		1,030,221
Total comprehensive income		3,030,474			5,617,587
Less: comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(42,364	)		(46,631	)
Comprehensive income attributable to Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd	$	3,072,838		$	5,664,218

Earnings per ordinary share
– Basic and diluted	$	0.37		$	0.30

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
– Basic and diluted		15,500,000			15,500,000

	Years Ended September 30,
	2022			2021
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$	(4,386,090	)	$	12,589,158
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		1,208,235			(7,916,590	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,717,713			153,707
Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and restricted cash		(607,889	)		181,311
Net (decrease) increase in cash		(2,068,031	)		5,007,586
Cash and restricted cash at the beginning of the year		8,324,267			3,316,681
Cash and restricted cash at the end of the year	$	6,256,236		$	8,324,267

	Actual			Pro Forma as Adjusted ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
Equity
Ordinary shares: US$0.001 par value per share, 50,000,000 authorized; 15,500,000 shares issued and outstanding, Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding on a pro forma as adjusted basis	$	15,500
Subscription receivable		(15,500	)
Additional paid-in capital		11,765,413
Statutory reserve		303,302
Retained earnings		18,772,237
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(2,247,822	)
Total equity attributable to Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd.		28,593,130
Total Capitalization ⁽¹⁾	$	28,593,130

	Without Over-Allotment	With Over-Allotment Exercised in Full
Assumed IPO price per Ordinary Share	$	$
Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share as of September 30, 2022	$	$
As adjusted net tangible book value per Ordinary Share attributable to existing shareholders from this offering	$	$
Pro forma net tangible book value per Ordinary Share immediately after this offering	$	$
Amount of dilution in net tangible book value per Ordinary Share to new investors in the offering	$	$

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS	DATED DECEMBER 19, 2023

(1)	Assumed an initial public offering price of $ per share which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this registration statement.
(2)	See “Underwriting” in this prospectus for more information regarding our arrangements with the underwriter.
(3)	The total estimated expenses related to this offering are set forth in the section entitled “Expenses Relating to This Offering”.

	●	“Affiliated Entities” refers to Leishen Hong Kong, Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong, ZJY Technologies, China Oil Blue Ocean, Leishen Nanjing, Beijing Leishen Green Energy, Leishen Shandong, Leishen Services, Huayou Huitong, Sichuan Leishen Green Energy and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo;

	●	“Beijing Leishen Green Energy” refers to Leishen Green Energy Technology Development (Beijing) Co. LTD, a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong;

	●	“China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this prospectus only, Taiwan, China. The term “Chinese” has a correlative meaning for the purpose of this prospectus. When used in the case of laws and regulations, of “China” or “the PRC”, it refers to only such laws and regulations of mainland China;

	●	“China Oil Blue Ocean” refers to China Oil Blue Ocean Petroleum Technology Inc., a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong;

	●	“CNG” refers to compressed natural gas;

	●	“CSRC” refers to the China Securities Regulatory Commission;

	●	“Hong Kong” refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the PRC;

	●	“Huayou Huitong” refers to Sichuan Huayou Huitong New Material Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a majority owned subsidiary of China Oil Blue Ocean;

	●	“Leishen Cayman” refers to the registrant Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands;

	●	“Leishen Hong Kong” refers to LeiShen Energy Group Co., Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen Cayman;

	●	“Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong” refers to LeiShen Energy Group Holding Co., Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen Cayman;

	●	“Leishen Nanjing” refers to Leishen Energy Technology (Nanjing) Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong;

	●	“Leishen Services” refers to Leishen Energy Services Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen Hong Kong;

	●	“Leishen Shandong” refers to Leishen Energy Technology (Shandong) Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen Hong Kong;

	●	“LNG” refers to liquefied natural gas;

	●	“Operating Subsidiaries” refers to our subsidiaries which directly carry out business operations, being ZJY Technologies, China Oil Blue Ocean, Leishen Nanjing, Beijing Leishen Green Energy, Leishen Shandong, Leishen Services, Huayou Huitong, Sichuan Leishen Green Energy and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo;

	●	“RMB” and “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of mainland China;

	●	“shares”, “Shares” or “Ordinary Shares” refers to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share;

	●	“Sichuan Leishen Green Energy” refers to Sichuan Leishen Green Energy Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Beijing Leishen Green Energy;

	●	“Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo” refers to Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo Energy Development Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and a majority owned subsidiary of Beijing Leishen Green Energy;

	●	“we”, “us”, the “Company” or the “Group” refers to Leishen Cayman, Leishen Hong Kong, Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong, ZJY Technologies, China Oil Blue Ocean, Leishen Nanjing, Beijing Leishen Green Energy, Leishen Shandong, Leishen Services, Huayou Huitong, Sichuan Leishen Green Energy and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo, as a group; and

	●	“ZJY Technologies” refers to ZJY Technologies Co., Ltd., a Chinese company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Leishen (Holding) Hong Kong.

	Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	1
THE OFFERING	13
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA	14
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	15
RISK FACTORS	16
USE OF PROCEEDS	43
DIVIDEND POLICY	44
CAPITALIZATION	45
DILUTION	46
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES	47
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	48
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW	62
BUSINESS	89
REGULATIONS	122
MANAGEMENT	135
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS	140
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	141
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL AND CERTAIN CAYMAN ISLANDS COMPANY CONSIDERATIONS	142
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	158
TAXATION	160
UNDERWRITING	167
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING	175
LEGAL MATTERS	176
EXPERTS	177
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	178
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

	●	future financial and operating results, including revenue, income, expenditures, cash balances and other financial items;

	●	our ability to execute our growth, and expansion, including our ability to meet our goals;

	●	current and future economic and political conditions;

	●	our capital requirements and our ability to raise any additional financing which we may require;

	●	our ability to attract and maintain clients, further enhance our brand recognition; and

	●	our ability to hire and retain qualified management personnel and key employees in order to enable us to develop our business;

	●	trends and competition in Chinese oil and energy industry; and

	●	other assumptions described in this prospectus underlying or relating to any forward-looking statements.

	●	blocking sanctions against some of the largest state-owned and private Russian financial institutions (and their subsequent removal from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (“SWIFT”) payment system) and certain Russian businesses, some of which have significant financial and trade ties to the European Union;

	●	blocking sanctions against Russian and Belarusian individuals, including the Russian President, other politicians and those with government connections or involved in Russian military activities; and

	●	blocking of Russia’s foreign currency reserves as well as expansion of sectoral sanctions and export and trade restrictions, limitations on investments and access to capital markets and bans on various Russian imports.

	●	the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;

	●	actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

	●	announcements by us or our competitors of significant products or features, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

	●	price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;

	●	lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and

	●	other events or factors, including wars, incidents of terrorism, epidemics, earthquakes or other Acts of God.

●	the rules requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

●	the sections of the Securities Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies in respect of a security registered under the Securities Exchange Act;

●	the sections of the Securities Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

●	the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material non-public information under Regulation FD.

	●	At least 75% of our gross income for the year is passive income; or

	●	The average percentage of our assets (determined at the end of each quarter) during the taxable year which produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50%.

	●	provisions that authorize our BOD to issue shares with preferred, deferred or other rights or restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise, without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and
	●	provisions that limit the ability of our shareholders to call meetings and to propose special matters for consideration at shareholder meetings.

	●	limited availability for market quotations for our securities;

	●	reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

	●	a determination that our Ordinary Share is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our Ordinary Share to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Ordinary Share;

	●	limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

	●	a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

	●	Approximately % of the net proceeds from this offering for the construction of a high-tech manufacturing industrial park in the Nanjing Lishui High-tech Development Zone, PRC, which is projected to be used for environmentally sustainable and intelligent production workshops, investing in ultra-high pressure/high-precision compressor production lines, hydrogen compressor production lines, and photovoltaic new energy inverters transformer production lines;

	●	Approximately % of the net proceeds from this offering for the establishment of our smart manufacturing and new energy R&D center, for the purchase of business equipment and other patented technologies;

	●	Approximately % of the net proceeds from this offering to strengthen and expand our presence in the PRC Southwest oil and gas market; and

	●	Approximately % of the net proceeds from this offering for our working capital.

	●	on an actual basis; and

	●	on a pro forma basis to give effect to the sale of Ordinary Shares by us in this offering at the assumed IPO price of $ per share, and to reflect the application of the proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts and offering expenses payable by us.

(1)	Reflects the sale of Ordinary Shares in this offering at an assumed IPO price of $ per share (excluding any Ordinary Shares that may be sold as a result of the underwriters exercising its over-allotment option), and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual IPO price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Additional paid-in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting the underwriting discounts, estimated offering expenses payable by us and advisory fees. We estimate that such net proceeds will be approximately $ .

(2)	Assuming the number of Ordinary Shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, a $ increase (decrease) in the expected IPO price of $ per share, would increase (decrease) each of additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by $ .

