20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report _________________________

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission file number: 001-40848

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)

Kingdom of Spain

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

Street Isabel la Católica, 8, Door 51,

Valencia, Spain 46004

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Alejandro Moragues, CFO

+34 961 196 250

alejandromoragues@turbo-e.com

Street Isabel la Católica, 8, Door 51,

Valencia, Spain 46004

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
One American Depositary Share represents five Ordinary Shares	TURB	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Ordinary Share, par value five cents of euro (€0.05) per share *	*	*

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American Depositary Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. The American Depositary Shares represent ordinary shares and are being registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to a separate Registration Statement on Form F-6. Accordingly, the American Depositary Shares are exempt from the operation of Section 12(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, pursuant to Rule 12a-8.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report (December 31, 2023): There were 55,085,700 shares of the registrant’s ordinary shares outstanding, par value €0.05 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer.

Large Accelerated Filer  ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-Accelerated Filer  ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the
International Accounting Standards Board                               ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

Annual Report on Form 20-F

Year Ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	1
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	1
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	1
	A. RESERVED	1
	B. Capitalization and Indebtedness	1
	C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	1
	D. Risk Factors	1
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	22
	A. History and Development of the Company	22
	B. Business Overview	24
	C. Organizational Structure	38
	D. Property, Plants and Equipment
ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	41
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	41
	A. Operating Results	41
	B. Liquidity and Capital Resources	48
	C. Research and development	50
	D. Trend Information	50
	E. Critical Accounting Estimates	50
	G. Safe Harbor	51
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	51
	A. Directors and Senior Management	51
	B. Compensation	54
	C. Board Practices	57
	D. Employees	60
	E. Share Ownership	60
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	62
	A. Major Shareholders	62
	B. Related Party Transactions	62
	C. Interests of Experts and Counsel	65
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	65
	A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	65
	B. Significant Changes	66

i

ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	66
	A. Offer and Listing Details	66
	B. Plan of Distribution	66
	C. Markets	66
	D. Selling Shareholders	67
	E. Dilution	67
	F. Expenses of the Issue	67
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	67
	A. Share Capital	67
	B. Bylaws	67
	C. Material Contracts	75
	D. Exchange Controls	75
	E. Taxation	75
	F. Dividends and Paying Agents	81
	G. Statement by Experts	81
	H. Documents on Display	81
	I. Subsidiary Information	81
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	81
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	82
	A. Debt Securities	82
	B. Warrants and Rights	82
	C. Other Securities	82
	D. American Depositary Shares	82
PART II
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	92
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITIES HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	92
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	92
ITEM 16	[RESERVED]	93
ITEM 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	94
ITEM 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS	94

ITEM 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	94
ITEM 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	94
ITEM 16E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	95
ITEM 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	95
ITEM 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	95
ITEM 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.	95
ITEM 16I.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.	95
PART III
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	96
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	96
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	96

ii

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

Use of Certain Defined Terms

Except as otherwise indicated by the context and for the purposes of this report only, references in this report to:

● “we,” “us,” “the Company,” “our” or “our company” are to the combined business of Turbo Energy, S.A. (named before Turbo Energy S.L.), a Spanish corporation, and its consolidated subsidiary;

● “Umbrella Solar” is to Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. a company established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on March 23, 2018, our parent company. Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, owns 23.21% shares of Umbrella Solar. Crocodile Investment owns 54% shares of Umbrella Solar. Umbrella Solar is a public company listed in Spain on BME GROWTH;

● “Turbo Energy Solutions” is to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U. (named before IM2 Proyecto 35 S.L.U), a company established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on August 1, 2019, our wholly owned subsidiary;

● “Crocodile Investment” is to Crocodile Investment, S.L.U., a company established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on November 8, 2013. Crocodile Investment is Umbrella Solar’s 54% shareholder. Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, owns 100% shares of Crocodile Investment;

● “EUR euros”, “euros” and “€” are to the legal currency of the European Union; and

● “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “USD”, “US$”, or “$” are to the legal currency of the United States.

Forward-Looking Information

In addition to historical information, this annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. We use words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “target,” “plan,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “aim,” “will” or similar expressions which are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, among others, those concerning market and industry segment growth and demand and acceptance of new and existing products; any projections of sales, earnings, revenue, margins or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; and any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, as well as all assumptions, expectations, predictions, intentions or beliefs about future events. You are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions, which, if they were to ever materialize or prove incorrect, could cause the results of the Company to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the possibility that third parties hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing our products, the emergence of additional competing technologies, changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes, changes in economic conditions, uncertainties related to legal system and economic, political and social events in Spain, a general economic downturn, a downturn in the securities markets, and other risks and uncertainties which are generally set forth under Item 3 “Key information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report and our other filings with the SEC. These reports attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects. The forward-looking statements made in this report speak only as of the date hereof and we disclaim any obligation, except as required by law, to provide updates, revisions or amendments to any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in our expectations or future events.

iii

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [RESERVED]

Not applicable.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors 

An investment in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. The following risk factors describe circumstances or events that could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this annual report, before making an investment decision. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are not material could also impair our business, financial condition or operating results. Some statements in this annual report, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

Summary of Risk Factors

Investing in our company involves significant risks. These risks include the following:

● Our products may experience quality problems from time to time that could result in negative publicity, litigation, product recalls and warranty claims, which could result in decreased revenues and harm to our brands.

