F-1/A 1 formf-1a.htm

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2024

Registration No. 333-275240

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 5

FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Ten-League International Holdings Limited

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrants name into English)

Cayman Islands

5080

Not Applicable

(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

c/o 7 Tuas Avenue 2,

Singapore 639447

+65 6862 0769

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive office)

Cogency Global Inc.

122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor

New York, NY 10168

(212) 947-7200

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Louise L. Liu, Esq.

Morgan Lewis & Bockius

19th floor, Edinburgh Tower

The Landmark

15 Queen’s Road Central

Hong Kong

Telephone: (852) 3551 8500

Henry F. Schlueter, Esq.

Celia Velletri, Esq.

Schlueter & Associates, P.C.

5290 DTC Parkway,

Suite 150 Greenwood Village,

CO 80111 USA

Telephone: (303) 292 3883

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.

☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.

☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.

☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

☐

The term new or revised financial accounting standard refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed or supplemented. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED [●], 2024

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION

Ten-League International Holdings Limited

2,800,000 Ordinary shares

This is an initial public offering of our ordinary shares, par value US$0.000025 per share, of Ten-League International Holdings Limited, or the Company. We are offering, on a firm commitment engagement basis, 2,009,800 ordinary shares. In addition, Ten-League Corp and Jules Verne, our selling shareholders are offering an aggregate of 790,200 ordinary shares (of which Ten-League Corp is selling 115,200 shares and Jules Verne is selling 675,000 shares) to be sold in the offering pursuant to this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares to be sold by the selling shareholders. We anticipate that the initial public offering price of the ordinary shares will be between US$4.00 and US$5.00 per ordinary share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our shares. We have applied to list our ordinary shares on Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “TLIH”. This offering is contingent upon the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in listing our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq or another national securities exchange.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of losing your entire investment. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 to read about factors you should consider before buying our ordinary shares.

We are an “Emerging Growth Company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, and a “Foreign Private Issuer” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements. Please see “Implications of Our Being an Emerging Growth Company” and “Implications of Our Being a Foreign Private Issuer” beginning on page 7 of this prospectus for more information.

We are a holding company that is incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. As a holding company with no operations, we conduct all of our operations through our wholly-owned subsidiaries in Singapore. The ordinary shares offered in this offering are shares of the holding company that is incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. Investors of our ordinary shares should be aware that they may never directly hold equity interests in our subsidiaries.

Upon completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding shares will consist of 29,806,302 ordinary shares. We will be a “controlled company” as defined under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5615(c) because, immediately after the completion of this offering, Ten-League Corp will own approximately 79.16% of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares, representing approximately 79.16% of the total voting power and as a result, Mr. Lim Jison, who controls Ten-League Corp, will have the ability to determine all matters of the Company requiring approval by its shareholders. As a “controlled company”, we are permitted to elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements. If we rely on these exemptions, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

	Per Share		Total⁽⁴⁾
Initial public offering price⁽¹⁾	US$	4.50	US$	12,600,000	⁽⁴⁾
Underwriting discounts and commissions⁽²⁾	US$	0.27	US$	756,000
Proceeds to the Company before expenses⁽³⁾	US$	4.23	US$	9,044,100
Proceeds to the selling shareholders before expenses⁽⁴⁾	US$	4.23	US$	3,555,900

⁽¹⁾Initial public offering price per share is assumed to be US$4.50 (being the mid point of the initial public offering price range).

⁽²⁾We have agreed to pay the underwriter a discount equal to 6% of the gross proceeds of the offering. This table does not include a non-accountable expense allowance equal to 1% of the gross proceeds of this offering payable to the underwriter. For a description of the other compensation to be received by the underwriter, see “Underwriting” beginning on page 139.

⁽³⁾Excludes fees and expenses payable to the underwriter. The total amount of underwriter expenses related to this offering is set forth in the section entitled “Expenses Related to This Offering” on page 132.

⁽⁴⁾Includes US$9,044,100 gross proceeds from the sale of 2,009,800 ordinary shares offered by our Company and US$3,555,900 gross proceeds from the sale of 790,200 ordinary shares offered by the selling shareholders.

If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us and the selling shareholders on the closing date.

The underwriter expects to deliver the ordinary shares to the purchasers against payment on or about [●], 2024.

You should not assume that the information contained in the registration statement to which this prospectus is a part is accurate as of any date other than the date hereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ordinary shares being registered in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

No dealer, salesperson or any other person is authorized to give any information or make any representations in connection with this offering other than those contained in this prospectus and, if given or made, the information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by us. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security other than the securities offered by this prospectus, or an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities by anyone in any jurisdiction in which the offer or solicitation is not authorized or is unlawful.

EDDID SECURITIES USA INC.

The date of this prospectus is [●], 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	1
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	2
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	4
THE OFFERING	9
RISK FACTORS	10
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES	33
USE OF PROCEEDS	35
CAPITALIZATION	36
DILUTION	37
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA	38
DIVIDEND POLICY	41
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	42
HISTORY AND CORPORATE STRUCTURE	60
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW	62
BUSINESS	71
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT	96
MANAGEMENT	105
PRINCIPAL AND SELLING SHAREHOLDERS	112
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	113
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL	116
CERTAIN CAYMAN ISLANDS COMPANY CONSIDERATIONS	123
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	131
EXPENSES RELATED TO THIS OFFERING	132
MATERIAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS	133
UNDERWRITING	139
LEGAL MATTERS	143
EXPERTS	144
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	145
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1

Until [●], 2024 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these ordinary shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

iii

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Except where indicated or where the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company”, “Group”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to Ten-League International Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability under the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act, and its subsidiaries or any of them, or where the context so requires, in respect of the period before our Company becoming the holding company of its present subsidiaries, such subsidiaries as if they were subsidiaries of our Company at the relevant time or the businesses which have since been acquired or carried on by them or as the case may be their predecessors. For other conventions that apply to this prospectus, see “Prospectus Summary — Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus”.

Neither we, the selling shareholders nor the underwriter have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than as contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus. Neither we, the selling shareholders nor the underwriter take responsibility for, and provide no assurance about the reliability of, any information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, the selling shareholders nor the underwriter have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We obtained statistical data, market data and other industry data and forecasts used in this prospectus from market research, publicly available information and industry publications. While we believe that the statistical data, industry data, forecasts and market research are reliable, we have not independently verified the data.

Certain amounts, percentages and other figures included in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, amounts, percentages and other figures shown as totals in certain tables or charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of those that precede them, and amounts and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.

Certain market data and forecasts used throughout this prospectus were obtained from internal company surveys, market research, consultant surveys, reports of governmental and international agencies and industry publications and surveys, including the report of Frost & Sullivan, a third-party legal global research organization, commissioned by our Company. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and reports generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. These forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Industry Overview” and “Business.” These statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “believe”, “plan”, “expect”, “intend”, “should”, “seek”, “estimate”, “will”, “aim” and “anticipate”, or other similar expressions, but these are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this document, including those regarding future financial position and results, business strategy, plans and objectives of management for future operations (including development plans and dividends) and statements on future industry growth are forward-looking statements. In addition, we and our representatives may from time to time make other oral or written statements which are forward-looking statements, including in our periodic reports that we will file with the SEC, other information sent to our shareholders and other written materials.

These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are not a guarantee of future performance. Actual outcomes may differ materially from the information contained in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including, without limitation, the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors” and the following:

	●	our business and operating strategies and our various measures to implement such strategies;

	●	our operations and business prospects, including development and capital expenditure plans for our existing business;

	●	changes in policies, legislation, regulations or practices in the industry and those countries or territories in which we operate that may affect our business operations;

	●	our financial condition, results of operations and dividend policy;

	●	changes in political and economic conditions and competition in the area in which we operate, including a downturn in the general economy;

	●	the regulatory environment and industry outlook in general;

	●	future developments in the provision of equipment, value added solutions and maintenance and repair services market and actions of our competitors;

	●	catastrophic losses from man-made or natural disasters, such as fires, floods, windstorms, earthquakes, diseases, epidemics, other adverse weather conditions or natural disasters, war, international or domestic terrorism, civil disturbances and other political or social occurrences;

	●	the loss of key personnel and the inability to replace such personnel on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us;

	●	the overall economic environment and general market and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which we operate;

	●	our ability to execute our strategies;

	●	changes in the need for capital and the availability of financing and capital to fund those needs;

	●	our ability to anticipate and respond to changes in the markets in which we operate, and in client demands, trends and preferences;

	●	exchange rate fluctuations, including fluctuations in the exchange rates of currencies that are used in our business;

	●	changes in interest rates or rates of inflation; and

	●	legal, regulatory and other proceedings arising out of our operations.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results or performance may be materially different from what we expect.

This prospectus contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The markets for the supply of heavy machinery may not grow at the rate projected by such market data, or at all. Failure of this industry to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ordinary shares. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and we urge you to read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections and our consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements, included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares. This prospectus includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Our Mission

Our mission is to provide high-quality equipment, value-added engineering solutions as well as maintenance and repair services through continuous adaptation and application of new technologies.

Overview

	(a)	equipment sales, which involves sale of various new and used heavy equipment and parts, or Equipment Sales Business;

	(b)	equipment rental, which involves the rental of various new and used heavy equipment, or Equipment Rental Business; and

	(c)	engineering consultancy services, which primarily includes the provision of value-added engineering solutions, including equipment retrofitting, upgrading, modernization, fleet management and other enhancement on equipment through the replacement or application of, among others, mechanical parts, sensor fusion, software and remote control system. Our engineering consultancy services complements our Equipment Sales Business and Equipment Rental Business. We do not provide such service to third-party equipment sales/rental companies.

The equipment we provide is categorized into (i) foundation equipment; (ii) hoist equipment; (iii) excavation equipment; and (iv) port machinery.

We have been supplying fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler to port operators in Singapore since 2021 and have been contracted to supply electric prime movers with swappable battery pack and build charging infrastructure since October 2022 by a leading port operator based in Singapore, or the Leading Port Operator. Meanwhile, we are actively exploring the market for fully electric wheel loader, excavator and forklift, and offering them as a part of our fleet of electrified equipment.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following competitive strengths have contributed to our past success and will continue to distinguish us from our competitors:

	●	We have a well-established market position as an engineering solutions provider in the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries and possess a strong and proven track record

	●	We are able to provide “one-stop solution” including heavy equipment sales and rental, engineering consultancy services and equipment maintenance and repair services

	●	We have a strong long-term relationship with SANY and a wide customer base across the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries in Singapore

	●	We have a strong management team with in-depth knowledge and expertise

Our Business Strategies

To achieve our business objectives, we plan to adopt the following strategies to drive our future growth:

	●	We intend to offer more environmentally friendly heavy equipment

	●	We intend to expand our engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning, or EPCC, service for deploying charging solutions in Singapore

	●	Expansion and diversification of our operations and product and service offerings through investments, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and/or strategic collaborations

	●	Deepen collaboration with our strategic partners and further expand and diversify our value-added engineering solutions and options

	●	Attract, cultivate and retain a talented and professional workforce

Risks and Challenges

Investing in our ordinary shares involves risks. The risks summarized below are qualified by reference to “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 of this prospectus, which you should carefully consider before making a decision to purchase ordinary shares. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our ordinary shares would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

These risks include but are not limited to the following:

	●	We are dependent on SANY. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew our distribution agreements with SANY on the same terms or at all, or that the distribution arrangements will not be terminated prematurely.

	●	We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with relying on a major supplier based in the PRC.

	●	We are dependent on our key management and skilled personnel for our continued success and growth.

	●	We operate in a competitive environment and face competition from existing and new industry players.

	●	We are dependent on foreign labor and may face labor shortages or increased costs of labor for our Singapore operations.

	●	We are subject to a number of operating risks.

	●	We may be unsuccessful in implementing our business strategies and future plans.

	●	We are dependent on the level of activities in the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries.

	●	We do not have long term contracts with our customers.

	●	We are dependent on the timely delivery of the heavy equipment and other products which we distribute.

	●	We may experience work safety-related accidents that may expose us to liability claims.

	●	Our rental fleet is subject to residual value risk upon disposition.

	●	If our rental fleet ages, our operating costs may increase, we may be unable to pass along such costs, and our earnings may decrease.

	●	We incur maintenance and repair costs associated with our rental fleet equipment that could have a material adverse effect on our business in the event these costs are greater than anticipated.

	●	Climate change, climate change regulations and greenhouse effects may materially adversely impact our operations and markets.

	●	We may require additional funding for our future growth and are dependent on financing to fund our purchase of equipment for our Equipment Rental Business.

	●	We may be exposed to risks associated with joint ventures or strategic alliances.

	●	We may be affected by any adverse impact on our reputation and goodwill.

	●	Adverse conditions in the global financial markets and the general economy may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

	●	We cannot assure you that our future plans will be successful.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on March 17, 2023. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is at Walkers Corporate Limited, 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand Cayman KY1-9008, Cayman Islands. Our principal executive office is at 7 Tuas Avenue 2, Singapore 639447. Our telephone number at this location is +65 6862 0769. Our principal website address is https://www.ten-league.com.sg. The information contained on our website does not form part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, you may encounter difficulties in protecting your interests as a shareholder, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal court system may be limited.

Implications of Our Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

●	being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements (rather than three years), in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure; and

●	an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering occurs, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.235 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the United Sates Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700.0 million as of the prior December 31, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions. We have included two years of selected financial data in this prospectus in reliance on the first exemption described above. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different from the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

Implications of Our Being a Foreign Private Issuer

Upon completion of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

●	the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

●	the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

●	the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

Both foreign private issuers and emerging growth companies are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of companies that are neither emerging growth companies nor foreign private issuers.

In addition, as a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the corporate governance listing requirements of the Nasdaq. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing requirements of the Nasdaq. Following this offering, we will rely on home country practice to be exempted from certain of the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq, such that a majority of our directors, or directors on our board of directors, or the Board, are not required to be independent directors.

Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus

		Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this prospectus only:

	●	“Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association” means the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association of our Company adopted on February 16, 2024, as currently in effect. A copy of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association are filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration Statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

	●	“Second Amended Memorandum of Association” or “Second Amended Memorandum” means the second amended and restated memorandum of association of our Company adopted on March 8, 2024 and as supplemented, amended or otherwise modified from time to time.

	●	“Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association” means the amended and restated articles of association of our Company adopted on March 8, 2024, as amended from time to time. A copy of the Second Amended Memorandum of Association and Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association are filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

	●	“bizSAFE” means a five-step program that assists companies to build up their workplace safety and health capabilities in order to achieve quantum improvements in safety and health standards at the workplace, and organized under Workplace Safety and Health Council of Singapore.

	●	“Major Supplier” or “SANY” means SANY Group Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries, affiliates and associated companies.

	●	“ordinary shares” or “shares” means our ordinary shares of par value of US$0.000025 per share.

	●	“S$” or “SGD” or “Singapore Dollars” means Singapore dollar(s), the lawful currency of Singapore.

	●	“US$”, “$” or “USD” or “United States Dollars” means United States dollar(s), the lawful currency of the United States of America.

	●	“U.S. GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

THE OFFERING

Offering Price		The initial public offering price will be between US$4.00 and US$5.00 per ordinary share

Ordinary shares offered by us		2,009,800 ordinary shares

Ordinary shares offered by the selling shareholders		790,200 ordinary shares (of which Ten-League Corp is selling 115,200 shares, and Jules Verne is selling 675,000 shares)

Ordinary shares issued and outstanding prior to this offering		27,796,502 ordinary shares

Ordinary shares to be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering		29,806,302 ordinary shares

Use of proceeds		We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering (i) to expand our product offering; (ii) to improve our automation process and invest in equipment and technology; (iii) to expand through strategic targeted acquisitions and investments; (iv) to market and brand build; (v) for the repayment of bank borrowing; and (v) for working capital and other general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds”

Lock-up		We, each of our directors and executive officers and certain principal shareholders, except for the selling shareholders with respect to its ordinary shares sold in this offering, have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, not to, except in connection with this offering, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any ordinary shares or any other securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares, or enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of ordinary shares. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting — Lock-Up Agreements”

Risk factors		Investing in our ordinary shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 of this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares

Listing		We have applied to list the ordinary shares on the Nasdaq

Proposed trading symbol		TLIH

Transfer agent		VStock Transfer, LLC

Payment and settlement		The underwriter expects to deliver the ordinary shares against payment therefor through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company on [●], 2024

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our shares is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as other information contained in this prospectus, before making an investment in our Company. The risks discussed below could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and the trading price of our shares. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements having direct and/or indirect implications on our future performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements due to certain factors, including the risks and uncertainties faced by us, as described below and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are dependent on SANY. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew our distribution agreements with SANY on the same terms or at all, or that the distribution arrangements will not be terminated prematurely.

We purchase substantially all of our equipment from SANY. SANY is one of the world’s largest heavy equipment manufacturers and the first in its industry in China to be ranked among the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000. Our purchases from SANY represented 60.4% and 71.1%, respectively, of our cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. We have entered into a service dealer agreement with SANY on January 1, 2021, with an initial term of one year which is automatically renewable on an annual basis unless SANY terminates it. In addition, each of our operating subsidiaries, namely, Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES), entered into a non-exclusive dealership agreement with SANY in 2019. Both dealership agreements expired in 2021. The dealership agreement between Ten-League (PES) and SANY was renewed in December 2023, with an initial term of three years, which can be further renewed upon the prior agreement of both parties. We are currently in the process of renewing the dealership agreement entered between SANY and Ten-League (E&T), and have been conducting business with SANY on the same terms as those described in the dealership agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and up to the date of this prospectus, we did not encounter any material supply chain disruptions as a result of our reliance on SANY. For further information regarding our relationship with SANY, see “Business — Major Suppliers” in this prospectus.

Our distribution arrangements with SANY are non-exclusive in nature, and SANY reserves the right to directly supply the same products in Singapore or to engage other distributors to supply the same products in Singapore, which would increase our competition for customers. In this case, our business, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

In addition, our distribution arrangements with SANY are subject to renewal and may be terminated by SANY upon giving the requisite notice or upon the occurrence of certain stipulated events, some of which are not entirely within our control. As such, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew these arrangements on terms acceptable to us or at all or that these arrangements will not be terminated prematurely or modified to our detriment. Although we believe that we have alternative sources of supply for the equipment, the loss of the distributorship with SANY may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations if we are unable to obtain comparable equipment in an adequate or timely manner.

We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with relying on a major supplier based in the PRC.

Although we have not experienced any supply chain disruptions that have had a material impact on our business operations due to our reliance on SANY, in the event of disruption or total cessation of business relationship with SANY, we may have to seek alternative sources for heavy equipment and related products which may incur additional time and cost for us and until such alternative is found on reasonable or similar terms to those with SANY. Such disruption or total cessation will have a material adverse affect on our operations which in turn may cause our share price to decline.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes, and prior court decisions can only be cited as references. The PRC government has been developing a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation, finance, foreign exchange and trade. However, due to the continuous and rapid development of the PRC legal system and the limited volume of published court decisions which are non-binding in nature, the interpretations and enforcement of laws, regulations and rules may be inconsistent and involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us in the event of dispute arising with SANY. Enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in the PRC, or may be unclear or inconsistent. Even where adequate laws exist in the PRC, the enforcement of existing laws or contracts may be uncertain or sporadic, and it may be difficult to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of a judgment by a court.

In addition, we cannot predict future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws and the interpretation or enforcement thereof, and the effects of such developments on SANY’s industry which in turn may affect our ability to obtain heavy equipment and parts from them. Therefore, notwithstanding that we have no presence in the PRC and the above does not directly apply to us or directly affect our daily operations, such future developments would have implications on SANY, which in turn could affect the supply of heavy equipment and related products to us.

We are dependent on our key management and skilled personnel for our continued success and growth.

We attribute our success and growth to-date largely to the contributions and expertise of our directors and executive officers, all of whom have extensive experience in our business or relevant industries. Our founder, Mr. Lim Jison, or Mr. Lim, has worked in the industry for over 25 years, has grown our business since our inception, and is instrumental to our continued success, formulating business strategies and spearheading the growth of our business. He possesses extensive industry knowledge and comprehensive global and local industry network, is familiar with all aspects of our business operations and has established good relationships with customers and suppliers. He is supported by our executive officers, who play an important role in implementing our overall business strategy, managing our operations and executing our corporate development activities.

However, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to retain the services of our key personnel. Even though we have obtained a keyman insurance for Mr. Lim upon listing, the resignation or the loss of the services of Mr. Lim or any of our directors, executive officers or other key personnel without suitable and timely replacement or the inability to attract and retain qualified management personnel, may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects. Further, in the event that we need to increase employee compensation levels substantially to attract and/or retain any key management personnel, our costs may increase, and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our continued success and growth are also dependent upon our ability to recruit and retain skilled and qualified personnel such as design, engineering and technical personnel. Skilled personnel with the appropriate experience in the industries we operate in are limited and competition for the employment of such personnel is intense. Even though we intend to continue to devote significant resources to recruit, train and retain such personnel, there is no assurance that we will be able to attract the necessary skilled personnel to work for us or that we will be able to retain the skilled personnel or that suitable and timely replacements can be found for skilled personnel who leave us. Further, competition for skilled qualified employees may result in us having to pay higher wages to attract and retain our employees, which may result in higher labor costs, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain skilled employees, this will adversely affect our business and prospects.

We operate in a competitive environment and face competition from existing and new industry players.

We operate in a competitive environment and our success depends to a large extent on our ability to compete against other industry players on, among other things, reputation, track record, pricing, product range, delivery times and customer service.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete effectively against our existing and future competitors and adapt quickly to changing market conditions and trends. Failure to keep abreast of technological advancements and industry developments may result in failure to provide services in a cost-effective and efficient manner compared to our competitors, which may lead to loss of customers. Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected if competition intensifies. Any failure by us to remain competitive will adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, new competitors may enter the industry, resulting in increased competition, which in turn may result in us losing our existing customers and not being able to secure new customers. There is no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the future against our existing or potential competitors or that our business, financial condition and results of operations will not be adversely affected by increased competition.

We are dependent on foreign labor and may face labor shortages or increased costs of labor for our Singapore operations.

We employ a significant number of foreign workers (including skilled workers) for our Singapore operations, and we are vulnerable to changes in the availability and costs of employing foreign workers. As of December 31, 2023, out of our total employees in Singapore, approximately 47.8% are foreign workers who mainly work in servicing and operations. The supply and costs of skilled workers are subject to demand and supply conditions in the labor market and the local and foreign governments’ labor regulations and visa restrictions.

In addition, the availability of both skilled and unskilled foreign labor is subject to policies imposed by the Ministry of Manpower of Singapore, or MOM, and the foreign affairs and labor policies of the countries in which these foreign workers are domiciled. For instance, the availability of foreign employees in Singapore is regulated by MOM through policy measures such as the imposition of levies and quotas known as dependency ratio ceilings, being the percentage of foreign employees permitted in a company’s total workforce. We are susceptible to any increase in such levies and any changes in the supply and/or quota of foreign employees that it is permitted to hire. The availability, requirements and cost of housing for such workers are also subject to government policies. Any changes in such policies may affect the supply of foreign manpower and cause disruptions to our operations which will result in an increase in our labor costs and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. See “Regulatory Environment – Employment of Foreign Manpower Act 1990 of Singapore, or the EFMA” in this prospectus for further information on the main foreign employment laws and regulations governing our business.

Any increase in competition for foreign workers, especially skilled workers, will increase our labor costs. Consequently, if we are not able to pass on the increase in labor costs to our customers, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

We are subject to a number of operating risks.

Our operations are exposed to the risk of equipment failure, risk of failure by employees to follow procedures and protocols as well as inherent risks in operating equipment and machinery, resulting in damage to or loss of any relevant machines, equipment or facilities required in a project or personal injury. A major operational failure could result in loss of life and/or serious injury, damage to or loss of the machines, equipment or facilities and protracted legal disputes and damage to our reputation. In the event of an operational or equipment failure, we may be forced to cease part of our operations and/or be subject to a penalty or incur extra costs or expenses in any dispute as a result of such operational or equipment failure.

In addition, the industry we operate in is highly regulated by the Land Transport Authority of Singapore, or LTA, MOM, the National Environment Agency of Singapore, or NEA, and other regulatory authorities in Singapore. Where there is a non-compliance of any regulatory requirements of LTA, MOM, NEA or other regulatory authorities, we will be subject to penalties as may be imposed by them and/or may be required to cease operations until we comply with the requirements of the relevant authorities. This may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

We may be unsuccessful in implementing our business strategies and future plans.

As part of our business strategies and future plans, we intend to further expand our product portfolio to include additional models of fully electric equipment, expand our engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning, or EPCC, service for deploying charging solutions in Singapore and deepen collaboration with our strategic partners and further expand and diversify our engineering solutions and options, among others. While such plans are based on our outlook regarding our business prospects, there is no assurance that such expansion plans will be commercially successful or that the actual outcome of those plans will match our expectations. The success and viability of our plans are dependent upon our ability to successfully carry out our overall electrification strategy and implement corresponding strategic business development and marketing plans effectively and upon an increase in demand for our products and services by existing and new customers in the future.

Further, the implementation of our business strategies and future plans may require substantial capital expenditure and additional financial resources and commitments. There is no assurance that these business strategies and future plans will achieve the expected results or outcome such as an increase in revenue that will be commensurate with our investment costs or the ability to generate any costs savings, increased operational efficiency and/or productivity improvements to our operations. There is also no assurance that we will be able to obtain financing on terms that are favorable, if at all. If the results or outcome of our future plans do not meet our expectations, if we fail to achieve a sufficient level of revenue or if we fail to manage our costs efficiently, we may be unable to recover our investment costs and our business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects may be adversely affected.

We are dependent on the level of activities in the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries.

Our customers are mainly in the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries in Singapore. In particular, a significant portion of our customer base consists of those who are heavily involved in infrastructure and government projects. Thus, the demand for our products and services is dependent, to a large extent, on the level of business activities in these industries and the business activities emerging from such infrastructure and government-related projects in Singapore. These industries are cyclical in nature. Any decline in the businesses of these industries or a broad economic downturn in Singapore may lead to a decrease in the demand for equipment or depress rental rates and the sales prices for our equipment, which in turn, will have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and prospects. We may be unable to predict the timing, extent or duration of such activity cycles of these industries. In addition, our business may be negatively impacted, either temporarily or long-term, by a number of factors out of our control, including:

	●	a reduction in spending levels by customers;
	●	unfavorable credit markets affecting end-user access to capital;
	●	adverse changes in government infrastructure spending;
	●	an increase in the cost of construction materials;
	●	adverse weather conditions or natural disasters which may affect a particular region;
	●	an increase in interest rates;
	●	supply chain disruptions; or
	●	public health crises and epidemics, such as COVID-19.

If we fail to react to the cyclical downturn or the factors that are out of our control effectively, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

We do not have long term contracts with our customers.

We do not have definite and long-term purchase or rental contracts with our customers for the various products and services we provide, and our customers typically make their purchases or rentals on a project needs basis. These customers may also decide to make purchases or rentals from our competitors. While we have good business relationships with our customers, there can be no assurance that they will not significantly reduce and/or delay their orders or stop making purchases or rentals from us in the future. There also can be no assurance that business relationships with these customers would remain cordial or that they would continue to be satisfied with our quality of service. If our major customers or a significant number of our other customers were to make purchases or rentals from sources other than us and if we are unable to secure alternative orders of comparable size, whether from new or existing customers, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

In addition, in the event that our heavy equipment fleet for our Equipment Rental Business is not being rented out, we will have to bear the costs incurred the maintenance of such heavy equipment which are not being deployed or rented. It is also difficult for us to accurately anticipate the level of heavy equipment that is required due to the fact that most of our rentals are made on a short term or project needs basis. There can be no assurance that our rental equipment fleet will be fully and efficiently utilized. In the event that we have to incur additional fixed costs towards the maintenance of the rental equipment fleet, it may result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects. We may also have to take into account depreciation charges incurred for our heavy equipment.

We are dependent on the timely delivery of the heavy equipment and other products which we distribute.

We typically do not maintain significant levels of inventories and typically only place orders based on our forecasted demand. However, due to recent market conditions, we have been maintaining inventories in order to fulfil market demand on short notice. There can also be no assurance that our suppliers will be able to fulfill our purchase requirements in adequate quantities on a timely basis or at all. If any of these events were to occur, we will be unable to fulfill our customers’ orders on a timely basis or at all or we may have to satisfy our purchase requirements from alternative sources in limited quantities or at higher costs, and may be liable for breach of contract with our customers pursuant to the non-fulfilment or partial fulfilment of the contract terms. Further, any significant delay or disruption in the delivery of products by our suppliers may affect our ability to fulfill our customers’ orders which in turn could result in loss of sales and could affect customer satisfaction and our reputation. In any of such events, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be adversely affected.

We may experience work safety-related accidents that may expose us to liability claims.

Due to the nature of our operations, it is also subject to the risk of our employees or third parties being involved in accidents or mishaps at our premises or our customers’ premises. These accidents may occur as a result of non-compliance with safety measures or various other reasons, and may have a material adverse impact on our track record and reputation. In the event of such accidents, we will have to incur costs to make good our premises, machinery, equipment or inventory or to relocate to alternative premises. Such accidents or mishaps may also disrupt our operations and lead to delays in the completion of our projects, and in the event of such delays, we could be liable to pay liquidated damages under the terms of contracts with our customers.

Further, in the event we are found to be liable for any such accidents, penalties or damages may be imposed upon us. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may also be affected if we have to incur a significant amount of legal costs in the event that we are involved in legal proceedings, even if we are not found to be liable for any claims as a result of such proceedings.

In the event of accidents which are not covered by the insurance or work injury compensation policies taken by us, or if claims arising from such accidents are in excess of our insurance coverage and/or any of our insurance claims is contested by the insurance companies, we will be required to pay such compensation and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected as a result. In addition, such insurance claims may result in increases in our insurance premiums.

Our rental fleet is subject to residual value risk upon disposition.

The market value of any given piece of rental equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold. The market value of used rental equipment depends on several factors, including:

	●	the market price for new equipment of a like kind;
	●	wear and tear on the equipment relative to its age;
	●	the timing when it is sold;
	●	worldwide and domestic demands for used equipment;
	●	the supply of used equipment on the market; and
	●	general economic conditions.

As to the timing of when the equipment is sold, prices are generally higher when contracts/projects are awarded by the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore, or the BCA. That is because when the BCA awards more contracts/projects, it is expected to drive up demand for heavy equipment resulting in a corresponding increase in the price of the equipment.

Any significant decline in the selling prices for used equipment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

If our rental fleet ages, our operating costs may increase, we may be unable to pass along such costs, and our earnings may decrease.

The costs of new equipment we use in our fleet may increase, requiring us to spend more for replacement equipment or preventing us from procuring equipment on a timely basis. If our rental equipment ages, the costs of maintaining such equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time, will likely increase. The costs of maintenance may materially increase in the future and could lead to material adverse effects on our results of operations.

The cost of new equipment for use in our rental fleet could also increase due to increased material costs for our suppliers (including tariffs on raw materials) or other factors beyond our control. Such increases could materially adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations in future periods. Furthermore, changes in customer demand could cause certain of our existing equipment to become obsolete and require us to purchase new equipment at increased costs.

We incur maintenance and repair costs associated with our rental fleet equipment that could have a material adverse effect on our business in the event these costs are greater than anticipated.

As our fleet of rental equipment ages, the cost of maintaining such equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time, generally increases. Determining the optimal age for our rental fleet equipment is subjective and requires considerable estimates by management. We have made estimates regarding the relationship between the age of our rental fleet equipment, maintenance and repair costs, and the market value of used equipment. Our future operating results could be adversely affected because our maintenance and repair costs may be higher than estimated and market values of used equipment may fluctuate.

Climate change, climate change regulations and greenhouse effects may materially adversely impact our operations and markets.

Although we have been introducing fully electric equipment and are currently building our first battery swap station in Singapore as a part of our overall electrification strategy of adopting to a greener future, the majority of our equipment currently on offer for sales and rental remains powered by internal combustion engine. Climate change and its association with greenhouse gas emissions is receiving increased attention from the scientific and political communities. Singapore and other countries and regions have adopted or are considering legislation or regulation imposing overall caps or taxes on greenhouse gas emissions from certain sectors or facility categories. Such new laws or regulations, or stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could increase the costs of operating our businesses, reduce the demand for our products and services and impact the prices we charge our customers, any or all of which could adversely affect our results of operations. Failure to comply with any legislation or regulation could potentially result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions or operational changes. Moreover, even without such legislation or regulation, the perspectives of our customers, stockholders, employees and other stakeholders regarding climate change are continuing to evolve, and increased awareness of, or any adverse publicity regarding, the effects of greenhouse gases could harm our reputation or reduce customer demand for our products and services.

Additionally, as severe weather events become increasingly common, our or our customers’ operations may be disrupted, which could result in increased operational costs or reduced demand for our products and services and extended periods of disruptions could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, climate change may also reduce the availability or increase the cost of insurance for weather-related events as well as may impact the global economy, including as a result of disruptions to supply chains. We anticipate that climate change-related risks will increase over time.

We may require additional funding for our future growth and are dependent on financing to fund our purchase of equipment for our Equipment Rental Business.

We have identified our future plans as set out in this prospectus. Under such circumstance, we may need to obtain debt or equity financing to fund our business and future growth. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to do so, our future plans and growth prospects may be adversely affected. In addition, we require financing to fund our purchase of heavy equipment for our Equipment Rental Business. If we are unable to secure financing for this purpose, our ability to renew or expand our fleet to meet our equipment rental requirements may be adversely affected and could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If such financing requirements are met by way of debt financing, apart from increasing our interest expense and gearing, we may have restrictions placed on us through such debt financing arrangements which may (a) limit our ability to pay dividends or require us to seek consents for the payment of dividends; (b) increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and/or industry conditions; (c) require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund capital expenditure, working capital and other requirements; and/or (d) limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry.

Furthermore, our borrowing facilities bear interests at fixed and variable rates. Any significant increase in prevailing interest rates or at the time of refinancing of our borrowing facilities could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

There is no assurance that sufficient credit facilities will be available when needed or that, if available, such credit facilities will be obtained on terms that are acceptable to us. There is also no guarantee that the terms for credit facilities will be as favorable as those previously obtained. Our ability to obtain credit facilities for our requirements depends, among other things, on the prevailing economic conditions, our results of operations and the general condition of our industry. Inability to secure additional financing may materially and adversely affect our business, implementation of our business strategies and future plans as well as results of operations.

We may be exposed to risks associated with joint ventures or strategic alliances.

We may seek opportunities for growth through acquisitions, joint ventures, investments and partnerships. There is no assurance that any of these efforts will be successful. The acquisitions and investments that we may make, or joint ventures and partnerships that we may enter into, may expose us to additional business or operating risks or uncertainties, including but not limited to the following:

	●	inability to effectively integrate and manage the acquired businesses;
	●	inability of us to exert control over the actions of our joint venture partners, including any non-performance, default or bankruptcy of the joint venture partners;
	●	time and resources expended to coordinate internal systems, controls, procedures and policies;
	●	disruption to ongoing business and diversion of our management’s time and attention from its day-to-day operations and other business concerns;
	●	risk of entering markets that we may have no or limited prior experience or dealing with new counterparties;
	●	potential loss of key employees and customers of our existing business and acquired businesses;
	●	risk that an investment or acquisition may reduce our future earnings; and
	●	exposure to unknown liabilities.

If there are disagreements between us and our joint venture partners (if any) regarding the business and operations of our joint ventures, there is no assurance that we will be able to resolve them in a manner that will be favorable to us. In addition, such joint venture partners may (i) have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with that of ours; (ii) take actions contrary to our instructions, requests, policies or objectives; (iii) be unable or unwilling to fulfil their obligations; (iv) have financial difficulties; or (v) have disputes with us as to the scope of their responsibilities and obligations. Any of these and other factors may adversely affect the business and operations of our joint ventures, which may in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to successfully implement our growth strategy or are unable to address the risks associated with our acquisitions, joint ventures, investments and partnerships, or if we encounter unforeseen difficulties, complications or delays frequently encountered in connection with the integration of acquired businesses and the expansion of operations, or fail to achieve acquisition synergies, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be affected by any adverse impact on our reputation and goodwill.

We have built a reputation as one of the reliable providers of turnkey project solutions in Singapore to port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries. Any negative publicity about us, our directors, our executive officers or our substantial shareholders, whether founded or unfounded, may tarnish our reputation and goodwill with our customers and suppliers. Such negative publicity may include, among other things, unsuccessful attempts in joint ventures, acquisitions or take-overs, or involvement in litigation, insolvency proceedings or investigations by government authorities.

Under these circumstances, our customers and suppliers may lose confidence in our business, our directors, our executive officers or our substantial shareholders, and this could affect our business relationships with them and their referral of new business opportunities to us. This may have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects.

Adverse conditions in the global financial markets and the general economy may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

While our current business operates in Singapore, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected by political, economic, social and legal developments in Singapore and globally that are beyond our control. Such political and economic uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks of war, terrorism, changes in interest rates, rates of economic growth, fiscal and monetary policies of the government, inflation, deflation, methods of taxation and tax policy, unemployment trends, and other matters that influence consumer confidence, spending and tourism.

Further, negative developments in geo-political events such as the US-China trade issues may bring uncertainty to the global economy. Any of such issues may lead to retaliatory and/or threat of retaliatory measures being imposed on the relevant countries. This may lead to volatility in the financial markets. The nature and extent of such changes are difficult to predict, and may bring uncertainty to the global economy and/or political environment. There is no assurance that we will be able to grow our business, or that we will be able to react promptly to any change in economic conditions. If we fail to react promptly to the changing economic conditions, our performance and profitability could be adversely affected. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected if these conditions deteriorate in the future.

We cannot assure you that our future plans will be successful.

Our future plans include offering more environmentally friendly heavy equipment, expanding EPCC service for deploying charging solutions in Singapore, deepening collaboration with our strategic partners and further expanding and diversifying our engineering solutions and options, and expanding and diversifying our operations and product and service offerings through investments, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and/or strategic collaborations, among others. The execution of our future plans may require substantial capital expenditure, financial and management resources and/or may expose our business to unforeseen liabilities and risks associated with entering into new markets or new businesses which we have no experience in. There is no assurance that such future plans will be commercially successful and if we fail to manage our expansion efficiently, achieve the desired rate of return on our investments or execute our plans or integrate them successfully with our business for any reason, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

We have the risk of increases in the price of spare parts and accessories or shortages of spare parts and accessories.

The costs of the spare parts and accessories we use in our business may fluctuate in accordance with changes in global supply and demand. In the event of any significant rise in the prices of such spare parts and accessories and we are unable to pass on such increased costs to our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We purchase spare parts and accessories as and when required based on project and budget requirements. We rely on our spare parts suppliers to deliver such spare parts and accessories based on our prevailing requirements. Although we have established good working relationships with our spare parts suppliers, there is no assurance that we will continue to be able to obtain materials from our spare parts suppliers at acceptable prices or that our spare parts suppliers would be able to meet our requirements in a timely manner. In the event that our spare parts suppliers are unable to meet our requirements for materials on terms which are favorable to us, our results of operations and profit margins may be materially and adversely affected.

We are exposed to the risk of litigation.

In general, we are exposed to the risk of litigation by customers, suppliers, employees and other persons, including the risk of being joined as third parties to litigation actions or involvement in frivolous claims. For example, we may be subject to negligence claims as a result of motor accidents which occur in the course of work. These litigation actions and claims may be costly and time consuming, and could result in significant liabilities and reputational harm. We may need to incur significant legal, settlement and other costs in defending actions against us. Any litigation brought against us by our customers or other relevant parties in the future in relation to our business could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, growth prospects, income, operations and/or financial performance. If such legal or other proceedings are not concluded in our favor and we are found liable in such disputes for any claims and/or damages and incur legal and other costs, or if we accept settlement terms that are unfavorable to us, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects as well as our reputation may be adversely affected.

In November 2023, Ten-League (E&T) received a court filing by the liquidator of one of our machinery suppliers, or the Plaintiff, which has been subject to a winding-up order since November 2022 due to insolvency. The liquidator alleges that its sold us ten sets of machineries and equipment, or the Disputed Machineries, during its liquidation, which would render the transactions void. The total amount claimed by the liquidator is approximately S$4.2 million. As of the date of this prospectus, the litigation is still ongoing. For further information regarding this litigation, see “Business — Legal Proceedings” in this prospectus.

We cannot assure you that this litigation will be resolved in our favor. Although our controlling shareholder, Ten-League Corp, has agreed to indemnify us in full for any liabilities and related expenses we may incur should this litigation be adjudicated against us, we cannot assure you that there will be no negative impact on us.

We may need to incur additional costs in the event of disputes, claims, defects or delays.

Depending on the types of equipment, we typically extend a warranty of between one and two years or 2,000 and 5,000 working hours, whichever is earlier, for new equipment and a 10-year structural warranty for new equipment to customers who purchase new equipment from us, during which we provide repair services as needed as well as regular scheduled maintenance services. We do not extend product warranty for used equipment.

We may also encounter disputes with our customers in relation to non-compliance with contract specifications and defects. There can be no assurance that any such disputes and claims will not result in protracted litigation, which will have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In the event that our customers suffer loss and damage due to defects which may be attributable to us, they may claim against us, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations.

We face risks related to heightened inflation, recession, financial and credit market disruptions and other economic conditions.