	Ordinary Shares Purchased				Total consideration				Average price per Ordinary
	Number	Percent			Amount	Percent			Share

Existing shareholders				%	$			%	$
New investors				%	$			%	$
Total			100.0	%	$		100.0	%

	Ordinary Shares Purchased					Total consideration				Average price per Ordinary
	Number	Percent				Amount	Percent			Share

Existing shareholders				%	$			%	$
New investors				%	$			%	$
Total			100.0	%	$		100.0	%

	2022						2021						Variance
	Amount			% of revenue			Amount			% of revenue			Amount			%
Revenues	$	46,716,505			100.0	%	$	31,257,412			100.0	%	$	15,459,093			49.5	%
Cost of revenues		(33,180,970	)		(71.0	)%		(22,233,046	)		(71.1	)%		(10,947,924	)		49.2	%
Gross profit		13,535,535			29.0	%		9,024,366			28.9	%		4,511,169			50.0	%

Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing		576,773			1.2	%		321,175			1.0	%		255,598			79.6	%
General and administrative		4,742,036			10.2	%		2,453,817			7.9	%		2,288,219			93.3	%
Total operating expenses		5,318,809			11.4	%		2,774,992			8.9	%		2,543,817			91.7	%

Income from operations		8,216,726			17.6	%		6,249,374			20.0	%		1,967,352			31.5	%

Other income (loss):
Interest expense		(42,564	)		(0.1	)%		-			-			(42,564	)		100.0	%
Loss from equity investment		(11,504	)		0.0	%		-			-			(11,504	)		100.0	%
Impairment loss on long-term investment		-			-			(307,413	)		(1.0	)%		307,413			(100.0	)%
Net investment (loss) income		(73,253	)		(0.2	)%		149,418			0.5	%		(222,671	)		(149.0	)%
Other expenses, net		(353,266	)		(0.8	)%		(246,286	)		(0.8	)%		(106,980	)		43.4	%
Total other expenses, net		(480,587	)		(1.1	)%		(404,281	)		(1.3	)%		(76,306	)		18.9	%

Income before income taxes		7,736,139			16.5	%		5,845,093			18.7	%		1,891,046			32.4	%

Provision for income taxes		1,978,217			4.2	%		1,257,727			4.0	%		720,490			57.3	%

Net income		5,757,922			12.3	%		4,587,366			14.7	%		1,170,556			25.5	%
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		35,846			0.1	%		(68,014	)		(0.2	)%		103,860			(152.7	)%
Net income attributable to Leishen Energy Holding Co., Ltd.	$	5,722,076			12.2	%	$	4,655,380			14.9	%	$	1,066,696			22.9	%

Payment Due by Period
			Less than						More than
Contractual Obligations	Total		1 year		1 – 3 years		3 – 5 years		5 years
Operating lease obligations	$	460,678	$	118,400	$	236,800	$	105,478	$	-
Loan Principal Obligations		1,117,278		676,075		441,203		-		-
Total	$	1,577,956	$	794,475	$	678,003	$	105,478	$	-

(i)	Type of Contract	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Sales Contract

	Counterparties	A member of Customer A, which is headquartered in Dongying, Shandong, PRC, and engaged in the wholesale and retail business of refined oil, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas supply, and project investment in filling station construction, as the purchaser and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo as the seller

	Scope of Obligations	During the term of this contract, Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo will procure all LNG produced by processing plants entrusted with refining and processing to be supplied to the counterparty for external sales.

	Term of Agreement and Renewal	The term of the agreement is ten years, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2031. The agreement is renewable subject to parties’ consent. Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo shall have no right to unilaterally terminate the agreement without mutual agreement between both parties.

(ii)	Type of Contract	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Sales Contract
	Counterparties	A member of Customer C, which is engaged in the sale of liquefied natural gas, as the purchaser, and Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo as the seller

	Scope of Obligations	Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo will provide a minimum daily of 40 tons of supply to the purchaser.

	Term of Agreement and Renewal	The term of the agreement is from December 23, 2020 to December 31, 2023. The agreement is renewable subject to parties’ consent.

	Termination	If the seller fails to supply sufficient quantities of LNG for 7 consecutive days without justifiable reasons, the purchaser shall have the right to terminate the contract, and the seller shall refund deposits for undelivered goods. The seller shall have no right to unilaterally terminate the contract without mutual agreement between both parties.

(i)	Types of Contracts	We have entered into agreements such as spare parts framework agreements, machine repair and maintenance agreements, product procurement framework agreements, machine leasing and service engineering agreement.

	Counterparties	Customer B is an oil field operator engaged in oil and gas exploration and development and is a subsdiary of one of the largest oil and gas producers in China, and Leishen Shandong, China Oil Blue Ocean and ZJY Technologies as the product and service provider.

