N-1A 1 fp0084874-1_n1a.htm

 

1933 Act File No. 333-

1940 Act File No. 811-23895

 

UNITED STATES 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM N-1A

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933     /X/

 

And

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE

INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940     /X/

 

THE 2023 ETF SERIES TRUST II 

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

 

The 2023 ETF Series Trust II 

c/o Foreside Management Services, LLC 

Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100 

Portland, Maine 04101 

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 

(614) 416-9058 

(Registrant’s Telephone Number)

 

The Corporation Trust Company 

1209 Orange Street 

Wilmington, Delaware 19801 

(Name and Address of Agent for Service)

 

Copy to:

 

W. John McGuire, Esquire 

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 

1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20004 

 

Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering:  As soon as practicable following the effective date of this Registration Statement.

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 21, 2023

 

THE INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY NOT SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT AN OFFER TO SELL THESE SECURITIES AND IS NOT SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THESE SECURITIES IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH THE OFFER OR SALE IS NOT PERMITTED.

 

The 2023 ETF Series Trust II

 

Prospectus | [Date XX, 2023]

 

GMO U.S. Quality ETF

 

Ticker: QLTY 

 

Principal U.S. Listing Exchange: [    ]

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

Table of Contents

 

  Page
Fund Summary [-]
Additional Principal Investment Strategies Information [-]
Additional Principal Risk Information [-]
Portfolio Holdings [-]
Fund Management [-]
Portfolio Managers [-]
Buying and Selling Fund Shares [-]
Name Policy [-]
Plan of Distribution [-]
Dividends, Distributions and Taxes [-]
Additional Information [-]
Financial Highlights [-]
How to Obtain More Information About the Fund Back Cover

 

 

Fund Summary – GMO U.S. Quality ETF

 

Investment Objective

 

The GMO U.S. Quality ETF (the “Fund”) seeks total return.

 

Fees and Expenses

 

The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold or sell shares of the Fund. You may pay other fees, such as brokerage commissions and other fees to financial intermediaries, which are not reflected in the table and Example below.

 

Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(Expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management fee [-]%
Distribution and service (12b-1) fees 0.00%
Other expenses1 [-]%
Total annual Fund operating expenses [-]%

1"Other expenses" are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year.

 

Example

 

This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then sell all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund's operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

 

1 Year 3 Years
$XX $XXX

 

Portfolio Turnover

 

The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the Example above, affect the Fund’s performance. The Fund is not subject to any limit on the frequency with which portfolio securities may be purchased or sold, and GMO makes investment decisions for the Fund without regard to portfolio turnover rates.  The Fund is new and does not yet have a portfolio turnover rate to disclose.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

The Fund is an actively managed exchange-traded fund (“ETF”) that seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in equities of U.S. companies that the Fund’s adviser, GMO, believes to be of high quality. GMO believes a high quality company generally to be a company that has an established business that will deliver a high level of return on past investments and that will use cash flows to make investments with the potential for a high return on capital or to return cash to shareholders through dividends, share buybacks, or other mechanisms.

 

In selecting securities for the Fund, GMO uses a combination of investment methods, typically considering both systematic factors, based on profitability, profit stability, leverage, and other publicly available financial information, and judgmental factors, based on GMO’s assessment of future profitability, capital allocation, growth opportunities, and sustainability against competitive forces. GMO also may rely on valuation methodologies, such as discounted cash flow analysis and multiples of price to earnings, revenues, book values or other fundamental metrics.

 

At times, the Fund may have substantial exposure to a single asset class, industry, sector, issuer, or companies with similar market capitalizations. The Fund may invest in securities of companies of any market capitalization. The factors GMO considers and investment methods GMO uses can change over time. GMO does not manage the Fund to, or control the Fund’s risk relative to, any securities index or securities benchmark.

 

As an alternative to investing directly in equities, the Fund may invest in exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives and ETFs. The Fund also may invest in derivatives and ETFs in an attempt to obtain or adjust elements of its investment exposure. Derivatives used may include futures, options, forward currency contracts, and swap contracts. In addition, the Fund may lend its portfolio securities.

1

 

Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests directly and indirectly (e.g., through underlying funds or derivatives) at least 80% of its assets in companies tied economically to the United States (see “Name Policy”).  

 

The Fund also may invest in the GMO U.S. Treasury Fund, a mutual fund advised by GMO, or in money market funds unaffiliated with GMO, and directly in the types of investments typically held by money market funds.  

 

Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund

 

The value of your investment in the Fund, as well as the amount of return you receive on your investment, may fluctuate significantly. Many factors can affect this value, and you may lose money by investing in the Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risks of investing in the Fund are summarized below. For a more complete discussion of these risks, see “Additional Principal Risk Information”.

 

Market Risk – Equities – The market price of an equity in the Fund’s portfolio may decline due to factors affecting the issuer or its industry or the economy and equity markets generally. If the Fund purchases an equity for less than its fundamental fair (or intrinsic) value as assessed by GMO and GMO’s assessment proves to be incorrect, the Fund runs the risk that the market price of the equity will not appreciate or will decline. The Fund also may purchase equities that typically trade at higher multiples of current earnings than other securities, and the market prices of these equities often are more sensitive to changes in future earnings expectations and interest rates than the market prices of equities trading at lower multiples. Declines in stock market prices generally are likely to reduce the value of an investment in the Fund.

 

Management and Operational Risk – The Fund runs the risk that GMO’s investment techniques will fail to produce intended results. The Fund also runs the risk that GMO’s assessment of an investment (including a security’s fundamental fair (or intrinsic) value) is wrong or that deficiencies in GMO’s or another service provider’s internal systems or controls will cause losses for the Fund or impair Fund operations.

 

Focused Investment Risk – Investments focused in countries, regions, asset classes, sectors, industries, currencies, or issuers that are subject to the same or similar risk factors and investments whose market prices are closely correlated are subject to higher overall risk than investments that are more diversified or whose market prices are not as closely correlated.

 

ETF Risks – The Fund is an exchange-traded fund and, as a result of this structure, it is exposed to the following risks:

 

Costs of Buying or Selling Shares Risk. Due to the costs of buying or selling Fund shares, including brokerage commissions imposed by brokers and the variance in bid-ask spreads, frequent trading of Fund shares may significantly reduce investment results and an investment in Fund shares may not be advisable for investors who anticipate regularly making small investments.

 

Limited Authorized Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Risk. Because the Fund is an ETF, typically only a limited number of institutional investors (known as "Authorized Participants") are authorized to purchase and redeem shares directly from the Fund. Retail investors cannot transact directly with the Fund. In addition, there may be a limited number of market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace to transact in Fund shares, there may be demand for Fund shares thereby increasing the market price above NAV, or lack of demand, which may decrease the market price below NAV, or in stressed market conditions, the market for Fund shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund's underlying portfolio holdings. As a result of these and other considerations, Fund shares may trade at a material premium or discount to net asset value (“NAV”) or these factors may, in turn, lead to wider spreads between the bid and ask price of Fund shares. In addition, the Fund may face possible delisting if: (i) Authorized Participants exit the business or otherwise become unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other Authorized Participants step forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities and no other entities step forward to perform their functions. 

 

Trading Risk. Shares of the Fund may trade on the [-] (the “Exchange”) above (premium) or below (discount) their NAV. In stressed market conditions, the market for Fund shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund's underlying portfolio holdings, which may increase the variance between the market price of the Fund shares and the value of its underlying holdings. This can be reflected as a spread between the bid and ask prices for the Fund shares quoted during the day or a premium or discount in the closing price from the Fund’s NAV. In addition, although the Fund's shares are currently listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for Fund shares will develop or be maintained. Trading in Fund shares may be halted due to market conditions or for reasons that, in the view of the Exchange, make trading in shares of the Fund inadvisable.

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New/Smaller Fund Risk– A new or smaller fund is subject to the risk that its performance may not represent how the fund is expected to or may perform in the long term. In addition, new funds have limited operating histories for investors to evaluate and new and smaller funds may not attract sufficient assets to achieve investment and trading efficiencies. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve an economically viable size, in which case it could ultimately liquidate. The Fund may be liquidated by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) without a shareholder vote. In a liquidation, shareholders of the Fund will receive an amount equal to the Fund’s NAV, after deducting the costs of liquidation, including the transaction costs of disposing of the Fund’s portfolio investments. Receipt of a liquidation distribution may have negative tax consequences for shareholders. Additionally, during the Fund’s liquidation all or a portion of the Fund’s portfolio may be invested in a manner not consistent with its investment objective and investment policies.

 

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk – Geopolitical and other events (e.g., wars, pandemics, sanctions, terrorism) often disrupt securities markets and adversely affect the general economy or particular economies and markets. Those events, as well as other changes in non-U.S. and U.S. economic and political conditions, could exacerbate other risks or otherwise reduce the value of the Fund’s investments.

 

Counterparty Risk – The Fund runs the risk that the counterparty to a derivatives contract, a clearing member used by the Fund to hold a cleared derivatives contract, or a borrower of the Fund’s securities is unable or unwilling to make timely settlement payments, return the Fund’s collateral or otherwise honor its obligations.

 

Derivatives and Short Sales Risk – The use of derivatives involves the risk that their value may not change as expected relative to changes in the value of the underlying assets, pools of assets, rates, currencies or indices. Derivatives also present other risks, including market risk, illiquidity risk, currency risk, credit risk, leveraging risk, commodities risk and counterparty risk. The market price of an option is affected by many factors, including changes in the market prices or dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities in such indices); the time remaining before expiration; changes in interest rates or exchange rates; and changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the relevant index or underlying securities. The Fund typically creates short investment exposure by selling securities short or by taking a derivative position in which the value of the derivative moves in the opposite direction from the price of an underlying asset, pool of assets, rate, currency or index. Specifically, the value of the Fund’s investment will be adversely affected if the equities or other assets that are the subject of the Fund’s short exposures appreciate in value. The risk of loss associated with derivatives that provide short investment exposure and short sales of securities is theoretically unlimited.

 

Leveraging Risk – The use of derivatives, short sales and securities lending can create leverage. Leverage increases the Fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines.

 

Performance Information

 

The Fund is new, and therefore has no performance history. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s returns and comparing the Fund’s performance to a broad measure of market performance. When available, updated performance information will be available on the Fund’s website at www.[-].com. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.

 

Investment Adviser

 

Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC  serves as the investment adviser to the Fund.

 

Investment Team and Senior Members of GMO primarily responsible for portfolio management of the Fund:

 

Investment Team Senior Member (Length of Service with Fund) Title
Focused Equity Thomas Hancock (since inception)

Head, Focused Equity Team, GMO.

Focused Equity Ty Cobb (since inception)

Portfolio Manager, Focused Equity Team, GMO. 

Focused Equity Anthony Hene (since inception)

Portfolio Manager, Focused Equity Team, GMO.

3

 

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares

 

The Fund issues shares to, and redeems shares from, certain institutional investors known as “Authorized Participants” (typically market makers or other broker-dealers) only in large blocks of Fund shares known as “Creation Units.” Creation Unit transactions are generally conducted in exchange for the deposit or delivery of a portfolio of in-kind securities designated by the Fund and, as needed, a specified amount of cash.  

 

Individual Fund shares may only be purchased and sold in the secondary market through a broker or dealer at a market price. Because Fund shares trade at market prices rather than at NAV, Fund shares may trade at a price greater than NAV (premium) or less than NAV (discount). When buying or selling shares in the secondary market, you may incur costs attributable to the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay to purchase shares of the Fund (bid) and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for shares of the Fund (ask) (the “bid-ask spread”). When available, recent information regarding the Fund’s NAV, market price, premiums and discounts, and bid-ask spreads will be available at www.[-].com.

 

U.S. Tax Information

 

The Fund intends to elect to be treated, and intends to qualify and be treated each year, as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to distribute net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any, to shareholders.

 

Distributions made by the Fund may be taxable as ordinary income, qualified dividend income, or long-term capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or individual retirement account. In that case, you may be taxed when you take a distribution from such account, depending on the type of account, the circumstances of your distribution, and other factors.

 

Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries

 

If you purchase Fund shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Adviser or its affiliates may pay the financial intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary's website for more information.

 

Additional Information about the Fund’s Investment Strategies, Risks and Expenses

 

Fund Summary. The preceding section summarizes the investment objective, fees and expenses, principal investment strategies, principal risks, performance, management, and other important information for the Fund. The summary is not all-inclusive, and the Fund may make investments, employ strategies, and be exposed to risks that are not described in its summary. More information about the Fund’s investments and strategies is contained in the Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”). See the back cover of this Prospectus for information about how to receive the SAI.

 

Fundamental Investment Objectives/Policies. The Fund is an actively managed ETF and uses an active investment strategy in seeking to achieve its investment objective. GMO, subject to the oversight of the Board of The 2023 ETF Series Trust II (the “Trust”), has discretion on a daily basis to manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with its investment objective and investment policies. Neither the Fund nor GMO guarantees that the Fund will be able to achieve its investment objective.

 

Definitions. When used in this Prospectus, the term “invest” includes direct and indirect investing and long and short investing and the term “investments” includes direct and indirect investments and long and short investments. For example, the Fund may invest indirectly in a given asset or asset class by investing in derivatives and synthetic instruments, and the resulting exposure to the asset or asset class may be long or short. When used in this Prospectus, (i) the term “equities” refers to common and preferred stocks and other stock-related securities, such as convertible securities, depositary receipts, and equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) and income trusts; ( (ii) the term “total return” includes capital appreciation and income; and (iii) the term “underlying funds” refers to investment companies not advised by GMO, including, among others, closed-end funds, money market funds, and ETFs. 

4

 

Portfolio Turnover. The Fund is not subject to any limit on the frequency with which portfolio securities may be purchased or sold, and GMO makes investment decisions for the Fund without regard to portfolio turnover rates. High turnover rates may create additional taxable income for shareholders. If portfolio turnover results in the recognition of short-term capital gains, those gains, when distributed, typically are taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates. See “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” below for more information.

 

Fee and Expense Example. The expense example under “Example” included in the Fund’s summary assumes that a shareholder reinvests all dividends and distributions, if any.

 

Securities Lending. As described in the Fund Summary and the SAI, the Fund may seek to earn additional income by lending its portfolio securities. Securities loans are subject to termination by the Fund at any time and are required to be secured at all times by collateral in an amount at least equal in value to the market value of the securities loaned. Daily market fluctuations could cause the value of loaned securities to be more or less than the value of the collateral received. When this occurs, the collateral is adjusted and settled on the following business day. Voting rights or rights to consent with respect to loaned securities pass to the borrower. The Fund has the right to call a loan at any time on reasonable notice to exercise voting rights associated with the loaned security and expects to do so if both: (i) GMO receives adequate notice of a proposal on which shareholders are being asked to vote and (ii) GMO believes that the benefits to the Fund of voting on that proposal outweigh the benefits to the Fund of having the security remain out on loan.

 

Investments in U.S. Treasury Fund and Unaffiliated Money Market Funds. The Fund may invest in GMO U.S. Treasury Fund (a mutual fund advised by GMO that is not offered by this prospectus), money market funds unaffiliated with GMO and directly in the types of investments typically held by money market funds.

 

This Prospectus does not offer shares of the Fund in any state where they may not lawfully be offered.

 

Description of Principal Risks

 

Investing in an ETF involves many risks. Factors that may affect the Fund’s portfolio as a whole, called “principal risks,” are discussed in “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund” above and in additional detail in this section. The risks of investing in the Fund depend on the types of investments in its portfolio and the investment strategies GMO employs on its behalf. This section describes some additional principal risks and some related risks but does not describe every potential risk of investing in the Fund. The Fund could be subject to additional risks because of the types of investments it makes and market conditions, which may change over time. The SAI includes more information about the Fund and its investments.

 

An investment in the Fund, by itself, generally does not provide a complete investment program but rather is intended to serve as part of an investor’s overall investment program. An investment in the Fund is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.

 

The following section provides additional information regarding the principal risks of the Fund.

 

Counterparty Risk. To the extent the Fund enters into contracts with counterparties, such as repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements or OTC derivatives contracts, or lends its securities, it runs the risk that the counterparty will be unable or unwilling to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations. If a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise be forced to hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. In addition, the Fund may suffer losses if a counterparty fails to comply with applicable laws, regulations or other requirements. The Fund is not subject to any limit on its exposure to any one counterparty nor to a requirement that counterparties with whom it enters into contracts maintain a specific rating by a nationally recognized rating organization. Counterparty risk is pronounced during unusually adverse market conditions and is particularly acute when financial services firms are exposed (as they were in 2008) to systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers and subsequent market disruptions.

 

Participants in OTC derivatives markets typically are not subject to the same level of credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as are members of exchange-based markets; therefore, OTC derivatives generally expose the Fund to higher counterparty risk than exchange-traded derivatives. The Fund is subject to the risk that a counterparty will not settle an OTC derivative in accordance with its terms because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether or not bona fide) or because of a credit or liquidity problem. For example, because the contract for each OTC derivative is individually negotiated, the counterparty may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently than the Fund, and if it does, GMO may decide not to pursue the Fund’s claims against the counterparty to avoid the cost and unpredictability of legal proceedings. The Fund, therefore, runs the risk of being unable to obtain payments GMO believes are owed to it under an OTC derivatives contract or of those payments being delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred litigation costs.

5

 

If a counterparty’s obligation to the Fund is not collateralized, then the Fund is essentially an unsecured creditor of the counterparty. If a counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies (whether or not the obligation is collateralized), but the Fund may be unable to enforce them, thus causing the Fund to suffer a loss.

 

Counterparty risk is higher for derivatives with longer maturities because of the longer time during which events may occur that prevent settlement. Counterparty risk also is higher when the Fund has entered into OTC derivatives contracts with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent the Fund uses swap contracts, it will be subject, in particular, to the creditworthiness of the counterparties because some types of swap contracts have terms longer than six months (and, in some cases, decades). The creditworthiness of a counterparty can be expected to be adversely affected by higher than average volatility in the markets, even if the counterparty’s net market exposure is small relative to its capital. Counterparty risk still exists even if a counterparty’s obligations are secured by collateral if the Fund’s interest in the collateral is not perfected or additional collateral is not posted promptly as required. GMO’s view with respect to a particular counterparty is subject to change. The fact, however, that GMO’s view becomes more negative (whether due to external events or otherwise) does not mean that the Fund’s existing derivatives with that counterparty will be terminated or modified. In addition, the Fund may enter into new transactions with a counterparty that GMO no longer views favorably (for example, re-establishing a derivative with a lower notional amount or entering into a countervailing trade with the same counterparty). Counterparty risk also will be higher if a counterparty’s obligations exceed the value of the collateral held by the Fund (if any).

 

Counterparty risk with respect to derivatives has been and will continue to be affected by new rules and regulations relating to the derivatives market. As described under “Derivatives and Short Sales Risk,” some derivatives transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position.

 

Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system.

 

In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the Fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations or realization on collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the European Union and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide governmental authorities broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty. In particular, in the European Union and the United Kingdom, governmental authorities could reduce, eliminate, or convert to equity the liabilities to the Fund of a counterparty experiencing financial difficulties (commonly referred to as a “bail in”).

 

The Fund is subject to counterparty risk because it executes its securities transactions through brokers and dealers. If a broker or dealer fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or be unable to dispose of investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund.

 

Derivatives and Short Sales Risk. The Fund may invest in derivatives, which are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of underlying assets, such as securities, commodities or currencies, reference rates, such as interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates, or indices. The use of derivatives involves the risk that their value may not change as expected relative to changes in the value of the assets, rates, or indices they are designed to track. Derivatives include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, forward contracts, foreign currency contracts, swap contracts, contracts for differences, options on securities and indices, options on futures contracts, options on swap contracts, interest rate caps, floors and collars, reverse repurchase agreements and other over-the-counter (OTC) contracts. The SAI describes the various types of derivatives in which the Fund invests and how they may be used in the Fund’s investment strategies.

 

Many derivatives, in particular OTC derivatives, are complex, and their valuation often requires modeling and judgment, which increases the risk of mispricing or improper valuation and exposes the Fund to the risk that the valuations generated by GMO’s pricing models are different from the amounts the Fund realizes when it closes or sells a derivative. Valuation risk is more pronounced when the Fund enters into OTC derivatives with specialized terms because the value of those derivatives in some cases is determined only by reference to similar derivatives with more standardized terms. As a result, the Fund runs a risk that inaccurate valuations will result in higher than necessary cash payments to counterparties, under-collateralization and/or errors in the calculation of the Fund’s net asset value.

6

 

The use of derivatives involves risks that are in addition to, and potentially higher than, the risks of investing directly in securities. In particular, the Fund’s use of OTC derivatives exposes it to the risk that the counterparties will be unable or unwilling to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor their obligations. The Fund may invest in derivatives that (i) do not require the counterparty to post collateral (e.g., forward currency contracts), (ii) require collateral but do not provide for perfection of the Fund’s security interest, (iii) require a significant upfront deposit by the Fund unrelated to the derivative’s fundamental fair (or intrinsic) value, or (iv) do not require that collateral be regularly marked-to-market. When a counterparty’s obligations are not fully secured by collateral, the Fund runs a higher risk of not being able to recover what it is owed if the counterparty defaults. OTC swap contracts and other OTC derivatives are susceptible to documentation risk, which is the risk that ambiguities, inconsistencies or errors in the documentation relating to a derivative transaction will lead to a dispute with the counterparty or unintended investment results. See “Counterparty Risk.”

 

Transactions in some types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North American and European indices) are required to be centrally cleared. In a transaction involving those swaps (“cleared derivatives”), the Fund’s counterparty is a clearing house rather than a bank or broker. Since the Fund is not a member of a clearing house and only members of a clearing house (“clearing members”) can participate directly in the clearing house, the Fund holds cleared derivatives through accounts at clearing members. In cleared derivative positions, the Fund makes payments (including margin payments) to and receives payments from a clearing house through its accounts at clearing members. Clearing members guarantee performance of their clients’ obligations to the clearing house. Clearing houses also have broad rights to increase the margin required for existing positions or to terminate those positions at any time. Any increase in margin requirements or termination of existing cleared derivative positions by the clearing member or the clearing house could interfere with the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategy, and an increase in margin held by a clearing member could expose the Fund to higher credit risk to its clearing member. Also, the Fund is subject to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared (or that GMO expects to be cleared) and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the Fund’s behalf. In those cases, the position might have to be terminated, and the Fund could lose some or all of the benefit of the position, including loss of an increase in the value of the position and loss of hedging protection.

 

If the Fund wishes to execute a package of transactions that includes a swap that is required to be executed on a swap execution facility as well as other transactions (for example, a package that includes both a security swap and an interest rate swap that hedges interest rate exposure with respect to that security), the Fund runs the risk of being unable to execute all components of the package on the swap execution facility. In that case, the Fund would need to trade some components of the package on the swap execution facility and other components in another manner, which could subject the Fund to the risk that some components will be executed successfully and others not, or that the components would be executed at different times, leaving the Fund with an unhedged position for a period of time.

 

The Fund is permitted to write options. Purchasing and writing put and call options are highly specialized activities and entail higher risks than simply purchasing and selling publicly-traded securities. The market price of an option is affected by many factors, and the market price of an option is often adversely affected, for example, if the market for the option becomes less liquid or the perceived volatility in the underlying security changes significantly. In addition, since an American-style option allows the holder to exercise the option at any time before the option’s expiration, the writer of an American-style option has no control over when it will be required to fulfill its obligations as a writer of the option. The writer of a European-style option is not subject to this risk because the holder may exercise the option only on its expiration date. If the Fund writes a call option and does not hold the underlying security, the Fund’s potential loss is unlimited.

 

The Fund may sell securities short as part of its investment program in an attempt to increase its returns or for hedging purposes. Short sales of a security the Fund does not own expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to acquire that security when it has appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. Purchasing a security or currency to close out a short position can itself cause the price of the security or currency to rise further, thereby increasing any losses. The Fund also creates short investment exposure by taking a derivative position in which the value of the derivative moves in the opposite direction from the price of an underlying asset, pool of assets, rate, currency or index. Short sales of securities or currencies the Fund does not own and “short” derivative positions creates investment leverage, and the amount of the Fund’s potential loss is unlimited. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish and/or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate or index could result in a loss substantially higher than the amount invested in the derivative itself. See “Leveraging Risk.”

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Investing in derivatives can present many other risks due to the nature of the derivative terms, underlying reference assets and other factors. Please see “Counterparty Risk”, “Leveraging Risk”, and “Market Risk,” in each case described elsewhere in this section.

 

ETF Risks. The Fund is an exchange-traded Fund and, as a result of this structure, it is exposed to the following risks:

Costs of Buying or Selling Shares Risk. Investors buying or selling Fund shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions or other charges imposed by brokers, as determined by that broker. Brokerage commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of shares. In addition, secondary market investors will also incur the cost of the difference between the price at which an investor is willing to buy Fund shares (the “bid” price) and the price at which an investor is willing to sell Fund shares (the “ask” price). This difference in bid and ask prices is often referred to as the “spread” or “bid-ask spread.” The bid-ask spread varies over time for Fund shares based on trading volume and market liquidity, and the spread is generally lower if Fund shares have more trading volume and market liquidity and higher if Fund shares have little trading volume and market liquidity. Further, a relatively small investor base in the Fund, asset swings in the Fund, and/or increased market volatility may cause increased bid-ask spreads. Due to the costs of buying or selling Fund shares, including bid-ask spreads, frequent trading of shares may significantly reduce investment results and an investment in Fund shares may not be advisable for investors who anticipate regularly making small investments.

 

Limited Authorized Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Risk. Only an Authorized Participant may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Fund. The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as Authorized Participants. In addition, there may be a limited number of market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. Particularly in times of market stress, Authorized Participants, market makers, or liquidity providers may exit the business, reduce their business activities, or otherwise become unable to process creation and/or redemption orders, and there is a possibility that no other entities will step forward to perform these services. This may result in a significantly diminished trading market for the Fund’s shares, differences between the market price of the Fund’s shares and the underlying value of those shares, and delisting of the shares.

 

Trading Risk. Although Fund shares are listed for trading on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for such shares will develop or be maintained. Secondary market trading in the Fund’s shares may be halted by the Exchange because of market conditions or for other reasons. In addition, trading in the Fund’s shares is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules. There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund’s shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged.

 

Shares of the Fund may trade at, above or below their most recent NAV. The per share NAV of the Fund is calculated at the end of each business day and fluctuates with changes in the market value of the Fund’s holdings since the prior most recent calculation. The trading prices of the Fund’s shares will fluctuate continuously throughout trading hours based on market supply and demand. The trading prices of the Fund’s shares may deviate significantly from the value of the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings, particularly in times of market stress, with the result that investors may pay more or receive less than the underlying value of the Fund shares bought or sold. This can be reflected as a spread between the bid and ask prices for the Fund’s shares quoted during the day or a premium or discount in the closing price from the Fund’s NAV. In stressed market conditions, the market for the Fund’s shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings. These factors, among others, may lead to the Fund’s shares trading at a premium or discount to NAV. However, given that shares of the Fund can be created and redeemed only in Creation Units at NAV (unlike shares of many closed-end funds, which frequently trade at appreciable discounts from, and sometimes at premiums to, their NAVs), the Adviser does not believe that large discounts or premiums to NAV will exist for extended periods of time. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it likely that the Fund’s shares normally will trade close to the Fund’s NAV, exchange prices are not expected to correlate exactly with the Fund’s NAV due to timing reasons as well as market supply and demand factors. In addition, disruptions to creations and redemptions or the existence of extreme volatility may result in trading prices that differ significantly from NAV.

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As with all ETFs, the Fund’s shares may be bought and sold in the secondary market at market prices. Although it is expected that the market price of the Fund’s shares will approximate the Fund’s NAV, there may be times when the market price of shares is more than the NAV intra-day (premium) or less than the NAV intra-day (discount) due to supply and demand of shares or during periods of market volatility. This risk is heightened in times of market volatility, periods of steep market declines, and periods when there is limited trading activity for shares in the secondary market, in which case such premiums or discounts may be significant. If a shareholder purchases at a time when the market price of the Fund is at a premium to its NAV or sells at time when the market price is at a discount to the NAV, the shareholder may sustain losses.

 

Investors buying or selling shares of the Fund in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of Fund shares. In addition, secondary market investors will also incur the cost of the difference between the price that an investor is willing to pay for shares of the Fund (the “bid” price) and the price at which an investor is willing to sell shares of the Fund (the “ask” price). This difference in bid and ask prices is often referred to as the “spread” or “bid/ask spread.” The bid/ask spread varies over time for shares of the Fund based on trading volume and market liquidity, and is generally lower if the Fund’s shares have more trading volume and market liquidity and higher if the Fund’s shares have little trading volume and market liquidity. Further, increased market volatility may cause increased bid/ask spreads. Due to the costs of buying or selling shares of the Fund, including bid/ask spreads, frequent trading of such shares may significantly reduce investment results and an investment in the Fund’s shares may not be advisable for investors who anticipate regularly making small investments.

 

Focused Investment Risk. To the extent that the Fund’s investments are focused in a limited number of asset classes, sectors, industries, issuers, currencies, countries or regions that are subject to the same or similar risk factors, or whose market prices are closely correlated, the Fund is subject to higher overall risk than the Fund would be if its investments were more diversified or whose market prices are not as closely correlated.

 

To the extent the Fund invests in the securities of a small number of issuers, it will have greater exposure to adverse developments affecting those issuers and to a decline in the market price of those issuers’ securities than it would be if it invested in the securities of a larger number of issuers. Companies that share common characteristics are often subject to similar business risks and regulatory burdens and often react similarly to specific economic, market, political or other developments.

 

Similarly, because the Fund has a significant portion of its assets in investments tied economically to the U.S., it will have more exposure to economic risks affecting U.S. companies than do funds whose investments are more geographically diverse. The political and economic prospects of one country or group of countries within the same geographic region may affect other countries in that region, and a recession, debt crisis or decline in the value of the currency of one country can spread to other countries. Furthermore, companies in a particular geographic region or country are vulnerable to events affecting other companies in that region or country because they often share common characteristics, are exposed to similar business risks and regulatory burdens, and react similarly to specific economic, market, political or other developments.

 

Leveraging Risk. The use of traditional borrowing, reverse repurchase agreements and other derivatives, short sales and securities lending can create leverage (i.e., the Fund’s investment exposures exceed its net asset value). Leverage increases the Fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate, or index may result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. In the case of swaps, the risk of loss generally is related to a notional principal amount, even if the parties have not made any initial investment. Like short sales, some derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss regardless of the size of the initial investment.

 

The Fund may manage some of its derivative positions by offsetting derivative positions against one another or against other assets. To the extent offsetting positions do not behave in relation to one another as expected, the Fund may perform as if it were leveraged.

 

The Fund is permitted to purchase securities on margin or sell securities short, both of which create leverage. To the extent the market price of securities purchased on margin or sold short increases, the Fund will be required to provide additional collateral. The requirement to post additional collateral may limit the Fund’s ability to make other investments that it would be able to make had it not been required to post additional collateral.

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Management and Operational Risk.  The Fund is subject to management risk because, in relying on GMO to achieve its investment objective, it runs the risk that GMO’s investment techniques will fail to produce intended results and cause the Fund to incur significant losses. GMO also may fail to use derivatives effectively, choosing to hedge or not to hedge positions at disadvantageous times.

 

The Fund also runs the risk that GMO’s assessment of an investment (including a security’s fundamental fair (or intrinsic) value) is wrong.

 

There can be no assurance that key GMO personnel will continue to be employed by GMO. The loss of their services could have an adverse effect on GMO’s ability to achieve the Fund’s investment objectives.

 

The Fund is also subject to operational risks resulting from other services provided by GMO and other service providers, including pricing, administrative, accounting, tax, legal, custody, transfer agency and other operational services. Examples of operational risks include the risk of loss caused by inadequate procedures and controls, human error and system failures by a service provider that result in trading delays or errors that prevent the Fund from benefiting from investment gains or avoiding losses. In addition, a service provider may be unable to provide a net asset value for the Fund on a timely basis. GMO is not contractually liable to the Fund for losses associated with operational risk absent its willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its contractual obligations to provide services to the Fund. Other Fund service providers also have contractual limitations on their liability to the Fund for losses resulting from their errors.

 

The Fund and its service providers (including GMO), Authorized Participants and market makers are susceptible to cyberattacks and to technological malfunctions that have effects similar to those of a cyberattack. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees of the Fund’s service providers (including GMO) to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to the Fund’s electronic infrastructure. Cyberattacks include, among others, stealing, corrupting, or preventing access to data maintained online or digitally, preventing legitimate users from accessing information or services, releasing confidential information without authorization and disrupting operations. Successful cyberattacks against, or security breakdowns of, the Fund, GMO, an Authorized Participant, a market maker, a custodian, transfer agent, or other service provider may adversely affect the Fund or its shareholders. For instance, cyberattacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, affect the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release or misappropriation of confidential shareholder or Fund information, impede trading, interfere with the use of quantitative models, cause reputational damage, and subject the Fund to regulatory fines, penalties or financial losses and additional compliance costs. The Fund’s service providers regularly experience cyberattacks and expect they will continue to do so. In addition, cyberattacks involving a counterparty to the Fund could affect such a counterparty’s ability to meet its obligations to the Fund, which may result in losses to the Fund and its shareholders. While GMO has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent, detect and respond to cyberattacks, those plans and systems have inherent limitations. 

 

Issuers of securities in which the Fund invests are subject to similar types of cybersecurity risks that could have material adverse consequences for those issuers and result in a decline in the market price of their securities. Furthermore, as a result of cyberattacks, technological disruptions, malfunctions or failures, an exchange or market may close or suspend trading generally, or in specific securities the Fund could be prevented from, among other things, buying or selling portfolio securities or accurately pricing those securities. The Fund cannot directly control cyber security plans and systems of its service providers, the Fund’s counterparties, issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, or securities markets and exchanges, and the Fund’s service providers and counterparties and issuers may have limited, if any, indemnification obligations to GMO or the Fund.

 

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk. The Fund is subject to the risk that geopolitical and other events (e.g., wars, pandemics, sanctions and terrorism) will disrupt securities markets, adversely affect the general economy or particular economies and markets and exacerbate the effects of other risks to which the Fund is subject, thereby reducing the value of the Fund’s investments. Sudden or significant changes in the supply or prices of commodities or in other economic inputs (e.g., the marked decline in oil prices in late 2014 and early 2020 and substantial increase in 2022) may have material and unexpected effects on both global securities markets and individual countries, regions, sectors, companies and industries. Terrorism in the United States and around the world has increased geopolitical risk. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 resulted in the closure of some U.S. securities markets for four days, and similar attacks are possible in the future. Securities markets are susceptible to market manipulation or other fraudulent trading practices, which could disrupt their orderly functioning or reduce the prices of securities traded on them held by the Fund. Fraud and other deceptive practices committed by an issuer of securities held by the Fund, when discovered, will likely cause a steep decline in the market price of those securities and thus negatively affect the value of the Fund’s investments. In addition, when discovered, financial fraud contributes to overall market volatility, which can adversely affect the Fund’s investment program.

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A default by the U.S. government (as has been threatened over the years) or a shutdown of U.S. government services (including in response to political events) could adversely affect the U.S. economy, reduce the value of many Fund investments, and disrupt the operation of the U.S. or other securities markets. Climate change regulation (such as decarbonization legislation or other mandatory controls to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases) could significantly affect many of the companies in which the Fund invests by, among other things, increasing those companies’ operating costs and capital expenditures. Uncertainty over credit worthiness of the sovereign debt of several European Union countries, as well as uncertainty over the continued existence of the European Union itself, has disrupted and may continue to disrupt markets in the United States and around the world.

 

War, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and related geopolitical events, such as sanctions, tariffs, the imposition of exchange controls or other cross-border trade barriers, other government restrictions (or the threat of such restrictions) have led, and in the future may lead, to greater short-term market volatility and have had, and in the future may have, adverse long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets generally or on specific sectors, industries, and countries. Events such as these and their impact on the Fund are impossible to predict.

 

In addition, the Chinese government is involved in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan that has included threats of invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt unification of Taiwan by force, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or get worse, economies, markets and individual securities may be severely affected both regionally and globally, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down.

 

Natural disasters (such as the earthquake and tsunami in Japan in early 2011), epidemics or pandemics (such as the outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019), and systemic market dislocations (such as the kind surrounding the insolvency of Lehman Brothers in 2008) subject the Fund to heightened risk and can adversely affect the market price of the Fund’s investments.

 

An exchange or market may close early, close late or issue trading halts on specific securities, or the ability to buy or sell certain securities may be restricted, which may result in the Fund’s being unable to buy or sell certain securities. In these circumstances, the Fund may be unable to rebalance its portfolio, may be required to fair value its investments and/or may incur substantial trading losses.

 

Market Risk - Equities. The Fund runs the risk that the market price of the equities in its portfolio will decline. That decline may be attributable to factors affecting the issuer, such as a failure to keep up with technological advances or reduced demand for its goods or services, or to factors affecting a particular industry, such as a decline in demand, labor or raw material shortages or increased production costs. A decline also may be attributable to general market conditions not specifically related to a company or industry, such as existing or anticipated adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates, rising inflation (or expectations for rising inflation), or adverse investor sentiment generally. The market prices of equities are volatile and can decline in a rapid or unpredictable manner. Equities that are characterized as relatively cyclical often are especially sensitive to economic cycles, which means they typically underperform non-cyclical equities during economic downturns. Performance of cyclical equities can be significantly affected by, among other factors, cyclical revenue generation, consumer confidence and changing consumer preferences, and the performance of domestic and international economies. If the Fund purchases an equity for what GMO believes is less than its fundamental fair (or intrinsic) value as assessed by GMO and GMO’s assessment proves to be incorrect, the Fund runs the risk that the market price of the equity will not appreciate or will decline. The market prices of equities trading at high multiples of current earnings often are more sensitive to changes in future earnings expectations and interest rates than the market prices of equities trading at lower multiples.

 

Portfolio Holdings

 

A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio securities is available in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). In addition, the identities and quantities of the securities held by the Fund are disclosed on the Fund's website, at www.[-].com.

 

Fund Management  

 

Founded in 1977, the Adviser is a privately held limited liability company formed under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with its principal office at 53 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. The Adviser provides various investment advisory services, including to pooled investment vehicles. As of [-], 2023, the Adviser had approximately $[-] billion in assets under management.

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Under an investment advisory agreement between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and the Adviser, the Adviser provides investment advisory services to the Fund. The Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund, including, among other things, providing an investment program for the Fund, trading portfolio securities on behalf of the Fund, and selecting broker-dealers to execute purchase and sale transactions, subject to the oversight of the Board.

 

For the services it provides to the Fund, the Fund pays the Adviser a fee calculated daily and paid monthly at an annual rate of [-]% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.

 

Under the investment advisory agreement, the Adviser has agreed to pay all expenses incurred by, and appropriately allocated to, the Fund except for the advisory fee; investment-related costs (such as interest charges on any borrowings, brokerage commissions and other expenses incurred in placing orders for the purchase and sale of securities and other investment instruments); taxes; proxy and shareholder meeting expenses (unless the need for a shareholder meeting is caused by the Adviser, such as a change of control of the Adviser); fees and expense related to the provision of securities lending services; acquired fund fees and expenses (other than management and shareholder service fees paid to the Adviser attributable to the Fund’s investment in such acquired funds); legal fees or expenses in connection with any arbitration, litigation, or pending or threatened arbitration or litigation, including any settlements in connection therewith; legal fees incurred at the request or direction of a Fund service provider other than the Adviser; extraordinary (as mutually determined by the Board and the Adviser) or non-recurring expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of the Fund’s business; and distribution fees and expenses paid by the Fund under any distribution plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act.

 

A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the investment advisory agreement with the Adviser will be available in the Fund’s first [Annual/Semi-Annual] Report to shareholders for the fiscal period ending [-].

 

GMO has entered into personnel sharing arrangements with some of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including GMO UK Limited (“GMO UK” and together with other wholly-owned subsidiaries, “GMO Advisory Affiliates”). Pursuant to these arrangements, some employees of GMO Advisory Affiliates may serve as officers and associated persons of GMO and in that capacity may provide investment management and other services to the Funds. These individuals are identified in GMO’s Form ADV, a copy of which is on file with the SEC. For information on possible special United Kingdom tax consequences of an investment in a Fund, see “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes.”

 

GMO is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC.

 

Portfolio Managers

 

The following table identifies the senior member(s) of the Investment Team(s) with primary responsibility for managing the investments of the Fund and their title and business experience during the past five years. The Fund relies on the respective senior members of GMO to directly manage (or allocate to members of their Team responsibility for managing portions of the portfolio of) the Fund, oversee the implementation of trades, review the overall composition of the Fund’s portfolio, including compliance with stated investment objectives and strategies, and monitor cash.

 

Fund Senior Member Title, Business Experience During the Past 5 Years
U.S. Quality ETF Thomas Hancock Head, Focused Equity Team, GMO. Dr. Hancock was responsible for overseeing the portfolio management of GMO’s international developed market and global equity portfolios beginning in 1998.
Ty Cobb Portfolio Manager, Focused Equity Team, GMO. Mr. Cobb has been responsible for providing portfolio management and research services for global equity portfolios at GMO since 2003.
Anthony Hene Portfolio Manager, Focused Equity Team, GMO. Mr. Hene has been in this role since September 2015. Mr. Hene has been responsible for providing portfolio management and research services for this and other global equity portfolios at GMO since 1995.

 

The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.

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Buying and Selling Fund Shares

 

Shares of the Fund are listed for trading on the Exchange. When you buy or sell the Fund’s shares on the secondary market, you will pay or receive the market price. You may incur customary brokerage commissions and charges and may pay some or all of the spread between the bid and the offered price in the secondary market on each leg of a round trip (purchase and sale) transaction. The shares of the Fund will trade on the Exchange at prices that may differ to varying degrees from the daily NAV of such shares. A business day with respect to the Fund is any day on which the Exchange is open for business. The Exchange is generally open Monday through Friday and is closed on weekends and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.

 

Determination of Net Asset Value 

 

The net asset value or “NAV” per share of the Fund is determined as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, generally at 4:00 p.m. Eastern time.

 

The NAV per share of the Fund is determined by dividing the value of the net assets of the Fund (i.e., the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities) by the total number of outstanding shares. NAV is not determined (and accordingly, transactions in shares of the Fund are not processed) on any day when the NYSE is closed for business. In addition, to the extent the Fund holds portfolio securities listed on exchanges (e.g., non-U.S. exchanges) that are open for trading on days when the Fund’s NAV is not determined (e.g., a U.S. holiday on which the NYSE is closed for business), the net value of the Fund’s assets may change significantly on days when shares cannot be redeemed.