● We expect to incur research and development costs and devote significant resources to developing new products, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to the Company.

1

● Our success depends on our ability to develop new products and capabilities that respond to customer demand, industry trends or actions by our competitors and failure to do so may cause us to lose our competitiveness in the battery industry and may cause our profits to decline.

● We are dependent on a few customers for a significant amount of our net revenues.

● We currently report our financial results under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respect from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

● There has been no prior market for our ADSs and an active and liquid market for our ADSs may fail to develop, which could harm the market price of our ADSs.

● We are a Spanish corporation, and it may be difficult to enforce judgments against us in U.S. domestic courts.

● The deposit agreement provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, which may result in holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.

● The deposit agreement waives holders of our ADSs’ right to jury trial in any legal proceeding arising out of the deposit agreement or the ADRs against us and/or the depository, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any of such actions.

● The form of Representative’s Warrant provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, New York, which may result in holders of the Representative’s Warrant having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.

● We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

● As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

● Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, currently owns a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, he has the ability to approve all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

● Future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADSs or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our ADS to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.

● We have broad discretion in the use of our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds we received in our initial public offering, and may not use them effectively.

● Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares.

2

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our products may experience quality problems from time to time that could result in negative publicity, litigation, product recalls and warranty claims, which could result in decreased revenues and harm to our brands.

A catastrophic failure of our products could cause personal or property damages for which we would be potentially liable. Damage to or the failure of our products to perform to customer specifications could result in unexpected warranty expenses or result in a product recall, which would be time consuming and expensive. Any product recall in the future, whether it involves our or a competitor’s product, may result in negative publicity, damage our brand and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the future, we may voluntarily or involuntarily initiate a recall if any of our products are proven to be or possibly could be defective or noncompliant with applicable environmental laws and regulations, including health and safety standards. Such recalls involve significant expense and diversion of management attention and other resources, which could adversely affect our brand image, as well as our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our solution, by making use of energy monitoring and management software, is susceptible to cyberattacks that could cause the management system to malfunction or even stop, without preventing the photovoltaic generation of the installation.

We may be subject to product liability claims.

If one of our products were to cause injury to someone or cause property damage, including as a result of product malfunctions, defects, or improper installation, then we could be exposed to product liability claims. We could incur significant costs and liabilities if we are sued and if damages are awarded against us. Further, any product liability claim we face could be expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention. The successful assertion of a product liability claim against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, penalties or fines, subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position, and adversely affect sales of our products. In addition, product liability claims, injuries, defects, or other problems experienced by other companies in similar industry could lead to unfavorable market conditions for the industry as a whole, and may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract new customers, thus harming our growth and financial performance.

We expect to incur research and development costs and devote significant resources to developing new products, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to the Company.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements, and introducing new products that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur significant research and development costs in the future as part of our efforts to design, develop, manufacture and introduce new products and enhance existing products. Our research and development expenses were €361,420 (approximately $399,803), €169,435 and €106,786 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and are likely to grow in the future. Further, our research and development program may not produce successful results, and our new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable.

3

Our success depends on our ability to develop new products and capabilities that respond to customer demand, industry trends or actions by our competitors and failure to do so may cause us to lose our competitiveness in the battery industry and may cause our profits to decline.

Our success will depend on our ability to develop new products and capabilities that respond to customer demand, industry trends or actions by our competitors. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop new products and capabilities that adequately respond to these forces. In addition, changes in legislative, regulatory or industry requirements or in competitive technologies may render certain of our products obsolete or less attractive. If we are unable to offer products and capabilities that satisfy customer demand, respond adequately to changes in industry trends or legislative changes and maintain our competitive position in our markets, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The research and development of new products and technologies is costly and time consuming, and there are no assurances that our research and development of new products will be either successful or completed within anticipated timeframes, if at all. Our failure to technologically evolve and/or develop new or enhanced products may cause us to lose competitiveness in the renewable energy storage market. In addition, in order to compete effectively in the renewable energy storage industry, we must be able to launch new products to meet our customers’ demands in a timely manner. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to install and certify any equipment needed to produce new products in a timely manner, or that the transitioning of our manufacturing facility and resources to full production under any new product programs will not impact production rates or other operational efficiency measures at our manufacturing facility. In addition, new product introductions and applications are risky, and may suffer from a lack of market acceptance, delays in related product development and failure of new products to operate properly. Any failure by us to successfully launch new products, or a failure by our customers to accept such products, could adversely affect our results. 

The markets in which we operate are in their infancy and highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in these industries as the industry further develops. We currently face competition from new and established domestic and international competitors and expect to face competition from others in the future, including competition from companies with new technology.