	Scope of Obligations	We have entered into various agreements with Customer B covering a variety of subject matter, including the supply of spare parts, and machine maintenance and repair.

	Term of Agreement and Renewal	Our agreements with Customer B range from long-term agreements spanning three years to shorter term agreements. Renewal of agreement will be subject to mutual consent of contracting parties.

	Termination	Generally, if we are unable to adhere to the terms of the agreement, such as delays in good delivery, the counterparty will have the right to terminate the contract, and in addition, we may be liable for liquidation damages, compensation and will be liable for refund of fees. Our agreements are also subject to termination due to force majeure, repudiation or termination by mutual agreement.

(ii)	Types of Contracts	We have entered into agreements such as technical engineering service framework agreements and machinery maintenance service agreements.

	Counterparties	Customer D, which is affiliated to one of the largest oil and gas producers in China and engaged in petroleum engineering technical services such as geological exploration, drilling, logging, and downhole operations, and China Oil Blue Ocean as service provider.

	Scope of Obligations	We have entered into various agreements with Customer D covering a variety of subject matter, including the provision of onsite wellhead engineering services and machine maintenance and repair.

	Term of Agreement and Renewal	Our agreements with Customer D are generally of one year terms or less. Renewal of agreement will be subject to mutual consent of contracting parties.

	Termination	Generally, if we are unable to adhere to the terms of the agreement or cure any defect within the specified cure period or delegate our obligations to a subcontractor without first obtaining consent, the counterparty will have the right to terminate the contract and we may be liable to pay compensation. Our agreement prices may also be subject to adjustment due to unforeseen policy changes or market price fluctuation. Such agreement is also subject to termination due to force majeure or by mutual agreement.

No.	Registered Holder	Name	Registration Number	Registration Date
1	ZJY Technologies	Wellhead Safety Control System	2021SR0770900	2021-05-26
2	ZJY Technologies	Oilfield Station Automation System	2021SR0765722	2021-05-26
3	ZJY Technologies	Programmable Control System	2021SR0772016	2021-05-26
4	ZJY Technologies	Industrial Ethernet system	2021SR0765721	2021-05-26
5	ZJY Technologies	Data Acquisition and Monitoring Control System	2021SR0772017	2021-05-26

No.	Registered Owner	Trademark	Trademark Name	Registration Number	Application Date / Registration Date
1.	China Oil Blue Ocean		COBO	40863538	2019-09-05/2020-04-21
2.	China Oil Blue Ocean		COBO	40863538	2019-09-05/2020-04-21
3.	ZJY Technologies		PAR-LOK	58549425	2021-08-18/2022-05-07
4.	ZJY Technologies		PAR-LOK	58568911	2021-08-18/2022-05-07
5.	ZJY Technologies		Zhongjiyan	51076172	2020-11-06/2021-10-07

	*Domain*		*Registered owner*		*Registration Date*
	r-egroup.com		Leishen Shandong		May 24, 2023

Function	Number of employees		%
Management		3		2	%
Administration department		15		9	%
Financial department		11		6	%
Sales and marketing department		16		9	%
Technology engineer department		45		26	%
Research and development department		19		11	%
Production department		62		36	%

Total		171		100	%

Lessor and Lessee	Address	Size and Use	Lease Term	Maintenance and Repair of the Premises	Encumbrances
Li Hongqi (Lessor) ZJY Technologies (Lessee)	1410, Tower B, Locke Times Center, Building 103, Huizhongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing	60㎡, office use	January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023	Regarding normal wear and tear of the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities, the Lessee shall promptly notify Lessor for repair. Where the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities thereof sustain any damage or failure due to Lessee’s improper custody or unreasonable use, the Lessee shall be responsible for repair and maintenance and shall be liable for indemnification.	N/A
Li Hongqi (Lessor) China Oil Blue Ocean (Lessee)	1410, Tower B, 14/F, Locke Times Center, Building 103, Huizhongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing	97.63㎡, office use	January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023	Regarding normal wear and tear of the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities, the Lessee shall promptly notify Lessor for repair and maintenance. Where the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities thereof sustain any damage or failure due to Lessee’s improper custody or unreasonable use, the Lessee shall be responsible for repair and maintenance and shall be liable for indemnification.	N/A
Nanjing Lishui Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Lessor) Leishen Nanjing (Lessee)	Room 221, Zone B, Wisdom Pioneer Park, No. 368 Zhe Ning East Road, Zhe Tang Subdistrict, Lishui District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province	72㎡, office use	January 1, 2023 to December 30, 2024	Lessor shall be responsible for the maintenance of the main structure of the Premises. After the delivery of the house, the lessee shall be responsible for, and bear the relevant expenses of, all repairs to parts outside the main structure of the house, including but not limited to the facilities, equipment, articles inside and outside the house actually used by the lessee and the supporting public facilities, equipment, articles serving the lessee.	N/A
Li Hongqi (Lessor) Beijing Leishen Green Energy (Lessee)	Room 1410, Tower B, 14/F Locke Times Center, 103/F Huizhongli, Chaoyang District, Beijing	30㎡, office use	January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023	With respect to loss caused by the natural attribute or reasonable use to the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities thereof, Lessee shall notify Lessor in a timely manner for repair. If the Premises and accessory articles, equipment and facilities thereof are damaged due to the Lessee’s improper custody or unreasonable use, the Lessee shall be responsible for repair and maintenance and shall be liable for compensation.	N/A
Li Hongliang (Lessor) Sichuan Leishen Hongzhuo (Lessee)	Room 2708, 27/F, Unit 1, No. 108, Shenghua Road, No. 99, Jitai First Street, No. 89, Jitai First Street, Chengdu, China, China (Sichuan) Free Trade Zone	90㎡, office use	January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023	Lessor shall maintain the main structure and walls, power lines, drainage equipment, pipes and cables in proper state and condition of repair.	N/A