 

 The value of the Fund’s investments is generally determined as set forth below. Investments for which market quotations are not readily available, or for which circumstances make an existing valuation methodology or procedure unreliable, are valued at “fair value” as determined in good faith by GMO, subject to the oversight of the Board (See the discussion in “‘Fair Value’ pricing” below):

 

Exchange-traded securities (other than exchange-traded options) for which market quotations are readily available:

 

Last sale price or official closing price, as applicable, on an exchange or

 

Most recent quoted price published by the exchange (if no reported last sale or official closing price) or

 

Quoted price provided by a pricing source (in the event GMO deems the private market to be a more reliable indicator of market value than the exchange)

 

Exchange-traded options:

 

Last sale price, provided that price is between the closing bid and ask prices. If the last sale price is not within that range, then they will be valued at the closing bid price for long positions and the closing ask price for short positions

 

Cleared derivatives:

 

Closing price quoted (which may be based on a model) by the relevant clearing house (if an updated quote for a cleared derivative is not available when the Fund calculates its NAV, the derivative will generally be valued using an industry standard model, which may differ from the model used by the relevant clearing house)

 

OTC derivatives:

 

Price generally determined by an industry standard model

 

Unlisted non-fixed income securities for which market quotations are readily available:

 

Most recent quoted price

 

Fixed income securities (includes bonds, loans, loan participations, asset-backed securities, and other structured notes):

 

Most recent price supplied by a pricing source determined by GMO (if a reliable updated price for a fixed income security is not available when the Fund calculates its NAV, the Fund will generally use the most recent reliable price to value that security)

 

Note: Reliable prices, including reliable quoted prices, may not always be available. When they are not available, the Fund may use alternative valuation methodologies (e.g., valuing the relevant assets at “fair value” as described below).

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Shares of open-end registered investment companies:

 

Most recent NAV

 

“Quoted price” typically means the bid price for securities held long and the ask price for securities sold short. If a market quotation for a security does not involve a bid or an ask, the “quoted price” may be the price provided by a market participant or other third-party pricing source in accordance with the market practice for that security. If an updated quoted price for a security is not available when the Fund calculates its NAV, the Fund will generally use the last quoted price so long as GMO believes that the quoted price continues to represent that security’s fair value.

 

In the case of derivatives, prices determined by a model may reflect an estimate of the average of bid and ask prices, regardless of whether the Fund has a long position or a short position.

 

The prices of non-U.S. securities quoted in foreign currencies, foreign currency balances, and the value of non-U.S. forward currency contracts are typically translated into U.S. dollars at the close of regular trading on the NYSE, generally at 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, at then current exchange rates or at such other rates as the Trustees or persons acting at their direction may determine in computing NAV.

 

GMO evaluates pricing sources on an ongoing basis and may change a pricing source at any time. GMO monitors erratic or unusual movements (including unusual inactivity) in the prices supplied for a security and has discretion to override a price supplied by a source (e.g., by taking a price supplied by another source) when it believes that the price supplied is not reliable. Alternative pricing sources are often but not always available for securities held by the Fund.

 

“Fair Value” pricing:

 

With respect to the Fund’s use of “fair value” pricing, you should note the following:

 

Under Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, which addresses valuation practices and the role of the board of directors with respect to the fair value of the investments of a registered investment company, an investment company’s board is permitted to designate the fund’s primary investment adviser as “valuation designee” to perform the fund’s fair value determinations, subject to board oversight and reporting and other requirements. As of the date of this Prospectus, GMO serves as the Fund’s valuation designee for purposes of compliance with Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act.

 

In some cases, a significant percentage (or all) of the Fund’s assets may be “fair valued.” Factors that may be considered in determining “fair value” include, among others, the value of other financial instruments traded on other markets, the volume of trading, changes in interest rates, observations from financial institutions, significant events (which may include changes in the value of U.S. securities or securities indices) that occur after the close of the relevant market and before the Fund’s NAV is calculated, other news events, and significant unobservable inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments). Because of the uncertainty inherent in fair value pricing, the price determined for a particular security may be materially different from the price received by the Fund upon its sale.

 

The valuation methodologies described above are modified for equities that trade in non-U.S. securities markets that close before the close of the NYSE due to time zone differences, including the value of equities that underlie futures, options and other derivatives (to the extent the market for those derivatives closes before the close of the NYSE). In those cases, the price will generally be adjusted, to the extent practicable and available, based on inputs from an independent pricing service that are intended to reflect valuation changes through the NYSE close.

 

The Fund’s use of fair value pricing may cause the Fund’s returns to differ from those of its benchmark or other comparative index or indices more than they otherwise would. For example, the Fund may fair value its international equity holdings to reflect significant events that occur after the close of the relevant market and before the time the Fund’s NAV is calculated. In these cases, the benchmark or index may use the local market closing price, while the Fund uses an adjusted “fair value” price.

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Frequent Purchases and Redemptions of Fund Shares

 

The Fund does not impose any restrictions on the frequency of purchases and redemptions of Creation Units; however, the Fund reserves the right to reject or limit purchases at any time as described in the SAI. When considering that no restriction or policy was necessary, the Board evaluated the risks posed by arbitrage and market timing activities, such as whether frequent purchases and redemptions would interfere with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategy, or whether they would cause the Fund to experience increased transaction costs. The Board considered that, unlike traditional mutual funds, shares of the Fund are issued and redeemed only in large quantities of shares known as Creation Units available only from the Fund directly to Authorized Participants, and that most trading in the Fund occurs on the Exchange at prevailing market prices and does not involve the Fund directly. Given this structure, the Board determined that it is unlikely that trading due to arbitrage opportunities or market timing by shareholders would result in negative impact to the Fund or its shareholders. In addition, frequent trading of shares of the Fund by Authorized Participants and arbitrageurs is critical to ensuring that the market price remains at or close to NAV. 

 

Name Policy

 

To comply with SEC rules regarding the use of descriptive words in a fund’s name, the Fund has adopted a policy (which applies at the time of the Fund’s investment, unless stated otherwise) of investing at least 80% of the value of its net assets plus the amount of any borrowings made for investment purposes in companies tied economically to the United States (the “Name Policy”). When used in connection with the Fund’s Name Policy, “assets” include the Fund’s net assets plus any borrowings made for investment purposes. For the purposes of this Prospectus, an investment is “tied economically” to the United States if, at the time of purchase, it is (i) in an issuer that is organized under the laws of the U.S. or a U.S. state or territory or in an issuer that maintains its principal place of business in the U.S.; (ii) traded principally in the U.S.; or (iii) in an issuer that derived at least 50% of its revenues or profits from goods produced or sold, investments made, or services performed in the U.S., or has at least 50% of its assets in the U.S. The Fund may invest directly in securities of companies in the U.S. or indirectly, for example, by purchasing securities of another fund or investing in derivatives or synthetic instruments with underlying assets that have economic characteristics similar to investments tied economically to the U.S. GMO relies on publicly available information and third-party data to monitor compliance with the Name Policy. If that information is inaccurate or incomplete, GMO’s ability to monitor compliance with the Fund’s Name Policy would be impaired.

 

The Fund will not change its Name Policy without providing its shareholders at least 60 days’ prior written notice.

 

Plan of Distribution

 

The Fund has adopted a Plan of Distribution in accordance with Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act pursuant to which payments of up to 0.25% of the Fund’s average daily net assets may be made for the sale and distribution of its shares. No payments pursuant to the Plan of Distribution will be made during the twelve (12) month period from the date of this Prospectus. Thereafter, 12b-1 fees may only be imposed after approval by" the Board. Because these fees, if imposed, would be paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, if payments are made in the future, these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges.

 

Dividends, Distributions and Taxes

 

Fund Distributions

 

The Fund pays out dividends from its net investment income, if any, quarterly and distributes its net realized capital gains, if any, to investors at least annually. The Fund is permitted to declare and pay dividends of its net investment income and net capital gains, if any, more frequently.

 

Dividend Reinvestment Service

 

Brokers may make available to their customers who own shares of the Fund the Depository Trust Company book-entry dividend reinvestment service. If this service is available and used, dividend distributions of both income and capital gains will automatically be reinvested in additional whole shares of the Fund purchased on the secondary market. Without this service, investors would receive their distributions in cash. To determine whether the dividend reinvestment service is available and whether there is a commission or other charge for using this service, consult your broker. Brokers may require the Fund’s shareholders to adhere to specific procedures and timetables.

 

Tax Information

 

The following discussion is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to an investment in the Fund. The summary is based on current tax laws, which may be changed by legislative, judicial or administrative action. You should not consider this summary to be a comprehensive explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund, or the tax consequences of an investment in the Fund. An investment in the Fund may have other tax implications. Please consult a tax advisor about the applicable federal, state, local, foreign or other tax laws. Investors, including non-U.S. investors, may wish to consult the SAI tax section for additional disclosure.

15

 

Tax Status of the Fund. The Fund intends to elect and to qualify for the special tax treatment afforded a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under the Code. From a U.S. federal income tax perspective, the Fund is treated as a separate corporation within the Trust. If the Fund meets certain minimum distribution requirements, as a RIC it is not subject to tax at the Fund level on income and gains from investments that are timely distributed to shareholders. However, if the Fund fails to qualify as a RIC or to meet minimum distribution requirements, it would result in Fund-level taxation if certain relief provisions were not available, and consequently a reduction in income available for distribution to shareholders. Unless you are a tax-exempt entity or your investment in the Fund's shares is made through a tax-advantaged arrangement (such as a 401(k) plan or individual retirement account) retirement account, such as an IRA, you need to be aware of the possible tax consequences when the Fund makes distributions, you sell Fund shares and you purchase or redeem Creation Units (Authorized Participants only).

 

Taxes on Distributions. In general, distributions are subject to federal income tax when they are paid, whether the distributions are taken in cash or reinvested in the Fund. The income dividends and short-term capital gains distributions received from the Fund will be taxed as either ordinary income or qualified dividend income. Distributions from the Fund's short-term capital gains are generally taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations, dividends that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are taxable to non-corporate shareholders at rates applicable to capital gains, provided certain requirements are met. Any distributions of the Fund's net capital gains are taxable as long-term capital gain regardless of how long Fund shares have been owned by an investor. Long-term capital gains are generally taxed to non-corporate shareholders at rates applicable to capital gains.

 

The Fund will carry any net realized capital losses (i.e., realized capital losses in excess of realized capital gains) from any taxable year forward to one or more subsequent taxable years to offset capital gains, if any, realized during such subsequent taxable years. The Fund’s net capital loss carryforwards do not expire. The Fund must apply such carryforwards first against gains of the same character. Generally, the Fund may not carry forward any losses other than net capital losses (i.e., ordinary losses). The Fund’s ability to utilize these and certain other losses to reduce distributable net realized capital gains in subsequent taxable years may be limited by reason of direct or indirect changes in the actual or constructive ownership of the Fund.

 

Distributions in excess of the Fund's current and accumulated earnings and profits are treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the investor' basis in the Fund's shares, and, in general, as capital gain thereafter.

 

In general, dividends may be reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income if they are attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund, which, in general, includes dividend income from taxable U.S. corporations and certain foreign corporations (i.e., certain foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, and certain other foreign corporations if the stock with respect to which the dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States), provided that the Fund satisfies certain holding period requirements in respect of the stock of such corporations and has not hedged its position in the stock in certain ways. A dividend generally will not be treated as qualified dividend income if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held by the Fund for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning at the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend. These holding period requirements will also apply to investor ownership of Fund shares. Holding periods may be suspended for these purposes for stock that is hedged. It is expected that dividends received by the Fund from a REIT and distributed from the Fund to a shareholder generally will not be treated as qualified dividend income. Additionally, income derived in connection with the Fund's securities lending activities will not be treated as qualified dividend income.

 

U.S. individuals with income exceeding specified thresholds are subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their "net investment income," which includes taxable interest, dividends and certain capital gains (generally including capital gain distributions and capital gains realized upon the sale of Fund shares). This 3.8% tax also applies to all or a portion of the undistributed net investment income of certain shareholders that are estates and trusts.

 

Corporate shareholders may be entitled to a dividends-received deduction for the portion of dividends they receive from the Fund that are attributable to dividends received by the Fund from U.S. corporations, subject to certain limitations. The Fund’s investment strategies may significantly limit its ability to distribute dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporations.

 

If an investor lends Fund shares pursuant to securities lending arrangements, the investor may lose the ability to treat Fund dividends (paid while the Fund shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Please consult a financial intermediary or tax advisor to discuss the particular circumstances.

16

 

In general, your distributions are subject to federal income tax for the year in which they are paid. However, distributions paid in January, but declared by the Fund in October, November or December of the previous year, payable to shareholders of record in such a month, may be taxable to an investor in the calendar year in which they were declared.

 

A distribution will reduce the Fund's net asset value per Fund share and may be taxable to a shareholder as ordinary income or capital gain even though, from an investment standpoint, the distribution may constitute a return of capital.

 

The Fund (or your broker) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income, and net capital gain distributions. This annual shareholder tax reporting information will be issued shortly after the close of each calendar year.

 

Certain of the Fund's investments may be subject to complex provisions of the Code (including provisions relating to wash sales, hedging transactions, straddles, integrated transactions, foreign currency contracts, forward foreign currency contracts, and notional principal contracts) that, among other things, may affect the Fund's ability to qualify as a RIC, affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (e.g., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses.

 

Foreign Currency Transactions. The Fund's transactions in foreign currencies may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned.

 

Foreign Income Taxes.   Investment income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to foreign income taxes withheld at the source. The United States has entered into tax treaties with many foreign countries which may entitle the Fund to a reduced rate of such taxes or exemption from taxes on such income. It is impossible to determine the effective rate of foreign tax for the Fund in advance since the amount of the assets to be invested within various countries is not known. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund at the close of its taxable year consist of certain foreign stocks or securities, the Fund may elect to "pass through" to shareholders certain foreign income taxes (including withholding taxes) paid by the Fund. If the Fund makes such an election, the shareholder will be considered to have received as an additional dividend the shareholder's share of such foreign taxes, but the shareholder may be entitled to either a corresponding tax deduction in calculating the shareholder's taxable income, or, subject to certain limitations, a credit in calculating the shareholder's federal income tax. No deduction for such taxes will be permitted to individuals in computing their alternative minimum tax liability. If the Fund does not so elect, the Fund will be entitled to claim a deduction for certain foreign taxes incurred by the Fund. Under certain circumstances, if the Fund receives a refund of foreign taxes paid in respect of a prior year, the value of Fund shares could be reduced and/or any foreign tax credits passed through to shareholders in respect of the Fund's foreign taxes for the current year could be reduced by an amount equal to all or a portion of such refund.

 

Taxation of REIT Investments. The Fund may invest in U.S. REITs. “Qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) are eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to Treasury regulations, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.

 

REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues its annual shareholder tax reporting information. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your annual shareholder tax reporting information. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or a financial intermediary, such as a broker, through which a shareholder owns shares) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued annual shareholder tax reporting information, in completing your tax returns.

 

Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will generally be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.  

17

 

Taxes on Share Sales. Each sale of shares of the Fund will generally be a taxable event. Any capital gain or loss realized upon a sale of Fund shares is generally treated as long-term capital gain or loss if Fund shares have been held for more than one year and as short-term capital gain or loss if Fund shares have been held for one year or less, except that any capital loss on the sale of Fund shares held for six months or less is treated as long-term capital loss to the extent that capital gain dividends were paid with respect to such Fund shares. Any loss realized on a sale will be disallowed to the extent shares of the Fund are acquired, including through reinvestment of dividends, within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the sale of such shares. The ability to deduct capital losses may be limited.

 

Taxes on Creations and Redemptions of Creation Units. An Authorized Participant who exchanges securities for Creation Units generally will recognize a gain or loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time and the exchanger's aggregate basis in the securities surrendered plus any cash paid for the Creation Units. An Authorized Participant who exchanges Creation Units for securities will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the exchanger's basis in the Creation Units and the aggregate market value of the securities and the amount of cash received. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS), however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing "wash sales" (for an Authorized Participant who does not mark-to-market its holdings), or on the basis that there has been no significant change in economic position. Authorized Participants exchanging securities should consult their own tax advisor with respect to whether wash sale rules apply and when a loss might be deductible.

 

When creating or redeeming Creation Units, a confirmation statement will be sent showing the number of Fund shares purchased or sold with the applicable share price.

 

If the Trust does issue Creation Units to a purchaser (or a group of purchasers) that would, upon obtaining the Fund shares so ordered, own 80% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund, the purchaser (or group of purchasers) will not recognize gain or loss upon the exchange of securities for Creation Units. The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has the right to reject an order for Creation Units if the purchaser (or a group of purchasers) would, upon obtaining the Fund shares so ordered, own 80% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund and if, pursuant to Section 351 of the Code, the Fund would have a basis in the securities different from the market value of the securities on the date of deposit. The trust also has the right to require information necessary to determine beneficial share ownership for purposes of the 80% determination.

 

If the Fund redeems Creation Units in cash in addition to, or in place of, the delivery of a basket of securities, it may bear additional costs and recognize more capital gains than it would if it redeems Creation Units in-kind.

 

Certain Tax-Exempt Investors. The Fund, if investing in certain limited real estate investments, may be required to pass through certain "excess inclusion income" and other income as "unrelated business taxable income" (“UBTI”). Prior to investing in the Fund, tax-exempt investors sensitive to UBTI should consult their tax advisors regarding this issue and IRS pronouncements addressing the treatment of such income in the hands of such investors. Certain tax-exempt educational institutions will be subject to excise taxes on net investment income. For these purposes, certain dividends and capital gain distributions, and certain gains from the disposition of Fund shares (among other categories of income), are generally taken into account in computing a shareholder's net investment income.

 

Investments in Certain Foreign Corporations. The Fund may invest in foreign entities classified as passive foreign investment companies or "PFICs" or controlled foreign corporations or "CFCs" under the Code. PFIC and CFC investments are subject to complex rules that may under certain circumstances adversely affect the Fund. Accordingly, investors should consult their own tax advisors and carefully consider the tax consequences of PFIC and CFC investments by the Fund before making an investment in the Fund. Fund dividends attributable to dividends received from PFICs generally will not be treated as qualified dividend income. Additional information pertaining to the potential tax consequences to the Fund, and to the shareholders, from the Fund's potential investment in PFICs and CFCs can be found in the SAI.

 

Non-U.S. Investors. Ordinary income dividends paid by the Fund to shareholders who are non-resident aliens or foreign entities will generally be subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax (other than distributions reported by the Fund as interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends), unless a lower treaty rate applies or unless such income is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. In general, the Fund may report interest-related dividends to the extent of its net income derived from U.S.-source interest, and the Fund may report short-term capital gain dividends to the extent its net short-term capital gain for the taxable year exceeds its net long-term capital loss. Gains on the sale of Fund shares and dividends that are, in each case, effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the U.S. will generally be subject to U.S. federal net income taxation at regular income tax rates.

18

 

Pursuant to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, unless certain non-U.S. entities that hold Fund shares comply with IRS requirements that will generally require them to report information regarding U.S. persons investing in, or holding accounts with, such entities, a 30% withholding tax may apply to distributions payable to such entities. A non-U.S. shareholder may be exempt from the withholding described in this paragraph under an applicable intergovernmental agreement between the U.S. and a foreign government, provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of such agreement. Please consult with your financial intermediary and tax advisor for more information about the importance of maintaining U.S. tax documentation that is in good order.

 

Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold (as "backup withholding") on amounts payable to any shareholder who (1) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number (including via Form W-9) or no number at all, (2) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends, (3) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding, or (4) has not certified that such shareholder is a U.S. person (including a U.S. resident alien). The backup withholding rate is currently 24%. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that have been subject to the 30% withholding tax on shareholders who are neither citizens nor permanent residents of the United States. Please consult with your financial intermediary and tax advisor for more information about the importance of maintaining U.S. tax documentation that is in good order.

 

Certain Potential Tax Reporting Requirements. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder (or certain greater amounts over a combination of years), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886 (note that other types of shareholders are subject to different thresholds). Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Significant penalties may be imposed for the failure to comply with the reporting requirements. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

Other Tax Issues. The Fund may be subject to tax in certain states where the Fund does business (or is treated as doing business as a result of its investments). Furthermore, in those states which have income tax laws, the tax treatment of the Fund and of Fund shareholders with respect to distributions by the Fund may differ from federal tax treatment.

 

For example, most states permit investment companies, such as the Fund, to “pass through”   to their shareholders the state tax exemption on income earned from investments in some direct U.S. Treasury obligations, as well as some limited types of U.S. government agency securities, so long as the Fund meets all applicable state requirements. The foregoing discussion summarizes some of the consequences under current federal income tax law of an investment in the Fund. It is not a substitute for personal tax advice. Consult a personal tax advisor about the potential tax consequences of an investment in the Fund under all applicable tax laws.

 

Certain Non-U.S. Tax Issues Relating to the United Kingdom. As described under “Fund Management”, GMO has entered into a personnel sharing arrangement with GMO UK for the purpose of providing investment management and other services, particularly with respect to the Fund. Provided the Fund is not considered to maintain a branch, agency or permanent establishment for United Kingdom taxation purposes, the Fund should not be subject to United Kingdom taxation. GMO believes that the Fund’s activities are conducted in a manner that should not create a branch, agency or permanent establishment for the Fund or shareholders that are not otherwise subject to United Kingdom taxation. Shareholders of the Fund bear the risk that income or gains realized by the Fund will be subject to United Kingdom taxation.

 

Additional Information

 

Investments by Other Registered Investment Companies

 

For purposes of the 1940 Act, the Fund is treated as a registered investment company. Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act restricts investments by investment companies in the securities of other investment companies, including shares of the Fund. Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act permits registered investment companies to invest in exchange-traded funds offered by the Trust, including the Fund, beyond the limits of Section 12(d)(1) subject to certain terms and conditions, including that such registered investment companies enter into an agreement with the Trust. However, if the Fund were to invest in securities of other investment companies beyond the limits set forth in Rule 12d1-4, other registered investment companies would not be permitted to rely on that rule to invest in the Fund in excess of the Section 12(d)(1)(A) limits.

19

 

Continuous Offering 

 

The method by which Creation Units are purchased and traded may raise certain issues under applicable securities laws. Because new Creation Units are issued and sold by the Fund on an ongoing basis, at any point a “distribution,” as such term is used in the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”), may occur. Broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some activities on their part may, depending on the circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a distribution in a manner which could render them statutory underwriters and subject them to the Prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the Securities Act.

 

For example, a broker-dealer firm or its client may be deemed a statutory underwriter if it takes Creation Units after placing an order with the Fund’s distributor, breaks them down into individual shares of the Fund, and sells such shares directly to customers, or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply of new shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary market demand for shares of the Fund. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for purposes of the Securities Act must take into account all the facts and circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer or its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that could lead to categorization as an underwriter.

 

Broker-dealer firms should also note that dealers who are not “underwriters” but are effecting transactions in shares of the Fund, whether or not participating in the distribution of such shares, are generally required to deliver a prospectus. This is because the prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act is not available with respect to such transactions as a result of Section 24(d) of the 1940 Act. As a result, broker dealer-firms should note that dealers who are not underwriters but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted with ordinary secondary market transactions) and thus dealing with shares of the Fund that are part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act would be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act. Firms that incur a prospectus delivery obligation with respect to shares of the Fund are reminded that under Rule 153 under the Securities Act, a prospectus delivery obligation under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act owed to an exchange member in connection with a sale on the Exchange is satisfied by the fact that the Fund’s Prospectus is available on the SEC’s electronic filing system. The prospectus delivery mechanism provided in Rule 153 is only available with respect to transactions on an exchange. 

 

Premium/Discount Information

 

The Fund is new and therefore does not have any information regarding how often its shares traded on the Exchange at a price above (i.e., at a premium) or below (i.e., at a discount) its NAV. This information will be available, however, at www.[-].com after the Fund’s shares have traded on the Exchange for a full calendar quarter.

20

 

Financial Highlights

 

Because the Fund has not commenced operations prior to the date of this prospectus, financial highlights information is not available.

21

 

GMO U.S. Quality ETF

 

More information on the Fund is available free upon request, including the following:

 

Annual/Semiannual Report

 

The Fund’s annual and semiannual reports to shareholders will contain additional information about the Fund’s investments. The Fund’s annual report will contain a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the Fund’s performance during its last fiscal year.

 

Statement of Additional Information (SAI)

 

The SAI provides more details about the Fund and its policies. The SAI is incorporated by reference (and is legally considered part of this prospectus).

 

Householding

 

Householding is an option available to certain Fund investors. Householding is a method of delivery, based on the preference of the individual investor, in which a single copy of certain shareholder documents can be delivered to investors who share the same address, even if their accounts are registered under different names. Please contact your broker-dealer if you are interested in enrolling in householding and receiving a single copy of prospectuses and other shareholder documents, or if you are currently enrolled in householding and wish to change your householding status.

 

How to Request the SAI, the Fund’s latest Annual and Semi-Annual Report, and Other Information about the Fund, and to make Shareholder Inquiries:

 

By telephone (toll-free). Call (833) 782-2211

 

By mail. 

The 2023 ETF Series Trust II 

c/o Foreside Management Services, LLC 

Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100 

Portland, ME 04101

 

On the Internet. Certain Fund documents can be viewed online or downloaded from:

 

Free of charge from the SEC’s EDGAR database at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov.

 

Free of charge from the Fund’s website at www.[-].com.

 

Investment Company Act file number: 811-23895

 

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 21, 2023

 

THE INFORMATION IN THIS STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY NOT SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS NOT AN OFFER TO SELL THESE SECURITIES AND IS NOT SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THESE SECURITIES IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH THE OFFER OR SALE IS NOT PERMITTED.

 

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

[Month XX, 2023]

 

GMO U.S. Quality ETF

 

a series of The 2023 ETF Series Trust II

 

The Fund’s Principal U.S. Listing Exchange: [_______].

 

Ticker Symbol: QLTY

 

This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the prospectus for the GMO U.S. Quality ETF (the “Fund”), dated [Month XX, 2023], as may be revised from time to time (the “Prospectus”). A copy of the Prospectus may be obtained without charge by writing the Fund at [The 2023 ETF Series Trust II c/o Foreside Management Services, LLC, Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101], by visiting the Fund’s website at www.[-].com, or by calling [toll-free] [-].

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRUST [-]
DESCRIPTIONS AND RISKS OF FUND INVESTMENTS [-]
USES OF DERIVATIVES [-]
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS [-]
INVESTMENT GUIDELINES [-]
EXCHANGE LISTING AND TRADING [-]
MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST [-]
CODES OF ETHICS [-]
PROXY VOTING POLICIES [-]
MANAGEMENT SERVICES [-]
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT [-]
THE DISTRIBUTOR [-]
THE ADMINISTRATOR [-]
THE CUSTODIAN [-]
THE TRANSFER AGENT [-]
COMPLIANCE SERVICES [-]
BOARD SUPPORT SERVICES [-]
LEGAL COUNSEL [-]
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM [-]
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS [-]
DESCRIPTION OF SHARES [-]
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY [-]
SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS [-]
BROKERAGE TRANSACTIONS [-]
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE [-]
BOOK ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM [-]
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES [-]
PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES IN CREATION UNITS [-]
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE [-]
DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS [-]
FEDERAL INCOME TAXES [-]
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS [-]

 

 

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRUST

 

The 2023 ETF Series Trust II (the “Trust”) is an open-end management investment company. The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust and was established by a Declaration of Trust dated January 24, 2023. This SAI relates solely to the GMO U.S. Quality ETF (the “Fund”). The Trustees of the Trust have authority under the Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares of the Trust into separate series. Pursuant thereto, the Trustees have created the Fund. Additional series may be added in the future from time to time.

 

Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC  (the “Adviser” or “GMO”) serves as the Investment Adviser to the Fund. In addition, Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”) serves as the Fund’s distributor, and [__________] (the “Transfer Agent”) serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and custodian and also provides administrative services to the Fund. References to the “Adviser” in this SAI are solely in relation to the Fund, not any other series of the Trust.

 

The Fund offers and issues shares at their net asset value (“NAV”) only in aggregations of a specified number of shares (each, a “Creation Unit”). The Fund generally offers and issues shares in exchange for a basket of securities closely approximating the holdings of the Fund (“Deposit Securities”) together with the deposit of a specified cash payment (“Cash Component”). The Trust reserves the right to permit or require the substitution of a “cash in lieu” amount (“Deposit Cash”) to be added to the Cash Component to replace any Deposit Security. The Fund’s shares are listed on the [-] (the “Exchange”) and trade on the Exchange at market prices. These prices may differ from the Fund’s NAV per share. The Fund’s shares are redeemable only in Creation Unit aggregations, and generally in exchange for portfolio securities and a specified cash payment.

 

DESCRIPTIONS AND RISKS OF FUND INVESTMENTS

 

The following is a description of investment practices in which the Fund may engage and the risks associated with their use. UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED HEREIN, THE INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND ASSOCIATED RISKS DETAILED BELOW ALSO INCLUDE THOSE TO WHICH THE FUND INDIRECTLY MAY BE EXPOSED THROUGH ITS INVESTMENT IN DERIVATIVES OR SYNTHETIC INSTRUMENTS.

 

The Fund’s investment objective, principal investment strategies and principal risks are described in the Prospectus.

 

An investment in the Fund should be made with an understanding that the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities will fluctuate because of changes in the financial condition of the issuers of the portfolio securities, the value of securities generally, and other factors. An investor could lose money by investing in the Fund.

 

An investment in the Fund should also be made with an understanding of the risks inherent in an investment in securities, including the risk that the financial condition of issuers may become impaired or that the general condition of the securities markets may deteriorate (either of which may cause a decrease in the value of the portfolio securities and thus in the value of shares of the Fund). Securities are susceptible to general market fluctuations and to volatile increases and decreases in value as market confidence in and perceptions of their issuers change. These investor perceptions are based on various and unpredictable factors including expectations regarding government, economic, monetary and fiscal policies, inflation and interest rates, economic expansion or contraction, and global or regional political, economic, and banking crises.

 

The following are descriptions of the Fund’s investment practices and permitted investments and the associated risk factors. The Fund will only engage in the following investment practices and invest in the following instruments if such practice or investment is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies.

 

Portfolio Turnover

 

Based on GMO’s assessment of market conditions, GMO may trade the Fund’s investments more frequently at some times than at others, resulting in a higher portfolio turnover rate. Increased portfolio turnover involves correspondingly greater brokerage commissions and other transaction costs, which will be borne directly by the Fund and which may adversely affect the Fund’s performance. It also may give rise to additional taxable income for shareholders, including through the realization of capital gains or other types of income that are taxable to Fund shareholders when distributed by the Fund to them, unless those shareholders are themselves exempt from taxation or otherwise investing in the Fund through a tax-advantaged arrangement. If portfolio turnover results in the recognition of short-term capital gains, those gains typically are taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates when distributed to shareholders. See “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” in the Prospectus and “Dividends and Distributions” and “Federal Income Taxes” below for more information.

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The historical portfolio turnover rate for the Fund will be shown under the heading “Financial Highlights” in the Fund’s Prospectus following completion of the Fund’s initial fiscal period. Changes in portfolio turnover rates are generally the result of active trading strategies employed by the Fund’s portfolio manager(s) in response to market conditions, and not reflective of a material change in investment strategy.

 

Diversified and Non-Diversified Portfolios

 

As set forth in “Investment Restrictions” below, as a “diversified” Fund, the Fund is required to satisfy the diversified fund requirements under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). At least 75% of the value of a diversified fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), government securities, securities of other investment companies, and other securities that for the purposes of this calculation are limited in respect of any one issuer to not greater than 5% of the value of the fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any single issuer.

 

The Fund must meet diversification standards to qualify as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for a description of these diversification standards.

 

Accelerated Transactions

 

For the Fund to take advantage of certain available investment opportunities, GMO may need to make investment decisions on an expedited basis. In such cases, the information available to GMO at the time of an investment decision may be limited. GMO may not, therefore, have access to the detailed information necessary for a full analysis and evaluation of the investment opportunity.

 

[SECURITIES LENDING

 

The Fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities amounting to not more than one-third of its total assets. For these purposes, total assets include the collateral received from such loans. Securities loans will be made to borrowers that GMO believes to be of relatively high credit standing pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be collateralized by cash, securities, letters of credit or such other collateral as may be permitted under the Fund’s securities lending program in an amount at least equal to the securities loaned (marked to market daily). Daily market fluctuations could cause the value of loaned securities to be more or less than the value of the collateral received. When this occurs, the collateral is adjusted and settled on the following business day. If a loan is collateralized by U.S. government or other securities, the Fund receives a fee from the borrower. If a loan is collateralized by cash, the Fund typically invests the cash collateral for its own account in one or more money market funds (in which case the Fund will bear its pro rata share of such money market fund’s fees and expenses), or directly in interest-bearing, short-term securities, and typically pays a fee to the borrower. GMO may retain lending agents on behalf of the Fund that would be compensated based on a percentage of the Fund’s return on its securities lending. [_______________] currently serves as the Fund’s securities lending agent. The Fund also may pay various fees in connection with securities loans, including shipping fees and custodian fees.

 

Securities loans must be fully collateralized at all times, but involve some credit/counterparty risk to the Fund if the borrower or the party (if any) guaranteeing the loan should default on its obligation and the Fund is delayed in or prevented from recovering or applying the collateral. New regulations require certain bank-regulated counterparties and certain of their affiliates to include in certain financial contracts, including many securities lending agreements, terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties, such as the Fund, to terminate such agreements, foreclose upon collateral, exercise other default rights or restrict transfers of credit support in the event that the counterparty and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings. It is possible that these new requirements, as well as potential additional government regulation and other developments in the market, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing securities lending agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements in the event the counterparty or its affiliate becomes subject to a resolution or insolvency proceeding.

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As with other extensions of credit, to the extent that the Fund lends its portfolio securities, it bears the risk of delay in the recovery of loaned securities, including possible impairment of the Fund’s ability to vote the securities, the inability to invest proceeds from the sales of such securities and of loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. The Fund also bears the risk that the value of investments made with collateral may decline. The Fund bears the risk of total loss with respect to the investment of collateral. Any income or gains and losses from investing and reinvesting any cash collateral delivered by a borrower pursuant to a loan generally are at the Fund’s risk, and to the extent any such losses reduce the amount of cash below the amount required to be returned to the borrower upon the termination of any loan, the Fund may be required by the securities lending agent to pay or cause to be paid to such borrower an amount equal to such shortfall in cash, possibly requiring it to liquidate other portfolio securities to satisfy its obligations.

 

Voting rights or rights to consent with respect to the loaned securities pass to the borrower. The Fund has the right to call loans at any time on reasonable notice to exercise voting rights associated with the security and expects to do so if both (i) GMO receives adequate notice of a proposal upon which shareholders are being asked to vote, and (ii) GMO believes that the benefits to the Fund of voting on that proposal outweigh the benefits to the Fund of having the security remain out on loan. However, as noted above, the Fund bears the risk of delay in the return of the security, impairing the Fund’s ability to vote on such matters. GMO may use third-party service providers to assist it in identifying and evaluating proposals, and to assist it in recalling loaned securities for proxy voting purposes. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for more information about special tax considerations that can arise in respect of securities lending.]

 

Convertible Securities

 

A convertible security is a security (a bond or preferred stock) that may be converted at a stated price within a specified period into a specified number of shares of common stock of the same or a different issuer. Convertible securities are senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to senior debt obligations of the issuer. Convertible securities provide holders, through their conversion feature, an opportunity to participate in increases in the market prices of their underlying securities. The price of a convertible security is influenced by the market price of the underlying security and tends to increase as the market price rises and decrease as the market price declines. GMO regards convertible securities as a form of equity security.

 

The value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, as in the case of “broken” or “busted” convertibles (convertible securities for which the market price of the common stock has fallen significantly below the conversion price of the convertible and, as a result, the conversion feature holds little value), the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity.

 

A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party.

 

Preferred Stocks

 

Preferred stocks include convertible and non-convertible preferred and preference stocks that are senior to common stock. Preferred stocks are equity securities that are senior to common stock with respect to the right to receive dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from the issuer’s liquidation. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of the issuer’s common stock, and thus represent an ownership interest in the issuer. Depending on the features of the particular security, holders of preferred stock may bear the risks disclosed in the Prospectus or this SAI regarding equity or fixed income securities.

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Investment in preferred stocks involves certain risks. Certain preferred stocks contain provisions that allow an issuer under certain conditions to skip or defer distributions. If the Fund owns a preferred stock that is deferring its distribution, it may be required to report income for tax purposes despite the fact that it is not receiving current income on this position. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities, and U.S. government securities.

 

CONTINGENT VALUE RIGHTS

 

The Fund may invest in contingent value rights (“CVRs”). A CVR gives the holder the right to receive an amount (which may be a fixed amount or determined by a formula) in the event that a specified corporate action, business milestone, or other trigger occurs (or does not occur) which is often subject to an expiration date. CVRs often are awarded to shareholders in the context of a corporate acquisition or major restructuring. For example, shareholders of an acquired company may receive a CVR that enables them to receive additional shares of the acquiring company in the event that the acquiring company’s share price falls below a certain level by a specified date. Risks associated with the use of CVRs are generally similar to risks associated with the use of options, such as the risk that the required trigger does not (or does) occur prior to a CVR’s expiration, causing the CVR to expire with no value. CVRs also present illiquidity risk, as they may not be registered securities or may otherwise be non-transferable or difficult to transfer, as well as counterparty risk and credit risk. Further, because CVRs are valued based on the likelihood of the occurrence of a trigger, valuation often requires modeling and judgment, which increases the risk of mispricing or improper valuation.

 

MASTER LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS

 

A master limited partnership (“MLP”) generally is a publicly traded company organized as a limited partnership or limited liability company and treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. MLPs may derive income and gains from, among other things, the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. The general partner of an MLP is typically owned by one or more of the following: a major energy company, an investment fund, or the direct management of the MLP. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management. For purposes of qualifying as a RIC under the Code, the extent to which the Fund can invest in MLPs may be limited. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for more information about these and other special tax considerations that can arise in respect of the Fund’s investments in MLPs.

 

MLP securities in which the Fund may invest can include, but are not limited to: (i) equity securities of MLPs, including common units, preferred units or convertible subordinated units; (ii) debt securities of MLPs, including debt securities rated below investment grade; (iii) securities of MLP affiliates; (iv) securities of open-end funds, closed-end funds or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest primarily in MLP securities; or (v) exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of MLPs or MLP indices.

 

The risks of investing in an MLP are generally those inherent in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation. Additional risks involved with investing in an MLP are risks associated with the specific industry or industries in which the partnership invests.

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INCOME TRUSTS

 

Income trusts are investment trusts that hold income-producing assets and distribute income generated by such assets to the “unitholders” of the trust, which are entitled to participate in the trust’s income and capital as its beneficiaries.

 

Income trusts generally invest in assets that provide a return to the trust and its unitholders based on the cash flows of an underlying business. Such assets may include equity and debt instruments, royalty interests or real properties. The income trust can receive interest, royalty or lease payments from an operating entity carrying on a business, as well as dividends and a return of capital.

 

Income trusts also may include royalty trusts, a particular type of income trust whose securities are listed on a stock exchange and which controls an underlying company whose business relates to, without limitation, the acquisition, exploitation, production and sale of oil and natural gas.

 

Investments in income trusts (including royalty trusts) are subject to operating risk based on the income trust’s underlying assets and their respective businesses. Such risks may include lack of or limited operating histories. Income trusts are particularly subject to interest rate risk and increases in interest rates offered by competing investments may diminish the value of trust units. Changes in the interest rate also may affect the value of future distributions from the income trust’s underlying assets or the value of the underlying assets themselves. Interest rate risk is also present within the income trusts themselves because they often hold very long-term capital assets, and much of the excess distributable income is derived from a maturity (or duration) mismatch between the life of the asset and the life of the financing associated with it. In an increasing interest rate environment, the income trust’s distributions to its unitholders may decrease. Income trusts also may be subject to additional risk, including, without limitation, limited access to debt markets.

 

Income trusts do not guarantee minimum distributions or returns of capital to unitholders. The amount of distributions paid on a trust’s units will vary from time to time based on production levels, commodity prices, royalty rates and certain expenses, deductions and costs, as well as on the distribution payout ratio policy adopted. The reduction or elimination of distributions to unitholders may decrease the value of trust units. Income trusts generally pay out to unitholders the majority of the cash flow that they receive from the production and sale of underlying assets. As a result of distributing the bulk of their cash flow to unitholders, the ability of a trust to finance internal growth is limited. Therefore, income trusts typically grow through acquisition of additional assets, funded through the issuance of additional equity or, where the trust is able, additional debt. Because an income trust may make distributions to unitholders in excess of its net income, unitholder equity may decline over time.

 

Finally, for purposes of qualifying as a RIC under the Code, the extent to which the Fund can invest in a particular income trust may be limited, depending, for instance, on the trust’s treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes and its underlying assets. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for more information about these and other special tax considerations that can arise in respect of the Fund’s investments in income trusts, including royalty trusts.

 

WARRANTS AND RIGHTS

 

Warrants and rights generally give the holder the right to receive, upon exercise, a security of the issuer at a stated price. The Fund typically uses warrants and rights in a manner similar to its use of options on securities, as described in “Options, Futures, and Forward Contracts” below. Risks associated with the use of warrants and rights are generally similar to risks associated with the use of options. Unlike most options, however, warrants and rights are issued in specific amounts, and warrants generally have longer terms than options. Warrants and rights are not likely to be as liquid as exchange-traded options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of warrants or rights may limit the Fund’s ability to exercise the warrants or rights at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish.

 

Non-Standard Warrants. From time to time, the Fund may use non-standard warrants, including GDP warrants, low exercise price warrants or low exercise price options (“LEPOs”), and participatory notes (“P-Notes”), to gain exposure to issuers in certain countries. GDP warrants require the issuer (a country) to make payments to the holder that vary based on the issuer’s gross domestic product or economic growth. LEPOs are different from standard warrants in that they do not give their holders the right to receive a security of the issuer upon exercise. Rather, LEPOs pay the holder the difference in price of the underlying security between the date the LEPO was purchased and the date it is sold. P-Notes are a type of equity-linked derivative that generally are traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or brokers that issue them. Generally, banks and brokers associated with non-U.S.-based brokerage firms buy securities listed on certain non-U.S. exchanges and then issue P-Notes that are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of P-Notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the issuers or markets that the notes seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The return on a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security generally is increased to the extent of any dividends paid in connection with the underlying security. However, the holder of a P-Note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, and P-Notes present similar risks to investing directly in the underlying security. Additionally, LEPOs and P-Notes entail the same risks as other over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty or issuer of the LEPO or P-Note may not be able to fulfill its obligations, that the holder and counterparty or issuer may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund — Derivatives and Short Sales Risk” and “— Counterparty Risk” in the Prospectus and “Uses of Derivatives,” below. Additionally, while LEPOs or P-Notes may be listed on an exchange, there is no guarantee that a liquid market will exist or that the counterparty or issuer of a LEPO or P-Note will be willing to repurchase such instrument when the Fund wishes to sell it.