Our financial results, operations and forecasts depend significantly on worldwide economic and geopolitical conditions, the demand for our products, and the financial condition of our customers and suppliers. Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty have in the past resulted, and may result in the future, in reduced demand for products resulting in decreased sales, margins and earnings. According to the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the core inflation rate in Singapore averaged 4.1% in 2022 and 4.2% in 2023. We may be unable to fully mitigate the impact of inflation through price increases, productivity initiatives and cost savings, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, if the Singapore economy enters a recession, we may experience sales declines which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Recently, there have been increase in interest rates in many jurisdictions around the world, including Singapore. Notwithstanding the increases in interest rates worldwide, we have not raised the prices of our heavy equipment and parts, as our suppliers have not materially increased their prices to us. However, our customers have deferred the purchase of new equipment, to minimize their interest expenses amid elevated interest rates. As such, this resulted in a decrease in our revenue derived from the sales of heavy equipment and parts in 2023 compared to that in 2022. If Singapore continues to experience sustained inflationary pressures and/or related interest rates increases, this could lead to our suppliers to raise their supply prices of heavy equipment and parts to us, and our customers to continue deferring the purchase of new equipment and parts from us, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

Similarly, disruptions in financial and/or credit markets may impact our ability to manage normal commercial relationships with our customers, suppliers and creditors. Further, in the event of a recession or threat of a recession, our customers and suppliers may suffer their own financial and economic challenges and as a result they may demand pricing accommodations, delay payment, or become insolvent, which could harm our ability to meet our customer demands or collect revenue or otherwise could harm our business. An economic or credit crisis could occur and impair credit availability and our ability to raise capital when needed. A disruption in the financial markets could impair our banking or other business partners, on whom we rely for access to capital. In addition, changes in tax or interest rates in Singapore or other nations, whether due to recession, economic disruptions or other reasons, could have an adverse effect on our operating results. Economic weakness and geopolitical uncertainty may also lead us to impair assets, take restructuring actions or adjust our operating strategy and reduce expenses in response to decreased sales or margins. We may be unable to adequately adjust our cost structure in a timely fashion, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty about economic conditions may increase foreign currency volatility in markets in which we transact business, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

We are subject to credit risks of our customers.

For our Equipment Sales Business, we generally offer credit periods of 30 to 60 days to our customers from the date of the invoice. Such payment is typically made by way of cash, letter of credit or telegraphic transfers. We may require certain customers to furnish a 10.0% to 20.0% deposit upon placing their orders. For our Equipment Rental Business, we typically grant our customers credit terms of generally 30 days from the date of its invoice. For projects that are less than a month in duration, we typically invoice our customers at the end of the project a lump sum fee for services rendered. For longer term projects, we will invoice our customers on a monthly basis. We may require certain new customers to make payments upfront before the commencement of the projects. As of December 31, 2023 our credit exposure as represented by our accounts receivable, net, was S$22.0 million.

We face uncertainties over the timeliness of our customers’ payments and their ability to meet their contractual payment obligations to us. The reasons for payment delays or default by our customers may include, amongst others, a decline in their business, economic downturn, insolvency, bankruptcy, insufficient financing or working capital due to late payments by their respective end customers or exposure to fraudulent activities. In the event that we are unable to collect the trade receivables from our customers, including after enforcing our contractual rights through legal proceedings, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

In the event of default in payment by our customers, we may have to provide for impairments of our trade receivables or write-off bad debts, depending on the period of default. Such impairments and/or write-offs may adversely affect our profitability. For 2022 and 2023, we made the allowance for doubtful accounts and charged to the consolidated statements of operations amounting to S$4.2 million and S$3.6 million, respectively, and wrote off loss allowance which represented 4.3% and 0.1% of our revenue, respectively. For more information regarding the allowance for doubtful accounts and wrote-off loss allowance, please refer to the section headed “Management’s Discuss and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Working Capital — Accounts receivable, net” in this prospectus. In addition, we may from time to time take legal action against errant customers to pursue payment. We would have to incur legal costs in connection with such legal action.

Although we have adopted a series of strict management measures, we may be unable to collect all accounts receivable due to a variety of factors that are outside of our control. If the relationship between us and any of our customers is terminated or deteriorated, or if our customers experience financial difficulties, our corresponding accounts receivable might be adversely affected in terms of recoverability, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to regulatory requirements for our operations.

Our business is subject to various laws, rules and regulations in Singapore. In addition, we are required to obtain certain approvals and certifications for certain of the heavy equipment we supply.

If we are found to be in breach of any applicable laws, rules, regulations, the relevant government or regulatory authority may take action against us, such as issue warnings, impose penalties, or impose additional conditions or restrictions. As such, we have to constantly monitor and ensure compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. Any failure to comply with such applicable laws, rules and regulations may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any change in existing regulations or introduction of new government legislation, regulations and policies that require our compliance may restrict or hamper its business or result in higher operating costs. Such changes may also require us to obtain additional licenses and approvals. Any difficulties or failure in obtaining such licenses and approvals could require us to cease operations until such licenses and approvals are obtained. There is no assurance that we will continue to be able to comply with the requirements of new applicable laws, regulations and policies in the countries which we operate in. This would affect our ability to meet our contractual deadlines and maintain a good business relationship with our customers.

We require adequate working capital for our operations.

We require adequate funding either from internal resources, credit from our suppliers or bank borrowings to fund the working capital of our business. The availability of credit and the credit terms extended to us by our suppliers could depend on factors such as the length of our business relationship with them, their evaluation of our creditworthiness, the size of the orders placed with them and our payment track record. Our ability to obtain adequate financing on terms which are acceptable to us depends on a number of factors such as our financial strength, our creditworthiness and our prospects, and other factors that are beyond our control, including general economic, liquidity and political conditions, the terms on which financial institutions are willing to extend credit to us, and the availability of other sources of debt financing or equity financing. If we are unable to secure adequate financing, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

Our business is affected by changes in technology.

With the advancement of technology and continual research and development in the industry we operate in, new services or new products may be developed. Although we have been working closely with our technology partners in providing various value-added engineering solutions under our engineering consultancy services such as sensor fusion, drive-by-wire and remote drive control system, there is no assurance that we will be able to keep up with the inventions, improvements, enhancements and new standards introduced by our competitors. The development and introduction of new technologies may adversely affect the demand for our existing products and services, or render our existing products and services obsolete. If we are not able to achieve the technological advances that may be necessary for us to remain competitive, or if we are not able to develop or distribute new products and services on a timely and cost-effective basis, our business operations and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our insurance coverage may be insufficient.

We maintain different insurance policies for our business, covering damages or loss to our properties and machinery. We cannot assure potential investors that our existing insurance coverage will be sufficient to indemnify us against all of our losses in all events. The occurrence of certain incidents, including fraud, misconduct committed by our employees or third parties, severe weather conditions, earthquakes, fire, war, flooding and power outages may not be covered adequately, if at all, by our insurance policies. In the event that such damage or loss exceeds the insurance coverage procured by us, or is not covered by the insurance policies that we have taken up, we may be exposed to financial losses. Our insurance premiums may also increase substantially due to claims. In such circumstances, our results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Our equipment and products are subject to stringent international quality codes and standards and certification for quality control.

We sell and rent heavy equipment, including foundation equipment, hoist equipment, excavation equipment and port machinery, and also offer engineering consultancy services including value-added engineering options and solutions, including design, customization, fabrication and integration services. Our products must meet certain standards with respect to quality and safety and accordingly, are subject to regulatory inspections, approvals and certifications. To ensure that products sold, customized, designed or fabricated by us meet the necessary standards, we are required to ensure that our products comply with stringent quality control codes and standards prescribed by international professional bodies and institutions for our industry. For example, our cranes must pass the inspections of LTA before they can be deployed. In the event that our products do not meet the required quality control codes and standards, we will be required to re-work or replace the defective products which may result in liability, project costs overrun and adversely affect our reputation. This in turn may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are dependent on a few of our major customers.

We are dependent on our major customers. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, sales to our five largest customers collectively accounted for approximately 36.6% and 38.3%, respectively, of our total net revenue, and sales to our largest customer accounted for approximately 9.8% and 9.5%, respectively, of our total net revenue. There is no assurance that we will be able to retain our major customers or continue to receive orders from them at current levels or prices. Any material cancellations, reduction in orders or prices and/or claims for whatever reasons by any of our major customers, may result in a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

In addition, our bargaining position with our customers, such as those who transact with government bodies or agencies, may be such that they may be able to modify the terms of our agreements from time to time to our detriment notwithstanding the requirement for any such modification to be agreed in writing by both parties. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our historical growth and performance may not be indicative of our future growth and performance.

Although we have experienced growth in the past, we may fail to continue our growth or maintain our historical growth rates. You should not consider our historical growth and profitability as indicative of our future financial performance. You should consider our future operations in light of the challenges and uncertainties that we may encounter, which include our ability to, among other things:

	●	successfully increase our market share, brand recognition and reputation;
	●	develop our infrastructure to enhance service efficiency and customer experience;
	●	retain existing customers and attract new customers;
	●	continue to develop our technology and enhance our data insights;
	●	adapt our operations to new policies, regulations and measures that may come into effect from time to time;
	●	deliver compelling value propositions to our customers; and
	●	expand into new jurisdictions and/or businesses.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to sustain our past financial performances in future periods, and we may be unable to sustain profitability on a quarterly, interim or annual basis in the future. Our interim results, growth rates and profitability may not be indicative of our annual results or our future results. In addition, our historical interim and annual results, growth rates and profitability may not be indicative of our future performance for the corresponding periods. Our shares could be subject to significant price volatility should our earnings fail to meet the expectations of investors. Any of these events could cause the price of our shares to materially decrease.

Moreover, when we become a publicly-listed company, we will be required to ensure continuing compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. Some of these efforts to ensure compliance will require our substantial resources and compliance costs, including our rectification measures to make required contributions to the social insurance and the housing provident fund for certain of our employees. These compliance costs will likely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Securities and This Offering

An active trading market for our ordinary shares may not be established or, if established, may not continue and the trading price for our ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly.

We cannot assure you that a liquid public market for our ordinary shares will be established. If an active public market for our ordinary shares does not occur following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected. The public offering price for our ordinary shares in this offering was determined by negotiation between us and the underwriter based upon several factors, and we can provide no assurance that the trading price of our ordinary shares after this offering will not decline below the public offering price. As a result, investors in our ordinary shares may experience a significant decrease in the value of their shares.

We may not maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our ordinary shares and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

We intend to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq concurrently with this offering. In order to continue listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq, we must maintain certain financial and share price levels and we may be unable to meet these requirements in the future. We cannot assure you that our shares will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq in the future.

If the Nasdaq delists our ordinary shares and we are unable to list our shares on another national securities exchange, we expect our shares could be quoted on an over-the-counter market in the United States. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

	●	a limited availability of market quotations for our ordinary shares;

	●	reduced liquidity for our ordinary shares;

	●	a determination that our ordinary shares are “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our ordinary shares;

	●	a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

	●	a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

As long as our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq, U.S. federal law prevents or preempts the states from regulating their sale. However, the law does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar their sale. Further, if we were no longer listed on the Nasdaq, we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our shares.

The trading price of our ordinary shares may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our ordinary shares may be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of the broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in Singapore that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

	●	fluctuations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow;

	●	changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

	●	additions or departures of key personnel;

	●	release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

	●	potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in significant and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our shares will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares could adversely affect the market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market after the completion of this offering or the perception that these sales could occur could adversely affect the market price of our shares and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Prior to the sale of our shares in this offering, we have 27,796,502 ordinary shares outstanding. The shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. There will be 29,806,302 ordinary shares outstanding immediately after this offering. In connection with this offering, our directors and officers named in the section “Management” have agreed not to sell any shares until 180 days after the date of this prospectus without the prior written consent of the representative of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, unless the underwriters release these securities from these restrictions.

Short selling may drive down the market price of our ordinary shares.

Short selling is the practice of selling shares that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical shares back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the shares between the sale of the borrowed shares and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the shares to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions and allegations regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling the shares short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable publicity, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality.

Because our public offering price per share is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase shares in this offering, you will pay substantially more than our net tangible book value per share. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of US$4.16 per share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share of US$0.34 as of December 31, 2023, after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering, assuming no change to the number of shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and an assumed public offering price of US$4.50 per share (being the mid-point of the initial public offering price range). See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our shares will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.

You must rely on the judgment of our management as to the uses of the net proceeds from this offering, and such uses may not produce income or increase our share price.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering due to us as set out in “Use of Proceeds.” However, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds received by us in this offering. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our efforts to achieve or maintain profitability or increase our share price. The net proceeds due to us from this offering may be placed in investments that do not produce income or that lose value.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ordinary shares, the market price for our ordinary shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts downgrade our shares, the market price for our shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our shares to decline.

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, United States taxpayers who own our securities may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

We are a non-U.S. corporation and, as such, we will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which is known as a PFIC, for any taxable year if, for such year, either

	●	At least 75% of our gross income for the year is passive income; or

	●	The average percentage of our assets (determined at the end of each quarter) during the taxable year that produce passive income or that are held for the production of passive income is at least 50%.

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. taxpayer who holds our securities, the U.S. taxpayer may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements.

It is possible that, for our current taxable year or for any subsequent year, more than 50% of our assets may be assets which produce passive income. We will make this determination following the end of any particular tax year. For purposes of the PFIC analysis, in general, a non-U.S. corporation is deemed to own its pro rata share of the gross income and assets of any entity in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the equity by value.

For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. taxpayers if we were determined to be a PFIC, see “Material Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer that have applied to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq, we rely on a provision in the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards that allows us to follow Cayman Islands law with regard to certain aspects of corporate governance. This allows us to follow certain corporate governance practices that differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on the Nasdaq.

For example, we are exempt from Nasdaq regulations that require a listed U.S. company to:

	●	require non-management directors to meet on a regular basis without management present; and

	●	seek shareholder approval for the implementation of certain equity compensation plans and dilutive issuances of ordinary shares, such as transactions, other than a public offering, involving the sale of 20% or more of our ordinary shares for less than the greater of book or market value of the shares.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. Our audit committee is required to comply with the provisions of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, which is applicable to U.S. companies listed on the Nasdaq. Therefore, we intend to have a fully independent audit committee upon effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, in accordance with Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. However, because we are a foreign private issuer, our audit committee is not subject to additional Nasdaq corporate governance requirements applicable to listed U.S. companies, including the requirements to have a minimum of three members and to affirmatively determine that all members are “independent,” using more stringent criteria than those applicable to us as a foreign private issuer.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. We will also be subject to the U.S. securities laws. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are governed by our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands (as compared to the U.S. law) as well as from English common law. The decisions of the English courts are of highly persuasive authority, but are not binding on Cayman Islands courts (except for those decisions handed down from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to the extent that these have been appealed from the Cayman Islands courts). The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are broadly similar to those in other common law jurisdictions, but there may be differences in the statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws than the United States, and provide significantly less protection to investors. In addition, if shareholders want to proceed against us outside of the Cayman Islands, they will need to demonstrate that they have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. There is no guarantee that the courts of the Cayman Islands would automatically recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state. In addition, the courts of the Cayman Islands will not recognize and enforce a judgment predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are taxes, fines or penal in nature, or otherwise contrary to public policy, including punitive damages.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Prior to the completion of this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel. Furthermore, prior to the completion of this offering, our management has not performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, is designed to prevent fraud.

Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which may result in volatility in and a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, if we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a burden on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, has defined a material weakness as “a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.”

In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may be unable to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ordinary shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud, misuse of corporate assets and legal actions under the United States securities laws and subject us to potential delisting from Nasdaq, to regulatory investigations and to civil or criminal sanctions.

We currently lack personnel adequately trained in and have appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements, which could result in (i) our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, (ii) errors in our financial statements; (iii) failure to meet our reporting obligations; and (iv) loss of confidence by the investors in our financial information. We have implemented and plan to implement a number of measures to address this issue.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as U.S. states. Currently, we plan to rely on home country practice with respect to any corporate governance matter. Accordingly, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the Board or Controlling Shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in a U.S. state. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in a U.S. state and their shareholders, see “Certain Cayman Islands Company Considerations — Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law”.

Economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands may impact us or our operations.

As part of the Cayman Islands’ commitment to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, the Cayman Islands introduced economic substance legislation back in 2018. Effective January 1, 2019, the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (as amended), or the Substance Law and the issued Regulations and Guidance Notes came into force in the Cayman Islands introducing certain economic substance requirements for “relevant entities” which are engaged in certain “relevant activities”. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands; however, it does not include an entity that is a tax resident in a jurisdiction with corporate income tax system outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as we are a tax resident in a jurisdiction with corporate income tax system outside the Cayman Islands and we are subject to corporate income tax in that jurisdiction on all of the income generated from a relevant activity, we are not required to satisfy the economic substance test under the Substance Law. Although it is presently anticipated that the Substance Law will have little material impact on us or our operations, the legislation remains subject to further clarification.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, all of our current directors and officers named in this prospectus are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States and substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Service of court documents on a Cayman Islands company can be effected by serving the documents at the company’s registered office and it may be is possible to enforce foreign judgments in the Cayman Islands against a Cayman Islands company, subject to some exceptions. However, if investors wish to serve documents on and/or enforce foreign judgments against our directors and officers, they will need to ensure that they comply with the rules of the jurisdiction where the directors and officers are located. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands, see “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.” As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests through actions against us or our officers, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, depending on where our directors and officers are located.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period. As a result of this election, our future financial statements may not be comparable to other public companies that comply with the public company effective dates for these new or revised accounting standards.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

	●	the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

	●	the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

	●	the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

	●	the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material non-public information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our financial results on a semi-annual basis through press releases distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you if you were investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses to us.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 28, 2024. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid the loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and 10% shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of the Nasdaq. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

We will incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq.

We will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses as a public reporting company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an emerging growth company. For example, we will be required to comply with the additional requirements of the rules and regulations of the SEC and the Nasdaq rules, including applicable corporate governance practices. We expect that compliance with these requirements will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, we expect that our management and other personnel will need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. We cannot predict or estimate the number of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public company or the timing of such costs.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidelines are provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may also initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.

If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our shares could decline.

Assuming our shares are listed on Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq in the future. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our shares, we and our Shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

	●	a limited availability of market quotations for our shares;

	●	reduced liquidity for our shares;

	●	a determination that our shares are “penny stock”, which would require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our shares;

	●	a limited amount of news about us and analyst coverage of us; and

	●	a decreased ability for us to issue additional equity securities or obtain additional equity or debt financing in the future.

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or pre-empts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Because we expect that our shares will be listed on Nasdaq, such securities will be covered securities. Although the states are pre-empted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our securities.

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

Our Company is an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection for investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the U.S. federal courts.

All of our current operations are conducted outside of the United States and all of our current assets are located outside of the United States, with the majority of our operations and current assets being located in Singapore. All of the directors and executive officers of our Company and the auditors of our Company reside outside the United States and substantially all of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or any such persons, or to enforce in the United States any judgment obtained in the U.S. courts against us or any of such persons, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws or any U.S. state or territory.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor, New York, NY 10168, as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

Cayman Islands

Walkers (Hong Kong), our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of the U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or executive officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws or any U.S. state; or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or executive officers that are predicated upon the U.S. securities laws or the securities laws of any U.S. state.

We have been advised by Walkers (Hong Kong) that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands would recognize as a valid judgment, a final and conclusive judgment in personam obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States against us under which a sum of money is payable (other than a sum of money payable in respect of multiple damages, taxes or other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty), contrary to Cayman Islands public policy or, in certain circumstances, an in personam judgment for non-monetary relief, and would give a judgment based thereon provided that (a) the court that gave the judgment was competent to hear the action in accordance with private international law principles as applied by the courts in the Cayman Islands and the parties subject to such judgment either submitted to such jurisdiction or were resident or carrying on business within such jurisdiction and were duly served with process; (b) the judgment given by the foreign court was not in respect of penalties, taxes, fines or similar fiscal or revenue obligations; (c) such judgment was not obtained by fraud; (d) the judgment was final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum; (e) the judgment was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or public policy in the Cayman Islands; and (f) there is due compliance with the correct procedures under the laws of the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may impose civil liability on us or our directors or officers in a suit brought in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands against us or these persons with respect to a violation of U.S. federal securities laws, provided that the facts surrounding any violation constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Cayman Islands law. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from United States courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are fiscal, penal or punitive in nature or contrary to Cayman Islands public policy. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

Singapore

There is uncertainty as to whether judgments of courts in the United States based upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state or territory of the United States will be recognized and/or enforced by the Singapore courts, and there is doubt as to whether the Singapore courts will enter judgments in original actions brought in the Singapore courts based solely on the civil liability provisions of these securities laws. An in personam final and conclusive judgment in the federal or state courts of the United States under which a fixed or ascertainable sum of money is payable may generally be enforced as a debt in the Singapore courts under the common law as long as it is established that the Singapore courts have jurisdiction over the judgment debtor. However, the Singapore courts are unlikely to enforce a foreign judgment if (a) the foreign judgment is inconsistent with a prior local judgment that is binding on the same parties; (b) the recognition or enforcement of the foreign judgment would contravene the public policy of Singapore; (c) the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained were contrary to principles of natural justice; (d) the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud; or (e) the enforcement of the foreign judgment amounts to the direct or indirect enforcement of a foreign penal, revenue or other public law.

In particular, the Singapore Courts may potentially not allow the enforcement of any foreign judgment for a sum payable in respect of taxes, fines, penalties or other similar charges, including the judgments of courts in the United States based upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state or territory of the United States. In respect of civil liability provisions of the United States federal and state securities laws that permit punitive damages against us and our directors or executive officers, we are unaware of any decision by the Singapore courts that has considered the specific issue of whether a judgment of a United States court based on such civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state or territory of the United States is enforceable in Singapore.

Further, all of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States. In addition, a majority of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult to enforce in the United States any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of such persons, including judgments based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. In addition, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce liabilities based upon U.S. securities laws.

Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Singapore courts would enforce against us, our directors and/or our officers, judgments obtained in the United States which based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We expect to receive approximately US$7.0 million of net proceeds from this offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses of approximately US$2.0 million. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

We currently intend to use proceeds from this offering in the following ways:

	(i)	approximately 30% to expand our product offering;
	(ii)	approximately 15% to improve our automation process and invest in equipment and technology;
	(iii)	approximately 15% to expand through strategic acquisitions and investments. As of the date of this prospectus, no acquisition target has been identified;
	(iv)	approximately 10% for repayment of loans*;
	(v)	approximately 10% to market and brand build; and
	(vi)	the balance for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The foregoing represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. if an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this registration statement. We reserve the right to change the use of proceeds that we presently anticipate and describe herein.

*In 2022 and 2023, our subsidiaries Ten-League (E&T), and Ten-League (PES), obtained bank borrowings for funding business expansion and working capital purposes. As of the date of this prospectus, these are the only bank borrowings outstanding. The total amount of outstanding bank borrowings as of December 31, 2023 is approximately S$17.3 million (US$13.1 million). The effective interest rate on all of such bank loans is 3% and will mature between November 2023 to August 2025.

Working capital

The balance of the net proceeds due to us for general working capital and corporate purposes.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2023 presented:

	●	on an actual basis; and

	●	on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect (i) the above; and (ii) the issuance and sale of 2,009,800 ordinary shares (excluding sale shares) by us in this offering at an initial public offering price of US$4.50 per ordinary share (being the mid point price range), after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual net proceeds to us from the offering. You should read this table in conjunction with “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	Year ended December 31, 2023
Shareholders’ Equity		Actual	As adjusted
		$’000	$’000
ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share, 500,000,000 ordinary shares authorized, 27,796,502 ordinary shares outstanding on an actual basis, 29,806,302 ordinary shares issued and outstanding on an as adjusted basis		-	-
Additional paid-in capital		883	10,096
Retained earnings		3,451	3,451
Total Shareholders’ Equity		4,334	13,547
Total Capitalization		4,334	13,547

DILUTION

Investors purchasing our ordinary shares in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of their ordinary shares. Dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value represents the difference between the initial public offering price of our ordinary shares and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our ordinary shares immediately after the offering.

Historical net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets (total assets excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, net) less total liabilities, divided by the number of outstanding ordinary shares. After giving effect to the sale of ordinary shares in this offering by us at an assumed initial public offering price of US$4.50 per share (being the mid-point of the initial public offering price range), after deducting US$633,087.00 in underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us of approximately US$1,427,734.00, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2023 would have been approximately US$10,268,073.00, or US$0.34 per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of US$0.23 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of US$4.16 per share to new investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis to new investors.

	US$
Assumed initial public offering price per share		4.5
Historical net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2023		0.118
Increase in as adjusted net tangible book value per share attributable to the investors in this offering		0.226
Pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering		0.344
Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering		(4.156	)

SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following summary consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data and cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and summary consolidated balance sheets data have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or the U.S. GAAP.

Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. The following consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated are qualified by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2022		2023		2023
	S$’000		US$’000		S$’000		US$’000

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		5,978		4,460		2,340		1,774
Accounts receivable, net		12,794		9,545		21,744		16,481
Contract Assets		-		-		2,784		2,110
Inventories		9,280		6,923		8,413		6,377
Deposits, prepayments and other receivables		1,114		831		1,376		1,043
Deferred IPO expenses		-		-		1,196		907
Amount due from related parties		-		-		-		-
Total current assets		29,166		21,759		37,853		28,692

Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net		26,858		20,037		27,810		21,079
Right-of-use assets		977		729		8		6
Other receivables		674		503		73		55
Total non-current assets		28,509		21,269		27,891		21.140

TOTAL ASSETS		57,675		43,028		65,744		49,832

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		16,125		12,030		12,739		9,656
Amounts due to related parties		10,040		7,490		14,016		10,624
Bank borrowings		11,912		8,887		17,131		12,985
Lease liabilities		6,052		4,515		6,246		4,734
Income tax payable		527		393		309		234
Total current liabilities		44,656		33,315		50,441		38,233

Long-term liabilities:
Bank borrowings		431		322		175		133
Lease liabilities		8,473		6,321		9,208		6,979
Deferred tax liabilities		861		642		1,586		1,202
Total long-term liabilities		9,765		7,285		10,969		8,314

TOTAL LIABILITIES		54,421		40,600		61,410		46,547

Commitments and contingencies		-		-		-		-

Shareholders’ equity
Ordinary share, par value US$0.000025, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 27,796,502 ordinary shares issued and outstanding		*		*		*		*
Additional paid-in capital		883		659		883		669
Retained earnings		2,371		1,769		3,451		2,616

Total shareholders’ equity		3,254		2,428		4,334		3,285
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		57,675		43,028		65,744		49,832

* – denotes amount less than $’000.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2022			2023			2023
	S$’000			US$’000			S$’000			US$’000

Revenues, net		74,474			55,561			72,782			55,167

Cost of revenue		(59,753	)		(44,578	)		(57,000	)		(43,205	)

Gross profit		14,721			10,983			15,782			11,962

Operating cost and expenses:
Selling and distribution		(692	)		(516	)		(729	)		(553	)
General and administrative		(7,757	)		(5,787	)		(6,856	)		(5,196	)
Total operating cost and expenses		(8,449	)		(6,303	)		(7,585	)		(5,749	)

Profit from operations		6,272			4,680			8,197			6,213

Other income (expense):
Gain from disposal of right-of-use assets		59			44			55			42
Interest income		132			98			34			26
Interest expense		(519	)		(387	)		(822	)		(623	)
Government grant		89			66			41			31
Write back of provision for doubtful debts		-			-			66			50
Write back of provision for stock obsolescence		-			-			168			127
Exchange gain		-			-			143			108
Other income		204			152			244			185
Total other loss, net		(36	)		(27	)		(71	)		(54	)

Income before income taxes		6,237			4,653			8,126			6,159

Income tax expense		(1,243	)		(927	)		(1,046	)		(793	)

NET INCOME		4,994			3,726			7,080			5,366

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME		4,994			3,726			7,080			5,366

Net income per share
Basic and diluted		0.18			0.13			0.25			0.19

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
Basic and diluted		27,796,502			27,796,502			27,796,502			27,796,502

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2022			2023			2023
	S$’000			US$’000			S$’000			US$’000

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		4,994			3,726			7,080			5,366
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation of property and equipment		2,432			1,814			3,729			2,826
Depreciation of right-of-use assets		525			392			396			300
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		(1,651	)		(1,232	)		(761	)		(577	)
Gain on de-recognition of right-of-use assets		(60	)		(45	)		(51	)		(39	)

Change in working capital:
Accounts receivable		(2,950	)		(2,201	)		(9,395	)		(7,121	)
Contract assets		-			-			(2,784	)		(2,110	)
Deferred IPO expenses		-			-			(1,196	)		(907	)
Inventories		690			515			867			657
Related parties		(2,824	)		(2,107	)		(2,024	)		(1,534	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		4,646			3,466			(3,383	)		(2,564	)
Income tax payable		1,157			863			(219	)		(166	)
Deferred tax liabilities		429			320			725			550
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		7,388			5,511			(7,016	)		(5,319	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment		6,110			4,558			8,896			6,743
Repayment from finance lease receivables		2,581			1,926			349			265
Purchase of property and equipment		(16,848	)		(12,569	)		(12,382	)		(9,385	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,157	)		(6,085	)		(3,137	)		(2,377	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of bank borrowings		10,430			7,781			14,402			10,916
Repayment of bank borrowings		(5,930	)		(4,424	)		-			-
Dividend paid					-			-			-
Principal repayment of lease liabilities		(6,343	)		(4,732	)		(7,482	)		(5,671	)
Payment of deferred financing costs		(485	)		(362	)		(405	)		(307	)
Net cash (used in)/ provided by financing activities		(2,328	)		(1,737	)		6,515			4,938

Effect on exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalents		-			59			-			72

Net change in cash and cash equivalent		(3,097	)		(2,252	)		(3,638	)		(2,686	)

BEGINNING OF YEAR		9,075			6,712			5,978			4,460

END OF YEAR		5,978			4,460			2,340			1,774

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash (refunded)/paid for income taxes		(344	)		(257	)		540			409
Cash paid for interest		517			386			822			623
Operating lease asset obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		697			520			-			-

DIVIDEND POLICY

Dividends of approximately S$14,000,000 (US$10,445,000) and S$6,000,000 (US$4,548,000), respectively, were paid by the companies comprising our Group for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The dividend has been paid to our shareholders. Such dividend payments should not be considered as a guarantee or indication that those companies will declare and pay dividends in such manner in the future or at all.

When considering the distribution of a dividend in the future, our board of directors shall take into account, among other things, the following factors when deciding whether to propose a dividend and in determining the dividend amount: (a) operating and financial results; (b) cash flow situation; (c) business conditions and strategies; (d) future operations and earnings; (e) taxation considerations; (f) interim dividend paid, if any; (g) capital requirement and expenditure plans; (h) interests of shareholders; (i) statutory and regulatory restrictions; (j) any restrictions on payment of dividends; and (k) any other factors that our board of directors may consider relevant. The payment of dividends, in certain circumstances is also subject to the approval of our Shareholders, the Cayman Islands Companies Act and our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association as well as any other applicable laws. Currently, we anticipate to adopt a general annual dividend policy of declaring and paying dividends on an annual basis of not less than 15% of our distributable profits for any particular financial year. The amount of any dividends to be declared and paid in the future will be always subject to the factors mentioned above.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit, retained earnings, or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. If our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, we are a holding company and depend on the receipt of dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our ordinary shares.

There are no foreign exchange controls or foreign exchange regulations under current applicable laws of the various places of incorporation of our significant subsidiaries that would affect the payment or remittance of dividends.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a Singapore-based provider of turnkey project solutions. Our business primarily consists of sales of heavy equipment and parts, heavy equipment rental and provision of engineering consultancy services to port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries. We currently conduct our operations through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES). The equipment we provide is organized into four categories based on their functions and application scenarios, namely, foundation equipment, hoist equipment, excavation equipment and port machinery. We also provide value-added engineering solutions under our engineering consultancy services including equipment retrofitting, upgrading, modernization, fleet management and other enhancement on equipment through the replacement or application of, among others, mechanical parts, sensor fusion, software and remote control system, with the aim to address potential safety issues, enhance reliability and productivity and allow for our customers to evaluate the performance of the equipment, the quality of the work completed and the progress of their projects. We have been striving to integrate electrification into our business. We have been supplying fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler to port operators in Singapore since 2021 and have been contracted to supply electric prime movers with swappable battery pack and build charging infrastructure since October 2022 by a leading port operator based in Singapore, or the Leading Port Operator. Meanwhile, we are actively exploring the market for fully electric wheel loader, excavator and forklift, and offering them as a part of our fleet of electrified equipment.

As of the date of this prospectus, we had an aggregate of 53 units and 70 units of sales and rental of equipment, respectively. We have maintained a long and mutually beneficial relationship with SANY, our main supplier of equipment since 2007, being one of the world’s largest heavy equipment manufacturers and the first in its industry in China to be ranked among the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000.

We have a long-term commitment to the quality of our product and service, and the health and safety of our employees. Both Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) have been certified to have achieved bizSAFE Level 3 by the Workplace Safety and Healthy Council under the Ministry of Manpower of Singapore.

Our well-established market position, one-stop solution business model, strong relationships with our customers and suppliers, and demonstrated commitment to product and service quality as well as workplace health and safety have enabled us to achieve sustained growth. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our net revenue amounted to S$74.5 million (US$55.6 million) and S$72.8 million (US$55.2 million), respectively, and our net income amounted to S$5.0 million (US$3.7 million) and S$7.1 million (US$5.4 million), respectively.

KEY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESULTS OF OUR GROUP’S OPERATIONS

We believe our financial condition and results of operations have been and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, many of which may be beyond our control, including those factors set out in the section headed “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and those set out below:

●	Global and regional economic condition.

	The demand for our products is dependent on the global and regional economy, the stability of the global credit markets, the industries in which our customers operate or serve, and other factors. Downturns in the general economy or in the industry where our customers operate, as well as adverse credit market conditions, can cause demand for our products to materially decrease.

●	Spending levels by customers.

	A significant portion of our net revenues comes from the sales and rental of equipment to industries such as ports, construction, civil engineering, and underground foundation work. As a result, our business heavily depends on the ability and willingness of customers in these industries to make capital expenditures on renting or buying our specialized equipment. The fluctuations in our customer’s spending levels on capital expenditures and their access to credit significantly impact our business.

	The spending levels of our customers, in turn, are influenced by the level of construction and port activities in Singapore. Recently, Singapore has experienced a surge in demand for urban development, including major projects such as the Toa Payoh Integrated Development, redevelopment of the Alexandra hospital, a new integrated hospital in Bedok, and the opening of Tuas Port, a major international shipping port, in September 2022. The development of the above-mentioned projects is expected to increase the demand for our construction equipment. In addition, as a result of the transformation of the Tuas Port, we were awarded the contract to supply, deliver, test, and commission an electric prime mover and battery swap station. In general, the increase in construction and port activities in Singapore may have a positive impact on our business, as it may lead to increased demand for our equipment.

	There have been increases in interest rates in many countries around the world over the last two years, including Singapore. Our revenue derived from sales of heavy equipment and parts decreased by approximately S$12.0 million, or 17.5%, to approximately S$56.4 million (US$42.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$68.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.The decrease was primarily attributable to customers deferring the purchase of new equipment in 2023 in order to minimize interest expenses amid elevated interest rates. However, the strong demand for both our equipment rental and engineering consultancy services from our customers during the same period helped partially offset the impact of the declined sales of our heavy equipment.

●	Government support in construction and port processing industries

	During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Singapore government has provided significant assistance to support the construction and port process industries. To cope with the elevated manpower costs resulting from the tight worker inflow situation, the government has provided foreign worker levy rebates of S$250 per work permit holder in these industries. Additionally, the government has helped companies address their acute worker shortages in the immediate term by increasing the inflow of new workers and bringing back existing workers. Any reduction or termination of such pandemic-era governmental support may negatively impact the demand for our equipment from our customers.

●	Electrification of equipment

	The trend towards electrification of equipment is likely to impact our results of operation. Despite our efforts to offer more fully electric models of equipment such as prime mover and reach stacker, as more customers shift towards fully electric equipment, the demand for our existing internal combustion engine fleet of equipment may decline. This could result in lower sales and rental revenues.

	The transition towards electrification may also require additional investments in retraining of our maintenance and repair staff and the reorientation of our sales and marketing strategies, which could increase our operating expenses. Failure to adapt to this trend in a timely manner may result in us losing our competitiveness in the market.

●	Prolonged and extreme weather.

	Adverse weather in a geographic region in which we operate may depress demand for equipment in that region. Our equipment is primarily used outdoors in construction sites and ports and, as a result, prolonged and extreme adverse weather conditions, including monsoon and typhoon, may prohibit our customers from continuing their operation.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue, net

As set forth in the following table, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our revenue was derived from the sales of heavy equipment and parts, engineering consultancy service income and rental of our equipment, serving the port, construction, civil engineering, and underground foundation industries.

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000		US$’000		%		S$’000		US$’000		%
Sales of heavy equipment and parts		68,414		51,040		91.9		56,449		42,787		77.6

Engineering consultancy service income		1,065		795		1.4		7,032		5,330		9.7

Rental income		4,995		3,726		6.7		9,301		7,050		12.7

Total		74,474		55,561		100.0		72,782		55,167		100.0

Revenue by geographical location

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, substantially all of our net revenue, was derived from customers located in Singapore.

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000		US$’000		%		S$’000		US$’000		%
Singapore		72,524		54,106		97.4		69,735		52,858		95.8

Other countries⁽¹⁾		1,950		1,455		2.6		3,047		2,309		4.2

Total		74,474		55,561		100.0		72,782		55,167		100.0

Note:

(1) Other countries include Indonesia.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue primarily consists of procurement costs of heavy equipment and parts, depreciation of property and equipment, depreciation of right-of-use assets relating to property and equipment, subcontract costs, rental of equipment and staff cost. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our cost of revenue was S$59.8 million (US$44.6 million), and S$57.0 million (US$43.2 million), respectively.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

The table below sets forth our gross profit and gross profit margin by business segment for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000		US$’000		%		S$’000		US$’000		%
Sales of heavy equipment and parts		12,526		9,345		18.3		10,097		7,652		17.9
Engineering consultancy service income		504		376		47.3		1,792		1,359		25.5
Rental of equipment		1,691		1,262		33.9		3,893		2,951		41.9
Total		14,721		10,983		19.8		15,782		11,962		21.7

Selling and distribution

Our selling and distribution expenses primarily consists of advertising and marketing expenses, payroll, employees benefits and other headcount related expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our selling and distribution expenses was S$0.7 million (US$0.5 million) and S$0.7 million (US$0.6 million).

General and administrative

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000		US$’000		%		S$’000		US$’000		%
Bank charges		435		325		5.6		364		276		5.3
Depreciation		444		331		5.7		462		350		6.7
Exchange losses		69		51		0.9		152		115		2.2
Legal and professional fees		609		454		7.9		227		172		3.3
Management fees		2,604		1,943		33.6		2,471		1,873		36.0
Provision for doubtful debts		1,217		908		15.7		-		-		-
Provision for stock obsolescence		-		-		-		492		373		7.2
Rental of open space and equipment		293		218		3.7		120		91		1.8
Referral fees		422		315		5.4		252		191		3.7
Staff costs		1,061		792		13.7		1,544		1,170		22.5
Others		603		450		7.8		772		585		11.3
Total		7,757		5,787		100.0		6,856		5,196		100.0

Bank charges mainly represent charges incurred on trade-related activities such as letter of credits and bill payables.

Depreciation expense is charged on our plant and equipment which included (i) plant and machinery; (ii) computers; (iii) motor vehicles; and (iv) right-of-use assets.

Legal and professional fees were incurred for taking legal actions against customers who defaulted on payments. For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our legal and professional fees decreased by approximately S$0.4 million or 62.7% to approximately S$0.2 million (US$0.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily to the resolution of legal proceeds an elimination of legal proceedings and no more litigation process and judgement compensation in 2023.

Management fees represented expenses charged by the ultimate holding company comprises employment cost, rental of office, open space and warehouse, and expenses incurred for motor cars and trucks. Management fees remain stable at approximately S$2.5 million (US$1.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$2.6 million (US$1.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Provision for doubtful debts amounted by approximately S$1.2 million, or 49.3% to approximately S$1.2 million (US$0.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to lower provision made for customers that have financial difficulty to pay. No provision for doubtful debts were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Provision for stock obsolescence increased by approximately S$0.5 million (US$0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly due to write down of slow-moving stock costs as a result of carrying cost exceeded expected market value as at year end.

Referral fees comprised mainly of payment to third parties who brought in successful sales of equipment.

Staff costs mainly represented the salaries, employee benefits and retirement benefit costs to our administrative employees and directors’ remuneration. Staff costs increased by approximately S$0.5 million, or 45.5% to approximately S$1.5 million (US$1.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such increase was mainly attributable to the increase of staff costs, bonus and CPF contribution, associated with one senior manager and an increase in rental expense of worker dormitory.

Miscellaneous expenses were comprised of audit fees, company secretarial and tax fees, insurance expenses, office supplies, repair and maintenance, vehicle upkeep and other general expenses.

Total other gain/(loss), net

The following table sets forth the breakdown of total other gain/(loss), net, for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000			US$’000			S$’000			US$’000
Gain from disposal of right-of-use assets		59			44			55			42
Interest income		132			98			34			26
Interest expense		(519	)		(387	)		(822	)		(623	)
Government grant		89			66			41			31
Write back of provision for doubtful debts		-			-			66			50
Write back of provision for stock obsolescence		-			-			168			127
Exchange gain		-			-			143			108
Other income		204			152			244			185
Total		(35	)		(27	)		(71	)		(54	)

Gain from disposal of right-of-use assets

Gain on disposal of right-of-use assets comprises mainly pre-matured termination of rental of equipment from holding company.

Interest income

Interest income earned from providing financing services to some specific customers buying equipment from us.

Interest expense

Our interest expense arose from lease liabilities and secured bank loans. Interest expense was approximately S$0.5 million and S$0.8 million (US$0.6 million) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 respectively. Interest expense increased by approximately S$0.3 million to approximately S$0.8 million (US$0.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 mainly due to full year interest expense realized for financing of equipment assets which were deployed for rental mostly taken up in second half of 2022. For more details of our bank borrowings, please see the paragraph headed “Bank Indebtedness” in this section.

Government grant

Government grants comprises mainly grants received for Job Growth Incentive, or JGI, Foreign Worker Levy, or FWL, rebate, progressive wage credit scheme or PWCS, and Job Support Scheme, or JSS.

The JGI supports employers to expand local hiring from September 2020 to March 2023.

The FWL is an additional payment that businesses have to pay in order to hire a foreigner in Singapore. It only applies to Work Permit and S Pass Holders. The said rebate was introduced and provided from February to July 2020, May to December 2021, and January to June 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, government grants of approximately S$0.1 million comprise mainly PWCS and JGI. For the year ended December 31, 2022, government grants of approximately S$0.1 million comprise mainly GWI and FWL rebate respectively. Currently, we do not anticipate receiving any future income from FWL rebate.