The worldwide energy storage market is in its infancy, and we expect it will become more competitive in the future. We also expect more regulatory burden as customers adopt this new technology. There is no assurance that our energy storage systems will be successful in the respective markets in which they compete. A significant and growing number of established and new companies, as well as other companies, have entered or are reported to have plans to enter the energy storage market. Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales networks and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Increased competition could result in lower unit sales, price reductions, revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The energy storage industry is highly competitive.

We face competition from other manufacturers, developers and installers of energy storage systems, as well as from large utilities. Decreases in the retail prices of electricity from utilities or other renewable energy sources could make our products less attractive to customers.

Events that negatively impact the growth of renewable energy will have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.

The growth and profitability of our business is dependent upon the future growth of renewable energy, such as wind and solar. The growth of renewable energy and an increase in the number of renewable energy projects are dependent upon a number of factors, including governmental policies offering incentives that encourage the building of renewable energy projects and offset the cost of alternative energy sources, including new technologies. Any events or change in the regulatory framework or electricity energy market that negatively impact the growth and development of renewable energy, particularly wind and solar energy, will have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.

4

If the estimates and assumptions we use to determine the size of our total addressable market are inaccurate, our future growth rate may be affected and the potential growth of our business may be limited.

Market estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our market opportunity is also based on the assumption that our existing and future offerings will be more attractive to our customers and potential customers than competing products and services. If these assumptions prove inaccurate, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We are dependent on a few customers for a significant amount of our net revenues.

Historically a significant amount of our product sales has been generated from a small number of customers. For example, our top 10 customers, on an aggregate basis, accounted for approximately €5,004,061 (approximately $5,535,492) in revenue or 37.5% of our revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, revenues from our top 10 customers accounted for approximately €11,206,474 or 35.9% of our revenue. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, Sonepar Iberica Spain accounted for 12% of our total revenue. The next largest client, Grupo Electro Stocks, accounted for 7.1% of our revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of customers. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our services that will be generated by these customers. In addition, revenues from these larger customers may fluctuate from time to time based on the commencement and completion of projects, the timing of which may be affected by market conditions or other facts, some of which may be outside of our control. If any of these customers experience declining or delayed sales due to market, economic or competitive conditions, we could be pressured to reduce the prices we charge for our services and products which could have an adverse effect on our margins and financial position, and could negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ordinary shares. If any of these largest customers terminates our services, such termination would negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ordinary shares. There is no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts to convince customers to accept our products. Our failure to sell our products could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

For most of our sales and customers, we do not have long-term contracts. Future agreements with respect to pricing, returns, promotions, among other things, are subject to periodic negotiation with such customers. No assurance can be given that our customers will continue to do business with us. The loss of any of our significant customers will have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition, the uncertainty of product orders can make it difficult to forecast our sales and allocate our resources in a manner consistent with actual sales, and our expense levels are based in part on our expectations of future sales. If our expectations regarding future sales are inaccurate, we may be unable to reduce costs in a timely manner to adjust for sales shortfalls.

Real or perceived hazards associated with Lithium-ion battery technology may affect demand for our products.

Press reports have highlighted situations in which lithium-ion batteries have caught fire or exploded. For instance, in 2020, LG Chem recalled several residential solar battery storage products because of concerns about fire safety. Five fires involving these battery systems have been reported, including an explosion at an energy storage facility in Arizona that caused several injuries. Such publicity has resulted in a public perception that lithium-ion batteries are dangerous and unpredictable. Although we believe our battery packs are safe, these perceived hazards may result in customer reluctance to adopt our lithium-ion based technology. 

5

Economic conditions may adversely affect consumer spending and the overall general health of our retail customers, which, in turn, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash resources.

Uncertainty about the existing and future global economic conditions may cause our customers to defer purchases or cancel purchase orders for our products in response to tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weakened consumer confidence. Our financial success is sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, both globally and nationally. Recessionary economic cycles, higher interest borrowing rates, higher fuel and other energy costs, inflation, increases in commodity prices, higher levels of unemployment, higher consumer debt levels, higher tax rates and other changes in tax laws or other economic factors that may affect consumer spending or buying habits could continue to adversely affect the demand for our products. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for our customers it could adversely impact our financial results. There can be no assurances that government and consumer responses to the disruptions in the financial markets will restore consumer confidence.

Spanish inflation has increased by 6.0% since 2020. However, recent inflationary pressures have not had a significant impact on our operations. While inflation is recognized as a potential risk, the company does not believe that the impact of inflation on their operations is material. It is possible, however, that future inflationary pressures could have a greater impact on our operations, and we will monitor this risk closely.

We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for our batteries, inverters, and photovoltaic modules and the inability of these suppliers to continue to deliver, or their refusal to deliver, these products at prices and volumes acceptable to us would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and operating results.

We source batteries, inverters, and photovoltaic modules from a limited number of manufacturers located in China. For batteries, while we obtain components for our products and systems from multiple sources whenever possible, we have spent a great deal of time in developing and testing our batteries that we receive from our suppliers. We currently have five different battery suppliers who are all located in China. For our inverters, we import them from a single supplier based in China. The current reliance on suppliers from China for Turbo’s main products has not, to date, posed any drawbacks, despite the contraction in the worldwide supply of products caused by the COVID, which effects continued to be felt in 2023. Even in these circumstances, the constraint did not reduce supply but allowed for a 40% growth in purchases. The large number of suppliers in that country means that Turbo can change suppliers with some ease. A geopolitical conflict with China on a global level would be a potential supply problem, although the economic impact on a large scale in all sectors and in all markets would be even more serious than the lack of supplies.