License/Permit	Holder	Issue Date	Expiration Date
Quality Management System Certification Certificate	ZJY Technologies	Nov. 10, 2021	Nov. 29, 2024

Environmental Management System Certification Certificate	ZJY Technologies	Dec. 11, 2020	Jan. 11, 2024

Occupational Health Safety Management System Certification Certificate	ZJY Technologies	Dec. 11, 2020	Jan. 11, 2024

High-tech Enterprise Certificate	ZJY Technologies	Nov. 2, 2022	Nov. 2, 2025

Quality Management System Certification Certificate	China Oil Blue Ocean	Aug. 23, 2021	Sep. 5, 2024

Environmental Management System Certification Certificate	China Oil Blue Ocean	Aug. 23, 2021	Sep. 5, 2024

Occupational Health Safety Management System Certification Certificate	China Oil Blue Ocean	Dec. 16, 2020	Jan. 23, 2024

Safety Production License	China Oil Blue Ocean	Apr. 12, 2023	Apr. 11, 2026

Production License of Special Equipment	China Oil Blue Ocean	Jan. 11, 2022	Jan. 10, 2026

High-tech Enterprise Certificate	China Oil Blue Ocean	Oct. 18, 2022	Oct.18, 2025

Quality Management System Certificate	Leishen Shandong	Mar. 25, 2022	Mar. 24, 2025

	●	The State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, which is responsible for the production, operation, use, inspection, testing and supervision of the oil and gas special equipment, and management of the special equipment safety.

	●	The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, whose main responsibilities are: the development and implementation of oil and gas equipment industry planning, industrial policies and standards; monitoring the operation of the industrial sector; promoting the development and the independent innovation of major technical oil and gas equipment; organizing and coordinating the promotion and application of new products, new technologies, new equipment and new materials for oil and gas equipment. The National Energy Administration, or the NEA, which is primarily responsible for the formulation of energy development plans and annual directive plans, approving major energy-related projects and facilitating the implementation of sustainable development of energy strategies, coordinating the development and utilization of new energy and new energy, and organizing matters relating to energy conservation and comprehensive utilization as well as environmental protection for the energy industries.

	●	The Ministry of Natural Resources, or the MNR, which has the authority to grant, examine and approve mineral resources exploration and mining licenses, and to oversee the registration and transfer of exploration and mining licenses;

	●	The Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, which:

	●	sets and grants import and export volume quotas for crude oil and refined products in accordance with the market supply and demand in China as well as WTO requirements for China;

	●	issues import and export licenses for crude oil and refined products to oil and gas companies that have obtained import and export quotas;

	●	is responsible for the record-filing of Sino-foreign joint venture contracts, and monitoring the foreign investors’ oil and gas exploration projects in the PRC; and

	●	is responsible for approving and filing of overseas investment projects by PRC enterprises.

	●	is responsible for industry administration, industry policy and policy coordination over China’s oil and gas industry;

	●	publishes guidance prices for natural gas and maximum retail prices for petroleum and diesel;

	●	formulates the plan for aggregate import and export volume of crude oil and refined products in accordance with the market supply and demand in China;

	●	approves significant our U.S. counsel, natural gas, oil refinery and chemical projects set forth under the Catalogs of Investment Projects Subject to Approval of the Central Government; and

	●	approves Sino-foreign equity and cooperative projects of certain types.