The Progressive Wage Credit Scheme, or PWCS, is a replacement for the temporary Wage Credit Scheme, or WCS, that ended in March of 2022, the PWSC is a transitional wage support program established in the Singapore Budget 2022. Its goal is to increase wages for low-earning workers between 2022 and 2026. The scheme is intended to financially support employers in terms of the required wage raises for lower-wage workers as a result of Progressive Wage Model regulations, Local Qualified Salary requirements, and voluntary wage raises. For the year ended December 31, 2023, government grants we received mainly comprised those from JGI and PWCS. For the year ended December 31, 2022, government grants we received mainly comprised those from JGI and FWL.

Write back of provision for doubtful debts

The write back of approximately S$0.1 million (US$0.1 million) due to the same amount collected as of December 31, 2023 for provision made in previous years.

Other income

Other income primarily comprises rental of accessories and parts, service charge, recognition of interest income arose at inception of novation of hire purchase agreements, interest imposed for late payment by customers, medical insurance compensation received, forfeited deposits due to order cancellation and recovery of liquidated damages from a supplier on supply of equipment project.

Income tax expense

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our income tax expense comprised current tax expense and deferred tax for the year/period.

Year on Year Comparison of Our Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year ended December 31, 2022

Revenue, net

Total revenue decreased by approximately S$1.7 million or 2.3% to approximately S$72.8 million (US$55.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$74.5 million (US$55.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	●	Sales of heavy equipment and parts decreased by approximately S$12.0 million, or 17.5%, to approximately S$56.4 million (US$42.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$68.4 million (US$51.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to (a) customers deferring the purchase of new equipment in the first half of 2023 to minimize interest costs amid elevated interest rates; (b) a drop in the sale of drilling rigs, amounting to approximately S$12.3 million, due to the delay in the commencement of infrastructure projects in Singapore such as the Cross Island MRT line; and (c) in the first half of 2022, we supplied certain port equipment totaling approximately S$3.2 million to the Lead Port Operator, which was not repeated in 2023. The sales volume of our heavy equipment decreased by 47 units to 193 units for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 240 units for the year ended December 31, 2022, among which 189 and 166 units of heavy equipment were delivered for construction projects for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We acquired 40 new customers during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 19.8% of our revenue derived from sales of heavy equipment was attributable to these new customers.

	●	Engineering consultancy service income increased by approximately S$6.0 million, or 560.3%, to approximately S$7.0 million (US$5.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$1.1 million (US$0.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022 mainly due to the recording of project progress billing of approximately S$5.3 million for supplying electric prime movers and a battery swap station to the Leading Port Operator.

	●	Rental income increased by approximately S$4.3 million, or 86.2%, to approximately S$9.3 million (US$7.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$5.0 million (US$3.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to higher rental demands, which, in turn, resulted from customers deferring the purchase of equipment due to high interest rates.

Cost of revenue

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our cost of revenue decreased by approximately S$2.8 million or 4.6%, to approximately S$57.0 million (US$43.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$59.8 million (US$44.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	●	Cost of revenue of sales of heavy equipment and parts decreased by approximately S$9.5 million, or 17.1%, to approximately S$46.4 million (US$35.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$55.9 million (US$41.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was in line with the decrease in both sales volume and overall sales of our heavy equipment.

	●	Cost of revenue of engineering consultancy service income increased by approximately S$4.6 million, or 834.0%, to approximately S$5.2 million (US$4.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$0.6 million (US$0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such increase was primarily attributable to our purchase of electric prime movers and components of a battery swap station from our Major Supplier for our project with the Leading Port Operator.

	●	Cost of revenue of rental of equipment increased by approximately S$2.1 million, or 63.6%, to approximately S$5.4 million (US$4.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$3.3 million (US$2.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in depreciation expenses as well as costs associated with the equipment that we rented from third parties in response to high rental demands. In situations where we do not have specific equipment in stock or when the delivery schedule is tight, we will adopt a back-to-back rental approach, which involves renting the required equipment from a third-party equipment provider and subsequently re-renting it to our customers.

Gross profit and gross profit margin

Our gross profit margin increased by 1.9 percentage points to 21.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 19.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our gross profit increased by approximately S$1.1 million or 7.2%, to approximately S$15.8 million (US$12.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$14.7 million (US$11.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was in line with the decrease in our revenue.

Gross profit margin for sales of heavy equipment and parts remains stable at 18.3% and 17.9% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Gross profit margin for engineering consultancy service income decreased by 21.8 percentage points to 25.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 47.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to a lower gross profit margin contributed from the battery swap station project which, it is also considered a sandbox project in Singapore with the Leading Port Operator.

Gross profit margin for rental income increased by 8.0 percentage points to 41.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 33.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to higher rental income without a corresponding increase in costs, as the main cost component of rental income, depreciation expense, remained consistent during this period.

Selling and distribution expenses

Our selling and distribution expenses remained stable at S$0.7 million (US$0.6 million) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses decreased by approximately S$0.9 million, or 11,6%, to approximately S$6.9 million (US$5.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from approximately S$7.8 million (US$5.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to lower provision for doubtful debts recorded as a result of improved collection and lower legal and professional expenses as the law suit concluded in 2022 offset by an increase in the provision for stock obsolescence due to longer holding period.

Total other gain/(loss), net

Our net total other losses remain the same at approximately S$0.1 million (US$0.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The increased in the interest expense of approximately S$0.3 million to approximately S$0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from S$0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to full year interest expense realized for financing of equipment assets which were deployed for rental mostly taken up in second half of 2022 offset by a reversal of provision for bad debts approximately S$0.1 million and net foreign currency exchange gain of approximately S$0.1 million. The reversal of provision for bad debts which was provided for in previous years was not needed as money had been collected. The gain on foreign exchange gain was mainly due to the strengthening of Singapore Dollars against US Dollars.

Income tax expense

Our income tax expense decreased by approximately S$0.2 million, or 15.8%, to approximately S$1.0 million (US$0.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$1.2 million (US$0.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in income tax expense was mainly due to over provision of approximately S$0.4 million (US$0.3 million) in prior years.

Net Income

As a result of the foregoing, our net income increased by approximately S$2.1 million, or 41.8%, to approximately S$7.1 million (US$5.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately S$5.0 million (US$3.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity and working capital requirements primarily related to our operating expenses. Historically, we have met our working capital and other liquidity requirements primarily through a combination of cash generated from our operations and loans from banking facilities. Going forward, we expect to fund our working capital and other liquidity requirements from various sources, including but not limited to cash generated from our operations, loans from banking facilities, the net proceeds from this offering and other equity and debt financings as and when appropriate.

Cash flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000			US$’000			S$’000			US$’000
Cash and cash equivalent at beginning of the period		9,075			6,712			5,978			4,460
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		7,388			5,511			(7,016	)		(5,319	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,157	)		(6,085	)		(3,137	)		(2,377	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities		(2,328	)		(1,737	)		6,515			4,938
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalent		-			59			-			72
Net change in cash and cash equivalent		(3,097	)		(2,252	)		(3,638	)		(2,686	)
Cash and cash equivalent as at end of the year		5,978			4,460			2,340			1,774

Cash flows from operating activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash used in operating activities was approximately S$7.0 million (US$5.3 million), primarily reflecting net income of approximately S$7.1 million (US$5.4 million), as adjusted by (a) positive changes of approximately S$3.3 million (US$2.5 million) in non-cash items primarily including depreciation of property and equipment and right-of-use assets, and gain on disposal of property and equipment; and (b) negative changes of approximately S$17.4 million (US$13.2 million) in working capital primarily reflecting (i) a decrease of approximately S$9.4 million (US$7.1 million) in accounts receivable; (ii) a decrease of approximately S$2.8 million (US$2.1 million) in contract assets accrued but not yet bill; (iii) a decrease of approximately S$1.2 million (US$0.9 million) in deferred IPO expenses which would be capitalized on completion of the IPO exercise; (iv) an increase of approximately S$0.9 million (US$0.7 million) in inventories; (v) a decrease of approximately S$2.0 million (US$1.5 million) owing to ultimate holding company; (vi) a decrease of approximately S$3.4 million (US$2.6 million) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities; and (vii) an increase of approximately S$0.5 million (US$0.4 million) in income and deferred tax payable.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash provided by operating activities was approximately S$7.4 million (US$5.5 million), primarily reflecting net income of approximately S$5.0 million (US$3.8 million), as adjusted by (a) positive changes of approximately S$1.3 million (US$0.9 million) in non-cash items primarily including depreciation of property and equipment and right-of-use assets, and gain on disposal of property and equipment; and (b) positive changes of approximately S$1.1 million (US$0.8 million) in working capital primarily reflecting (i) a decrease of approximately S$2.9 million (US$2.2 million) in accounts receivable; (ii) an increase of approximately S$0.7 million (US$0.5 million) in inventories; (iii) a decrease of approximately S$2.8 million (US$2.1 million) in amount owing to ultimate holding company and related parties; (iv) an increase of approximately S$4.6 million (US$3.5 million) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities; and (v) an increase of approximately S$1.5 (US$1.1 million) million in income and deferred tax payable.

Cash flows from investing activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash used in investing activities was approximately S$3.1 million (US$2.4 million), primarily consisting of purchases of property and equipment, sale proceed from the disposal of property and equipment and payment received from finance lease receivables.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash used in investing activities was approximately S$8.2 million (US$6.1 million), primarily consisting of purchases of property and equipment, sale proceed from the disposal of property and equipment and payment received from finance lease receivables.

Cash flows from financing activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net cash provided by financing activities was approximately S$6.5 million (US$4.9 million) primarily consisting of proceed from borrowings of approximately S$14.4 million (US$10.9 million), partially offset by repayment for capital and interest portions of lease liabilities of approximately S$7.5 million (US$5.7 million), and S$0.4 million (US$0.3 million), respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our net cash used in financing activities was approximately S$2.3 million (US$1.7 million) primarily consists of proceeds from borrowings of approximately S$10.4 million (US$7.8 million), offset by repayment of borrowings of approximately S$5.9 million (US$4.4 million), payment for capital and interest portion of lease liabilities of approximately S$6.3 million (US$4.7 million) and S$0.5 million (US$0.4 million), respectively.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of S$16.8 million (US$12.6 million) and S$12.4 million (US$9.4 million), respectively, in 2022 and 2023. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for the purchase of equipment.

We plan to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance and proceeds from this offering. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.

Working Capital

We believe that we have sufficient working capital for our requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus, in the absence of unforeseen circumstances, considering the financial resources presently available to us, including cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows from our operations and the estimated net proceeds from this offering.

Accounts receivable, net

Our accounts receivable, net, increased by approximately S$9.0 million to approximately S$21.7 million (US$16.5 million) as of December 31, 2023 from approximately S$12.8 million (US$9.5 million) as of December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to some delay in bank reimbursement and customers own financing processes. Subsequent to year ended December 31, 2023, an approximately of S$5.9 million or 57.6% was collected from the net increase of S$9.0 million.

We did not charge any interest on, or hold any collaterals as security over these accounts receivable balances. We generally offer credit periods of 30 to 60 days to our customers. We have not had, and do not expect to have, issues collecting payment from these longer aging invoices.

The following table sets forth the ageing analysis of our accounts receivable, net, based on the invoiced date as of the dates mentioned below:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2023
		S$’000	US$’000		S$’000	US$’000
Within 30 days		6,151	4,589		5,017	3,803
Between 31 and 60 days		1,451	1,083		4,401	3,336
Between 61 and 90 days		121	90		3,270	2,479
Between 91 and 120 days		498	372		1,995	1,512
Over 120 days		4,573	3,411		7,061	5,351
Total account receivables, net		12,794	9,545		21,744	16,481

Movements in the provision for impairment of accounts receivable are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022						2023
	S$’000			US$’000			S$’000			US$’000
Opening balance		6,028			4,497			4,240			3,214
Provision of loss allowance		1,403			1,047			41			31
Write-off of loss allowance		(3,191	)		(2,381	)		(532	)		(403	)
Write-back of loss allowance		-			-			(107	)		(81	)
Closing balance		4,240			3,163			3,642			2,761

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net amount owing for more than 120 days by invoice date was approximately S$7.1 million, of which S$3.4 million was attributable to a special arrangement requested by our Major Supplier, to extend the credit term to a local customer. The condition for such request would allow us to pay our Major Supplier only after we have collected the same from the said customer, which the credit term was mutually agreed to extend to up to two years effective from May 2022. Therefore, save as above balance of approximately SS$3.4 million, approximately S$3.7 million, net, was owed for more than 120 days, representing a decrease of approximately S$0.9 million, as compared to that of approximately S$4.6 million the year ended December 31, 2022. Approximately S$0.1 million (US$0.1 million) was provision made in prior years and was written back as it was not required anymore since amount had been collected.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net amount owing for more than 120 days by invoice date was approximately S$4.6 million, of which S$3.4 million was attributable to a special arrangement requested by our Major Supplier, to extend the credit term to a local customer. The condition for such request would allow us to pay our Major Supplier only after we have collected the same from the said customer, which the credit term was mutually agreed to extend to up to two years effective from May 2022. Therefore, save as above balance of approximately US$3.4 million, approximately S$1.2 million was owed for more than 120 days, representing a decrease of approximately S$2.8 million, or 61.3%, as compared to that of approximately S$3.1 million as of December 31, 2021. Approximately S$3.2 million (US$2.4 million) was provision made in prior years and written off against account receivables as a result of two customers going into liquidation.

We determine, on a continuing basis, the probable losses and an allowance for doubtful accounts, based on several factors including internal risk ratings, customer credit quality, payment history, historical bad debt/write-off experience and forecasted economic and market conditions. Accounts receivable are written off after exhaustive collection efforts occur and the receivable is deemed uncollectible. In addition, receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis and its exposure to bad debts is not significant.

Accounts payable

The general credit terms from our major suppliers are payment within 30-180 days. Our accounts payable decreased by approximately S$3.4 million to approximately S$12.7 million (US$9.7 million) as of December 31, 2023 from approximately S$16.1 million (US$12.0 million) as of December 31, 2022. This decrease was generally in line with the decrease in our revenue and sales volume, leading us to reduce our orders from suppliers. Our accounts payable decreased from approximately S$16.1 million as of December 31, 2022 to approximately S$12.8 million (US$9.7 million) as of December 31, 2023. We generally pay our main accounts payable within 180 days of receipt of invoice.

We did not have any material default in payment of accounts payable during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.

Material Cash Requirements

Our cash requirements consist primarily of day-to-day operating expenses, capital expenditures and contractual obligations with respect to facility leases and other operating leases. We lease all our office facilities. We expect to make future payments on existing leases from cash generated from operations. We have limited credit available from our major vendors, which further constrains our cash liquidity.

We had the following contractual obligations and lease commitments as of December 31, 2022:

Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		2-5 years		More than 5 years
Operating lease commitment		14,525		6,052		8,331		142
Bank borrowings		12,343		11,912		431		-
Total obligations		26,868		17,964		8,762		142

We had the following contractual obligations and lease commitments as of December 31, 2023:

Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		2-5 years		More than 5years
Operating lease commitment		15,454		6,246		9,150		58
Bank borrowings		17,306		17,131		175		-
Total obligations		32,760		23,733		9,325		58

We believe that we have sufficient working capital for our requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus, absent unforeseen circumstances, taking into account the financial resources presently available to us, including cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows from our operations and the estimated net proceeds from the initial public offering.

Bank indebtedness

Bank Borrowings	Terms of repayments		Annual interest rate			As of December 31, 2022				As of December 31, 2023
						S$’000		US$’000		S$’000		US$’000
Term loan		within 5 years		3.0	%		680		507		431		327
Bills payable		-		-			11,663		8,702		16,875		12,791
Total							12,343		9,209		17,306		13,118

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, bank borrowings were obtained from several financial institutions in Singapore, which bear annual interest at a fixed rate of 3.0% and are repayable in 5 years.

Our bank borrowings currently are guaranteed by personal guarantees from Mr. Jison Lim and corporate guarantee provided by Ten-League Corp, the ultimate holding company. We intend to seek a waiver for future guarantees following the completion of the initial public offering.

Capital commitments

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, we did not have any capital commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, we have not entered into any material off-balance sheet transactions or arrangements.

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.

Singapore

Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) are operating in Singapore and are subject to the Singapore tax law at the corporate tax rate at 17% on the assessable income arising in Singapore during its tax year. See “Material Tax Considerations”.

Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates

Summary of significant accounting policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements. These financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses, to disclose contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the consolidated financial statements, and to disclose the reported amounts of revenue and expenses incurred during the financial reporting period. We continue to evaluate these estimates and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We rely on these evaluations as the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We believe that the critical accounting policies as disclosed in this prospectus reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used in preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Further, we elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements.

The following critical accounting policies rely upon assumptions and estimates and were used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

(a) Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions, if any, and balances due to, due from, long-term investment subsidiary, and registered paid in capital have been eliminated upon consolidation.

(b) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements include the allowance for doubtful accounts on accounts receivables, impairment loss on inventories, useful lives for property, plant and equipment and impairment of long-lived assets, revenue recognition, fair value of financial instruments and deferred taxes and uncertain tax position. Actual results could vary from the estimates and assumptions that were used. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Given the uncertainty regarding the length, severity, and ability to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact on our future results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require us to update our estimates, our judgments, or the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements.

(c) Accounts receivables

Accounts receivables include trade accounts due from customers in the sale of products.

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest, which are due within contractual payment terms. The normal settlement terms of accounts receivable from insurance companies in the provision of brokerage agency services are within 30 days upon the execution of the insurance policies. The Company seeks to maintain strict control over its outstanding receivables to minimize credit risk. Overdue balances are reviewed regularly by senior management. Management reviews its receivables on a regular basis to determine if the bad debt allowance is adequate and provides allowance when necessary. The allowance is based on management’s best estimates of specific losses on individual customer exposures, as well as the historical trends of collections. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the likelihood of collection is not probable. The Company’s management continues to evaluate the reasonableness of the valuation allowance policy and update it if necessary.

The Company does not hold any collateral or other credit enhancements overs its accounts receivable balances.

(d) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the average cost method. We record adjustments to its inventory for estimated obsolescence or diminution in net realizable value equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value. At the point of loss recognition, a new cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

(e) Property and equipment and long-lived assets

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the following expected useful lives from the date on which they become fully operational and after taking into account their estimated residual values:

	Expected useful life

Office equipment	5 years

Leasehold factory premises	Over the remaining lease term

Machinery and equipment	5-10 years

Motor vehicles	5-10 years

Expenditure for repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred. When assets have retired or sold, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the Results of operations.

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, all long-lived assets such as property, plant and equipment owned and held by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to its estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed the fair value of the assets.

(f) Revenue recognition

(a) Goods and services sold

We receive some of its non-interest income from contracts with customers, which are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), or ASC 606.

The majority of our income is derived from contracts with customers in the sale of products, and as such, the revenue recognized depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We consider the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying this guidance. Our revenue recognition policies are in compliance with ASC 606, as follows:

Product sales consist of a single performance obligation that we satisfy at a point in time. We recognize product revenue when the following events have occurred: (a) we have transferred physical possession of the products, depending upon the method of distribution and shipping terms set forth in the customer contract, (b) we have a present right to payment, (c) the customer has legal title to the products, and (d) the customer bears significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products. Based on our historical practices and shipping terms specified in the sales agreements and invoices, these criteria are generally met when the products are:

● Invoiced; and

● Shipped from our facilities or warehouse (“Ex-works,” which is our standard shipping term).

(b) Equipment rental business

Our equipment rental business is governed by our standard rental contract. We account for the rental of heavy construction equipment as operating leases where, lease income from the prospective of lessor is recognized to our statement of income straight-line basis over the term of the lease once management has determined that the lease payments are reasonably expected to be collected. The performance obligation under these leasing arrangements is to deliver the unit to the customer at their location and ensure that our heavy construction equipment is ready for use, and/or available for use over the life of the lease contract. Our rental contract periods are monthly.

Our equipment rental business is generally short-term to mid-term in nature and our heavy construction equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it.

For these sales, we determine that the customer is able to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefits from, the products at the time the products are shipped.

We record our revenues on product sales, net of GST upon the services are rendered and the title and risk of loss of products are fully transferred to the customers. We are subject to GST which is levied on the majority of the products at the rate of 8% on the invoiced value of sales in Singapore.

Amounts received as prepayment on future products are recorded as customer deposit and recognized as income when the product is shipped.

(g) Income taxes

Income taxes are determined in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, or ASC 740. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Any effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how companies should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in their financial statements uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. Under ASC 740, tax positions must initially be recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority assuming full knowledge of the position and relevant facts.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we did not have any interest and penalties associated with tax positions. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, we did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

We are subject to tax in local jurisdiction. As a result of its business activities, we file tax returns that are subject to examination by the Singapore tax authorities.

(h) Leases

Effective from January 1, 2020, we adopted the guidance of ASC 842, Leases, which requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases. On February 25, 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing transactions. ASC 842 requires that lessees recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities calculated based on the present value of lease payments for all lease agreements with terms that are greater than twelve months. It requires for leases longer than one year, a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial condition a right-of-use asset, representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability, representing the liability to make lease payments. ASC 842 distinguishes leases as either a finance lease or an operating lease that affects how the leases are measured and presented in the statement of operations and statement of cash flows. ASC 842 supersedes nearly all existing lease accounting guidance under GAAP issued by the FASB including ASC Topic 840, Leases.

The accounting update also requires that for finance leases, a lessee recognize interest expense on the lease liability, separately from the amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statements of earnings, while for operating leases, such amounts should be recognized as a combined expense. In addition, this accounting update requires expanded disclosures about the nature and terms of lease agreements.

(i) Leases

We follow the ASC 850-10, Related Party for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.

(j) Fair value measurement

We follow the guidance of the ASC Topic 820-10, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure, or ASC 820-10, with respect to financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. ASC 820-10 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

● Level 1: Inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets;

● Level 2: Inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. Black-Scholes Option- Pricing model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs; and

● Level 3: Inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

The carrying value of our financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, loans receivable, amount due to a related party, accounts payable, escrow liabilities, income tax payable, amount due to a related party, other payables and accrued liabilities approximate at their fair values because of the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

Management believes, based on the current market prices or interest rates for similar debt instruments, the fair value of note payable approximate the carrying amount. We account for loans receivable at cost, subject to impairment testing. We obtain a third-party valuation based upon loan level data including note rate, type and term of the underlying loans.

Our non-marketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies, which are without readily determinable market values and are classified as Level 3, due to the absence of quoted market prices, the inherent lack of liquidity and the fact that inputs used to measure fair value are unobservable and require management’s judgment.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-05, which is an update to ASU Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which introduced the expected credit losses methodology for the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replacing the previous incurred loss methodology. The amendments in Update 2016-13 added Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, and made several consequential amendments to the Codification. Update 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses — Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. The amendments in this Update address those stakeholders’ concerns by providing an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. For those entities, the targeted transition relief will increase comparability of financial statement information by providing an option to align measurement methodologies for similar financial assets. Furthermore, the targeted transition relief also may reduce the costs for some entities to comply with the amendments in Update 2016-13 while still providing financial statement users with decision-useful information. In November 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-10, which to update the effective date of ASU No. 2016-02 for private companies, not-for-profit organizations and certain smaller reporting companies applying for credit losses, leases, and hedging standard. The new effective date for these preparers is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify the Codification. The amendments make the Codification easier to understand and easier to apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. ASU 2021-08 is effective for us for annual and interim reporting periods beginning July 1, 2021. Early application is not permitted. All entities should apply the amendments in this Update on a prospective basis as of the beginning of the period of adoption for existing or newly purchased callable debt securities. These amendments do not change the effective dates for Update 2017-08. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Codification Improvements. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify the Codification or correct unintended application of guidance that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practice or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The amendments in this Update affect a wide variety of Topics in the Codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance. ASU 2021-10 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021 for public business entities. Early application is permitted. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Except as mentioned above, we do not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on our consolidated balance sheets, statements of income and comprehensive income and statements of cash flows.

Impact of Inflation

In accordance with the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the year-over-year percentage changes in the consumer price index for 2021 and 2020 were 2.3% and -0.2%, respectively. The rate of inflation in Singapore for 2022 was 4.1%. In 2022, Singapore experienced sustained heightened inflationary pressures, which, despite drops in recent months, have continued into the second half of 2023. As of the date of this prospectus, inflation in Singapore has not materially affected our profitability and operating results. However, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected by such inflationary pressures in Singapore or globally in the future. In the event that the inflationary pressures continue to increase to any material extent, we may pass along increased costs to our customers, which could result in loss of sales and loss of customers, and adversely impact our margins and results of operations.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk while we have short-term bank loans outstanding. Although interest rates for our short-term loans are typically fixed for the terms of the loans, the terms are typically twelve months and interest rates are subject to change upon renewal.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. We manage credit risk through in-house research and analysis of the relevant economy and the underlying obligors and transaction structures. We identify credit risk collectively based on industry, geography and customer type. In measuring the credit risk of our sales to our customers, we mainly reflect the “probability of default” by the customer on its contractual obligations and consider the current financial position of the customer and the current and likely future exposures to the customer.

Liquidity Risk

We are also exposed to liquidity risk, which is a risk that we will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, we will turn to financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our reporting currency is the Singapore dollar, and almost all of our consolidated revenues and consolidated costs and expenses are in Singapore dollar.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We currently lack personnel adequately trained in and have appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. As such, we have implemented and plan to implement a number of measures to address this issue including: (i) engaging an external consulting firm to assist us with our financial reporting in US GAAP; (ii) allocating additional resources to improve financial oversight function; (iii) introducing formal business performance review process, and preparing and reviewing the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (iv) providing our relevant finance staff with appropriate training in connection with the requirements of U.S. GAAP.

HISTORY AND CORPORATE STRUCTURE

Corporate Structure

Our Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on March 17, 2023 under the Companies Act as an exempted company with limited liability. Our authorized share capital was US$500,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares, par value of US$0.001 each at the time of incorporation. On February 16, 2024, we allotted and issued 999,000 shares of a par value of US$0.001 each to the existing shareholders of our Company on that date pro rata to their then shareholding in our Company at par. After the completion of the forward split on February 16, 2024 on the basis of 40 ordinary shares for every one share of our Company, our authorized share capital was changed to US$500,000 divided into 20,000,000,000 ordinary shares with par value of US$0.000025 each (the “Forward Split”). Following the completion of the Forward Split and the surrender of 10,409,585 shares by Ten-League Corp, 597,971 shares by LJSC Holdings, 597,971 shares by Undersea Capital and 597,971 shares by Jules Verne (the “Share Surrenders”) and prior to the offerings, our total issued shares are held as to 23,710,415 shares by Ten-League Corp, 1,362,029 shares by Jules Verne, 1,362,029 shares by LJSC Holdings and 1,362,029 shares by Undersea Capital. Prior to a group reorganization involving the transfer of the entire issued share capital of Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) to Ten-League Venture Capital Limited, or Ten-League Venture, which is a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on June 9, 2023 with limited liability, our Group comprised Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) each of which was wholly-owned by Ten-League Corp. Upon completion of our reorganization whereby the entire share capital of Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) were transferred to us, our Group comprised Ten-League Venture, Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) as our direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries, respectively.

Organization Chart

The chart below sets out our corporate structure as at the date of this prospectus assuming an internal group reorganization has been completed with percentages held pre and post offering.

Entities

A description of our principal operating subsidiaries is set out below.

Ten-League (E&T)

On September 26, 2014, Ten-League (E&T) was incorporated in Singapore as a private company with limited liability. Ten-League (E&T) commenced business in 2014 and is principally engaged in the supply of heavy construction equipment for the construction and related sector. As part of a group reorganization to be conducted before listing, Ten-League (E&T) will become an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company.

Ten-League (PES)

On May 29, 2014, Ten-League (PES) was incorporated in Singapore as a private company with limited liability. Ten-League (PES) commenced business in 2014 and its business is the supply of equipment and solutions to the port and logistics industry. As part of a group reorganization to be conducted before listing, Ten-League (PES) will become an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company.

Key Milestones

The key milestones in the development of our Group are highlighted chronologically below:

Year	Milestones

2014	We commenced business on September 26, 2014

2017	We obtained the sole agency for SANY’s Drilling Rig in Singapore

2018	We achieved the Sales Pioneer Award from SANY during their Global Dealer Summit 2018

2019	We achieved the 4-Star Diamond Dealer Award from SANY during their Global Dealer Summit 2019

2021	We were awarded the bizSAFE Level 3 certification

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

All the information and data presented in this section have been derived from the industry report of Frost & Sullivan Limited, or Frost & Sullivan, commissioned by us entitled “The Singapore Electric Commercial Vehicle Heavy Equipment and Battery Swapping Station Market Independent Market Research”, or the Frost & Sullivan Report unless otherwise noted. Frost & Sullivan has advised us that the statistical and graphical information contained herein is drawn from its database and other sources. The following discussion contains projections for future growth, which may not occur at the rates that are projected or at all.

OVERVIEW OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN SINGAPORE

Definition and Classification

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute specific tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.

Construction equipment for works are the tools and machineries used in projects including civil, building, electrical and mechanical (E&M) and repair, maintenance, alteration and addition (RMAA) works. The examples of construction machinery and equipment include but not limited to (i) drilling rigs, an integrated system for drilling holes into the earth’s subsurface, for piling or other building uses, or wells such as water or oil wells; (ii) crawler and mobile cranes, which is developed to easily transport, lift and move heavy objects; (iii) excavators, which serve digging purposes by moving large amounts of material, like rock and soil as well as various lifting and carrying tasks in various applications; (iv) wheel loaders, which can dig, haul, carry, and transport and be involved in building roads, preparing job sites, and assisting in cleaning up after a completed project.

Port equipment means mechanical and other devices used for loading and unloading passengers and commodities. Examples include but not limited to (i) reach stacker, which is used for handling intermodal cargo containers in small terminals or medium-sized ports; (ii) empty container handler, which transports empty containers with different tonnes lifting capabilities; (iii) forklifts, which is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move small sized materials over short distances.

Market Size of Reconditioning, Leasing and Sales of Heavy Equipment by Revenue in Singapore

The market size of reconditioning, leasing and sales of heavy equipment has grown moderately from SGD2,208.5 million in 2017 to SGD2,433.6 million in 2022, representing a CAGR of 2.0% during the period. In particular, the market size of construction equipment has been subdued in 2020 owing to the outbreak of the COVID-19, which led to stagnation of construction activities during the year. In the port equipment segment, the market size has grown at CAGR of 2.4% from 2017 to 2022, along with the continuously growing container port traffic over the past years as well as favorable policies support in promoting the advancement, replacement and refurbishment of heavy devices to underpin the operational efficiency.

Going forward, in view of healthy investment commitments by the property developers and the government amid Singapore’s strong economic fundamentals, coupled with the anticipated steady port flow, trading of goods and commodities shall propel the market size of reconditioning, leasing and sales of heavy equipment in Singapore to reach SGD2,864.4 million in 2027, representing a CAGR of approximately 3.3% from 2023 to 2027.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Market Size of Sales of Heavy Equipment by Unit in Singapore

The sales of construction equipment and port equipment by unit refers to the sales of all types of equipment ranging from large construction equipment such as excavator and bulldozer and large port equipment such as forklift and ship loader, to small equipment. The sales unit of construction equipment has risen steadily from 2,766 units in 2017 to 2,812 units in 2022, representing a CAGR of approximately 0.3% and is expected to grow at CAGR of 3.1% from 2023 to 2027. The sales unit of port equipment has risen steadily from 1,653 units in 2017 to 1,846 units in 2022, representing a CAGR of approximately 2.2% and is expected to grow at CAGR of 2.6% from 2023 to 2027.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Market Drivers

Government support in construction sector: With an intention of encouraging the construction industry, the BCA’s Investment Allowance Scheme, introduced in 2021, offers tax breaks for useful construction equipment with the goal of boosting productivity in the sector by quickening the rate of mechanization. The scheme allows firms to offset up to 50% of the approved fixed capital expenditure incurred on construction equipment and machinery against their taxable income, which relieves burden for construction companies to acquire or lease desired machinery and equipment in a bid to expand its service capacity and capability. Besides, the Singapore Housing Development Board, or the HDB has been ramping up the Build-To-Order (BTO) flats supply. Over 2022 and 2023, the HDB is increasing BTO flats built by 35%, reaching approximately 23,000 per year which increased significantly from 17,100 flats in 2021. The completion of residential units as well as the surrounding auxiliary infrastructure such as mass transport system, are expected to spur the demand for the usage of construction machinery. The collective efforts of these governmental initiatives are anticipated to increase the leasing and sales of construction machinery and equipment both in terms of incidence and investment.

Surge in demand for urban development: There will be more construction projects in both private and public sectors in the near future according to the BCA, which accounts for more than SGD29.8 billion of construction contracts in 2022. The BCA projects the value of construction contracts to be awarded in 2023 to range between S$27 billion and S$32 billion. Such strong demand is supported by a continued strong pipeline of public housing projects and MRT line construction and other infrastructure works. The robust demand in the coming years of the construction of infrastructure and buildings are expected to serve as impetus to the leasing, sales and refurbishment of heavy equipment in Singapore.

Electrification of port equipment: The electrification and automation of ports equipment are prevailing in the market as eco-friendliness has become the mutual target of the nation and the Singapore government has actively imposed regulations, financial support as well as tax relief in supporting related eco-friendly operational proposition. The official authority Port of Singapore Authority, or the PSA, is one of the first movers in adopting electric vehicles to advocate the mass adoption. In particular, the PSA in alliance with Hyundai Motor Group have commenced co-development of electric vehicle production, implementation and deployment in Singapore. Further, substantial advancements in battery performance and cost, global and local environmental concerns, and better and more available charging technologies have also contributed to the shift from diesel equipment to electrified equipment. In turn, many leading port equipment manufacturers and ports are actively procuring electric equipment. Manufacturers and port logistics companies have continuously accelerated the introduction of new technologies to realize the national net-zero targets and achieve carbon neutrality as well as enhance the maneuverability and drivability. Such transition is expected to bring about opportunities in new purchases and replacement of machineries, hence propelling the market of the sales of port equipment.

Construction of new port: In late 2022, Tuas Port, a next-generation container terminal being constructed by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore was officially opened. Tuas Port is having a handling capacity of 65 million TEUs, doubling the volume of 37.5 million TEUs handled in 2021, covering the vibrant business and industrial districts in the Western region, such as the Jurong Lake District, the Jurong Innovation District, and the Tuas Industrial District. Besides, artificial intelligence and automation are incorporated in the new port operations, where versatile and maneuverable electrified automated yard cranes, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) will be used for the transport of containers between the yard and the wharf. Accordingly, the demand for port equipment is growing as Singapore is developing proactively in terms of port facilities and locations.

Competition Overview of Heavy Equipment Market in Singapore

The market of reconditioning, leasing and sale of heavy equipment in Singapore is relatively fragmented with a large number of industry participants specializing in various sub-markets.

Large players in the industry are able to cater to needs and requirements of multiple industry sectors, such as construction, port equipment and even mining industry. Some vertically integrated companies are able to provide raw material as well as the production of machineries and the subsequent sales, distribution, leasing and maintenance and refurbishment services, offering one-stop integrated solutions for downstream end-users. Horizontally or vertically integrated industry players are often equipped with in-depth market know-how, in-depth and experienced involvement in multiple industry domains and have ample experiences in their specialized field of work.

OVERVIEW OF ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL VEHICLE MARKET IN SINGAPORE

Definition and Classification

An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery, sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator. Electric vehicles include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

For road vehicles, together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric vehicles form a future mobility vision called Connected, Autonomous, Shared and Electric (CASE) Mobility.

An electric commercial vehicle is a type of vehicle that is designed for commercial use and powered by electricity. It can be used for a variety of purposes, including delivery, transport, and maintenance. Electric commercial vehicles are typically eco-friendlier and more cost-effective than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, as they have lower emissions and are less expensive to operate and maintain. They are also becoming increasingly popular for their quiet operation and reduced dependence on fossil fuels.

Value Chain Analysis

The traditional vehicle production and design is mostly called OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) or CM (Centralization Mode), which is a centralized vehicle manufacturing mode. The representative enterprises include Volkswagen, Toyota, Volvo and other traditional enterprises.

CM integrates design, R&D, testing, manufacturing, sales and after-sales service. Centralization Mode will focus on building its own core competitiveness and improve the barriers to vehicle manufacturing.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

With the improvement of electrification in automobile industry, the competition barrier of electric vehicle is lower than that of traditional fuel vehicle. Therefore, the decentralization vehicle manufacturing mode gradually appears.

The innovative DM (Decentralization Mode) integrates the electric vehicle industry chain and shares the resources of industry chain. The design and R&D of vehicle is still dominated by DM companies, but its testing, production, sales will be outsourced to its partners. One of the features of DM is the platform which can dock and share the resource of design, R&D and sales etc.

DM mode has the capacity of customized production. The model platform developed by DM will have different appearances and configurations according to the different needs of customers.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Market Size of Electric Commercial Vehicles in Singapore

Market size of electric commercial vehicles was SGD280.0 million in 2022 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 38.8% in terms of revenue from 2023 to 2027, primarily due to the supportive government policies and the public infrastructure upgrade. The Government of Singapore has launched policies to support the growth of electric vehicles and plans to enlarge the electric vehicle charging infrastructure, which are expected to remain prominent market drivers during the forecast period. On the other hand, Singapore is leading the electric vehicle charging infrastructure with 1,800 public charging outlets accessible across the country and plans to add 60,000 charging sites by 2030.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Market Size of Electric Prime Movers in Singapore

The Singapore Government has launched supportive polices to promote the adoption of electric commercial vehicles, including heavy goods vehicles, prime movers and reducing carbon emissions. Firstly, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) has introduced the Commercial Vehicle Emissions Scheme (CVES) to encourage the transition to cleaner energy vehicles, by providing up to S$30,000 incentive that will be disbursed annually in equal payments to the prevailing vehicle owner. Meanwhile, it also causes a S$10,000 surcharge for the most pollutive vehicles, which enhances the willingness of EV replacement. Secondly, the LTA has also introduced the Enhanced Early Turnover Scheme (ETS) for diesel vehicles to turnover to cleaner alternatives. The owners of HGVs can enjoy the highest incentives if they turn over their existing Cat C diesel vehicle to an HGV that has zero tailpipe emissions. It is expected that the LTA would further incentivize the adoption of electric prime movers. In addition, electric prime movers offer significant benefits in terms of fuel efficiency, emissions, noise pollution, and maintenance costs.

In 2022, the number of diesel prime movers is estimated to be 5,000 units in Singapore. On the back of the supportive government policies and the benefits of electrification, the number of electric prime movers in Singapore is estimated to be approximately 1,300, with the penetration of about 25% in 2027 and the market size of electric prime movers in Singapore is forecasted to rise from SGD32.3 million in 2023 to SGD279.5 million in 2027, at a CAGR of 71.6% from 2023 to 2027.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Market Drivers

Promotion of the Singapore Green Plan 2030: Singapore has set goals for decarbonization by 2030, with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a more sustainable economy. In particular, the Government of Singapore releases the Singapore Green Plan 2030 in 2021 to set targets for sustainability in Singapore by 2030. The plan is spearheaded by five Ministries, being the Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Development, Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment, Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Trade and Industry. The plan strengthens Singapore’s commitments under the UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and Paris Agreement, and positions it to achieve the long-term net zero emissions aspiration by 2050. In particular, under the Energy Reset pillar of the plan, the Government of Singapore aims to use cleaner energy sources across all sectors. As the transport system grows in capacity and usage, it becomes increasingly important to manage its environmental footprint. Under the Singapore Green Plan 2030, the vision is to run on cleaner-energy for all vehicles by 2030. The Government will continue to reduce the sector’s emissions by encouraging the use of public transport and active mobility and transitioning to a cleaner-energy vehicle population. Accordingly, the electric commercial vehicle will be further promoted in Singapore in the near future.

Public Infrastructure Upgrade: As the Southeast Asia undergoes a shift towards cleaner energy, Singapore leads the region in technology transfer and the building of renewable energy infrastructure. In the Singapore Budget 2021, the Government of Singapore announced that it intends to encourage Electric Vehicle adoption by working on the deployment of 60,000 charging points at public car parks and private premises by 2030. The availability of electric vehicle charging plays an important role to purchase electric vehicles and public charging and access to fast charging are viewed as key criteria when buying an electric vehicle. Increasing government and private investments to develop infrastructure for charging and hydrogen fueling will create opportunities for electric vehicles in Singapore.

Supportive Government Polices: Governments supporting zero emission transportation for electric commercial vehicles including buses, trucks, pickups and vans through subsidies and tax rebates have compelled the manufacturers to develop electric vehicles for the world and Singapore is no exception. With additional financial incentives such as the Electric Vehicle Early Adopter Incentive, more fully-electric-powered vehicles are expected to be seen on the roads. From January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2023, newly registered electric cars and taxis in Singapore will receive a 45 percent rebate off the Additional Registration Fee, capped at SGD20,000.

Higher Energy Efficiency and Cost Saving: With the rapid development of batteries and vehicle technology, electricity can replace petrol as the main energy source for motor vehicles. Electric vehicles use electric motors as their main drive unit, with electricity as the primary energy source. With the energy efficiency of power plants taken into account, these vehicles still have an efficiency of 30%-55% with better performance compared to 15%-20% of vehicles with traditional internal combustion engine. In particular, electric prime movers are significantly more fuel-efficient than diesel ones. According to a study by the International Council on Clean Transportation, electric vehicles have an energy efficiency of 70%-80%, compared to 20%-35% for diesel vehicles. Therefore, EVs are more energy efficient than traditional petrol vehicles and save fuel costs. With the latest announcement that no more new diesel cars and taxis will be allowed to be registered in Singapore from 2025, only commercial goods vehicles and buses would be the ones using diesel. And since most of these commercial vehicles are used regularly for businesses, it may also make financial sense for small and medium enterprises to opt for electric commercial vehicles in the future to go green and also save money on fuel cost. Electric commercial vehicles will gain a considerable traction in Singapore in the near future.