As to the photovoltaic modules and the structures that support them, they are purchased from different suppliers in the market. We generally do not maintain long-term agreements with our source suppliers. While we believe that we will be able to establish additional supplier relationships, we may be unable to do so in the short term or at all at prices, quality or costs that are favorable to us.

In addition, for our star product, SunBox, the conception, design, manufacture of the exterior and structural part, and assembly of components, are all completed in Spain. While we are working on certifying a second supplier, the assembly of SunBox is provided by a single supplier located in Spain. Any disruption between our relationship with the supplier, or if the supplier is unable to meet our demands, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Changes in business conditions, wars, regulatory requirements, economic conditions and cycles, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control could also affect our suppliers’ ability to deliver components to us on a timely basis or cause us to terminate our relationship with them and require us to find replacements, which we may have difficulty doing. Furthermore, if we experience significant increased demand, or need to replace our existing suppliers, there can be no assurance that additional supplies of component parts will be available when required on terms that are favorable to us, at all, or that any supplier would allocate sufficient supplies to us in order to meet our requirements or fill our orders in a timely manner. The loss of any limited source supplier or the disruption in the supply of components from these suppliers could lead to delays in the deliveries of our battery products and systems to our customers, which could hurt our relationships with our customers and also materially adversely affect our business, prospects and operating results.

6

Tariffs imposed on lithium-ion batteries by the United States government or a resulting trade war could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In 2018, the United States government announced tariffs on certain steel and aluminum products imported into the United States, which has led to reciprocal tariffs being imposed by the European Union and other governments on products imported from the United States. The United States government has implemented tariffs on goods imported from China, and additional tariffs on goods imported from China are under consideration.

The lithium-ion battery industry has been subjected to tariffs implemented by the United States government on goods imported from China. Although we are currently not conducting business in the United States, we plan to enter the U.S. market in the near future. Given that all of our lithium-ion batteries are manufactured in China, potential tariffs on lithium-ion batteries imported from China would increase our costs, require us to increase prices to our customers or, if we are unable to do so, result in lower gross margins on the products sold by us.

The trade war could have a significant adverse effect on world trade and the world economy, as well as on our results of operations. If governments in the jurisdictions where we conduct business impose tariffs on components imported by us from China, such tariffs could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. 

Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of raw materials, in particular lithium-ion phosphate cells, could harm our business.

We may experience increases in the costs or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of raw materials. Any such increase or supply interruption could materially negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations for lithium-iron phosphate cells.

These risks include:

● the inability or unwillingness of battery manufacturers to supply the number of lithium-iron phosphate cells required to support our sales as demand for such rechargeable battery cells increases;

● disruption in the supply of cells due to quality issues or recalls by the battery cell manufacturers; and

● an increase in the cost of raw materials, such as iron and phosphate, used in lithium-iron phosphate cells. 

The economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers depends on the cost of electricity available from alternative sources, including local electric utility companies, which cost structure is subject to change.

The economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers includes, among other things, the benefit of reducing such customer’s payments to the local electric utility company. The rates at which electricity is available from a customer’s local electric utility company is subject to change and any changes in such rates may affect the relative benefits of our energy storage systems. Further, the local electric utility may impose “departing load,” “standby” or other charges on our customers in connection with their acquisition of our energy storage systems, the amounts of which are outside of our control and which may have a material impact on the economic benefit of our energy storage systems to our customers. Changes in the rates offered by local electric utilities and/or in the applicability or amounts of charges and other fees imposed by such utilities on customers acquiring our energy storage systems could adversely affect the demand for our energy storage systems.

Additionally, the electricity produced by our energy storage systems is currently not cost competitive in some geographic markets, and we may be unable to reduce our costs to a level at which our energy storage systems would be competitive in such markets. As such, unless the cost of electricity in these markets rises or we are able to generate demand for our energy storage systems based on benefits other than electricity cost savings, our potential for growth may be limited.

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If we fail to scale our business operations and otherwise manage future growth and adapt to new conditions effectively as we grow our company, we may not be able to produce, market, sell and service our products successfully.

Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage our expansion and growth successfully. We may not be successful in undertaking this expansion if we are unable to control expenses and avoid cost overruns and other unexpected operating costs; adapt our products and conduct our operations to meet local requirements; implement the required infrastructure, systems and processes; and find and hire the right skills to make our growth successful.

If we are unable to achieve our targeted manufacturing costs for our energy storage products, our financial condition and operating results will suffer.

There is no guarantee we will be able to achieve sufficient cost savings to reach our gross margin and profitability goals. We may also incur substantial costs or cost overruns in utilizing and increasing the production capability of our energy storage system facilities.