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OPTIONS, FUTURES, AND FORWARD CONTRACTS

 

The Fund uses options, futures contracts (or “futures”), and forward contracts for various purposes, including for investment purposes and as a means to hedge other investments. See “Uses of Derivatives” for more information regarding the various derivatives strategies the Fund may employ using options, futures, and forward contracts. The use of options contracts, futures contracts, forward contracts, and options on futures contracts involves risk. Thus, while the Fund may benefit from the use of options, futures, forward contracts, and options on futures, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices, currency exchange rates, or other underlying assets or reference rates may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.

 

Options on Securities, ETFs, and Indices. The Fund may purchase and sell put and call options on equity, fixed income, or other securities, ETFs, or indices in standardized exchange-traded contracts. An option on a security, ETF, or index is a contract that gives the holder of the option, in return for a premium, the right (but not the obligation) to buy from (in the case of a call) or sell to (in the case of a put) the writer of the option the security underlying the option (or the cash value of the index underlying the option) at a specified price. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on a security has the obligation to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on an ETF or index is required to pay the difference between the cash value of the ETF or index and the exercise price multiplied by the specified multiplier for the ETF or index option.

 

Purchasing Options on Securities and Indices. Among other reasons, the Fund may purchase a put option to hedge against a decline in the value of a portfolio security or other asset. If such a decline occurs, the put option will permit the Fund to sell the security or other asset at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. By using put options in this manner, the Fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized in the underlying security or other asset by the amount of the premium paid for the put option and by its transaction costs. In order for a put option purchased by the Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security or other asset must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium paid by the Fund and transaction costs.

 

Among other reasons, the Fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities or other assets the Fund anticipates purchasing in the future. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit the Fund to purchase the securities or other assets at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. The premium paid for the call option, plus any transaction costs, will reduce the benefit, if any, that the Fund realizes upon exercise of the option and, unless the price of the underlying security or other asset rises sufficiently, the option may expire worthless to the Fund. Thus, for a call option purchased by the Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security or other asset must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium paid by the Fund to the writer and transaction costs.

 

In the case of both call and put options, the purchaser of an option risks losing the premium paid for the option plus related transaction costs if the option expires worthless.

 

Writing Options on Securities, ETFs, and Indices. Because the Fund receives a premium for writing a put or call option, the Fund may seek to increase its return by writing call or put options on securities, ETFs, or indices. The premium the Fund receives for writing an option will increase the Fund’s return in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The size of the premium the Fund receives reflects, among other things, the relationship of the market price and volatility of the underlying security, ETF, or index to the exercise price of the option, the remaining term of the option, supply and demand, and interest rates.

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The Fund may write a call option on a security or other instrument held by the Fund (commonly known as “writing a covered call option”). In such case, the Fund limits its opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option. Alternatively, the Fund may write a call option on securities or other instruments in which it may invest but that are not currently held by the Fund (commonly known as “writing a naked call option”). During periods of declining securities prices or when prices are stable, writing these types of call options can be a profitable strategy to increase the Fund’s income with minimal capital risk. However, when securities prices increase, the Fund is exposed to an increased risk of loss, because if the price of the underlying security or instrument exceeds the option’s exercise price, the Fund will suffer a loss equal to the amount by which the market price exceeds the exercise price at the time the call option is exercised, minus the premium received. Calls written on securities or other instruments that the Fund does not own are riskier than calls written on securities or other instruments owned by the Fund because there is no underlying security or other instrument held by the Fund that can act as a partial hedge. When such a call is exercised, the Fund must purchase the underlying security or other instrument to meet its call obligation or make a payment equal to the value of its obligation in order to close out the option. Calls written on securities or other instruments that the Fund does not own have speculative characteristics and the potential for loss is theoretically unlimited. There is also a risk, especially with less liquid preferred and debt securities, that the securities or other instruments may not be available for purchase.

 

The Fund also may write a put option on a security, ETF, index, or other instrument. In so doing, the Fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security or other instrument for an exercise price higher than its then-current market price, resulting in a loss on exercise equal to the amount by which the market price of the security or other instrument is below the exercise price minus the premium received.

 

OTC Options. The Fund also may invest in OTC options. OTC options differ from exchange-traded options in that they are two-party contracts, with price and other terms negotiated between the buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-traded options.

 

Closing Options Transactions. The holder of an option may terminate its position in a put or call option it has purchased by allowing it to expire or by exercising the option. If an option is American-style, it may be exercised on any day up to its expiration date. In contrast, a European-style option may be exercised only on its expiration date.

 

In addition, a holder of an option may terminate its obligation prior to the option’s expiration by effecting an offsetting closing transaction. In the case of exchange-traded options, the Fund, as a holder of an option, may effect an offsetting closing sale transaction by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased. The Fund realizes a loss from a closing sale transaction if the premium received from the sale of the option is less than the premium paid to purchase the option (plus transaction costs). Similarly, if the Fund has written an option, it may effect an offsetting closing purchase transaction by buying an option of the same series as the option previously written. The Fund realizes a loss from a closing purchase transaction if the cost of the closing purchase transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is greater than the premium received from writing the option. If the Fund desires to sell a security on which it has written a call option, it will effect a closing purchase prior to or concurrently with the sale of the security. There can be no assurance, however, that a closing purchase or sale can be effected when the Fund desires to do so.

 

Risk Factors in Options Transactions. The market price of an option is affected by many factors, including changes in the market prices or dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities in such indices); the time remaining before expiration; changes in interest rates or exchange rates; and changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the relevant stock market and underlying securities. The market price of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option becomes less liquid. In addition, since an American-style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time before the option’s expiration, the writer of an American-style option has no control over when it will be required to fulfill its obligations as a writer of the option. (The writer of a European-style option is not subject to this risk because the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.)

 

The Fund’s ability to use options as part of its investment program depends on the liquidity of the options market. In addition, that market may not exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund were unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless. As the writer of a call option on a portfolio security, during the option’s life, the Fund foregoes the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security underlying the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but retains the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price of the underlying security decline. Similarly, as the writer of a call option on a securities index, the Fund foregoes the opportunity to profit from increases in the index over the strike price of the option, though it retains the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price of the Fund’s portfolio securities decline. If the Fund writes a call option and does not hold the underlying security or instrument, the amount of the Fund’s potential loss is theoretically unlimited.

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An exchange-traded option may be closed out by means of an offsetting transaction only on a national securities exchange (“Exchange”), which provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. If a liquid secondary market for an exchange-traded option does not exist, the Fund might not be able to effect an offsetting closing transaction for a particular option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an Exchange include the following: (i) insufficient trading interest in some options; (ii) restrictions by an Exchange on opening or closing transactions, or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions, or other restrictions on particular classes or series of options or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen interruptions in normal operations on an Exchange; (v) inability to handle current trading volume; or (vi) discontinuance of options trading (or trading in a particular class or series of options) (although outstanding options on an Exchange that were issued by the Options Clearing Corporation should continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms). In addition, the hours of trading for options on an Exchange may not conform to the hours during which the securities held by the Fund are traded. To the extent that the options markets close before the markets for the underlying securities, significant price and rate movements can take place in the markets for underlying securities that are not immediately reflected in the options markets.

 

The Exchanges generally have established limits on the maximum number of options an investor or group of investors acting in concert may write. The Fund, GMO, and other funds advised by GMO may constitute such a group. These limits could restrict the Fund’s ability to purchase or write options on a particular security.

 

An OTC option may be closed only with the consent of the counterparty, although either party may engage in an offsetting transaction that puts that party in the same economic position as if it had closed out the option with the counterparty; however, the exposure to counterparty risk may differ. No guarantee exists that the Fund will be able to effect a closing purchase or a closing sale with respect to a specific option at any particular time. See “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts — Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts” for a discussion of counterparty risk and other risks associated with investing in OTC options.

 

Currency Options and Quantity-Adjusting (“Quanto”) Options. The Fund may purchase and sell options on currencies. Options on currencies possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and generally operate in a similar manner. If the Fund is permitted to invest in securities denominated in foreign currencies, it may purchase or sell options on currencies. In addition, the Fund may purchase and sell quanto options, which are cash-settled options in which the underlying asset (often an index) is denominated in a currency other than the currency in which the option is settled.

 

Futures. To the extent consistent with applicable law and its investment restrictions, the Fund is permitted to invest in futures contracts may invest in futures contracts on, among other things, financial instruments (such as a U.S. government security or other fixed income investment), individual equity securities (“single stock futures”), securities indices, interest rates, currencies, inflation indices, and (to the extent the Fund is permitted to invest in commodities and commodity-related derivatives (as defined in “Commodity-Related Investments” below)) commodities or commodities indices. Futures contracts on securities indices are referred to herein as “Index Futures.” The purchase of futures contracts can serve as a long hedge, and the sale of futures contracts can serve as a limited short hedge. The purchase and sale of futures contracts also may be used for speculative purposes.

 

Certain futures contracts are physically settled (i.e. involve the making and taking of delivery of a specified amount of an underlying security or other asset). For instance, the sale of futures contracts on foreign currencies or financial instruments creates an obligation of the seller to deliver a specified quantity of an underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. Conversely, the purchase of such futures contracts creates an obligation of the purchaser to pay for and take delivery of the underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. In some cases, the specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, on the settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. That determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the sale or purchase was made.

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Some futures contracts are cash settled (rather than physically settled), which means that the purchase price is subtracted from the current market value of the instrument and the net amount, if positive, is paid to the purchaser by the seller of the futures contract and, if negative, is paid by the purchaser to the seller of the futures contract. In particular, Index Futures are agreements pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of a securities index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of a securities index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made.

 

The purchase or sale of a futures contract differs from the purchase or sale of a security or option in that no price or premium is paid or received. Instead, an amount of cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid assets equal in value to a percentage of the face amount of the futures contract must be deposited with the broker. This amount is known as initial margin. The amount of the initial margin is generally set by the market on which the contract is traded (margin requirements on non-U.S. exchanges may be different than those on U.S. exchanges). Subsequent payments to and from the broker, known as variation margin, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying futures contract fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to the market.” Prior to the settlement date of the futures contract, the position may be closed by taking an opposite position. A final determination of variation margin is then made, additional cash is required to be paid to or released by the broker, and the purchaser realizes a loss or gain. In addition, a commission is paid to the broker on each completed purchase and sale.

 

Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, currencies, commodities, or other underlying instrument, in most cases futures contracts are closed before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (i.e., with the same exchange, underlying financial instrument, currency, commodity, or index, and delivery month). If the price of the initial sale exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. Similarly, a purchase of a futures contract is closed out by selling a corresponding futures contract. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the original purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and, if the original purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, the purchaser realizes a loss. Any transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.

 

To the extent the Fund invests in futures contracts, it may be subject to risks related to rolling. When investing in futures contracts, the Fund will generally seek to “roll” its futures positions rather than hold them through expiration. In some circumstances, the prices of futures contracts with near-term expirations are lower than the prices of similar futures contracts with longer-term expirations, resulting in a cost to “roll” the futures contracts. The actual realization of a potential roll cost will depend on the difference in prices of futures contracts with near- and longer-term expirations, and the rolling of futures positions may result in losses to the Fund.

 

In the United States, futures contracts are traded only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade — known as “contract markets” — approved by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm that is a member of the relevant market. The Fund also may purchase futures contracts on non-U.S. exchanges or similar entities, which are not regulated by the CFTC and may not be subject to the same degree of regulation as the U.S. contract markets. See “Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Non-U.S. Exchanges.”

 

Index Futures. To the extent consistent with applicable law and investment restrictions, the Fund may purchase or sell Index Futures. The Fund may close open positions on a contract market on which Index Futures are traded at any time up to and including the expiration day. In general, all positions that remain open at the close of business on that day must be settled on the next business day (based on the value of the relevant index on the expiration day). Additional or different margin requirements as well as settlement procedures may apply to non-U.S. stock Index Futures.

 

Interest Rate Futures. The Fund may engage in transactions involving the use of futures on interest rates. These transactions may be in connection with investments in U.S. government securities and other fixed income securities.

 

Inflation-Linked Futures. The Fund may engage in transactions involving inflation-linked futures, including Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) futures, which are exchange-traded futures contracts that represent the inflation on a notional value of $1,000,000 for a period of three months, as implied by the CPI. Inflation-linked futures may be used by the Fund to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e. non-inflation-indexed bonds) thereby creating “synthetic” inflation-indexed bonds. The Fund also may combine inflation-linked futures with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create “synthetic” inflation-indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments — Inflation-Indexed Bonds” for a discussion of inflation-indexed bonds.

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Currency Futures. To the extent the Fund is permitted to invest in securities denominated in foreign currencies, it may buy and sell futures contracts on currencies.

 

Options on Futures Contracts. Options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (in the case of a call option) or a short position (in the case of a put option) in a futures contract at the option exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American-style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European-style option). Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the holder acquires a short position and the writer is assigned the opposite long position in the futures contract. Accordingly, in the event that an option is exercised, the parties will be subject to all the risks associated with the trading of futures contracts, such as payment of initial and variation margin deposits.

 

The Fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the Fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the Fund may hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities the Fund expects to purchase (or has sold short) by purchasing call options or writing put options on futures contracts rather than purchasing futures contracts. In addition, the Fund may purchase and sell interest rate options on U.S. Treasury or Eurodollar futures to take a long or short position on interest rate fluctuations. Options on futures contracts generally operate in the same manner as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments.

 

The Fund is also required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits may vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.

 

A position in an option on a futures contract may be terminated by the purchaser or seller prior to expiration by effecting a closing purchase or sale transaction, subject to the availability of a liquid secondary market, which is the purchase or sale of an option of the same type (i.e. the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the Fund’s profit or loss on the transaction.

 

Commodity Futures and Options on Commodity Futures. The Fund may have direct or indirect exposure to futures contracts on various commodities or commodities indices (“commodity futures”) and options on commodity futures, including through any investments in other funds. A futures contract on a commodity is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to purchase a commodity, such as an energy, agricultural, or metal commodity, from the other party at a later date at a price and quantity agreed upon when the contract is made. Futures contracts on commodities indices operate in a manner similar to Index Futures. While commodity futures on individual commodities are physically settled, GMO intends to close out those futures contracts before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. See also “Commodity-Related Investments.”

 

Forward Contracts. A forward contract is a contract to buy or sell an underlying security or currency at a pre-determined price on a specific future date. The initial terms of the contract are set so that the contract has no value at the outset. Forward prices are obtained by taking the spot price of a security or currency and adding to it the cost of carry. No money is transferred upon entering into a forward contract and the trade is delayed until the specified date when the underlying security or currency is exchanged for cash. Subsequently, as the price of the underlying security or currency moves, the value of the contract also changes, generally in the same direction.

 

Forward contracts involve a number of the same characteristics and risks as futures contracts but there also are several differences. Forward contracts are not market traded, and are not necessarily marked to market on a daily basis. They settle only at the pre-determined settlement date. This can result in deviations between forward prices and futures prices, especially in circumstances where interest rates and futures prices are positively correlated. Second, in the absence of exchange trading and involvement of clearing houses, there are no standardized terms for forward contracts. Accordingly, the parties are free to establish such settlement times and underlying amounts of a security or currency as desirable, which may vary from the standardized provisions available through any futures contract. Finally, forward contracts, as two party obligations for which there is no secondary market, involve counterparty credit risk not present with futures.

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Forward currency contracts are contracts between two parties to purchase and sell a specific quantity of a particular currency at a specified price, with delivery and settlement to take place on a specified future date. Currency transactions involve significant risk. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets, the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or perceived changes in interest rates and other complex factors. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably as a result of intervention (or the failure to intervene) by U.S. governments or foreign governments or central banks, or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad, including repatriation limitations. The Fund’s exposure to foreign dollar currencies means that a change in the value of any such currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of the Fund’s assets.

 

Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions. Investment in futures contracts involves risk. A purchase or sale of futures contracts may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. If a futures contract is used for hedging, an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the futures contract and the price of the security, currency, or other investment being hedged creates risk. Correlation is higher when the investment being hedged underlies the futures contract. Correlation is lower when the investment being hedged is different than the security, currency, or other investment underlying the futures contract, such as when a futures contract on an index of securities or commodities is used to hedge a single security or commodity, a futures contract on one security (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) or commodity (e.g., gold) is used to hedge a different security (e.g., a mortgage-backed security) or commodity (e.g., copper), or when a futures contract in one currency is used to hedge a security denominated in another currency. In the case of Index Futures and futures on commodity indices, changes in the price of those futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with price movements in the relevant index due to market distortions. In the event of an imperfect correlation between a futures position and the portfolio position (or anticipated position) intended to be hedged, the Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract at the same time the Fund is realizing a loss on the portfolio position intended to be hedged. To compensate for imperfect correlations, the Fund may purchase or sell futures contracts in a greater amount than the hedged investments if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically greater than the volatility of the futures contracts. Conversely, the Fund may purchase or sell fewer futures contracts if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically less than that of the futures contract. The successful use of transactions in futures and options for hedging also depends on the direction and extent of exchange rate, interest rate and asset price movements within a given time frame. For example, to the extent equity prices remain stable during the period in which a futures contract or option is held by the Fund investing in equity securities (or such prices move in a direction opposite to that anticipated), the Fund may realize a loss on the futures transaction, which is not fully or partially offset by an increase in the value of its portfolio securities. As a result, the Fund’s total return for such period may be less than if it had not engaged in the hedging transaction.

 

All participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. The securities pledged to counterparties to secure the Fund’s margin accounts could be subject to a “margin call,” pursuant to which the Fund would be required to either deposit additional funds with the counterparty or suffer mandatory liquidation of the pledged securities to compensate for the decline in market value. Instead of meeting margin calls, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions, which could distort normal correlations. The margin deposit requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, allowing for more speculators who may cause temporary price distortions. Furthermore, the low margin deposits normally required in futures trading permit a high degree of leverage. Accordingly, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract can result in immediate and substantial losses. Trading hours for non-U.S. stock Index Futures may not correspond perfectly to the trading hours of the non-U.S. exchange to which a particular non-U.S. stock Index Future relates. As a result, the lack of continuous arbitrage may cause a disparity between the price of non-U.S. stock Index Futures and the value of the relevant index.

 

The Fund may purchase futures contracts (or options on them) as an anticipatory hedge against a possible increase in the price of a currency in which securities the Fund anticipates purchasing is denominated. In such instances, the currency may instead decline. If the Fund does not then invest in those securities, the Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract that is not offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.

 

The Fund’s ability to engage in the futures and options on futures strategies described above depends on the liquidity of those instruments. Trading interest in various types of futures and options on futures cannot be predicted. Therefore, no assurance can be given that the Fund will be able to utilize these instruments at all or that their use will be effective. In addition, a liquid market may not exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures or option on a futures contract position, and that Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. The liquidity of a secondary market in a futures contract may be adversely affected by “daily price fluctuation limits” established by commodity exchanges to limit the amount of fluctuation in a futures contract price during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached, no trades of the contract may be entered at a price beyond the limit, thus preventing the liquidation of open futures positions. In the past, prices have exceeded the daily limit on several consecutive trading days. Short (and long) positions in Index Futures or futures on commodities indices may be closed only by purchasing (or selling) a futures contract on the exchange on which the Index Futures or commodity futures, as applicable, are traded.

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As discussed above, if the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, it is only required to deposit initial and variation margin as required by relevant CFTC regulations and the rules of the contract market. The Fund’s net asset value will generally fluctuate with the value of the security or other instrument underlying a futures contract as if it were already in the Fund’s portfolio. Futures transactions can have the effect of investment leverage. Furthermore, if the Fund combines short and long positions, in addition to possible declines in the values of its investment securities, the Fund will incur losses if the index underlying the long futures position underperforms the index underlying the short futures position.

 

In addition, if a futures broker of the Fund becomes bankrupt or insolvent, or otherwise defaults on its obligations to the Fund, the Fund may not receive all amounts owing to it in respect of its trading, despite the futures clearing house fully discharging all of its obligations. In the event of the bankruptcy of a futures broker, the Fund could be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the futures broker’s combined customer accounts. Also, in contrast to the treatment of margin provided for cleared derivatives, the futures broker does not typically notify the futures clearing house of the amount of margin provided by the futures broker to the futures clearing house that is attributable to each customer. Therefore, the Fund is subject to the risk that its margin will be used by the futures clearing house to satisfy the obligations of another customer of its futures broker. In addition, in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of a clearing house, the Fund might experience a loss of funds deposited through its futures broker as margin with the clearing house, a loss of unrealized profits on its open positions, and the loss of funds owed to it as realized profits on closed positions. Such a bankruptcy or insolvency might also cause a substantial delay before the Fund could obtain the return of funds owed to it by a futures broker who was a member of such clearing house. Furthermore, if a futures broker does not comply with the applicable regulations or its agreement with the Fund, or in the event of fraud or misappropriation of customer assets by a futures broker, the Fund could have only an unsecured creditor claim in an insolvency of the futures broker with respect to the margin held by the futures broker.

 

Additional Risk Associated with Commodity Futures Transactions. Several additional risks are associated with transactions in commodity futures contracts.

 

Physical Delivery Risk. The Fund may trade in physical commodities and/or invest in certain futures contracts on commodities that are not required to be cash settled. In such cases, the Fund may take physical delivery of commodities. Such commodities may be subject to the risk of theft, spoilage, destruction and similar risks. In addition, storage, insurance, and other costs associated with holding commodities will affect the value of such contracts. In the event that the Fund holds physical commodities and one or more of the foregoing risks materialize, and in light of the costs associated with holding commodities, the Fund may suffer losses.

 

Reinvestment Risk. In the commodity futures markets, producers of an underlying commodity may sell futures contracts to lock in the price of the commodity at delivery. To induce speculators to purchase the other side (the long side) of the contract, the commodity producer generally must sell the contract at a lower price than the expected futures spot price. Conversely, if most purchasers of the underlying commodity purchase futures contracts to hedge against a rise in commodity prices, then speculators will only sell the contract at a higher price than the expected future spot price of the commodity. The changing nature of the hedgers and speculators in the commodity markets will influence whether futures prices are above or below the expected futures spot price. As a result, when GMO reinvests the proceeds from a maturing contract, it may purchase a new futures contract at a higher or lower price than the expected futures spot prices of the maturing contract or choose to pursue other investments.

 

Additional Economic Factors. The value of the commodities underlying commodity futures contracts may be subject to additional economic and non-economic factors, such as drought, floods or other weather conditions, livestock disease, trade embargoes, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international economic, political, and regulatory developments.

 

See also “Commodity-Related Investments” for more discussion of the special risks of investing in commodity futures, options on commodity futures, and other commodity-related instruments and investments, including forward contracts, structured notes, convertible securities and warrants of issuers in commodity-related industries or with respect to the physical commodities themselves, and other related types of derivatives, including certain tax-related risks.

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Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Non-U.S. Exchanges. Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on currencies may be traded on non-U.S. exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States (which are regulated by the CFTC) and may be subject to greater risks than trading on U.S. exchanges. For example, some non-U.S. exchanges may be principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and a trader may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. The lack of a common clearing facility creates counterparty risk. If a counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies against that counterparty, but may be unsuccessful in enforcing those remedies. When seeking to enforce a contractual remedy, the Fund also is subject to the risk that the parties may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently. Counterparty risk is greater for derivatives with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when the Fund has entered into derivatives contracts with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. If a dispute occurs, the cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for the Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead the Fund to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. The Fund thus assumes the risk of being unable to obtain payments owed under foreign futures contracts or of those payments being delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. To the extent that GMO’s view with respect to a particular counterparty changes adversely (whether due to external events or otherwise), the Fund’s existing transactions with that counterparty will not necessarily be required to be terminated or modified. In addition, the Fund may enter into new transactions with a counterparty that GMO no longer considers a desirable counterparty if the transaction is primarily designed to reduce the Fund’s overall risk of potential exposure to that counterparty (for example, re-establishing the transaction with a lower notional amount). In addition, unless the Fund hedges against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the currencies in which trading is done on non-U.S. exchanges and other currencies, any profits that the Fund might realize in trading could be offset (or worse) by adverse changes in the exchange rate. The value of non-U.S. options and futures also may be adversely affected by other factors unique to non-U.S. investing.

 

Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts

 

The Fund uses swap contracts (or “swaps”) and other two-party contracts for the same or similar purposes as options, futures, and forward contracts. See “Uses of Derivatives” for more information regarding the various derivatives strategies the Fund may employ using swap contracts and other two-party contracts.

 

Swap Contracts. The Fund may directly or indirectly use various different swaps, such as swaps on securities, ETFs, and securities indices, total return swaps, interest rate swaps, basis swaps, currency swaps, credit default swaps, variance swaps, commodity swaps, inflation swaps, municipal swaps, dividend swaps, volatility swaps, correlation swaps, and other types of available swap agreements, depending on the Fund’s investment objective and policies. Swap contracts are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to a number of years. Under a typical swap, one party may agree to pay a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a specified instrument, rate, or index, multiplied in each case by a specified amount (“notional amount”), while the other party agrees to pay an amount equal to a different floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. On each payment date, the parties’ obligations are netted, with only the net amount paid by one party to the other.

 

Swap contracts are typically individually negotiated and structured to provide exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors. Swap contracts may be entered into for hedging or non-hedging purposes and therefore may increase or decrease the Fund’s exposure to the underlying instrument, rate, asset, ETF, or index. Swaps can take many different forms and are known by a variety of names. The Fund is not limited to any particular form or variety of swap agreement if GMO determines it is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies.

 

The Fund may enter into swaps on securities, ETFs, baskets of securities or securities indices. For example, the parties to a swap contract may agree to exchange returns calculated on a notional amount of a security, ETF, basket of securities, or securities index (e.g., S&P 500 Index). Additionally, the Fund may use total return swaps, which typically involve commitments to pay amounts computed in the same manner as interest in exchange for a market-linked return, both based on notional amounts. The Fund may use such swaps to gain investment exposure to the underlying security or securities where direct ownership is either not legally possible or is economically unattractive. To the extent the total return of the security, ETF, basket of securities, or index underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting interest rate obligation, the Fund will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty, respectively.

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In addition, the Fund may enter into interest rate swaps (including municipal swaps) in order to protect against declines in the value of fixed income securities held by the Fund. In such an instance, the Fund may agree with a counterparty to pay a fixed rate (multiplied by a notional amount) and the counterparty pay a floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. If interest rates rise, resulting in a diminution in the value of the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund would receive payments under the swap that would offset, in whole or in part, such diminution in value. The Fund also may enter into swaps to modify its exposure to particular currencies using cross-currency swaps. For instance, the Fund may enter into a cross-currency swap between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen in order to increase or decrease its exposure to each such currency. Cross-currency swaps are contracts between two counterparties to exchange interest and principal payments in different currencies. The Fund entering into a cross-currency swap is exposed to both interest rate risk and foreign currency exchange risk. The Fund also may enter into basis swaps in order to limit interest-rate risk as a result of the difference between borrowing and lending rates. Basis swaps are interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of two floating interest rate payments and may involve the exchange of two different currencies.

 

The Fund may use inflation swaps (including inflation swaps tied to the CPI), which involve commitments to pay a regular stream of inflation-indexed cash payments in exchange for receiving a stream of nominal interest payments (or vice versa), where both payment streams are based on a notional amount. The nominal interest payments may be based on either a fixed interest rate or variable interest rate, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Inflation swaps may be used to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e. non-inflation-indexed bonds), thereby creating synthetic inflation-indexed bonds, or combined with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create synthetic inflation-indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments — Inflation-Indexed Bonds.”

 

In addition, the Fund may directly or indirectly use credit default swaps to take an active long or short position with respect to the likelihood of default by a corporate or sovereign issuer of fixed income securities (including asset-backed securities). In a credit default swap, one party pays, in effect, an insurance premium through a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of default (or similar events) by one or more third parties on their obligations. For example, in purchasing a credit default swap, the Fund may pay a premium in return for the right to put specified bonds or loans to the counterparty, such as a U.S. or non-U.S. issuer or basket of such issuers, upon issuer default (or similar events) at their par (or other agreed-upon) value. Rather than exchange the bonds for the par value, a single cash payment may be due from the protection seller representing the difference between the par value of the bonds and the current market value of the bonds (which may be determined through an auction). The Fund, as the purchaser in a credit default swap, bears the risk that the investment might expire worthless. It also would be subject to counterparty risk — the risk that the counterparty may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the Fund in the event of a default (or similar event) (see “Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts”). In addition, as a purchaser in a credit default swap, the Fund’s investment would only generate income in the event of an actual default (or similar event) by the issuer of the underlying obligation. The Fund also may invest in credit default indices, which are indices that reflect the performance of a basket of credit default swaps.

 

The Fund also may use credit default swaps for investment purposes by selling a credit default swap, in which case the Fund will receive a premium from its counterparty in return for the Fund’s taking on the obligation to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value to the counterparty upon issuer default (or similar events). As the seller in a credit default swap, the Fund effectively adds economic leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, the Fund is subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If no event of default (or similar event) occurs, the Fund would keep the premium received from the counterparty and generally would have no payment obligations, with the exception of an initial payment made on the credit default swap or any margin requirements with the credit default swap counterparty. For credit default swap agreements, trigger events for payment under the agreement vary by the type of underlying investment (e.g., corporate and sovereign debt, asset-backed securities, and credit default swap indices) and by jurisdiction (e.g., United States, Europe and Asia).

 

The Fund may use dividend swaps. Under a dividend swap, one party pays to the other party the dividends paid with respect to a notional amount of a security (or a basket or index of securities) during the term of the swap, in exchange for interest rate or other payments. To the extent the dividends paid on the security, basket of securities, or index underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting obligation, the Fund will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty, respectively.

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In addition, the Fund may use volatility swaps. Volatility swaps involve the exchange of forward contracts on the future realized volatility of a given underlying asset, and allow the Fund to take positions on the volatility of that underlying asset. The Fund also may use a particular type of volatility swap, known as a variance swap agreement, which involves an agreement by two parties to exchange cash flows based on the measured variance (volatility squared) of a specified underlying asset. One party agrees to exchange a “fixed rate” or strike price payment for the “floating rate” or realized price variance on the underlying asset with respect to the notional amount. At inception, the strike price chosen is generally fixed at a level such that the fair value of the swap is zero. As a result, no money changes hands at the initiation of the contract. At the expiration date, the amount paid by one party to the other is the difference between the realized price variance of the underlying asset and the strike price multiplied by the notional amount. A receiver of the realized price variance would receive a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would make a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. A payer of the realized price variance would make a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would receive a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. This type of agreement is essentially a forward contract on the future realized price variance of the underlying asset.

 

The Fund may use correlation swaps, which provide exposure to increases or decreases in the correlation between the prices of different assets or market rates. Correlation swaps involve receiving a stream of payments based on the actual average correlation between or among the price movements of two or more underlying variables over a period of time, in exchange for making a regular stream of payments based on a fixed “strike” correlation level (or vice versa), where both payment streams are based on a notional amount. The underlying variables may include, without limitation, commodity prices, exchange rates, interest rates and stock indices.

 

The Fund may have direct or indirect exposure to commodity swaps on one or more broad-based commodities indices (e.g., the Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Index) or to commodity swaps on individual commodities or baskets of commodities. See “Commodity-Related Investments” for more discussion of the Fund’s use of commodity swap contracts and other related types of derivatives.

 

Contracts for Differences. Contracts for differences are swap arrangements in which the parties agree that their return (or loss) will be based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of securities. Often, one or both baskets will be an established securities index. The Fund’s return will be based on changes in value of theoretical long futures positions in the securities comprising one basket (with an aggregate face value equal to the notional amount of the contract for differences) and theoretical short futures positions in the securities comprising the other basket. The Fund also may use actual long and short futures positions and achieve similar market exposure by netting the payment obligations of the two contracts. The Fund will only enter into contracts for differences (and analogous futures positions) when GMO believes that the basket of securities constituting the long position will outperform the basket constituting the short position. If the short basket outperforms the long basket, the Fund will realize a loss — even in circumstances when the securities in both the long and short baskets appreciate in value. In addition, the Fund may use contracts for differences that are based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of commodities. Often, one or both baskets are a commodities index. Contracts for differences on commodities operate in a similar manner to contracts for differences on securities described above.

 

Interest Rate Caps, Floors, and Collars. The Fund may use interest rate caps, floors, and collars for the same or similar purposes as they use interest rate futures contracts and options and, as a result, will be subject to similar risks. See “Options, Futures, and Forward Contracts — Risk Factors in Options Transactions” and “— Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions.” Like interest rate swap contracts, interest rate caps, floors, and collars are two-party agreements in which the parties agree to pay or receive interest on a notional principal amount and are generally individually negotiated with a specific counterparty. The purchaser of an interest rate cap receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index exceeds a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate floor receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls below a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate collar receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls outside the range of two specified interest rates.

 

Swaptions. An option on a swap agreement, also called a “swaption,” is an OTC option that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on a specified future date in exchange for paying a market-based premium. A receiver swaption gives the owner the right to receive the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a call option on a bond). A payer swaption gives the owner the right to pay the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a put option on a bond). Swaptions also include options that allow one of the counterparties to terminate or extend an existing swap.

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Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts. The Fund may only close out an OTC swap, contract for differences, cap, floor, collar, or OTC option (including swaption) with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. If a counterparty fails to meet or disputes its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the counterparty will be able to meet its contractual obligations or that the Fund will be able to enforce its rights. For example, because the contract for each OTC derivatives transaction is individually negotiated with a specific counterparty, the Fund is subject to the risk that a counterparty may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently than the Fund. The cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for the Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead it to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. Counterparty risk is greater for derivatives with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when the Fund has concentrated its derivatives with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent the Fund has significant exposure to a single counterparty, this risk will be particularly pronounced for the Fund. The Fund, therefore, assumes the risk that it may be unable to obtain payments GMO believes are owed under an OTC derivatives contract or that those payments may be delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. In addition, counterparty risk is pronounced during unusually adverse market conditions and is particularly acute in environments (like those of 2008) in which financial services firms are exposed to systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers and subsequent market disruptions.

 

The credit rating of a counterparty may be adversely affected by greater-than-average volatility in the markets, even if the counterparty’s net market exposure is small relative to its capital.

 

Counterparty risk with respect to derivatives has been and will continue to be affected by rules and regulations relating to the derivatives market. Some derivatives transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the clearing member through which it holds its cleared position. Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system. Also, the Fund might not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy of the Fund’s clearing member because the Fund would be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of the funds held by the clearing member on behalf of customers for cleared derivatives. Although a clearing member is required to segregate assets from customers with respect to cleared derivatives positions from the clearing member’s proprietary assets, if a clearing member does not comply with the applicable regulations, or in the event of fraud or misappropriation of customer assets by a clearing member, the Fund could have only an unsecured creditor claim in an insolvency of the clearing member with respect to the assets held by the clearing member.

 

The risk of loss generally is related to a notional principal amount, even if the parties have not made any initial investment. Notional amounts of swap transactions are not subject to any limitations, and swap contracts may expose the Fund to unlimited risk of loss. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment.

 

Additional Risk Factors in OTC Derivatives Transactions. OTC derivatives are also subject to documentation risk, which is the risk that ambiguities, inconsistencies, or errors in the documentation relating to a derivative transaction lead to a dispute with the counterparty or unintended investment results.

 

Additionally, participants in OTC derivatives markets typically are not subject to the same level of credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as are members of exchange-based markets and, therefore, OTC derivatives generally expose the Fund to greater counterparty risk than exchange-traded derivatives.

 

Among other trading agreements, the Fund is party to International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreements (“ISDA Agreements”) or other similar types of agreements with select counterparties that generally govern OTC derivative transactions entered into by the Fund. The ISDA Agreements typically include representations and warranties as well as contractual terms related to events of default and termination events, and may include collateral posting terms and netting provisions that apply in the event of a default and/or a termination event. Termination events may include the decline in the net assets of the Fund below a certain level over a specified period of time and entitle a counterparty to elect to terminate early with respect to some or all the transactions under the ISDA Agreement with that counterparty. Such an election by one or more of the counterparties could have a material adverse impact on the Fund’s operations. On the other hand, the bankruptcy or insolvency of the counterparty may allow the Fund to elect to terminate early with respect to some or all the transactions under the ISDA Agreement with that counterparty, and the relevant ISDA Agreement may permit the non-defaulting party to calculate a single net payment to close out applicable transactions. However, there is no guarantee that the terms of an ISDA Agreement will be enforceable, including, for example, when bankruptcy or insolvency laws impose restrictions on or prohibitions against termination or the right of offset obligations. Additionally, the netting and close out provisions of an ISDA Agreement may not extend to the obligations of the counterparty’s affiliates or across varying types of transactions.

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Additional Risk Factors in Cleared Derivatives Transactions. Transactions in some types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North American and European indices) are required to be centrally cleared. In a transaction involving those swaps (“cleared derivatives”), the Fund’s counterparty is a clearing house, rather than a bank or broker. Since the Fund is not a member of clearing houses and only members of a clearing house (“clearing members”) can participate directly in the clearing house, the Fund holds cleared derivatives through accounts at clearing members. In cleared derivatives positions, the Fund makes payments (including margin payments) to and receive payments from a clearing house through its accounts at clearing members. Clearing members guarantee performance of their clients’ obligations to the clearing house.

 

In some ways, cleared derivative arrangements are less favorable to mutual funds than bilateral arrangements, for example, by requiring that funds provide more margin for their cleared derivatives positions. Also, as a general matter, in contrast to a bilateral derivatives position, following a period of notice to the Fund, a clearing member at any time can require termination of an existing cleared derivatives position or an increase in margin requirements above those required at the outset of a transaction. Clearing houses also have broad rights to increase margin requirements for existing positions or to terminate those positions at any time. Any increase in margin requirements or termination of existing cleared derivatives positions by the clearing member or the clearing house could interfere with the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategy and any increase in margin held by a clearing member could expose the Fund to greater credit risk to its clearing member. Also, the Fund is subject to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared (or that GMO expects to be cleared) and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the Fund’s behalf. In those cases, the position might have to be terminated, and the Fund could lose some or all of the benefit of the position, including loss of an increase in the value of the position and/or loss of hedging protection. In addition, the documentation governing the relationship between the Fund and clearing members is generally is less favorable to the Fund than typical bilateral derivatives documentation. For example, documentation relating to cleared derivatives generally includes a one-way indemnity by the Fund in favor of the clearing member for losses the clearing member incurs as the Fund’s clearing member. Also, such documentation typically does not provide the Fund any remedies if the clearing member defaults or becomes insolvent. While futures contracts entail similar risks, the risks likely are more pronounced for cleared swaps due to their more limited liquidity and market history.

 

Some types of cleared derivatives are required to be executed on an exchange or on a swap execution facility. A swap execution facility is a trading platform where multiple market participants can execute derivatives by accepting bids and offers made by multiple other participants in the platform. While this execution requirement is designed to increase transparency and liquidity in the cleared derivatives market, trading on a swap execution facility can create additional costs and risks for the Fund. For example, swap execution facilities typically charge fees, and if the Fund executes derivatives on a swap execution facility through a broker intermediary, the intermediary may impose fees as well. Also, the Fund may indemnify a swap execution facility, or a broker intermediary who executes cleared derivatives on a swap execution facility on the Fund’s behalf, against any losses or costs that may be incurred as a result of the Fund’s transactions on the swap execution facility.

 

If the Fund wishes to execute a package of transactions that include a swap that is required to be executed on a swap execution facility as well as other transactions (for example, a transaction that includes both a security and an interest rate swap that hedges interest rate exposure with respect to such security), the Fund may be unable to execute all components of the package on the swap execution facility. In that case, the Fund would need to trade some components of the package on the swap execution facility and other components in another manner, which could subject the Fund to the risk that some components would be executed successfully and others would not, or that the components would be executed at different times, leaving the Fund with an unhedged position for a period of time.

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The U.S. government, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and certain other jurisdictions have adopted mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives. These rules impose minimum variation margin requirements and in some cases, minimum initial margin requirements. These and other rules and regulations could, among other things, further restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost to the Fund of, derivatives transactions, for example, by making some types of derivatives no longer available to the Fund or otherwise limiting liquidity. The implementation of the clearing requirement has increased the costs of derivatives transactions for the Fund, since the Fund has to pay fees to its clearing members and are typically required to post more margin for cleared derivatives than it has historically posted for bilateral derivatives. The costs of derivatives transactions are expected to increase further as clearing members raise their fees to cover the costs of additional capital requirements and other regulatory changes applicable to the clearing members. These rules and regulations are evolving, so their full impact on the Fund and the financial system are not yet fully known. While these rules and regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e. the risk that the interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that they will achieve that result, and in the meantime, as noted above, central clearing and related requirements expose the Fund to different kinds of costs and risks.

 

Risks of Qualified Financial Contracts. Regulations adopted by federal banking regulators under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”), which took effect throughout 2019, require that certain qualified financial contracts (“QFCs”) with counterparties that are part of U.S. or foreign global systemically important banking organizations be amended to include contractual restrictions on close-out and cross-default rights. QFCs include, but are not limited to, securities contracts, commodities contracts, forward contracts, repurchase agreements, securities lending agreements and swaps agreements, as well as related master agreements, security agreements, credit enhancements, and reimbursement obligations. If a covered counterparty of the Fund or certain of the covered counterparty’s affiliates were to become subject to certain insolvency proceedings, the Fund may be temporarily unable to exercise certain default rights, and the QFC may be transferred to another entity. Similar regimes have been adopted in the European Union and various other jurisdictions. These regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty and may prohibit the Fund from exercising termination rights based on the financial institution’s insolvency. In particular, in the European Union, governmental authorities could reduce, eliminate or convert to equity the liabilities to the Fund of a counterparty experiencing financial difficulties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”). These requirements may impact the Fund’s credit and counterparty risks.

 

Use of Futures and Options, Interest Rate Floors, Caps and Collars, Certain Types of Swap Contracts and Related Instruments — Commodity Pool Operator Status. GMO, with respect to the Fund, has claimed an exclusion from the definition of “commodity pool operator” under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 (the “exclusion”). Accordingly, GMO is not subject to registration or regulation as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA with respect to the Fund. For GMO to remain eligible for the exclusion, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use certain financial instruments regulated under the CEA (“commodity interests”), including futures and options on futures and certain swaps transactions. In the event that the Fund’s investments in commodity interests are not within the thresholds set forth in the exclusion, GMO would be required to register as a “commodity pool operator” with the CFTC with respect to the Fund. The eligibility of GMO to claim the exclusion with respect to the Fund will be based upon, among other things, the level and scope of the Fund’s investment in commodity interests, the purposes of such investments, and the manner in which the Fund holds out its use of commodity interests. The Fund’s ability to invest in commodity interests (including, but not limited to, futures and swaps on broad-based securities indexes and interest rates) is limited by the requirements of Rule 4.5, which may adversely affect the Fund’s total return. In the event GMO becomes unable to rely on the exclusion in Rule 4.5 with respect to the Fund and GMO is required to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Fund, the Fund’s expenses may increase, adversely affecting the Fund’s total return.