Better Performance of Electric Prime Movers: Electric prime movers have better performance than the diesel prime movers. Electric prime movers produce zero tailpipe emissions, whereas diesel ones produce significant amounts of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, which makes electric prime movers a cleaner and more environmentally-friendly option. Electric prime movers are also much quieter than diesel ones, thereby reducing noise pollution in urban areas. In addition, electric prime movers have fewer moving parts than diesel ones, which reduces the need for maintenance and repairs, resulting in lower overall maintenance costs for electric vehicles. Zero tailpipe emissions, less noise pollution and lower maintenance costs contribute to the growth of electric prime movers.

Expansion of Electric Prime Mover Dealership: As Singapore has been actively promoting the use of electric vehicles through various initiatives, such as providing incentives for electric vehicle buyers and implementing charging infrastructure, it is forecasted that the market potential would attract the presence of more electric prime movers. PSA continues to expand its electric vehicle offerings globally and it is forecasted that their electric prime movers would be available in Singapore in 2023. The commercial electric vehicles services providers who enter into the dealership agreement with the electric prime movers’ brands, such as PSA, would receive the impetus from the market growth.

Competition Overview of Electric Commercial Vehicle Market in Singapore

In 2022, the electric commercial vehicle market in Singapore is still in its early stage, with the government focusing primarily on the category of light commercial vehicles, which includes electric buses, taxis, and minivans. Besides, the Singapore’s comparatively sophisticated infrastructure reduces the necessity for heavy machinery. Meanwhile, due to higher requirement of R&D expenses and resource investments for electric heavy equipment, such as the swapping station, only established and well-capitalized companies are likely to enter the Singapore market for battery-swappable electric commercial vehicles. Therefore, there are insufficient market participants at this stage.

The Singapore market for commercial EVs will become more competitive as our R&D technology and market expansion strategies continue to evolve. By the end of 2022, there are few potential competitors in the market who are going to develop commercial EVs, while we are expected to be the first service provider in the market to deploy the electric prime mover. The Group is expected to be the first provider of the SANY’s electric prime mover / terminal tractor in Singapore.

OVERVIEW OF BATTERY SWAPPING MARKET IN SINGAPORE

Market Overview

With limited land, natural resources and a high population density, it is essential for Singapore to promote renewable energy vehicles and facilitate the green transformation of the transportation industry in terms of sustainability. In the future, it is anticipated that favorable policies, increased demand for renewable energy vehicles, and the active participation of industry players will continue to drive the development of the industry and increase the ownership of electric vehicles. This, in turn, will promote the development of supporting infrastructure for electric vehicles, particularly in the area of energy replenishment, which will increase the number of battery charging and swapping stations.

The number of electric vehicles in Singapore is rising. In 2021, there were just 2,942 electric vehicle (EV) registrations in Singapore, which accounted for 0.04% of global EV registrations. However, approximately 8.4% of new vehicles registered in Singapore are electric vehicles in the first five months of 2022, which is twice as many as in 2021 and over 20 times as many as in 2020. Increasing the number of electric vehicles would certainly boost the demand for complementary energy facilities, and the Singapore government announced in 2021 the goal of 60,000 charging station installation by 2030, as opposed to its original target of 2,800, demonstrating the government’s urgency and determination.

Besides, the Singapore government intends for all newly registered automobiles and rental cars to be powered by cleaner energy by 2023, and attain 100% clean energy vehicles by 2040. In this regard, Singapore has implemented EV purchase incentives, such as a partial reduction of the Additional Registration Fee to reduce the cost of purchasing a vehicle by approximately 11%, and a vehicle emission reduction tax scheme that will provide buyers with a tax deduction of S$25,000 to S$37,500, which will further increase the number of new energy electric vehicles. In terms of commercial vehicles, such as buses and goods vehicles, the pollutant emissions are significantly higher than those of private cars due to the longer operating hours. For instance, one diesel heavy-duty truck can emit as much as the total emissions of hundreds of private cars, which is detrimental to Singapore’s emission reduction program. As a result, Singapore has begun to take steps in the area of commercial electric vehicles. In 2022, the charging criteria for electric two-wheelers were modified, beginning with light commercial EVs, and pilot projects for electric motorbike switching stations were initiated.

In general, although the current policy coverage for commercial EVs is relatively limited, the Singapore government’s current incentives indicate that more investment and favorable policy for electric commercial vehicles are expected to meet emission reduction targets, with increasing user awareness and acceptance of electric vehicles, the coverage for commercial EVs is expected to continue to expand in the future.

Market Scale of Battery Swapping in Singapore

In Singapore, the scale of battery swapping station power demand for commercial electric vehicles is anticipated to increase from 3,570MWh in 2023 to 30,940MWh in 2027, at a CAGR of 71.6%. Due to the limitation of land resources in Singapore and well-development of infrastructure such as public transport, car ownership is more tightly regulated under the Certificate of Entitlement (COE) system, hence the overall size of vehicle is small. Meanwhile, the development of electric vehicle is still in its infancy, and the current policies focus more on the passenger vehicle sector that is less demanding for battery swapping model.

However, Singapore’s commercial electric vehicle demand tends to rise in the future, mostly due to the continuous expansion of the renewable energy vehicle industry. On top of that, due the great cost-effectiveness of the battery swapping mode for operational vehicles, it is anticipated that the demand for battery swapping equipment will rise, so as the market share.

Source: The Frost & Sullivan Report

Competition Overview of Battery Swapping Market in Singapore

The battery swapping sector in Singapore is still in its infancy with few market participants. As a result of the recent emphasis on carbon emissions and the acceleration of technology advancement, it is anticipated that numerous local and international enterprises will emerge in the battery swapping station market in the form of autonomous, cooperative, or outsourced operation.

In 2022, the Singapore market witnessed four providers of battery swap stations for electric commercial vehicle (ECV). With track records of successful project delivery and solid reputation, two are partnering with the government in a one-year sandbox trial program, and two are participating in the trail projects launched by PSA Singapore.

BUSINESS

Our Mission

Our mission is to provide high-quality equipment, value-added engineering solutions as well as maintenance and repair through continuous adaptation and application of new technologies.

Overview

We are a Singapore-based provider of turnkey project solutions. Our business primarily consists of sales of heavy equipment and parts, heavy equipment rental and provision of engineering consultancy services to port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries. We currently conduct our operations through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES), which were previously held by Ten-League Corp prior to our group reorganization for the listing of our ordinary shares. Together with the operating history of Ten-League Corp, we have a total of over 24 years of history operating our business. The equipment we provide is organized into four categories based on their functions and application scenarios, namely, foundation equipment, hoist equipment, excavation equipment and port machinery. We also provide value-added engineering solutions under our engineering consultancy services including equipment retrofitting, upgrading, modernization, fleet management and other enhancement on equipment through the replacement or application of, among others, mechanical parts, sensor fusion, software and remote control system, with the aim to address potential safety issues, enhance reliability and productivity and allow for our customers to evaluate the performance of the equipment, the quality of the work completed and the progress of their projects.

We have been striving to integrate electrification into our business. We have been supplying fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler to port operators in Singapore since 2021 and have been contracted to supply electric prime movers with swappable battery pack and build charging infrastructure since October 2022 by the Leading Port Operator. Meanwhile, we are actively exploring the market for fully electric wheel loader, excavator and forklift, and offering them as a part of our fleet of electrified equipment.

We derived substantially all of our revenue for 2022 and 2023 from customers based in Singapore, many of which are construction engineering companies, with the remainder of the revenue generated from customers located in other countries including Indonesia. We have supplied and rented our equipment to a wide range of public and private projects including notable ones such as Jurong Region MRT Line, Tengah New Town, Changi Airport Terminal 5 and Tuas Mega Port.

As of the date of this prospectus, we had an aggregate of 53 units and 70 units of sales and rental of equipment, respectively. We have maintained a long and mutually beneficial relationship with SANY, our main supplier of equipment since 2007. SANY is one of the world’s largest heavy equipment manufacturers and the first in its industry in China to be ranked among the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000.

Our well-established market position, one-stop solution business model, strong relationships with our customers and suppliers, and demonstrated commitment to product and service quality as well as workplace health and safety have enabled us to achieve sustained growth. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our net revenue amounted to S$74.5 million (US$55.6 million) and $72.8 million (US$55.2 million), respectively, and our net income amounted to S$5.0 million (US$3.7 million) and S$7.1 million (US$5.4 million), respectively.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following competitive strengths have contributed to our past success and will continue to distinguish us from our competitors:

We have a well-established market position as an engineering solutions provider in the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries and possess a strong and proven track record

We believe that we have established a reputation as one of the leading Singapore-based providers of turnkey project solutions including sale of heavy equipment and parts, heavy equipment rental and engineering consultancy services in the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries with strong core competencies in drilling technologies, construction data acquisitions and the provision of fully electric equipment and charging solutions.

We believe we have been able to achieve such a reputation and form close business relationships with our customers, many of whom are established construction engineering companies in Singapore, due to our ability to meet their stringent product standards in various aspects, including (i) customized value-added engineering solutions incorporating innovative technologies under our engineering consultancy services; (ii) track record of providing quality equipment; (iii) satisfactory and timely equipment maintenance and repair services; and (iv) dedicated and knowledgeable sales, marketing and business development personnel. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, repeat customers accounted for approximately 86.5% and 80.1%, respectively, of our net revenue. We believe that this serves as a testament to our capabilities and our established reputation as a reliable supplier of a wide range of equipment and solutions.

We are able to provide “one-stop solution” including heavy equipment sales and rental, engineering consultancy services and equipment maintenance and repair services

We carry a wide range of heavy equipment of varying functions and performance specifications for the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries, which include port machinery such as reach stacker and empty container handler; hoist equipment which includes telescopic crawler cranes, rough terrain cranes and lattice boom crawler cranes; foundation equipment such as drilling rigs; and various models of excavators. We offer both sale and rental arrangement for our fleet of equipment on flexible terms so that our customers can choose the mode of operation that best suits their need and budget.

In addition, the experience and technical capabilities of our in-house engineering team as well as those of our technology partners keep us ahead of the latest technological developments and provide us with a competitive edge in the provision of various value-added engineering solutions under our engineering consultancy services. Our value-added engineering solutions incorporate innovative technologies and we deploy them in connection with the heavy equipment that we offer. For example, starting from 2021, the HDB has required all drilling rigs deployed in HDB projects to be able to send over the data required by HDB directly to HDB’s private network. In response to this, we, together with a technology solutions provider specializing in artificial intelligence-enabled autonomous mobility solutions and advanced data analytics in Singapore, or the Technology Partner, developed a cost-effective data logger without the need to install new sensors for our drilling rigs in Singapore based on the requirements stipulated by HDB. Our partnership with the Technology Partner has also resulted in the development of certain software and technologies to enhance our heavy equipment. For example, we have integrated sensors arrays and drive-by-wire system to our equipment to increase their efficiency as well as reduce and mitigate the potential safety issues often associated with the operation of heavy equipment.

We are also able to provide maintenance and repair services in a responsive and efficient manner to our customers for any of the equipment sold or rented by us, which is highly valued by our customers due to the strict timelines in construction projects. As of the date of this prospectus, we had a fleet of 11 dedicated service vehicles and maintained an emergency response time of under two hours. Our repair services include the replacement of parts due to wear and tear or repair of damage resulting from accidents, while our maintenance services generally include day-to-day routine preventative measures and regular services such as hydraulic oil change, annual inspection for equipment and replacement of consumables such as seals and filters to improve equipment safety and performance as well as to prevent equipment downtime and failure.

We have a strong long-term relationship with SANY and a wide customer base across the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries in Singapore

We have maintained a close and long-term cooperative business relationship with SANY for over 15 years. We source most of our heavy equipment directly from SANY. SANY is one of the largest equipment manufacturers in the world by revenue. It is also the first in its industry in China to be ranked among the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000. In addition, we were recognized by SANY in 2021 as a strategic partner in Singapore and pursuant to such partner status, SANY and we agreed to collaborate on the sales, business development, market strategy, after-sales services and product research and development of certain of its products. In 2020 and 2021, despite difficulties posted by the COVID-19 pandemic, technicians from SANY and us jointly held after-sales campaign in Singapore where our combined team initiated on-site visits to provide free inspection and troubleshooting to equipment including drilling rigs and excavators, and provide trainings to our customers on best working practices and latest technologies. The strong technological and manufacturing process of SANY and our close business relationship and long-term cooperation with it help to ensure that we are able to secure a steady supply of advanced heavy equipment at competitive prices.

Our sales and equipment rental customers regularly return to us for repeat business and from time to time, they also refer other prospective customers to us. From time to time, they also refer other prospective customers to us.

We have a strong management team with in-depth knowledge and expertise

Our management team has a wealth of management skills, operational experience and industry knowledge and expertise necessary to develop and execute our strategy to capture market opportunities. In particular, our Chairman, Mr. Lim has approximately 25 years of experience in the sale and rental of heavy equipment. Benefited from his long career, Mr. Lim has built an extensive business networks and connections in the industry, which we believe have helped us establish a strong working relationship with key customers and suppliers. Mr. Lim is responsible for formulating marketing and growth strategies and determining our geographical expansion as well as overseeing our investment and business ventures.

Led by our Chairman, our management team is capable of taking advantage of market opportunities, formulating sound business strategies, assessing and managing risks, implementing management and construction schemes to increase our overall profit and operational efficiencies. Our management team is supported by highly skilled employees. We believe our staff have high levels of professional qualification and training, and are skillful and highly motivated. In addition, we frequently provide professional trainings in collaboration with technicians from SANY to our staff on subjects such as equipment familiarization and maintenance and service to ensure they are equipped with necessary knowledge and best practices of various aspects of our business.

Our Business Strategies

To achieve our business objectives, we plan to adopt the following strategies to drive our future growth.

We intend to offer more environmentally friendly heavy equipment

With the view of transitioning to a low carbon society and achieving the goal of net zero emissions by 2050, the Singapore government has been intensifying its efforts to develop a more sustainable land transport sector and has introduced measures to encourage the shift from vehicles powered by internal combustion engines to the ones powered by battery and other environmentally friendly sources. According to the Singapore Green Plan 2030 published by LTA published in 2021, Singapore aims to achieve the long-term net zero emissions aspiration by 2050 through a combination of specific measures including investment in electric vehicles, or EV, and monetary incentives for owning electric vehicles. In the Singapore Budget 2021, the Singapore government announced that it intends to set aside S$30 million for EV-related initiatives over the next five years.

The demand for EV has been increasing in most market segments and hence offers significant growth opportunities for providers of electric fleet. According to Frost & Sullivan, benefited from the increasingly mature and affordable EV technologies as well as supportive government policies, the market size of electric commercial vehicles in Singapore has grown from a mere S$5.5 million in 2017 to S$280.0 million in 2022, representing a CAGR of 119.5% during the same period, and is expected to continue to grow rapidly at a CAGR of 38.3% from 2023 to 2027, reaching S$1,400.6 million in 2027.

With the policy shift in mind, coupled with the significant anticipated cost savings for the adoption of the electrical technological solutions by local businesses concerned with the rising material and fuel costs in the construction and port industries, and in line with our vision to be a sustainable and forward-looking business, we have invested and will continue to invest in the electrification of our heavy equipment fleet. We have been supplying fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler to port operators in Singapore since 2021. In October 2022, we were awarded a contract to supply two electric prime movers with swappable battery pack to the Leading Port Operator, who reserves the right to order an additional 150 such prime movers in the future. In addition, we are actively exploring the market for fully electric wheel loader, excavator and forklift, and offering them as a part of our fleet of electrified equipment in the future.

We plan to draw from our existing successful electrification experience to continue to introduce our fleet of electrified equipment to ports located in both Singapore and overseas countries as well as to other companies in the construction and logistic industries who are looking to electrify their transpiration vehicles, as we believe that there is a substantial market for commercial vehicles globally that need to be electrified in the near future.

In addition, we aim to develop new businesses around our fully electric fleet. We plan to offer both the sale and rental of battery packs whereby we either sell directly or rent the battery pack to our customers. Under the rental arrangement, the operators will be able to return to our swap station periodically when the battery runs low. In the long run, our goal is to offer second-life battery solutions for all three stages of battery packs. In the first stage, the battery packs will be used for leasing purposes. As they reach the second stage and the battery capacity reaches 70% of the designed capacity, we plan to convert them into battery storage systems. Finally, in the last stage, when battery capacity degrades to 25% of the designed capacity, we will send the battery packs to other vendors for recycling.

In addition, with the increasing acceptance and adoption of electric equipment, we aim to provide intelligent fleet operator and automation solutions to our customers. Through intelligent fleet operator solution, the users could not only track the real-time location of each electric equipment, but also monitor battery levels, which help such users to better balance the distance traversed and time required for each task to improve operation and work efficiency. We plan to develop and introduce our automation solution primarily to port machinery, such as electric prime movers, port tractors, reach stackers and empty container handlers, with the aim to improving port operational efficiency and container yard utilization through features such as fleet-environment integration and interaction, and autonomous operations and data logging.

We believe that electrification will become increasingly important in the future. Integrating electrification into our business portfolio will not only help us stay competitive and relevant, but also diversify our revenue stream and help us be more compatible with a greener future.

We intend to expand our engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning, or EPCC, service for deploying charging solutions in Singapore

To complement its push for greater adaptation of EV, the Singapore government has been actively promoting the development of EV charging infrastructures. In the Singapore Budget 2021, the Singapore government announced that it intends to work on the deployment of 60,000 charging points at public car parks and private premises by 2030. Coupled with supportive government policies, as well as understanding that the availability of charging infrastructure is instrumental to the demand and market appeal of our electric fleet, we intend to expand our EPCC service for deploying charging solutions in Singapore.

EPCC service stands for engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning, and is a comprehensive service that covers the entire project lifecycle of a charging solution. EPCC service providers work closely with their customers to ensure that the charging stations meet their specific needs and requirements.

In October 2022, we won a tendered project from the Leading Port Operator for designing, supplying, installing, testing and commissioning an innovative battery swap station and its related infrastructure including high voltage and low voltage switchboard and transformer, for a large terminal in Singapore, with the option to tender additional units of battery swap station. As of the date of this prospectus, the battery swap station and its related infrastructure was in the testing phase. The battery swap station offered by us is able to execute a complete swap sequence in less than five minutes, which greatly reduces the idle time of the equipment and improves operational efficiency.

As the battery swap station supplied pursuant to the above tendered project is the first such station deployed in Singapore, we are working closely with local authorities to address their inquiries with respect to issues such as safety and design. In providing such EPCC service, we review the design of the core battery swapping model provided by SANY, which is our long-time supplier and technology partner, and provide feedbacks based on our experiences to improve its reliability and safety during the initial engineering stage. We then procure not only the battery swapping module, but also other important subsystems including switchboard, transformer and ring main unit to build the infrastructure for the battery swapping module. For construction, our team of engineers normally perform tasks including building foundations, laying cables and constructing main structures. In particular, we are responsible for the design and construction of electrical house which is a vital supporting system for supplying power to the battery swap station as well as installing the necessary software to ensure the integration of our battery swap station with the port operator’s network. Finally, to ensure that the battery swapping station is fully operational and ready for use. We test the station’s functionality, providing training to end-users, and conducting any necessary repairs or maintenance on a continuous basis.

We believe that the rapport built with the relevant governmental authorities from being the pioneer of deploying battery swap stations in Singapore, as well as the experience gained from the EPCC service that we provide to the Leading Port Operator for the tendered project mentioned above will help accelerate the deployment of our charging solutions to not only ports, but also to construction and logistic companies that have similar need for battery swapping technology in Singapore.

Expansion and diversification of our operations and product and service offerings through investments, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and/or strategic collaborations

We intend to grow and build our business through acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances as part of our long-term growth strategy, and may also consider strategic partnerships or alliances with parties which are synergistic with our existing businesses. We expect that this will enable us to strengthen our market position, enhance our services offerings and/or expand into new geographic areas that are complementary to our existing business. Should such opportunities arise, we will seek approvals as may be required under the prevailing laws and regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any agreements for the acquisition of any specific merger and acquisition targets.

Deepen collaboration with our strategic partners and further expand and diversify our value-added engineering solutions and options

We intend to employ more staff and provide them with training opportunities with our partners, in particular SANY and the Technology Partner. This will help to improve the capabilities of our staff as well as keep them updated with the new technologies and processes in our industry. One of the promising areas for our value-added engineering solutions and options is the digitization of our equipment to monitor its utilization rate and condition using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which will not only help us to improve our efficiency and equipment fleet management, but also allow us to obtain useful information for condition-based maintenance and spare parts management.

Attract, cultivate and retain a talented and professional workforce

We believe that a significant part of our success is attributable to our ability to select, develop, motivate and retain our talented and professional workforce. We will continue to strengthen our team and proactively recruit, retain and train talents such as sales and marketing personnel and mechanics. We will also continue to focus on cultivating the industrial knowledge of our workforce with training and professional development programs, collegial working environment, competitive compensation structure as well as internal promotion opportunities to enhance their creativity, loyalty, job satisfaction and cohesiveness.

Our Business

We are a Singapore-based provider of turnkey project solutions including sale of heavy equipment and parts, heavy equipment rental and engineering consultancy services to port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries. Our core business activities consist of the following segments:

(a)

equipment sales, which involves sale of various new and used heavy equipment and parts, or Equipment Sales Business;

(b)

equipment rental, which involves the rental of various new and used heavy equipment, or Equipment Rental Business; and

(c)

engineering consultancy services, which primarily includes the provision of value-added engineering solutions, including equipment retrofitting, upgrading, modernization, fleet management and other enhancement on equipment through the replacement or application of, among others, mechanical parts, sensor fusion, software and remote control system. Our engineering consultancy services complements our Equipment Sales Business and Equipment Rental Business. We do not provide such service to third-party equipment sales/rental companies.

As of the date of this prospectus, we offered an extensive range of heavy equipment for our Equipment Sales Business and Equipment Rental Business, which is organized into four categories based on their functions and application scenarios:

(a) Foundation Equipment

Foundation construction is an essential part of a civil construction project. Foundation construction is the process of creating a sturdy base for a structure such as buildings, bridges and transportation infrastructures. The foundation must be strong enough to carry the weight of the above ground structure and withstand environmental and physical forces, such as seismic activities, heavy winds and extremes in temperature, pressure or moisture. It also needs to be able to adapt to changing soil conditions. We mainly offer the following types of foundation equipment:

Drilling Rig		An equipment that utilizes drilling head to bore holes into the ground for inserting the foundation elements such as steel or concrete piles. We offer various models of drilling rigs with a maximum drilling depth of between 51 meters and 150 meters and a maximum drilling diameter of between 1.8 meters and 4 meters.

Vibratory Excavator		An equipment that drives sheet piles, pipes or other elements into the soil through vertical vibrations. The adjacent soil particles are put into motion through the generation of vibrations by the equipment in order to reduce the natural resistance. We offer various models of vibratory excavators with a maximum sheet pile depth of between 12 meters and 18 meters.

Hydraulic Grab		An equipment that utilizes metal claw with an angled end to drive into the ground through a pre-placed casing. The drill head closes onto the soil and is then raised to the surface so it can dispose of its contents. This process is repeated until the desired depth is achieved. We offer hydraulic grabs that can operates at a maximum depth of 80 meters.

Casing Oscillator		An equipment that is used to drive and extract steel pipe casings from the soil. Casing is required when the ground condition is unstable to an extent that drill holes cannot be safely stabilized without structural support. We offer cashing oscillators with a maximum rotating depth of 150 meters with casing diameters of up to 1.6 meters.

(b) Hoist equipment

Hoists are indispensable equipment used in modern day construction and engineering projects. They are heavy lifting equipment that can be used to lift and lower heavy loads. We mainly offer the following types of foundation equipment:

Telescopic Crawler Crane		A type of crane that is mounted on a tracked undercarriage and has a hydraulically powered boom that can be extended and retreated. It can operate in tighter spaces when compared to a traditional fixed crane or lattice boom crawler crane. We offer various models of telescopic crawler cranes that have a maximum lifting capacity of between 60 tons and 160 tons and a boom length of between 42 meters and 60 meters.

Rough Terrain Crane		A type of crane that is designed to travel over difficult terrains, such as dirt, sand, rock and snow. It is typically mounted on an off-road, wheeled truck-like base, with large, wide tread tires for traction. We offer various models of rough terrain cranes that have a maximum lifting capacity of between 70 tons and 120 tons and a boom length of between 43.5 meters and 74 meters.

Lattice Boom Crawler Crane		A type of crane that uses a lattice boom to lift heavy loads. The lattice boom is a network of metal beams that are interconnected to form a lattice. The design offers high stability and very high load lifting capacity. We offer various models of lattice boom crawler cranes that have a maximum lifting capacity of between 85 tons and 800 tons and a boom length of between 57 meters and 84 meters.

An excavator is a heavy construction vehicle used for digging, lifting and transporting heavy materials. It is typically composed of a crawler-mounted chassis, hydraulic arm with a bucket at the top and a cab that can rotate a full 360 degrees. Excavators are used in a variety of construction, mining and agricultural projects. They are capable of performing a wide range of tasks such as excavating foundations or ramps, digging trenches, loading and unloading materials, demolishing structures, moving objects, levelling surfaces and clearing large areas of land.

We offer a wide range of excavators with various specifications from SANY. The excavators that we currently offer have an operational weight of between 1,700 kg and 63,000 kg, bucket capacity of between 0.06m³ and 1.8m³, and maximum excavation reach of between 4,000 mm and 19,880 mm.

We plan to offer fully electric excavators from SANY as a part of our strategy to offer more environmentally friendly heavy equipment.

(d) Port Machinery

We offer a diverse range of port machinery through Ten-League (PES) including port equipment including grab handler, mobile harbor crane and ship to shore container crane, yard handling equipment including various types of equipment that handle ship containers at the port including tire-mounted and rail-mounted container gantry crane, reach stacker and empty container handler.

To integrate electrification into our business, we also offer fully electric commercial vehicles and selected models of fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler used in port scenario. We have been supplying fully electric reach stacker and empty container handler to the Leading Port Operator in Singapore on tendered project basis. In October 2022, we further won a tendered project to supply two electric prime movers to the Leading Port Operator, who reserves the right to order an additional 150 such prime movers in the future. In particular, the electric prime mover that we offered comes equipped with the swappable battery packs and is compatible with our battery swap station and able to conduct a complete swap sequence in less than five minutes. The following table sets forth selected information about such electric prime mover:

	Operating Weight	Charging Period	Range
	(kg)	(min)	(km)
Electric Prime Mover	10,700 – 12,800	Standard charging from 10%-90% ≤ 60 mins	150 - 200 (when using standard 350kWh lithium battery pack)

		Or

		battery swap ≤ 5 mins

Our offering of fully electric vehicles corresponds with our commitment to electrify our equipment fleet, while offering our customers with equipment that has powerful performance specifications, low operating and maintenance costs and update-to-date technologies. We plan to offer more electrified equipment such as electric cement mixer and dump truck in the future.

Through our customers, including many established construction companies, we have either supplied or rented our equipment to numerous public and private projects including, but not limited to:

(a) Jurong Region MRT Line. The Jurong Region MRT Line is Singapore’s seventh MRT line, serving both existing and future development in the western part of Singapore;

(b) Circle MRT Line. The Circle MRT Line is a circular rail line linking the North-South, East-West and North-East Lines to the city;

(c) North-South Corridor. The North-South Corridor will be Singapore’s longest Transit Priority Corridor, featuring dedicated bus lanes, cycling trunk routes and pedestrian paths, to serve public bus commuters, active mobility users and pedestrians. Once completed, it will directly connect the Northern region and the city center. All civil contracts for the construction of the tunnels and viaducts have been awarded and construction is currently underway;

(d) Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS). The DTSS is a cost-efficient and sustainable solution conceived by the Public Utilities Board of Singapore to meet Singapore’s long-term needs for used water collection, treatment, reclamation and disposal. The DTSS comprises a network of link sewers leading to two major tunnels crisscrossing Singapore with three large WRPs at the northern (Kranji), eastern (Changi) and western (Tuas) ends of Singapore, as well as outfall pipes;

(e) Tekong Island Reservoir;

(f) Tengah New Town. Tengah will be Singapore’s first smart and sustainable town, with green features and smart technologies. The development of Tengah will provide new homes and workspaces in the Western region of Singapore, and complement other developments in Tengah, Jurong Innovation District, and Jurong Lake District;

(g) Punggol New Town. Punggol New Town is located at the northeastern part of Singapore. Under the “Punggol 21” plan, this new waterfront town is on its way to become Singapore’s New-age town filled with residential HDB flats, Condominiums, recreational facilities and a waterfront living center;

(h) Changi Airport Terminal 5. Changi Airport Terminal 5 is part of Changi Airport’s Changi East development, which was conceived to provide future capacity for Changi Airport to ride on the projected growth in air travel and to secure Singapore’s air hub status and ensure its continued competitiveness and relevance;

(i) Tuas Mega Port. The Tuas Mega Port will be opened in four phases, and is contemplated to be the world’s largest container terminal located in a single location, with a total capacity of up to 65 million twenty-foot equivalent units of cargo annually; and

(j) Pasir Panjang Port. Pasir Panjang Port can serve the world’s largest container vessels. It is equipped with 18-meter-deep water draft, quay cranes with reach across 24 rows of containers and supported by a fully-automated electric yard crane system.

Other than sales of electric commercial vehicles, we also provide solutions on charging infrastructures.

Equipment Sales Business

Our Equipment Sales Business involves new sale and resale of heavy equipment to our customers. Our customers deploy our heavy equipment for a wide range of uses in the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries. For example, our cranes are used in the launching of heavy precast columns, slabs and beams and in construction of buildings and upgrading works.

We would normally purchase heavy equipment if there were an existing purchase commitment from our customers. However, to ensure the timely delivery of certain popular models, we maintain an inventory of heavy equipment which, in our view and based on the past sales records, are in high demand from our customers.

The process flow pertaining to our Equipment Sales Business can be illustrated diagrammatically as follows:

Purchase of Equipment from Suppliers

Our suppliers, in particular, SANY, work closely with us and update us with timely information on equipment pricing and availability in the market where we operate. Subject to the satisfactory assessment of the quality and performance specifications (including on-site inspections, if necessary), our sales team will commit to purchase equipment either based on the orders that we have received from our customers or based on our expected demand for certain models of equipment.

Customer inquiries for Equipment Purchases

Our existing and prospective customers normally would approach us with inquiries whenever they need to source equipment for their projects. We would then prepare and issue a sales quotation, which includes materials terms such as specific models and units quoted, price, terms of payment and delivery schedule, to such potential customers for consideration. Upon signing the sales quotation, we will prepare a deposit invoice to the committing customer and upon the receipt of such deposit, proceed to arrange for delivery of the equipment or place the corresponding order with our suppliers, if we do not have the model in stock. We generally offer credit periods of 30 to 60 days to customers with good payment history and will require cash on delivery to other customers.

Our customers have the option to finance the balance or pay in full upon delivery. We have maintained close relations with local financial institutions to offer our customers who prefer to finance the purchase through third party financing the ability to make an informed decision about their financing arrangements. Our customers will apply with financial institutions for loans, and we will issue the balance to the relevant financial institutions accordingly. We do not offer seller financing to our customers.

We also conduct market research on potential demands of our heavy equipment. We constantly monitor for tenders commissioned by companies or government agencies which require heavy equipment that we offer as well as companies who have submitted tenders for construction projects, and which may need to engage third parties like us for the provision of heavy equipment to support their works.

Functionality Inspection, Customization of Equipment and PE Certification

Upon the arrival of the equipment at our workshop and warehouse, our experienced maintenance service team will conduct thorough inspections on every aspect of equipment functionalities to ensure their compliance to the performance specifications.

We also offer certain customizations to the equipment sourced from our suppliers with value-added engineering solutions to enhance and/or add features to such equipment. For the details of the range of value-added engineering solutions that we provide, please refer to the section headed “Business — Engineering Consultancy Services” in this prospectus. We closely communicate with our customers to understand their needs and concerns with the equipment and propose suitable solutions after meetings with our technical partners such as SANY. After the terms of engagement have been agreed, we will commence design and engineering work on the improved equipment. A detailed review is conducted by our engineering team, together with the customer’s representative, on the concept, selection and technical specifications of the improved equipment, after which our engineers will create a detailed design of the improved equipment and revise and modify such design until the final approval by the customer. Upon confirmation of the final design, our engineering team will establish the project budget and timeline to ensure that the equipment with the value-added engineering solutions satisfies the agreed-upon specifications and is completed within the stipulated time and under budget. We also carry out regular project meetings to discuss issues that may have arisen during production to ensure that these issues are promptly resolved. Once all issues are resolved, the customer will launch a request for volume production of the improved equipment.

After the inspection and/or customization of the equipment is completed, our appointed quality control personnel will conduct a final pre-delivery inspection in accordance with an inspection test plan to ensure that the product meets the requirements of our customer and any legal regulatory requirements such as inspections by LTA and MOM, that may need to be complied with. We may engage a third-party professional engineering company to inspect and certify the equipment prior to the delivery to our customer.

Equipment Delivery to Sales Customers

Our sales team arranges shipment in accordance with the delivery schedule as requested by our customers. Typically, our sales, engineering and maintenance service team personnel will travel to our customers’ locations to supervise the installation of equipment, if needed, to ensure that the equipment is installed properly for use.

Sale of Parts

As part of our business operations, we sell spare parts as a part of our after-sales maintenance and repair service for the heavy equipment that we sell. For more information, please refer to the section headed “Business — After-sales Maintenance and Repair” in this prospectus. Nevertheless, we from time to time sell spare parts to equipment operators who have not purchased equipment from us and/or who use equipment of different brands than what is offered by us. The spare parts offered by us are interchangeable and compatible with various types of heavy equipment, which has led to demand for these parts from outside our customer base. Our spare parts sales to non-customers represent a smaller portion of our overall business.

Equipment Rental Business

Our Equipment Rental Business comprises the rental of various heavy equipment. The rental contracts that we enter with our customers are of varied durations from daily to monthly leases or such other periods as required by our customers. We have a comprehensive rental fleet to support our customers who need equipment that complies with the relevant regulations such as those stipulated by the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore, or BCA, MOM, HDB and LTA. We will give priority to rent out equipment in our existing fleet.

The process flow pertaining to our Equipment Rental Business can be illustrated diagrammatically as follows:

Customer Inquiries/Marketing to Customers for Equipment Rental

Our existing and prospective customers normally would approach us with inquiries whenever they need to rent heavy equipment for their projects. In addition, our equipment rental team actively interacts with potential customers and offers our rental services to them in response to their project needs. Close communication with potential customers enables us to obtain first-hand and up-to-date information on the demand for equipment rental in the market.

Submission of Quotations and Confirmation of Rental Orders

Based on our customer requirements, our equipment rental team submits the relevant rental quotations which include material terms such as scope of work, terms of payment, delivery and insurance arrangement during operation. Our rental customers would normally be responsible for public liability insurance within worksite and other relevant insurances except for the insurance on the rented equipment itself. Thereafter, our customers sign and return the quotations to confirm their equipment rental orders.

Functionality Inspection, Customization and Maintenance

To ensure minimal disruptions due to mechanical faults or breakdown, our experienced maintenance service team inspects and services the equipment thoroughly prior to each mobilization to the customers’ jobsites. In limited circumstances such as long-term leases exceeding six months, we also furnish value-added engineering solutions to the rental equipment.

After the inspection and/or customization of the equipment, our appointed quality control personnel conduct a final pre-delivery inspection in accordance with an inspection test plan to ensure that the product meets the requirements of our customer and any legal regulatory requirements such as inspections by LTA and MOM, that may need to be complied with. We may engage a third-party professional to inspect and certify the product prior to deliver to our customer.

Services Rendered to Rental Customers

Our equipment rental team plans and co-ordinates the mobilization of our equipment to our customers’ jobsites. Leveraging our accumulated expertise and experience, our equipment rental team also provides on-site technical consultation such as placement of equipment as well as job safety assessments and recommendations.

We rent our heavy equipment on both wet and dry hire basis and our drivers for wet hire are thoroughly briefed on the customers’ requirements before each assignment. Equipment rented on a wet hire basis includes drivers. Equipment rented on a dry hire basis involves rental of only the equipment and does not include drivers. Furthermore, our drivers adhere strictly to the stipulated work safety requirements and ensure that there is no excessive wear and tear to the equipment. Our customers are responsible for all damage to the equipment and are responsible for performing a thorough cleaning and full restoration of the equipment before returning them to us. Most of our rentals are based on a dry hire basis and we are in the process of ceasing rentals based on wet basis.

Engineering Consultancy Services

Our engineering consultancy services complements our Equipment Sales Business and Equipment Rental Business and involves understanding our customers’ requirements, proposing value-added engineering solutions, and designing and developing prototypes of such solutions. Our customers may elect for our value-added engineering solutions to customize and enhance the performance or features of the equipment they purchase or rent from us to better suit their project needs.

We work closely with our partners including SANY and the Technology Partner, to provide value-added engineering solutions primarily include equipment retrofitting, upgrading, modernization, fleet management and other enhancements on equipment through the replacement/application of, among others, mechanical parts, sensor fusion, software and remote control system, with the aim to address potential safety issues, increase reliability and productivity and allow for our customers to evaluate the performance of the equipment, the quality of the work completed and the progress of a site project. We have a dedicated team of engineers and a full-equipped workshop to execute the value-added engineering solutions approved by our customers. Starting from 2022, as a part of our strategy to electrification, we started offering battery swap station to complement our fully electric commercial vehicles that we supplied to our customers for port usage.

Below is a list of the major value-added engineering solutions that we are able to provide, include but not limited to:

(a) Battery swap station

We offer EPCC service for charging infrastructure to our customers who purchase our fully electric equipment. Our swap stations are compact stations. The typical size of a swap station covers an area of less than 150 square meters within which a variety of components are installed, including but not limited to, a battery swapping crane, an intelligent charging system, a vehicle positioning system, an automatic battery swapping control system and a fire-suppression system. Battery swap stations are designed to be fully automated. The entire swap sequence takes less than five minutes, during which the operator is not required to exit the cab. Charging of the batteries takes place onsite at the battery swap station where the batteries are stored.

We work closely with SANY in the provision of batter swap stations to our customers. SANY is responsible for the initial design and manufacturing of the core battery swapping module, while we review the initial design from SANY and provide feedbacks based on our extensive experiences to improve the reliability and safety of the final product so as to satisfy the requirements from our customers. In addition, we are involved in the integration of supporting systems, construction, testing and commissioning of the battery swap station. For construction, our team of engineers normally perform tasks including building foundations, laying cables and constructing main structures. We are responsible for the design and construction of electrical house which is a vital supporting system for supplying power to the battery swap station as well as installing the necessary software to ensure the integration of our battery swap station with the port operator’s network.

As of the date of this prospectus, we had one battery swap station for the Leading Port Operator under a tendered project under construction.

(b) Sensor fusion through hazards analysis

We offer a comprehensive sensor fusion solution to equipment which offers both sensor redundancy and robust situational awareness. To tailor to each application scenarios, we conduct on-site surveys to understand the type of hazards present and the complexity of the environment where our equipment is expected to operate. We then collect and analyze information collected such as specific hazard patterns before we finalize the type and layout of sensors to be installed to ensure the effectiveness of our censor fusion solutions. Depending on the results of hazard analysis, we may install LiDAR (laser imaging, detection, and ranging), conventional optical camera, ultrasonic or radar sensors or a combination thereof to the specific areas of an equipment. Below is an example of our tailored solution equipping a prime mover with rear-facing 2D LiDAR censors with 270 degrees scanning coverage and ultrasonic sensors for precise short-range sensing. This solution enhances the safety of the equipment in short and medium distance reversing scenarios.

We offer drive-by-wire retrofit to existing equipment. Drive by wire technology is the use of electrical or electro-mechanical systems for performing vehicle functions traditionally achieved by mechanical linkages such as the steering column, intermediate shafts and master cylinders. By converting to drive-by-wire system, the equipment can achieve weight reduction and greater fuel economy by eliminating physical components relating to mechanical linkage and increase its safety and comfort as drive-by-wire technology allows various advanced features to be integrated such as blind spot detection and control through computer interfaces.

(d) Remote Drive Control System

Remote control technology allows operators to safely run heavy equipment from outside the cab, removing them from worksite where many unforeseen risks are present and providing them with unobstructed views of the operation. Our remote drive control system can be integrated into the equipment and is consisted of a remote operating desk from which operator controls the equipment and a set of visual censors to aid the operation of the equipment. Our remote drive control system is mainly applied to container handlers used in ports and various type of cranes.

(e) Fleet Management System

Our fleet management system allows our customers to monitor, track, and create detailed performance reports on their equipment fleets. It provides a holistic visualization of overall project operations and is also capable of optimizing routes for each equipment through its analysis of real time equipment locations data, traffic flows and project workloads. Through the use of our fleet management system, operators are constantly updated with the relevant information on the overall operation and task at hand. In addition, our fleet management system is capable of optimizing future task scheduling and management to improve long-term operating efficiency of the fleet.

After-sales Maintenance and Repair

We believe that providing customers with the most comprehensive and timely after-sales maintenance and repair services is an important part of our business strategy to maintain customer loyalty and to remain competitive. As a result, we provide after-sales maintenance and repair for our equipment that we sell and rent.

Our maintenance generally includes day-to-day routine preventative measures and regular services such as hydraulic oil change, annual inspection for equipment, replacement of consumables such as seals and filters to improve equipment safety and performance as well as to prevent equipment downtime and failure. We typically provide equipment maintenance and service based on a pre-set schedule to ensure that there is no interruption or a prolonged period during which the equipment receives no care. We also provide maintenance and services upon request by our customers.

For repair, our customer would normally raise request for repair to us. Our dedicated coordinator will then arrange for service team to go to the worksite to conduct troubleshooting and determine the issues. If the issues identified are covered under the manufacturer’s warranty, we will perform the requisite repairs first and submit compensation report to the manufacturer for reimbursement. if the issues identified are not covered under the manufacturer’s warranty, we will then prepare a service quotation and proceed with the relevant repairs once the quotations are confirmed. Depending on the complexity of the issues, we may either perform repair onsite, which could take as little as a few hours, or send the equipment back to our workshop for repair, which could take a few weeks to complete.