If we are unable to achieve production cost targets on our products pursuant to our plans, we may not be able to meet our gross margin and other financial targets. Many of the factors that impact our manufacturing costs are beyond our control, such as potential increases in the costs of our materials and components, such as lithium iron phosphate, nickel and other components of our battery cells. If we are unable to continue to control and reduce our manufacturing costs, our operating results, business and prospects will be harmed.

We may need to raise additional capital or financing after our initial public offering to continue to execute and expand our business.

While we expect that our available cash, credit facilities, and the expected net proceeds from our initial public offering will be sufficient to sustain our operations for the next twelve months from the date of this report, we may need to raise additional capital after our initial public offering to support our operations and execute on our business plan. We may be required to pursue sources of additional capital through various means, including joint venture projects, sale and leasing arrangements, and debt or equity financings. Any new securities that we may issue in the future may be sold on terms more favorable for our new investors than the terms of our initial public offering. Newly issued securities may include preferences, superior voting rights, and the issuance of warrants or other convertible securities that will have additional dilutive effects. We cannot assure that additional funds will be available when needed from any source or, if available, will be available on terms that are acceptable to us. Further, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital and/or financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we may issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which will adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to obtain needed financing may be impaired by such factors as the weakness of capital markets, and the fact that we have not been profitable, which could impact the availability and cost of future financings. If the amount of capital we are able to raise from financing activities, together with our revenues from operations, is not sufficient to satisfy our capital needs, we may have to reduce our operations accordingly. 

While we have not made material acquisitions to date, should we pursue acquisitions in the future, we would be subject to risks associated with acquisitions.

We may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. The process of identifying and consummating acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own business would require attention from management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on its operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the expected financial results. Acquisitions could also result in the use of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business.

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Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use or infringement by third parties.

Any failure to protect our proprietary rights adequately could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology.

The protection provided by the patent laws is and will be important to our future opportunities. However, such patents and agreements and various other measures we take to protect our intellectual property from use by others may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:

● the patents we have been granted may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented because of the pre-existence of similar patented or unpatented intellectual property rights or for other reasons;

● the costs associated with enforcing patents, confidentiality and invention agreements or other intellectual property rights may make aggressive enforcement impracticable; and

● existing and future competitors may independently develop similar technology and/or duplicate our systems in a way that circumvents our patents.

Our patent application may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

Turbo Energy, was granted with a patent in October 2023, for one of its software developments that allows it to position its product, SunBox, among the most innovative residential photovoltaic equipment on the market. We have filed another two patent applications before the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

We cannot be certain that we are the first creator of inventions covered by pending patent applications or the first to file patent applications on these inventions, nor can we be certain that our pending patent applications will result in issued patents or that any of our issued patents will afford protection against a competitor. In addition, patent applications that we intend to file in different countries are subject to different laws, rules and procedures, and thus we cannot be certain that our patent applications will be issued. In addition, some countries provide significantly less effective patent enforcement than others, such as the United States.

The status of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued, or that our patents and any patents that may be issued to us in the near future will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, patents issued to us may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that we need to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.  

We rely on trade secret protections through confidentiality agreements with our employees, customers and other parties; the breach of such agreements could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on trade secrets, which we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees, customers and other parties. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we would have adequate remedies for any such breach or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known to or independently developed by competitors. To the extent that consultants, key employees or other third parties apply technological information independently developed by them or by others to our proposed projects, disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to such information that may not be resolved in our favor. We may be involved from time to time in litigation to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights. Any such litigation could result in substantial cost and diversion of effort by our management and technical personnel.

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If we are unable to recruit and retain key management, technical and sales personnel, our business would be negatively affected.

For our business to be successful, we need to attract and retain highly qualified technical, management and sales personnel. The failure to recruit additional key personnel when needed with specific qualifications and on acceptable terms or to retain good relationships with our partners might impede our ability to continue to develop, commercialize and sell our products. To the extent the demand for skilled personnel exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting and training costs in order to attract and retain such employees. We face competition for qualified personnel from other companies with significantly more resources available to them and thus may not be able to attract the level of personnel needed for our business to succeed.

We may be required to obtain the approval of various government agencies to market our products.

Our products are subject to product safety regulations by numerus governmental organizations. Accordingly, we may be required, or may voluntarily determine to, obtain approval of our products from one or more of the organizations engaged in regulating product safety. These approvals could require significant time and resources from our technical staff, and, if redesign were necessary, could result in a delay in the introduction of our products in various markets and applications. There can be no assurance that we will obtain any or all of the approvals that may be required to market our products.

We may face significant costs relating to environmental regulations for the storage and shipment of our lithium-ion batteries and inverters.

We operate our business globally. Various governmental regulations impose significant environmental requirements on the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of various components of advanced energy storage systems. Although we believe that our operations are in material compliance with applicable environmental regulations, there can be no assurance that changes in such laws and regulations will not impose costly compliance requirements on us or otherwise subject us to future liabilities. Moreover, governments may enact additional regulations relating to the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of components of advanced energy storage systems. Compliance with such additional regulations could require us to devote significant time and resources and could adversely affect demand for our products. There can be no assurance that additional or modified regulations relating to the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of components of advanced energy systems will not be imposed.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may adversely affect our business.