 

Repurchase Agreements

 

The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks, brokers or other types of counterparties, such as hedge funds, mutual funds or institutional investors. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the Fund acquires a security (usually an obligation of the government in the jurisdiction where the transaction is initiated or in whose currency the agreement is denominated) for a relatively short period (usually less than a week) for cash and subject to the commitment of the seller to repurchase the security for an agreed-upon price on a specified date. The repurchase price exceeds the acquisition price and reflects an agreed-upon market rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Repurchase agreements afford the Fund the opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash without market risk, although the Fund bears the risk of a seller’s failure to meet its obligation to pay the repurchase price when it is required to do so. Such a default may subject the Fund to expenses, delays, and risks of loss including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto; (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period; and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. Entering into repurchase agreements entails certain risks, which include the risk that the counterparty to the repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund — Counterparty Risk” in the Prospectus.

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“Peer-to-Peer” Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements through a “peer-to-peer” platform offered by the Fund’s custodian. Through this platform, the Fund may enter into repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements with other participants in the platform, which may include (but are not limited to) mutual funds, hedge funds, pension plans or other institutional investors. In addition to the risks associated with repurchase and reverse repurchase agreement transactions generally, which are described herein and in the Prospectus, counterparty risk may be enhanced when these transactions are conducted through the peer-to-peer platform, because the counterparty may not be subject to the same level of regulation as a bank. While participants in the platform are expected to provide basic financial information to each other, GMO’s ability to evaluate and monitor the creditworthiness of its counterparties will be limited. The Fund’s custodian acts as agent on behalf of the buyer in connection with transactions entered into on the platform. In exchange for a fee paid by the seller, the Fund’s custodian provides a guarantee of the seller’s obligations under such transactions. When the Fund acts as a buyer in a transaction and the seller experiences a default (as defined in the platform documentation), the guarantee is expected to be available to satisfy certain obligations of the seller to the buyer. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s custodian will be willing or able to honor its obligations under the guarantee. The Fund may have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the Fund will succeed in enforcing those contractual remedies or how long it will take to do so.

 

Debt and Other Fixed Income Securities Generally

 

Debt and other fixed income securities include fixed and floating rate securities of any maturity. Fixed rate securities pay a specified rate of interest or dividends. Floating rate securities pay a rate that is adjusted periodically by reference to a specified index or market rate. Fixed and floating rate securities include securities issued by federal, state, local, and foreign governments and related agencies, and by a wide range of private issuers, and generally are referred to in this SAI as “fixed income securities.” Indexed bonds are a type of fixed income security whose principal value and/or interest rate is adjusted periodically according to a specified instrument, index, or other statistic (e.g., another security, inflation index, currency, or commodity). See “Variable Rate Securities” and “Indexed Investments.” In addition, the Fund may create “synthetic” bonds which approximate desired risk and return profiles. This may be done where a “non-synthetic” security having the desired risk/return profile either is unavailable (e.g., short-term securities of certain foreign governments) or possesses undesirable characteristics (e.g., interest payments on the security would be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes). See, for example, “Options, Futures, and Forward Contracts — Inflation-Linked Futures” above.

 

Holders of fixed income securities are exposed to both market and credit risk. Market risk (or “interest rate risk”) relates to changes in a security’s value as a result of changes in interest rates. In general, the values of fixed income securities increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. Credit risk relates to the ability of an issuer to make payments of principal and interest. Obligations of issuers are subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. Fixed income securities denominated in foreign currencies also are subject to the risk of a decline in the value of the denominating currency.

 

In addition to market risk and credit risk, holders of fixed income securities are subject to inflation/deflation risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of payments at future dates. As inflation increases, the real value of the Fund’s portfolio could decline. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time. Deflation may have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer default more likely or materially impair the ability of distressed issuers to restructure, which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund’s portfolio.

 

Because interest rates vary, the future income of the Fund that invests in floating rate fixed income securities cannot be predicted with certainty. To the extent the Fund invests in indexed securities, the future income of the Fund also will be affected by changes in those securities’ indices over time (e.g., changes in inflation rates, currency rates, or commodity prices).

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The Fund may invest in a wide range of debt and fixed income instruments, including, but not limited to, Asset-Backed and Mortgage-Backed Securities, U.S. Government and Foreign Government Securities and Zero Coupon Securities, each of which is described below.

 

Cash and Other High Quality Investments

 

The Fund may temporarily invest a portion of its assets in cash or cash items pending other investments or to maintain liquid assets required in connection with some of the Fund’s investments. These cash items and other high quality debt securities may include fixed income securities issued by the governments, agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. and other developed market countries (e.g., Japan and Canada), bankers’ acceptances, commercial paper, and bank certificates of deposit. If a custodian holds cash on behalf of the Fund, the Fund may be an unsecured creditor in the event of the insolvency of the custodian. In addition, the Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to such a custodian, which may be heightened to the extent the Fund takes a temporary defensive position.

 

U.S. Government Securities and Foreign Government Securities

 

U.S. government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities. Foreign government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governments (including political subdivisions) or their authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities or by supra-national agencies. Different kinds of U.S. and foreign government securities have different kinds of government support. For example, some U.S. government securities (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Other U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by federal agencies or government-chartered or -sponsored enterprises but are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government (e.g., debt securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), and Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”)). Similarly, some foreign government securities are supported by the full faith and credit of a foreign national government or political subdivision and some are not. Foreign government securities of some countries may involve varying degrees of credit risk as a result of financial or political instability in those countries or the possible inability of the Fund to enforce its rights against the foreign government. As with issuers of other fixed income securities, sovereign issuers may be unable or unwilling to satisfy their obligations to pay principal or interest payments.

 

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) and the White House have made public statements regarding plans to consider ending the conservatorships of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In the event that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are taken out of conservatorship, it is unclear how the capital structure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would be constructed and what effects, if any, there may be on Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s creditworthiness and guarantees of certain mortgage-backed securities. It is also unclear whether the U.S. Treasury would continue to enforce its rights or perform its obligations under the Senior Preferred Stock certificate. Should Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s conservatorship end, there could be an adverse impact on the value of their securities, which could cause losses to the Fund.

 

Supra-national agencies are agencies whose member nations make capital contributions to support the agencies’ activities. Examples include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), the Asian Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank.

 

As with other fixed income securities, U.S. and foreign government securities expose their holders to market risk because their values typically change as interest rates fluctuate. For example, the value of U.S. or foreign government securities may fall during times of rising interest rates. Yields on U.S. and foreign government securities tend to be lower than those of corporate securities of comparable maturities. Generally, when interest rates on short-term U.S. Treasury obligations equal or approach zero, the Fund that invests a substantial portion of its assets in U.S. Treasury obligations will have a negative return unless GMO waives or reduces its management fees.

 

From time to time, uncertainty regarding the status of negotiations in the U.S. government to increase the statutory debt ceiling could increase the risk that the U.S. government may default on payments on certain U.S. government securities, cause the credit rating of the U.S. government to be downgraded, increase volatility in the stock and bond markets, result in higher interest rates, reduce prices of U.S. Treasury securities, and/or increase the costs of various kinds of debt. If a U.S. Government-sponsored entity is negatively impacted by legislative or regulatory action (or lack thereof), is unable to meet its obligations, or its creditworthiness declines, the performance of a fund that holds securities of the entity will be adversely impacted.

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In addition to investing directly in U.S. and foreign government securities, the Fund may purchase certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing undivided ownership interests in interest payments and/or principal payments of U.S. government securities and foreign government securities. The Fund also may invest in Separately Traded Registered Interest and Principal Securities (“STRIPS”), which are interests in separately traded interest and principal component parts of U.S. Treasury obligations that represent future interest payments, principal payments, or both, are direct obligations of the U.S. government, and are transferable through the federal reserve book-entry system. Certificates of accrual and similar instruments may be more volatile than other government securities.

 

Auction Rate Securities

 

Auction rate securities consist of auction rate municipal securities and auction rate preferred securities sold through an auction process issued by closed-end investment companies, municipalities and governmental agencies. Provided that the auction mechanism is successful, auction rate securities usually permit the holder to sell the securities in an auction at par value at specified intervals. The dividend is reset by “Dutch” auction in which bids are made by brokers and other institutions for a certain amount of securities at a specified minimum yield. The dividend rate set by the auction is the lowest interest or dividend rate that covers all securities offered for sale. While this process is designed to permit auction rate securities to be traded at par value, there is the risk that an auction will fail due to insufficient demand for the securities.

 

Real Estate Investment Trusts and Other Real Estate-Related Investments

 

The Fund may invest in pooled real estate investment vehicles (so-called “real estate investment trusts” or “REITs”) and other real estate-related investments such as securities of companies principally engaged in the real estate industry. In addition to REITs, companies in the real estate industry and real estate-related investments may include, for example, entities that either own properties or make construction or mortgage loans, real estate developers, and companies with substantial real estate holdings. Each of these types of investments is subject to risks similar to those associated with direct ownership of real estate. Factors affecting real estate values include the supply of real property in particular markets, overbuilding, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, delays in completion of construction, changes in operations costs and property taxes, levels of occupancy, adequacy of rent to cover operating expenses, possible environmental liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent, fluctuations in rental income, increased competition, and other risks related to local and regional market conditions. The value of real estate-related investments also may be affected by changes in interest rates, macroeconomic developments, and social and economic trends. For instance, during periods of declining interest rates, certain mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by those REITs. Some REITs have relatively small market capitalizations, which can tend to increase the volatility of the market prices of their securities.

 

REITs are pooled investment vehicles that invest in real estate or real estate-related companies. The Fund may invest in different types of REITs, including equity REITs, mortgage REITs, and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs, which invest in and own real estate directly, generally invest a majority of their assets in income-producing properties to generate cash flow from rental income and gradual asset appreciation. The income-producing properties in which equity REITs invest typically include land, office, retail, industrial, hotel and apartment buildings, self storage, specialty and diversified and healthcare facilities. Equity REITs can realize capital gains (or losses) by selling properties that have appreciated (or depreciated) in value. Mortgage REITs, which make construction, development, or long-term mortgage loans, generally invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages or mortgage-backed securities and derive their income primarily from interest payments on the mortgages. Hybrid REITs share characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs.

 

REITs can be listed and traded on national securities exchanges or can be traded privately between individual owners. An exchange-traded REIT is generally more liquid than a REIT that is not traded on a securities exchange. The Fund may invest in both exchange-traded and privately traded REITs.

 

In general, the value of a REIT’s shares changes in light of factors affecting the real estate industry. In addition, equity REITs may be affected by any changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are also subject to the risk of fluctuations in income from underlying real estate assets, poor performance by the REIT’s manager and the manager’s inability to manage cash flows generated by the REIT’s assets, prepayments and defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, adverse changes in the tax laws, and, with regard to U.S. REITs (as defined in the “Federal Income Taxes” section), the risk of failing to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Code and/or to maintain exempt status under the 1940 Act. If a REIT were not to be eligible for the favorable tax treatment afforded to REITs under the Code, it would be subject to federal income tax, thus reducing its value. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for a discussion of special tax considerations relating to the Fund’s investments in U.S. REITs.

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By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, an investor will bear not only his or her proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of REITs. In addition, REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to investors. Investments in REITs are subject to risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate.

 

Asset-Backed and Related Securities

 

An asset-backed security is a fixed income security that predominantly derives its creditworthiness from cash flows relating to a pool of assets. There are a number of different types of asset-backed and related securities, including mortgage-backed securities, securities backed by other pools of collateral (such as automobile loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit card receivables), collateralized mortgage obligations, and collateralized debt obligations, each of which is described in more detail below. Investments in asset-backed securities are subject to all of the market risks for fixed income securities described elsewhere in this SAI.

 

Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are asset-backed securities backed by pools of residential and commercial mortgages, which may include sub-prime mortgages. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Prepayments occur when the mortgagor on an individual mortgage loan prepays the remaining principal before the loan’s scheduled maturity date. Unscheduled prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans may result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities held by the Fund. The Fund may be unable to invest prepayments in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than traditional fixed income securities. Many factors affect the rate of mortgage loan prepayments, including changes in interest rates, general economic conditions, further deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions, the location of the property underlying the mortgage, the age of the mortgage loan, governmental action, including legal impairment of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products financed by those loans, the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), and social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually increases, which tends to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually decreases, which tends to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities.

 

There are fewer investors in mortgage-backed securities markets and those investors are more homogenous than in markets for other kinds of securities. If a number of market participants are impacted by negative economic conditions, forced selling of mortgage-backed securities unrelated to fundamental analysis could depress market prices and liquidity significantly and for a longer period of time than in markets with greater liquidity.

 

Mortgage-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable. When worldwide economic and liquidity conditions deteriorated in 2008, mortgage-backed securities became subject to greater illiquidity risk. These conditions may occur again. Ongoing developments in the residential and commercial mortgage markets may have additional consequences for the market for mortgage-backed securities. During the periods of deteriorating economic conditions, such as recessions or periods of rising unemployment, delinquencies and losses generally increase, sometimes dramatically, with respect to securitizations involving mortgage loans. The effects of the COVID-19 virus, and governmental responses to the effects of the virus, have resulted, and may continue to result in delinquencies and losses and have other, potentially unanticipated, adverse effects on such investments and the markets for those investments. Many so-called sub-prime mortgage pools have become distressed during the periods of economic distress and may trade at significant discounts to their face value during such periods. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed securities has improved, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid. In addition, mortgage-backed securities are subject to the risk of loss of principal if the obligors of the underlying obligations default in their payment obligations, and to certain other risks described in “Other Asset-Backed Securities” below. The risk of defaults associated with mortgage-backed securities is generally higher in the case of mortgage-backed investments that include sub-prime mortgages.

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Mortgage-backed securities may include Variable Rate Securities as such term is defined in “Variable Rate Securities” below.

 

Other Asset-Backed Securities. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. These securities include securities backed by pools of automobile loans, educational loans, home equity loans, and credit card receivables. The underlying pools of assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose entities. These securities may be subject to risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment of underlying obligations similar to the risks of investment in mortgage-backed securities described immediately above. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other asset-backed securities face illiquidity risk from worldwide economic and liquidity conditions as described above in “Mortgage-Backed Securities.” The risk of investing in asset-backed securities has increased since 2008 because performance of the various sectors in which the assets underlying asset-backed securities are concentrated (e.g., auto loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit card receivables) has become more highly correlated.

 

Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (e.g., the amount of underlying assets or other support available to produce the cash flows necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. Principal repayments of asset-backed securities are at risk if obligors of the underlying obligations default in payment of the obligations and the defaulted obligations exceed the securities’ credit support. The issuance of underlying assets may be subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. In addition, the existence of insurance on an asset-backed security does not guarantee that principal and/or interest will be paid because the insurer could default on its obligations. During the 2008 global financial crisis, a significant number of asset-backed security insurers defaulted on their obligations.

 

The market value of an asset-backed security may be affected by the factors described above and other factors, such as the availability of information concerning the pool and its structure, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the underlying assets, or the entities providing the credit enhancement. The market value of asset-backed securities also can depend on the ability of their servicers to service the underlying collateral and is, therefore, subject to risks associated with servicers’ performance. In some circumstances, a servicer’s or originator’s mishandling of documentation for underlying assets (e.g., failure to properly document a security interest in the underlying collateral) can affect the rights of the holders of those underlying assets. In addition, the insolvency of an entity that generated the assets underlying an asset-backed security is likely to result in a decline in the market price of that security as well as costs and delays.

 

Certain types of asset-backed securities present additional risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. In particular, certain types of asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of a security interest in the related assets. For example, many securities backed by credit card receivables are unsecured. In addition, the Fund may invest in securities backed by pools of corporate or sovereign bonds, bank loans to corporations, or a combination of bonds and loans, many of which may be unsecured (commonly referred to as “collateralized debt obligations” or “collateralized loan obligations”) (see “Collateralized Debt Obligations” (“CDOs”)). Even when security interests are present, the ability of an issuer of certain types of asset-backed securities to enforce those interests may be more limited than that of an issuer of mortgage-backed securities. For instance, automobile receivables generally are secured by automobiles rather than by real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying assets. In addition, because of the large number of underlying vehicles involved in a typical issue of asset-backed securities and technical requirements under state law, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the automobiles. Therefore, recoveries on repossessed automobiles may not be available to support payments on these securities.

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In addition, certain types of asset-backed securities may experience losses on the underlying assets as a result of certain rights provided to consumer debtors under federal and state law. In the case of certain consumer debt, such as credit card debt, debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on their credit cards (or other debt), thereby reducing their balances due. For instance, a debtor may be able to offset certain damages for which a court has determined that the creditor is liable to the debtor against amounts owed to the creditor by the debtor on his or her credit card.

 

In many securitizations, CDOs and similar transactions, there are asset and counterparty performance requirements that must be met to ensure income is paid to all investors, rather than being retained in a lock-up or cash reserve as additional credit or liquidity support for senior investors. If the Fund takes subordinated positions in such transactions, or if a diversion were to occur, it could result in an elimination, deferral or reduction of the income received by the Fund.

 

Each loan portfolio underlying a securitization is administered by a servicer whose role may include underwriting the loan portfolio, arranging its securitization, administering cash flows and arrears, and overseeing the realization of security where a loan has gone into default. The Fund’s investment and the return to the Fund may be adversely impacted where, among other things, the servicer (1) fails to follow best practices in realizing any security values, or (2) fails to adequately administer the loans that fall into arrears or default. In the event that the servicer is unable to meet its administrative obligations, a substitute servicer will need to be appointed. There is a risk that a substitute servicer will not be available when required, that the substitute servicer will not be able to perform its duties with the requisite level of skill and competence or that it will require extra time to assume responsibility for the portfolio.

 

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”); Residuals and Strips. A CMO is a debt obligation backed by a portfolio of mortgages or mortgage-backed securities held under an indenture. The issuer of a CMO generally pays interest and prepaid principal on a monthly basis. These payments are secured by the underlying portfolio, which typically includes mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and their income streams, and which also may include whole mortgage loans and private mortgage bonds.

 

CMOs are issued in multiple classes, often referred to as “tranches.” Each class has a different maturity and is entitled to a different schedule for payments of principal and interest, including pre-payments.

 

In a typical CMO transaction, the issuer of the CMO bonds uses proceeds from the CMO offering to buy mortgages or mortgage pass-through certificates (the “Collateral”). The issuer then pledges the Collateral to a third party trustee as security for the CMOs. The issuer uses principal and interest payments from the Collateral to pay principal on the CMOs, paying the tranche with the earliest maturity first. Thus, the issuer pays no principal on a tranche until all other tranches with earlier maturities are paid in full. The early retirement of a particular class or series has the same effect as the prepayment of mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-backed pass-through security.

 

CMOs may be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities.

 

The Fund also may invest in CMO residuals, which are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government or by private lenders of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, and investment banks. A CMO residual represents excess cash flow generated by the Collateral after the issuer of the CMO makes all required principal and interest payments and after the issuer’s management fees and administrative expenses have been paid. Thus, CMO residuals have value only to the extent income from the Collateral exceeds the amount necessary to satisfy the issuer’s debt obligations on all other outstanding CMOs. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characterization of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses, and the pre-payment experience on the mortgage assets.

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CMOs also include certificates representing undivided interests in payments of interest-only or principal-only (“IO/PO Strips”) on the underlying mortgages.

 

IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals tend to be more volatile than other types of securities. If the underlying securities are prepaid, holders of IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals may lose a substantial portion or the entire value of their investment. In addition, if a CMO pays interest at a variable rate, the cash flows on the related CMO residual will be extremely sensitive to rate adjustments.

 

Collateralized Debt Obligations (“CDOs”). The Fund may invest in CDOs, which include collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), and other similarly structured securities. CBOs and CLOs are asset-backed securities. A CBO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle backed by a pool of fixed income securities. A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include U.S. and non-U.S. senior secured and unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade, or equivalent unrated loans.

 

For both CBOs and CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, which vary in risk and yield. The riskier portions are the residual, equity, and subordinate tranches, which bear some or all of the risk of default by the bonds or loans in the trust, and therefore protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO trust or CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the riskier tranches, senior CBO or CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults (including collateral default), the total loss of the riskier tranches due to losses in the collateral, market anticipation of defaults, fraud by the trust, and the illiquidity of CBO or CLO securities.

 

The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which the Fund invests. The Fund may invest in any tranche of a CBO or CLO. Typically, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, the Fund may characterize its investments in CDOs as illiquid. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), default risk, prepayment risk, credit risk (including adverse credit spread moves), illiquidity risk, market risk, structural risk, and legal risk. Additional risks of CDOs include: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will be insufficient to make interest or other payments; (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans, or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral, and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets (particularly where the underlying collateral in a loan portfolio is not individually assessed prior to purchase); (iii) market and illiquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale; and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which the Fund is also invested, this would tend to increase the Fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.

 

The Fund may invest in covered bonds, which are debt securities issued by banks or other credit institutions that are backed by both the issuing institution and underlying pool of assets that compose the bond (a “cover pool”). The cover pool for a covered bond is typically composed of residential or commercial mortgage loans or loans to public sector institutions. A covered bond may lose value if the credit rating of the issuing bank or credit institution is downgraded or the quality of the assets in the cover pool deteriorates.

 

Variable Rate Securities

 

Variable rate securities are securities that have interest rates that reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Variable rate securities include U.S. government securities and securities of other issuers. Some variable rate securities are backed by pools of mortgage loans. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of variable rate securities, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness may still affect their value. Because the interest rate is reset only periodically, changes in the interest rates on variable rate securities may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. Also, some variable rate securities (or, in the case of securities backed by mortgage loans, the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. Because of the rate adjustments, variable rate securities are less likely than non-variable rate securities of comparable quality and maturity to increase significantly in value when market interest rates fall.

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Mezzanine Securities

 

The Fund may invest in mezzanine securities, which are unsecured securities that are senior to common stock or other equities but that are subordinated to substantial amounts of senior debt. Holders of mezzanine securities are generally not entitled to receive any payments in bankruptcy or liquidation until senior creditors are paid in full. In addition, the legal remedies available to holders of mezzanine securities are normally limited by contractual restrictions benefiting senior creditors. In the event a company in which the Fund holds mezzanine securities cannot generate adequate cash flow to meet senior debt service, the Fund may suffer a partial or total loss of capital invested. In situations where some or all of the senior debt is unsecured, distributions in respect of mezzanine securities may be substantially less than distributions payable to other unsecured creditors. Because issuers of mezzanine securities are often highly leveraged, their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios create increased risks that their operations cannot generate adequate cash flow to meet senior debt service.

 

Below Investment Grade Securities

 

The Fund may invest in securities or instruments rated below investment grade (that is, rated below Baa3/P-3 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or below BBB-/A-3 by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) for a particular security/commercial paper, or securities unrated by Moody’s or S&P that are determined by GMO to be of comparable quality to securities so rated) at the time of purchase, including securities in the lowest rating categories and comparable unrated securities (“Below Investment Grade Securities”) (commonly referred to as “high yield” or “junk bonds”). In addition, the Fund may hold securities that are downgraded to below investment grade status after the time of purchase by the Fund (sometimes referred to as “fallen angel” securities). The lower rating of high yield debt reflects a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the obligor or in general economic, regulatory or other conditions (including, for example, a substantial period of rising interest rates or declining earnings) may impair the ability of the obligor to make payment of principal and interest. Many issuers of high yield debt are highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios create increased risks that their operations might not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations. High yield securities may be unsecured and may be subordinate to other obligations of the issuer, including obligations to senior creditors, trade creditors and employees. In addition, many issuers of high yield debt may be (i) in poor financial condition; (ii) experiencing poor operating results; (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth; or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Compared to higher quality fixed income securities, Below Investment Grade Securities offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit and market risk. The ability of an issuer of Below Investment Grade Securities to meet principal and interest payments is considered speculative. The Fund’s investments in Below Investment Grade Securities are more dependent on GMO’s own credit analysis than its investments in higher quality bonds. Certain of these securities may not be publicly traded, and therefore it may be difficult to obtain information as to the true condition of the issuers. Overall declines in the below investment grade bond and other markets may adversely affect such issuers by inhibiting their ability to refinance their debt at maturity. High yield debt is often issued in connection with leveraged acquisitions or recapitalizations in which the issuers incur a substantially higher amount of indebtedness than the level at which they had previously operated. High yield debt has historically experienced greater default rates than has been the case of investment grade securities.

 

The market for Below Investment Grade Securities may be more severely affected than other financial markets by economic recession or substantial interest rate increases, changing public perceptions, or legislation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in Below Investment Grade Securities. In addition, the market may be less liquid for Below Investment Grade Securities than for other types of securities. Reduced liquidity can affect the values of Below Investment Grade Securities, make their valuation and sale more difficult, and result in greater volatility. Because Below Investment Grade Securities are difficult to value and are more likely to be fair valued (see “Determination of Net Asset Value” in the Prospectus and herein), particularly during erratic markets, the values realized on their sale may differ from the values at which they are carried on the books of the Fund. Some Below Investment Grade Securities in which the Fund invests may be in poor standing or in default.

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Consolidation in the financial services industry has resulted in there being fewer market makers for high yield debt securities, which may result in further risk of illiquidity and volatility with respect to high yield debt securities held by the Fund, and this trend may continue in the future. Furthermore, high yield debt securities held by the Fund may not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “1933 Act”), and, unless so registered, the Fund will not be able to sell such high yield debt securities except pursuant to an exemption from registration under the 1933 Act. This may further limit the Fund’s ability to sell high yield debt securities or to obtain the desired price for such securities.

 

Securities in the lowest investment-grade category (BBB or Baa) also have some speculative characteristics.

 

Distressed or Defaulted Debt Securities

 

The Fund may invest, directly or indirectly (through derivatives or other funds), in securities, claims, and obligations of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers which are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties (including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings). The Fund may purchase distressed securities and instruments of all kinds, including equity and debt instruments and, in particular, loans, loan participations, claims held by trade or other creditors, bonds, notes, non-performing and sub-performing mortgage loans, beneficial interests in liquidating trusts or other similar types of trusts, fee interests and financial interests in real estate, partnership interests and similar financial instruments, executory contracts and participations therein, many of which are not publicly traded and which may involve a substantial degree of risk.

 

Investments in distressed or defaulted debt securities generally are considered speculative and may involve substantial risks not normally associated with investments in higher quality securities, including adverse business, financial or economic conditions that can lead to payment defaults and insolvency proceedings on the part of their issuers. For example, investment in stressed or distressed loans are often less liquid than performing loans. In addition, the market may be less liquid for distressed or defaulted securities than for other types of securities. Reduced liquidity can affect the values of distressed or defaulted securities, make their valuation and sale more difficult, and result in greater volatility.

 

In particular, defaulted obligations might be repaid, if at all, only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. The amount of any recovery may be adversely affected by the relative priority of the Fund’s investment in the issuer’s capital structure. The ability to enforce obligations may be adversely affected by actions or omissions of predecessors in interest that give rise to counterclaims or defenses, including causes of action for equitable subordination or debt recharacterization. In addition, such investments, collateral securing such investments, and payments made in respect of such investments may be challenged as fraudulent conveyances or to be subject to avoidance as preferences under certain circumstances.

 

Investments in distressed securities inherently have more credit risk than do investments in similar securities and instruments of non-distressed companies, and the degree of risk associated with any particular distressed securities may be difficult or impossible for GMO to determine within reasonable standards of predictability. The Fund may invest in companies that are in the process of exiting, or that have recently exited, the bankruptcy process. Investments in post-reorganization securities typically entail a higher degree of risk than investments in securities that have not recently undergone a reorganization or restructuring. Moreover, post-reorganization securities can be subject to heavy selling or downward pricing pressure after the completion of a bankruptcy reorganization or restructuring. If the Fund’s evaluation of the anticipated outcome of an investment should prove inaccurate, the Fund could experience a loss. The level of analytical sophistication, both financial and legal, necessary for successful investment in distressed securities is unusually high.

 

If GMO’s assessment of the eventual recovery value of a defaulted debt security proves incorrect, the Fund may lose a substantial portion or all of its investment or may be required to accept cash or instruments worth less than its original investment.

 

Investments in financially distressed companies domiciled outside the United States involve additional risks. Bankruptcy law and creditor reorganization processes may differ substantially from those in the United States, resulting in greater uncertainty as to the rights of creditors, the enforceability of such rights, reorganization timing and the classification, seniority and treatment of claims. In certain developing countries, although bankruptcy laws have been enacted, the process for reorganization remains highly uncertain.

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Risks of Litigation. Investing in securities issued by companies under financial or business stress can be a contentious and adversarial process that involves litigation. Different investor groups may have qualitatively different, and frequently conflicting, interests. The Fund may have indemnification obligations in connection with any such litigation. In particular, the Fund may be obligated to indemnify its trustees, GMO and any director, officer, partner, member, stockholder, controlling person or employee of GMO and any person serving at the request of the Fund.

 

Liquidation and Litigation Trusts. The Fund may invest or otherwise acquire, such as in a distribution pursuant to a plan of reorganization, interests or instruments in liquidation, litigation, and/or similar trusts which may provide a recovery to its beneficiaries by asserting litigation claims or otherwise liquidating assets of a debtor. Interests or instruments in liquidation, litigation or similar trusts could be illiquid and/or difficult to value. Any recovery pursuant to an interest or instrument in such trusts may be significantly delayed as a result of prolonged litigation or other proceedings, which may not be successful and could result in no recovery to the beneficiaries of the trust.

 

Rescue Financings and DIP Loans. The Fund may support and/or participate in the provision of rescue financings, which are typically secured loans structured to generate high risk-adjusted returns extended to distressed companies that have not yet filed for bankruptcy protection. The Fund also may support and/or participate in the provision of debtor-in-possession (“DIP”) loans to companies undergoing bankruptcy reorganization to assist them with their financing needs during the reorganization process. In this context, the Fund generally will obtain a secured and/or a priority claim against the borrower’s assets that would permit the Fund to foreclose on its collateral if the borrower fails to restructure or reorganize. In addition, if the Fund wished to participate in the restructured or reorganized entity, it could agree to convert its loan into securities issued in connection with the restructuring or reorganization. If the borrower fails to successfully restructure or reorganize, or if the assets pledged as collateral for the Fund’s DIP or rescue loan are insufficient, the Fund may not be able to recover the full amount lent to the borrower and may lose money.

 

Participation on Creditors’ Committees. Generally, when the Fund holds bonds or other fixed income securities of an issuer, the Fund becomes a creditor of the issuer. Although under no obligation to do so, the Fund may participate on committees formed by creditors to negotiate the management of financially troubled issuers that may or may not be in bankruptcy or the Fund may seek to negotiate directly with the issuers with respect to restructuring issues. If the Fund does join a creditors’ committee, the participants of the committee would be interested in obtaining an outcome that is in their respective individual best interests and there can be no assurance of obtaining results most favorable to the Fund in such proceedings. By participating on such committees, the Fund may be deemed to have duties to other creditors represented by the committees, which might thereby expose the Fund to liability to such other creditors who disagree with the Fund’s actions. As a member of a creditors’ committee, the Fund also may be provided with material non-public information that may restrict the Fund’s ability to trade in the issuer’s securities. The Fund may determine in good faith that its trading activities are not restricted and may trade in the issuer’s securities while engaged in the issuer’s restructuring activities. Such trading creates a risk of litigation and liability that may cause the Fund to incur significant legal fees and potential losses.

 

Risks Associated with Bankruptcy and Insolvency Cases. Many of the events within a bankruptcy or insolvency case are adversarial and often beyond the control of the creditors. While creditors generally are afforded an opportunity to object to significant actions, there can be no assurance that a court would not approve actions which may be contrary to the interests of the Fund.

 

Generally, the duration of a bankruptcy or insolvency case can only be estimated. The reorganization of a company usually involves the development and negotiation of a plan of reorganization, plan approval by creditors and confirmation by the court. This process can involve substantial legal, professional and administrative costs to the company and the Fund; it is subject to unpredictable and lengthy delays; and during the process the company’s competitive position may erode, key management personnel may depart and the company may not be able to invest adequately. In many cases, the company may not be able to reorganize and may be required to liquidate assets. In addition, the debt of companies in financial reorganization may not pay current interest, may not accrue interest during reorganization and may be adversely affected by an erosion of the issuer’s fundamental value.

 

In addition, the effect of a bankruptcy filing on a company may adversely and permanently affect the company. The company may lose its market position and key employees and otherwise become incapable of restoring itself as a viable entity. If for this or any other reason the proceeding is converted to a liquidation, the realization value of the company may not equal the realization value that was believed to exist at the time of the investment.

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During a bankruptcy case, an automatic stay will prevent all creditors from taking action against the debtor to collect on amounts owed to such creditors. Unless a creditor’s claim in such case is secured by assets having a value in excess of such claim, no interest will be permitted to accrue and, therefore, a creditor’s return on investment can be adversely affected by the passage of time during which the plan of reorganization of the debtor is being negotiated, approved by the creditors and confirmed by the bankruptcy court.

 

The administrative costs in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding are frequently high and will generally be paid out of the debtor’s estate prior to any return to creditors (other than out of assets or proceeds thereof which are subject to valid and enforceable liens and other security interests) and equity holders. In addition, certain claims that have priority by law over the claims of certain creditors (for example, claims for taxes) may be quite high.

 

U.S. bankruptcy law permits the classification of “substantially similar” claims in determining the classification of claims in a reorganization for purposes of voting on a plan of reorganization. Because the standard for classification is vague, there exists a significant risk that the Fund’s influence with respect to a class of securities can be lost by the inflation of the number and the amount of claims in, or other gerrymandering of, the class.

 

Claims in bankruptcy cases are often paid at less than par and, depending on the debtor’s asset and liabilities, there may be no recovery at all for some classes of creditors. The claims of secured creditors are often paid out over time. Initially, only the debtor may file a proposed plan of reorganization. While the U.S. Bankruptcy Code permits other parties-in-interest to file proposed plans of reorganization after the debtors’ “exclusive period” to do so ends, bankruptcy courts often extend the debtor’s exclusive period, which effectively permits only the debtor to file a proposed reorganization plan. While creditors can vote on the plan of reorganization the unanimous consent of all creditor classes is not necessarily required for the bankruptcy court to confirm the plan. Therefore, a plan can, subject to the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, be “crammed down” on dissenting classes of creditors.

 

Even if a class of claims is entitled to a recovery in a reorganization or liquidation proceeding, such recovery could be in the form of instruments or interests different from the form of instrument or interest which formed the basis for the claims, including debt securities, equities, warrants, options, cash, interests in litigation claims or trusts formed to pursue such litigation claims, interests in liquidation trusts, or other property or interests, any of which could be illiquid and/or difficult to value.

 

Furthermore, there are instances where creditors and equity holders may lose their ranking and priority when they act inequitably in taking over management and functional operating control of a debtor or otherwise. Creditors, particularly creditors that own equity or are in control of a debtor, also may lose priority in situations where a bankruptcy court determines that debt should be recharacterized as equity based on the perceived “intent” of the parties as determined by the bankruptcy court.

 

Notwithstanding the corporate structure of various debtor entities, such as special purpose entities created to hold assets and to structure for bankruptcy remoteness, such entities may, in certain cases, be substantively consolidated in bankruptcy proceedings, which can affect the outcome of such proceedings and adversely affect the amounts ultimately received by creditors.

 

The U.S. Bankruptcy Code and other laws and regulations affecting debtors’ and creditors’ rights are subject to change, including by way of legislative action or judicial interpretation. Such changes could alter the expected outcome or introduce greater uncertainty regarding the expected outcome of an investment situation of the Fund, which may adversely affect such investment of the Fund’s investment program.

 

Investments in the debt of financially stressed companies domiciled outside the United States involve additional risks. Bankruptcy law and process may differ substantially from that in the United States, resulting in greater uncertainty as to the rights of creditors, the enforceability of such rights (including the right to enforce liens on collateral), reorganization timing and the classification, seniority and treatment of claims. In certain developing countries, although bankruptcy laws have been enacted, the process for reorganization remains highly uncertain.

 

Risks of Pre-filing Investments. The Fund may invest in the securities and obligations issued by issuers that are financially distressed and that GMO expects will commence bankruptcy proceedings, including debt obligations that are in covenant or payment default (each such issuer a “pre-filing issuer”). GMO generally considers such investments to be speculative. The repayment of defaulted obligations is subject to significant uncertainties. These loans are subject to the risks inherent in the bankruptcy process and do not possess certain protections, such as priming liens, afforded to other creditors. It is possible that a creditor making an investment prior to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings will be deemed to have acted inequitably and consequently lose ranking and priority. In addition, investments in pre-filing issuers are more likely to be challenged as fraudulent conveyances and amounts paid on the investment may be subject to avoidance as preferences under certain circumstances.

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Leveraged Companies

 

The Fund’s investments may provide exposure to companies whose capital structures have significant leverage. Such investments are inherently more sensitive to declines in revenues and to increases in expenses and interest rates. The leveraged capital structure of such investments will increase the exposure of the companies to adverse economic factors such as downturns in the economy or deterioration in the condition of the company or its industry. Additionally, the securities acquired by the Fund may be the most junior securities in what may be a complex capital structure, and thus subject to the greatest risk of loss.

 

Zero Coupon Securities

 

When the Fund invests in “zero coupon” fixed income securities, it accrues interest income at a fixed rate based on initial purchase price and length to maturity, but the securities do not pay interest in cash on a current basis. To qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund is required to distribute the accrued income to its shareholders, even though the Fund is not receiving the income in cash on a current basis. Thus, the Fund may have to sell other investments to obtain cash to make income distributions (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so). The market value of zero coupon securities is often more volatile than that of non-zero coupon fixed income securities of comparable quality and maturity. Zero coupon securities include IO/PO Strips and STRIPS.

 

Indexed Investments

 

The Fund may invest in various transactions and instruments that are designed to track the performance of an index (including, but not limited to, securities indices and credit default indices). Indexed securities are securities the redemption values and/or coupons of which are indexed to a specific instrument, group of instruments, index, or other statistic. Indexed securities typically, but not always, are debt securities or deposits whose value at maturity or coupon rate is determined by reference to other securities, securities or inflation indices, currencies, precious metals or other commodities, or other financial indicators. For example, the maturity value of gold-indexed securities depends on the price of gold and, therefore, their price tends to rise and fall with gold prices.

 

While investments that track the performance of an index may increase the number, and thus the diversity, of the underlying assets to which the Fund is exposed, such investments are subject to many of the same risks of investing in the underlying assets that comprise the index discussed elsewhere in this section, as well as certain additional risks that are not typically associated with investments in such underlying assets. An investment that is designed to track the performance of an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the same composition and relative weightings of the assets in the index. Additionally, the liquidity of the market for such investments may be subject to the same conditions affecting liquidity in the underlying assets and markets and could be relatively less liquid in certain circumstances. The performance of indexed securities depends on the performance of the security, security index, inflation index, currency, or other instrument to which they are indexed. Interest rate changes in the United States and abroad also may influence performance. Indexed securities also are subject to the credit risks of the issuer, and their values are adversely affected by declines in the issuer’s creditworthiness.

 

The Fund’s investments in certain indexed securities, including inflation-indexed bonds, may generate taxable income in excess of the interest they pay to the Fund, which may cause the Fund to sell investments to obtain cash to make income distributions to shareholders (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so).

 

In addition, the increasing popularity of passive index-based investing may have the potential to increase security price correlations and volatility. As passive strategies generally buy or sell securities based simply on inclusion and representation in an index, securities prices will have an increasing tendency to rise or fall based on whether money is flowing into or out of passive strategies rather than based on an analysis of the prospects and valuation of individual securities. This may result in increased market volatility as more money is invested through passive strategies.

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Currency-Indexed Securities. Currency-indexed securities have maturity values or interest rates determined by reference to the values of one or more foreign currencies. Currency-indexed securities also may have maturity values or interest rates that depend on the values of a number of different foreign currencies relative to each other.

 

Inverse Floating Obligations. Indexed securities in which the Fund may invest include so-called “inverse floating obligations” or “residual interest bonds” on which the interest rates typically decline as the index or reference rates, typically short-term interest rates, increase and increase as index or reference rates decline. An inverse floating obligation may have the effect of investment leverage to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index or reference rate of interest. Generally, leverage will result in greater price volatility.

 

Inflation-Indexed Bonds. The Fund may invest in inflation-indexed bonds and in futures contracts on inflation-indexed bonds. See “Options, Futures, and Forward Contracts — Inflation-Linked Futures” for a discussion of inflation-linked futures. Inflation-indexed bonds are fixed income securities whose principal value is adjusted periodically according to the rate of inflation/deflation. Two structures are common. The U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation/deflation into the principal value of the bond. Many other issuers adjust the coupon accruals for inflation related changes.

 

Inflation-indexed securities issued by the U.S. Treasury (or TIPS) have maturities of approximately three, five, ten, or thirty years, although it is possible that securities that have other maturities will be issued in the future. U.S. Treasury securities pay interest on a semi-annual basis equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. For example, if the Fund purchased an inflation-indexed bond with a par value of $1,000 and a 3% real rate of return coupon (payable 1.5% semi-annually), and the rate of inflation over the first six months was 1%, the mid-year par value of the bond would be $1,010 and the first semi-annual interest payment would be $15.15 ($1,010 times 1.5%). If inflation during the second half of the year resulted in the whole year’s inflation equaling 3%, the end-of-year par value of the bond would be $1,030 and the second semi-annual interest payment would be $15.45 ($1,030 times 1.5%).

 

If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation-indexed bonds will be adjusted downward and, consequently, the interest they pay (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. The U.S. government guarantees the repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) in the case of a TIPS, even during a period of deflation, although the inflation-adjusted principal received could be less than the inflation-adjusted principal that had accrued to the bond at the time of purchase. However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed and will fluctuate. The Fund also may invest in other inflation-related bonds which may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal.

 

The market price of inflation-indexed bonds (including TIPS) normally changes when real interest rates change. Their value typically declines during periods of rising real interest rates (i.e. nominal interest rate minus inflation) and increases during periods of declining real interest rates. Real interest rates, in turn, are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates (i.e. stated interest rates) and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if the rate of inflation rises at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates (i.e. nominal interest rate minus inflation) might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-indexed bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-indexed bonds. In some interest rate environments, such as when real interest rates are rising faster than nominal interest rates, the market price of inflation-indexed bonds may decline more than the price of non-inflation-indexed (or nominal) fixed income bonds with similar maturities. Moreover, if the index measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation-indexed bond investments will be adjusted downward, and, consequently, the interest they pay (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced.

 

Although inflation-indexed bonds protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In addition, inflation-indexed bonds do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates).

 

The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation-indexed bonds is tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation, and energy. Inflation-indexed bonds issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect changes in a comparable inflation index calculated by the foreign government. No assurance can be given that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. In addition, no assurance can be given that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will correlate to the rate of inflation in the United States.

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Coupon payments received by the Fund from inflation-indexed bonds are included in the Fund’s gross income for the period in which they accrue. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed bond constitutes taxable ordinary income to the Fund, even though principal is not paid until maturity.

 

Structured Notes

 

Similar to indexed securities, structured notes are derivative debt securities, the interest rate or principal of which is determined by reference to changes in the value of a specific asset, reference rate, or index (the “reference”) or the relative change in two or more references. The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may increase or decrease, depending upon changes in the reference. The terms of a structured note may provide that, in certain circumstances, no principal is due at maturity and, therefore, may result in a loss of invested capital. Structured notes may be indexed positively or negatively, so that appreciation of the reference may produce an increase or decrease in the interest rate or value of the principal at maturity. In addition, changes in the interest rate or the value of the principal at maturity may be fixed at a specified multiple of the change in the value of the reference, making the value of the note particularly volatile.