Depending on the types of equipment, we generally extend a warranty of between one and two years or 2,000 and 5,000 working hours, whichever is earlier, for new equipment and a 10-year structural warranty for new equipment to customers who purchase new equipment from us, during which we provide repair services as needed as well as regular scheduled maintenance services. We do not extend product warranty for used equipment.

Health and Safety Standards

Some of our equipment are subject to regulatory inspections, approvals, certifications and international safety standards and codes. This provides for a further level of independent quality and safety assessment in relation to this equipment. Please refer to the section headed “Regulatory Environment” in this prospectus for details.

The regulatory requirements imposed by the MOM in respect of the years of service of crawler, truck or wheel-mounted mobile cranes, are as set out below:

Design Safe Working Load (Maximum Capacity)		Maximum allowable years of service from the year of manufacture
50 tons and below		20
Above 50 tons but not more than 100 tons		25
100 tons and above		30

Notwithstanding the above limitation, the maximum allowable years of service from its year of manufacture of our cranes may be extended subject to the written approval of the Commissioner for the WSHC.

Certain types of hoists or lifting equipment are required to be registered with the MOM. The owner must engage an Authorized Examiner to conduct necessary tests and examinations, issue examination report and register the hoist or lifting equipment. Certain specified mobile cranes registered with the MOM are also required to be equipped with data loggers which are compliant with the requirements stipulated by the MOM.

We believe in providing a safe working environment. We have established a set of environmental, health and safety policies, which contain adequate and reasonable measures to ensure the safety of all our employees, contractors and visitors. We aim to:

(a) implement health and safety programs and procedures to ensure compliance with all applicable laws and regulations;

(b) provide adequate safety instructions, information and training to all employees, including distributing a safety handbook to our employees;

(d) integrate health and environmental factors into our work procedures in an efficient manner;

(e) respond promptly and effectively to all safety and health incidents in our workplace and implement preventive and corrective measures; and

(f) monitor proper housekeeping within the workplace, with properly defined locations for all materials, equipment and machinery.

Both Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) have been certified to have achieved bizSAFE Level 3 by the WSHC under the MOM, as a testament to our continuing commitment to health and safety.

We also conduct periodic safety checks on our equipment, which include checking on the standard safety requirements as well as a physical inspection of the equipment. In addition, all our statutory hoist and lifting equipment are subject to half-yearly or yearly certification by independent professional engineers to ensure that the statutory hoist and lifting equipment are in good and safe working condition. A physical load-lifting test, whereby the statutory hoist and lifting equipment is subjected to a more stringent load stress test of 125.0% of the stated maximum capacity, is also conducted on the statutory hoist and lifting equipment by independent professional engineers every four years. These engineers will then issue a certificate of test and examination for our statutory hoist and lifting equipment.

Production Capacity and Utilization

Our business mainly involves the sale heavy equipment and parts and heavy equipment rental. Some of the related value-added engineering solutions, such as those offered under our engineering consultancy services, are manufactured, fabricated and integrated by us at our workshop and warehouse. It would not be meaningful to measure the utilization rate of our production facilities as we do not manufacture standardized items. Furthermore, we provide value-added engineering solutions to our customers by designing and tailor fitting our products to suit their needs and specifications. Our services vary for each project in terms of specifications, complexity, resource requirements and time required.

As of the date of this prospectus, our equipment rental fleet comprises 70 units of heavy equipment, which are deployed by our customers from port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries, to undertake a multitude of jobs. For example, customers from the construction industry may deploy our cranes for the construction of buildings.

The rental rates for our heavy equipment will vary, depending on factors such as the nature of the job, the usage time and the lifting capacities or access heights of the equipment being deployed. For example, a crane with high lifting capacity may be deployed by a customer for the launching of flyover precast segments and the job may be undertaken at night due to road closure requirements. The job specifications may also require the deployment of an experienced crane operator and supervisor. Hence, the rental rate for this crane will be different from the rental rate for a similar crane that is deployed at a building construction site and operated during normal working hours.

For the reasons discussed above, utilization rates for our equipment rental fleet, for example, utilization rates calculated based on hours of deployment, do not provide meaningful measurements of the productivity of these assets.

Business Development and Marketing and Sales

Business Development

Our business development activities are carried out by Mr. Lim, our chief executive officer, who formulates marketing and growth strategies for our business and determines new geographic regions in which our business should make inroads into.

Our business development team also works to introduce our new equipment and engineering solutions developed by us to the market.

Sales and Marketing

Mr. Zhou Heng, our General Manager, is responsible for our marketing and sales activities, including the promotion of our latest equipment, solutions and services to our existing and potential customers. In addition, we engage existing and potential customers through corporate videos, advertising campaigns in published and digital media. Our business is focused on the Singapore market, and Zhou Heng is supported by a team of 11 sales and marketing staff as of the date of this prospectus, all of whom are based in Singapore. The management reviews and monitors the sales performance of our business segments on a monthly basis.

Our marketing sales strategy is to build rapport and long-term relationships with our customers by consistently providing our customers with quality equipment, solutions and services. We maintain our existing customer relationships through regular contact, including providing customers with regular updates on the new equipment and products that we carry and conducting site visits at our customers’ sites from time to time. We pay close attention to their needs and preferences to better understand their requirements or concerns, enabling us to recommend our new products or to leverage on our design and engineering capabilities to develop customized engineering solutions that would better fulfill their needs. The relationships which we have built with our customers also act as a source of market intelligence, allowing us to keep abreast of industry trends and developments and enabling us to adapt to market demands more quickly. In addition to ensuring a future flow of orders from existing customers, we may also be able to secure orders from new customers through referrals.

We carry out direct sales efforts focusing primarily on (i) major civil contractors, especially those who are currently using our competitors’ products; (ii) existing customers of our Equipment Sales Business and/or Equipment Rental Business who may look to purchase or rent heavy equipment or require any value-added engineering solutions from us in future (as the case may be); and (iii) government organizations or authorities searching for innovative solutions for such heavy equipment in order to improve productivity and safety.

Quality Control and Assurance

We are committed to achieving customer satisfaction by delivering high quality products and services.

Our quality control and assurance function is overseen by our chief executive officer, Mr. Lim. The managers in charge of each type of our equipment are responsible for ensuring that our quality control and assurance measures are complied with and will report all quality-related matters to Mr. Lim.

We have implemented the following quality control and assurance measures to maintain the high quality of the products and services that we supply:

(a) Incoming equipment, materials, components and products delivered by our suppliers

Our quality control procedures start with ensuring the quality of the equipment, materials, components and products provided by our suppliers. Upon the receipt of equipment, materials, components or products from our suppliers, we will carry out checks on the physical dimensions and/or technical specifications to ensure that the items meet our requirements and internal inspection standards. In particular, we visually inspect the physical condition of the materials, components and products for any damage, corrosion or any other defects that could compromise the quality of our products and services. In the event of any discrepancy in the quantity or quality of the materials, components or products delivered to us or if the items do not conform to the specifications stated in the delivery order, such products will be rejected and returned to our suppliers.

(b) Manufacturing / Customization and delivery of equipment and products

We have put in place quality control measures in key stages of our manufacturing and customization process and also test all our finished products before delivery to our customers. This process has been formalized through detailed equipment and product checklists, which we have developed in respect of each of the key equipment and product types offered by us. Such checklists cover the different aspects of the equipment and products, including functionality and physical appearance, and have to be completed by the relevant engineer or technical staff overseeing the production, modification, customization or sale of the relevant product to ensure that all aspects of our products are thoroughly checked before they are delivered to our customers. In addition, we would also conduct a final visual inspection prior to the delivery or handing over of the products to our customers.

We believe that the experience and technical expertise of our workers is a vital aspect of maintaining the quality of our products and services and, as such we place a strong emphasis on staff training. Our employees periodically undergo on-the-job training under the guidance of senior and more experienced personnel. Our employees are equipped with the necessary working knowledge and practical skills for their job function through the in-house training and demonstrations that we conduct and by working on projects. From time to time, we will also send our employees for external training, depending on the needs identified by the respective department heads, to upgrade their skills and keep abreast of new developments in the industry.

Major Customers

Our customers are mainly in the construction and infrastructure, civil engineering and foundation industries in Singapore. In particular, a significant concentration of our customers is those who are heavily involved in infrastructure and government projects. Generally, demands from our sales and equipment rental customers are driven by their respective demand for equipment. These demands in turn were usually caused by the new projects with which they have been awarded. Such events typically do not occur on a consistent basis. We have not entered into any long-term contracts with our customers.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, sales to our five largest customers collectively accounted for approximately 36.6% and 38.3%, respectively, of our total net revenue, and sales to our largest customer accounted for approximately 9.8% and 9.5%, respectively, of our total net revenue.

Major Suppliers

We purchased substantially all of our heavy equipment from SANY for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, including those that are fully electric. Our purchases from SANY represented 60.4% and 71.1%, respectively, of our cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. In addition, we purchase from other suppliers for items used for our value-added engineering solutions including charging infrastructures such as switchboards, transformers and transmission cables.

According to Frost and Sullivan, in the heavy equipment industry in Singapore, reliance on a single supplier is not uncommon due to the following reasons:

(a) Relationship and Trust: Companies may choose to rely on a single supplier if they have developed a strong relationship and trust with their supplier over time. This can lead to better pricing, more reliable delivery, and improved customer service, which can be advantageous for the business; and

(b) Specialization: Some suppliers may specialize in a specific type of heavy equipment or machinery, making them the preferred choice for companies with specific needs. In such cases, a company may choose to work almost exclusively with a single supplier due to their unique offerings and expertise.

While we believe, and Frost and Sullivan concurs, that there are alternative sources of supply for the heavy equipment we purchase from SANY in Singapore, impairment or termination of our relationship with SANY could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations if we were unable to obtain adequate or timely rental and sales equipment.

During COVID-19 lockdowns in the PRC, SANY, which is based in the PRC, experienced delays in its deliveries of equipment and parts to us. At the same time, certain construction projects in Singapore were also put on hold as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, our customers did not exert pressure on us for timely delivery, allowing us to fulfill orders when we received the equipment and parts from SANY without materially impacting our business operations. In addition, benefiting from the market knowledge and experience of our marketing team, we were able to analyze market information and trends effectively, which enabled us to mitigate disruptions in our supply chain by proactively ordering equipment expected to be in demand. As a result, we were able to supply certain heavy equipment and parts even during COVID-19 lockdowns in the PRC.

In addition, SANY had been in the process of implementing operational improvements, including automation and the use of robots in its manufacturing process, to reduce the need for labor even before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, when the lockdown measures were gradually lifted, SANY was able to resume supplies to us in a timely manner without causing significant disruptions to our business operations.

We remain proactive in mitigating the potential recurrence of such supply chain disruptions. We are exploring alternative sources of supply for heavy equipment and parts to ensure a more resilient and reliable supply chain in the future.

Competition

The heavy equipment industry is generally comprised of either pure rental equipment companies or manufacturer dealer/distributorship companies, or a hybrid of the above. We are a provider of turnkey project solutions that primarily sell and rent heavy equipment and provide related parts and engineering consultancy services. The equipment industry in Singapore remains highly fragmented and consists mainly of a small number of multi-national operators and a large number of relatively small, independent businesses serving purely Singapore market.

We believe that participants in the heavy equipment industry generally compete on the basis of availability, quality, reliability, delivery and price. In general, large operators enjoy substantial competitive advantages over small, independent operators due to a distinct price advantage. Some of our competitors have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do.

Traditionally, equipment manufacturers distributed their equipment and parts through a network of independent dealers with distribution agreements. In recent years, both manufacturers and distributors sought to streamline their operations, improve their costs and gain market share. Our established, integrated management infrastructure offering one-stop solution enables us to compete directly with our competitors effectively and efficiently. In addition, we believe customers in Singapore gravitate toward us due to the multitude of innovative value-added engineering solutions that we offer under our engineering consultancy services.

Properties and Fixed Assets

As of the date of this prospectus, we do not own any properties.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have leased the following properties, all of which are located in Singapore:

No.

Location

Approximate Gross

Area

(sq ft)

Lessor

Usage

Lease Expiration Date

7 Tuas Avenue 2

247,000 sq ft

JTC Corporation

Warehouse & Workshop

September 26, 2042

26 Jalan Buroh

138,111 sq ft

JTC Corporation

Warehouse

August 15, 2030

Other fixed assets include the heavy equipment and accessories for our Rental Equipment Business.

Intellectual Property

Currently, our business and profitability are not materially dependent on any intellectual property such as patents, patent rights, licenses and processes or other intellectual property rights. Except as disclosed below, we have not paid or received royalties for any license or use of an intellectual property, nor do we use or own any other registered patents, trademarks or intellectual property which are material to our business.

Trademarks

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not registered any trademarks. However, pursuant to a license agreement entered into between us and Ten-League Corp, we have been granted a license to use the following “Ten-League” trademark at a nominal fee commencing from the date of the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq. The license agreement may be terminated at the option of Ten-League Corp for causes including, among others, material breach of the agreements entered into between us and Ten-League Corp and our insolvency, or be terminated by either party upon serving the other party a written notice not less than 60 days prior to the chosen date of termination:

Internet Domain Names

As of the date of this prospectus, we have registered the domain name https://ten-league.com.sg/.

Employees

We had 52 full-time employees as of the date of this prospectus. The following table sets forth the numbers of our full-time employees, categorized by function, as of the same date:

	Number of Employees		% Of Total
				(%)
Management		7		13.5
Sales and marketing		11		21.2
Administration		1		1.9
Finance and accounting		6		11.5
Engineering		7		13.5
Operations		17		32.7
Quality and safety		1		1.9
Human resources		2		3.8
Total		52		100.0

All of our employees are located in Singapore. Employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our labor practices and employee relations to be good. As of the date of the prospectus, we have not experienced any material labor disputes.

Licenses, Permits, Registrations and Approvals

Our principal business activities are located in Singapore and are subject to regulation by applicable laws, regulations and government agencies in Singapore. These regulations require us to possess various approvals and certifications in respect of certain of the heavy equipment we supply.

As of the date of this prospectus and to the best of our directors’ knowledge and belief, there is at present no material licenses and permits required for our business operations that have not been obtained.

Corporate Social Responsibility

We recognize our responsibilities to our employees, shareholders, business partners and the community as a whole, and are committed to achieving long term mutually sustainable relationships with our stakeholders.

We are constantly searching for means to contribute to the community and we intend to set aside funds to be used for our corporate social responsibility activities every year.

Research And Development

Though we do not have any fixed material research and development policies, we believe that research and development is crucial in providing us with a competitive edge and in increasing our operational efficiency. We believe that through research and development, we will be able to provide our customers with constantly improving and innovative engineering and industrial solutions to cater to the demands of an ever-changing industrial landscape.

To complement our research and development capabilities, we have also forged close working relationship with our technical partners, such as the Technology Partner and SANY to develop certain software and technologies to augment our heavy equipment and facilitate fleet management and data analysis. Our collaboration partners also share with us market developments and trends which enable us to keep up with the changing needs of our customers and strengthen our competitive edge. For instance, we have, together with the Technology Partner, developed an in-house data logger for our drilling rigs in Singapore based on the requirements stipulated by HDB. With effect from 2021, all drilling rigs deployed in HDB projects are required to be able to send over the data required by HDB directly to HDB’s private network. In response to this, we have developed an in-house data logger to retrieve the information directly from our equipment without the need to install new sensors.

We have also modified, with the support from SANY, reach stackers used in port so that they are able to automatically recognize container numbers, determine the location and height of the containers they place and/or remove through a combination of GPS positioning and LiDAR matching, and log the data to a centralized information system, which improve operational efficiency and accuracy.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions such as those relating to breach of contract and labor and employment claims.

Except as disclosed below, we are currently not a party to, and we are not aware of any threat of, any legal or administrative proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have any material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash-flow or results of operations. We may periodically be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims relating to our business. We may also initiate legal proceedings to protect our rights and interests.

In November 2023, Ten-League (E&T) received a court filing by the liquidator of the Plaintiff that had been subject to a winding-up order since November 2022 due to insolvency. The liquidator alleges that the Plaintiff sold us the Disputed Machineries during its liquidation, which would render the relevant transactions void. The total amount claimed by the liquidator is approximately S$4.2 million.

Out of the ten sets of Disputed Machineries, five are subject to hire purchase agreements that were entered into between the Plaintiff and a bank in October 2022. As the Plaintiff had not fulfilled its payment obligations, the ownership of these five Disputed Machineries remained with the bank. On October 26, 2022, we entered into a novation agreement with the Plaintiff and assumed the Plaintiff’s rights and obligations under the hire purchase agreements for these five Disputed Machineries. The other five Disputed Machineries are also subject to hire purchase agreements the Plaintiff entered into with a third-party financing company in October 2022. We are currently seeking a court order for the validation of the sale of these Disputed Equipment by the Plaintiff to us.

As of the date of this prospectus, we had engaged a legal adviser in Singapore to represent us in the litigation. In addition, our controlling shareholder, Ten-League Corp, and our Company have signed a deed of indemnity in favor of our Company (for ourselves and on behalf of each member of our Group) to fully indemnify us against any costs, losses, damages, and other liabilities incurred in connection with the litigation.

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

This section sets forth a summary of the material laws and regulations that affect our Group’s business and operations in Singapore. Information contained in this section should not be construed as a comprehensive summary nor detailed analysis of laws and regulations applicable to the business and operations of our Group. This overview is provided as general information only and not intended to be a substitute for professional advice. You should consult your own advisers regarding the implication of the laws and regulations of Singapore on our business and operations.

Workplace Safety and Health Act 2006 Of Singapore, or the WSH Act

The WSH Act provides that every employer has the duty to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of his employees at work. These measures include, but are not limited to: (a) providing and maintaining for employees a work environment which is safe, without risk to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work; (b) ensuring that adequate safety measures are taken in respect of any machinery, equipment, plant, article or process used by the employees; (c) ensuring that those persons are not exposed to hazards arising out of the arrangement, disposal, manipulation, organization, processing, storage, transport, working or use of things in their workplace or near their workplace and under the control of the employer; (d) developing and implementing procedures for dealing with emergencies that may arise while those persons are at work; and (e) ensuring that those persons at work have adequate instruction, information, training and supervision as is necessary for them to perform their work.

In addition, every occupier of any workplace has the duty to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures to ensure that the workplace is safe and without risks to health to every person within those premises, whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier, where “occupier” means, inter alia, the person who has charge, management or control of those premises either on his own account or as an agent of another person, whether or not he is also the owner of those premises.

Further, the WSH Act provides that it shall be the duty of every principal to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to, inter alia, ensure the safety and health of any contractor engaged by the principal when at work or an employee employed by such contractor, where “principal” means a person who, in connection with any trade, business, profession or undertaking carried on by him, engages any other person otherwise than under a contract of service to supply any labor or do any work for gain or reward. The relevant regulatory body is the MOM.

In respect of manufacturers and suppliers of machinery, equipment or hazardous substances used at work, the WSH Act provides that it is the duty of any such person to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable: (a) that information about the safe use of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance (including precautions to be taken for the proper use and maintenance, health hazards and information relating to the results of any examinations or tests) is available to any person to whom the machinery, equipment or hazardous substances is supplied for use at work; (b) that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used; and (c) that the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance is examined and tested so as to comply with the obligation imposed by sub-paragraph (b) above.

In respect of persons who erect, install or modify machinery or equipment and persons in control of machinery for use at work, the WSH Act provides that it is the duty of any such person to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used.

The following machinery and equipment are covered by the WSH Act: (a) scaffolds and any materials or components used to erect them; (b) all lifting equipment; (c) forklifts; (d) power presses; (e) bar-benders; (f) any equipment or piping intended for operation under pressure, including all statutory pressure vessels; (g) any equipment or piping intended to contain corrosive, toxic or flammable substances; (h) welding equipment, including any accessory, apparatus or fitting necessary to enable its use; (i) materials or components used for the construction of support structures; (j) explosive powered tools; (k) equipment used for abrasive blasting, including any accessory, apparatus or fitting necessary to enable its use and operation.

Under the WSH Act, the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health, or the CWSH, may serve a remedial order or a stop-work order in respect of a workplace if he is satisfied that (i) the workplace is in such condition, or is so located, or any part of the machinery, equipment, plant or article in the workplace is so used, that any process or work carried on in the workplace cannot be carried on with due regard to the safety, health and welfare of the persons at work; (ii) any person has contravened any duty imposed by the WSH Act; or (iii) any person has done any act, or has refrained from doing any act which, in the opinion of the CWSH, poses or is likely to pose a risk to the safety, health and welfare of persons at work. The remedial order shall direct the person served with the order to take such measures, to the satisfaction of the CWSH, to, amongst others, remedy any danger so as to enable the work or process in the workplace to be carried on with due regard to the safety, health and welfare of the persons at work, whilst the stop-work order shall direct the person served with the order to immediately cease to carry on any work indefinitely or until such measures as are required by the CWSH have been taken to remedy any danger so as to enable the work in the workplace to be carried on with due regard to the safety, health and welfare of the persons at work.

Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations, or the WSHIR Regulations

Pursuant to Regulation 4 of the WSHIR Regulations, where any accident at a workplace occurs which leads to the death of any employee, the employer shall no later than ten (10) days after the accident submit a report to the CWSH. Pursuant to Regulation 6 of the WSHIR Regulations, where an employee meets with an accident at a workplace on or after 1 September 2020, the employer shall submit a report to the CWSH in the case where the employee is certified by a registered medical practitioner or registered dentist to be unfit for work, or to require hospitalisation or to be placed on light duties, on account of the accident, not later than ten (10) days after the date the employer first has notice of the accident.

Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations 2007, or the WSHC Regulations

Part XI of the WSHC Regulations provides, among others, that all plant and ancillary equipment necessary for the conduct of work in any excavation or within a tunnel in the worksite shall, so far as is reasonably practicable, be: (a) of appropriate design and construction; (b) of sufficient capacity; (c) safe and without risks to health; and (d) adequately maintained.

Part XV of the WSHC Regulations provide, among others, for the duty of the owner of a crane, an employee’s lift or a material handling machinery being used in a worksite to ensure that the crane, employee’s lift or material handling machine is of good construction, sound material and adequate strength, free from patent defects and properly maintained. The owner of any crane used in a worksite must also provide a capacity chart in the manner specified in the WSHC Regulations where the capacity of the crane used in a worksite is variable. The occupier of a worksite shall ensure that before any crane, employee’s lift or material handling machinery is put into service for the first time in the worksite that it has been thoroughly examined and inspected by a competent person and, in the case of a crane or an employee’s lift, such examination and test is conducted by an Authorized Examiner.

Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Regulations, or the WSHGP Regulations

Pursuant to the WSHGP Regulations, the following equipment, among others, are required to be tested and examined by an examiner, or the Authorized Examiner, who is authorized by the CWSH, before they can be used in a factory and thereafter, at specified intervals:

(a) hoist or lift;

(b) lifting gears; and/or

Upon examination, the Authorized Examiner will issue and sign a certificate of test and examination, specifying the safe working load of the equipment. Such certificate of test and examination shall be kept available for inspection. The equipment must be registered with the MOM. Under the WSHGP Regulations, it is the duty of the owner of the equipment or occupier of a workplace to keep a register containing the requisite particulars with respect to the lifting gears, lifting appliances and lifting machines. It is also the duty of the owner of the lifting gears, lifting appliances and lifting machines to ensure that it is of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and properly maintained.

In addition to the above, under the WSH Act, inspectors appointed by the CWSH may, among others, enter, inspect and examine any workplace and any machinery, equipment, plant, installation or article at any workplace, to make such examination and inquiry as may be necessary to ascertain whether the provisions of the WSH Act are complied with, to take samples of any material or substance found in a workplace or being discharged from any workplace for the purpose of analysis or test, to assess the levels of noise, illumination, heat or harmful or hazardous substances in any workplace and the exposure levels of persons at work therein and to take into custody any article in a workplace which is required for the purpose of an investigation or inquiry under the WSH Act.

Furthermore, the owner of a crane shall ensure that the crane is of good construction, sound material and adequate strength, free from patent defects, and properly maintained. Where the capacity of the crane used in a worksite is variable, a capacity chart which sets out the safe loads for various lengths of the job at various angles and radial distances shall be provided. Before any crane is put into service for the first time in the worksite, the crane shall also be thoroughly examined and inspected by a competent person and that such examination and test is conducted by an Authorized Examiner. The operator of a crane shall take such measures as are necessary to ensure that a suspended load is not moved over any person in the worksite and shall ensure that no load is left suspended on the crane when it is not in use.

Under the WSHGP Regulations, every person that carries on a business in Singapore (the general nature of which is or includes a high-risk industry), or a regulated person, must ensure that, at all times, at least one of its specified officers has successfully completed the Top Executive Workplace Safety and Health Programme conducted by a training provider acceptable to the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health. A “high-risk industry” pertains to business activities classified under specific SSIC classifications, which includes construction activities. Where the only or last remaining specified officer of a regulated person who has successfully completed a relevant course ceases to be a specified officer of the regulated person, the regulated person must ensure compliance with this training requirement within 3 months after the date of that cessation.

Workplace Safety and Health (Operation of Cranes) Regulations 2011, or the WSHOC Regulations

More specific duties imposed on a registered crane operator are set out in Regulation 16 of the WSHOC Regulations.

Pursuant to the WSHOC Regulations, only crane contractors approved by the CWSH are allowed to carry out installation, repair, alteration and dismantling of mobile cranes or tower cranes, or the Operations. Crane contractors must first obtain approval from the CWSH before they can undertake the jobs mentioned above. Upon successful application, the applicant receives a certificate of approval which is valid for two years from the date of approval. Crane contractors must ensure that the Operations are carried out in accordance with a manufacturer’s manual which contains instructions on safe procedures for such Operations, or where such manual is unavailable, ensure that the Operations are carried out under the immediate supervision of an Authorized Examiner. In addition, the owner of any mobile cranes or tower cranes must ensure that all of its cranes are tested and certified safe by an approved person for the Operations for which they are intended. The said cranes cannot be used unless they have been tested and certified accordingly.

Further, operators of mobile and tower cranes must be registered with the CWSH. Once registered, these operators are issued with certificates, which are typically valid for 2 years, indicating the types of cranes they are allowed to operate. Only operators who possess the appropriate certificates of registration can operate these cranes. Before they may be registered, these operators must first possess the necessary qualifications required under the WSHOC Regulations. These qualifications include (i) successful completion by the applicant of the course in crane operation conducted by an institute or organization acceptable to the CWSH; (ii) in the opinion of the CWSH, having sufficient experience in operating a mobile crane or tower crane and having passed a proficiency test acceptable to the CWSH; or (iii) any other equivalent qualification acceptable to the CWSH. In addition to the above, the CWSH may require the applicant to produce a current medical certificate from a registered medical practitioner which certifies that the applicant is medically fit to operate a mobile crane or tower crane.

Under the WSHOC Regulations, any registered crane operator may be required to produce his certificate of registration for inspection by inspectors appointed by the CWSH. The CWSH may suspend or cancel the registration of any registered crane operator if the CWSH is satisfied that the registered crane operator has (a) obtained his registration under the WSHOC Regulations by means of fraud, false representation or the concealment of any material fraud; (b) has been certified by a registered medical practitioner to be unfit to operate a mobile crane or a tower crane; or (c) has failed to comply with any of the duties set out in the WSHOC Regulations.

As at the date of this prospectus, Ten-League (E&T) has a Certificate of Approval as Approved Crane Contractor, issued under the WSHOC Regulations, which is valid for as long as Ten-League (E&T)’s bizSAFE Level 3 certification is valid.

Service Lifespan of Mobile Cranes

The service lifespan of mobile cranes in Singapore is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Division under the MOM, whose primary role is to regulate and reduce the number of crane accidents caused by a technical failure of the cranes. Currently the maximum service lifespan of a mobile crane is as follows: (a) for cranes with lifting capacities of 50 tons and below, the maximum service lifespan from the date of manufacture will be 20 years; (b) for cranes with lifting capacities above 50 tons but not more than 100 tons, the maximum service lifespan from the date of manufacture will be 25 years; and (c) For cranes with lifting capacities of 100 tons and above, the maximum service lifespan from the date of manufacture will be 30 years. The maximum allowable years of service from its year of manufacture for such cranes may be extended subject to the written approval of the CWSH.

Requirement to Equip Mobile Cranes with Data Loggers

All mobile cranes with the prescribed classification codes registered with the MOM on or after August 1, 2015 have to be equipped with data loggers. The data loggers must comply with the requirements prescribed by the MOM relating to, amongst others, the ability to perform the prescribed functions and the ability to record the prescribed operational parameters.

Workplace Safety and Health (Registration of Factories) Regulations 2008, or the WSHRF Regulations

Any person who desires to occupy or use, inter alia, any premises where any building operation or works of engineering construction is or are being carried out by way of trade or for purposes of gain (whether or not by or on behalf of the government of Singapore or a statutory board), is required to register the premises (or worksite) as a “factory” with the CWSH pursuant to the WSHRF Regulations.

Under the WSHRF Regulations, occupiers of premises or worksites used for the aforementioned purposes must apply to the CWSH to register the worksites as a “factory” one (1) month before the work begins, save for any premises or worksites in which building operations or any work of engineering construction are carried out. A certificate of registration issued by the CWSH for any factory engaged in the manufacture of fabricated metal products, machinery or equipment and in which 100 or more persons are employed shall remain in force from the date of its issue until such time as it is revoked in accordance with the WSHRF Regulations.

If any registered factory becomes unfit for occupation or use as a factory because of any change in the type of the work for which the factory is registered or any structural change to the premises of the registered factory or any change in the layout of the premises, amongst other reasons, a notice in writing may be issued by the CWSH to the occupier of the registered factory, or the CWSH Notice. The certificate of registration may be revoked under the WSHRF Regulations due to reasons such as (a) a contravention of any condition of the certificate of registration; (b) an application by the occupier of the registered factory for such revocation; (c) where the occupier of a registered factory has ceased to occupy the factory; and (d) if the CWSH Notice has not been complied with.

Any person who desires to occupy or use any premises as a factory not falling within the classes of factories described within the First Schedule of the WSHRF Regulations, shall, before the commencement of operation of the factory, submit a notification to the CWSH informing the CWSH of his intention to occupy or use those premises as a factory. However, in the event that the CWSH is of the view that the factory in respect of which a notification has been submitted is to pose or likely to pose a risk to the safety, health and welfare of persons at work in the factory, the CWSH may, by notice in writing, (i) specify the date from which the notification shall cease to be valid; and (ii) direct the occupier of the factory to register the factory notwithstanding that the factory does not fall within any of the classes of the factories described in the First Schedule of the WSHRF Regulations.

Work Injury Compensation Act 2019 Of Singapore, or the WICA

WICA provides that if in any employment personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment is caused to an employee, his employer shall be liable to pay compensation. This applies to any person who has entered into or works under a contract of service or apprenticeship with an employer (but does not include any class of persons specified in the Third Schedule to the WICA). The WICA does not cover self-employed persons or independent contractors. However, as the WICA provides that, where any person (referred to as the principal) in the course of or for the purpose of his trade or business contracts with any other person (referred to as the subcontractor employer), the principal shall be liable to compensate those employees of the subcontractor employer who were injured while employed in the execution of work for the principal. The WICA sets out, among other things, the amount of compensation such employees are entitled to and the method(s) of calculating such compensation. The relevant regulatory body is the MOM.

An injured employee is entitled to claim medical leave wages, medical expenses and lump sum compensation for permanent incapacity, current incapacity or death, subject to certain limits stipulated in the WICA. An employee who has suffered an injury arising out of and in the course of his employment can make a claim by reporting the accident to his or her employer as soon as possible. The employer must, within the prescribed time, give notice of the accident to the MOM and the employer’s insurer. There is a fixed formula in the WICA on the amount of compensation to be awarded and there is no requirement to prove fault or negligence on anyone’s part. The employee may also choose to commence legal proceedings to claim damages under common law against the employer for breach of duty or negligence. Damages under a common law claim are usually more than an award under the WICA and may include compensation for pain and suffering, loss of wages, medical expenses and any future loss of earnings. However, the employee must show that the employer has failed to provide a safe system of work, or breached a duty required by law or that the employer’s negligence caused the injury.

Under Section 24 of WICA, every employer shall insure and maintain insurance under one or more approved policies with a designated insurer against all liabilities which he may incur under the provisions of WICA unless specifically exempted. An employer is required to buy work injury compensation insurance for all employees (both foreign and local) doing manual work (regardless of salary level) and all employees doing non-manual work who are earning S$2,600 or less a month (excluding any overtime payment, bonus payment, annual wage supplement, productivity incentive payment and any allowance). Failure to provide adequate insurance is an offence carrying a fine of up to (a) S$10,000 or jail of up to 12 months, or both; or (b) if the person is a repeat offender, to a fine not exceeding S$20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both.

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Contractors Registration System, or CRS

The CRS is administered by the BCA to serve the procurement needs of government departments, statutory bodies and other public sector organizations including first level sub-contractors involved in government projects. Except for the Regulatory Workhead (RW), the CRS functions as an administrative body only for public sector procurement. As such, business entities which are not registered with the BCA are not restricted from conducting business as contractors or suppliers outside the public sector. There are seven major registration categories under the CRS, namely Construction Workhead (CW), Construction-Related Workhead (CR), Mechanical & Electrical Workhead (ME), Facilities Management Workhead (FM), Supply Heads (SY), Trade Heads (TR) and Regulatory Workheads (RW). There are different financial grades for the seven major registration categories. Registration of a contractor with the BCA and the grade assigned to it is dependent on the contractor fulfilling the requisite grade requirements relating to, among others, financial capability, relevant technical personnel, management certifications and track record.

The tendering limits for projects in the public sector are determined by one’s qualified grade under the CRS.

The validity for a first-time registration is for a period of three years. Registration will thereafter lapse automatically unless a renewal (for a period of three years) is filed and approved by the BCA.

The following table sets out the current registrations of Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) in the CRS as of the date of this prospectus:

Company name	Workhead code	Title	Description	Grade	Expiry date
Ten-League (E&T)	-	-	-	-	-
Ten-League (PES)	SY08	Mechanical Equipment, Plant & Machinery	Supply of mechanical plants and equipment including generators, air compressors, pumps, lathes, boilers, bulldozers, cement mixers, cranes, gondola systems, turbines and earthwork vehicles. Weapons are excluded. Firms should possess facilities and personnel to provide maintenance and back-up services.	L4	March 1, 2026

Builders Licensing Scheme, or BLS

The BLS falls under the purview of the Building Control Act 1989 of Singapore, or the Building Control Act, and its relevant regulations, and aims to ensure that builders carry out their duties competently and professionally, and are conversant with the statutory requirements of the Building Control Act. The BLS is part of the BCA’s long-term plan to upgrade the safety and quality of the construction sector while raising professionalism by requiring minimum standards of management, safety record and financial solvency. All builders carrying out both public and private building works where plans are required to be approved by the Commissioner of Building Control and/or where works are in specialist areas which have a high impact on public safety are required to apply under the BLS.

There are 2 types of licenses under the BLS, namely the General Builder License and the Specialist Builder License. Under the General Builder License, there are 2 classes: Class 1 – where the licensee is allowed to undertake projects of any value, and Class 2, where the licensee is restricted to undertake projects of S$6 million or less. The classes of Specialist Builder License include licenses for piling works, ground support and stabilization works, site investigation work, structural steelwork, pre-cast concrete work and in-situ post-tensioning work.

Every license, if granted, shall be valid for such period specified therein, being not more than 3 years. In order to apply for, maintain and renew the licenses under the BLS, there are different requirements to be complied with for the different classes under each of the General Builder License and the Specialist Builder License, including but not limited to, requirements relating to minimum paid up capital and employment of certain personnel with prescribed qualifications.

The following table sets out the current licenses of Ten-League (E&T) and Ten-League (PES) under the BLS as of the date of this prospectus:

Company name

Licensing Code

Description

Expiry date

Ten-League (E&T)

GB2

General Builder Class 2

General building works excluding works that have been designated as specialist works to be carried out by Specialist Builder

March 14, 2026

Ten-League (PES)

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Employment Of Foreign Manpower Act 1990 Of Singapore, or the EFMA

The employment of foreign employees in Singapore is governed by the EFMA and regulated by MOM. The EFMA prescribes the responsibilities and obligations of employers of foreign employees in Singapore.

In Singapore, under Section 5(1) of the EFMA, no person shall employ a foreign employee unless he has obtained in respect of the foreign employee a valid work pass from MOM in accordance with the Employment of Foreign Manpower (Work Passes) Regulations 2012, which allows the foreign employee to work for him. Any person who fails to comply with or contravenes Section 5(1) of the EFMA shall be guilty of an offence and shall:

(a) be liable on conviction to a fine of not less than S$5,000 and not more than S$30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both; and

(b) on a second or subsequent conviction:

(i) in the case of an individual, with a fine of not less than S$10,000 and not more than S$30,000 and with imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month and not more than 12 months; or

(ii) in any other case, be punished with a fine of not less than S$20,000 and not more than S$60,000.

The EFMA also prescribes penalties in respect of other common offences under the EFMA, such as the contravention of any condition of a work pass, the making of a false statement or provision of false information in any application or renewal of a work pass, receiving money in connection with the employment of a foreign employee, and obtaining a work pass for a foreign employee for a business that does not exist, or is not in operation or does not require the employment of the foreign employee.

In Singapore, the work pass to be issued to a foreigner is contingent on, among other things, the type of work and salary being received by the foreigner in question. Foreign professionals, managers and executives earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$5,000 (to, subject to finalization, be revised to at least S$5,600 for new applications from January 1, 2025) with acceptable qualifications (such as a good university degree, professional qualifications or specialist skills) may apply for an employment pass, whereas older and more experienced candidates will need higher salaries. In addition, employment pass candidates must also pass a points-based Complementarity Assessment Framework (COMPASS) based on a holistic set of individual and firm-related attributes. Mid-level skilled staff earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$3,150 (to, subject to finalization, be revised to at least S$3,300 for new applications from September 1, 2025) who possess a degree, diploma or technical certificate and have the relevant work experience may apply for an S-pass; and semi-skilled foreign workers from approved source countries working in, among others, the construction sector, may apply for a work permit.

As our Group employs foreign employees for our Singapore operations, we are subject to the EFMA. We have applied for the relevant work passes from MOM for all of our foreign employees. To the best of the Board’s knowledge, we have complied with the requirements of the EFMA and the conditions of such work passes.

The availability of foreign workers to the construction industry is subject to sector-specific rules, which is also regulated by MOM through, amongst others, the following policy instruments:

	(a)	approved source countries

		Construction companies are only allowed to employ foreign construction workers from approved source countries. The approved source countries are Malaysia, the People’s Republic of China, Non-traditional sources such as India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar and the Philippines and North Asian sources such as Hong Kong (HKSAR passport), Macau, South Korea and Taiwan.

		In respect of construction workers from Non-traditional source countries and the People’s Republic of China, basic-skilled workers are allowed to work up to a maximum of 14 years, while higher skilled workers are allowed to work up to a maximum of 26 years. There is no maximum period of employment for workers from Malaysia or North Asian source countries. All workers can only work up to 60 years of age.

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	(b)	the imposition of security bonds and levies

		The employment of foreign workers is also subject to the payment of levies. The levy rates vary based on which approved source country the worker is from, whether the worker is basic-skilled or higher-skilled and whether the worker is subject to man-year entitlement requirements. Workers from Non-traditional source countries and the People’s Republic of China are subject to man-year entitlement requirements,

		Under certain circumstances, including, amongst others, where its workers’ work permits have been revoked because of unpaid levies, a construction company will have to pay a levy bond for each work permit holder, with the amount of levy bond depending on the worker’s skill level.

		For each construction worker from a North Asian source country, a Non-traditional source country or the People’s Republic of China that has been successfully granted a work permit, a security bond is required to be purchased by the employer.

	(c)	dependency ceilings based on the ratio of local to foreign workers and man-year entitlement requirements

		The number of foreign workers that an employer is allowed to hire is limited by quota (or dependency ratio ceiling). With effect from January 1, 2024 and based on the construction sector quota, a construction company can employ five foreign workers (work permit and S-pass holders) for every local employee who earns the local qualifying salary (i.e. quota of 83.3%). As of the date of this prospectus, Ten-League (E&T) can hire up to 61 additional foreign workers based on its dependency ratio ceiling. Ten-League (PES) does not currently employ any foreign workers. The number of S-pass holders that an employer is allowed to hire is also limited by a quota. Under the construction sector quota, the quota for S-pass holders is a maximum of 15% of the percentage of the total workforce, depending on the tier of S-pass holders. This quota is counted within the total quota for foreign workers. As of the date of this prospectus, Ten-League (E&T) can hire up to 4 additional S-pass holder based on its S-pass quota. Ten-League (PES) does not currently employ any S-pass holders. Once the quota entitlement has been exceeded, new applications and renewals for work permits and S-passes may be rejected. The work permits and S-passes of excess workers may also have to be canceled. In addition, under Section 25(1) of the EFMA, where any employer: (a) makes, or causes to be made to the Controller of Work Passes, an application for a work pass on the basis of the employer’s foreign employee entitlement; and (b) commits, or causes or permits to be committed, any act or omission which facilitates, or which results in, the inflation of the employer’s foreign employee entitlement, the Controller of Work Passes may impose on the employer a financial penalty of an amount, not exceeding $20,000, as the Controller of Work Passes may determine.

		In addition to quota , and with regard to project contracts that were awarded or had the tender called on or before February 18, 2022, construction workers from Non-traditional source countries and the People’s Republic of China are subject to man-year entitlement requirements. The man-year entitlement is a work permit allocation system for workers from Non-traditional source countries and the People’s Republic of China and reflects the total number of work permit holders a main contractor such as a company that contracts a project directly from the developer or owner is entitled to employ based on the value of projects or contracts awarded by developers or owners. It is allocated in the form of the number of “man-years” such as years of employment under a work permit required to complete a project. Main contractors cannot allocate their man-year entitlements to other contractors not involved in the same project or sell their man-year entitlements to any contractors. Main contractors that do so will be barred from applying for new work permits in future. All sub-contractors must get their man-year entitlement allocation from the main contractor. With effect from January 1, 2024, main contractors no longer need to apply for man-year entitlement to hire construction workers from Non-traditional source countries and the People’s Republic of China. This requirement only remains applicable to construction and process companies that had applied for such man-year entitlement with project contracts that were awarded or had the tender called on or before February 18, 2022. They will be allowed to use the awarded man-year entitlement quotas for hiring of Non-traditional source workers at a lower levy rate till December 31, 2024 or their project completion date (whichever is earlier).