Any natural disaster related disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, if our facilities, or the facilities of our suppliers, third-party service providers or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions or, depending upon the severity, globally, which could adversely impact our operating results. Similar disasters occurring at our vendors’ manufacturing facilities could impact our reputation and our consumers’ perception of our brands.  

If the current effective income tax rate payable by us in any country in which we operate is increased or if we lose any country-specific tax benefits, then our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We conduct business in Andorra, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, UK, Greece, Croatia, Italy, Macau, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Uruguay and Morocco, and we file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our consolidated effective income tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including changes in the amount of income taxed by or allocated to the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; changing tax laws, regulations and interpretations of such tax laws in multiple jurisdictions; and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties.

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Any compromise of the cybersecurity of our platform could materially and adversely affect our business, operations and reputation.

Our products use cutting-edge technology through our proprietary software developments. Our existing software system and any new software systems we utilize may not perform as expected. If we experience a problem with the functioning of an important software system or a security breach of our information technology (IT) systems, including during system upgrades or new system implementations, the resulting disruptions could adversely affect the operation of our Turbo Energy App and our business,

Despite our implementation of reasonable security measures, our IT systems, like those of other companies, are vulnerable to damages from computer viruses, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, personnel misconduct, human error, unauthorized access, physical or electronic security breaches, cyber-attacks (including malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks, ransomware, and denial of service attacks), and other similar disruptions. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by bad actors internally or externally (including computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors).

Cybersecurity is a risk that Umbrella Solar’s Board of Directors has identified as a key area to be addressed through collaboration with consulting firm at the group level. To this end, Turbo Energy has assigned responsibility for cybersecurity oversight to the IT manager, who works closely with an internal team and trusted local vendors. All parties with access to the management software suite have signed a corresponding confidentiality agreement, and information is not shared or accessible to any hardware supplier.

Furthermore, we are actively working to eliminate remote access to hardware data of suppliers involved in the manufacture of our products. We recognize the importance of ensuring the security and privacy of our systems and customer data, and we remain committed to implementing robust cybersecurity measures to mitigate potential risks.

Cybersecurity threat actors employ a wide variety of methods and techniques that are constantly evolving, increasingly sophisticated, and difficult to detect and successfully defend against. Any future incidents could expose us to claims, litigation, regulatory or other governmental investigations, administrative fines and potential liability. Any system failure, accident or security breach could result in disruptions to our operations. A material network breach in the security of our IT systems could include the theft of our trade secrets, customer information, human resources information or other confidential data, including but not limited to personally identifiable information. To the extent that any disruptions or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data, or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential, proprietary or customer information, it could cause significant damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers and strategic partners, lead to claims against us from governments and private plaintiffs, and adversely affect our business. We cannot guarantee that future cyberattacks, if successful, will not have a material effect on our business or financial results.

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Many governments have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of cyber incidents involving certain types of data, including personal data. If an actual or perceived cybersecurity breach of security measures, unauthorized access to our system or the systems of the third-party vendors that we rely upon, or any other cybersecurity threat occurs, we may incur liability, costs, or damages, contract termination, our reputation may be compromised, our ability to attract new customers could be negatively affected, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable security, privacy or data protection, consumer and other laws, regulatory or other governmental investigations, enforcement actions, and legal and financial exposure, including potential contractual liability. In addition, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against and remediate damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future. 

The ongoing military conflict in Ukraine and geopolitical instability globally may negatively affect our business and financial condition.

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Our business may be materially adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine or any other geopolitical tensions.

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On February 24, 2022, a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops was reported. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business.

Governments in the United States and many other countries, or the Sanctioning Bodies, have imposed economic sanctions on certain Russian individuals, including politicians, and Russian corporate and banking entities. The Sanctioning Bodies, or others, could also institute broader sanctions on Russia. These sanctions, or even the threat of further sanctions, may result in the decline of the value and liquidity of Russian securities, a weakening of the ruble or other adverse consequences to the global economy.

The current war in Ukraine, and geopolitical events stemming from such conflicts, could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the worldwide financial markets and economy. The extent and duration of the military action, resulting sanctions and resulting future market disruptions in the region are impossible to predict, but could be significant and have a severe adverse effect worldwide financial markets and economy.

Any of the abovementioned factors could adversely affect consumer demand, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Item.

There has been no prior market for our ADSs and an active and liquid market for our ADSs may fail to develop, which could harm the market price of our ADSs.

Prior to our initial public offering, there has been no public market on a U.S. national securities exchange for our ADSs or ordinary shares. Although our ADSs have started trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market, a liquid public market for our ADSs may not develop. The initial public offering price for our ADSs has been determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, including prevailing market conditions, our historical performance, estimates of our business potential and earnings prospects, and the market valuations of similar companies. The price at which the ADSs are traded after the initial public offering may decline below the initial public offering price, meaning that you may experience a decrease in the value of your ADSs regardless of our operating performance or prospects.  