 

Structured notes may entail a greater degree of market risk than other types of debt securities because the investor bears the risk of the reference. Structured notes also may be more volatile, less liquid, and more difficult to price accurately than less complex securities or more traditional debt securities.

 

Firm Commitments, When-Issued Securities, and TBAs

 

The Fund may enter into firm commitments and similar agreements with banks or brokers for the purchase or sale of securities at an agreed-upon price on a specified future date. For example, the Fund that invests in fixed income securities may enter into a firm commitment agreement if GMO anticipates a decline in interest rates and believes it is able to obtain a more advantageous future yield by committing currently to purchase securities to be issued later. The Fund generally does not earn income on the securities it has committed to purchase until after delivery. The Fund may take delivery of the securities or, if deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, may sell the securities before the settlement date. When payment is due on when-issued or delayed-delivery securities, the Fund makes payment from then-available cash flow or the sale of securities, or from the sale of the when-issued or delayed-delivery securities themselves (which may have a value greater or less than what the Fund paid for them).

 

The Fund may purchase or sell securities, including mortgage-backed securities, in the to-be-announced (“TBA”) market. A TBA purchase commitment is a security that is purchased or sold for a fixed price and the underlying securities are announced at a future date. The seller does not specify the particular securities to be delivered. Instead, the Fund agrees to accept any security that meets specified terms. For example, in a TBA mortgage-backed security transaction, the Fund and the seller would agree upon the issuer, interest rate and terms of the underlying mortgages. The seller would not identify the specific underlying mortgages until it issues the security. The purchaser of TBA securities generally is subject to increased market risk and interest rate risk because the delivered securities may be less favorable than anticipated by the purchaser.

 

FINRA rules have been adopted that include mandatory margin requirements for the TBA market with limited exceptions. TBAs have historically not been required to be collateralized. The collateralization of TBA trades is intended to mitigate counterparty credit risk between trade and settlement, but could increase the cost of TBA transactions and impose added operational complexity.

 

Loans (Including Bank Loans), Loan Participations, and Assignments

 

The Fund may invest in direct debt instruments, which are interests in amounts owed to lenders or lending syndicates, to suppliers of goods or services, or to other parties by a corporate, governmental, or other borrower. Such “loans” may include bank loans, promissory notes, and loan participations, or in the case of suppliers of goods or services, trade claims or other receivables. Investments in direct debt instruments are subject to the Fund’s policies regarding the quality of debt investments generally. Such instruments may include term loans and revolving loans, may pay interest at a fixed or floating rate, and may be senior or subordinated. The Fund may acquire interests in loans either directly (by way of sale or assignment) or indirectly (by way of participation).

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Purchases of loans and other forms of direct indebtedness depend primarily upon the creditworthiness of the borrower for payment of principal and interest, and adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect its ability to pay principal and interest. Direct debt instruments may not be rated by any rating agency. In the event of non-payment of interest or principal, loans that are secured offer the Fund more protection than comparable unsecured loans. However, no assurance can be given that the collateral for a secured loan can be liquidated or that the proceeds will satisfy the borrower’s obligation. Investment in the indebtedness of borrowers with low creditworthiness involves substantially greater risks, and may be highly speculative. Borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Investments in sovereign debt similarly involve the risk that the governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to pay interest and repay principal when due. The bank loans acquired by the Fund may be below investment grade, unrated, and/or undersecured.

 

When investing in a loan participation, the Fund typically purchases participation interests in a portion of a lender’s or participant’s interest in a loan but has no direct contractual relationship with the borrower. Participation interests in a portion of a debt obligation typically result in a contractual relationship only with the institution participating in the interest, not with the borrower. The Fund must rely on the seller of the participation interest not only for the enforcement of the Fund’s rights against the borrower but also for the receipt and processing of principal, interest, or other payments due under the loan. This may subject the Fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the Fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. In addition, the Fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the debt obligation in which it has purchased the participation. A participation agreement also may limit the rights of the Fund to vote on changes that may be made to the underlying loan agreement, such as waiving a breach of a covenant. In addition, under the terms of a participation agreement, the Fund may be treated as a creditor of the seller of the participation interest (rather than of the borrower), thus exposing the Fund to the credit risk of the seller in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. Additional risks include inadequate perfection of a loan’s security interest, the possible invalidation or compromise of an investment transaction as a fraudulent conveyance or preference under relevant creditors’ rights laws, the validity and seniority of bank claims and guarantees, environmental liabilities that may arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations, and adverse consequences resulting from participating in such instruments through other institutions with lower credit quality.

 

Bank loans and participation interests may not be readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. There can be no assurance that future levels of supply and demand in loan or loan participation trading will provide an adequate degree of liquidity and no assurance that the market will not experience periods of significant illiquidity in the future.

 

Investments in loans through direct assignment of a lender’s interests may involve additional risks to the Fund. For example, if a secured loan is foreclosed, the Fund could become part owner of any collateral, and would bear the costs and liabilities associated with owning and disposing of the collateral. In addition, under legal theories of lender liability, the Fund potentially might be held liable as a co-lender.

 

A loan is often administered by a bank or other financial institution that acts as agent for all holders. The agent administers the terms of the loan, as specified in the loan agreement. Unless, under the terms of the loan or other indebtedness the Fund has direct recourse against the borrower, it may have to rely on the agent to enforce its rights against the borrower.

 

GMO may, with respect to its management of investments in certain loans for the Fund, seek to remain flexible to purchase and sell other securities in the borrower’s capital structure, by remaining “public.” In such cases, GMO will seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information about the borrowers to which the Fund may lend (through assignments, participations or otherwise). GMO’s decision not to use material, non-public information about borrowers may place GMO at an information disadvantage relative to other lenders. Also, in instances where lenders are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consents in favor of the borrower, GMO’s ability to assess the significance of the amendment, waiver or consent or its desirability from the Fund’s point of view may be materially and adversely affected.

 

When GMO’s employees, on-site consultants, partners, members, directors, or officers come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loans that may be held by the Fund or other accounts managed by GMO (either intentionally or inadvertently), or material, non-public information is otherwise attributed to GMO, GMO’s ability to trade in other securities of the issuers of these loans for the account of GMO may be limited pursuant to applicable securities laws. Such limitations on GMO’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the Fund. In many instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.

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Direct indebtedness purchased by the Fund may include letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating the Fund to pay additional cash on demand. These commitments may have the effect of requiring the Fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so.

 

Loans may not be considered “securities,” and when the Fund purchases a loan it may not be entitled to rely on anti-fraud and other protections under the federal securities laws.

 

Covenant lite loans risk. Covenant lite loans contain fewer maintenance covenants, or no maintenance covenants at all, than traditional loans and may not include terms that allow the lender to monitor the financial performance of the borrower and declare a default if certain criteria are breached. This may expose the Fund to greater credit risk associated with the borrower and reduce the Fund’s ability to restructure a problematic loan and mitigate potential loss. As a result, the Fund’s exposure to losses on such investments may be increased, especially during a downturn in the credit cycle.

 

Trade Claims. The Fund may purchase trade claims against companies, including companies in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. Trade claims generally include claims of suppliers for goods delivered and not paid, claims for unpaid services rendered, claims for contract rejection damages and claims related to litigation. An investment in trade claims is very speculative and carries a high degree of risk. Trade claims are illiquid instruments which generally do not pay interest and there can be no guarantee that the debtor will ever be able to satisfy the obligation on the trade claim. Additionally, there can be restrictions on the purchase, sale, and/or transferability of trade claims during all or part of a bankruptcy proceeding. The markets in trade claims generally are not regulated by U.S. federal securities laws or the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

 

Trade claims are typically unsecured and may be subordinated to other unsecured obligations of a debtor, and generally are subject to defenses of the debtor with respect to the underlying transaction giving rise to the trade claim. Although GMO endeavors to protect against such risks in connection with the evaluation and purchase of claims, trade claims are subject to risks not generally associated with standardized securities and instruments due to the idiosyncratic nature of the claims purchased. These risks include the risk that the debtor may contest the allowance of the claim due to disputes the debtor has with the original claimant or the inequitable conduct of the original claimant, or due to administrative errors in connection with the transfer of the claim. Recovery on allowed trade claims also may be impaired if the anticipated dividend payable on unsecured claims in the bankruptcy is not realized or if the timing of the bankruptcy distribution is delayed. As a result of the foregoing factors, trade claims are also subject to the risk that if the Fund does receive payment, it may be in an amount less than what the Fund paid for or otherwise expects to receive in respect of the claim.

 

In addition, because they are not negotiable instruments, trade claims are typically less liquid than negotiable instruments. Given these factors, trade claims often trade at a discount to other pari passu instruments.

 

Lender Liability Considerations and Equitable Subordination Risks. A number of judicial decisions in the United States have upheld the right of borrowers to sue lending institutions on the basis of various evolving legal theories (collectively termed “lender liability”). Generally, lender liability is founded upon the premise that an institutional lender has violated a duty (whether implied or contractual) of good faith and fair dealing owed to the borrower or has assumed a degree of control over the borrower resulting in creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or shareholders. In addition, courts have in some cases applied the doctrine of equitable subordination to subordinate the claim of a lending institution against a borrower to claims of other creditors of the borrower when the lending institution is found to have engaged in unfair, inequitable, or fraudulent conduct. There can be no assurance as to whether any fund, lending institution, or other party from which the Fund may directly or indirectly acquire such claims engaged in any such conduct, and if it did, as to whether the Fund would be subject to claims that the Fund’s portfolio investments should be equitably subordinated based on such conduct. Because of the nature of certain of the Fund’s portfolio investments, the Fund could be subject to allegations of lender liability or to claims that the Fund’s portfolio investments should be equitably subordinated.

 

Fraudulent Conveyance and Preference Risk. Various federal and state laws enacted for the protection of creditors may apply to the purchase of the Fund’s investments by virtue of the Fund’s role as a creditor with respect to the borrowers under such investments. If a court in a lawsuit brought by an unpaid creditor, a debtor-in-possession, a trustee in bankruptcy, or their respective representatives, were to find that the borrower did not receive fair consideration or reasonably equivalent value for incurring indebtedness evidenced by an investment and the grant of any security interest or other lien securing such investment and, after giving effect to such indebtedness and/or grant of any security interest or other lien, the issuer or obligor (i) was insolvent; (ii) was engaged in a business for which the remaining assets of such issuer constituted unreasonably small capital; or (iii) intended to incur, or believed that it would incur, debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature, such court could, under certain circumstances, invalidate, in whole or in part, such indebtedness and such security interest or other lien as fraudulent conveyances, could subordinate such indebtedness to existing or future creditors of the borrower, and could allow the borrower to recover amounts previously paid by the borrower to the creditor (including to the Fund) in satisfaction of such indebtedness or proceeds of such security interest or other lien previously applied in satisfaction of such indebtedness.

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The measure of insolvency for purposes of the foregoing will vary. Generally, an issuer or obligor would be considered insolvent at a particular time if the sum of its debts were then greater than all of its property at a fair valuation, or if the present fair saleable value of its assets were less than the amount that would be required to pay its probable liabilities on its existing debts as they became absolute and matured. There can be no assurance as to what standard a court would apply in order to determine whether the issuer or obligor was “insolvent” after giving effect to the incurrence of the indebtedness and/or the granting of any security interest or other lien or that, regardless of the method of valuation, a court would not determine that the issuer was “insolvent” upon giving effect to such incurrence of indebtedness and/or grant of security interests or other lien.

 

The Fund may invest in bank debt or other indebtedness issued by a borrower which is guaranteed by other entities within the borrower’s corporate family. In such circumstances, the borrower often has little or no assets other than the stock of its subsidiaries and, as a result, any recovery is often available only, if at all, from the entities that guaranteed the indebtedness. There is a risk, however, that the obligations of such guarantors and any security interests or other liens issued by the guarantors to secure such obligations may be avoided as fraudulent conveyances in the event that a court were to determine that such guarantors did not receive reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the issuance of the guarantees and for the security interests or other liens. A court could determine that the guarantors did not receive reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration in incurring the obligations and granting the security interests or other liens despite the existence of “indirect” benefits to the guarantors, such as the strengthening of the corporate enterprise in the transaction. Additionally, provisions in guarantees and other similar documents governing similar obligations by which fraudulent conveyance exposure is sought to be reduced or eliminated, such as so-called “savings clauses,” may not be enforceable. As a result, the Fund’s investment in corporate bank debt or other indebtedness could be subject to avoidance as a fraudulent conveyance.

 

In addition, in the event of the insolvency (as determined by a court based on the law of the jurisdiction which is being applied) of an issuer of an investment, payments made on the Fund’s investment could be subject to avoidance as a “preference” if made within a certain period of time (which may be as long as one year) before insolvency depending on a number of factors.

 

There can be no assurance that a successful cause of action for fraudulent conveyance or preference will not occur, or as to whether any fund, lending institution or other party from which the Fund may directly or indirectly acquire an investment engaged in any conduct to give rise to such causes of action, and if it did, as to whether such causes of action could be asserted against the Fund.

 

Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Dollar Roll Agreements

 

The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and dollar roll agreements with banks, brokers or other types of counterparties, such as hedge funds, mutual funds or institutional investors, to enhance return. Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by the Fund of portfolio securities concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the same securities at a later date at a fixed price. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the Fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the securities and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the securities.

 

Dollar rolls are transactions in which the Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar (same type and coupon) securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the securities. The Fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale.

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If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement or dollar roll agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the Fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor the Fund’s right to repurchase the securities. Furthermore, in that situation the Fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold in connection with a reverse repurchase agreement and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of the securities and the payment it received for them. This loss would be greater to the extent the buyer paid less than the value of the securities the Fund sold to it (e.g., a buyer may only be willing to pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). The Fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the Fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as OTC derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund — Derivatives and Short Sales Risk” and “— Counterparty Risk” in the Prospectus and “Uses of Derivatives” below. Reverse repurchase agreements and dollar rolls are not considered borrowings by the Fund for purposes of the Fund’s fundamental investment restriction on borrowings.

 

For a discussion of the Fund’s participation in reverse repurchase agreements conducted through a peer-to-peer platform offered by the Fund’s custodian, see “Repurchase Agreements – ‘Peer-to-Peer’ Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements” above.

 

Commodity-Related Investments

 

The Fund may gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in commodities or commodity-related instruments directly or indirectly. Such instruments include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, swaps, options, forward contracts, and structured notes and equities, debt securities, convertible securities, and warrants of issuers in commodity-related industries or with respect to the physical commodities themselves.

 

Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions, livestock disease, trade embargoes, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.

 

Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and -exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation also may impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.

 

The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable. See “Options, Futures, and Forward Contracts,” “Structured Notes,” “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts,” and “Uses of Derivatives” herein for more information on the Fund’s investments in derivatives, including commodity-related derivatives such as swap agreements, commodity futures contracts, and options on commodity futures contracts.

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The Fund’s pursuit of an investment strategy that involves exposure to commodity markets will potentially be limited by its intention to qualify as a RIC, and could adversely affect its ability to so qualify. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section for more information.

 

Illiquid Investments, Private Placements, Restricted Securities, and IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities

 

Pursuant to Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act, the Fund has adopted, and the Trust’s Board of Trustees (the “Board of Trustees”) has appointed GMO to administer, a liquidity risk management program to assess and manage its illiquidity risk. Under its program, the Fund is required to classify its investments into specific liquidity categories and monitor compliance with limits on investments in illiquid investments. The term “illiquid investments” for purposes of the program means securities that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of under current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the securities. The Fund does not expect Rule 22e-4 to have a significant effect on investment operations. While the liquidity risk management program attempts to assess and manage illiquidity risk, there is no guarantee it will be effective in its operations and will not eliminate the liquidity risk inherent in the Fund’s investments.

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments. For this purpose, “illiquid investments” are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of under current market conditions within seven calendar days without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.

 

In considering the Fund’s ability to sell or dispose of an investment within seven days without significantly changing the investment’s market value, the Fund considers the portion of the investment that the Fund reasonably anticipates selling in response to redemption requests. The determination that any investment is or is not an “illiquid investment” requires the Fund to make a number of market-based and other assumptions about future events and thus should not be viewed as a guarantee or an assurance that the Fund will be able to dispose of any portion of a particular investment within any particular period of time.

 

Private Placements and Restricted Investments. Illiquid investments include securities of private issuers, securities traded in unregulated or shallow markets, securities issued by entities deemed to be affiliates of the Fund, and securities that are purchased in private placements and are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Because relatively few purchasers of these securities may exist, especially in the event of adverse economic and liquidity conditions or adverse changes in the issuer’s financial condition, the Fund may not be able to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in such investments at a desirable price. Disposing of illiquid investments may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and selling them promptly at an acceptable price may be difficult or impossible.

 

While private placements may offer attractive opportunities not otherwise available in the open market, the securities purchased are usually “restricted securities” or are “not readily marketable.” Restricted securities are generally only sold to institutional investors in private sales from the issuer or from an affiliate of the issuer. These securities may be less liquid than securities registered for sale to the general public. The liquidity of a restricted security may be affected by a number of factors, including: (i) the credit quality of the issuer; (ii) the frequency of trades and quotes for the security; (iii) the number of dealers willing to purchase or sell the security and the number of other potential purchasers; (iv) dealer undertakings to make a market in the security; and (v) the nature of the security and the nature of marketplace trades. Restricted securities cannot be sold without being registered under the 1933 Act, unless they are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A). Securities that are not readily marketable are subject to other legal or contractual restrictions on resale. The Fund may have to bear the expense of registering restricted securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting registration. The Fund selling its securities in a registered offering may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of Section 11 of the 1933 Act. In such event, the Fund may be liable to purchasers of the securities under Section 11 if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading, although the Fund may have a due diligence defense. While the Fund may be indemnified against such liabilities, the issuer may not have the financial resources to satisfy its indemnification obligations. Furthermore, it is the position of the SEC staff that indemnification for violations of the 1933 Act is against public policy and therefore unenforceable. The Fund may be unable to sell restricted securities and other illiquid investments at the most opportune times or without significantly impacting the market value of the investment.

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At times, the inability to sell illiquid investments can make it more difficult to determine their fair value for purposes of computing the Fund’s net asset value. The judgment of GMO normally plays a greater role in valuing these securities than in valuing publicly traded securities.

 

Private Investments in Public Companies. The Fund may make investments in private placements by publicly-held companies (“PIPEs”). In a typical PIPE transaction, the Fund will acquire, directly from an issuer seeking to raise capital in a private placement pursuant to Regulation D under the 1933 Act, common stock or a security convertible into common stock, such as convertible notes or convertible preferred stock. The issuer’s common stock is usually publicly traded on a U.S. securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market, but the securities acquired by the Fund will be subject to restrictions on resale imposed by U.S. securities laws absent an effective registration statement. In recognition of the illiquid nature of the securities being acquired, the purchase price paid by the Fund in a PIPE transaction (or the conversion price of the convertible securities being acquired) will typically be fixed at a discount to the prevailing market price of the issuer’s common stock at the time of the transaction. As part of a PIPE transaction, the issuer usually will be contractually obligated to seek to register within an agreed upon period of time for public resale under the U.S. securities laws the common stock acquired by the Fund or the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the convertible securities acquired by Fund. If the issuer fails to so register the shares within that period, the Fund may be entitled to additional consideration from the issuer (e.g. warrants to acquire additional shares of common stock), but the Fund may not be able to sell its shares unless and until the registration process is successfully completed. Thus PIPE transactions present certain risks not associated with open market purchases of equities.

 

Among the risks associated with PIPE transactions is the risk that the issuer may be unable to register for public resale the shares held by the Fund in a timely manner or at all, in which case the shares maybe saleable only in a privately negotiated transaction at a price less than that paid by the Fund, assuming a suitable buyer can be found. Disposing of the securities may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and selling them promptly at an acceptable price may be difficult or impossible. Even if the shares are registered for public resale, the market for the issuer’s securities may nevertheless be “thin” or illiquid, making the sale of securities at desired prices or in desired quantities difficult or impossible.

 

While private placements may offer attractive opportunities not otherwise available in the open market, the securities purchased are usually “restricted securities” or are “not readily marketable.” Restricted securities cannot be sold without being registered under the 1933 Act, unless they are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A). Securities that are not readily marketable are subject to other legal or contractual restrictions on resale.

 

IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities. The Fund may purchase securities of companies that are offered pursuant to an initial public offering (“IPO”) or other similar limited opportunities. Although companies can be any age or size at the time of their IPO, they are often smaller and have a limited operating history, which involves a greater potential for the value of their securities to be impaired following the IPO. The price of a company’s securities may be highly unstable at the time of its IPO and for a period thereafter due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available, and limited availability of investor information. Securities purchased in IPOs have a tendency to fluctuate in value significantly shortly after the IPO relative to the price at which they were purchased. These fluctuations could impact the net asset value and return earned on the Fund’s shares. Investors in IPOs can be adversely affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares, and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders. In addition, all of the factors that affect the performance of an economy or equity markets may have a greater impact on the shares of IPO companies. IPO securities tend to involve greater risk due, in part, to public perception and the lack of publicly available information and trading history.

 

Risks of Insufficient Capital for Follow-On Investments. Following its initial investment in a company, the Fund may have the opportunity to increase its investment in such company. There is no assurance that the Fund will make follow-on investments or that the Fund will have sufficient resources to, or be permitted to, make such investments. Any decision not to make follow-on investments or its inability to make them may have a substantial negative impact on such company in need of such an investment, may result in missed opportunities for the Fund or may result in dilution of the Fund’s investment.

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Investments in Other Investment Companies or Other Pooled Investments

 

Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, the Fund may invest in shares of both open- and closed-end investment companies (including money market funds, and ETFs). Investing in another investment company exposes the Fund to all the risks of that investment company and, in general, subjects it to a pro rata portion of the other investment company’s fees and expenses. The Fund also may invest in private investment funds, vehicles, or structures. Adverse events could impact one or more of the underlying funds at the same time. There is no assurance that the investments or investment strategies employed by such underlying funds will be successful.

 

The Fund’s investment in other investment companies or private investment funds, vehicles or structures could affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders, and in certain circumstances could cause the Fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such investment, which could require the Fund to liquidate investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to make required distributions. See the “Federal Income Taxes” section.

 

ETFs are hybrid investment companies that are registered as open-end investment companies or unit investment trusts (“UITs”) but possess some of the characteristics of closed-end funds. ETFs in which the Fund may invest typically hold a portfolio of bonds (or other fixed income instruments) or common stocks that is intended to track the price and dividend performance of a particular index. Unlike the index, an ETF incurs administrative expenses and transaction costs in trading securities. In addition, the timing and magnitude of cash inflows and outflows from and to investors buying and redeeming shares in the ETF could create cash balances that cause the ETF’s performance to deviate from the index (which remains “fully invested” at all times). Performance of an ETF and the index it is designed to track also may diverge because the composition of the index and the securities held by the ETF may occasionally differ. The Fund also may invest in actively-managed ETFs. Common examples of ETFs include S&P Depositary Receipts (“SPDRs”), Vanguard ETFs, and iShares, which may be purchased from the UIT or investment company issuing the securities or in the secondary market (SPDRs, Vanguard ETFs, and iShares are predominantly listed on the NYSE Arca). The market prices for ETF shares may be higher or lower than the ETF’s net asset value. The sale and redemption prices of ETF shares purchased from the issuer are based on the issuer’s net asset value.

 

Because ETFs are investment companies, investments in ETFs would, absent exemptive relief, be limited under applicable statutory limitations. Those limitations restrict the Fund’s investment in the shares of an ETF or other investment company to up to 5% of the Fund’s assets (which may represent no more than 3% of the securities of such ETF or other investment company) and limit aggregate investments in all ETFs and other investment companies to 10% of the Fund’s assets (collectively, the “3/5/10 Limits”). The Fund may invest in one or more ETFs beyond the 3/5/10 Limits pursuant to Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act or another available exemption.

 

Legal and Regulatory Risk

 

Legal, tax, and regulatory changes could occur during the term of the Fund that may adversely affect the Fund. New (or revised) laws or regulations or interpretations of existing law may be issued by the IRS or Treasury Department, the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve (“Federal Reserve”) or other banking regulators, or other governmental regulatory authorities, or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect the Fund. In particular, these agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of new rules pursuant to financial reform legislation enacted in the United States. The Fund also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. For example, there has been an increase in governmental, as well as self-regulatory, scrutiny of the alternative investment industry. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulations may occur, but any regulation that restricts the ability of the Fund to trade in securities could have a material adverse impact on the Fund’s performance.

 

In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators, and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of securitization and derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action.

 

The U.S. government has enacted and is continuing to implement legislation that provides for regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The CFTC, SEC and other federal regulators have adopted and continue to develop rules and regulations enacting the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). The European Union and various other countries have implemented and are in the process of implementing similar requirements that will affect the Fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. Because these requirements are evolving, their impact on the Fund remains unclear.

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The U.S. government, the European Union and certain other jurisdictions have adopted mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin required to be provided by the Fund in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive.

 

These and other rules and regulations could, among other things, restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions (for example, by making certain types of derivatives transactions no longer available to the Fund) and/or increase the costs of such derivatives transactions, and the Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result.

 

The CFTC and domestic futures exchanges have established (and continue to evaluate and revise) limits (“position limits)” on the maximum net long or net short positions which any person, or group of persons acting in concert, may hold or control in particular contracts. In addition, as of January 1, 2023, CFTC position limits apply to swaps that are economically equivalent to futures contracts that are subject to CFTC set speculative limits. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, must be aggregated for purposes of complying with position limits. Thus, even if the Fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients managed by GMO and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. Therefore, the trading decisions of GMO may have to be modified and that positions held by the Fund may have to be liquidated in order to avoid exceeding such limits. The modification of investment decisions or the elimination of open positions, if it occurs, may adversely affect the profitability of the Fund. A violation of position limits could also lead to regulatory action materially adviser to the Fund’s investment strategy.

 

The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and may adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where the Fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If the Fund’s short positions or its strategy become generally known, it could have a significant effect on GMO’s ability to implement its investment strategy. In particular, it would make it more likely that other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by the Fund forcing the Fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements also may limit GMO’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where GMO seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as the Fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to the Fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make the Fund unable to execute its investment strategy. Short sales are also subject to certain SEC regulations. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions regarding short sales, they could restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances, and the Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result.

 

The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on short sales of certain securities in response to market events. Bans on short selling may make it impossible for the Fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to generate returns.

 

Rules implementing the credit risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for asset-backed securities require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party, or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold, or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers, and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which the Fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to the Fund as an investor in such transactions.

 

Investors should also be aware that some EU-regulated institutions (banks, certain investment firms, managers of alternative investment funds, UCITS funds, insurance and reinsurance undertakings, and occupational pension schemes) are restricted from investing in certain securitizations (including U.S.-related securitizations), unless, in summary: (i) the institution is able to demonstrate that it has undertaken certain due diligence in respect of various matters, including its investment position, the underlying assets, and the original lender or the originator of the underlying assets; and (ii) the originator, sponsor, or original lender retains, on an ongoing basis, a net economic interest of not less than 5% of specified credit risk tranches or asset exposures related to the securitization and discloses this risk retention to investors; and (iii) the originator, sponsor or special purpose entity complies with certain transparency requirements. Although the requirements do not apply to the Fund directly, the costs of compliance, in the case of any securitization within the EU risk retention rules in which the Fund has invested or is seeking to invest, could be indirectly borne by the Fund and the other investors in the securitization.

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Lack of Operating History

 

As of the date of this SAI, the Fund has no operating history. Therefore, there is limited or no operating history to evaluate the Fund’s future performance. Past performance is not an indication of future performance. In addition, the past performance of other investment funds managed by GMO cannot be relied upon as an indicator of the Fund’s success, in part because of the unique nature of the Fund’s investment strategy. An investor in the Fund must rely upon the ability of GMO in identifying and implementing investments. There can be no assurance that such personnel will be successful in identifying and implementing investment opportunities for the Fund.

 

USES OF DERIVATIVES

 

Introduction and Overview

 

Derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of underlying assets, reference rates, or indices, to increase, decrease, or adjust elements of the investment exposures of the Fund’s portfolio. Derivatives may relate to securities, interest rates, currencies, currency exchange rates, inflation rates, commodities, and indices, and include foreign currency contracts, swap contracts, reverse repurchase agreements, and other exchange-traded and OTC contracts.

 

It is the policy of the Fund to comply with Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act and the Fund is permitted to use any practices permitted by or consistent with applicable rules under Section 18(f), relevant SEC releases, no-action letters and other pronouncements, in each case in effect from time to time (“Section 18(f)”).

 

This overview outlines various ways in which the Fund may use different types of exchange-traded and OTC derivatives in implementing its investment program. It is intended to supplement the information included in the Fund’s Prospectus, including the risks associated with derivatives described under “Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund” in the Prospectus, and the information provided in the “Descriptions and Risks of Fund Investments” section above. This overview, however, is not intended to be exhaustive and the Fund may use types of derivatives and/or employ derivatives strategies not otherwise described in this SAI or the Fund’s Prospectus.

 

In addition, the Fund may decide not to employ any of the strategies described below, and no assurance can be given that any strategy used will succeed. Also, suitable derivatives transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to identify or employ a desirable derivatives transaction at any time or from time to time, or that any such transactions will be successful.

 

The Fund may take advantage of instruments and any security or synthetic or derivative instruments which are not presently contemplated for use by the Fund or which are not currently available, but which may be developed, to the extent such opportunities are both consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and legally permissible for the Fund. The Fund may become a party to various other customized derivative instruments entitling the counterparty to certain payments on the gain or loss on the value of an underlying or referenced instrument.

 

Legal and Regulatory Risk Relating to Derivatives. As described above under “Descriptions and Risks of Fund Investments — Legal and Regulatory Risk,” the U.S. government, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and some other countries have enacted legislation that includes provisions for regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting, and registration requirements. Because the implementation of the legislation is evolving, its ultimate impact remains unclear. Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act governs the use of derivatives and certain financing transactions (e.g. reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f-4 requires registered open-end investment companies that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value-at-risk based limit on their use of certain derivatives and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. To the extent the Fund uses derivative instruments in a limited amount, it is not subject to all the requirements of Rule 18f-4. While elements prescribed by Rule 18f-4 such as the derivatives risk management program and the “value-at-risk” limit are designed to assist in the assessment and management of derivatives risk, there is no guarantee they will be effective in reducing the risks inherent in the Fund’s derivative investments.

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The Fund may use derivatives to gain long or short investment exposure to securities or other assets. For example, the Fund may use derivatives instead of investing directly in equity securities, including using equity derivatives to maintain equity exposure when it holds cash by “equitizing” its cash balances using futures contracts or other types of derivatives. The Fund also may use currency derivatives (including forward currency contracts, futures contracts, swap contracts, cross currency basis swaps, and options) to gain exposure to a given currency.

 

The Fund also may use currency derivatives in an attempt to reduce some aspect of the currency exposure in its portfolio. For these purposes, the Fund may use an instrument denominated in a different currency that GMO believes is highly correlated with the relevant currency.

 

The Fund may use derivatives in an attempt to adjust elements of its investment exposure to various securities, sectors, markets, indices, and currencies without actually having to sell existing investments or make new direct investments. For example, if the Fund holds a large proportion of stocks of companies in a particular sector and GMO believes that stocks of companies in another sector will outperform those stocks, the Fund might use a short futures contract on an appropriate index (to synthetically “sell” a portion of the Fund’s portfolio) in combination with a long futures contract on another index (to synthetically “buy” exposure to that index). In adjusting its investment exposures, the Fund also may use currency derivatives in an attempt to adjust its currency exposure, seeking currency exposure that is different (in some cases, significantly different) from the currencies in which its equities are traded.

 

The Fund may use derivatives to effect transactions intended as substitutes for securities lending.

 

The Fund may have investment exposures in excess of its net assets (i.e., the Fund may be leveraged).

 

The Fund’s foreign currency exposure may differ significantly from the currencies in which its equities are traded.

 

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

 

Fundamental Restrictions:

 

The following are Fundamental Investment Restrictions of the Fund, which may not be changed without shareholder approval. Except with the approval of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, the Fund may not:

 

1.Concentrate its investments in an industry (i.e., invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of companies in a particular industry). For purposes of this limitation, securities of the U.S. Government (including its agencies and instrumentalities), repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities, and securities of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions are not considered to be issued by members of any industry.

 

2.Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time.

 

3.Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time.

 

4.Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time.

 

5.Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time.

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6.Purchase securities of an issuer if such purchase would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time.

 

In addition to the investment restrictions adopted as fundamental policies as set forth above, thehe Fund has adopted a non-fundamental investment policy pursuant to Rule 35d-1 under the 1940 Act (the “Name Policy”). The Fund may not change its Name Policy as set forth under the Fund’s “Principal investment strategies” in the Fund’s Prospectus without providing the Fund’s shareholders with a notice meeting the requirement of Rule 35d-1(c) at least 60 days prior to such change.

 

For purposes of the Name Policy, the Fund considers the term “invest” to include both direct and indirect investing and the term “investments” to include both direct and indirect investments (for instance, the Fund may invest indirectly or make indirect investments by investing in another fund or in derivatives and synthetic instruments with economic characteristics similar to the underlying asset), and the Fund may achieve exposure to a particular investment, industry, country, or geographic region through direct investing or indirect investing and/or direct investments or indirect investments.

 

When used in connection with the Fund’s Name Policy, GMO uses the terms “invest,” “investments,” “assets,” and “tied economically” as defined in the Fund’s Prospectus.

 

The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:

 

Concentration. The SEC has defined concentration as investing more than 25% of an investment company’s total assets in a particular industry, with certain exceptions.

 

Borrowing. The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank (including pledging, mortgaging or hypothecating assets) in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (not including temporary borrowings not in excess of 5% of its total assets).

 

Senior Securities. Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain borrowings, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, if entered into and maintained in compliance with Rule 18f-4.

 

Lending. The 1940 Act does not permit a fund to make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that a fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending.

 

Underwriting. Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly.

 

Real Estate. The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments. The Fund will not purchase or sell real estate, except that, to the extent permitted by applicable law, the Fund may purchase securities issued by companies that own or invest in real estate (including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), securities that are secured by interests in real estate, and securities that represent interests in real estate. The Fund also may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.

 

Commodities. The Fund will not purchase or sell physical commodities or commodities contracts, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) securities issued by companies which own or invest in commodities or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts.

 

If a percentage limitation is adhered to at the time of investment or contract, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from any change in value of total or net assets will not result in a violation of such restriction, except that the percentage limitations with respect to the borrowing of money will be observed continuously.

 

The phrase “shareholder approval,” as used in the Prospectus and in this SAI, and the phrases “vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities” and “the approval of shareholders,” as used herein with respect to the Fund, mean the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund, or (2) 67% or more of the shares of the Fund present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy. Except for policies and restrictions that are explicitly described as fundamental in the Prospectus or this SAI, the investment policies and restrictions of the Fund may be changed by the Trust’s Trustees without the approval of shareholders of the Fund. Policies and restrictions of the Fund that are explicitly described as fundamental in the Fund’s Prospectus or this SAI cannot be changed without the approval of shareholders of that Fund.

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INVESTMENT GUIDELINES

 

GMO has adopted the following investment guidelines for the Fund.  These guidelines are subject to change at the discretion of GMO and without notice to Fund shareholders. 

 

(1)The Fund may not borrow money except that the Fund may borrow money where such borrowing does not exceed 10% of the Fund’s total assets and is on a temporary basis.

 

(2)The Fund may not make short sales of securities unless at all times when a short position is open the Fund owns an equal amount of such securities or owns securities which are convertible into or exchangeable for securities of the same issue as, and equal in amount to, the securities sold short.

 

(3)The Fund may not purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may purchase and sell instruments (such as financial futures contracts and options) relating to commodities indices.

 

(4)The Fund may not invest more than 10% of its assets in aggregate in other collective investment vehicles.

 

If a percentage limitation is adhered to at the time of investment or contract, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from any change in value of total or net assets will not result in a violation of such restriction, except that the percentage limitations with respect to the borrowing of money will be observed continuously.

 

EXCHANGE LISTING AND TRADING

 

A discussion of exchange listing and trading matters associated with an investment in the Fund is contained in the Prospectus. The discussion below supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.

 

Shares of the Fund are approved for listing and trading on the Exchange. Shares trade on the Exchange at prices that may differ from their NAV. There can be no assurance that the Fund will continue to meet the requirements of the Exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund’s shares.

 

The Exchange will consider the suspension of trading in, and will initiate delisting procedures of, the shares of the Fund under any of the following circumstances: (1) if the Exchange becomes aware that the Fund is no longer eligible to operate in reliance on Rule 6c-11 under the 1940 Act; (2) if any of the continued listing requirements set forth in the Exchange’s rules are not continuously maintained; (3) following the initial twelve-month period beginning upon the commencement of trading of the Fund, there are fewer than 50 record and/or beneficial holders of the Fund’s shares; or (4) such other event occurs or condition exists that, in the opinion of the Exchange, makes further dealings on the Exchange inadvisable. In addition, the Exchange will remove the shares from listing and trading upon termination of the Trust or the Fund.

 

As in the case of other publicly traded securities, when you buy or sell shares through a broker, you will incur a brokerage commission determined by that broker.

 

The Trust reserves the right to adjust the share price of the Fund in the future to maintain convenient trading ranges for investors. Any adjustments would be accomplished through stock splits or reverse stock splits, which would have no effect on the net assets of the Fund.

 

The base and trading currencies of the Fund is the U.S. dollar. The base currency is the currency in which the Fund’s NAV per share is calculated and the trading currency is the currency in which shares of the Fund are listed and traded on the Exchange.

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MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST

 

Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Board. The Board elects the officers of the Trust who are responsible for administering the day-to-day operations of the Trust and the Fund. The Board has approved contracts, as described below, under which certain companies provide essential services to the Trust.

 

The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of the Fund, at which time certain of the Fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies, and risks of the Fund, as well as proposed investment limitations for the Fund. Additionally, the Adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices, and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the Adviser and other service providers, such as the Fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the Fund may be exposed.

 

The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent, and quality of the services provided to the Fund by the Adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the Adviser, the Board meets with the Adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the Adviser’s adherence to the Fund’s investment restrictions and compliance with various Fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the Fund’s performance and the Fund’s investments, including, for example, portfolio holdings schedules.

 

The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and Fund and Adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the Adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.

 

[The Board has designated the Adviser as the Fund’s valuation designee that, subject to the oversight of the Board, is responsible for implementing the [Trust’s valuation policy] with respect to the Fund and providing reports to the Board concerning Fund investments for which market quotations are not readily available and, thus, are fair valued by the Adviser as valuation designee pursuant to the [Adviser’s fair valuation policy and procedures.]] Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the Fund’s financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the Fund and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the Fund’s internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees Fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.

 

From their review of these reports and discussions with the Adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm, and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the Fund, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.

 

The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the Fund’s investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the Adviser and other service providers each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the Fund’s and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.

47

 

Members of the Board. There are [XX] members of the Board, all of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (the “Independent Trustees”). [_________] serves as Chairman of the Board, and serves as a liaison for the Board with the Trust’s service providers, officers, and legal counsel to discuss ideas informally, and sets the agenda for meetings of the Board. Independent Trustees comprise 100% of the Board. The Trust has determined its leadership structure, in which the Chairman of the Board is an Independent Trustee, is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust.

 

Set forth below is information about each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee of the Trust. The address of each Trustee of the Trust is The 2023 ETF Series Trust II c/o Foreside Management Services, LLC, Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

Name and Year of Birth 

Position(s) Held with the Trust 

Term of Office and Length of Time Served

Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years 

Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen By Trustee

Other Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past 5 Years 

Robert Howard 

Born: 1971 

Initial Trustee Since 2023 Founder and Chief Investment Officer, Sierra Brook Capital, LLC (since [2016]). [XX] Trustee and Chairman of the Board of The 2023 ETF Series Trust (2023-present)

[NAME] 

Born: 

Trustee Since 2023 [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT] [XX] [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

[NAME] 

Born: 

Trustee Since 2023 [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT] [XX] [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

[NAME] 

Born: 

Trustee Since 2023 [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT] [XX] [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

 

1Each Trustee shall serve during the continued life of the Trust until he or she dies, resigns, is declared incompetent by a court of competent jurisdiction, or is removed.

 

Individual Trustee Qualifications. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Fund provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Fund, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.

 

[The Trust has concluded that Mr. Howard should serve as a Trustee because of his substantial experience in the financial services industry. He is currently the Founder and Chief Investment Officer of Sierra Brook Capital, LLC and Founder and President of Sierra Investments PR LLC. Mr. Howard is a former partner at both Goldman, Sachs & Co. (“GS”) and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (“KKR”) as well as a former Managing Director at Harvard Management Company (“HMC”). He spent over 15 years at GS where he was eventually the head of Goldman Sachs Principal Strategies' Americas equities/credit investment businesses. Subsequently, he was the head of KKR Equity Strategies, KKR's first-ever hedge fund, and then head of the US long/short equity business within HMC. In addition, Mr. Howard holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation from the CFA Institute.]

 

The Trust has concluded that [NAME] should serve as a Trustee because [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT].

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The Trust has concluded that [NAME] should serve as a Trustee because [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT].

 

The Trust has concluded that [NAME] should serve as a Trustee because [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT].

 

Board Committees. The Board has established the following committees:

 

Audit Committee. The Board has an Audit Committee that is composed of each of the Independent Trustees of the Trust. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: recommending which firm to engage as the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Trust’s administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; reviewing the Fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firm’s report on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; reviewing, in consultation with the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing the Fund’s financial statements; and other audit related matters. The Audit Committee also serves as the Trust’s Qualified Legal Compliance Committee, which provides a mechanism for reporting legal violations. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and because the Trust is newly formed, did not meet during the most recently completed fiscal year.

 

Nominating Committee. The Board has a Nominating Committee that is composed of each of the Independent Trustees of the Trust. The Nominating Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Nominating Committee is to consider, recommend and nominate candidates to fill vacancies on the Board, if any. The Nominating Committee generally will not consider nominees recommended by shareholders. The Nominating Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and because the Trust is newly formed, did not meet during the most recently completed fiscal year.

 

Trustee Compensation. Because the Trust is new, the Board has agreed to defer any determination regarding compensation to be paid to each Trustee. The Board expects to consider the amount of compensation to be paid for service on the Board at a later date.   

 

Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The Fund is required to show the dollar amount ranges of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund and each other series of the Trust as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). As of the date of this SAI, none of the Trustees owned shares of the Fund or any other series of the Trust.