	(d)	required safety courses and settling-in program

		Foreign construction workers must complete one of the prescribed safety courses before they can get their work permits issued. Such workers need to retake and pass the safe courses in accordance with the prescribed timelines.

		Before their work permits can be issued, non-Malaysian work permit holders in the construction sector must attend a settling-in program if they are either first time working in Singapore or returning workers on in-principle approval.

	(e)	minimum percentage of higher-skilled workers

		At least 10% of the construction work permit holders must be higher-skilled before a construction company can hire any new basic-skilled constructions workers or renew the work permits of existing basic-skilled construction workers. Work permits of any excess basic-skilled construction workers will also be revoked.

In addition to the above, employers are also required to comply with the conditions of the work permits granted to them, such as the requirement to provide acceptable accommodation for their foreign works.

Further, under the Employment of Foreign Manpower (Work Passes) Regulations 2012, an employer is required to purchase and maintain medical insurance with coverage prescribed in such regulations per 12-month period of a foreign workers’ employment (or for such shorter period where the foreign workers’ period of employment is less than 12 months) for the foreign workers’ in-patient care and day surgery except as the Controller of Work Passes may otherwise provide by notification in writing.

Apart from the EFMA, an employer of foreign workers is also subject to, amongst others, the provisions set out in the Employment Act 1968 of Singapore, or the EA, the Immigration Act 1959 of Singapore, and the regulations issued thereunder.

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Environmental Public Health Act 1987 of Singapore, or the EPHA

The EPHA is administered by the NEA and regulates, among other things, the disposal and treatment of industrial waste and public nuisances. Under the EPHA, the Director-General of Public Health of Singapore, or the DGPH, may, upon receipt of any information with respect to the existence of a nuisance liable to be dealt with summarily under the EPHA and if satisfied of the existence of a nuisance, serve a nuisance order on the person by whose act, default or sufferance the nuisance arises or continues, or if the person cannot be found, on the owner or occupier of the premises on which the nuisance arises. Some of the nuisances which are liable to be dealt with summarily under the EPHA include any factory or workplace which is not kept in a clean state, any place where there exists or is likely to exist any condition giving rise, or capable of giving rise to the breeding of flies or mosquitoes, any place where there occurs, or from which there emanates noise or vibration as to amount to a nuisance and any machinery, plant or any method or process used in any premises which causes a nuisance or is dangerous to public health and safety. If the DGPH receives any information in respect of the existence of a nuisance liable to be dealt with under the EPHA, a nuisance order may be served on the person responsible for the nuisance prescribing the measures to be taken to remedy the nuisance. Any failure to comply with the nuisance order served is an offense and such person is liable upon conviction for (a) a fine not exceeding S$10,000 for the first offence and to a further fine not exceeding S$1,000 for every day during which the offence continues after conviction; and (b) a fine not exceeding S$20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months or to both for the second office and to a further fine not exceeding S$1,000 for every day during which the offence continues after conviction.

Environmental Protection and Management Act 1999 of Singapore

The Environmental Protection and Management Act 1999 of Singapore and its subsidiary legislation are administered by the NEA, which provide for, among other things, laws relating to pollution control in Singapore through the regulation of various industries. Pursuant to the Environmental Protection and Management (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations, or the EPM Regulations, the owner or occupier of any factory premises shall ensure that the level of noise emitted from his premises does not exceed the maximum permissible noise levels as set out in the First Schedule to the EPM Regulations. The permissible noise levels may vary depending on the type of affected premises, which include, among others, noise sensitive premises that require peace and quiet, residential premises and commercial premises not including factory premises. Any person who fails to comply with the requirements under the EPM Regulations is guilty of an offense and liable upon conviction for (a) a fine not exceeding S$5,000 on the first conviction, and in the case of a continuing offence, to a further fine not exceeding S$200 for every day or part thereof the offence continues after the conviction; and (b) a fine not exceeding S$10,000 on a subsequent conviction, and in the case of a continuing offence, to a further fine not exceeding S$300 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.

Employment Act 1968 of Singapore, or the EA

The EA is administered by MOM and sets out the basic terms and conditions of employment and the rights and responsibilities of employers as well as employees who are covered under the EA.

In particular, Part IV of the EA sets out requirements for rest days, hours of work and other conditions of service for workmen who receive salaries not exceeding S$4,500 a month and employees (other than workmen or a person employed in a managerial or an executive position) who receive salaries not exceeding S$2,600 a month. Section 38(8) of the EA provides that an employee is not allowed to work for more than 12 hours in any one (1) day except in specified circumstances, such as where the work is essential to the life of the community, defense or security. In addition, Section 38(5) limits the extent of overtime work that an employee can perform to 72 hours a month.

Employers must seek the prior approval of the Commissioner for Labor, or the CL, for exemption if they require an employee or class of employees to work for more than 12 hours a day or more than 72 overtime hours a month. The CL may, after considering the operational needs of the employer and the health and safety of the employee or class of employees, by order in writing, exempt such employees from the overtime limits subject to such conditions as the CL thinks fit. Where such exemptions have been granted, the employer shall display the order or a copy thereof conspicuously in the place where such employees are employed.

An employer who breaches the above provisions shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding S$5,000, and for a second or subsequent offence to a fine not exceeding S$10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.

To the best of the Board’s knowledge, we have complied with the requirements of the EA.

Central Provident Fund Act 1953 of Singapore, or the CPFA

The Central Provident Fund, or the CPF, system is a mandatory social security savings scheme funded by contributions from employers and employees. Pursuant to the CPFA, an employer is obliged to make CPF contributions for all employees who are Singapore citizens or permanent residents who are employed in Singapore by an employer (save for employees who are employed as a master, a seaman or an apprentice in any vessel, subject to an exception for Singapore citizens employed as a master, a seaman or an apprentice in any vessel by non-exempted owners). CPF contributions are not applicable for foreigners who hold employment passes, S passes or work permits. CPF contributions are required for both ordinary wages and additional wages (subject to an ordinary wage ceiling and a yearly additional wage ceiling) of employees at the applicable prescribed rates which is dependent on, among other things, the amount of monthly wages and the age of the employee. An employer must pay both the employer’s and employee’s share of the monthly CPF contribution. However, an employer can recover the employee’s share of CPF contributions by deducting it from their wages when the contributions are paid for that month.

Where the amount of the contributions which an employer is liable to pay under the CPFA in respect of any month is not paid within such period as may be prescribed, the employer shall be liable for the payment of interest on the amount for every day the amount remains unpaid commencing from the first day of the month succeeding the month in respect of which the amount is payable and the interest shall be calculated at the rate of 1.5% per month or the sum of S$5, whichever is greater. Where any employer who has recovered any amount from the monthly wages of an employee in accordance with the CPFA fails to pay the contributions to the CPF within such time as may be prescribed, he will be guilty of an offense and will be liable on conviction for a fine not exceeding S$10,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or both. Where an offense has been committed under the CPFA but there are no penalties provided, the offender may be liable for a fine not exceeding S$5,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both, and where the offense is repeated by the same offender, the offender may be liable for a fine not exceeding S$10,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or both.

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MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth the names, ages and titles of our directors, director nominees, executive officers and key personnel as of the date of this prospectus.

Name	Age	Title
Executive Officers and Directors:
Jison Lim	48	Director, chief executive officer and chairman
LiMing Lin	45	Director and vice president

Key Personnel:
Lim Boon Ping	58	Chief financial officer
Tok Soon Chong	56	Chief technical officer
Zhou Heng	33	General manager

Independent Director Nominees:
Jeffery Ong Shen Chieh*	46	Independent director nominee
Kong Chee Keong*	55	Independent director nominee
Cheam Heng Haw*	47	Independent director nominee

Note:

*: Each of Jeffery Ong Shen Chieh, Kong Chee Keong and Cheam Heng Haw has accepted the appointment as our independent director, effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part.

The business address of all such senior management and directors is 7 Tuas Avenue 2, Singapore 639447.

Executive Officers and Directors

Jison Lim, or Mr. Lim, aged 48, is our chairman, chief executive officer and a director. Mr. Lim is responsible for managing the business operation and formulating business strategies for our Group. Mr. Lim was appointed as a director of Ten-League Corp on September 26, 1998 and was appointed as our chairman, chief executive officer and a director of the Company on 17 March, 2023. He is currently a director of all the subsidiaries of our Group. He is the spouse of Ms. Lin.

Mr. Lim completed his Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering at the Hua Qiao University in 1997. He further completed his advance diploma in business administration at Society of Business Practitioners and executive program on business management at Tsinghua University in 1998 and 2012 respectively.

Since the establishment of our Group in September 1998, Mr. Lim has accumulated approximately 25 years of experience in providing equipment, value-added engineering solutions as well as maintenance and repair services to port, construction, civil engineering, logistics and underground foundation industries and hence, Mr. Lim has extensive experience in marketing and management, and played a critical role in business management and operations of our Group.

Liming Lin, or Ms. Lin, aged 45, is our Vice President and a director. Ms. Lin joined our Group on May 15, 2023. Before joining our Group, she worked at Ten-League Corp from April 30, 2007. Ms. Lin is responsible for overseeing the general management, financial, operational and administrative aspects of our Group. Ms. Lin was appointed as our Vice President and a director on 3 July, 2023. She is currently a director of all the subsidiaries of our Group. She is the spouse of Mr. Lim.

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Ms. Lin obtained a certificate from the general management program from NUS Business School in 2014.

Since joining our Group from September 26, 1998, Ms. Lin has accumulated approximately 24 years of experience in the managing the business.

Family relationship

Mr. Lim, our chairman, chief executive officer and a director, is the husband of Madam Lin, our vice president and a director. Other than as disclosed, there are no family relationships among our directors or executive officers.

Key Personnel

Lim Boon Ping, or Mr. Lim BP, aged 58, joined our Group in December 2020 as the chief financial officer. He is primarily responsible for overseeing the financial functions, tax and corporate secretarial matters of our Group. Mr. Lim BP has over 25 years of experience in accounting and finance. From June 1997 to November 2018, he worked as the chief financial officer of different companies in Singapore in different industries from a manufacturer and distributor of ophthalmic lenses, property developer, manufacturer of plastic components, textile and apparel supply chain, construction to trading and leasing of motor cars. Mr. Lim BP obtained the chartered certified accountant qualification from the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) in June 1987 and from the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants (ISCA) in 1993. He is a full member of ACCA and ISCA.

Mr. Lim BP is currently a director of Starlight Advisory Pte Ltd, an advisory and book-keeping services firm in Singapore where he is mainly responsible for overseeing all functions of the firm.

Tok Soon Chong, or Mr. Tok, aged 56, joined our Group in December 2018 as a chief technical officer. He is primarily responsible for developing the port business and building up the engineering capabilities for our Group. Mr. Tok is also responsible for contract negotiation, tender preparation, design and execution of mechanical, structural and electrical projects related to port and crane installations. Mr. Tok has over 34 years of experience in engineering. From January 1989 to October 1997, he worked as engineer with both Chartered Industries of Singapore and National University of Singapore primarily responsible for performing structural analysis and designing on defense equipment, vehicles and other structural components using FEM packages (Nastran, Dyna, Nike and Autodyne) and instrumentation in ST Ordnances. From October 1997 to November 2018, he joined Portek Systems & Equipment Pte Ltd as a senior engineer and was later promoted as an assistant technical director in 2002 who was responsible for execution of all projects. Mr. Tok was later promoted as the technical director in 2004 and was further promoted as the managing director from 2005 to 2001 during which he was also the executive director and chief technical officer of Portek International Ltd. The Portek group was later acquired by Mitsui & Co in December 2011 and delisted from Singapore stock exchange subsequently. After the acquisition of the Portek group, he remained as the executive director and chief technical officer of Portek International Pte Ltd and chief executive officer of Portek Systems & Equipment Pte Ltd from 2012 to 2018. Mr. Tok obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree (mechanical engineering) in 1994 and Master of Science (mechanical engineering) in 1997 from the National University of Singapore. He obtained his qualification as a chartered engineer in 2018 and in the same year he was elected as assessor for Chartered Engineer in Institute of Engineers Singapore for qualifying Chartered Engineer in the file of Ports and Marine Engineering in 2018 until now.

Mr. Tok is currently a director of Aidrivers Limited, a company in the United Kingdom whose principal business is engaged in developing A1-enabled autonomous mobility solutions tailored to meet the needs of industrial operations, particularly in the ports and logistics sectors.

Zhou Heng, or Mr. Zhou, aged 33, joined our Group in September 2015 as the marketing manager and was subsequently promoted as the General Manager in September 2019. He is responsible for the overall management of sales, service and operations team by managing and negotiating sale and purchase contracts with manufacturers and customers. He is also responsible for preparing annual sales forecast, providing market and cost benefit analysis to develop effective sales and marketing plans in order to develop strategies business plans and polices for our Group. Mr. Zhou has more than 12 years of experience in the industry of engineering. From August 2011 to August 2015, he worked as an engineer to develop wheel loader products and its hydraulic system and also the development of hydrostatic technology products. Mr. Zhou obtained his Bachelor Degree in mechanical engineering in July 2011 from Taiyuan University of Science and Technology.

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Independent Director Nominees

Ong Shen Chieh Jeffrey, or Mr. Ong, aged 46, will become a director of the Company effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Ong will be the chairman of the nomination committee and a member of the audit committee and compensation committee. Mr. Ong has over 15 years of experience in corporate finance, private equity and merge and acquisitions. From May 2006 to August 2008, Mr. Ong worked at Provenance Capital Pte. Ltd. at which his last position was senior manager. Form August 2008 to February 2012, Mr. Ong worked at EV Capital Pte. Ltd. at which his last position was senior vice-president. From March 2012 to February 2016, Mr. Ong worked as a senior manager and the head of new business development department at ORIX Leasing Singapore Limited. He is currently a director of Sakal Investments Limited and V2Y Corporation Limited.

Mr. Ong is currently an independent non-executive director of Eindec Corporation Limited, the issued shares of which are listed on the Catalist of Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited, or SGX (stock code: 42Z.SI). Mr. Ong obtained a degree of Bachelor of Science (Real Estate) from the National University of Singapore in July 2001.

Kong Chee Keong, or Mr. Kong, aged 55, will become a director of the Company effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Kong will be the chairman of the audit committee and a member of the compensation committee and nomination committee. Mr. Kong is a Chartered Accountant with more than 29 years of experience of corporate development, private equity investment as well as accounting and corporate governance. In the past decade, he developed and managed several energy projects. This includes identifying and structuring projects to on-board partners such as Engie, LG Energy and Berkeley Energy, negotiate with government agencies for permits and concession rights, with technical consultants and contractors for the plant construction. From 2021 to 2022, he was first acting as an independent non-executive director of Darco Water Technologies Limited in Singapore then later became a director and chief executive office of the Company. During his tenure, he was responsible for all corporate affairs, including but not limited to corporate development, finance and governance. After his departure from Darco Water Technologies Limited, he founded Penvest Co. Pte. Ltd., where he continues to provide corporate advisory and project management services to corporates, mainly in the renewable energy industry. Throughout his career, he held key positions in finance such as chief financial officer and corporate management of several early-stage ventures in the renewable energy and healthcare industry. He provided corporate advisory and project management services to both public and private companies. Started his career with Ernst & Young LLP, then private equity arm of ING Barings before progressing into several corporate roles including chief financial officer and directors of private and public companies. At Present, Mr. Kong is serving as an independent non-executive director and chairman of the audit committee of JEP Holdings Limited and he is also serving as the independent director and is a member of the Audit Committee of Ever Glory United Holdings Limited. Mr. Kong obtained a Master’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Manchester, United Kingdom and a Bachelor’s degree in Accountancy from the National University of Singapore. He is a full member of the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants and member of the Singapore Institute of Directors.

During his term with Ernst & Young LLP, Mr. Kong had numerous clients with U.S. GAAP group reporting. He was transferred to the Orange County, California office for around a year to gain further exposure to accounting and auditing practice in the United States, including the engagement of the audit of Apria Healthcare Group, Inc., which was formed with the merger of Abbey Healthcare Group Inc. and Homedco Group Inc. As the investment manager with Baring Communications Equity Asia Pte Ltd, Mr. Kong was involved in the proposed public listing of 3rd Frontier Limited on both Nasdaq and the Singapore Exchange Ltd.

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Cheam Heng Haw, or Mr. Cheam, aged 47, will become a director of the Company effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Cheam will be the chairman of the compensation committee and a member of the audit committee and nomination committee. Mr. Cheam is a qualified solicitor in Singapore and currently an equity partner with Rajah & Tann Singapore, LLP with over 24 years of experience in corporate finance, private equity and merge and acquisitions. He has been involved in various public merger and acquisitions transactions where he has acted for the offeror, offeree or financial adviser. He is also active in cross border merger and acquisitions transactions, most recently, having acted as the lead counsel for various multi-nationals in Singapore-Myanmar transactions and has been involved in many initial public offerings, both local and international, for listing in Hong Kong and Singapore. He is also a specialist in corporate governance matters and is heavily involved in continuing sponsorship activities whereby he is a registered professional of two Singapore Exchange Ltd Catalist Board-listed companies, Medtecs International Corporation Limited and KLW Limited. Mr. Cheam is also currently an independent non-executive director of GDS Global Limited, a Singapore listed company and a director of RTA Collab Capital Pte Ltd. Mr. Cheam obtained his LLB Degree from the King’s College, University of London in 1999. He is a full member of the Singapore Academy of Law and the Law Society of Singapore.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nomination committee, each of which will operate pursuant to a charter adopted by our Board that will be effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. The Board may also establish other committees from time to time to assist our Company and the Board. Upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, the composition and functioning of all of our committees will comply with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations, if applicable. Upon our listing on Nasdaq, each committee’s charter will be available on our website at https://www.ten-league.com.sg. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained at or available through our website, and you should not consider it to be part of this prospectus.

Audit committee

Mr. Kong, Mr. Ong and Mr. Cheam, all of whom are independent directors, will serve on the audit committee, which will be chaired by Mr. Kong. Our board of directors has determined that each are “independent” for audit committee purposes as that term is defined by the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq, and that each has sufficient knowledge in financial and auditing matters to serve on the audit committee. Our Board has designated Mr. Kong as an “audit committee financial expert”, as defined under the applicable rules of the SEC. The audit committee’s responsibilities include:

	●	appointing, approving the compensation of, and assessing the independence of our independent registered public accounting firm;
	●	pre-approving auditing and permissible non-audit services, and the terms of such services, to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm;
	●	reviewing the overall audit plan with our independent registered public accounting firm and members of management responsible for preparing our financial statements;
	●	reviewing and discussing with management and our independent registered public accounting firm our annual and quarterly financial statements and related disclosures as well as critical accounting policies and practices used by us;
	●	coordinating the oversight and reviewing the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting;
	●	establishing policies and procedures for the receipt and retention of accounting-related complaints and concerns; recommending, based upon the audit committee’s review and discussions with management and our independent registered public accounting firm, whether our audited financial statements shall be included in our Annual Report on Form 20-F;

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	●	monitoring the integrity of our financial statements and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as they relate to our financial statements and accounting matters;
	●	preparing the audit committee report required by SEC rules to be included in our annual proxy statement;
	●	reviewing all related person transactions for potential conflict of interest situations and approving all such transactions; and
	●	reviewing earnings releases.

Compensation committee

Mr. Cheam, Mr. Ong and Mr. Kong, all of whom are independent directors, will serve on the compensation committee, which will be chaired by Mr. Cheam. Our Board has determined that each such member satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The compensation committee’s responsibilities include:

	●	evaluating the performance of our chief executive officer in light of our company’s corporate goals and objectives and, based on such evaluation: (i) recommending to the Board the cash compensation of our chief executive officer, and (ii) reviewing and approving grants and awards to our chief executive officer under equity-based plans;
	●	reviewing and recommending to the board of directors the cash compensation of our other executive officers;
	●	reviewing and establishing our overall management compensation, philosophy and policy;
	●	overseeing and administering our compensation and similar plans;
	●	reviewing and approving the retention or termination of any consulting firm or outside advisor to assist in the evaluation of compensation matters and evaluating and assessing potential and current compensation advisors in accordance with the independence standards identified in the applicable Nasdaq rules;
	●	retaining and approving the compensation of any compensation advisors;
	●	reviewing and approving our policies and procedures for the grant of equity-based awards;
	●	reviewing and recommending to the board of directors the compensation of our directors; and
	●	preparing the compensation committee report required by SEC rules, if and when required.

Nomination committee

Mr. Ong, Mr. Cheam and Mr. Kong, all of whom are independent directors, and will serve on the nomination committee, which will be chaired by Mr. Ong. Our board of directors has determined that each member of the nomination committee is “independent” as defined in the applicable Nasdaq rules. The nomination committee’s responsibilities include:

	●	developing and recommending to the Board’s criteria for board and committee membership;
	●	establishing procedures for identifying and evaluating director candidates, including nominees recommended by stockholders; and
	●	reviewing the composition of the Board to ensure that it is composed of members containing the appropriate skills and expertise to advise us.

While we do not have a formal policy regarding board diversity, our nomination committee and Board will consider a broad range of factors relating to the qualifications and background of nominees, which may include diversity (not limited to race, gender or national origin). Our nomination committee’s and Board’s priority in selecting board members is identification of persons who will further the interests of our shareholders through their established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape and professional and personal experience and expertise relevant to our growth strategy.

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Corporate governance

We have a formal policy regarding board diversity and our nomination committee and Board will consider a broad range of factors relating to the qualifications and background of nominees, which may include diversity (not limited to race, gender or national origin). Our nomination committee’s and Board’s priority in selecting board members is identification of persons who will further the interests of our shareholders through their established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business, understanding of the competitive landscape and professional and personal experience and expertise relevant to our growth strategy.

Foreign Private Issuer Status

The Nasdaq listing rules include certain accommodations in the corporate governance requirements that allow foreign private issuers, such as us, to follow “home country” corporate governance practices in lieu of the otherwise applicable corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq. The application of such exceptions requires that we disclose each Nasdaq corporate governance standard that we do not follow and describe the Cayman Islands corporate governance practices we do follow in lieu of the relevant Nasdaq corporate governance standard. We currently follow Cayman Islands corporate governance practices in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq in respect of the following:

	●	the requirement under Section 5605(b)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which the independent directors must have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present;

	●	the requirement under Section 5605(e)(1) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which director nominees must be selected, or recommended for the Board’s selection, either by independent directors constituting a majority of the Board’s independent directors in a vote in which only independent directors participate, or a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors;

	●	the requirement under Section 5620(a) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which the Company shall hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the company’s fiscal year-end;

	●	the requirement under Section 5620(c) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which the Company shall provide for a quorum as specified in its by-laws for any meeting of the holders of common stock; provided however, that in no case shall such quorum be less than 33 1/3% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common voting stock;

	●	the requirement under Section 5635(a) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which shareholder approval is required prior to the issuance of securities in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company in certain specified circumstances;

	●	the requirement under Section 5635(b) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which shareholder approval is required prior to the issuance of securities or potential issuance that will result in a change of control of the Company;

	●	the requirement under Section 5635(c) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which shareholder approval is required prior to the issuance of securities when a stock option or purchase plan is to be established or materially amended or other equity compensation arrangement made or materially amended, pursuant to which stock may be acquired by officers, directors, employees, or consultants, except for certain circumstances;

	●	the requirement under Section 5635(d) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which shareholder approval is required for a 20% issuance at a price that is less than the minimum price; and

	●	the requirement under Section 5250(b)(3) of the Nasdaq listing rules, pursuant to which listed companies are required to publicly disclose the material terms of all agreements and arrangements between any director or nominee and any person or entity (other than the Company) relating to compensation or other payment in connection with that person’s candidacy or service as a director.

Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics

Prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we intend to adopt a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. Following the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, a current copy of this code will be posted on the Corporate Governance section of our website, which is located at https://www.ten-league.com.sg. The information on our website is deemed not to be incorporated in this prospectus or to be a part of this prospectus. We intend to disclose any amendments to the code of ethics, and any waivers of the code of ethics or the code of conduct for our directors, executive officers and senior finance executives, on our website to the extent required by applicable U.S. federal securities laws and the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid an aggregate of approximately S$611,002 (US$455,836) and S$681,620 (US$508,502) in cash to our executive officers and directors respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid an aggregate of approximately S$739,180 (US$560,282) and S$682,028 (US$516,962) in cash to our executive officers and directors, respectively.

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Employment Agreements

Employment Agreement with Mr. Lim

We entered into an employment agreement dated May 15, 2023 with Mr. Lim pursuant to which he was employed as the chairman and chief executive officer of the Company. The agreement provides for an annual base salary. Under the terms of the agreement, Mr. Lim’s employment will continue indefinitely, subject to termination for any or no reason at any meeting called expressly for that purpose by a vote of the stockholders holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote.

Employment Agreement with Ms. Lin

We entered into an employment agreement dated May 15, 2023 with Ms. Lin pursuant to which she was employed as the vice president of the Company. The agreement provides for an annual base salary. Under the terms of the agreement, Ms. Lin’s employment will continue indefinitely, subject to termination for any or no reason at any meeting called expressly for that purpose by a vote of the stockholders holding more than fifty percent (50%) of the shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote.

Directors’ Agreements

Each of our directors has entered into a director’s agreement with the Company of which the employment agreements with Mr. Lim and Ms. Lin were effective from May 15, 2023 and the others are effective upon effectiveness of our registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The terms and conditions of such directors’ agreements are similar in all material aspects. Each director’s agreement is for an initial term of one year and will continue until the director’s successor is duly elected and qualified. Each director’s agreement provides for a monthly base salary. Each director will be up for re-election each year at the annual shareholders’ meeting and, upon re-election, the terms and provisions of his or her director’s agreement will remain in full force and effect. Any director’s agreement may be terminated for any or no reason by the director or at a meeting called expressly for that purpose by a vote of the shareholders holding more than 50% of the Company’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares entitled to vote.

Under the directors’ agreements, the initial annual salary that is payable to each of our directors is as follows:

Mr. Lim	S$	456,000.00
Ms. Lin	S$	144,000.00
Mr. Kong	S$	45,000.00
Mr. Ong	S$	45,000.00
Mr. Cheam	S$	45,000.00

In addition, our directors will be entitled to participate in such share option scheme as may be adopted by the Company, as amended from time to time. The number of options granted, and the terms of those options will be determined from time to time by a vote of the Board; provided that each director shall abstain from voting on any such resolution or resolutions relating to the grant of options to that director.

Other than as disclosed above, none of our directors has entered into a service agreement with our Company or any of our subsidiary that provides for benefits upon termination of employment.

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our Company.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

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PRINCIPAL AND SELLING SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our share capital by:

	●	each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our shares;
	●	each of our named executive officers;
	●	each of our directors and director nominees;
	●	all of our current executive officers, directors and director nominees as a group; and
	●	Each selling shareholder, as indicated by the shareholder shown as having shares listed in the column “Number of Ordinary Shares to be Sold” below.

Applicable percentage ownership is based on 27,796,502 ordinary shares of our Company issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus and, with respect to percent ownership after this offering.

The information presented below regarding beneficial ownership of our voting securities has been presented in accordance with the rules of the SEC and is not necessarily indicative of ownership for any other purpose. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a “beneficial owner” of a security if that person has or shares the power to vote or direct the voting of the security or the power to dispose or direct the disposition of the security. A person is deemed to own beneficially any security as to which such person has the right to acquire sole or shared voting or investment power within sixty (60) days through the conversion or exercise of any convertible security, warrant, option or other right. More than one (1) person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same securities. The percentage of beneficial ownership by any person as of a particular date is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such person, which includes the number of shares as to which such person has the right to acquire voting or investment power within sixty (60) days, by the sum of the number of shares outstanding as of such date, plus the number of shares as to which such person has the right to acquire voting or investment power within sixty (60) days. Consequently, the denominator used for calculating such percentage may be different for each beneficial owner. Except as otherwise indicated below and under applicable community property laws, we believe that the beneficial owners of our shares listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares shown.

Unless otherwise noted below, the address of each person listed on the table is.

	Shares Beneficially Owned Before this Offering			Shares Beneficially Owned after this Offering
Name of Beneficial Owners	Number	Percentage⁽²⁾		Number	Percentage

Named directors and Executive Officers*:
Mr. Lim⁽¹⁾	23,710,415	85.30	%	23,595,215	79.16	%

Ms. LiMing Lin	-	-		-

Independent director nominees:**

Mr. Jeffrey Ong Shen Chieh	-	-		-

Mr. Kong Chee Keong	-	-		-

Mr. Cheam Heng Haw	-	-		-

All directors and executive officers as a group	23,710,415	85.30	%	23,595,215	79.16	%

5% Shareholders*:	23,710,415	85.30	%	23,595,215	79.16	%
Ten-League Corp ⁽¹⁾

Notes:

*: The business address of our directors, executive officers and Ten-League Corp is c/o.

**: Each of our independent directors has accepted the appointment as our independent director, effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part.

(1) Ten-League Corp owned as to 99.0% by Mr. Lim and 1.0% by Ms. Lin.

(2) Based on 27,796,502 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

Selling Shareholders

This prospectus covers the offering of 790,200 ordinary shares by the selling shareholders, as to 115,200 shares by Ten-League Corp; and 675,000 shares by Jules Verne. This prospectus and any prospectus supplement will only permit the selling shareholders to sell the number of ordinary shares identified in the column “Number of Ordinary Shares to be Sold.” The ordinary shares owned by the selling shareholders are “restricted” securities under applicable United States federal and state securities laws and are being registered pursuant to this prospectus to enable the selling shareholders the opportunity to sell those ordinary shares.

The following table sets forth the names of the selling shareholders, the number and percentage of ordinary shares beneficially owned by the selling shareholders, the number of ordinary shares that may be sold in this offering and the number and percentage of ordinary shares the selling shareholders will own after the offering. The information appearing in the table below is based on information provided by or on behalf of the named selling shareholders. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

Name of Selling Shareholders	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to Offering		Percentage Ownership Prior to Offering⁽¹⁾			Number of Ordinary Shares to be Sold		Number of Ordinary Shares Owned After Offering		Percentage Ownership After Offering

1. Ten-League Corp		23,710,415		85.30	%		115,200		23,595,215		79.16	%
2. Jules Verne		1,362,029		4.90	%		675,000		687,029		2.30	%

Note:

(1)	Based on 27,796,502 ordinary shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to the offering and based on 29,806,302 ordinary shares to be issued and outstanding immediately after the offering.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

We have adopted an audit committee charter, which requires the committee to review all related-party transactions on an ongoing basis and all such transactions be approved by the committee.

Set forth below are related party transactions of our Company for the two financial years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, which are identified in accordance with the rules prescribed under Form F-1 and Form 20-F and may not be considered as related party transactions under Singapore law.

The list of related parties and their relationship to our Group is as follows:

Related Party		Relationship with our Group

Ten-League Corp		Controlling Shareholder of our Company
Mr. Jison Lim		99.99% shareholder of the Controlling Shareholder of our Company, which is Ten-League Corp
Ms. LiMing Lin		0.01% shareholder of Ten-League Corp and also the spouse of Mr. Jison Lim, the Controlling Shareholder of our Company

Merrimack Holdings Pte. Ltd.		Ten-League Corp owns 40% of Merrimack Holdings Pte. Ltd.

Merrimack Pte. Ltd.		Ten-League Corp owns 40% of Merrimack Holdings Pte. Ltd. which wholly owns Merrimack Pte. Ltd. (in liquidation) and Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd.

Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd.		Ten-League Corp owns 40% of Merrimack Holdings Pte. Ltd., which wholly owns Merrimack Pte. Ltd. (in liquidation) and Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd.

Ten-League Green Energy Pte Ltd		Ten-League Corp owns 75% of Ten-League Green Energy Pte Ltd

Hangcha Forklifts (Asia Pacific) Pte. Ltd.		Ms. LiMing Lin owns 51% of Hangcha Forklifts (Asia Pacific) Pte. Ltd.

Past Related Parties Transaction

Details of the past transactions between our Company and related parties, for the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as follows:

(a) Sale and rental of equipment from our Company to Merrimack Pte. Ltd.

During the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had supplied heavy equipment through sale and rental to Merrimack Pte Ltd. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Sale of heavy equipment	$	437	$	-
Rental of heavy equipment income	$	480	$	-

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(b) Supply of services and spare parts from our Company to Merrimack Pte. Ltd.

During the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had supplied services and spare parts to Merrimack Pte Ltd. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Service income received	$	29	$	-
Sales of spare parts	$	16	$	-

(c) Sale of heavy equipment from Merrimack Pte. Ltd. to our Company

During the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had purchased heavy equipment from Merrimack Pte. Ltd. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Purchase of heavy equipment	$	7,571	$	-

(d) Supply of equipment from Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd. to our Company

For the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd. had supplied heavy equipment through sale and rental to our Company. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Sale of heavy equipment	$	700	$	-
Rental of heavy equipment paid	$	-	$	-

(e) Supply of equipment and services from our Company to Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd.

For the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd. had engaged our Company to supply heavy equipment through rental, and our Company has provided services. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Rental of heavy equipment income	$	840	$	-
Service income received	$	1	$	-

Note: * - denotes amount less than US$1,000

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Present And Ongoing Related Party Transactions

(a) Engagement of management and support services from Ten-League Corp

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had engaged Ten-League Corp to provide management and support services (as required) in relation to the provision of engineering and mechanical support by the employees of Ten-League Corp, the use of space, utilities, phone and internet facilities of Ten-League Corp and the use of the motor vehicle fleet of Ten-League Corp. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due to
Provision of engineering and mechanical support by the employees of Ten-League Corp	$	1,845	$	1,751
Utilities/phone & internet	$	69	$	63
Motor vehicle fleet	$	158	$	125
Rental of office space	$	532	$	532

(b) Engagement of administrative and logistical support from Ten-League Corp

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had engaged Ten-League Corp to provide administrative and logistical support (as required) in relation to the purchase, hire-purchase and rental of certain heavy equipment by Ten-League Corp on behalf of our Company, whereby such heavy equipment is to be sold or rented out by our Company as part of our business. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due to
Purchase of equipment	$	1,464	$	884
Rental of equipment charge	$	284	$	131
Expenses paid on behalf	$	25	$	-
Banking facilities rendered	$	-		-
Services rendered	$	-	$	-
Rental of open space	$	480	$	480
Purchase of office equipment	$	1	$	-
Purchase of motor vehicles	$	311	$	88

(c) Supply of spare parts and accessories from Ten-League Corp as required for the heavy equipment supplied by our Company in our business

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, our Company had engaged Ten-League Corp to supply spare parts and accessories to us as required for the heavy equipment supplied by our Company in our business. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due to
Supply of spare parts and accessories	$	1,024	$	708

(d) Supply of services to our Company from Ten-League Green Energy Pte Ltd

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, Ten-League Green Energy Pte Ltd had provided subcontract services to our Company. Details of such transactions are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
S$’000	2022		2023
Amount due from
Subcontract services	$	-	$	373

(e) Indemnification by Ten- League Corp

Ten-League Corp and our Company signed a deed of indemnity dated December 21, 2023 in favor of our Company (for ourselves and on behalf of each member of our Group) to fully indemnify us against any costs, losses, damages, and other liabilities which we may suffer or incur as a result of or in connection with a court filing by the liquidator of the Plaintiff against us in November 2023. The amount claimed is approximately S$4,210,000. See “Business — Legal Proceedings” in this prospectus for further details.

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

A copy of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, and Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands and, upon completion of this offering, our affairs will be governed by our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital is US$500,000.00 divided into 20,000,000,000 ordinary shares, par value US$0.000025 each.

The following are summaries of certain material provisions of our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Ordinary Shares

General

All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares. We may not issue shares to bearer.

Dividends

Subject to the Companies Act and our Articles of Association, our Company by ordinary resolution in general meeting may declare dividends in any currency to be paid to the members but no dividend shall be declared in excess of the amount recommended by our board of directors. Our dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our board of directors determine is no longer needed. Dividends may also be declared and paid out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act. No dividend may be declared and paid unless our directors determine that, immediately after the date of payment, we will be able to pay our debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business and we have funds lawfully available for such purpose.

Except in so far as the rights attaching to, or the terms of issue of, any share may otherwise provide:

(ii)	all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid up on the shares in respect of which the dividend is paid, although no amount paid up on a share in advance of calls shall for this purpose be treated as paid up on the share;

(iii)	all dividends shall be apportioned and paid pro rata in accordance with the amount paid up on the shares during any portion(s) of the period in respect of which the dividend is paid; and

(iv)	our Board may deduct from any dividend or other monies payable to any member all sums of money (if any) presently payable by him to our Company on account of calls, instalments or otherwise. Where our Board or our Company in general meeting has resolved that a dividend should be paid or declared, our board of directors may resolve:

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	(aa)	that such dividend be satisfied wholly or in part in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up, provided that the members entitled to such dividend will be entitled to elect to receive such dividend (or part thereof) in cash in lieu of such allotment; or

	(bb)	that the members entitled to such dividend will be entitled to elect to receive an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up in lieu of the whole or such part of the dividend as our board of directors may think fit.

Upon the recommendation of our Board, our Company may by ordinary resolution in respect of any one particular dividend of our Company determine that it may be satisfied wholly in the form of an allotment of shares credited as fully paid up without offering any right to members to elect to receive such dividend in cash in lieu of such allotment.

Any dividend, bonus or other sum payable in cash to the holder of shares may be paid by cheque or warrant sent through the post. Every such cheque or warrant shall be made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent and shall be sent at the holder’s or joint holders’ risk and payment of the cheque or warrant by the bank on which it is drawn shall constitute a good discharge to our Company. Any one of two or more joint holders may give effectual receipts for any dividends or other monies payable or property distributable in respect of the shares held by such joint holders.

Whenever our Board or our Company in general meeting has resolved that a dividend be paid or declared, our Board may further resolve that such dividend be satisfied wholly or in part by the distribution of specific assets of any kind.

Our Board may, if it thinks fit, receive from any member willing to advance the same, and either in money or money’s worth, all or any part of the money uncalled and unpaid or instalments payable upon any shares held by him, and in respect of all or any of the monies so advanced may pay interest at such rate (if any) not exceeding 20% per annum, as our Board may decide, but a payment in advance of a call shall not entitle the member to receive any dividend or to exercise any other rights or privileges as a member in respect of the share or the due portion of the shares upon which payment has been advanced by such member before it is called up.

All dividends, or distributions unclaimed for six years from the date of having been declared may be forfeited by our Board and, upon such forfeiture, shall revert to our Company.

No dividend payable by our Company on or in respect of any share shall bear interest against our Company.

Voting Rights

Subject to any special rights, restrictions or privileges as to voting for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares at any general meeting: (a) on a poll every member present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a member being a corporation, by our duly authorized representative shall have one vote for every share registered in his name in the register of members of our Company but so that no amount paid up or credited as paid up on a share in advance of calls or instalments is treated for this purpose as paid up on the share; and (b) on a show of hands every member who is present in person (or, in the case of a member being a corporation, by our duly authorized representative) or by proxy shall have one vote. Where more than one proxy is appointed by a member which is a Clearing House (as defined in the Articles) (or its nominee(s)) or a central depository house (or its nominee(s)), each such proxy shall have one vote on a show of hands if it were an individual member holding the number and class of shares specified in such authorisation specify the number and class of shares in respect of which each such person is so authorised. On a poll, a member entitled to more than one vote need not use all his votes or cast all the votes he does use in the same way.

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Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the Companies Act and our Articles of Association, all transfers of shares shall be effected by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in such other form as our board of directors may approve and may be under hand or, if the transferor or transferee is a Clearing House (as defined in the Articles) (or its nominee(s)) or a central depository house (or its nominee(s)), under hand or by machine imprinted signature, or by such other manner of execution as our board of directors may approve from time to time.

Execution of the instrument of transfer shall be by or on behalf of the transferor and, or if so required by the Directors, the transferee, provided that our board of directors may accept mechanically executed transfers. The transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of a share until the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members of our Company in respect of that share.

Our board of directors may, in our absolute discretion, at any time and from time to time remove any share on the principal register to any branch register or any share on any branch register to the principal register or any other branch register. Unless our board of directors otherwise agrees, no shares on the principal register shall be removed to any branch register nor shall shares on any branch register be removed to the principal register or any other branch register. All removals and other documents of title shall be lodged for registration and registered, in the case of shares on any branch register, at the registered office and, in the case of shares on the principal register, at the place at which the principal register is located.

Our board of directors may, in our absolute discretion, decline to register a transfer of any share to a person of whom it does not approve or on which our Company has a lien. It may also decline to register a transfer of any share issued under any share option scheme upon which a restriction on transfer subsists or a transfer of any share to more than four joint holders. Our board of directors may decline to recognize any instrument of transfer unless a certain fee, up to such maximum sum as Nasdaq may determine to be payable, is paid to our Company, the instrument of transfer is properly stamped (if applicable), is in respect of only one class of share and is lodged at our registered office or the place at which the principal register is located accompanied by the relevant share certificate(s) and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require is provided to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer (and if the instrument of transfer is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person so to do).

The registration of transfers of shares or of any class of shares may, after compliance with any notice requirement of Nasdaq, be suspended at such times and for such periods (not exceeding in the whole thirty days in any year) as our board of directors may determine.

Procedures on liquidation

A resolution that our Company be wound up by the court or be wound up voluntarily shall be a special resolution of our shareholders.

Subject to any special rights, privileges or restrictions as to the distribution of available surplus assets on liquidation for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares:

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	(i)	if our Company is wound up, the surplus assets remaining after payment to all creditors shall be divided among the members in proportion to the capital paid up on the shares held by them respectively; and

	(ii)	if our Company is wound up and the surplus assets available for distribution among the members are insufficient to repay the whole of the paid-up capital, such assets shall be distributed, subject to the rights of any shares which may be issued on special terms and conditions, so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by the members in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them, respectively.