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We are a Spanish corporation, and it may be difficult to enforce judgments against us in U.S. domestic courts.

We are a corporation organized under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. Virtually all of our assets and a substantial portion of our current business operations are conducted in Spain. In addition, almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. shareholders to serve process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgment upon us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us based upon these laws.

The deposit agreement provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, which may result in holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.

The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.

This choice of forum provision may increase cost for the holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares and limit their ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us, the depositary or the depositary’s respective directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us, the depositary and the depositary’s respective directors, officers or employees. However, it is possible that a court could find either choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable.

To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or the respective rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in a federal court in the city of New York. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, because substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States and almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws.

The deposit agreement waives holders of our ADSs’ right to jury trial in any legal proceeding arising out of the deposit agreement or the ADRs against us and/or the depository, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any of such actions.

The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary oppose a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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To our knowledge, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial.

This jury trial waiver provision can discourage claims or limit shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. If any holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, such holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement in New York, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in increasing costs of bringing a claim and having limited access to information and other imbalances of resources between us and the depositary and the claimant. A case that is only heard by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court may result in different outcomes than a trial heard by jury would have. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

The form of Representative’s Warrant provides that any legal action may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York, New York, which may result in holders of the Representative’s Warrant having limited choice of forum and limited ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our respective directors, officers or employees.

The form of Representative’s Warrant will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. Holders of the Representative’s Warrant are irrevocably agreeing that any legal action arising out of the Representative’s Warrant involving the Company may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.

This choice of forum provision may increase costs for the holders of the Representative’s Warrant and limit their ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits against us. However, it is possible that a court could find the choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by holders of the Representative’s Warrant to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or the respective rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in a federal court in the city of New York. Holders of the Representative’s Warrant will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In addition, because substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States and almost all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws.

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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our financial results on a semi-annual basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

● have a majority of Independent Director.

● have an Audit Committee as we will not be considered a Public Entity under the Spanish law and in case Turbo would be listed in a Growth market in Spain equivalent to Nasdaq will have a majority of the board be independent (although all of the members of the Audit Committee must be independent under the Exchange Act); or

● have a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to be comprised solely of “independent directors”.

Although we do not currently intend to rely these “home country” exemptions, we may rely on some of these exemptions in the future. As a result, our shareholders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, currently owns a majority of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, he has the ability to approve all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, currently owns approximately 71.22% of our outstanding ordinary shares as date of this annual report. He therefore may have the ability to approve all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval including:

● election of our board of directors;

● removal of any of our directors;

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● any amendments to our certificate or articles of incorporation; and

● adoption of measures that could delay or prevent a change in control or impede a merger, takeover or other business combination involving us.

In addition, this concentration of ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could reduce our share price or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over our share price.

We qualify as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we may be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders.

Since Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, is the beneficial owner of a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital following, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. Under these rules a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. A “controlled company” may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to our board of directors by a Compensation Committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iii) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the board of directors by a majority of independent directors or a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee comprised solely of independent directors. Currently, we rely on the “controlled company” exemption. Since we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors are not independent directors and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Compensation Committees do not consist entirely of independent directors. Our status as a controlled company could cause our Securities to look less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.

We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies and our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we will be permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our securities that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of our securities.  

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Future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADSs or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our ADS to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.

Future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADS or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of our ADSs. In all events, future issuances of our ADSs or ordinary shares would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lock-ups expire, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. In connection with our initial public offering, we, all of our directors and officers and certain of our shareholders have entered into lock-up agreements with the underwriters, pursuant to which we and they have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our ordinary shares for a period of (i) 180 days after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our company, (ii) 12 months after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our directors and officers, and (iii) 180 days after the closing of our initial public offering in the case of our shareholders, as further described in the section titled “Underwriting.” In addition to any adverse effects that may arise upon the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the lock-up provisions in these agreements may be waived, at any time and without notice. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our ordinary shares may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for our ADSs.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our ADSs and ordinary shares upon our bankruptcy or liquidation, and future issuances of preferred shares, which could rank senior to our ADSs and ordinary shares for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our ADSs.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Moreover, if we issue preferred shares, the holders of such preferred shares could be entitled to preferences over holders of ADSs and ordinary shares in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred shares in any future offering, or borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings. Holders of our ADSs must bear the risk that any future offerings we conduct or borrowings we make may adversely affect the level of return, if any, they may be able to achieve from an investment in our ADSs.

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

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Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, which is based on the expected price of the shares in our initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we will hold a substantial amount of cash following our initial public offering, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Material Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Taxation Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences” for additional information.

We have broad discretion in the use of our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds we received in our initial public offering, and may not use them effectively.

We intend to use the proceeds from our initial public offering for our international growth, which will include staffing, marketing, new product development and necessary working capital. Our management has broad discretion to use our cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds we received from our initial public offering, to fund our operations and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our ordinary shares. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of our initial public offering.

The net proceeds may be used for corporate or other purposes with which you do not agree or that do not improve our profitability or increase our share price. The net proceeds from our initial public offering may also be placed in investments that do not produce income or that lose value. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.