 

Officers. Set forth below is information about each of the persons currently serving as officers of the Trust. The address of each officer of the Trust is c/o The 2023 ETF Series Trust II, , c/o Foreside Management Services, LLC, Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

Name and Year of Birth 

Position(s) Held with 

the Trust 

Term of Office and Length of Time Served1

Principal Occupation(s) 

During Past 5 Years 

Trent Statczar President Since 2023 Senior Director, Foreside Management Services, LLC (since 2008).
Michael Minella Treasurer Since 2023 Senior Principal Consultant and Fund Chief Compliance Officer (2022 to present), ACA Group, LLC; Director of Audit and Risk Strategy & Planning (2021-2022), Fidelity Investments; Vice President and Director, Funds’ Treasurer’s Office and Investment & Adviser Compliance (2009-2021), Fidelity Management & Research Company.

49

 

Name and Year of Birth 

Position(s) Held with 

the Trust 

Term of Office and Length of Time Served1

Principal Occupation(s) 

During Past 5 Years 

[NAME] Secretary Since 2023 [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]
[NAME] Chief Compliance Officer and Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer Since 2023 [TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

 

1Each officer serves at the pleasure of the Board.

 

CODES OF ETHICS

 

The Trust, the Adviser, and Foreside Financial Group, LLC (on behalf of the Distributor and its affiliates) have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. These codes of ethics are designed to prevent affiliated persons of the Trust, the Adviser, and Foreside Financial Group (on behalf of the Distributor and Foreside Fund Officer Services, LLC) from engaging in deceptive, manipulative or fraudulent activities in connection with securities held or to be acquired by the Fund. These codes of ethics permit, subject to certain conditions, personnel of each of those entities to invest in securities, including those that may be purchased or held by the Fund.

 

PROXY VOTING POLICIES

 

The Board has delegated the responsibility to vote proxies for securities held in the Fund’s portfolio to the Adviser. Proxies for the portfolio securities are voted in accordance with the Adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures, which are set forth in Appendix A to this SAI. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to its portfolio securities during the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 will be available without charge by calling [-] and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

MANAGEMENT SERVICES 

 

The Adviser

 

Founded in 1977, the Adviser is a privately held limited liability company formed under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with its principal office at 53 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. The Adviser provides various investment advisory services, including to pooled investment vehicles. As of [-], 2023, the Adviser had approximately $[-] billion in assets under management.

 

The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement with respect to the Fund (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser provides investment advisory services to the Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund, including, among other things, ensuring the Fund has a continuous investment program, trading portfolio securities on behalf of the Fund, and selecting broker-dealers to execute purchase and sale transactions, subject to the oversight of the Board.

 

For the services the Adviser provides to the Fund, the Fund pays the Adviser a fee, calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of [-]% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.

 

Under the investment advisory agreement, the Adviser has agreed to pay all expenses incurred by, and appropriately allocated to, the Fund except for the advisory fee; investment-related costs (such as interest charges on any borrowings, brokerage commissions and other expenses incurred in placing orders for the purchase and sale of securities and other investment instruments); taxes; proxy and shareholder meeting expenses (unless the need for a shareholder meeting is caused by the Adviser, such as a change of control of the Adviser); fees and expense related to the provision of securities lending services; acquired fund fees and expenses (other than management and shareholder service fees paid to the Adviser attributable to the Fund’s investment in such acquired funds); legal fees or expenses in connection with any arbitration, litigation, or pending or threatened arbitration or litigation, including any settlements in connection therewith; legal fees incurred at the request or direction of a Fund service provider other than the Adviser; extraordinary (as mutually determined by the Board and the Adviser) or non-recurring expenses not incurred in the ordinary course of the Fund’s business; and distribution fees and expenses paid by the Fund under any distribution plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act. 

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After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the shareholders of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” or of any party thereto, in accordance with the 1940 Act. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees of the Trust or, with respect to the Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or by the Adviser on not more than sixty (60) days’ nor less than thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.

 

Consultant to GMO

 

GS ETF Accelerator (“GS ETF”), a business division of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (“GS&Co.”), which in turn, is a subsidiary of Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., located at 200 West Street, New York, NY 10282, provides ETF-launch and on-going consulting services to GMO to assist GMO with matters related to the Fund’s formation, launch and on-going operations. GMO pays GS&Co. a fee for these services pursuant to an agreement between GS&Co. and GMO. GS&Co.’s fee is paid by GMO out of GMO’s own resources and is not paid by, nor an additional expense of, the Fund. Pursuant to a separate brokerage arrangement, GS&Co. provides brokerage and trading services, as well as other ETF-related services incidental to those brokerage and trading services, to GMO and the Fund. See “Brokerage Transactions” below.

 

PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

 

Management of the Fund is the responsibility of comprising investment professionals associated with GMO. Team members work collaboratively to manage the Fund’s portfolio, and no one person is primarily responsible for management of the Fund.

 

The following table sets forth information about accounts overseen or managed by the senior members of the teams as of [_], 2023 (except as otherwise noted below).

 

Name

Registered 

Investment Companies 

Other Pooled 

Investment Vehicles

Other Accounts* 

Number 

of Accounts 

Total Assets 

(in millions) 

Number of Accounts Total Assets (in millions) Number of Accounts

Total Assets 

(in millions) 

Thomas Hancock [-] $[-] [-] $[-] [-] $[-]
Ty Cobb [-] $[-] [-] $[-] [-] $[-]
Anthony Hene [-] $[-] [-] $[-] [-] $[-]
             

  Registered investment
companies managed for which GMO receives a performance-based fee
(including non-GMO
mutual fund subadvisory
relationships)
Other pooled investment
vehicles managed
(world-wide) for which GMO receives a performance-based fee
Separate accounts
managed
(world-wide) for which GMO receives a performance-based fee
  Number of
accounts

Total
assets 

(in millions) 

Number of
accounts

Total
assets 

(in millions) 

Number of
accounts

Total
assets 

(in millions) 

Thomas Hancock [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-]
Ty Cobb [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-]
Anthony Hene [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-]

 

[*Indicates number of accounts and total assets in the accounts with respect to which the advisory fee is based on the performance of the account.]

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Because each senior member manages other accounts, including accounts that pay higher fees or accounts that pay performance-based fees, potential conflicts of interest exist, including potential conflicts between the investment strategy of the Fund and the investment strategy of the other accounts managed by the senior member and potential conflicts in the allocation of investment opportunities between the Fund and the other accounts.

 

Senior members of each team are generally members (partners) of GMO. The compensation of each senior member consisted of a fixed annual base salary and an additional, discretionary, bonus and, in the case of partners, a partnership interest in the firm’s profits. Base salary is determined by taking into account current industry norms and market data to ensure that GMO pays a competitive base salary. The discretionary bonus is paid on the basis of a number of factors, including features designed to align the compensation of the senior members with the performance of the accounts they manage, such as the Fund, over various periods. In some cases the performance of the Fund relative to an index (which may or may not be the Fund’s benchmark) is considered. Such features are intended to promote a closer alignment of interests between those accounts and the senior members managing those accounts. Individual senior members may, however, have some or all of the same economic incentives that GMO itself may have when GMO is eligible to earn a performance fee. Specifically, even if GMO is not earning or eligible to earn a performance fee (the Fund does not pay GMO a performance-based fee), individual senior members may have compensation-related incentives to make riskier investments, pursue riskier Fund strategies, seek less downside risk when the Fund has outperformed its benchmark and allocate superior investment ideas to GMO client accounts capable of generating higher performance-related compensation. The level of partnership interest is determined by taking into account the individual’s contribution to GMO. Because each senior member’s compensation is based, in part, on his or her individual performance, GMO does not have a typical percentage split among base salary, bonus and other compensation.

 

THE DISTRIBUTOR

 

The Trust and Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”) are parties to a distribution agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares and distributes the shares of the Fund. Shares of the Fund are continuously offered for sale by the Distributor only in Creation Units. The Distributor will not distribute shares of the Fund in amounts less than a Creation Unit. The principal business address of the Distributor is Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

The Distributor will deliver prospectuses and, upon request, Statements of Additional Information to persons purchasing Creation Units and will maintain records of orders placed with it. The Distributor is a broker-dealer registered under the Exchange Act and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”).

 

The Distributor may enter into agreements with securities dealers wishing to purchase Creation Units if such securities dealers qualify as Authorized Participants (as discussed in “Procedures for Purchase of Creation Units” below).

 

The Distribution Agreement will continue for two years from its effective date and is renewable thereafter. The continuance of the Distribution Agreement with respect to the Fund must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the shareholders of the Fund and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, in accordance with the 1940 Act. The Distribution Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Trust on 60 days’ written notice when authorized either by majority vote of the Fund’s outstanding voting shares or by a vote of a majority of its Board (including a majority of the Independent Trustees), or by the Distributor on 60 days’ written notice, and will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment.

52

 

The Distributor also may provide trade order processing services pursuant to a services agreement with the Trust.

 

THE ADMINISTRATOR

 

[____________] (“_________”), located at [-], serves as the administrator to the Fund.

 

For services provided under the administration agreement with the Trust, [___________] is entitled to a fee based on assets under management, paid by the Adviser, subject to a minimum fee. The Fund is new and the Adviser has not paid [__________] any fees for administrative services to the Fund as of the date of this SAI.

 

THE CUSTODIAN

 

[____________], located at [-], serves as the custodian of the Fund (the “Custodian”). The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.

 

THE TRANSFER AGENT

 

[______________], located at [-], serves as transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent of the Fund.

 

COMPLIANCE SERVICES

 

Under a Fund CCO Agreement (the “CCO Agreement”) with the Trust, Foreside Fund Officer Services, LLC, an affiliate of the Distributor, provides a Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) as well as certain additional compliance support functions (“Compliance Services”). The CCO Agreement with respect to the Fund continues in effect until terminated. The CCO Agreement is terminable with or without cause and without penalty by the Board or by Foreside Fund Officer Services, LLC with respect to the Fund on 60 days’ written notice to the other party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board will have the right to remove the CCO at any time, with or without cause, without the payment of any penalty.

 

BOARD SUPPORT SERVICES

 

Pursuant to an agreement with the Board, GS&Co. provides the Trust with administrative, secretarial and clerical support services for a fee. 

 

LEGAL COUNSEL

 

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, located at 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004, serves as legal counsel for the Trust.

 

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

[-], located at [-], serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund.

 

DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS

 

Policy on Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings

 

The Board has adopted a policy regarding the disclosure of information about the Fund’s security holdings.

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The Fund’s entire portfolio holdings are publicly disseminated each day the Fund is open for business through financial reporting and news services including publicly available internet websites. In addition, the composition of the in-kind creation basket and the in-kind redemption basket is publicly disseminated daily prior to the opening of the Exchange via the NSCC.

 

[Greater than daily access to information concerning the Fund’s portfolio holdings will be permitted (i) to certain personnel of service providers to the Fund involved in portfolio management and providing administrative, operational, risk management, or other support to portfolio management, and (ii) to other personnel of the Fund’s service providers who deal directly with, or assist in, functions related to investment management, distribution, administration, custody and fund accounting, as may be necessary to conduct business in the ordinary course in a manner consistent with the agreements with the Fund and the terms of the Trust’s current registration statement. From time to time, and in the ordinary course of business, such information may also be disclosed (i) to other entities that provide services to the Fund, including pricing information vendors, and third parties that deliver analytical, statistical or consulting services to the Fund and (ii) generally after it has been disseminated to the NSCC.]

 

The Fund will disclose its complete portfolio holdings in public filings with the SEC on a quarterly basis, based on the Fund’s fiscal year-end, within 60 days of the end of the quarter, and will provide that information to shareholders, as required by federal securities laws and regulations thereunder.

 

No person is authorized to disclose any of the Fund’s portfolio holdings or other investment positions (whether in writing, by fax, by e-mail, orally, or by other means) except in accordance with this policy. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings. The Board reviews the implementation of this policy on a periodic basis.

 

DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

 

The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds (or series) and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares of each fund are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of that fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees of the Trust may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. No certificates representing the ownership of shares will be issued except as the Trustees may otherwise determine from time to time. Each fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.

 

Each share of a fund has one vote with respect to matters upon which a shareholder vote is required consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. Shares of all funds vote together as a single class, except that if the matter being voted on affects only a particular fund it will be voted on only by that fund and if a matter affects a particular fund differently from other funds, that fund will vote separately on such matter. As a Delaware statutory trust, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of Trustees under certain circumstances.

 

Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate a fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.

 

LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY

 

The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrong-doing of any officer, employee, investment adviser, principal underwriter, custodian or other agent of the Trust, nor shall any Trustee be responsible for the act or omission of any other Trustee. The Declaration of Trust also provides that each person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer, or employee of the Trust, or any person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a director, officer, trustee, employee or agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise shall be indemnified by the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding in which he or she becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of his or her being or having been such a Trustee, director, officer, employee or agent and against amounts paid or incurred by him or her in settlement thereof. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.

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SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS

 

Derivative Claims of Shareholders. The Declaration of Trust provides a detailed process for the bringing of derivative actions by shareholders in the name of the Trust or the Fund in order to permit legitimate inquiries and claims while avoiding the time, expense, distraction and other harm that can be caused to the Fund or its shareholders as a result of spurious shareholder demands and derivative actions. In addition, the Declaration of Trust provides that actions that are derivative in nature may not be brought directly. Prior to bringing a derivative action, a demand must first be made on the Trustees by no less than three shareholders who are unaffiliated and unrelated to each other. Further, shareholders who collectively own shares representing 5% or more of all outstanding shares to which the action relates must join in initiating the derivative action. The Declaration of Trust details various information, certifications, undertakings and acknowledgements that must be included in the demand. Following receipt of the demand, the Trustees have a period of 90 days, which may be extended by an additional 60 days, to consider the demand. If upon such consideration a majority of the Trustees who are considered independent for the purposes of considering the demand determine that such a suit should be maintained, then the appropriate officers of the Trust shall either cause the Trust to commence that suit and such suit shall proceed directly rather than derivatively or permit the complaining shareholders to proceed derivatively. If, however, a majority of the Trustees who are considered independent for the purposes of considering the demand determine that maintaining the suit would not be in the best interests of the Fund, the Trustees are required to reject the demand and the complaining shareholder may not proceed with the derivative action unless the shareholder is able to sustain the burden of proof to a court that the decision of the Trustees not to pursue the requested action was not a good faith exercise of their business judgment on behalf of the relevant Fund.

 

Only if required by law shall the Trust be responsible for payment of attorneys’ fees and legal expenses incurred by a shareholder bringing a derivative or direct action. If a demand is rejected, and a court determines that the derivative action was made without reasonable cause or for an improper purpose, or if a derivative or direct action is dismissed on the basis of a failure to comply with the procedural provisions relating to shareholder actions as set forth in the Declaration of Trust, the shareholder(s) bringing the action will be responsible for the relevant Fund’s costs, including attorneys’ fees.

 

No shareholder may bring a direct action unless the shareholder has suffered an injury distinct from that suffered by shareholders of the Trust generally.

 

Waiver of Right to Jury Trial. Shareholders waive their right to a jury trial for actions commenced by a shareholder (i) directly, against (a) the Trust or the Fund, (b) its Trustees or officers related to, arising out of or concerning the Trust, its business or operations, and/or (c) otherwise related to, arising out of or concerning the Trust, its business or operations or (ii) derivatively in the right or name of, or on behalf of the Trust or the Fund (“Covered Actions”).

 

Forum for Adjudication of Disputes. The Declaration of Trust provides that Covered Actions must be brought exclusively in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, or if such action may not be brought in that court, then such action shall be brought in the New York Supreme Court sitting in New York County with assignment to the Commercial Division to the extent such assignment is permitted under the Uniform Civil Rules for the Supreme Court, including § 202.70 thereof (each, a “Designated Court”). The Trust, its Trustees, officers, employees and Shareholders (a) waive any objection to venue in either Designated Court, and (b) waive any objection that either Designated Court is an inconvenient forum.

 

The Declaration of Trust further provides that none of its provisions, including those described above shall be effective to require a waiver of compliance with any provision of, or restrict any Shareholder right of action expressly granted by, the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Exchange Act, or the 1940 Act, or of any valid rule, regulation or order of the Commission thereunder.

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BROKERAGE TRANSACTIONS

 

Decisions to buy and sell investments for the Fund and for its other investment advisory clients are made by the Fund’s investment team with a view to achieving each client’s investment objectives taking into consideration other account-specific factors such as, without limitation, investment objectives, cash flows into or out of the account, current holdings, the account’s benchmark(s), if any, applicable regulatory limitations, liquidity, cash restrictions, availability of cash for investment, the size of the investment opportunity, applicable transaction documentation requirements, market registration requirements, and/or time constraints limiting GMO’s ability to confirm adequate transaction documentation or seek interpretation of investment guideline ambiguities. GMO generally is not under any obligation to share any investment, idea or strategy with all of its clients. Therefore, a particular investment may be bought or sold only for some clients of GMO even though it could have been bought or sold for other clients at the same time. Likewise, a particular investment may be bought for one or more clients when one or more other clients are selling the security or taking a short position in the security, including clients invested in the same investment strategy. Additionally, one of GMO’s investment teams may share investment ideas with one or more other investment teams and/or may manage a portion of another investment team’s client accounts. See below for more information regarding trade execution and allocation.

 

To the extent permitted by applicable law, GMO’s compliance policies and procedures and a client’s investment guidelines, GMO may engage in “cross trades” where, as investment manager to a client account, GMO causes that client account to purchase a security directly from (or sell a security directly to) another client account. Cross trades present a conflict of interest because GMO represents the interests of both the selling account and the buying account in the same transaction and may have a financial incentive to favor one client account over the other due to different fee arrangements or otherwise. This conflict of interest may be greater in cases where GMO or its members and/or employees own a substantial portion of an account (such as the Fund) that engages in a cross trade. In addition, to the extent permitted by law (including client consents), GMO may engage in principal transactions with client accounts.

 

In certain cases, GMO may identify investment opportunities that are suitable for the Fund and one or more private investment companies for which GMO or one of its affiliates serves as investment manager, general partner, and/or managing member (“GMO Private Funds”). In most cases, GMO receives greater compensation in respect of a GMO Private Fund (including incentive-based compensation) than it receives in respect of the Fund. In addition, senior members or other portfolio managers frequently have a personal investment in a GMO Private Fund that is greater than such person’s investment in a similar Fund (or, in some cases, may have no investment in the similar Fund). GMO itself also makes investments in GMO Private Funds. To help manage these potential conflicts, GMO maintains various internal guidelines, procedures and processes. Included among these are trade allocation policies that establish a framework for allocating IPOs and other limited opportunities that take into account the needs and objectives of the Fund and the other GMO clients. Additional information regarding GMO’s procedures to deal with conflicts of interest that arise as a result of the side-by-side management of accounts making performance-based profit allocations and accounts, such as the Fund, only paying asset-based fees are described in GMO’s Form ADV, a copy of which is available upon request.

 

GMO has a trading desk whose personnel are located in Boston, Berkeley, and Singapore. The trading desk provides trade execution services for all of the GMO investment teams, including any applicable associated persons. While there is a centralized trading function, certain instruments (especially fixed income securities) are traded by the relevant investment teams. Trades are generated by different investment theses. Each investment thesis is assigned a corresponding execution benchmark (e.g., price at the time of order arrival, market closing price, volume weighted average price over some specified period) (each investment thesis and corresponding execution benchmark, is a “trading strategy” and collectively, “trading strategies”). Certain trading strategies place relatively greater emphasis on speed of execution and less emphasis on price, while others place greater emphasis on price (or impact on market price) and less emphasis on speed of execution. Trading strategies may be designed to be executed in a matter of an hour or less, several hours, over the course of a trading day, or over a multi-day period. Therefore, trades generated by one trading strategy may be completed before those of another trading strategy, even where the strategies are initiated at the same time or the slower trading strategy is initiated first. As a result, the speed of order fulfillment, and corresponding execution price achieved for a subsequent order may be different from pre-existing orders with execution pricing achieved on a particular order being either above or below the execution pricing achieved on pre-existing orders, which may take longer to fill. Additionally, for trading strategies implementing short-term investment strategies, those theses that utilize fundamental inputs on an opportunistic basis, and trades to manage short-term portfolio exposure may trade in advance of or may be completed more quickly than other trading strategies. Finally, varying investment theses that may invest in the same securities may involve trading strategies that trade at different times throughout the day or month. Because of the foregoing, certain strategies, including accounts with performance-based profit allocations, may trade in advance of other strategies or may have their trades completed more quickly, and, as a result, may achieve different execution on the same or similar investments.

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Where practicable, prior to the open of the relevant market, GMO aggregates trades for accounts that are being traded to implement a similar trading strategy and for which trade instructions are provided with sufficient time to satisfy internal processes. GMO’s trading desk generally allocates portfolio trades pro-rata among clients for which GMO is applying the same trading strategy on any given day, with the relevant clients receiving the same (or substantially the same) price for trades executed through the same broker/dealer on the same day. GMO may determine to exclude accounts with relatively small order sizes from a particular trade order if GMO believes that the trading costs (e.g., ticket costs) would outweigh the benefits of trading. Additionally, due to regulatory restrictions trades at execution-only prices will not typically be aggregated with trades generating CSA (defined below) credits or soft dollars.

 

As noted above, trading strategies may utilize different brokers/dealers and will often receive different prices and potentially pay different commissions rates. Likewise, two trading strategies may be simultaneously executing transactions involving the same instrument and those trades will not ordinarily be aggregated. In addition, market, regulatory and/or country limitations (especially in the case of emerging markets) or other factors may or may not result in identical prices or commissions. Further, legal, market and position restrictions may limit GMO’s ability to transact in an instrument or certain investment strategies may be given priority over other investment strategies, which could restrict (or eliminate) an investment strategy’s or the Fund’s ability to achieve its desired exposure to such instruments. Additionally, at times, trades for one account may not be aggregated with the trades of other accounts within a particular strategy for various reasons including, but not limited to, regulatory restrictions, shareholder cash flows in the account, limitations on brokers that may be used to execute the transaction, or transactions in derivatives (e.g., total return swaps).

 

Trading orders that can only be partially filled are generally allocated on a pro-rata basis but may also be allocated on some other basis consistent with the goal of giving all clients equitable opportunities over time. Market limitations (especially in the case of emerging markets where the broker typically is required to have greater involvement in allocations) and other practicalities may require special treatment. If an order is filled at varying prices, client accounts participating in the same block trade are generally provided with an average price for trades placed through the same broker/dealer, or other steps are taken so that all similarly situated accounts receive fair consideration over time. In some cases, similar trades may simultaneously be executed in different trading strategies, with the same or a different broker to meet account-specific requirements, in which case the trade will be treated as distinct trades not subject to the discussion above regarding orders that are filled at varying prices. In those cases, these trades, which may include executions in underlying derivative transactions, might be effected at the same or different prices (or involve different commissions) even if they involve the same broker/dealer. In certain markets outside the U.S., an average price may not be obtainable due to specific market limitations such as restrictions on trades by grouped accounts.

 

Various teams within the trading desk are responsible for differing types of trades (e.g., electronic vs. high touch trades) and these teams may be independently executing trades in the same security at the same time and at different prices. GMO’s trade allocation procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that, over time, accounts pursuing the same trading strategy are not likely to be systematically advantaged or disadvantaged due to the order placement/execution process. These procedures may include blocking/aggregating orders or limiting the volume of subsequent orders. While there is a centralized trading function, certain instruments (especially fixed income securities) are traded by the relevant investment team.

 

With IPOs and with certain other investment opportunities expected to be in very limited supply (collectively, “limited opportunities”), GMO’s policies provide that the investment teams’ orders be coordinated so that allocations will generally consider the needs of clients across all trading strategies. When it is not practicable to allocate an opportunity across all similarly-managed eligible accounts, GMO’s trading desk will use various methods to seek to provide all accounts using the same trading strategy with equitable opportunities for allocation over time. There may also be situations where a limited opportunity is theoretically eligible for investment by multiple accounts but GMO determines that the limited opportunity is an appropriate or advisable investment for only some of the accounts (including, perhaps, those from which GMO receives a performance-based fee or profit allocation). Many of GMO’s investment strategies focus on seasoned issuers, and consequently those strategies that generate most of the brokerage commissions may participate less frequently in limited opportunities even though they may generate significant brokerage commissions or good will that may make it possible other strategies to receive greater allocations of limited opportunities.

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In certain non-U.S. jurisdictions, local law limits the number of accounts sponsored by GMO that may purchase locally traded shares or shares traded through special facilities. Generally, the Fund will be given priority and other clients may be precluded from participation in offerings of local shares.

 

Transactions involving the issuance of Fund shares for securities or assets other than cash will be limited to a bona fide reorganization or statutory merger and to other acquisitions of portfolio securities that meet all of the following conditions: (i) such securities meet the investment objectives and policies of the Fund; (ii) such securities are acquired for investment and not for resale; and (iii) such securities can be valued pursuant to the Trust’s pricing policies.

 

In connection with its activities, GMO (and its associated persons) may seek and/or receive information that is not generally available to the public. GMO is not obligated to make such information available to its clients or shareholders of the Fund or to use such information to effect transactions for its clients. If in receipt of such information, GMO may also be prohibited from purchasing or selling assets it may otherwise have wished to purchase or sell. Under applicable law, GMO may be prohibited from improperly disclosing or using such information, including for the benefit of a client, such as the Fund. GMO’s procedures include a ban on trading on the basis of, or any other action to take advantage of, material non-public information, except in specific, limited circumstances described in GMO’s Insider Trading Policy. These procedures may limit GMO, on behalf of the Fund, from being able to purchase or sell any securities of the issuer to whom the material non-public information pertains, rendering illiquid all such securities already in a client’s or Fund’s account until such time as the ban on trading is lifted or foreclosing an otherwise attractive investment.

 

GMO does not knowingly place any principal trades for the Fund through affiliated persons of the Fund (or affiliated persons of affiliated persons of the Fund (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended)) acting as broker/dealer. To the extent a broker/dealer is believed to have such an affiliation with the Fund or to the extent legal or factual uncertainty leads GMO to treat a broker/dealer as having such an affiliation, the Fund may be adversely affected by GMO’s decision not to enter into principal or agency transactions on its behalf with the broker/dealer.

 

GMO does not engage in directed brokerage. To the extent that execution of certain strategies is practically limited (e.g. use of “enhanced custody” arrangements to facilitate short transactions by the Fund), there may be fewer eligible counterparties available for trading and execution for those strategies, best execution may be more difficult to achieve for those clients and those clients may receive different, and sometimes inferior, prices than other GMO clients.

 

Best Execution. Orders for the purchase or sale of securities may be placed on a principal or agency basis with brokers/dealers, in GMO’s discretion. In selecting brokers and dealers to effect portfolio transactions for the Fund, GMO seeks best execution and considers a number of factors described in more detail below. Best execution is not based solely on the explicit commission charged by the broker and, consequently, a broker effecting a transaction may be paid a commission higher than that charged by another broker for the same transaction. Seeking best execution involves the weighing of qualitative as well as quantitative factors, and evaluations of best execution are, to a large extent, possible, if at all, only after multiple trades have been completed.

 

The determination of what may constitute best execution involves a number of considerations in varying degrees of emphasis, including, without limitation, the overall net economic result to the Fund; the efficiency with which the transaction is effected; access to order flow; the ability of the executing broker to effect the transaction where a large block is involved; reliability (i.e. lack of failed trades); availability of the broker to stand ready to execute possibly difficult transactions in the future; technological capabilities of the broker, including but not limited to execution technology; the broker’s inventory of securities sought; reported broker flow; post-transaction reporting capabilities; the financial strength and stability of the broker; past bids and willingness to commit capital in the case of principal trades; and the relative weighting of opportunity costs (i.e. timeliness of execution) by different trading strategies. Most of the foregoing are subjective considerations made in advance of the trade and are not always borne out by the actual execution. Due to the similarities among brokers/dealers in technological execution capabilities and commissions paid, GMO often allocates electronic or algorithmic equity trades across multiple brokers. Additionally, regulations in certain markets, particularly emerging markets, require GMO to identify and trade with one or a limited number of brokers/dealers. GMO may place trades with broker/dealers even if the relevant broker/dealer has not yet demonstrated an ability to effect best execution; however, trading with such a broker/dealer (as with any and all brokers/dealers) will typically be curtailed or suspended in due course if GMO is not reasonably satisfied with the quality of trade executions, unless or until the broker/dealer has altered its execution capabilities in such a way that GMO can reasonably conclude that utilizing the broker/dealer for trade execution is consistent with GMO’s obligation to seek best execution.

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For spot currency trades, GMO generally executes trades through an independent electronic trading platform that nets buy and sell orders in the same currency and selects the counterparty providing the most competitive price for the resulting net trade. All of the buy and sell orders receive the price provided by the selected counterparty and each account trades independently with the counterparty. While the purpose of trading spot currency trades in this manner is to achieve a more favorable execution price for all clients, there can be no assurance that all clients will benefit or that they will benefit equally over time.

 

For legal, regulatory and/or operational purposes, orders for some accounts may not be netted for price discovery (as described above). As a result, such accounts may receive inferior prices than accounts that are netted for price discovery even though the trades may be executed at or close to the same time and/or by the same counterparty.

 

Generally, GMO determines the overall reasonableness of brokerage commissions paid upon consideration of the relative merits of a number of factors, which may include: (i) the net economic effect to the Fund; (ii) historical and current commission rates; (iii) the kind and quality of the execution services rendered; (iv) the size and nature of the transactions effected; and (v) in some cases, brokerage and research services received (see “Soft Dollar Practices”). These factors are considered mostly over multiple transactions covering extended periods of time in varying degrees of emphasis. In some instances, GMO may evaluate best execution on principal bids based on the total commissions charged (the bid for handling a trade as a principal trade) because the trades were filled at the price set at an agreed upon time (e.g., previous night’s close). In those cases, any additional “impact” or cost is represented by the cents per share or basis points paid in addition to a typical commission rate. GMO may also direct trades to brokers/dealers based in part on the broker/dealers’ history of providing, and capability to continue providing, pricing information for securities purchased.

 

Because GMO may purchase information from brokers/dealers with whom it effects trades on behalf of the Fund, the broker/dealer may believe it has a financial incentive to charge a favorable fee to GMO for such information in return for client brokerage. In addition, GMO may conduct business with institutions such as brokers/dealers or investment banks that invest, that have affiliates that invest, or whose clients (or affiliates’ clients) invest, in pooled vehicles sponsored or advised by GMO or its affiliates, or may provide other consideration to such institutions or recognized agents. As a result, GMO may have a conflict of interest in placing its brokerage transactions with those brokers/dealers. Additionally, certain third parties may provide capital introduction services on behalf of GMO and/or the GMO Private Funds. Such third parties could include brokers, dealers or other counterparties with whom GMO transacts on behalf of its clients or other service providers to GMO. While no compensation is paid by the Fund in connection with these services, the third parties may seek to influence their selection by GMO as a service provider or counterparty by providing such capital introduction services. All counterparties and third-party service providers, including those that provide capital introduction services, are subject to GMO’s standard practice for the selection of counterparties (as described above, in the case of broker/dealers that effect trades on behalf of the Fund).

 

Soft Dollar Practices. Subject to GMO’s obligation to seek best execution, GMO uses a portion of the commissions generated when executing client transactions to acquire external research and brokerage services (“soft dollar benefits”) in a manner consistent with the “safe harbor” requirements of Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or other applicable law. Specifically, GMO may utilize client commissions (typically only for transactions in listed equities) to purchase eligible brokerage and research services where those services provide lawful and appropriate assistance in the investment decision-making process for GMO’s discretionary client accounts, such as the Fund, and where GMO in good faith believes the amount of the client commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the product or services provided. Pursuant to a separate brokerage arrangement, GS&Co., the ETF consultant to GMO, provides brokerage and trading services, as well as other ETF-related services incidental to those brokerage and trading services, to GMO and the Fund. GS&Co. is not obligated to provide ETF-related services incidental to its brokerage and trading services, and neither GMO nor the Fund pays GS&Co. for such services (other than potentially in the form of soft dollars in accordance with Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

 

In most cases, GMO makes payments for eligible research and brokerage services either via a portion of the commission paid to the executing broker/dealer or through client commission sharing arrangements (“CSAs”). Where a commission paid to a broker/dealer with whom GMO has established a CSA includes both an execution component and a research component, the broker/dealer may retain the execution portion and either credit or transmit the research portion to a CSA pool, or rebate the research portion to the clients generating those commissions. In most cases, GMO evaluates the research and brokerage services it receives from independent research providers and brokers/dealers and allocates a portion of the CSA pool to the research provider that reflects GMO’s assessment of the value of the research and/or brokerage service. In this manner, CSAs enable GMO to effect transactions, subject to best execution, and use a portion of the associated commissions to pay for research from providers with which GMO does not have a brokerage relationship or from brokers/dealers with which GMO trades on an execution-only basis. In some cases, the research provider may be deemed to be an affiliate of the Fund (or an affiliate of an affiliate of the Fund). GMO may from time to time utilize a CSA aggregation service (“CSA Aggregator”), whereby GMO directs brokers/dealers with whom GMO has established a CSA to transfer their research credits to the CSA Aggregator, and then directs the CSA Aggregator to make payment for eligible research or services or to rebate commissions to the clients generating those commissions. In the event of a broker/dealer’s default or bankruptcy, CSA credits generated by trades with the broker/dealer may become unavailable.

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Brokerage and research services acquired using soft dollars take various forms, including but not limited to personal interviews with analysts or a company’s senior management; reports and/or data concerning issuers, industries, governmental policies, local markets and applicable local market regulations, securities, economic factors and trends; portfolio strategy; economic, market and financial data; accounting and legal analysis; pricing services in respect of securities; and other services relating to effecting securities transactions and functions incident thereto. Research may be provided through a range of media, including written reports, electronic systems, telephone calls or in-person meetings. Although GMO generally intends to use client commissions to pay only for products or services eligible under the Section 28(e) “safe harbor,” GMO may use commission dollars to obtain products or services that are not intended to be used exclusively for investment decision-making purposes (“mixed-use products or services”). In those circumstances, GMO will typically either: (i) make a good faith effort to evaluate the various benefits and uses to which GMO intends to put the mixed-use product or services and will pay for that portion of the mixed-use product or service that is unrelated to GMO’s investment decision-making; or (ii) pay for the total cost of the mixed-use product or service.

 

Use of soft dollars, while common in the asset management industry, involves potential conflicts of interest. To the extent that some or all of the cost of research or brokerage services is paid for using soft dollars, GMO receives a benefit because it does not need to produce or pay for the research or brokerage services itself or does not need to pay as much for the research or brokerage services. Additionally, fees paid to GMO are not reduced in connection with GMO’s use of soft dollars, even though GMO might otherwise be required to purchase some of these products and services for cash. The relationships between and among GMO, GS&Co and the Fund described above in “Consultant to GMO” may give rise to certain conflicts of interest. For example, GMO may have an incentive to select a particular broker/dealer in order to obtain brokerage or research services and/or generate CSA credits to pay for such services, rather than to obtain the lowest price for execution. This may be particularly true with respect to GS&Co in light of the services GS&Co provides to GMO and the Fund. GMO has adopted policies and procedures with respect to its oversight of brokerage transactions, including monitoring the selection of broker-dealers, best execution, the use of soft dollars, trade allocation and other trading issues. GMO does not enter into any agreement or understanding with any broker/dealer which would obligate GMO to direct a specific amount of brokerage transactions or commissions in return for such services, but certain brokers/dealers may state in advance or in a commission sharing agreement the amount of brokerage commissions they expect for certain services or that they may cease providing services if insufficient commissions are derived from the relationship with GMO.

 

Clients do not receive a direct monetary benefit from brokerage and research products and services; however, these products and services may be useful to GMO in providing investment advice to its clients, including the Fund. Any research received is used to service all clients to which it is applicable, whether or not the client’s commissions were used to obtain the research, and services received from a broker/dealer (or paid for by commissions paid to a broker/dealer) that executed transactions for a particular client account will not necessarily be used specifically in providing investment advice to that particular client account. To the extent that a client has placed restrictions on trading with certain brokers/dealers or otherwise, the client’s account may not contribute (or may not contribute as much as other client accounts) to the CSA pool even though GMO may utilize brokerage and research services paid for out of the CSA pool in providing investment advice to the client’s account. Similarly, some client accounts will generate more CSA credits than other client accounts for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to account size, trading frequency, and the investment strategy in which the account is managed. GMO, in its sole discretion, may agree to reimburse a client for some or all of the client’s commissions attributable to brokerage or research services.

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PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE

 

Portfolio turnover may vary from year to year, as well as within a year. High turnover rates are likely to result in comparatively greater brokerage expenses. The overall reasonableness of brokerage commissions is evaluated by the Adviser based upon its knowledge of available information as to the general level of commissions paid by other institutional investors for comparable services.

 

BOOK ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM

 

Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) acts as securities depositary for the Fund’s shares. Shares of the Fund are represented by securities registered in the name of DTC or its nominee, Cede & Co., and deposited with, or on behalf of, DTC. Except in limited circumstances set forth below, certificates will not be issued for shares of the Fund.

 

DTC is a limited-purpose trust company that was created to hold securities of its participants (the “DTC Participants”) and to facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions among the DTC Participants in such securities through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of the DTC Participants, thereby eliminating the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC Participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and certain other organizations, some of whom (and/or their representatives) own DTC. More specifically, DTC is owned by a number of its DTC Participants and by the NYSE and FINRA. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as banks, brokers, dealers, and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant, either directly or indirectly (the “Indirect Participants”).

 

Beneficial ownership of shares of the Fund is limited to DTC Participants, Indirect Participants, and persons holding interests through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants. Ownership of beneficial interests in shares of the Fund (owners of such beneficial interests are referred to herein as “Beneficial Owners”) is shown on, and the transfer of ownership is effected only through, records maintained by DTC (with respect to DTC Participants) and on the records of DTC Participants (with respect to Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners that are not DTC Participants). Beneficial Owners will receive from or through the DTC Participant a written confirmation relating to their purchase of shares of the Fund. The Trust recognizes DTC or its nominee as the record owner of all shares of the Fund for all purposes. Beneficial Owners of shares of the Fund are not entitled to have such shares registered in their names, and will not receive or be entitled to physical delivery of share certificates. Each Beneficial Owner must rely on the procedures of DTC and any DTC Participant and/or Indirect Participant through which such Beneficial Owner holds its interests, to exercise any rights of a holder of shares of the Fund.

 

Conveyance of all notices, statements, and other communications to Beneficial Owners is effected as follows. DTC will make available to the Trust upon request and for a fee a listing of shares of the Fund held by each DTC Participant. The Trust shall obtain from each such DTC Participant the number of Beneficial Owners holding shares of the Fund, directly or indirectly, through such DTC Participant. The Trust shall provide each such DTC Participant with copies of such notice, statement, or other communication, in such form, number and at such place as such DTC Participant may reasonably request, in order that such notice, statement or communication may be transmitted by such DTC Participant, directly or indirectly, to such Beneficial Owners. In addition, the Trust shall pay to each such DTC Participant a fair and reasonable amount as reimbursement for the expenses attendant to such transmittal, all subject to applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

 

Share distributions shall be made to DTC or its nominee, Cede & Co., as the registered holder of all shares of the Fund. DTC or its nominee, upon receipt of any such distributions, shall credit immediately DTC Participants’ accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the Fund as shown on the records of DTC or its nominee. Payments by DTC Participants to Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners of shares of the Fund held through such DTC Participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in a “street name,” and will be the responsibility of such DTC Participants.

 

The Trust has no responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to or notices to Beneficial Owners, or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the Fund’s shares, or for maintaining, supervising, or reviewing any records relating to such beneficial ownership interests, or for any other aspect of the relationship between DTC and the DTC Participants or the relationship between such DTC Participants and the Indirect Participants and Beneficial Owners owning through such DTC Participants.

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DTC may determine to discontinue providing its service with respect to the Fund at any time by giving reasonable notice to the Fund and discharging its responsibilities with respect thereto under applicable law. Under such circumstances, the Fund shall take action either to find a replacement for DTC to perform its functions at a comparable cost or, if such replacement is unavailable, to issue and deliver printed certificates representing ownership of shares of the Fund, unless the Trust makes other arrangements with respect thereto satisfactory to the Exchange.

 

CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES

 

The Fund is new and therefore no person owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the Fund’s shares as of the date of this SAI.

 

PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES IN CREATION UNITS

 

The Fund issues and redeems its shares on a continuous basis, at NAV, only in a large specified number of shares called a “Creation Unit,” generally in-kind for securities and a “Cash Component,” as described below, or, under certain circumstances, in cash for the value of such securities (see “Cash Purchase Method” described below). The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined once each business day, as described below under “Determination of Net Asset Value.” The Creation Unit size may change. Authorized Participants will be notified of such change.

 

PURCHASE (CREATION). The Trust issues and sells shares of the Fund only: (i) in Creation Units on a continuous basis through the Distributor, without a sales load (but subject to transaction fees), at their NAV per share next determined after receipt of an order, on any business day, in proper form pursuant to the terms of the Authorized Participant Agreement (“Participant Agreement”); or (ii) pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Service (defined below). The Fund will not issue fractional Creation Units. A business day is, generally, any day on which the Exchange is open for business.

 

FUND DEPOSIT. The consideration for purchase of a Creation Unit of the Fund generally consists of either (i) the in-kind deposit of a designated portfolio of securities (the “Deposit Securities”) per each Creation Unit, constituting a [substantial replication, or a portfolio sampling representation, of the securities included in the Fund’s portfolio] and the Cash Component (defined below), computed as described below, or (ii) the cash value of the Deposit Securities (“Deposit Cash”) and the Cash Component. When accepting purchases of Creation Units for cash, the Fund may incur additional costs associated with the acquisition of Deposit Securities that would otherwise be provided by an in-kind purchaser. These additional costs may be recoverable from the purchaser of Creation Units.

 

Together, the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable, and the Cash Component constitute the “Fund Deposit,” which represents the minimum initial and subsequent investment amount for a Creation Unit of the Fund. The “Cash Component” is an amount equal to the difference between the NAV of the shares of the Fund (per Creation Unit) and the market value of the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable. If the Cash Component is a positive number (i.e., the NAV per Creation Unit exceeds the market value of the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable), the Cash Component shall be such positive amount. If the Cash Component is a negative number (i.e., the NAV per Creation Unit is less than the market value of the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable), the Cash Component shall be such negative amount and the creator will be entitled to receive cash in an amount equal to the Cash Component. The Cash Component serves the function of compensating for any differences between the NAV per Creation Unit and the market value of the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable. Computation of the Cash Component excludes any stamp duty or other similar fees and expenses payable upon transfer of beneficial ownership of the Deposit Securities, if applicable, which shall be the sole responsibility of the Authorized Participant (as defined below).

 

The Fund, through NSCC, makes available on each business day, prior to the opening of business on the Exchange (currently 9:30 a.m., Eastern time), the list of the names and the required number of shares of each Deposit Security or the required amount of Deposit Cash, as applicable, to be included in the current Fund Deposit (based on information at the end of the previous business day) for the Fund. Such Fund Deposit is subject to any applicable adjustments as described below, in order to effect purchases of Creation Units of the Fund until such time as the next-announced composition of the Deposit Securities or the required amount of Deposit Cash, as applicable, is made available.