If our Company is wound up (whether the liquidation is voluntary or compelled by the court), the liquidator may, with the sanction of a special resolution and any other sanction required by the Companies Act, divide among the members in specie or kind the whole or any part of the assets of our Company, whether the assets consist of property of one kind or different kinds, and the liquidator may, for such purpose, set such value as he deems fair upon any one or more class or classes of property to be so divided and may determine how such division shall be carried out as between the members or different classes of members and the members within each class. The liquidator may, with the like sanction, vest any part of the assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of members as the liquidator thinks fit, but so that no member shall be compelled to accept any shares or other property upon which there is a liability.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Subject to our Articles of Association and to the terms of allotment, our board of directors may, from time to time, make such calls as it thinks fit upon the members in respect of any monies unpaid on the shares held by them respectively (whether on account of the nominal value of the shares or by way of premium) and not by the conditions of allotment of such shares made payable at fixed times. A call may be made payable either in one sum or by instalments. If the sum payable in respect of any call or instalment is not paid on or before the day appointed for payment thereof, the person or persons from whom the sum is due shall pay interest at the rate of 8% oer annum from the day appointed for the payment thereof to the time of the actual payment, but the directors shall be at liberty to waive payment of that interest wholly or in part. Our board of directors may, if it thinks fit, receive from any member willing to advance the same, either in money or money’s worth, all or any part of the money uncalled and unpaid or instalments payable upon any shares held by him, and in respect of all or any of the monies so advanced our Company may pay interest at such rate as may be agreed upon between the member paying the sum in advance and the directors.

If a member fails to pay any call or instalment of a call on the day appointed for payment, our board of directors may, for so long as any part of the call or instalment remains unpaid, serve not less than 14 days’ notice on the member requiring payment of so much of the call or instalment as is unpaid, together with any interest which may have accrued and which may still accrue up to the date of actual payment. The notice shall name a further day (not earlier than the expiration of 14 days from the date of the notice) on or before which the payment required by the notice is to be made, and shall also name the place where payment is to be made. The notice shall also state that, in the event of non-payment at or before the appointed time, the shares in respect of which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited.

If the requirements of any such notice are not complied with, any share in respect of which the notice has been given at any time thereafter, before the payment required by the notice has been made, be forfeited by a resolution of our board of directors to that effect. Such forfeiture will include all dividends and bonuses declared in respect of the forfeited share and not actually paid before the forfeiture.

A person whose shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a member in respect of the forfeited shares but shall, nevertheless, remain liable to pay to our Company all monies which, at the date of forfeiture, were payable by him to our Company in respect of the shares.

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Redemption of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the Companies Act, our Articles of Association, and, where applicable, the Nasdaq listing rules or any other law or so far as not prohibited by any law and subject to any rights conferred on the holders of any class of shares, any power of our Company to purchase or otherwise acquire all or any of its own shares (which expression as used in this Article includes redeemable shares) be exercisable by our board of directors in such manner, upon such terms and subject to such conditions as it thinks fit.

Subject to the Companies Act, our Articles of Association, and to any special rights conferred on the holders of any shares or attaching to any class of shares, shares may be issued on the terms that they may, at the option of our Company or the holders thereof, be liable to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner, including out of capital, as our board of directors may deem fit.

Variations of Rights of Shares

Subject to the Companies Act and without prejudice to our Articles of Association, if at any time the share capital of our Company is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may (unless otherwise provided for by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) be varied, modified or abrogated with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than a majority of the issued shares of the relevant Class, or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The provisions of the Articles relating to general meetings shall mutatis mutandis apply to every such separate general meeting, but so that the necessary quorum (whether at a separate general meeting or at its adjourned meeting) shall be not less than a person or persons together holding (or, in the case of a member being a corporation, by our duly authorized representative) or representing by proxy not less than one-third in nominal value of the issued shares of that class. Every holder of shares of the class shall be entitled on a poll to one vote for every such share held by him, and any holder of shares of the class present in person or by proxy may demand a poll.

Any special rights conferred upon the holders of any shares or class of shares shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided in the rights attaching to the terms of issue of such shares, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith.

General Meetings of Shareholders

Extraordinary general meetings may be convened on the requisition of one or more members holding, at the date of deposit of the requisition, not less than one third of the paid up capital of our Company having the right of voting at general meetings. Such requisition shall be made in writing to our board of directors or the secretary of our Company for the purpose of requiring an extraordinary general meeting to be called by our board of directors for the transaction of any business specified in such requisition. Such meeting shall be held within three months after expiration of the 21 days from the date of the deposit of such requisition. If within 21 days of such deposit, our board of directors fails to proceed to convene such meeting, within a further 21 days the requisitionist(s) himself (themselves) may do so in the same manner, and all reasonable expenses incurred by the requisitionist(s) as a result of the failure of our board of directors shall be reimbursed to the requisitionist(s) by our Company.

Every general meeting of our Company shall be called by at least 15 calendar days’ notice in writing. The notice shall be exclusive of the day on which it is served or deemed to be served and of the day for which it is given, and must specify the day, the time, place and agenda of the meeting and particulars of the resolution(s) to be considered at that meeting and the general nature of that business.

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Although a meeting of our Company may be called by shorter notice than as specified above, such meeting may be deemed to have been duly called if it is so agreed:

	(i)	in the case of an annual general meeting, by all members of our Company entitled to attend and vote thereat; and

	(ii)	in the case of any other meeting, by a majority in number of the members having a right to attend and vote at the meeting together holding not less than 75% in par value of the shares giving that right.

All business transacted at an extraordinary general meeting shall be deemed special business. All business shall also be deemed special business where it is transacted at an annual general meeting, with the exception of the election of directors which shall be deemed ordinary business.

No business other than the appointment of a chairman of a meeting shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present when the meeting proceeds to business, and continues to be present until the conclusion of the meeting.

The quorum for a general meeting shall be two members entitled to vote and present in person (or in the case of a member being a corporation, by our duly authorized representative) or by proxy representing not less than an aggregate of one-half (1/2) of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares in our Company that carry the right to vote at such meeting.

Inspection of Books and Records

Our shareholders have no general right to inspect or obtain copies of the register of members or corporate records of our company. They will, however, have such rights as may be set out in our Articles of Association.

Changes in Capital

Subject to the Companies Act, our shareholders may, by ordinary resolution:

(a)	increase our share capital by new shares of the amount fixed by that ordinary resolution and with the attached rights, priorities and privileges set out in that ordinary resolution;

(b)	consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amount than our existing shares;

(c)	sub-divide our shares or any of them into our shares of smaller amount than is fixed by our Company’s Memorandum of Association, so, however, that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced our shares shall be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced our shares is derived;

(d)	cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of that ordinary resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled; and

(e)	convert all or any of our paid up shares into stock, and reconvert that stock into paid up shares of any denomination.

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Subject to the Companies Act and to any rights for the time being conferred on the shareholders holding a particular class of shares, our shareholders may, by special resolution, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any way.

History of Securities Issuances

The following is a summary of our material securities issuances after our inception and following a reorganization but before the Forward Split, the Share Surrenders and the Offering.

Ordinary Shares

Allottee	Date of Sale or Issuance	Number of Securities	Consideration

Ten-League Corp	March 17, 2023 and July 6, 2023	851	US$0.851
	November 28, 2023	2	(Note 1)
	February 16, 2024	852,147	US$852.147

LJSC Holdings	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Undersea Capital	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Jules Verne	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Note 1 :

In consideration of Ten-League Corp transferring the entire issued share capital in Ten-League (PES) to Ten-League Venture; and the entire issued share capital in Ten-League (E&T) to Ten-League Venture on 28 November 2023, the Company issued two ordinary shares to it credited as fully paid.

Other than the above issuance of our securities in connection with the reorganization, we have not issued any securities in the past three years. Such issuance of our securities was exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act because they were transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.

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CERTAIN CAYMAN ISLANDS COMPANY CONSIDERATIONS

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

	●	an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands;

	●	an exempted company’s register of members is not open to inspection;

	●	an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

	●	an exempted company may issue no par value, negotiable or bearer shares;

	●	an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation;

	●	an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

	●	an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

	●	an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company.

Under the Companies Act, we must keep a register of members and there should be entered therein:

	●	the names and addresses of our members, and a statement of the shares held by each member distinguishing each share by its number (so long as the share has a number), confirming the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid on the shares of each member, confirming the number and category of shares held by each member, and confirming whether each relevant category of shares held by a member carries voting rights under the articles of association of the company, and if so, whether such voting rights are conditional);

	●	the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and

	●	the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

Under the Companies Act, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (that is, the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members is deemed as a matter of the Companies Act to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. Upon completion of this offering, we will perform the procedure necessary to immediately update the register of members to record and give effect to the issuance of shares by us to the Depositary (or its nominee) as the depositary. Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members will be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name.

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If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of our company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of our company or our company itself) may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law

Cayman Islands companies are governed by the Companies Act. The Companies Act is modeled on English Law but does not follow recent English Law statutory enactments, and differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the material differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

Mergers and Similar Arrangements

The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a combined company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with (a) declarations from a director from each constituent company (among other matters) as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company and of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company; and (b) an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, or the Cayman Court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Cayman Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures. Moreover, Cayman Islands law also has separate statutory provisions that facilitate compromises or arrangements between a Cayman Islands company and its creditors (or any class of them) or between a Cayman Islands company and its members (or any class of them).

Following amendments to the Companies Act that became effective on August 31, 2022, the majority-in-number “headcount test” in relation to the approval of members’ schemes of arrangement has been abolished. Section 86(2A) of the Companies Act provides that, if 75% in value of the members (or class of members) of a Cayman Islands company agree to any compromise or arrangement, such compromise or arrangement shall, if sanctioned by the Cayman Court, be binding on all members (or class of members) of such company and on the company itself. Where a Cayman Islands company is in the course of being wound up, such compromise or arrangement would be binding on the liquidator and contributories of the company. In contrast, section 86(2) of the Companies Act continues to require (a) approval by a majority in number representing 75% in value and (b) the sanction of the Cayman Court, in relation to any compromise or arrangement between a company and its creditors (or any class of them). At the initial directions hearing, the Cayman Court will make orders for (amongst other things) the convening of the meetings of creditors or members (or classes of them, as applicable). While a dissenting shareholder or creditor has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court would likely to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

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	●	the company complied with the directions set down by the Cayman Court;
	●	the meeting was properly held and the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met;
	●	the shareholders (or creditors) have been fairly and adequately represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority in order to promote interests adverse to those of the class; and
	●	the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest member of that class acting in respect of his/her interest.

If a compromise or arrangement of a Cayman Islands company is approved by the members in the context of a members’ scheme (as described above), and the Cayman Court subsequently sanctions this scheme a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to the appraisal rights which it would have if the company in question were a Delaware corporation (being the right to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of its shares). This is because the scheme will be binding on all members (or class of members), regardless of whether all the members (or class of members) approved the scheme, upon the sanction order being made. Having said that, a dissenting shareholder would have the right to appeal the making of the sanction order to the Cayman Islands Court of Appeal, if there were grounds for doing so.

Shareholders’ Suits

Walkers (Hong Kong), our Cayman Islands legal counsel, is not aware of any reported class action having been brought in a Cayman Islands court. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff to sue for a wrong done to us as a company, and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands court can be expected to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against or derivative actions in the name of the company to challenge actions where:

	●	a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires;
	●	the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and
	●	those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority”.

Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability

The ability of Cayman Islands companies to provide in their articles of association for indemnification of officers and directors is limited, insofar as it is not permissible for the directors to contract out of the core fiduciary duties they owe to the company, nor would any indemnity be effective if it were held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, which would include any attempt to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our current memorandum and articles of association provide that our directors and officers shall be indemnified against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such director or officer, other than by reason of such person’s own dishonesty, willful default or fraud, in or about the conduct of our company’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such director or officer in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our company or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere.

This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, our offer letters to our independent directors and our employment agreements with our executive officers provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

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Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association

Some provisions of our current memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended and restated from time to time, in accordance with their duties to our Company, including for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties

Under Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company owes duties to the company including the following—a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a personal profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him to do so), a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third-party and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time.

Shareholder Action by Written Consent

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent in its certificate of incorporation. Our Amended Articles of Association provide that shareholders may not approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

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Shareholder Proposals

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual general meeting, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. An extraordinary general meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders any right to put proposals before a general meeting or requisition a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association allow our shareholders holding not less than one-third of our paid-up share capital in issue to requisition a general meeting. Other than this right to requisition a general meeting, our current articles of association do not provide our shareholders other rights to put a proposal before a meeting. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but our amended and restated articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any fewer protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Removal of Directors

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our Amended and Restated Articles of Association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution as a matter of Cayman Islands law (which requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shareholders who attend and vote at a general meeting of the company). A director shall hold office until the expiration of his or her term or his or her successor shall have been elected and qualified, or until his or her office is otherwise vacated. In addition, a director’s office shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind or dies; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; (v) is prohibited by applicable law or stock exchange rules from being a director; or (vi) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions of our Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Transactions with Interested Shareholders

The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute in its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

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Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Dissolution; Winding up

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.

Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up either voluntarily or compulsorily. A company may be wound up by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for a number of reasons, including: (i) the company has passed a special resolution requiring the company to be wound up by the Grand Court; (ii) the company is unable to pay its debts; and (iii) the Grand Court is of opinion that it is just and equitable that the company should be wound up.

Variation of Rights of Shares

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law and our Amended Articles of Association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class with the written consent of the holders of three-fourths of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Amendment of Governing Documents

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by Cayman Islands law, our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of association may only be amended with a special resolution of our shareholders.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders

There are no limitations imposed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association on the rights of nonresident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our post-offering Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

Anti-Money Laundering—Cayman Islands

If any person in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting that another person is engaged in criminal conduct or money laundering or is involved with terrorism or terrorist financing and property and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of business in the regulated sector, or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct or money laundering, or (ii) a police officer of the rank of constable or higher, or the Financial Reporting Authority, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure relates to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and property. Such a report shall not be treated as a breach of confidence or of any restriction upon the disclosure of information imposed by any enactment or otherwise.

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Data Protection – Cayman Islands

We have certain duties under the Data Protection Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or the Data Protection Act based on internationally accepted principles of data privacy.

Introduction

This privacy notice puts our shareholders on notice that through your investment in us you will provide us with certain personal information which constitutes personal data within the meaning of the Data Protection Act, or personal data. In the following discussion, the “company” refers to us and our affiliates and/or delegates, except where the context requires otherwise.

Investor Data

We will collect, use, disclose, retain and secure personal data to the extent reasonably required only and within the parameters that could be reasonably expected during the normal course of business. We will only process, disclose, transfer or retain personal data to the extent legitimately required to conduct our activities of on an ongoing basis or to comply with legal and regulatory obligations to which we are subject. We will only transfer personal data in accordance with the requirements of the Data Protection Act, and will apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of the personal data and against the accidental loss, destruction or damage to the personal data.

In our use of this personal data, we will be characterized as a “data controller” for the purposes of the Data Protection Act, while our affiliates and service providers who may receive this personal data from us in the conduct of our activities may either act as our “data processors” for the purposes of the Data Protection Act or may process personal information for their own lawful purposes in connection with services provided to us.

We may also obtain personal data from other public sources. Personal data includes, without limitation, the following information relating to a shareholder and/or any individuals connected with a shareholder as an investor: name, residential address, email address, contact details, corporate contact information, signature, nationality, place of birth, date of birth, tax identification, credit history, correspondence records, passport number, bank account details, source of funds details and details relating to the shareholder’s investment activity.

Who this Affects

If you are a natural person, this will affect you directly. If you are a corporate investor (including, for these purposes, legal arrangements such as trusts or exempted limited partnerships) that provides us with personal data on individuals connected to you for any reason in relation your investment in the company, this will be relevant for those individuals and you should transmit the content of this Privacy Notice to such individuals or otherwise advise them of its content.

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How We May Use a Shareholder’s Personal Data

We, as the data controller, may collect, store and use personal data for lawful purposes, including, in particular:

	(a)	where this is necessary for the performance of our rights and obligations under any purchase agreements;

	(b)	where this is necessary for compliance with a legal and regulatory obligation to which we are subject (such as compliance with anti-money laundering requirements); and/or

	(c)	where this is necessary for the purpose of our legitimate interests and such interests are not overridden by your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms.

Should we wish to use personal data for other specific purposes (including, if applicable, any purpose that requires your consent), we will contact you.

Why We May Transfer Your Personal Data

In certain circumstances we may be legally obliged to share personal data and other information with respect to your shareholding with the relevant regulatory authorities such as the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority or the Tax Information Authority. They, in turn, may exchange this information with foreign authorities, including tax authorities.

The Data Protection Measures We Take

Any transfer of personal data by us or our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates outside of the Cayman Islands shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Data Protection Act.

We and our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates shall apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data, and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.

We shall notify you of any personal data breach that is reasonably likely to result in a risk to your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms or those data subjects to whom the relevant personal data relates.

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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Upon completion of this offering, we will have 29,806,302 ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

All of the ordinary shares sold in this offering by us and by the selling shareholders will be freely transferable in the United States, without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, by persons other than our “affiliates.” Rule 144 of the Securities Act defines an “affiliate” of a company as a person that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, our Company. All of our ordinary shares outstanding immediately prior to the completion of this offering are “restricted securities” as that term is defined in Rule 144 because they were issued in a transaction or series of transactions not involving a public offering. Restricted securities may be sold only if they are the subject of an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or if they are sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirement of the Securities Act such as those provided for in Rules 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, which rule is summarized below. Restricted shares may also be sold outside of the United States to non-U.S. persons in accordance with Rule 904 of Regulation S under the Securities Act. This prospectus may not be used in connection with any resale of our ordinary shares acquired in this offering by our affiliates.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our ordinary shares. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares, and while we intend to apply for the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that a regular trading market will develop in the ordinary shares.

Lock-Up Agreements

We have agreed with the underwriter, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions not to (1) offer, sell, issue, pledge, contract to sell, contract to purchase, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, make any short sale or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any ordinary shares or any other securities so owned convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares, (2) enter into any swap, hedge or any other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic consequences of ownership of the ordinary shares, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of ordinary shares or such other securities, in cash or otherwise, or (3) file any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any ordinary shares or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares, or publicly disclose the intention to take any such action.

Furthermore, each of our directors and executive officers and our 5% or greater shareholders, except for the selling shareholders, with respect to its ordinary shares sold in this offering, has also entered into a similar lock-up agreement with the underwriter for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, with respect to our ordinary shares, and securities that are substantially similar to our ordinary shares.

We cannot predict what effect, if any, future sales of our ordinary shares, or the availability of ordinary shares for future sale, will have on the trading price of our ordinary shares from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Rule 144

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, once we have been subject to the public company reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act for at least 90 days, persons who are not our affiliates and have beneficially owned our ordinary shares for more than 180 days but not more than one year may sell such ordinary shares without registration under the Securities Act subject to the availability of current public information about us. Persons who are not our affiliates and have beneficially owned our ordinary shares for more than one year may freely sell our ordinary shares without registration under the Securities Act. Persons who are our affiliates (including persons beneficially owning 10% or more of our outstanding shares), and have beneficially owned our ordinary shares for at least 180 days, may sell within any three-month period a number of restricted securities that does not exceed the greater of the following:

	●	1.0% of the then outstanding ordinary shares; or

	●	the average weekly trading volume of our ordinary shares during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale on Form 144 is filed with the SEC by such person.

Such sales are also subject to manner-of-sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. In addition, in each case, these shares would remain subject to any applicable lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires.

History of Securities Issuances

Other than the issuance of our securities in connection with the reorganization, we have not issued any securities in the past three years.

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EXPENSES RELATED TO THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding underwriting discounts, which are expected to be incurred by us in connection with the offer and sale of the ordinary shares by us and the selling shareholders. With the exception of the SEC registration fee, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, filing fee and the Nasdaq listing fee, all amounts are estimates.

SEC Registration Fee	US$	4,748
FINRA Filing Fee	US$	3,500
Nasdaq Listing Fee	US$	75,000
Printing and engraving expenses	US$	5,995
Legal fees and expenses	US$	750,000
Accounting fees and expenses	US$	235,000
Miscellaneous	US$	353,491
Total	US$	1,427,734

These expenses will be borne by us, except for underwriting discounts and commissions, which will be borne by us in proportion to the numbers of ordinary shares sold in the offering by us, respectively.

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MATERIAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following summary of certain Cayman Islands and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands and the United States. You are encouraged to consult your own tax advisors concerning the overall tax consequences arising in your own particular situation under U.S. federal, state, local or foreign law of the ownership of our ordinary shares. To the extent that this discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it is the opinion of Walkers (Hong Kong), our counsel as to Cayman Islands law.

Cayman Islands Tax Considerations

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our Company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

We have received an undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet of the Cayman Islands to the effect that, for a period of 20 years from the date of the undertaking, no law that thereafter is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax or duty to be levied on profits, income or on gains or appreciation shall apply to our Company or its operations; and that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable (a) on or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of our Company; or (b) by way of the withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment as defined in the Tax Concessions Act of the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

Singapore Tax Considerations

Dividend Distributions

One Tier Corporate Taxation System

Effective from January 1, 2008, Singapore resident companies can issue one-tier tax exempt dividends. This means shareholders will not be taxed on this dividend income. However, dividends received from shares in co-operatives are taxable.

Withholding Taxes

Singapore currently does not impose withholding tax on dividends.

Goods and Services Tax

The Goods and Services Tax, or GST, in Singapore is a broad-based consumption tax that is levied on import of goods into Singapore, as well as nearly all supplies of goods and services in Singapore at the prevailing rate of 8%, and will be increased to 9% with effect from January 1, 2024.

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Corporate Tax

A company is regarded as tax resident in Singapore if the control and management of its business is exercised in Singapore.

Corporate taxpayers who are Singapore tax residents are subject to Singapore income tax on income accruing in or derived from Singapore and, subject to certain exceptions, on foreign-sourced income received or deemed to be received in Singapore.

However, foreign-sourced income in the form of dividends, branch profits and service income received or deemed to be received in Singapore by Singapore tax resident companies on or after June 1, 2003 is exempt from tax if certain prescribed conditions are met, including the following:

	(a)	such income is subject to tax of a similar character to income tax under the law of the jurisdiction from which such income is received; and

	(b)	at the time the income is received in Singapore, the highest rate of tax of a similar character to income tax (by whatever name called) levied under the law of the territory from which the income is received on any gains or profits from any trade or business carried on by any company in that territory at that time is not less than 15%.

Certain concessions and clarifications have also been announced by the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore with respect to such conditions.

Non-resident corporate taxpayers, with certain exceptions, are subject to Singapore income tax on income accruing in or derived from Singapore, and on foreign-sourced income received or deemed to be received in Singapore.

The corporate tax rate in Singapore is currently 17%. In addition, three-quarters of up to the first S$10,000 of a company’s annual normal chargeable income, and one-half of up to the next S$190,000, is exempt. The remaining chargeable income (after the tax exemption) will be fully taxable at the prevailing corporate tax rate.

New companies will also, subject to certain conditions and exceptions, be eligible for tax exemption on three-quarters of up to the first S$100,000 of a company’s annual normal chargeable income, and one-half of up to the next S$100,000, a year for each of the company’s first three consecutive years of assessment, or YA from YA 2020 onwards. The remaining chargeable income (after the tax exemption) will be taxed at the applicable corporate tax rate.

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares by U.S. Holders (as defined below) that acquire our ordinary shares in this offering and hold our ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be relevant to particular investors in light of their specific circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (for example, certain financial institutions (including banks), cooperatives, pension plans, insurance companies, broker-dealers, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships and their partners, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), investors who are not U.S. Holders, investors who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value), investors that will hold their ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or U.S. Holders that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not discuss any non-United States tax, state or local tax, or non-income tax (such as the U.S. federal gift or estate tax) considerations, or any consequences under the alternative minimum tax or Medicare tax on net investment income. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations of an investment in our ordinary shares.

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General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code.

If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner as a U.S. Holder, as described above, and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the particular United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares.

Dividends

Subject to the discussion below with respect to PFIC considerations, the entire amount of any cash distribution paid with respect to our ordinary shares (including the amount of any non-U.S. taxes withheld therefrom, if any) generally will constitute dividends to the extent such distributions are paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, and generally will be taxed as ordinary income in the year received by such U.S. Holder. To the extent amounts paid as distributions on the ordinary shares exceed our current or accumulated earnings and profits, such distributions will not be dividends, but instead will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis, determined for federal income tax purposes, in the ordinary shares with respect to which the distribution is made, and thereafter as capital gain. However, we do not intend to compute (or to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary to compute) our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder will be unable to establish that a distribution is not out of earnings and profits and should expect to treat the full amount of each distribution as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes.

Any dividends that we pay will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. Depending on the U.S. Holder’s particular facts and circumstances, a U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed (at a rate not exceeding any applicable treaty rate) on dividends received on our ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. Holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Dividends paid to a non-corporate U.S. Holder by a “qualified foreign corporation” may be subject to reduced rates of taxation if certain holding period and other requirements are met. A “qualified foreign corporation” may include a foreign corporation (other than a foreign corporation that is a PFIC with respect to the relevant U.S. Holder for the taxable year in which the dividends are paid or for the preceding taxable year) whose ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our ordinary shares are readily tradable on Nasdaq, an established securities market. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends in light of their particular circumstances. The dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction available to corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations.

Dividends paid in non-U.S. currency will be included in the gross income of a U.S. Holder in a USD amount calculated by reference to a spot market exchange rate in effect on the date that the dividends are received by the U.S. Holder, regardless of whether such foreign currency is in fact converted into USD on such date. Such U.S. Holder will have a tax basis for United States federal income tax purposes in the foreign currency received equal to that USD value. If such dividends are converted into USD on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect thereof. If the foreign currency so received is not converted into USD on the date of receipt, such U.S. Holder will have a basis in the foreign currency equal to its USD value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currency generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to such U.S. Holder and generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the treatment of foreign currency gain or loss, if any, on any foreign currency received by a U.S. Holder that are converted into USD on a date subsequent to receipt.

If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, the tax consequences relating to the receipt of dividends would be materially different. See discussion below under “–Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

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Sale or Other Disposition of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below with respect to PFIC considerations, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon a sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis, determined for federal income tax purposes, in such ordinary shares, each amount determined in USD. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations, particularly with regard to shareholders who are individuals. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under its particular circumstances.

A U.S. Holder that receives Singapore dollars or another currency other than USD on the disposition of our ordinary shares will realize an amount equal to the USD value of the non-U.S. currency received at the spot rate on the date of sale (or, if the ordinary shares are traded on a recognized exchange and in the case of cash basis and electing accrual basis U.S. Holders, the settlement date). An accrual basis U.S. Holder that does not elect to determine the amount realized using the spot rate on the settlement date will recognize foreign currency gain or loss equal to the difference between the USD value of the amount received based on the spot market exchange rates in effect on the date of sale or other disposition and the settlement date. A U.S. Holder will have a tax basis in the currency received equal to the USD value of the currency received on the settlement date. Any gain or loss on a subsequent disposition or conversion of the currency will be United States source ordinary income or loss.

If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, the tax consequences of the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares would be materially different. See discussions below under “– Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

For United States federal income tax purposes, a non-United States corporation, such as our Company, will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC”, if, in the case of any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. In making this determination, the non-U.S. corporation is treated as earning its proportionate share of any income and owning its proportionate share of any assets of any corporation in which it holds a 25% or greater interest. Based upon our current and expected income and assets (including goodwill and taking into account the expected proceeds from this offering) and the expected market price of our ordinary shares following this offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.

However, while we do not expect to be or become a PFIC, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC for any taxable year is a fact-intensive inquiry made annually that depends, in part, upon the composition and classification of our income and assets. Fluctuations in the market price of our ordinary shares may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares (which may be volatile). The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. It is also possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income or assets for purposes of the analysis set forth in subparagraphs (a) and (b), above or the valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being or becoming a PFIC for the current or future taxable years.

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If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

	●	such excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares;

	●	such amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, each a pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income;

	●	such amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to the U.S. Holder for that year; and

	●	an interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares and we own any equity in a non-United States entity that is also a PFIC, or a lower-tier PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of the entities in which we may own equity.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such stock, provided that certain requirements are met. The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines is a qualified exchange that has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. Although we intend to apply for the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq, we cannot guarantee that our listing will be approved. Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that, once listed, our ordinary shares will continue to be listed and regularly traded on such exchange. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their tax advisors as to whether the ordinary shares are considered marketable for these purposes.

If an effective mark-to-market election is made with respect to our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ordinary shares held at the end of the taxable year over its adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of its adjusted tax basis of the ordinary shares held at the end of the taxable year over the fair market value of such ordinary shares held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

137

If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not a PFIC.

Because a mark-to-market election generally cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. Holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any of our non-United States subsidiaries if any of them is a PFIC.

If a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder would generally be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments and proceeds paid from the sale or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the IRS. In addition, a U.S. Holder (other than exempt holders who establish their exempt status if required) may be subject to backup withholding on cash payments received in connection with dividend payments and proceeds from the sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries.

Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number, makes other required certification and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amount withheld under the backup withholding rules will be creditable or refundable against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Foreign Financial Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders are required to report their holdings of certain foreign financial assets, including equity of foreign entities, if the aggregate value of all of these assets exceeds certain threshold amounts. The ordinary shares are expected to constitute foreign financial assets subject to these requirements unless the ordinary shares are held in an account at certain financial institutions. Penalties can apply if U.S. Holders fail to satisfy such reporting requirements. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these reporting requirements.

THE DISCUSSION ABOVE IS A GENERAL SUMMARY. IT DOES NOT COVER ALL TAX MATTERS THAT MAY BE OF IMPORTANCE TO A PARTICULAR INVESTOR. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IN THE OUR ORDINARY SHARES IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISER ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO IT OF OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES IN LIGHT OF SUCH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.

138

UNDERWRITING

We and the selling shareholders have entered into an underwriting agreement dated [●], 2024 with Eddid Securities USA Inc, or the Representative, acting as the lead managing underwriter and book-runner with respect to the ordinary shares subject to this offering. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, we and the selling shareholders have agreed to sell to the underwriter, and each underwriter named below has severally agreed to purchase from us, on a firm commitment basis, the number of ordinary shares set forth opposite its name below, at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount set forth on the cover page of this prospectus:

Name

Number of shares

Eddid Securities USA Inc.

2,800,000

Total

The underwriter is offering the ordinary shares subject to their acceptance of the ordinary shares from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriter to pay for and accept delivery of the ordinary shares offered by this prospectus are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to certain other conditions. The underwriter is obligated to take and pay for all of the ordinary shares offered by this prospectus if any such shares are taken.

The Representative has advised us that it proposes to offer the shares to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers at that price less a concession not in excess of US$[●] per share. The underwriter may allow, and certain dealers may re-allow, a discount from the concession not in excess of US$[●] per share to certain brokers and dealers. After this offering, the public offering price, concession and reallowance to dealers may be reduced by the Representative. No such reduction shall change the amount of proceeds to be received by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. The securities are offered by the underwriter as stated herein, subject to receipt and acceptance by them and subject to their right to reject any order in whole or in part. The underwriter has informed us that they do not intend to confirm sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.

Discounts, Commission and Expenses

The underwriting discounts are 6% of the initial public offering price.

The following table shows the price per share and total public offering price at the assumed offering price of $4.50 per share, underwriting discounts and commissions, and proceeds before expenses to us.

	Total
	Per Share
Public offering price	US$	4.50
Underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us:	US$	0.27
Proceeds, before expenses, to us	US$	4.23

We will also pay to the Representative by deduction from the net proceeds of the offering contemplated herein, a non-accountable expense allowance equal to one percent (1.0%) of the gross proceeds received by us from the sale of the ordinary shares.

We have agreed to reimburse the Representative up to a maximum of US$250,000 for out-of-pocket accountable expenses (including the legal fees and other disbursements as disclosed below). We paid US$60,000 as an advance towards the Representative’s accountable expenses (US$30,000 paid upon execution of the engagement letter in connection with this offering, and an additional US$30,000 paid upon the submission of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part), (together, the “Advance”). As of the date of this prospectus, we have paid US$60,000 of the Advance to the Representative; any portion of the Advance will be returned to us to the extent the Representative’s out-of-pocket accountable expenses are not actually incurred in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(4)(A).

139

We have agreed to pay expenses relating to the offering, including but not limited to (a) all filing fees and communication expenses associated with the review of this offering by FINRA; (b) all fees, expenses and disbursements relating to the registration, qualification or exemption of securities offered under the securities laws of the U.S.; (c) the fees and expenses of the Representative’s legal counsel up to a maximum of $150,000; and (d) the costs associated with the offering materials as well as commemorative mementos and bound volumes not to exceed $5,000.

We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, excluding the underwriter’ discount and commissions and non-accountable expense allowance will be approximately US$1,357,734 including a maximum aggregate reimbursement of US$250,000 of the Representative’s accountable expenses.

Indemnification

We and the selling shareholders have agreed to indemnify the underwriter against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and liabilities arising from breaches of representations and warranties contained in the underwriting agreement, or to contribute to payments that the underwriter may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

Lock-Up Agreements

Our officers, directors and principal shareholders (5% or more shareholders), except for the selling shareholders with respect to its ordinary shares sold in this offering, have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, to a 180 days “lock-up” period from the closing of this offering with respect to the ordinary shares that they beneficially own, including the issuance of shares upon the exercise of convertible securities and options that are currently outstanding or which may be issued. This means that, for a period of 180 days following the closing of the offering, such persons may not offer, sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of these securities without the prior written consent of the Representative. We have also agreed, in the underwriting agreement, to similar restrictions on the issuance and sale of our securities for 180 days following the closing of this offering, subject to certain customary exceptions, without the prior written consent of the Representative.

The Representative has no present intention to waive or shorten the lock-up period; however, the terms of the lock-up agreements may be waived at its discretion. In determining whether to waive the terms of the lock-up agreements, the Representative may base its decision on its assessment of the relative strengths of the securities markets and companies similar to ours in general, and the trading pattern of, and demand for, our securities in general.

140

Right of First Refusal

For a period of twelve months from the completion of this offering, we have granted the Representative the right of first refusal to act as lead manager and bookrunner or lead placement agent with respect to any public or private sale of the securities of us and/or any of its subsidiaries.

Nasdaq Listing

We have applied for the listing of our on the Nasdaq under the symbol “TLIH”. We make no representation that such application will be approved or that our ordinary shares will trade on such market either now or at any time in the future; notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not close this offering unless such ordinary shares will be listed on the Nasdaq at the completion of this offering.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on websites or through other online services maintained by Representative or by its affiliates. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the Representative’s website and any information contained in any other website maintained by it is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the Representative in its capacity as an underwriter, and should not be relied upon by investors.

Any underwriter who is a qualified market maker on the Nasdaq may engage in passive market making transactions on the Nasdaq in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded.

No Prior Public Market

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our securities and the public offering price for our ordinary shares will be determined through negotiations between us and the Representative. Among the factors to be considered in these negotiations will be prevailing market conditions, our financial information, market valuations of other companies that we and the Representative believe to be comparable to us, estimates of our business potential, the present state of our development and other factors deemed relevant. The offering price for our ordinary shares in this offering has been arbitrarily determined by us in its negotiations with the underwriter and does not necessarily bear any direct relationship to the assets, operations, book or other established criteria of value of us.

Price Stabilization, Short Positions and Penalty Bids

Until the distribution of the ordinary shares offered by this prospectus is completed, rules of the SEC may limit the ability of the underwriter to bid for and to purchase our ordinary shares. As an exception to these rules, the underwriter may engage in transactions effected in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act that are intended to stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our ordinary shares. The underwriter may engage in over-allotment sales, syndicate covering transactions, stabilizing transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M.

●

Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made by the managing underwriter for the purpose of preventing or slowing a decline in the market price of our securities while this offering is in progress.

141

	●	Short sales and over-allotments occur when the managing underwriter, on behalf of the underwriting syndicate, sells more of our shares than they purchase from us in this offering. In order to cover the resulting short position, the managing underwriter may exercise the overallotment option described above and/or may engage in syndicate covering transactions. There is no contractual limit on the size of any syndicate covering transaction. The underwriter will deliver a prospectus in connection with any such short sales. Purchasers of shares sold short by the underwriter are entitled to the same remedies under the federal securities laws as any other purchaser of units covered by the registration statement.

	●	Syndicate covering transactions are bids for or purchases of our securities on the open market by the managing underwriter on behalf of the underwriter in order to reduce a short position incurred by the managing underwriter on behalf of the underwriter.

	●	A penalty bid is an arrangement permitting the managing underwriter to reclaim the selling concession that would otherwise accrue to an underwriter if the ordinary shares originally sold by the underwriter were later repurchased by the managing underwriter and therefore was not effectively sold to the public by such underwriter.

Stabilization, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our ordinary shares or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares. As a result, the price of our ordinary shares may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market.

Neither we nor the underwriter make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the prices of our ordinary shares. These transactions may occur on the Nasdaq or on any trading market. If any of these transactions are commenced, they may be discontinued without notice at any time.

Other Relationships

The underwriter and certain of their affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Some of the underwriter and certain of their affiliates may in the future engage in investment banking and other commercial dealings in the ordinary course of business with us and our affiliates, for which they may in the future receive customary fees, commissions and expenses. In addition, in the ordinary course of their business activities, the underwriter and their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers. Such investments and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of ours or our affiliates. The underwriter and their affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or financial instruments and may hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

Offers Outside the United States

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriter that would permit a public offering of the ordinary shares offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The ordinary shares offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such shares be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any ordinary shares offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

142

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the ordinary shares offered in this offering and certain legal matters as to Cayman Islands law will be passed upon for us by Walkers (Hong Kong).

We are being represented by Morgan, Lewis & Bockius with respect to certain legal matters of U.S. federal securities.

Certain legal matters of Singapore law in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Morgan Lewis Stamford LLC.

Certain legal matters of United States federal securities laws in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriter by Schlueter & Associates, P.C..

143

EXPERTS

The financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 included in this prospectus have been audited by Onestop Assurance PAC, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein. Such financial statements have been so included in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The office of Onestop Assurance PAC is located at 10 Anson Road, #06-15 International Plaza, Singapore 079903.

144

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed a registration statement, including relevant exhibits, with the SEC on Form F-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the underlying ordinary shares to be sold in this offering. For the purposes of this section, the term “registration statement” means the original registration statement and any and all amendments thereto including the schedules and exhibits to the original registration statement or any amendment. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement on Form F-1, does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement. You should read our registration statements and their exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and our ordinary shares.

Immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form F-1 of which this prospectus forms a part, we will become subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. All information filed with the SEC, including the registration statement, can be obtained over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. As we are a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file our annual report on Form 20-F within 120 days of the end of each year. However, we intend to furnish the depositary with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders.

145

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

ITEM 6. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Cayman Islands’ laws do not prohibit or restrict a company from indemnifying its directors and officers against personal liability for any loss they may incur arising out of our business, except to the extent such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. The indemnity extends only to liability for their own negligence and breach of duty other than breaches of fiduciary duty and not where there is evidence of dishonesty, willful default or fraud.

Our Second Amended Memorandum and Articles of Association permits, to the fullest extent permissible under Cayman Islands law, indemnification of our officers and directors against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by them, other than by reason of their own dishonesty, willful default or fraud, in connection with the execution or discharge of their duties, powers, authorities or discretion as directors or officers of our Company, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by them in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our Company or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere.

We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers. These agreements will require us to indemnify these individuals to the fullest extent permitted under Cayman Islands law against liabilities that may arise by reason of their service to us, and to advance expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified, subject to our Company reserving its rights to recover the full amount of such advances in the event that he or she is subsequently found to have been negligent or otherwise have breached his or her trust or fiduciary duties to our Company or to be in default thereof, or where the Cayman Islands courts have declined to grant relief.

The form of underwriting agreement to be filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this registration statement will also provide for indemnification of us and our officers and directors.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

ITEM 7. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES

During the past three years, we have issued and sold the following securities without registering such securities under the Securities Act. We believe that each of the following issuances was exempt from registration under the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act regarding transactions not involving a public offering or in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act regarding sales by an issuer in offshore transactions. No underwriter was involved in these issuances of securities.

II-1

Ordinary Shares

Allottee	Date of Sale or Issuance	Number of Securities	Consideration

Ten-League Corp	March 17, 2023 and July 6, 2023	851	US$0.851
	November 28, 2023	2	(Note 1)
	February 16, 2024	852,147	US$852.147

LJSC Holdings	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Undersea Capital	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Jules Verne	July 6, 2023	49	US$0.049
	February 16, 2024	48,951	US$48.951

Note 1:

ITEM 8. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

Exhibits

See “Exhibit Index” beginning on page II-3 of this registration statement.

(b)

Financial Statement Schedules

All supplement schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the data is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

ITEM 9. UNDERTAKINGS

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

	1)	For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

	2)	For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

II-2

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.		Description of document
1.1*		Form of Underwriting Agreement
3.1†		Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant, as currently in effect
3.2*		Second Amended Memorandum of Association and Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association of the Registrant
4.1†		Registrant’s specimen certificate for ordinary shares
5.1*		Form of Opinion of Walkers (Hong Kong) regarding the validity of securities being registered
8.1*		Opinion of Walkers (Hong Kong) regarding certain Cayman Islands tax matters (included in Exhibit 5.1)
10.1†		Form of Director Offer Letter
10.2†		Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors
10.3†		Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and an executive officer of the Registrant
10.4†		Form of Share Swap Agreements between the Registrant and Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd. for the purpose of the reorganization
10.5†		Dealer Agreement dated January 1, 2019 between Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. and Sany Marine Heavy Industry Co. Ltd.
10.6†		Dealer Agreement with effect from January 1, 2019 between Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Sany International Development Ltd.
10.7†		Service Dealer Agreement with effect from January 1, 2021 between Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Sany International Development Ltd.
14.1†		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant
21.1†		List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1		Consent of Onestop Assurance PAC
23.2*		Consent of Walkers (Hong Kong) (included in Exhibit 5.1)
23.3†		Consent of Mr. Ong Shen Chieh Jeffrey to be a director nominee
23.4†		Consent of Mr. Kong Chee Keong to be a director nominee
23.5†		Consent of Mr. Cheam Heng Haw to be a director nominee
24.1		Power of Attorney (included on signature page)
99.1†		Consent of Frost & Sullivan Limited
107		Calculation of Filing Fee Tables

* To be filed by amendment

† Previously filed

II-3

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Singapore, on June 4, 2024.

	Ten-League International Holdings Limited

	By:	/s/ Jison Lim
	Name:	Jison Lim
	Title:	Director and Chairman

II-4

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Jison Lim	Director and chief executive officer	June 4, 2024
Name: Jison Lim	(principal executive officer)

/s/ LiMing Lin	Director and Vice President	June 4, 2024
Name: LiMing Lin

/s/ Lim Boon Ping	Chief Financial Officer	June 4, 2024
Name: Lim Boon Ping	(principal financial and accounting officer)

SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REGISTRANT

Pursuant to the Securities Act, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of Ten-League International Holdings Limited, has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto in New York, NY on June 4, 2024.

	AUTHORIZED U.S. REPRESENTATIVE—Cogency Global Inc.

	By:	/s/ Colleen A. De Vries
	Name:	Colleen A. De Vries
	Title:	Senior Vice-President on behalf of Cogency Global Inc.

II-5

INDEX TO TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	PAGE

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023	F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Financial Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2023	F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Financial Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2023	F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Financial Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2023	F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

	10 Anson Road
	#06-15 International Plaza
	Singapore 079903
	Email:audit@onestop-ca.com Website: www.onestop-ca.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To The Shareholders and Board of Directors of

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ten-League International Holdings Limited and subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the results of its operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Onestop Assurance PAC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since November 2022.
Singapore
June 04, 2024

F-2

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

		As of Dec 31,		As of Dec 31,		As of Dec 31,
	Note	2022		2023		2023
		S$’000		S$’000		US$’000
						(Note 2(d))
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			5,978		2,340		1,774
Accounts receivable, net	4		12,794		21,744		16,481
Contract assets			-		2,784		2,110
Inventories	5		9,280		8,413		6,377
Deposits, prepayments and other receivables	6		1,114		1,376		1,043
Deferred IPO expenses			-		1,196		907
Total current assets			29,166		37,853		28,692

Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	7		26,858		27,810		21,079
Right-of-use assets	8		977		8		6
Other receivables	9		674		73		55
Total non-current assets			28,509		27,891		21,140

TOTAL ASSETS			57,675		65,744		49,832

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	10		16,125		12,739		9,656
Amounts due to related parties	11		10,040		14,016		10,624
Bank borrowings	12		11,912		17,131		12,985
Lease liabilities	13		6,052		6,246		4,734
Income tax payable			527		309		234
Total current liabilities			44,656		50,441		38,233

Long-term liabilities:
Bank borrowings	12		431		175		133
Lease liabilities	13		8,473		9,208		6,979
Deferred tax liabilities	14		861		1,586		1,202
Total long-term liabilities			9,765		10,969		8,314

TOTAL LIABILITIES			54,421		61,410		46,547

Commitments and contingencies			-		-		-

Shareholders’ equity
Ordinary share, par value US$0.000025, 20,000,000,000 shares authorized, 27,796,502 ordinary shares issued and outstanding**	15		*		*		*
Additional paid-in capital			883		883		669
Retained earnings			2,371		3,451		2,616

Total shareholders’ equity			3,254		4,334		3,285
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY			57,675		65,744		49,832

* – denotes amount less than $’000.

** - Retrospectively presented for the effect of pro rata share allotment, 1-for-40 forward split and share surrender in preparation of the Company’s initial public offering (Note 1).

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

		Year ended December 31,
	Note	2022			2023			2023
		S$’000			S$’000			US$’000
								(Note 2(d))
Revenues, net	3,16		74,474			72,782			55,167

Cost of revenue			(59,753	)		(57,000	)		(43,205	)

Gross profit			14,721			15,782			11,962

Operating cost and expenses:
Selling and distribution			(692	)		(729	)		(553	)
General and administrative			(7,757	)		(6,856	)		(5,196	)
Total operating cost and expenses			(8,449	)		(7,585	)		(5,749	)

Profit from operations			6,272			8,197			6,213

Other income (expense):
Gain from disposal of right-of-use assets			59			55			42
Interest income			132			34			26
Interest expense			(519	)		(822	)		(623	)
Government grant			89			41			31
Write back of provision for doubtful debts, net			-			66			50
Write back of provision for stock obsolescence			-			168			127
Exchange gain			-			143			108
Other income			204			244			185
Total other gain/(loss), net			(35	)		(71	)		(54	)

Income before income taxes			6,237			8,126			6,159

Income tax expense	17		(1,243	)		(1,046	)		(793	)

NET INCOME			4,994			7,080			5,366

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME			4,994			7,080			5,366

Net income per share
Basic and diluted			0.18			0.25			0.19

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
Basic and diluted**			27,796,502			27,796,502			27,796,502

** - Retrospectively presented for the effect of pro rata share allotment, 1-for-40 forward split and share surrender in preparation of the Company’s initial public offering (Note 1).

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

	Ordinary Shares				Additional					Total
	No. of				paid-in		Retained			Shareholders’
	shares**		Amount		capital		earnings			Equity
			S$’000		S$’000		S$’000			S$’000

Balance as of January 1, 2022		27,796,502		*		883		11,377			12,260
Dividends declared to the former shareholders								(14,000	)		(14,000	)
Net income for the period		-		-		-		4,994			4,994
Balance as of December 31, 2022		27,796,502		*		883		2,371			3,254

Balance as of January 1, 2023		27,796,502		*		883		2,371			3,254
Dividends declared to the former shareholders		-		-		-		(6,000	)		(6,000	)
Net income for the period		-		-		-		7,080			7,080
Balance as of December 31, 2023		27,796,502		*		883		3,451			4,334

* – denotes amount less than $’000.

** - Retrospectively presented for the effect of pro rata share allotment, 1-for-40 forward split and share surrender in preparation of the Company’s initial public offering (Note 1).

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amount in thousands, except for share and per share data, or otherwise noted)

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2023			2023
	S$’000			S$’000			US$’000
							(Note 2(d))
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		4,994			7,080			5,366
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation of property and equipment		2,432			3,729			2,826
Depreciation of right-of-use assets		525			396			300
(Gain)/Loss on disposal of property and equipment		(1,651	)		(761	)		(577	)
Gain on de-recognition of right-of-use assets		(60	)		(51	)		(39	)

Change in working capital:
Accounts receivable		(2,950	)		(9,395	)		(7,121	)
Contract assets		-			(2,784	)		(2,110	)
Deferred IPO expenses		-			(1,196	)		(907	)
Inventories		690			867			657
Related parties		(2,824	)		(2,024	)		(1,534	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		4,646			(3.383	)		(2,564	)
Income tax payable		1,157			(219	)		(166	)
Deferred tax liabilities		429			725			550
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		7,388			(7,016	)		(5,319	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment		6,110			8,896			6,743
Repayment from finance lease receivables		2,581			349			265
Purchase of property and equipment		(16,848	)		(12,382	)		(9,385	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(8,157	)		(3,137	)		(2,377	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of bank borrowings		10,430			14,402			10,916
Repayment of bank borrowings		(5,930	)		-			-
Principal repayment of lease liabilities		(6,343	)		(7,482	)		(5,671	)
Payment of deferred financing costs		(485	)		(405	)		(307	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities		(2,328	)		6,515			4,938

Effect on exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalents		-			-			72

Net change in cash and cash equivalent		(3,097	)		(3,638	)		(2,686	)

BEGINNING OF PERIOD		9,075			5,978			4,460

END OF PERIOD		5,978			2,340			1,774

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash (refund) paid for income taxes		(344	)		540			409
Cash paid for interest		517			822			623
Operating lease asset obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		697			-			-

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-6

TEN-LEAGUE INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022

NOTE－1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Ten-League International Holdings Limited is incorporated in the Cayman Islands on March 17, 2023 as an investment holding company. Ten-League International Holdings Limited conducts its primary operations, through its subsidiaries that are incorporated and domiciled in Singapore namely: 1) Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and 2) Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. (collectively referred to as the “Company”). The subsidiaries are fully integrated and comprehensive provider of turnkey project solutions including equipment, value-added engineering solutions as well as maintenance and repair services to the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries. The Company has more than 24 years of experience as an engineering solutions provider in the port, construction, civil engineering and underground foundation industries and possess a strong and proven track record. We provide “one-stop solution” including heavy equipment sales and rental, customized value-added engineering solutions and equipment maintenance and repair services.

Reorganization

Ten-League International Holdings Limited

Ten-League International Holdings Limited was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on March 17, 2023 under the Companies Act as an exempted company with limited liability. The authorized share capital was US$500,000 divided into 500,000,000 Ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 each at the time of incorporation and the initial 1 share was transferred to Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd. on the date of incorporation for cash at par. On July 6, 2023, Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd., LJSC Holdings Limited, Undersea Capital Holdings Limited, and Jules Verne Investments Limited subscribed for 850, 49, 49 and 49 shares for cash at par resulting in Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd., LJSC Holdings Limited, Undersea Capital Holdings Limited, and Jules Verne Investments Limited holding approximately 85.27%, 4.90%, 4.90% and 4.90%, respectively, of the entire issued share capital of Ten-League International Holdings Limited. On February 16 2024, 999,000 shares were allotted and raised pro rata to existing shareholders of the Company on that date at par. After the completion of the Forward Split on the basis of 40 ordinary shares for every one share of our Company, our authorized share capital has been changed to US$500,000 divided into 20,000,000,000 ordinary shares, par value of US$0.000025 each. Following the completion of the Forward Split on February 16, 2024, the Share Surrenders and prior to the offerings, our total issued shares are held as to 23,710,415 shares by Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd, 1,362,029 shares by Jules Verne Investments Limited, 1,362,029 shares by LJSC Holdings Limited and 1,362,029 shares by Undersea Capital Holdings Limited.

Ten-League Venture Capital Limited

On June 9, 2023, Ten-League Venture Capital Limited was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands with limited liability. Ten-League Venture Capital Limited is authorized to issue a maximum of 50,000 shares of a single class each with a par value of US$1.00 each and the initial 1 share was transferred to Ten-League International Holdings Limited on the date of incorporation for cash at par.

Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd.

Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League International Holdings Limited will enter into share swap agreements prior to the offering, pursuant to which Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd. will transfer its entire 100% shareholding interest in Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. to the nominee of Ten-League International Holdings Limited, Ten-League Venture Capital Limited, for the consideration of Ten-League International Holdings Limited allotting and issuing 2 shares to Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd., credited as fully paid, and Ten-League Venture Capital Limited allotting and issuing 2 shares to Ten-League International Holdings Limited, credited as fully paid.

Upon completion of our reorganization whereby the entire share capital of Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. will be transferred, the Group will comprise Ten-League Venture Capital Limited, Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. as our direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries, respectively.

The Company will complete a reorganization whereby Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. will be under the common control of Ten-League Venture Capital Limited (a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company) which collectively will own all the equity interests of Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd. The consolidated financial statements are prepared on the basis as if the reorganization became effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Description of subsidiaries incorporated and controlled by the Company

Name	Background	Effective ownership

Ten-League Venture Capital Limited	Investment holding	100%

Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd.	Principally engaged in the sales, rental, maintenance and repair and value-added engineering solutions of heavy construction equipment	100%

Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd.	Principally engaged in the sales, rental, maintenance and repair and value-added engineering solutions of heavy port equipment	100%

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented assuming that the Company was in existence at the beginning of the first period presented.

F-7

NOTE－2 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

These accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described in this note and elsewhere in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes.

(a)	Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

(b)	Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the years presented. Significant accounting estimates in the period include the allowance for doubtful accounts on accounts and other receivables, impairment loss on inventories, assumptions used in assessing right-of-use assets and impairment of long-lived assets, and deferred tax valuation allowance.

Actual results could differ from these estimates.

(c)	Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant inter-company balances and transactions within the Company have been eliminated upon consolidation.

On consolidation the entities should be combined for all periods that the relationship of common control started and the transaction would be treated as a capital transaction with any gain or loss on acquisition adjusted through equity. The consolidated entity would not recognize any goodwill and/or gain/losses from the acquisition and results of operations would be presented for all periods under common control.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared by applying the pooling of interest method. Accordingly, the results of the Company include the results of the subsidiaries for year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. Such manner of presentation reflects the economic substance of the companies, which were under common control throughout the relevant period, as a single economic enterprise, although the legal parent-subsidiary relationships were not established.

(d)	Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. The resulting exchange differences are recorded in the statement of operations.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in the Singapore Dollar (“S$”), which is the reporting currency of the Company. In addition, the Company and subsidiaries are operating in Singapore, maintain their books and record in their local currency, Singapore Dollars, which is a functional currency as being the primary currency of the economic environment in which their operations are conducted.

F-8

Translation gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are translated, as the case may be, at the rate on the date of the transaction and included in the results of operations as incurred.

Translations of the consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and consolidated statements of cash flows from S$ into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$0.7580 = S$1, as set forth in the statistical release of the Federal Reserve System on December 29, 2023. No representation is made that the S$ amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2023, or at any other rate.

(e)	Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash in readily available checking and saving accounts. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash and that mature within three months or less from the date of purchase. The carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments. The Company maintains most of its bank accounts in Singapore.

(f)	Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable include trade accounts due from customers in the sale of products.

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest, which are due within contractual payment terms. The normal settlement terms of accounts receivable within 30 days. The Company seeks to maintain strict control over its outstanding receivables to minimize credit risk. Overdue balances are reviewed regularly by senior management. Management reviews its receivables on a regular basis to determine if the bad debt allowance is adequate and provides allowance when necessary. The allowance is based on management’s best estimates of specific losses on individual customer exposures, as well as the historical trends of collections. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the likelihood of collection is not probable. The Company’s management continues to evaluate the reasonableness of the valuation allowance policy and update it if necessary.

The Company does not hold any collateral or other credit enhancements overs its accounts receivable balances.

(g)	Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the average cost method. The Company records adjustments to its inventory for estimated obsolescence or diminution in net realizable value equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value. At the point of loss recognition, a new cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

(h)	Property and Equipment, net

		Expected useful life
Office equipment		5 years
Leasehold factory premises		Over the remaining lease term
Machinery and equipment		5-10 years
Motor vehicles		5-10 years

F-9

(i)	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, all long-lived assets such as property and equipment owned and held by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to its estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amounts of the assets exceed the fair value of the assets.

(j)	Revenue Recognition

The Company receives certain portion of its non-interest income from contracts with customers, which are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”).

ASC 606-10 provided the following overview of how revenue is recognized from the Company’s contracts with customers: The Company recognizes revenue on a gross basis to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

	Step 1:	Identify the contract(s) with a customer.
	Step 2:	Identify the performance obligations in the contract.
	Step 3:	Determine the transaction price – The transaction price is the amount of consideration in a contract to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer.
	Step 4:	Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract – Any entity typically allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative standalone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract.
	Step 5:	Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation – An entity recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer service to a customer).

F-10

The Company currently generates its revenue from the following main sources:

Revenue from goods sold and services provided

Majority of the Company’s income is derived from contracts with customers in the sale of products, and as such, the revenue recognized depicts the transfer of promised goods to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods. The Company considers the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying this guidance. The Company’s revenue recognition policies are in compliance with ASC 606, as follows:

Product sales consist of a single performance obligation that the Company satisfies at a point in time. The Company recognizes product revenue when the following events have occurred: (a) the Company has transferred physical possession of the products, depending upon the method of distribution and shipping terms set forth in the customer contract, (b) the Company has a present right to payment, (c) the customer has legal title to the products, and (d) the customer bears significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products. Based on the Company’s historical practices and shipping terms specified in the sales agreements and invoices, these criteria are generally met when the products are:

-	invoiced; and
-	Shipped from the company’s facilities or warehouse (“ex - works”, which is the Company’s standard shipping terms)

The Company records its revenues on product sales, net of Good & Service Taxes (“GST”) when the title and risk of loss of products are fully transferred to the customers. The Company is subject to GST which is levied on the majority of the products at the rate of 8% on the invoiced value of sales in Singapore.

Amounts received as prepayment on future products are recorded as customer deposit and recognized as income when the product is shipped.

Revenue from equipment rental

Rental income is recognised on a time-proportion basis over time taking into account the effective yield on the assets on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(k)	Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses include payroll, employee benefits and other headcount-related expenses associated with sales and marketing personnel, and the costs of advertising, promotions, seminars, and other programs.

(l)	Government Grant

A government grant or subsidy is not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that: (a) the enterprise will comply with the conditions attached to the grant; and (b) the grant will be received. When the Company receives government grant or subsidies but the conditions attached to the grants have not been fulfilled, such government subsidies are deferred and recorded under other payables and accrued expenses, and other long-term liability. The classification of short-term or long-term liabilities is dependent on the management’s expectation of when the conditions attached to the grant can be fulfilled. For the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company received government subsidies of approximately S$41,000 and S$89,000 respectively, which are recognized as government grant in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company does not recognize any sales whereas the Group is acting as an agent.

(m)	Income Taxes

Income taxes are determined in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”).

Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Any effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

F-11

For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any interest and penalties associated with tax positions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

The Company is subject to tax in local and foreign jurisdiction. As a result of its business activities, the Company files tax returns that are subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities.

(n)

Leases

Effective from January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the guidance of ASC 842, Leases, which requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases. On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing transactions. ASC 842 requires that lessees recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities calculated based on the present value of lease payments for all lease agreements with terms that are greater than twelve months. It requires for leases longer than one year, a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial condition a right-of-use asset, representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability, representing the liability to make lease payments. ASC 842 distinguishes leases as either a finance lease or an operating lease that affects how the leases are measured and presented in the statement of operations and statement of cash flows. ASC 842 supersedes nearly all existing lease accounting guidance under GAAP issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) including ASC Topic 840, Leases.

(o)	Retirement Plan Costs

Contributions to retirement plans (which are defined contribution plans) are charged to general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of operation as the related employee service are provided. The Company is required to make contribution to their employees under a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution pension scheme for its eligible full-times employees in Singapore. The Company is required to contribute a specified percentage of the participants’ relevant income based on their ages and wages level. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, contributions of approximately S$0.1 million for each respective period were made accordingly.

(p)	Segment Reporting

ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major clients in financial statements for detailing the Company’s business segments. Based on the criteria established by ASC 280, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. As a whole and hence, the Company has only three reportable segments. The Company does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. As the Company’s long-lived assets are substantially located in Singapore, no geographical segments are presented.

(q)	Related Parties

The Company follows the ASC 850-10, Related Party for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.

F-12

Pursuant to section 850-10-20 the related parties include: a) affiliates of the Company; b) entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, absent the election of the fair value option under the Fair Value Option Subsection of section 825–10–15, to be accounted for by the equity method by the investing entity; c) trusts for the benefit of employees, such as pension and Income-sharing trusts that are managed by or under the trusteeship of management; d) principal owners of the Company; e) management of the Company; f) other parties with which the Company may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests; and g) other parties that can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or that have an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests.

(r)	Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to commitments and contingencies, including operating lease commitments, legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business that relate to a wide range of matters, such as government investigations and tax matters. The Company recognizes a liability for such contingency if it determines it is probable that a loss will occur, and a reasonable estimate of the loss can be made. The Company may consider many factors in making these assessments on liability for contingencies, including historical and the specific facts and circumstances of each matter.

(s)	Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. Cash equivalents are maintained with high credit quality institutions, the composition and maturities of which are regularly monitored by management. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, bank and cash balances of approximately S$2.3 million and S$6.0 million was maintained at financial institutions in Singapore, of which approximately S$1.9 million and S$5.2 million respectively was subject to credit risk. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

For accounts receivable, the Company determines, on a continuing basis, the allowance for doubtful accounts based on the estimated realizable value. The Company identifies credit risk on a customer-by-customer basis. The information is monitored regularly by management. Concentration of credit risk arises when a group of customers having similar characteristics such that their ability to meet their obligations is expected to be affected similarly by changes in economic conditions.

(t)	Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they become due. The Company’s policy is to ensure that it has sufficient cash to meet its liabilities when they become due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Company’s reputation. A key risk in managing liquidity is the degree of uncertainty in the cash flow projections. If future cash flows are fairly uncertain, the liquidity risk increases.

(u)	Fair Value Measurement

The Company follows the guidance of the ASC Topic 820-10, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure (“ASC 820-10”), with respect to financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. ASC 820-10 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

●

Level 1 : Inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets;

F-13

	●	Level 2 : Inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. Black-Scholes Option-Pricing model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs; and
	●	Level 3 : Inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

The carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, loans receivable, deposits and other receivables, amount due to a related parties, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, amount due to a related parties, other payables and accrued liabilities, bank borrowings and lease liabilities approximate at their fair values because of the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

(v)	Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company is an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The guidance supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases with the main difference being that operating leases are to be recorded in the statement of financial position as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. For operating leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize lease assets and liabilities. In July 2018, ASU 2016-02 was updated with ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements to ASC Topic 842, which provides entities with relief from the costs of implementing certain aspects of the new leasing standard. Specifically, under the amendments in ASU 2018-11, (1) entities may elect not to recast the comparative periods presented when transitioning to ASC 842 and (2) lessors may elect not to separate lease and non-lease components when certain conditions are met. In November 2019, ASU 2019-10, Codification Improvements to ASC 842 modified the effective dates of all other entities. In June 2020, ASU 2020-05 defer the effective date for one year for entities in the “all other” category. For all other entities, the amendments in ASU 2020-05 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Early application of the guidance continues to be permitted.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses”, which will require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, to clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are within the scope of lease accounting standards. Further, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10, ASU 2019-11 and ASU 2020-02 to provide additional guidance on the credit losses standard.

For all other entities, the amendments for ASU 2016-13 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the ASUs is on a modified retrospective basis. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-13 from January 1, 2023. The Company is in the process of evaluating the effect of the adoption of this ASU.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption. The Company does not discuss recent standards that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.

F-14

NOTE － 3 DISAGGREGATION OF REVENUE

The following tables present the Company’s revenue disaggregated by business segment and geography, based on management’s assessment of available data:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2023
	S$’000		S$’000
Revenue recognition at a single point in time:
Sales of heavy equipment and parts		68,414		56,449
Engineering consultancy service income		1,065		7,032
		69,479		63,481
Revenue recognition over time:
Rental income		4,995		9,301

		74,474		72,782

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), we have only one reportable geographic segment. Sales are based on the countries in which the customer is located. Summarized financial information concerning our geographic segments is shown in the following tables:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Singapore		72,524		69,735

Other countries		1,950		3,047

		74,474		72,782

NOTE－4 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following:

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Accounts receivable		17,034			25,386
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(4,240	)		(3,642	)

Accounts receivable, net		12,794			21,744

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company has made the allowance for doubtful accounts and charged to the consolidated statements of operations. The Company has not experienced any significant bad debt write-offs of accounts receivable in the past.

The Company generally conducts its business with creditworthy third parties. The Company determines, on a continuing basis, the probable losses and an allowance for doubtful accounts, based on several factors including internal risk ratings, customer credit quality, payment history, historical bad debt/write-off experience and forecasted economic and market conditions. Accounts receivable are written off after exhaustive collection efforts occur and the receivable is deemed uncollectible. In addition, receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis and its exposure to bad debts is not significant.

F-15

Analysis of allowance for doubtful accounts

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Balance at beginning of period		6,028			4,240
Provision during the period		1,403			41
Written off during the period		(3,191	)		(532	)
Reversal during the period		-			(107	)
Balance at the end of the period		4,240			3,642

NOTE－5 INVENTORIES

The Company’s inventories were as follows: -

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Finished goods		9,280		8,413

During 2023, S$0.3 million (2022: S$ nil) is recognized as an expense for inventories carried at net realizable value.

NOTE – 6 DEPOSITS, PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER RECEIVABLES

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Deposits		373		162
Prepayments		53		11
Advance to suppliers		235		903
Lease receivables		366		184
Others		87		116
		1,114		1,376

NOTE－7 PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000
At cost:
Office equipment		25			25
Machinery and equipment		30,185			33,132
Motor vehicles		583			892
		30,793			34,049
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(3,935	)		(6,239	)
Property and equipment, net		26,858			27,810

Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were S$3.7 million and S$2.4 million, respectively.

F-16

NOTE－8 RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02 Leases, on January 1, 2019, the beginning of the fiscal 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. The Company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if we obtain the rights to direct the use of and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefit from the use of the underlying asset. Some of our leases include both lease and non-lease components which are accounted for as a single lease component as the Company has elected the practical expedient. Some of the operating lease agreements include variable lease costs, primarily taxes, insurance, common area maintenance or increases in rental costs related to inflation. Substantially all of our equipment leases and some of our real estate leases have terms of less than one year and, as such, are accounted for as short-term leases as we have elected the practical expedient.

Operating leases are included in the right-of-use lease assets, current lease liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at each lease’s commencement date based on the present values of its lease payments over its respective lease term. When a borrowing rate is not explicitly available for a lease, the incremental borrowing rate is used based on information available at the lease’s commencement date to determine the present value of its lease payments. Operating lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company adopts 4.89%-6.88% as weighted average incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments. The weighted average remaining life of the lease for office equipment and leasehold building was 3 years and for machinery and equipment was 5.5 years.

The carrying amount of right-of-use assets by class of underlying asset are as follows:

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000

At cost:
Machinery and equipment		933			-
Leasehold buildings		1,378			1,378
Office equipment		10			10
		2,321			1,388
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,344	)		(1,380	)

Right-of-use assets, net		977			8

Right-of-use assets under operating leasing arrangements classified under leasehold buildings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 both amounted to S$1.4 million.

The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet.

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Assets
Operating lease, right-of-use asset, net		977		8

Total right-of-use asset		977		8

Liabilities
Current:
Operating lease liabilities		450		2
		450		2

Non-current:
Operating lease liabilities		586		5
		586		5

Total operating lease liabilities		1,036		7

F-17

The Company excludes short-term leases (those with lease terms of less than one year at inception) from the measurement of lease liabilities or right-of-use assets. The following tables summarize the lease expense for the years.

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Operating lease cost:
Operating lease expense (per ASC 842)		615		421

Short-term lease expense (other than ASC 842)		293		120

Total lease expense		908		541

Components of Lease Expense

We recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the operating leases, as reported within “general and administrative” expense on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

Future Contractual Lease Payments as of December 31, 2023

The below table summarizes our (i) minimum lease payments over the next five years, (ii) lease arrangement implied interest, and (iii) present value of future lease payments for the next three years ending December 31:

Year ending December 31,	Operating and finance lease amount
	S$’000
Right of Use Assets
2024		2
2025 – 2028		6
2029 onwards		-
Less: interest
2024		-
2025 onwards		(1	)
Present value of lease liabilities – Right of Use Assets		7

Representing:
Current liabilities – Right of Use Assets		2
Non-current liabilities – Right of Use Assets		5
		7

Hire Purchase
2024		6,960
2025 – 2028		9,802
2029 onwards		58
Less: interest
2024		(716	)
2025 onwards		(657	)

Present value of lease liabilities – Hire Purchase		15,447

Representing:
Current liabilities – Hire Purchase		6,244
Non-current liabilities – Hire Purchase		9,203
		15,447

Representing:
Current liabilities		6,246
Non-current liabilities		9,208

		15,454

	Year ended December 31
	2022			2023
	S$’000			S$’000
Supplemental Cash Flows information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liability:
Operating cash flows from operating lease		590			433
Operating lease asset obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations
Operating lease		697			-
Remaining lease term
Operating lease		2 to 7 years			3.5 years
Discount rate
Operating lease		4.8% – 6.88	%		3.27	%

F-18

NOTE－9 OTHER RECEIVABLES

The Company had entered into a finance leasing arrangement as a lessor for certain machinery and equipment,

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Amount receivable under finance lease		674		73

NOTE – 10 ACCOUNT PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Trade creditors		13,407		10,412
Accrued expenses		350		321
Deposit received		2,322		1,302
Goods and services tax payable		-		532
Others		46		172
		16,125		12,739

NOTE－11 AMOUNTS DUE TO RELATED PARTIES

Amounts due to related parties consisted of the following:

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000
Due to related parties*
- Ten-League Corporations Pte Ltd⁽¹⁾		10,040		14,016
		10,040		14,016

(1) Ultimate holding company

*The amounts are unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand.

NOTE－12 BANK BORROWINGS

Bank borrowings consisted of the following:

	Term of	Annual			As of		As of
	repayments	interest rate			Dec 31, 2022		Dec 31, 2023
					S$’000		S$’000

Term loans	Within 5 years		3.0	%		680		431
Bills payable (Note a)						11,663		16,875
						12,343		17,306
Total:
Representing:-
Within 12 months						11,912		17,131
Over 1 year						431		175

						12,343		17,306

Note a: These bills payable are short term credit facilities granted by local banks to us in the amount of up to in aggregate of S$23 million and is up to 180 days for financing the purchase of equipment and machinery.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, term loan was obtained from a financial institution in Singapore, which bear annual interest at a fixed rate at 3.0% and are repayable in 5 years.

The Company’s bank borrowing is guaranteed under a personal guarantee from Mr Jison Lim and under a corporate guarantee from Ten-League Corporations Pte Ltd.

F-19

NOTE 13 – LEASE LIABILITIES

The Company has lease contracts for machinery and equipment and factory premises. The lease agreements do not impose any covenants, but lease assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes. The movement in the carrying amount of lease liabilities are as follows:

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Opening		11,753			14,525
Addition during the year		9,945			9,439
De-recognised during the year		(1,898	)		(1,512	)
Accretion of interest		485			766
Lease payments		(5,760	)		(7,764	)
Closing		14,525			15,454

Lease liabilities are presented in the statement of financial position as follows:

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Lease liabilities, current		6,052		6,246
Lease liabilities, non-current		8,473		9,208
		14,525		15,454

NOTE 14 – DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES

	As of Dec 31, 2022		As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000		S$’000

Opening		432		861
Addition during the year		429		725
Closing		861		1,586

The temporary differences which give rises to the deferred income tax liability are as follows:

	As of Dec 31, 2022			As of Dec 31, 2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Net book value of fixed assets		26,858			27,810
Net book value of ROUA		977			8
Less: Lease liabilities (ROUA)		(1,036	)		(7	)
Lees: General provision of doubtful debts		(1,121	)		-
Less: Net book value of non-qualifying assets		(98	)		(95	)
		25,580			27,716
Less: Tax written down value		(20,516	)		(18,385	)
Timing difference		5,064			9,331

Deferred tax liability @ 17%		861			1,586

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax laws or rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Liabilities are established for uncertain tax positions expected to be taken in income tax returns when such positions are judged to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold based on the technical merits of the position.

Under the current tax law in Singapore, the Company is and will be subjected to the enterprise income tax rate of 17%.

F-20

NOTE－15 SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Ordinary Shares

The Company was established under the laws of Cayman Islands on March 17, 2023 with authorized share of 500,000,000 ordinary shares of par value US$0.001 each at the time of incorporation. Our authorized share capital has been changed to US$500,000 divided into 20,000,000,000 ordinary shares, par value of US$0.000025 each on February 16, 2024. One ordinary share was issued on March 17, 2023.

The Company is authorized to issue one class of ordinary share.

The holders of the Company’s ordinary share are entitled to the following rights:

Voting Rights: Each share of the Company’s ordinary share entitles its holder to one vote per share on all matters to be voted or consented upon by the stockholders. Holders of the Company’s ordinary shares are not entitled to cumulative voting rights with respect to the election of directors.

Dividend Right: Subject to limitations under Cayman law and preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock that the Company may decide to issue in the future, holders of the Company’s ordinary share are entitled to receive ratably such dividends or other distributions, if any, as may be declared by the Board of the Company out of funds legally available thereof.

Liquidation Right: In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our business, the holders of the Company’s ordinary share are entitled to share ratably in the assets available for distribution after the payment of all of the debts and other liabilities of the Company.

Other Matters: The holders of the Company’s ordinary share have no subscription, redemption or conversion privileges. The Company’s ordinary share does not entitle its holders to preemptive rights. All of the outstanding shares of the Company’s ordinary share are fully paid and non-assessable. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of the Company’s ordinary share are subject to the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock which the Company may issue in the future.

NOTE－16 REVENUES BY SEGMENT

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2023
	S$’000		S$’000
Sale of heavy equipment and parts		68,414		56,449
Engineering consultancy service income		1,065		7,032
Rental income		4,995		9,301
		74,474		72,782

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company uses the “management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. Management, including the chief operating decision maker, reviews operation results by the revenue of different services. Based on management’s assessment, the Company has determined that it has three operating segments as defined by ASC 280 as follow:

	1.	Sale of heavy equipment and parts
	2.	Engineering consultancy service income
	3.	Rental income

Information regarding the results of each reportable segment is included below. Performance is measured based on segment revenue and gross profit/(loss), as included in the internal management reports that are reviewed by the Company’s CODM. Both segment revenue and gross profit/(loss) are used to measure performance as management believes that such information is the most relevant in evaluating the level of activities and results of these segments.

F-21

The following tables present summary information by product type for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively:

			For the year ended December 31, 2022
	Sale of heavy equipment and parts		Engineering consultancy service		Rental income		Total
	S$’000		S$’000		S$’000		S$’000
Revenue		68,414		1,065		4,995		74,474
Gross Profit		12,526		504		1,691		14,721

			For the year ended December 31, 2023
	Sale of heavy equipment and parts		Engineering consultancy service		Rental income		Total
	S$’000		S$’000		S$’000		S$’000
Revenue		56,449		7,032		9,301		72,782
Gross Profit		10,097		1,792		3,893		15,782

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by the timing of revenue recognition.

			For the year ended December 31, 2022
	Sale of heavy equipment and parts		Engineering consultancy service		Rental income		Total
	S$’000		S$’000		S$’000		S$’000
Timing of revenue recognition:
Point in time		68,414		1,065		-		69,479
Over time		-		-		4,995		4,995

			For the year ended December 31, 2023
	Sale of heavy equipment and parts		Engineering consultancy service		Rental income		Total
	S$’000		S$’000		S$’000		S$’000
Timing of revenue recognition:
Point in time		56,449		1,749		-		58,198
Over time		-		5,283		9,301		14,584

No segmental analysis of segment assets is disclosed because there is no asset information provided to the CODM.

F-22

NOTE－17 INCOME TAX EXPENSE

The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Income tax expense
Current year		843			681
Over-provision in prior years		(29	)		(360	)
Deferred tax liabilities expense		429			725
Income tax expense		1,243			1,046

The Company is subject to taxes in the jurisdictions in which it operates, as follows:

Cayman Islands

Ten-League International Holdings Limited is an exempted Cayman Islands company and is presently not subject to income taxes or income tax filing requirements in the Cayman Islands or the United States.

BVI

Ten-League Venture Capital Limited is an exempted British Virgin Islands company and is presently not subject to income taxes or income tax filing requirements in the British Virgin Islands or the United States.

Singapore

Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd and Ten-League Port Engineering Solutions Pte. Ltd are operating in Singapore and are subject to the Singapore tax law at the corporate tax rate at 17% on the assessable income arising in Singapore during its tax year.

The reconciliation of income tax rate to the effective income tax rate based on income before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2023
	S$’000			S$’000

Income before income taxes		6,237			8,126
Statutory income tax rate		17	%		17	%
Income tax expense at statutory rate		1,060			1,381
Over provision in previous financial year		(29	)		(360	)
Tax effect of non-taxable income		(29	)		(228	)
Tax effect of non-deductible items		4			156
Tax effect on temporary differences		272			211
Statutory stepped income tax exemption		(35	)		(114	)

Income tax expense		1,243			1,046

Uncertain tax positions

The Company evaluates the uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses for the financial year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and also did not anticipate any significant increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months from December 31, 2023.

F-23

NOTE－18 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

In the ordinary course of business, during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was involved in certain transactions, either at cost or current market prices, and on the normal commercial terms with related parties. The following table provides the transactions with these parties for the years as presented (for the portion of such period that they were considered related):

	Year ended December 31,
Nature of transactions	2022			2023
	S$’000			S$’000
Ten-League Corporations Pte. Ltd.⁽¹⁾
- Management fee charged		2,604			2,471
- Purchase of plant and equipment		1,464			884
- Purchase of spare parts		1,024			708
- Purchase of office equipment		1			-
- Purchase of motor vehicles		311			88
-Expenses paid on behalf		25			-
- Lease payments in respect of:
Plant and equipment		284			131
Factory premises		480			480

Merrimack Foundation Pte. Ltd.⁽²⁾
- Purchase of plant and equipment		700			-
- Rental income received		(840	)		-
- Service income		(1	)		-

Merrimack Pte. Ltd.⁽²⁾
- Purchase of plant and equipment		7,571			-
- Sale of plant and equipment		(437	)		-
- Rental income received		(480	)		-
- Sale of spare parts		(16	)		-
- Service income		(29	)		-

Ten-League Green Energy Pte. Ltd.⁽³⁾
- Subcontract costs		-			373

These related parties are controlled by the common shareholders of the Company.

(1)	- Ultimate holding company
(2)	- 100% held by Merrimack Holdings Pte Ltd. In turn Merrimack Holdings Pte Ltd was 40% held by Ten-League Corporations Pte Ltd
(3)	- 75% held by Ten-League Corporations Pte Ltd

Apart from the transactions and balances detailed elsewhere in these accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has no other significant or material related party transactions during the years presented.

NOTE－19 CONCENTRATIONS OF RISK

The Company is exposed to the following concentrations of risk:

(a)	Major customers

For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was one single customer who accounted approximately for 9.5% of the Company’s revenues. Such substantial revenue contribution by this customer was primarily attributable to the sales of a total of eighteen units of equipment with a combined value of approximately S$6.9 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, there was one single customer who accounted approximately for 9.8% of the Company’s revenues. Such substantial revenue contribution by this customer was primarily attributable to the sales of a total of seven units of equipment with a combined value of approximately S$7.3 million.

The major customer for December 31, 2022 is different from the major customer for December 31, 2023.

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(a)	Major vendors

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Vendor A accounted for 71.1% or more of the Company’s purchases and for the year ended December 31, 2022, Vendor A accounted for 60.4% or more of the Company’s purchases. Its outstanding payable balance as at each period, is presented as follows:

	As at Dec 31, 2022					As at Dec 31, 2023
	Percentage of purchases			Accounts payable		Percentage of purchases		Accounts payable
	%			‘000		%		‘000

Vendor A		60.4	%		10,678		71.1		5,757

(b)	Credit risk

The Company has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial condition and generally do not require a collateral. The Company also considers the probability of default upon initial recognition of asset and whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on an ongoing basis throughout each reporting period.

The Company has determined the default event on a financial asset to be when internal and/or external information indicates that the financial asset is unlikely to be received, which could include default of contractual payments due for more than 90 days, default of interest due for more than 365 days or there is significant difficulty of the counterparty.

To minimize credit risk, the Company has developed and maintained its credit risk grading to categorize exposures according to their degree of risk of default. The credit rating information is supplied by publicly available financial information and the Company’s own trading records to rate its major customers and other debtors. The Company considers available reasonable and supportive forward-looking information which includes the following indicators:

	●	Actual or expected significant adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions that are expected to cause a significant change to the debtor’s ability to meet its obligations

	●	Internal credit rating

	●	External credit rating and when necessary

Regardless of the analysis above, a significant increase in credit risk is presumed if a debtor is more than 30 days past due in making contractual payment.

As of December 31, 2023, there was approximately S$3.4 million outstanding from a single customer representing 15.7% of the total net account receivable balances.

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately S$3.4 million outstanding from a single customer representing 26.3% of the total net account receivable balances.

(c)	Interest rate risk

As the Company has no significant interest-bearing assets, the Company’s income and operating cash flows are substantially independent of changes in market interest rates.

The Company’s interest-rate risk arises from bank borrowings. The Company manages interest rate risk by varying the issuance and maturity dates of variable rate debt, limiting the amount of variable rate debt, and continually monitoring the effects of market changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the borrowings were at fixed interest rates.

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(d)	Exchange rate risk

The Company cannot guarantee that the current exchange rate will remain steady; therefore, there is a possibility that the Company could post the same amount of profit for two comparable periods and because of the fluctuating exchange rate actually post higher or lower profit depending on exchange rate of S$ converted to US$ on that date. The exchange rate could fluctuate depending on changes in political and economic environments without notice.

(e)	Liquidity risk

(f)	Risk from Coronavirus (“COVID-19”)

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly through many parts of the world. Since March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic. The resulting impact of the pandemic on the operations and measures such as movement control and safe-distancing measures taken by various governments to contain the pandemic have to a certain extent, continued to affect the Company’s business activities which have been disrupted. This is particularly due to travel restrictions in the Asian region.

There is still significant uncertainty over the future development of the outbreak as to the duration of the pandemic and the global situation remains very fluid at the date of these financial statements approved. Management is closely monitoring the Company’s business activities and has taken certain measures to ensure the Company has sufficient working capital to settle all its obligations.

Potential impact to the Company’s results of operations for 2023 will also depend on economic impact due to the pandemic and if any future resurgence of the virus globally, which are beyond the Company’s control. There is no guarantee that the Company’s revenues will grow or remain at a similar level year over year in 2024.

NOTE－20 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation — From time to time, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company currently is not aware of any legal proceedings or claims that it believes will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, operating results, or cash flows.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has no material commitments.

NOTE－21 SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In accordance with ASC Topic 855, “Subsequent Events”, which establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before consolidated financial statements are issued, the Company has evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after December 31, 2023, up through the date the Company issued the consolidated financial statements.

On April 09, 2024, a crane owned by the Ten-League Engineering & Technology Pte. Ltd. had toppled in the vicinity of a job site and damaged a vehicle. At the present, the facts and circumstances surrounding the incident remains unclear and investigations are still ongoing. On April 16, 2024, the Company received an email from Claimant A, who had at the material time been leasing the machinery from the Company, indicated their intention to claim loss and damage against the Company. The Company has notified its insurers which has not repudiated liability. There was no response since. On May 16, 2024, the Company received another letter from Claimant B, the purported owner of the damaged vehicle. The Company has notified its insurers which has not repudiated liability. There was no response since. As of the date of the prospectus, investigations are still ongoing and no charges have been proffered against the Company.

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