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The identity and number of shares of the Deposit Securities or the amount of Deposit Cash, as applicable, required for the Fund Deposit for the Fund changes as portfolio adjustments and corporate action events are reflected from time to time by the Adviser with a view to the investment objective of the Fund.

 

The Trust reserves the right to permit or require the substitution of Deposit Cash to replace any Deposit Security, which shall be added to the Cash Component, including, without limitation, in situations where the Deposit Security: (i) may not be available in sufficient quantity for delivery; (ii) may not be eligible for transfer through the systems of DTC for corporate securities and municipal securities or the Federal Reserve System for U.S. Treasury securities; (iii) may not be eligible for trading by an Authorized Participant (as defined below) or the investor for which it is acting; (iv) would be restricted under the securities laws or where the delivery of the Deposit Security to the Authorized Participant would result in the disposition of the Deposit Security by the Authorized Participant becoming restricted under the securities laws; or (v) in certain other situations (collectively, “custom orders”). The Trust also reserves the right to permit or require the substitution of Deposit Securities in lieu of Deposit Cash.

 

CASH PURCHASE METHOD. The Trust may at its discretion permit full or partial cash purchases of Creation Units of the Fund. When full or partial cash purchases of Creation Units are available or specified for the Fund, they will be effected in essentially the same manner as in-kind purchases thereof. In the case of a full or partial cash purchase, the Authorized Participant must pay the cash equivalent of the Deposit Securities it would otherwise be required to provide through an in-kind purchase, plus the same Cash Component required to be paid by an in-kind purchaser together with a creation transaction fee and non-standard charges, as may be applicable.

 

PROCEDURES FOR PURCHASE OF CREATION UNITS. To be eligible to place orders with the Distributor to purchase a Creation Unit of the Fund, an entity must be (i) a “Participating Party,” i.e., a broker-dealer or other participant in the clearing process through the Continuous Net Settlement System of the NSCC (the “Clearing Process”), a clearing agency that is registered with the SEC; or (ii) a DTC Participant (see “BOOK ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM”). In addition, each Participating Party or DTC Participant (each, an “Authorized Participant”) must execute a Participant Agreement that has been agreed to by the Distributor, and that has been accepted by the Transfer Agent and the Trust, with respect to purchases and redemptions of Creation Units. Each Authorized Participant will agree, pursuant to the terms of a Participant Agreement, on behalf of itself or any investor on whose behalf it will act, to certain conditions, including that it will pay to the Trust, an amount of cash sufficient to pay the Cash Component together with the creation transaction fee and any other applicable fees, taxes, and additional variable charges. The Adviser may retain all or a portion of the creation transaction fee to the extent the Adviser bears the expenses that otherwise would be borne by the Trust in connection with the purchase of a Creation Unit, which the creation transaction fee is designed to cover.

 

All orders to purchase shares directly from the Fund, including custom orders, must be placed for one or more Creation Units in the manner and by the time set forth in the Participant Agreement and/or applicable order form. The date on which an order to purchase Creation Units (or an order to redeem Creation Units, as set forth below) is received and accepted is referred to as the “Order Placement Date.”

 

An Authorized Participant may require an investor to make certain representations or enter into agreements with respect to the order, (e.g., to provide for payments of cash, when required). Investors should be aware that their particular broker may not have executed a Participant Agreement and that, therefore, orders to purchase shares directly from the Fund in Creation Units have to be placed by the investor’s broker through an Authorized Participant that has executed a Participant Agreement. In such cases there may be additional charges to such investor. At any given time, there may be only a limited number of broker-dealers that have executed a Participant Agreement and only a small number of such Authorized Participants may have international capabilities.

 

On days when the Exchange closes earlier than normal, the Fund may require orders to create Creation Units to be placed earlier in the day. In addition, if a market or markets on which the Fund’s investments are primarily traded is closed, the Fund will also generally not accept orders on such day(s). Orders must be transmitted by an Authorized Participant by telephone or other transmission method acceptable to the Distributor pursuant to procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement and in accordance with the AP Handbook or applicable order form. The Distributor will notify the Custodian of such order. The Custodian will then provide such information to the appropriate local sub-custodian(s). Those placing orders through an Authorized Participant should allow sufficient time to permit proper submission of the purchase order to the Distributor by the applicable cut-off time on such business day. Economic or market disruptions or changes, or telephone or other communication failure may impede the ability to reach the Distributor or an Authorized Participant.

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Fund Deposits must be delivered by an Authorized Participant through the Federal Reserve System (for cash and U.S. government securities) or through DTC (for corporate securities), through a sub-custody agent (for foreign securities) and/or through such other arrangements allowed by the Trust or its agents. With respect to foreign Deposit Securities, the Custodian shall cause the sub-custodian of the Fund to maintain an account into which the Authorized Participant shall deliver, on behalf of itself or the party on whose behalf it is acting, such Deposit Securities (or Deposit Cash for all or a part of such securities, as permitted or required), with any appropriate adjustments as advised by the Trust. Foreign Deposit Securities must be delivered to an account maintained at the applicable local sub-custodian. The Fund Deposit transfer must be ordered by the Authorized Participant in a timely fashion so as to ensure the delivery of the requisite number of Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable, to the account of the Fund or its agents by no later than the Settlement Date. The “Settlement Date” for the Fund is generally the second business day after the Order Placement Date. All questions as to the number of Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash to be delivered, as applicable, and the validity, form and eligibility (including time of receipt) for the deposit of any tendered securities or cash, as applicable, will be determined by the Trust, whose determination shall be final and binding. The amount of cash represented by the Cash Component must be transferred directly to the Custodian through the Federal Reserve Bank wire transfer system in a timely manner so as to be received by the Custodian no later than the Settlement Date. If the Cash Component and the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable, are not received by the Custodian in a timely manner by the Settlement Date, the creation order may be cancelled and the Authorized Participant shall be liable to the Fund for losses, if any, resulting therefrom. Upon written notice to the Distributor, such canceled order may be resubmitted the following business day using the Fund Deposit as newly constituted to reflect the then current NAV of the Fund.

 

The order shall be deemed to be received on the business day on which the order is placed provided that the order is placed in proper form prior to the applicable cut-off time and the federal funds in the appropriate amount are deposited by 2:00 p.m., Eastern time, with the Custodian on the Settlement Date. If the order is not placed in proper form as required, or federal funds in the appropriate amount are not received by 2:00 p.m. Eastern time on the Settlement Date, then the order may be deemed to be rejected and the Authorized Participant shall be liable to the Fund for losses, if any, resulting therefrom. A creation request is considered to be in “proper form” if all procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement, AP Handbook, order form, and this SAI are properly followed.

 

ISSUANCE OF A CREATION UNIT. Except as provided herein, Creation Units will not be issued until the transfer of good title to the Trust of the Deposit Securities or payment of Deposit Cash, as applicable, and the payment of the Cash Component have been completed. When the sub-custodian has confirmed to the Custodian that the required Deposit Securities (or the cash value thereof) have been delivered to the account of the relevant sub-custodian or sub-custodians, the Distributor and the Adviser shall be notified of such delivery, and the Trust will issue and cause the delivery of the Creation Units. The delivery of Creation Units so created will occur no later than the second business day following the day on which the purchase order is deemed received by the Distributor. However, the Fund reserves the right to settle Creation Unit transactions on a basis other than the second business day following the day on which the purchase order is deemed received by the Distributor in order to accommodate foreign market holiday schedules, to account for different treatment among foreign and U.S. markets of dividend record dates and ex-dividend dates (that is the last day the holder of a security can sell the security and still receive dividends payable on the security), and in certain other circumstances. The Authorized Participant shall be liable to the Fund for losses, if any, resulting from unsettled orders.

 

Creation Units may be purchased in advance of receipt by the Trust of all or a portion of the applicable Deposit Securities as described below. In these circumstances, the initial deposit will have a value greater than the NAV of the shares of the Fund on the date the order is placed in proper form since in addition to available Deposit Securities, cash must be deposited in an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Cash Component, plus (ii) an additional amount of cash equal to a percentage of the market value as set forth in the Participant Agreement, of the undelivered Deposit Securities (the “Additional Cash Deposit”), which shall be maintained in a separate non-interest bearing collateral account. The Authorized Participant must deposit with the Custodian the Additional Cash Deposit, as applicable, by the time set forth in the Participant Agreement on the Settlement Date. If the Fund or its agents do not receive the Additional Cash Deposit in the appropriate amount, by such time, then the order may be deemed rejected and the Authorized Participant shall be liable to the Fund for losses, if any, resulting therefrom. An additional amount of cash shall be required to be deposited with the Trust, pending delivery of the missing Deposit Securities to the extent necessary to maintain the Additional Cash Deposit with the Trust in an amount at least equal to the applicable percentage, as set forth in the Participant Agreement, of the daily marked to market value of the missing Deposit Securities. The Trust may use such Additional Cash Deposit to buy the missing Deposit Securities at any time. Authorized Participants will be liable to the Trust for all costs, expenses, dividends, income, and taxes associated with missing Deposit Securities, including the costs incurred by the Trust in connection with any such purchases. These costs will be deemed to include the amount by which the actual purchase price of the Deposit Securities exceeds the value of such Deposit Securities on the day the purchase order was deemed received by the Distributor plus the brokerage and related transaction costs associated with such purchases. The Trust will return any unused portion of the Additional Cash Deposit once all of the missing Deposit Securities have been properly received by the Custodian or purchased by the Trust and deposited into the Trust. In addition, a creation transaction fee as set forth below under “Creation Transaction Fee” may be charged and an additional variable charge may also apply. The delivery of Creation Units so created generally will occur no later than the Settlement Date.

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ACCEPTANCE OF ORDERS OF CREATION UNITS. The Trust reserves the right to reject an order for Creation Units transmitted to it by the Transfer Agent in respect of the Fund including, without limitation, if (a) the order is not in proper form; (b) the Deposit Securities or Deposit Cash, as applicable, delivered by the Participant are not as disseminated through the facilities of the NSCC for that date by the Custodian; (c) the investor(s), upon obtaining the shares ordered, would own 80% or more of the currently outstanding shares of the Fund; (d) the acceptance of the Fund Deposit would, in the opinion of counsel, be unlawful; (e) the acceptance or receipt of the order for a Creation Unit would, in the opinion of counsel to the Trust, be unlawful; or (f) circumstances outside the control of the Trust, the Custodian, the Transfer Agent and/or the Adviser make it for all practical purposes not feasible to process orders for Creation Units.

 

Examples of such circumstances include acts of God or public service or utility problems such as fires, floods, extreme weather conditions and power outages resulting in telephone, telecopy, and computer failures; market conditions or activities causing trading halts; systems failures involving computer or other information systems affecting the Trust, the Distributor, the Custodian, a sub-custodian, the Transfer Agent, DTC, NSCC, Federal Reserve System, or any other participant in the creation process; and other extraordinary events. The Distributor shall notify a prospective creator of a Creation Unit and/or the Authorized Participant acting on behalf of the creator of a Creation Unit of its rejection of the order of such person. The Trust, the Transfer Agent, the Custodian, any sub-custodian and the Distributor are under no duty, however, to give notification of any defects or irregularities in the delivery of Fund Deposits nor shall either of them incur any liability for the failure to give any such notification. The Trust, the Transfer Agent, the Custodian and the Distributor shall not be liable for the rejection of any purchase order for Creation Units. Given the importance of the ongoing issuance of Creation Units to maintaining a market price that is at or close to the underlying net asset value of the Fund, the Trust does not intend to suspend acceptance of orders for Creation Units.

 

All questions as to the number of shares of each security in the Deposit Securities and the validity, form, eligibility and acceptance for deposit of any securities to be delivered shall be determined by the Trust, and the Trust’s determination shall be final and binding.

 

CREATION TRANSACTION FEE. A fixed purchase (i.e., creation) transaction fee may be imposed for the transfer and other transaction costs associated with the purchase of Creation Units (“Creation Order Costs”). The standard creation transaction fee for the Fund is $[-], regardless of the number of Creation Units created in the transaction.

 

The Fund may adjust the creation transaction fee from time to time. The creation transaction fee may be waived on certain orders if the Custodian has determined to waive some or all of the Creation Order Costs associated with the order or another party, such as the Adviser, has agreed to pay such fee.

 

In addition, a variable fee may be imposed for cash purchases, non-standard orders, or partial cash purchases of Creation Units. The variable fee is primarily designed to cover non-standard charges, e.g., brokerage, taxes, foreign exchange, execution, market impact, and other costs and expenses, related to the execution of trades resulting from such transaction. In all cases, such fees will be limited in accordance with the requirements of the SEC applicable to management investment companies offering redeemable securities. The Fund may determine not to charge a variable fee on certain orders when the Adviser has determined that doing so is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, e.g., for creation orders that facilitate adjustments of the Fund’s portfolio in a more efficient manner than could have been achieved without such order.

 

Investors who use the services of an Authorized Participant, a broker or other such intermediary may be charged a fee for such services which may include an amount for the creation transaction fee and non-standard charges. Investors are responsible for the costs of transferring the securities constituting the Deposit Securities to the account of the Trust. The Adviser may retain all or a portion of the transaction fee to the extent the Adviser bears the expenses that otherwise would be borne by the Trust in connection with the issuance of a Creation Unit, which the transaction fee is designed to cover.

 

RISKS OF PURCHASING CREATION UNITS. There are certain legal risks unique to investors purchasing Creation Units directly from the Fund. Because the Fund’s shares may be issued on an ongoing basis, a “distribution” of shares could be occurring at any time. Certain activities that a shareholder performs as a dealer could, depending on the circumstances, result in the shareholder being deemed a participant in the distribution in a manner that could render the shareholder a statutory underwriter and subject to the prospectus delivery and liability provisions of the Securities Act. For example, a shareholder could be deemed a statutory underwriter if it purchases Creation Units from the Fund, breaks them down into the constituent shares, and sells those shares directly to customers, or if a shareholder chooses to couple the creation of a supply of new shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary-market demand for shares. Whether a person is an underwriter depends upon all of the facts and circumstances pertaining to that person’s activities, and the examples mentioned here should not be considered a complete description of all the activities that could cause you to be deemed an underwriter.

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Dealers who are not “underwriters” but are participating in a distribution (as opposed to engaging in ordinary secondary-market transactions), and thus dealing with the Fund’s shares as part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act, will be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act.

 

REDEMPTION. Shares of the Fund may be redeemed only in Creation Units at their NAV next determined after receipt of a redemption request in proper form by the Fund through the Transfer Agent and only on a business day. EXCEPT UPON LIQUIDATION OF THE FUND, THE TRUST WILL NOT REDEEM SHARES IN AMOUNTS LESS THAN CREATION UNITS. Investors must accumulate enough shares of the Fund in the secondary market to constitute a Creation Unit in order to have such shares redeemed by the Trust. There can be no assurance, however, that there will be sufficient liquidity in the public trading market at any time to permit assembly of a Creation Unit. Investors should expect to incur brokerage and other costs in connection with assembling a sufficient number of shares to constitute a redeemable Creation Unit.

 

With respect to the Fund, the Custodian, through the NSCC, makes available prior to the opening of business on the Exchange (currently 9:30 a.m. Eastern time) on each business day, the list of the names and share quantities of the Fund’s portfolio securities that will be applicable (subject to possible amendment or correction) to redemption requests received in proper form (as defined below) on that day (“Fund Securities”). Fund Securities received on redemption may not be identical to Deposit Securities.

 

Redemption proceeds for a Creation Unit are paid either in-kind or in cash, or combination thereof, as determined by the Trust. With respect to in-kind redemptions of the Fund, redemption proceeds for a Creation Unit will consist of Fund Securities, as announced by the Custodian on the business day of the request for redemption received in proper form, plus cash in an amount equal to the difference between the NAV of the shares of the Fund being redeemed, as next determined after a receipt of a request in proper form, and the value of the Fund Securities (the “Cash Redemption Amount”), less any fixed redemption transaction fee as set forth below and any applicable additional variable charge as set forth below. In the event that the Fund Securities have a value greater than the NAV of the Fund’s shares, a compensating cash payment equal to the differential is required to be made by or through an Authorized Participant by the redeeming shareholder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the Trust’s discretion, an Authorized Participant may receive the corresponding cash value of the securities in lieu of the in-kind securities value representing one or more Fund Securities.

 

CASH REDEMPTION METHOD. Although the Trust does not ordinarily permit full or partial cash redemptions of Creation Units of the Fund, when full or partial cash redemptions of Creation Units are available or specified for the Fund, they will be effected in essentially the same manner as in-kind redemptions thereof. In the case of full or partial cash redemptions, the Authorized Participant receives the cash equivalent of the Fund Securities it would otherwise receive through an in-kind redemption, plus the same Cash Redemption Amount to be paid to an in-kind redeemer.

 

REDEMPTION TRANSACTION FEE. A fixed redemption transaction fee may be imposed for the transfer and other transaction costs associated with the redemption of Creation Units (“Redemption Order Costs”). The standard redemption transaction fee for the Fund is $[-], regardless of the number of Creation Units redeemed in the transaction.

 

The Fund may adjust the redemption transaction fee from time to time. The redemption transaction fee may be waived on certain orders if the Custodian has determined to waive some or all of the Redemption Order Costs associated with the order or another party, such as the Adviser, has agreed to pay such fee.

 

In addition, a variable fee, payable to the Fund, may be imposed for cash redemptions, non-standard orders, or partial cash redemptions for the Fund. The variable fee is primarily designed to cover non-standard charges, e.g., brokerage, taxes, foreign exchange, execution, market impact, and other costs and expenses, related to the execution of trades resulting from such transaction. In all cases, such fees will be limited in accordance with the requirements of the SEC applicable to management investment companies offering redeemable securities. The Fund may determine not to charge a variable fee on certain orders when the Adviser has determined that doing so is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, e.g., for redemption orders that facilitate the rebalance of the Fund’s portfolio in a more tax efficient manner than could be achieved without such order.

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Investors who use the services of an Authorized Participant, a broker or other such intermediary may be charged a fee for such services, which may include an amount for the redemption transaction fee and non-standard charges. Investors are responsible for the costs of transferring the securities constituting the Fund Securities to the account of the Trust. The non-standard charges are payable to the Fund as it incurs costs in connection with the redemption of Creation Units, the receipt of Fund Securities and the Cash Redemption Amount and other transactions costs. The Adviser may retain all or a portion of the redemption transaction fee to the extent the Adviser bears the expenses that otherwise would be borne by the Trust in connection with the redemption of a Creation Unit, which the redemption transaction fee is designed to cover.

 

PROCEDURES FOR REDEMPTION OF CREATION UNITS. Orders to redeem Creation Units must be submitted in proper form to the Transfer Agent prior to the time as set forth in the Participant Agreement. A redemption request is considered to be in “proper form” if (i) an Authorized Participant has transferred or caused to be transferred to the Trust’s Transfer Agent the Creation Unit(s) being redeemed through the book-entry system of DTC so as to be effective by the time as set forth in the Participant Agreement and (ii) a request in form satisfactory to the Trust is received by the Transfer Agent from the Authorized Participant on behalf of itself or another redeeming investor within the time periods specified in the Participant Agreement. If the Transfer Agent does not receive the investor’s shares of the Fund through DTC’s facilities by the times and pursuant to the other terms and conditions set forth in the Participant Agreement, the redemption request shall be rejected, unless, to the extent contemplated by the Participant Agreement, collateral is posted in an amount equal to a percentage of the value of the missing shares of the Fund as specified in the Participant Agreement (and marked to market daily).

 

The Authorized Participant must transmit the request for redemption, in the form required by the Trust, to the Transfer Agent in accordance with procedures set forth in the Participant Agreement. Investors should be aware that their particular broker may not have executed a Participant Agreement, and that, therefore, requests to redeem Creation Units may have to be placed by the investor’s broker through an Authorized Participant who has executed a Participant Agreement. Investors making a redemption request should be aware that such request must be in the form specified by such Authorized Participant. Investors making a request to redeem Creation Units should allow sufficient time to permit proper submission of the request by an Authorized Participant and transfer of the shares of the Fund to the Trust’s Transfer Agent; such investors should allow for the additional time that may be required to effect redemptions through their banks, brokers or other financial intermediaries if such intermediaries are not Authorized Participants.

 

ADDITIONAL REDEMPTION PROCEDURES. In connection with taking delivery of shares of Fund Securities upon redemption of Creation Units, a redeeming shareholder or Authorized Participant acting on behalf of such shareholder must maintain appropriate custody arrangements with a qualified broker-dealer, bank or other custody providers in each jurisdiction in which any of the Fund Securities are customarily traded, to which account such Fund Securities will be delivered. Deliveries of redemption proceeds generally will be made within two business days of the trade date. However, due to the schedule of holidays in certain countries, the different treatment among foreign and U.S. markets of dividend record dates and dividend ex-dates (that is the last date the holder of a security can sell the security and still receive dividends payable on the security sold), and in certain other circumstances, the delivery of in-kind redemption proceeds may take longer than two business days after the day on which the redemption request is received in proper form. If neither the redeeming shareholder nor the Authorized Participant acting on behalf of such redeeming shareholder has appropriate arrangements to take delivery of the Fund Securities in the applicable foreign jurisdiction and it is not possible to make other such arrangements, or if it is not possible to effect deliveries of the Fund Securities in such jurisdiction, the Trust may, in its discretion, exercise its option to redeem such shares in cash, and the redeeming shareholders will be required to receive redemption proceeds in cash.

 

If it is not possible to make other such arrangements, or it is not possible to effect deliveries of the Fund Securities, the Trust may in its discretion exercise its option to redeem such shares in cash, and the redeeming investor will be required to receive its redemption proceeds in cash. In addition, an investor may request a redemption in cash that the Fund may, in its sole discretion, permit. In either case, the investor will receive a cash payment equal to the NAV of its shares based on the NAV of shares of the Fund next determined after the redemption request is received in proper form (minus a redemption transaction fee and additional charge for requested cash redemptions specified above, to offset the Trust’s brokerage and other transaction costs associated with the disposition of Fund Securities). The Fund may also, in its sole discretion, upon request of a shareholder, provide such redeemer a portfolio of securities that differs from the exact composition of the Fund Securities but does not differ in NAV.

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Pursuant to the Participant Agreement, an Authorized Participant submitting a redemption request is deemed to make certain representations to the Trust regarding the Authorized Participant’s ability to tender for redemption the requisite number of shares of the Fund. The Trust reserves the right to verify these representations at its discretion, but will typically require verification with respect to a redemption request from the Fund in connection with higher levels of redemption activity and/or short interest in the Fund. If the Authorized Participant, upon receipt of a verification request, does not provide sufficient verification of its representations as determined by the Trust, the redemption request will not be considered to have been received in proper form and may be rejected by the Trust.

 

Redemptions of shares for Fund Securities will be subject to compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws and the Fund (whether or not it otherwise permits cash redemptions) reserves the right to redeem Creation Units for cash to the extent that the Trust could not lawfully deliver specific Fund Securities upon redemptions or could not do so without first registering the Fund Securities under such laws. An Authorized Participant or an investor for which it is acting subject to a legal restriction with respect to a particular security included in the Fund Securities applicable to the redemption of Creation Units may be paid an equivalent amount of cash. The Authorized Participant may request the redeeming investor of the shares of the Fund to complete an order form or to enter into agreements with respect to such matters as compensating cash payment. Further, an Authorized Participant that is not a “qualified institutional buyer,” (“QIB”) as such term is defined under Rule 144A of the Securities Act, will not be able to receive Fund Securities that are restricted securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A. An Authorized Participant may be required by the Trust to provide a written confirmation with respect to QIB status in order to receive Fund Securities.

 

Because the portfolio securities of the Fund may trade on the relevant exchange(s) on days that the Exchange is closed or are otherwise not business days for the Fund, shareholders may not be able to redeem their shares, or to purchase or sell shares on the Exchange, on days when the NAV of the Fund could be significantly affected by events in the relevant foreign markets.

 

The right of redemption may be suspended or the date of payment postponed with respect to the Fund (1) for any period during which the New York Stock Exchange is closed (other than customary weekend and holiday closings); (2) for any period during which trading on the New York Stock Exchange is suspended or restricted; (3) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which disposal of the securities owned by the Fund or determination of the NAV of the shares of the Fund is not reasonably practicable; or (4) in such other circumstance as is permitted by the SEC.

 

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

 

The net asset value or “NAV” of the Fund is determined as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), generally at 4:00 p.m. Eastern time. Current net asset values per share for the Fund are available at www.[_].com.

 

The NAV per share of the Fund is determined by dividing the value of the net assets of the Fund (i.e., the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities) by the total number of outstanding shares. For the Fund, NAV is not determined (and accordingly, transactions in shares of the Fund are not processed) on any day when the NYSE is closed for business.

 

Please refer to “Determination of Net Asset Value” in the Prospectus for additional information. In addition, to the extent the Fund holds portfolio securities listed on exchanges (e.g., non-U.S. exchanges) that are open for trading on days when the Fund’s NAV is not determined (e.g., a U.S. holiday on which the NYSE is closed for business), the net value of the Fund’s assets may change significantly on days when shares cannot be redeemed.

 

GMO evaluates pricing sources on an ongoing basis and may change a pricing source at any time. GMO monitors erratic or unusual movements (including unusual inactivity) in the prices supplied for a security and has discretion to override a price supplied by a source (e.g., by taking a price supplied by another) when it believes that the price supplied is not reliable. Alternative pricing sources are often but not always available for securities held by the Fund, and the prices supplied by those alternative sources do not necessarily align with the prices supplied by primary pricing sources.

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Under Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, which addresses valuation practices and the role of the board of directors with respect to the fair value of the investments of a registered investment company, a fund’s board is permitted to designate the fund’s primary investment adviser as “valuation designee” to perform the fund’s fair value determinations, subject to board oversight and certain reporting and other requirements.  As of the date of this SAI, GMO serves as the Fund’s valuation designee for purposes of compliance with Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act and makes fair value determinations with respect to Fund investments, as necessary.

 

DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS

 

The following information supplements and should be read in conjunction with the section in the Prospectus entitled “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes.”

 

General Policies. Dividends from net investment income, if any, are declared and paid quarterly by the Fund. Distributions of net realized capital gains, if any, generally are declared and paid at least annually, but the Fund may make distributions on a more frequent basis for the Fund to comply with the distribution requirements of the Internal Revenue Code in all events in a manner consistent with the provisions of the 1940 Act.

 

Dividends and other distributions on shares of the Fund are distributed, as described below, on a pro rata basis to Beneficial Owners of such shares. Dividend payments are made through DTC Participants and Indirect Participants to Beneficial Owners then of record with proceeds received from the Fund.

 

The Fund will make additional distributions to the extent necessary (i) to distribute the entire annual taxable income of the Fund, plus any net capital gains and (ii) to avoid imposition of the excise tax imposed by Section 4982 of the Internal Revenue Code. Management of the Trust reserves the right to declare special dividends if, in its reasonable discretion, such action is necessary or advisable to preserve the Fund’s eligibility for treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) or to avoid imposition of income or excise taxes on undistributed income and/or capital gains.

 

Dividend Reinvestment Service. The Trust will not make the DTC book-entry dividend reinvestment service available for use by Beneficial Owners for reinvestment of their cash proceeds, but certain individual broker-dealers may make available the DTC book-entry Dividend Reinvestment Service for use by Beneficial Owners of the Fund through DTC Participants for reinvestment of their dividend distributions. Investors should contact their brokers to ascertain the availability and description of these services. Beneficial Owners should be aware that each broker may require investors to adhere to specific procedures and timetables in order to participate in the dividend reinvestment service and investors should ascertain from their brokers such necessary details. If this service is available and used, dividend distributions of both income and realized gains will be automatically reinvested in additional whole shares issued by the Trust of the Fund at NAV per share. Distributions reinvested in additional shares of the Fund will nevertheless be taxable to Beneficial Owners acquiring such additional shares to the same extent as if such distributions had been received in cash.

 

FEDERAL INCOME TAXES

 

The following is a summary of certain federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that supplements the discussions in the prospectus. No attempt is made to present a comprehensive explanation of the federal, state, local or foreign tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the prospectus is not intended to be a substitute for careful tax planning. The summary is very general, and does not address investors subject to special rules, such as investors who hold shares through an IRA, 401(k) or other tax-advantaged arrangement.

 

The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.

 

The following information should be read in conjunction with the section in the prospectus entitled “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes.”

 

Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of the provisions of tax law described in this SAI in light of the particular tax situations of the shareholders and regarding specific questions as to federal, state, or local taxes.

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Taxation of the Fund. The Fund intends to elect and intends to qualify each year to be treated as a separate RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As such, the Fund should not be subject to federal income tax on its net investment income and capital gains, if any, to the extent that it timely distributes such income and capital gains to its shareholders. In order to qualify for treatment as a RIC, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least the sum of 90% of its taxable net investment income (including for this purpose, dividends, taxable interest, the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses), computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction, and 90% of its net tax-exempt interest income, if any (the "Distribution Requirement") and also must meet several additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund's gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and net income derived from interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships (the "Qualifying Income Requirement"); and (ii) at the end of each quarter of the Fund's taxable year, its assets must be diversified so that (a) at least 50% of the market value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of the Fund's total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer, the securities (other than securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers that it controls and that are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the "Diversification Requirement").

 

Gross income sourced from certain MLPs, income trusts, pooled investment funds, Commodity-Related Investments and other Fund investments may be treated as being earned directly by the Fund; in such case, these investments may impact the Fund’s ability to meet the Qualifying Income Requirement. If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income Requirement or the Diversification Requirement in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the Diversification Requirement where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period of time. In order to be eligible for the relief provisions with respect to a failure to meet the Diversification Requirement, the Fund may be required to dispose of certain assets. If these relief provisions were not available to the Fund and it were to fail to qualify for treatment as a RIC for a taxable year, all of its taxable income would be subject to tax at the regular corporate rate (currently 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders, and its distributions (including capital gains distributions) generally would be taxable as ordinary income dividends to its shareholders, subject to the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders and the lower tax rates on qualified dividend income received by non-corporate shareholders. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. If the Fund determines that it will not qualify for treatment as a RIC, the Fund will establish procedures to reflect the anticipated tax and related liabilities in the Fund's NAV. To requalify for treatment as a RIC in a subsequent taxable year, the Fund would be required to satisfy the RIC qualification requirements for that year and to distribute any earnings and profits from any year in which the Fund failed to qualify for tax treatment as a RIC. In addition, the Fund may be required to pay substantial amounts of taxes and interest charges. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund for treatment as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.

 

As discussed more fully below, the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and its capital gains for each taxable year.

 

Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and its capital gains for any taxable year, if the Fund meets the Distribution Requirement but retains some or all of its income or gains, it will be subject to federal income tax to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. The Fund may designate certain amounts retained as undistributed net capital gain in a notice to its shareholders, who (i) will be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their proportionate shares of the undistributed amount so designated, (ii) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the income tax paid by the Fund on that undistributed amount against their federal income tax liabilities and to claim refunds to the extent such credits exceed their liabilities and (iii) will be entitled to increase their tax basis, for federal income tax purposes, in their shares by an amount equal to the excess of the amount of undistributed net capital gain included in their respective income over their respective income tax credits. If the Fund failed to satisfy the Distribution Requirement for any taxable year, it would be taxed as a regular corporation, with consequences generally similar to those described in the second paragraph of this section "Taxation of the Fund."

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The Fund will be subject to a 4% excise tax on certain undistributed income if it does not distribute to its shareholders in each calendar year an amount at least equal to 98% of its ordinary income for the calendar year plus 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the twelve months ended October 31 of such year, subject to an increase for any shortfall in the prior year's distribution. For this purpose, any ordinary income or capital gain net income retained by the Fund and subject to corporate income tax will be considered to have been distributed. The Fund intends to declare and distribute dividends and distributions in the amounts and at the times necessary to avoid the application of this 4% excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax liability will be entirely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the investment adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.

 

The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any "qualified late year loss" as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund's net investment income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such "qualified late year loss" as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A "qualified late year loss" generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as "post-October losses") and certain other late-year losses.

 

Capital losses in excess of capital gains ("net capital losses") are not permitted to be deducted against a RIC's net investment income. Instead, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, potentially subject to certain limitations, the Fund may carry a net capital loss from any taxable year forward to offset its capital gains in future years. The Fund is permitted to carry forward a net capital loss to offset its capital gains, if any, in years following the year of the loss. The Fund must apply such carryforwards first against gains of the same character. The Fund is permitted to carryforward indefinitely a net capital loss. To the extent subsequent capital gains are offset by such losses, they will not result in U.S. federal income tax liability to the Fund and shall not be distributed as capital gains to its shareholders. Generally, the Fund may not carry forward any losses other than net capital losses (i.e., ordinary losses). Net losses realized from foreign currency-related and other instruments, as well as expenses borne by the Fund, may give rise to losses that are treated as ordinary losses. The Fund cannot carry forward such losses to subsequent taxable years to offset net investment income or short-term capital gains. This may result in the Fund’s realizing economic losses for which it does not receive a corresponding benefit from a U.S. federal income tax perspective. The Fund’s ability to use ordinary losses to reduce otherwise distributable net investment income or short-term capital gains may be limited by reason of direct or indirect changes in the actual or constructive ownership of the Fund. The Fund’s ability to utilize these and certain other losses to reduce distributable net realized capital gains in subsequent taxable years may be limited by reason of direct or indirect changes in the actual or constructive ownership of the Fund. Moreover, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.

 

Taxation of Shareholders – Distributions. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund's net investment income. The Fund intends to distribute annually to its shareholders substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the deduction for dividends paid), its net tax-exempt income, if any, and any net capital gain (net recognized long-term capital gains in excess of net recognized short-term capital losses, taking into account any available capital loss carryforwards). The Fund will report to shareholders annually the amounts of dividends paid from ordinary income, the amount of distributions of net capital gain, the portion of dividends which may qualify for the dividends-received deduction, the portion of dividends which may qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income, and the amount of exempt-interest dividends, if any.

 

Subject to certain limitations, dividends reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income will be taxable to non-corporate shareholders at rates applicable to capital gains, provided certain requirements are met. Dividends may be reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income if they are attributable to qualified dividend income received by the Fund. Qualified dividend income includes, in general, subject to certain holding period requirements and other requirements, dividend income from certain U.S. and foreign corporations. Subject to certain limitations, eligible foreign corporations include those incorporated in possessions of the United States, those incorporated in certain countries with comprehensive tax treaties with the United States and other foreign corporations if the stock with respect to which the dividends are paid is tradable on an established securities market in the United States. A dividend generally will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that (i) the shareholder has not held the stock on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the stock becomes ex-dividend (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund's assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend or, in the case of certain preferred stock, for more than 90 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date, (ii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, (iii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. The holding period requirements described in this paragraph apply to shareholders' investments in the Fund and to the Fund's investments in underlying dividend-paying stocks. Dividends treated as received by the Fund from an underlying fund taxable as a RIC or from a REIT may be treated as qualified dividend income generally only to the extent so reported by such underlying RIC or REIT. The Fund's participation in the lending of securities may affect the amount, timing, and character of distributions to its shareholders. If the Fund participates in a securities lending transaction and receives a payment in lieu of dividends (a "substitute payment") with respect to securities on loan in a securities lending transaction, such income generally will not constitute qualified dividend income and thus dividends attributable to such income will not be eligible for taxation at the rates applicable to qualified dividend income for individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders. If 95% or more of the Fund's gross income (calculated without taking into account net capital gain derived from sales or other dispositions of stock or securities) consists of qualified dividend income, the Fund may report all distributions of such income as qualified dividend income.

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Certain dividends received by the Fund from U.S. corporations (generally, dividends received by the Fund in respect of any share of stock (1) with a tax holding period of at least 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date that is 45 days before the date on which the stock becomes ex-dividend as to that dividend and (2) that is held in an unleveraged position) when distributed and appropriately so reported by the Fund may be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations under the Code. Dividends received by the Fund from REITs will not be eligible for that deduction. In order to qualify for the deduction, corporate shareholders must meet the minimum holding period requirement stated above with respect to their shares, taking into account any holding period reductions from certain hedging or other transactions or positions that diminish their risk of loss with respect to their shares, and, if they borrow to acquire or otherwise incur debt attributable to shares, they may be denied a portion of the dividends-received deduction with respect to those shares. Any corporate shareholder should consult its tax advisor regarding the possibility that its tax basis in its shares may be reduced, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, by reason of "extraordinary dividends" received with respect to the shares and, to the extent such basis would be reduced below zero, current recognition of income may be required.

 

Distributions from the Fund's net short-term capital gains will generally be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Distributions from the Fund's net capital gain will be taxable to shareholders at long-term capital gains rates, regardless of how long shareholders have held their shares.

 

Although dividends generally will be treated as distributed when paid, any dividend declared by the Fund in October, November or December and payable to shareholders of record in such a month that is paid during the following January will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which it was declared.

 

If the Fund's distributions exceed its current and accumulated earnings and profits, all or a portion of the distributions made in the taxable year may be treated as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution generally will not be taxable but will reduce the shareholder's cost basis and result in a higher capital gain or lower capital loss when the shares on which the distribution was received are sold. After a shareholder's basis in the shares has been reduced to zero, distributions in excess of earnings and profits will be treated as gain from the sale of the shareholder's shares. The Fund may make distributions in excess of its net investment income and net realized capital gain for a taxable year that are nonetheless supported by earnings and profits. In such cases, the distributions may be taxable as ordinary dividends, even though the distributed excess amounts would not have been subject to tax if retained by the Fund.

 

Distributions that are reinvested in additional shares of the Fund through the means of a dividend reinvestment service, if offered by your broker-dealer, will nevertheless be taxable dividends to the same extent as if such dividends had been received in cash.

 

A 3.8% tax generally applies to all or a portion of the net investment income of a shareholder who is an individual and not a nonresident alien for federal income tax purposes and who has adjusted gross income (subject to certain adjustments) that exceeds a threshold amount ($250,000 if married filing jointly or if considered a "surviving spouse" for federal income tax purposes, $125,000 if married filing separately, and $200,000 in other cases). This 3.8% tax also applies to all or a portion of the undistributed net investment income of certain shareholders that are estates and trusts. For these purposes, interest, dividends and certain capital gains (generally including capital gain distributions and capital gains realized on the sale of shares) are generally taken into account in computing a shareholder's net investment income, but exempt-interest dividends generally are not taken into account.

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The Fund's shareholders will be notified annually by financial intermediaries, such as brokers, through which a shareholder holds Fund shares as to the federal tax status of all distributions made by the Fund (i.e., annual shareholder tax reporting information). Shareholders who have not held the Fund's shares for a full year should be aware that the Fund may report and distribute to a shareholder, as ordinary dividends or capital gain dividends, a percentage of income that is not equal to the percentage of the Fund's ordinary income or net capital gain, respectively, actually earned during the shareholder's period of investment in the Fund. Distributions of ordinary income and capital gains may also be subject to foreign, state and local taxes depending on a shareholder's circumstances.

 

Taxation of Shareholders – Sale of Shares. In general, a sale of shares results in capital gain or loss, and for individual shareholders, is taxable at a federal rate dependent upon the length of time the shares were held. A sale of shares held for a period of one year or less at the time of such sale will, for tax purposes, generally result in short-term capital gains or losses, and a sale of those held for more than one year will generally result in long-term capital gains or losses.

 

Gain or loss on the sale of shares is measured by the difference between the amount received and the adjusted tax basis of the shares. Shareholders should keep records of investments made (including shares acquired through reinvestment of dividends and distributions) so they can compute the tax basis of their shares.

 

A loss realized on a sale of shares may be disallowed if substantially identical shares are acquired (whether through the reinvestment of dividends or otherwise) within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date that the shares are disposed of. In such a case, the basis of the shares acquired must be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Any loss upon the sale of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of any amounts treated as distributions to the shareholder of long-term capital gain (including any amounts credited to the shareholder as undistributed capital gains).

 

Cost Basis Reporting. The cost basis of shares acquired by purchase will generally be based on the amount paid for the shares and then may be subsequently adjusted for other applicable transactions as required by the Code. The difference between the selling price and the cost basis of shares generally determines the amount of the capital gain or loss realized on the sale or exchange of shares. Contact the broker through whom you purchased your shares to obtain information with respect to the available cost basis reporting methods and elections for your account.

 

Taxation of Fund Investments. Certain of the Fund's investments may be subject to complex provisions of the Code (including provisions relating to wash sales, hedging transactions, straddles, integrated transactions, foreign currency contracts, forward foreign currency contracts, and notional principal contracts) that, among other things, may affect the Fund's ability to qualify as a RIC, affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (e.g., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to annually mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions to its shareholders in amounts necessary to satisfy the RIC distribution requirements for avoiding income and excise taxes. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, make appropriate tax elections, and make appropriate entries in its books and records in order to mitigate the effect of these rules and preserve the Fund's qualification for treatment as a RIC.

 

Certain investments made by the Fund may be treated as equity in passive foreign investment companies (“PFICs”) for federal income tax purposes. In general, a PFIC is a foreign corporation (i) that receives at least 75% of its annual gross income from passive sources (such as interest, dividends, certain rents and royalties, or capital gains) or (ii) where at least 50% of its assets (computed based on average fair market value) either produce or are held for the production of passive income. If the Fund acquires any equity interest in a PFIC, the Fund could be subject to U.S. federal income tax and nondeductible interest charges on "excess distributions" received from such companies or on gain from the sale of stock in such companies, even if all income or gain actually received by the Fund is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Fund would not be able to pass through to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such a tax. A “qualified electing Fund” election or a “mark to market” election may be available that would ameliorate these adverse tax consequences, but such elections could require the Fund to recognize taxable income or gain (subject to the Distribution Requirement applicable to RICs, as described above) without the concurrent receipt of cash. In order to satisfy the distribution requirements and avoid a tax at the Fund level, the Fund may be required to liquidate portfolio securities that it might otherwise have continued to hold, potentially resulting in additional taxable gain or loss to the Fund. Gains from the sale of stock of PFICs may also be treated as ordinary income. Amounts included in income each year by the Fund arising from a qualified electing Fund election, will be “qualifying income” under the Qualifying Income Requirement even if not distributed to the Fund, if the Fund derives such income from its business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules. In order for the Fund to make a qualified electing Fund election with respect to a PFIC, the PFIC would have to agree to provide certain tax information to the Fund on an annual basis, which it might not agree to do. The Fund may limit and/or manage its holdings in PFICs to limit its tax liability or maximize its returns from these investments.

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A U.S. person that owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a "U.S. Shareholder" for purposes of the controlled foreign corporation ("CFC") provisions of the Code. A foreign corporation is a CFC if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by "U.S. Shareholders." If the Fund is a "U.S. Shareholder" of a CFC, the Fund will be required to include in its gross income for United States federal income tax purposes the CFCs "subpart F income" (described below), whether or not such income is distributed by the CFC. "Subpart F income" generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans and net payments received with respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. "Subpart F income" also includes the excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in any commodities. The Fund's recognition of "subpart F income" will increase the Fund's tax basis in the CFC. Distributions by a CFC to the Fund will be tax-free, to the extent of its previously undistributed "subpart F income," and will correspondingly reduce the Fund's tax basis in the CFC. "Subpart F income" is generally treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of the CFC's underlying income.

 

The Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures and options contracts subject to section 1256 of the Code ("Section 1256 Contracts") as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from Section 1256 Contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on Section 1256 Contracts to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund.

 

The Fund may invest in U.S. REITs. “Qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) are eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to Treasury regulations, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible but is not required to do so.

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REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues its annual shareholder tax reporting information. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your annual shareholder tax reporting information. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or a financial intermediary, such as a broker, through which a shareholder owns shares) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued annual shareholder tax reporting information, in completing your tax returns.

 

Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will generally be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.  

 

The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes on the Fund.

 

Additionally, the Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations that would exclude foreign currency gains from the Qualifying Income Requirement described above if such gains are not directly related to the Fund’s business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). Accordingly, regulations may be issued in the future that could treat some or all of the Fund’s non-U.S. currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby potentially jeopardizing the Fund’s status as a RIC for all years to which the regulations are applicable.

 

Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund on foreign securities may give rise to withholding and other taxes imposed by foreign countries. Any such taxes would, if imposed, reduce the yield on or return from those investments. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes.

 

If the Fund meets certain requirements, which include a requirement that more than 50% of the value of the Fund's total assets at the close of its respective taxable year consist of certain foreign securities (generally including foreign government securities), then the Fund should be eligible to file an election with the IRS that may enable its shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a tax deduction, with respect to certain foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations.

 

Pursuant to this election, the Fund would treat the applicable foreign taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder would be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit the shareholder may be entitled to use against such shareholder's federal income tax. If the Fund makes this election, the Fund will report annually the respective amounts per share of the Fund's income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. No deduction for such taxes will be permitted to individuals in computing their alternative minimum tax liability. If the Fund does not make this election, the Fund will be entitled to claim a deduction for certain foreign taxes incurred by the Fund. In certain instances, the Fund might not elect to apply otherwise allowable U.S. federal income tax deductions for those foreign taxes, whether or not credits or deductions for those foreign taxes could be passed through to its shareholders pursuant to the election described above. If the Fund does not elect to apply these deductions, taxable distributions you receive from the Fund may be larger than they would have been if the Fund had taken deductions for such taxes. Under certain circumstances, if the Fund receives a refund of foreign taxes paid in respect of a prior year, the value of shares could be reduced and/or any foreign tax credits or deductions passed through to shareholders in respect of the Fund's foreign taxes for the current year could be reduced by an amount equal to all or a portion of such refund.

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A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged arrangement (including those who invest through IRAs or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.

 

Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, IRAs, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k) plans, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income ("UBTI"). Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, tax-exempt shareholders could realize UBTI by virtue of their investment in the Fund where, for example, (i) the Fund invests in REITs that hold residual interests in REMICs, (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool ("TMP") or has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholders within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisors. There are no restrictions preventing the Fund from holding investments in REITs that hold residual interests in REMICs, and the Fund may do so. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult with their tax advisors regarding these issues.

 

Certain tax-exempt educational institutions will be subject to excise taxes on net investment income. For these purposes, certain dividends and capital gain distributions, and certain gains from the disposition of shares (among other categories of income), are generally taken into account in computing a shareholder's net investment income.

 

The Fund's shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account.

 

Foreign Shareholders. Distributions derived from taxable ordinary income and paid by the Fund to shareholders who are nonresident aliens or foreign entities will generally be subject to a 30% United States withholding tax unless a reduced rate of withholding or a withholding exemption is provided under applicable treaty law or unless such income is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business carried on through a permanent establishment in the United States. Any foreign shareholders in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and such shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors concerning the applicability of such taxes and the proper withholding form(s) to be submitted to the Fund. A foreign shareholder who fails to provide an appropriate series of IRS Form W-8 may be subject to backup withholding (discussed below) at the appropriate rate.

 

Dividends reported by the Fund as (i) interest-related dividends, to the extent such dividends are derived from the Fund's "qualified net interest income," or (ii) short-term capital gain dividends, to the extent such dividends are derived from the Fund's "qualified short-term gain," are generally exempt from this 30% withholding tax. "Qualified net interest income" is the Fund's net income derived from U.S.-source interest and original issue discount, subject to certain exceptions and limitations. "Qualified short-term gain" generally means the excess of the Fund's net short-term capital gain for the taxable year over its net long-term capital loss, if any. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund reports the payment as an interest-related dividend or as a short-term capital gain dividend. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for a period of periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from the 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders should contact their intermediaries with respect to the application of these rules to their accounts.

76

 

Under legislation known as "FATCA" (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), a U.S. withholding tax of 30% will apply to payments to certain foreign entities of U.S.-source interest and dividends unless various U.S. information reporting and due diligence requirements that are different from, and in addition to, the beneficial owner certification requirements described above have been satisfied. A non-U.S. shareholder may be exempt from the withholding described in this paragraph under an applicable intergovernmental agreement between the U.S. and a foreign government, provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement. The Fund will not pay additional amounts in respect to any amounts withheld. Non-U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisers regarding the effect, if any, of this legislation on their ownership and sale or disposition of the Fund's shares.

 

A beneficial holder of shares of the Fund who is a foreign person may be subject to foreign, state and local tax and to the U.S. federal estate tax in addition to the federal income tax consequences referred to above. If a shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the shareholder in the United States.

 

Please consult with your financial intermediary and tax advisor for more information about the importance of maintaining U.S. tax documentation that is in good order.

 

Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold (as "backup withholding") on amounts payable to any shareholder who (1) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number (including via Form W-9) or no number at all, (2) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends, (3) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding, or (4) has not certified that such shareholder is a U.S. person (including a U.S. resident alien). Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that have been subject to the 30% withholding tax on shareholders who are neither citizens nor permanent residents of the U.S. Please consult with your financial intermediary and tax advisor for more information about the importance of maintaining U.S. tax documentation that is in good order.

 

Creation Units. An Authorized Participant who exchanges securities for Creation Units generally will recognize a gain or a loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time and the sum of the exchanger's aggregate basis in the securities surrendered plus the amount of cash paid for such Creation Units. A person who redeems Creation Units will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the exchanger's basis in the Creation Units and the sum of the aggregate market value of any securities received plus the amount of any cash received for such Creation Units. The IRS, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing "wash sales" (for an Authorized Participant that does not mark-to-market its holdings) or on the basis that there has been no significant change in economic position.

 

Any gain or loss realized upon a creation or redemption of Creation Units will be treated as capital or ordinary gain or loss, depending on the holder's circumstances. Any capital gain or loss realized upon a creation of Creation Units will be treated as capital gain or loss if the Authorized Participant holds the securities exchanged therefor as capital assets, and otherwise will be ordinary income or loss. Similarly, any gain or loss realized upon a redemption of Creation Units will be treated as capital gain or loss if the Authorized Participant holds the shares comprising the Creation Units as capital assets, and otherwise will be ordinary income or loss. Any capital gain or loss realized upon the creation of Creation Units will generally be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the securities exchanged for such Creation Units have been held for more than one year, and otherwise will be short-term capital gain or loss. Any capital gain or loss realized upon the redemption of Creation Units will generally be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares comprising the Creation Units have been held for more than one year, and otherwise, will generally be short-term capital gain or loss. Any capital loss realized upon a redemption of Creation Units held for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any amounts treated as distributions to the applicable Authorized Participant of long-term capital gains with respect to the Creation Units (including any amounts credited to the Authorized Participant as undistributed capital gains).

 

If the Fund does issue Creation Units to a purchaser (or a group of purchasers) that would, upon obtaining the shares so ordered, own 80% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund, the purchaser (or a group of purchasers) may not recognize gain or loss upon the exchange of securities for Creation Units. The Fund has the right to reject an order for Creation Units if the purchaser (or a group of purchasers) would, upon obtaining the shares so ordered, own 80% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund and if, pursuant to section 351 of the Code, the Fund would have a basis in any deposit securities different from the market value of such securities on the date of deposit. The Fund also has the right to require information necessary to determine beneficial share ownership for purposes of the 80% determination.

77

 

A person subject to U.S. federal income tax with the U.S. dollar as its functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes who receives non-U.S. currency upon a redemption of Creation Units and does not immediately convert the non-U.S. currency into U.S. dollars may, upon a later conversion of the non-U.S. currency into U.S. dollars, or upon the use of the non-U.S. currency to pay expenses or acquire assets, recognize as ordinary gains or losses any gains or losses resulting from fluctuations in the value of the non-U.S. currency relative to the U.S. dollar since the date of the redemption. Authorized Participants purchasing or redeeming Creation Units should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax treatment of any creation or redemption transaction.

 

Authorized Participants purchasing or redeeming Creation Units should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax treatment of any creation or redemption transaction and whether the wash sales rule applies and when a loss might be deductible.

 

Certain Potential Tax Reporting Requirements. Under promulgated Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss on disposition of the Fund's shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder (or certain greater amounts over a combination of years), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on IRS Form 8886 (note that other types of shareholders are subject to different thresholds). Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. A shareholder who fails to make the required disclosure to the IRS may be subject to adverse tax consequences, including significant penalties. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

State Tax Matters. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. For example, most states permit mutual funds, such as the Fund, to “pass through” to their shareholders the state tax exemption on income earned from investments in some direct U.S. Treasury obligations, as well as some limited types of U.S. government agency securities, so long as a fund meets all applicable state requirements. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Delaware if the Fund qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.

 

Certain Non-U.S. Tax Issues Relating to the United Kingdom. The Prospectus describes GMO’s use of personnel sharing arrangements. For information regarding the possible United Kingdom tax consequences of an investment in the Fund, refer to the section in the Prospectus entitled “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes.”

 

The foregoing discussion is a summary only and is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Purchasers of shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the tax consequences of investing in such shares, including under state, local and other tax laws. Finally, the foregoing discussion is based on applicable provisions of the Code, regulations, judicial authority and administrative interpretations in effect on the date hereof. Changes in applicable authority could materially affect the conclusions discussed above, and such changes often occur.

 

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

The Fund is new and therefore does not have any financial statements. The Fund’s financial statements will be available after the Fund has completed its first fiscal year of operations.

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Appendix A

 

[to be updated by amendment]

 

GRANTHAM, MAYO, VAN OTTERLOO & CO. LLC

 

PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES

 

Proxy Voting Policy
Adoption: August 6, 2003
Last Revision: January 10, 2022

 

I. Statement of Policy

 

Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to seek to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised. Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC (“GMO”) manages a variety of products and GMO’s proxy voting authority may vary depending on the type of product or specific client preferences. GMO retains full proxy voting discretion for accounts comprised of comingled client assets. However, GMO’s proxy voting authority may vary for accounts that GMO manages on behalf of individual clients. These clients may retain full proxy voting authority for themselves, grant GMO full discretion to vote proxies on their behalf, or provide GMO with proxy voting authority along with specific instructions and/or custom proxy voting guidelines. Where GMO has been granted discretion to vote proxies on behalf of managed account clients this authority must be explicitly defined in the relevant Investment Management Agreement, or other document governing the relationship between GMO and the client.

 

In exercising its proxy voting authority, GMO is mindful of the fact that the value of proxy voting to a client’s investments may vary depending on the nature of an individual voting matter and the strategy in which a client is invested. Some GMO strategies follow a systematic, research-driven investment approach, applying quantitative tools to process fundamental information and manage risk. Some proxy votes may have heightened value for certain clients, such as votes on corporate events (e.g., mergers and acquisitions, dissolutions, conversions, or consolidations) for those clients invested in GMO strategies involving the purchase of securities around corporate events. These differences may result in varying levels of GMO engagement in proxy votes, but in all cases where GMO retains proxy voting authority, it will seek to vote proxies in the best interest of its clients and in accordance with this Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures (the “Policy”).

 

GMO’s Stewardship and Corporate Leadership Subcommittee, a sub-committee of the GMO ESG Oversight Committee, is responsible for the implementation of this Policy, including the oversight and use of third-party proxy advisers, the manner in which GMO votes its proxies, and fulfilling GMO’s obligation voting proxies in the best interest of its clients.

 

II. Use of Third-Party Proxy Advisors

 

GMO has retained an independent third-party Proxy Advisory firm for a variety of services including, but not limited to, receiving proxy ballots, proxy voting research and recommendations, and executing votes. GMO may also engage other Proxy Advisory firms as appropriate for proxy voting research and other services.

 

III. Considerations When Assessing or Considering a Proxy Advisory Firm

 

When considering the engagement of a new, or the performance and retention of an existing, Proxy Advisory firm to provide research, voting recommendations, or other proxy voting related services, GMO will, as part of its assessment, consider:

 

The capacity and competency of the Proxy Advisory firm to adequately analyze the matters up for a vote;

 

The ability of the Proxy Advisory firm to provide information supporting its recommendations in a timely manner;

 

The ability of the Proxy Advisory firm to respond to ad hoc requests from GMO;

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Whether the Proxy Advisory firm has an effective process for obtaining current and accurate information including from issuers and clients (e.g., engagement with issuers, efforts to correct deficiencies, disclosure about sources of information and methodologies, etc.);

 

How the Proxy Advisory firm incorporates appropriate input in formulating its methodologies and construction of issuer peer groups, including unique characteristics regarding an issuer;

 

Whether the Proxy Advisory firm has adequately disclosed its methodologies and application in formulating specific voting recommendations;

 

The nature of third-party information sources used as a basis for voting recommendations;

 

When and how the Proxy Advisory firm would expect to engage with issuers and other third parties;

 

Whether the Proxy Advisory firm has established adequate policies and procedures on how it identifies, discloses and addresses conflicts of interests that arise from providing proxy voting recommendations and related services, from activities other than providing proxy voting recommendations and services, and from Proxy Advisory firm affiliations;

 

Whether the Proxy Advisory firm has established adequate diversity and inclusion practices;

 

Information regarding any errors, deficiencies, or weaknesses that may materially affect the Proxy Advisory firm’s research or ultimate recommendation;

 

Whether the Proxy Advisory firm appropriately and regularly updates methodologies, guidelines, and recommendations, including in response to feedback from issuers and their shareholders;

 

Whether the Proxy Advisory firm adequately discloses any material business changes taking into account any potential conflicts of interests that may arise from such changes.

 

GMO also undertakes periodic sampling of proxy votes as part of its assessment of a Proxy Advisory firm and in order to reasonably determine that proxy votes are being cast on behalf of its clients consistent with this Policy.

 

IV. Potential Conflicts of Interest of the Proxy Advisor

 

GMO requires any Proxy Advisory firm it engages with to identify and provide information regarding any material business changes or conflicts of interest on an ongoing basis. Where a conflict of interest may exist, GMO requires information on how said conflict is being addressed. If GMO determines that a material conflict of interest exists and is not sufficiently mitigated, GMO’s Stewardship and Corporate Leadership Subcommittee will determine whether the conflict has an impact on the Proxy Advisory firm’s voting recommendations, research, or other services and determine if any action should be taken.

 

V. Voting Procedures and Approach

 

In relation to stocks held in GMO funds and accounts where GMO has proxy voting discretion, GMO will, as a general rule, seek to vote in accordance with this Policy and the applicable guidelines GMO has developed to govern voting recommendations from its Proxy Advisory firm (“GMO Voting Guidelines”). In instances where a separate account client has provided GMO with specific instructions and/or custom proxy voting guidelines, GMO will seek to vote proxies in line with such instructions or custom guidelines.

 

GMO may refrain from voting in certain situations unless otherwise agreed to with a client. These situations include, but are not limited to, when:

 

1.The cost of voting a proxy outweighs the benefit of voting;

2.GMO does not have enough time to process and submit a vote due to the timing of proxy information transfer or other related logistical or administrative issues;

3.GMO has an outstanding sell order or intends to sell the applicable security prior to the voting date;

4.There are restrictions on trading resulting from the exercise of a proxy;

5.Voting would cause an undue burden to GMO (e.g., votes occurring in jurisdictions with beneficial ownership disclosure and/or Power of Attorney requirements); or

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6.GMO has agreed with the client in advance of the vote not to vote in certain situations or on specific issues.

 

GMO generally does not notify clients of non-voted proxy ballots.

 

Some of GMO’s strategies primarily focus on portfolio management and research related to macro trading strategies which are implemented through the use of derivatives. These strategies typically do not hold equity securities with voting rights.

 

VI. Voting Guidelines

 

GMO seeks to vote proxies in a manner that encourages and rewards behavior that supports the creation of sustainable long-term growth, and in a way consistent with the investment mandate of the assets we manage for our clients. Accordingly, GMO’s Voting Guidelines aim to promote sustainable best practices in portfolio companies, which includes advocating for environmental protection, human rights, fair labor, and anti-discrimination practices. When evaluating and adopting these guidelines and to encourage best sustainability practices, we take into account generally accepted frameworks such as those defined by the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment and United Nations Global Compact.1

 

VII. Issuer Specific Ballot Evaluations

 

GMO may review individual ballots (for example, in relation to specific corporate events such as mergers and acquisitions) using a more detailed analysis than is generally applied through the GMO Voting Guidelines. This analysis may, but does not always, result in deviation from the voting recommendation that would result from the GMO Voting Guidelines assigned to a given GMO fund or managed account. When determining whether to conduct an issuer-specific analysis, GMO will consider the potential effect of the vote on the value of the investment. To the extent that issuer-specific analysis results in a voting recommendation that deviates from a recommendation produced by the GMO Voting Guidelines, GMO will be required to vote proxies in a way that, in GMO’s reasonable judgment, is in the best interest of GMO’s clients.

 

VIII. Potential Conflicts of Interest of the Advisor

 

GMO mitigates potential conflicts of interest by generally voting in accordance with the GMO Voting Guidelines and/or specific voting guidelines provided by clients. However, from time to time, GMO may determine to vote contrary to GMO Voting Guidelines with respect to GMO funds or accounts for which GMO has voting discretion, which itself could give rise to potential conflicts of interest.

 

In addition, if GMO is aware that one of the following conditions exists with respect to a proxy, GMO shall consider such event a potential material conflict of interest:

 

1.       GMO has a material business relationship or potential relationship with the issuer; 

2.       GMO has a material business relationship with the proponent of the proxy proposal; or 

3.       GMO members, employees or consultants have a personal or other material business relationship with the participants in the proxy contest, such as corporate directors or director candidates.

 

In the event of a potential material conflict of interest, GMO will (i) vote such proxy according to the GMO Voting Guidelines; (ii) seek instructions from the client or request that the client votes such proxy, or (iii) abstain. All such instances shall be reported to GMO’s Compliance Department at least quarterly.

 

IX. Ballot Materials and Processing

 

The Proxy Advisory firm is responsible for coordinating with GMO’s clients’ custodians to seek to ensure that proxy materials received by custodians relating to a client’s securities are processed in a timely fashion. Proxies relating to securities held in client accounts will typically be sent directly to the Proxy Advisory firm. In the event that proxy materials are sent to GMO directly instead of the Proxy Advisory firm, GMO will use reasonable efforts to coordinate with the Proxy Advisory firm for processing.

 

 

1Attached as Appendix I is a summary of key topics covered in GMO’s Voting Guidelines for U.S. companies.

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X. Disclosure

 

Upon request, GMO will provide clients with a copy of this Policy and how the relevant client’s proxies have been voted. In relation to the latter, GMO will prepare a written response that lists, with respect to each voted proxy: 

1.       The name of the issuer; 

2.       The proposal voted upon; and 

3.       The election made for the proposal.

 

XI. GMO Mutual Funds

 

GMO’s responsibility and authority to vote proxies on behalf of its clients for shares of GMO Trust, a family of registered mutual funds for which GMO serves as the investment adviser, may give rise to conflicts of interest. Accordingly, GMO will (i) vote such proxies in the best interests of its clients with respect to routine matters, including proxies relating to the election of Trustees; and (ii) with respect to matters where a conflict of interest exists between GMO and GMO Trust, such as proxies relating to a new or amended investment management contract between GMO Trust and GMO, or a re-organization of a series of GMO Trust, GMO will either (a) vote such proxies in the same proportion as the votes cast with respect to that proxy, (b) seek instructions from its clients and vote on accordance with those instructions, or (c) take such other action as GMO deems appropriate in consultation with the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer.

 

On an annual basis, GMO will provide, or cause the Proxy Advisory firm to provide, to the GMO Trust administrator or other designee on a timely basis, any and all reports and information necessary to prepare and file Form N-PX, which is required by Rule 30b1-4 under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

 

XII. Proxy Recordkeeping

 

GMO and its Proxy Advisory firm (where applicable) will maintain records with respect to this Policy for a period of no less than five (5) years as required by SEC Rule 204-2 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, including the following: 

1.       A copy of the Policy, and any amendments thereto; 

2.       A copy of any document that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision; and 

3.       A record of each vote cast by GMO or the Proxy Advisory firm on behalf of GMO clients.

 

XIII. Review of Policy and Procedures

 

As a general principle, the Stewardship and Corporate Leadership Subcommittee, with the involvement from the Compliance Department, reviews, on an annual basis, the adequacy of this Policy to reasonably ensure it has been implemented effectively, including whether it continues to be reasonably designed to ensure that GMO’s approach to voting proxies is in the best interests of its clients.

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APPENDIX I 

Summary of GMO’s Proxy Voting Guidelines for U.S. Companies

 

Below is a summary of the key components of the GMO Proxy Voting Guidelines for U.S. Companies:

 

Director Elections

We consider the following principles when determining votes on director nominees: 

Accountability: Boards should be sufficiently accountable to shareholders, including through transparency of the company’s governance practices and regular board elections.

Responsiveness: Directors should respond to investor input, such as that expressed through significant opposition to management proposals, significant support for shareholder proposals (whether binding or non-binding), and tender offers where a majority of shares are tendered.

Composition: Companies should seek directors who can add value to the board through specific skills or expertise and who can devote sufficient time and commitment to serve effectively. Boards should be of a size appropriate to accommodate diversity, expertise, and independence, while ensuring active and collaborative participation by all members. Boards should be sufficiently diverse to ensure consideration of a wide range of perspectives.

Independence: Boards should be sufficiently independent from management (and significant shareholders) so as to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management’s performance for the benefit of all shareholders, including in setting and monitoring the execution of corporate strategy, with appropriate use of shareholder capital, and in setting and monitoring executive compensation programs that support that strategy.

 

Executive Compensation 

We consider the following principles when evaluating executive and director compensation programs:

Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value.

Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”

Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures

Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors

 

ESG-Related Proposals 

We generally support standards-based ESG shareholder proposals that enhance long-term shareholder and stakeholder value while aligning the interests of the company with those of society at large.

 

Climate Change-Related Proposals

Vote for shareholder proposals seeking information on the financial, physical, or regulatory risks the company faces related to climate change on its operations and investments, or on how the company identifies, measures, and manage such risks.

Vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reduction of Green House Gas (“GHG”) emissions.

Vote for shareholder proposals seeking reports on responses to regulatory and public pressures surrounding climate change, and for disclosure of research that aided in setting company policies around climate change.

 

Energy-Related Proposals 

Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its energy efficiency policies.

Generally vote for requests for reports on the feasibility of developing renewable energy resources.

Generally vote for proposals requesting that the company invest in renewable energy resources.

 

Board Diversity Proposals 

Generally vote for requests for reports on a company’s efforts to diversify the board, unless:

The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and

The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company.

 

Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits

Generally vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, unless the change would be unduly burdensome.

Generally vote for proposals to extend company benefits to domestic partners.

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Equality of Opportunity Proposals

Generally vote for proposals requesting a company disclose its diversity policies or initiatives, or proposals requesting disclosure of a company’s comprehensive workforce diversity data, including requests for EEO-1 data.

Generally vote for proposals seeking information on the diversity efforts of suppliers and service providers.

 

Facility and Workplace Safety Proposals 

Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that a company report on safety and/or security risks associated with its operations and/or facilities, considering:

The company’s compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines;

The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its security and safety policies, procedures, and compliance monitoring; and

The existence of recent, significant violations, fines, or controversy regarding the safety and security of the company’s operations and/or facilities.

 

Sustainability Reporting

Vote for shareholder proposals seeking greater disclosure on the company’s environmental and social practices, and/or associated risks and liabilities.

Vote for shareholder proposals asking companies to report in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

Vote for shareholder proposals to prepare a sustainability report

 

Water Issues Sustainability

Generally vote for on proposals requesting a company to report on, or to adopt a new policy on, water-related risks and concerns, taking into account:

The company’s current disclosure of relevant policies, initiatives, oversight mechanisms, and water usage metrics;

Whether or not the company’s existing water-related policies and practices are consistent with relevant internationally recognized standards and national/local regulations;

The potential financial impact or risk to the company associated with water-related concerns or issues; and recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding water use by the company and its suppliers.

 

ESG Compensation-Related Proposals

Generally vote for proposals to link, or report on linking, executive compensation to environmental and social criteria (such as corporate downsizings, customer or employee satisfaction, community involvement, human rights, environmental performance, or predatory lending)

 

Human Rights Proposals

Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies.

Vote for shareholder proposals to implement human rights standards and workplace codes of conduct.

Vote for shareholder proposals calling for the implementation and reporting on international labor standards of the International Labour Organization, SA 8000 Standards, or the Global Sullivan Principles.

Vote for shareholder proposals that call for the adoption and/or enforcement of principles or codes relating to countries in which there are systematic violations of human rights.

Vote for shareholder proposals that call for independent monitoring programs in conjunction with local and respected religious and human rights groups to monitor supplier and licensee compliance with codes.

Vote for shareholder proposals that seek publication of a “Code of Conduct” to the company’s foreign suppliers and licensees, requiring they satisfy all applicable standards and laws protecting employees’ wages, benefits, working conditions, freedom of association, and other rights.

Vote for shareholder proposals seeking reports on, or the adoption of, vendor standards including: reporting on incentives to encourage suppliers to raise standards rather than terminate contracts and providing public disclosure of contract supplier reviews on a regular basis.

Vote for shareholder proposals to adopt labor standards for foreign and domestic suppliers to ensure that the company will not do business with foreign suppliers that manufacture products for sale using forced labor, child labor, or that fail to comply with applicable laws protecting employee’s wages and working conditions.

Vote for proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process.

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PART C: OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 28.Exhibits

 

(a)(1)Certificate of Trust of The 2023 ETF Series Trust II (the “Registrant” or the “Trust”), dated June 13, 2023, as filed with the State of Delaware on June 14, 2023, is filed herewith.

 

(a)(2)Declaration of Trust of the Registrant, dated June 13, 2023, is filed herewith.

 

(b)Registrant’s Bylaws, dated June 13, 2023, are filed herewith.

 

(c)Not applicable.

 

(d)Investment Advisory Agreement between the Registrant and Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC to be filed by amendment.

 

(e)(1)ETF Distribution Agreement between the Registrant and Foreside Fund Services, LLC to be filed by amendment.

 

(e)(2)Form of Authorized Participant Agreement to be filed by amendment.

 

(f)Not applicable.

 

(g)Custody Agreement between the Registrant and [_____________] to be filed by amendment.

 

(h)(1)Administration Agreement between the Registrant and [__________] to be filed by amendment.

 

(h)(2)Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between the Registrant and [___________] to be filed by amendment.

 

(h)(3)Amended and Restated Board Support Services Agreement between the Registrant and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC to be filed by amendment.

 

(h)(4)Fund PEO, Secretary, PFO/Treasurer, CCO and AMLO Agreement between the Trust and Foreside Fund Officer Services, LLC to be filed by amendment.

 

(i)Opinion and Consent of Counsel, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, to be filed by amendment.

 

(j)Consent of independent registered public accountants to be filed by amendment.

 

(k)Not applicable.

 

(l)Subscription Agreement to be filed by amendment.

 

(m)Plan of Distribution Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 to be filed by amendment.

 

(n)Not applicable.

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(o)Not applicable.

 

(p)(1)Code of Ethics of the Registrant to be filed by amendment.

 

(p)(2)Code of Ethics of Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC to be filed by amendment.

 

(q)Powers of Attorney to be filed by amendment.

 

Item 29.Persons Controlled by or under Common Control with the Fund

 

Not Applicable.

 

Item 30.Indemnification

 

Article IX of the Registrant’s Declaration of Trust states:

 

Section 9.2.  Limitation of Liability of Trustees and Others. (a) Extent of Duties. No Trustee, officer, or employee of the Trust shall owe any duty, or have any related liability, to any Person whatsoever (including without limitation any Shareholder) other than to the Trust or any Series, and this Declaration of Trust eliminates any such duty arising at law (common or statutory) or in equity and any related liability, to the extent that such duty or liability may be so eliminated.

 

(b)  No Liability to Third Parties. No person who is or has been a Trustee, officer, or employee of the Trust shall be subject to any personal liability whatsoever to any Person, other than the Trust or any Series, in connection with the affairs of the Trust; and all Persons shall look solely to the Trust Property or Property of a Series for satisfaction of claims of any nature arising in connection with the affairs of the Trust or such Series.

 

Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate, Share or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees or any of them in connection with the Trust shall be conclusively deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to their or his capacity as Trustees or Trustee and neither such Trustees or Trustee nor the Shareholders shall be personally liable thereon.

 

All Persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or a Series shall look only to the assets of the Trust Property or the Trust Property of such Series for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees, nor any of the Trust’s officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.

 

(c)  Limitation of Liability to Trust and Series.   No person who is or has been a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust shall be liable to the Trust or to any Series for any action or failure to act except for his or her own bad faith, willful misfeasance, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties involved in the conduct of the individual’s office, and for nothing else, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law.

 

(d)  No Liability for Acts of Others. Without limiting the foregoing limitations of liability contained in this Section 9.2, a Trustee shall not be responsible for or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, employee, investment adviser, sub-adviser, principal underwriter, custodian or other agent of the Trust, nor shall any Trustee be responsible or liable for the act or omission of any other Trustee (or for the failure to compel in any way any former or acting Trustee to redress any breach of trust), except in the case of such Trustee’s own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.

2

 

Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) may be permitted to Trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such Trustee, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

Item 31.Business and other Connections of the Investment Adviser

 

Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC (“GMO”), principally located at 40 Rowes Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and serves as investment adviser for the Trust’s GMO U.S. Quality ETF.

 

Any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which each director or principal officer of GMO is or has been, at any time during the last two fiscal years, engaged for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee are as follows:

 

Name and Position

with GMO

Position

with Other Company

Connection

with Other Company

     
     
     
     
     

 

[ABOVE TABLE TO BE COMPLETED BY AMENDMENT]

 

Item 32.Principal Underwriters

 

Item 32(a)Foreside Fund Services, LLC (the “Distributor”) serves as principal underwriter for the following investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended:

 

1.AB Active ETFs, Inc.
2.ABS Long/Short Strategies Fund
3.Absolute Shares Trust
4.ActivePassive Core Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
5.ActivePassive Intermediate Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
6.ActivePassive International Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
7.ActivePassive U.S. Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers

3

 

8.Adaptive Core ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
9.AdvisorShares Trust
10.AFA Multi-Manager Credit Fund
11.AGF Investments Trust
12.AIM ETF Products Trust
13.Alexis Practical Tactical ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
14.AlphaCentric Prime Meridian Income Fund
15.American Century ETF Trust
16.Amplify ETF Trust
17.Applied Finance Core Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
18.Applied Finance Explorer Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
19.Applied Finance Select Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
20.ARK ETF Trust
21.ARK Venture Fund
22.ASYMmetric ETFs Trust
23.B.A.D. ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
24.Bitwise Funds Trust
25.Bluestone Community Development Fund
26.BondBloxx ETF Trust
27.Bramshill Multi-Strategy Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust

28.Bridgeway Funds, Inc.
29.Brinker Capital Destinations Trust
30.Brookfield Real Assets Income Fund Inc.
31.Build Funds Trust
32.Calamos Convertible and High Income Fund
33.Calamos Convertible Opportunities and Income Fund
34.Calamos Dynamic Convertible and Income Fund
35.Calamos ETF Trust
36.Calamos Global Dynamic Income Fund
37.Calamos Global Total Return Fund
38.Calamos Strategic Total Return Fund
39.Carlyle Tactical Private Credit Fund
40.Cboe Vest Bitcoin Strategy Managed Volatility Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

41.Cboe Vest S&P 500® Dividend Aristocrats Target Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

42.Cboe Vest US Large Cap 10% Buffer Strategies Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

43.Cboe Vest US Large Cap 10% Buffer VI Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
44.Cboe Vest US Large Cap 20% Buffer Strategies Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

45.Cboe Vest US Large Cap 20% Buffer VI Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
46.Center Coast Brookfield MLP & Energy Infrastructure Fund
47.Clifford Capital Focused Small Cap Value Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
48.Clifford Capital International Value Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
49.Clifford Capital Partners Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
50.Cliffwater Corporate Lending Fund
51.Cliffwater Enhanced Lending Fund
52.Cohen & Steers Infrastructure Fund, Inc.
53.Convergence Long/Short Equity ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers

4

 

54.CornerCap Small-Cap Value Fund, Series of Managed Portfolio Series

55.CrossingBridge Pre-Merger SPAC ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers

56.Curasset Capital Management Core Bond Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
57.Curasset Capital Management Limited Term Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust

58.Davis Fundamental ETF Trust
59.Defiance Daily Short Digitizing the Economy ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions

60.Defiance Hotel, Airline, and Cruise ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
61.Defiance Next Gen Connectivity ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
62.Defiance Next Gen H2 ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
63.Defiance Pure Electric Vehicle ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
64.Defiance Quantum ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
65.Direxion Funds
66.Direxion Shares ETF Trust
67.Dividend Performers ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
68.Dodge & Cox Funds
69.DoubleLine ETF Trust
70.DoubleLine Opportunistic Credit Fund
71.DoubleLine Yield Opportunities Fund
72.DriveWealth ETF Trust
73.EIP Investment Trust
74.Ellington Income Opportunities Fund
75.ETF Managers Trust
76.ETF Opportunities Trust
77.Evanston Alternative Opportunities Fund
78.Exchange Listed Funds Trust
79.Fiera Capital Series Trust
80.FlexShares Trust
81.Forum Funds
82.Forum Funds II
83.Forum Real Estate Income Fund
84.Goose Hollow Tactical Allocation ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust

85.Grayscale Future of Finance ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
86.Guinness Atkinson Funds
87.Harbor ETF Trust
88.Horizon Kinetics Blockchain Development ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
89.Horizon Kinetics Energy and Remediation ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
90.Horizon Kinetics Inflation Beneficiaries ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
91.Horizon Kinetics Medical ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
92.Horizon Kinetics SPAC Active ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
93.IDX Funds
94.Innovator ETFs Trust
95.Ironwood Institutional Multi-Strategy Fund LLC
96.Ironwood Multi-Strategy Fund LLC
97.John Hancock Exchange-Traded Fund Trust
98.LDR Real Estate Value-Opportunity Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
99.Mairs & Power Balanced Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
100.Mairs & Power Growth Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers

5

 

101.Mairs & Power Minnesota Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Trust for Professional Managers

102.Mairs & Power Small Cap Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
103.Manor Investment Funds
104.Merk Stagflation ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
105.Milliman Variable Insurance Trust
106.Mindful Conservative ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
107.Moerus Worldwide Value Fund, Series of Northern Lights Fund Trust IV
108.Mohr Growth ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
109.Mohr Sector Navigator ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
110.Morgan Stanley ETF Trust
111.Morningstar Funds Trust
112.Mutual of America Investment Corporation
113.North Square Investments Trust
114.OTG Latin American Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
115.Overlay Shares Core Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
116.Overlay Shares Foreign Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
117.Overlay Shares Hedged Large Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
118.Overlay Shares Large Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
119.Overlay Shares Municipal Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
120.Overlay Shares Short Term Bond ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
121.Overlay Shares Small Cap Equity ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
122.Palmer Square Opportunistic Income Fund
123.Partners Group Private Income Opportunities, LLC
124.Performance Trust Mutual Funds, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
125.Perkins Discovery Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
126.Philotimo Focused Growth and Income Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
127.Plan Investment Fund, Inc.
128.PMC Core Fixed Income Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
129.PMC Diversified Equity Fund, Series of Trust for Professional Managers
130.Point Bridge America First ETF, Series of ETF Series Solutions
131.Preferred-Plus ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
132.Putnam ETF Trust
133.Quaker Investment Trust
134.Rareview Dynamic Fixed Income ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust

135.Rareview Inflation/Deflation ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust

136.Rareview Systematic Equity ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust

137.Rareview Tax Advantaged Income ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust

138.Renaissance Capital Greenwich Funds
139.Reynolds Funds, Inc.
140.RiverNorth Enhanced Pre-Merger SPAC ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
141.RiverNorth Patriot ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
142.RMB Investors Trust
143.Robinson Opportunistic Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust

144.Robinson Tax Advantaged Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust

6

 

145.Roundhill Ball Metaverse ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
146.Roundhill BIG Bank ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
147.Roundhill BIG Tech ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
148.Roundhill Cannabis ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
149.Roundhill IO Digital Infrastructure ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
150.Roundhill MEME ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
151.Roundhill Sports Betting & iGaming ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
152.Roundhill Video Games ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
153.Rule One Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
154.Securian AM Real Asset Income Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust

155.SHP ETF Trust
156.Six Circles Trust
157.Sound Shore Fund, Inc.
158.Sparrow Funds
159.Spear Alpha ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
160.STF Tactical Growth & Income ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
161.STF Tactical Growth ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
162.Strategic Trust
163.Strategy Shares
164.Swan Hedged Equity US Large Cap ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
165.Syntax ETF Trust
166.Tekla World Healthcare Fund
167.Tema ETF Trust
168.Teucrium Agricultural Strategy No K-1 ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
169.Teucrium AiLA Long-Short Agriculture Strategy ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust

170.Teucrium AiLA Long-Short Base Metals Strategy ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust

171.The Community Development Fund
172.The Finite Solar Finance Fund
173.The Private Shares Fund
174.The SPAC and New Issue ETF, Series of Collaborative Investment Series Trust
175.Third Avenue Trust
176.Third Avenue Variable Series Trust
177.Tidal ETF Trust
178.Tidal Trust II
179.TIFF Investment Program
180.Timothy Plan High Dividend Stock Enhanced ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
181.Timothy Plan High Dividend Stock ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
182.Timothy Plan International ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
183.Timothy Plan Market Neutral ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
184.Timothy Plan US Large/Mid Cap Core ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
185.Timothy Plan US Large/Mid Core Enhanced ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
186.Timothy Plan US Small Cap Core ETF, Series of The Timothy Plan
187.Total Fund Solution
188.Touchstone ETF Trust
189.TrueShares Eagle Global Renewable Energy Income ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust

190.TrueShares ESG Active Opportunities ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
191.TrueShares Low Volatility Equity Income ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust

7

 

192.TrueShares Structured Outcome (April) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
193.TrueShares Structured Outcome (August) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
194.TrueShares Structured Outcome (December) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
195.TrueShares Structured Outcome (February) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
196.TrueShares Structured Outcome (January) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
197.TrueShares Structured Outcome (July) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
198.TrueShares Structured Outcome (June) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
199.TrueShares Structured Outcome (March) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
200.TrueShares Structured Outcome (May) ETF, Listed Funds Trust
201.TrueShares Structured Outcome (November) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
202.TrueShares Structured Outcome (October) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
203.TrueShares Structured Outcome (September) ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
204.TrueShares Technology, AI & Deep Learning ETF, Series of Listed Funds Trust
205.U.S. Global Investors Funds
206.Union Street Partners Value Fund, Series of World Funds Trust
207.Variant Alternative Income Fund
208.Variant Impact Fund
209.VictoryShares Core Intermediate Bond ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
210.VictoryShares Core Plus Intermediate Bond ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
211.VictoryShares Corporate Bond ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
212.VictoryShares Developed Enhanced Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

213.VictoryShares Dividend Accelerator ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
214.VictoryShares Emerging Markets Value Momentum ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

215.VictoryShares Free Cash Flow ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
216.VictoryShares International High Div Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

217.VictoryShares International Value Momentum ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

218.VictoryShares International Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
219.VictoryShares NASDAQ Next 50 ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
220.VictoryShares Short-Term Bond ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
221.VictoryShares THB Mid Cap ESG ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
222.VictoryShares US 500 Enhanced Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

223.VictoryShares US 500 Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
224.VictoryShares US Discovery Enhanced Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

225.VictoryShares US EQ Income Enhanced Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

226.VictoryShares US Large Cap High Div Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

227.VictoryShares US Multi-Factor Minimum Volatility ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

228.VictoryShares US Small Cap High Div Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

229.VictoryShares US Small Cap Volatility Wtd ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
230.VictoryShares US Small Mid Cap Value Momentum ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

231.VictoryShares US Value Momentum ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II

8

 

232.VictoryShares WestEnd US Sector ETF, Series of Victory Portfolios II
233.Volatility Shares Trust
234.West Loop Realty Fund, Series of Investment Managers Series Trust
235.Wilshire Mutual Funds, Inc.
236.Wilshire Variable Insurance Trust
237.WisdomTree Digital Trust
238.WisdomTree Trust
239.WST Investment Trust
240.XAI Octagon Floating Rate & Alternative Income Term Trust

 

Item 32(b)The following are the Officers and Manager of the Distributor, the Registrant’s underwriter. The Distributor’s main business address is Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101.

 

Name Address Position with Underwriter

Position with Registrant

Teresa Cowan 111 E. Kilbourn Ave, Suite 2200, Milwaukee, WI 53202 President/Manager None

Chris Lanza

Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101

Vice President

None

Kate Macchia Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101 Vice President None
Nanette K. Chern Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101 Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer None

Kelly B. Whetstone

Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101

Secretary

None

Susan L. LaFond 111 E. Kilbourn Ave, Suite 2200, Milwaukee, WI 53202 Treasurer None
Weston Sommers Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME  04101 Financial and Operations Principal and Chief Financial Officer None

 

Item 32(c)Not applicable.

 

Item 33. Location of Accounts and Records:

 

Books or other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the rules promulgated thereunder, are maintained as follows:

 

Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. LLC

40 Rowes Wharf

Boston, Massachusetts 02110

 

Foreside Fund Services, LLC

Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100

Portland, Maine 04101

 

[ADMINISTRATOR, CUSTODIAN AND TRANSFER AGENT]

[TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

[TO BE PROVIDED BY AMENDMENT]

9

 

Item 34.Management Services

 

Not Applicable.

 

Item 35.Undertakings

 

Not Applicable.

10

 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized, in the City of Portland and State of Maine, on this 18th day of August, 2023.

 

  The 2023 ETF Series Trust II  
     
  By:

/s/ Trent Statczar

 
    Trent Statczar
President (Principal Executive Officer)
 

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

Signature   Title   Date

/s/ Robert Howard

  Initial Trustee   August 18, 2023
Robert Howard        
         

/s/ Trent Statczar

  President (Principal Executive Officer)   August 18, 2023
Trent Statczar        
         
/s/ Michael Minella   Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting   August 18, 2023
Michael Minella   Officer)  

11

 

Exhibit Index

 

Exhibit NumberExhibit Name
EX A1Certificate of Trust of The 2023 ETF Series Trust II (the “Registrant” or the “Trust”), dated June 13, 2023, as filed with the State of Delaware on June 14, 2023
EX A2Declaration of Trust of the Registrant, dated June 13, 2023
EX BRegistrant’s Bylaws, dated June 13, 2023

 

12