The market price of our ADSs may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price for our ADSs is likely to be volatile, in part because our shares have not been traded on a U.S. national securities exchange. In addition, the market price of our ADSs may fluctuate significantly in response to several factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

● actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;

● increases in market interest rates that lead investors of our ADSs to demand a higher investment return;

● changes in earnings estimates;

● changes in market valuations of similar companies;

● actions or announcements by our competitors;

● adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we may incur in the future;

● additions or departures of key personnel;

● actions by shareholders;

● speculation in the media, online forums, or investment community; and

● our ability to maintain our Nasdaq listing.

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The public offering price of our ADSs has been determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters based upon many factors and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail following the closing of our initial public offering. Volatility in the market price of our ADSs may prevent investors from being able to sell their ADSs at or above the initial public offering price. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about the our business or if they downgrade the our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our American Depositary Share relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about our Company or our business. We do not control these analysts. In addition, some financial analysts may have limited expertise with our model and operations. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover the Company downgrade its stock or industry, or the stock of any of its competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, the price of our ordinary shares could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of the Company or fails to publish reports on it regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.  

We may not be able to satisfy listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market to maintain the listing of our ADSs.

We must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain the listing of our ADSs. If we violate Nasdaq listing requirements, our ADSs may be delisted. If we fail to meet any of Nasdaq’s listing standards, our ADSs may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a U.S. national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our ADSs may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell our ADSs and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our ADSs. The delisting of our ADSs could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

Purchasers of ADSs will not be directly holding our ordinary shares.

A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights. Our constitution and Spanish law govern our shareholder rights. The depositary, through the custodian or the custodian’s nominee, will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs held by purchasers of ADSs in our initial public offering. Purchasers of ADSs in our initial public offering have ADS holder rights. The deposit agreement among us, the depositary and purchasers of ADSs in our initial public offering, as an ADS holder, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of us and the depositary.

Your right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights offering or to elect to receive dividends in ordinary shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

The deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. If we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.

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You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (i) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (ii) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.

You may instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote, unless you withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you hold. However, you may not know about the meeting far enough in advance to withdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you and will try to vote ordinary shares as you instruct. We cannot guarantee you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ordinary shares or to withdraw your ordinary shares so that you can vote them yourself. If we do not ask for your instructions, you can still send voting instructions to the depository and the depository may try to carry out those instructions, but it is not required to do so.

You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your right to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the surrendering of your ADSs and receipt of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In addition, you may not be able to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information. 

Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares. 

By participating in our initial public offering, you will become a holder of ADSs with underlying ordinary shares in a Spanish company. Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares, unless they surrender the ADSs to receive the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement and applicable laws and regulations. The depositary is the holder of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. Holders of ADSs therefore do not have any rights as holders of our ordinary shares, other than the rights that they have pursuant to the deposit agreement. See Exhibit 2.1 Description of American Depositary Shares for more information. 

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our ADSs will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ADSs and their trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If fewer securities or industry analysts cover our company, the trading price for the ADSs could be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our equity securities or publishes incorrect or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, or downgrades our securities, demand for the ADSs could decrease, which could cause the price of the ADSs or their trading volume to decline.

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company, our directors or members of senior management and the experts.

Certain members of our senior management and board of directors are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be impracticable to serve process on such persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing such an action, there is doubt as to whether Spanish courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in Spain or elsewhere outside the United States. An award for monetary damages under U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is intended to punish the defendant. The enforceability of any judgment in Spain will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United States and Spain do not currently have a treaty or statute providing for recognition and enforcement of the judgments of the other country (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters.

As a result, our U.S. public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management or our directors than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our securities.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, and the price of the ADSs in our initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we hold a substantial amount of cash following our initial public offering, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds ADSs, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor.

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

General Information

Our business operations are located in Spain. Our registered office and principal executive office is located at Street Isabel la Católica, 8, Door 51, Valencia, Spain, 46004.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10168.

Our website can be found at https://www.turbo-e.com/language/en/. The information contained on our website is not a part of this report, nor is such content incorporated by reference herein, and should not be relied upon in determining whether to make an investment in our Securities. 

Corporate History

Turbo Energy, S.A. was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L. on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. The company then changed its name to Solar Rocket S.L. on October 7, 2013. On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. merged with a Spanish corporation Turbo Energy S.L.U. Turbo Energy S.L.U then became a wholly owned subsidiary of Solar Rocket S.L. This merger was approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. Following the merger, the company changed its name to Turbo Energy S.L. on April 8, 2021. On February 8, 2023, we transformed the company from a Spanish unipersonal limited company to a Spanish limited stock company. As such, our company’s name was changed to Turbo Energy S.A. During December 2022, we issued 50,000,000 shares (pre-stock split: 2,500,000 shares) of common stock for proceed of €2,500,000, to our parent company, who is also our sole shareholder. Pursuant to the deed of transformation and a concurrent forward stock split of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares on a 20-for-1 basis, we increased our authorized share capital from 2,504,285 ordinary shares to 50,085,700 ordinary shares.

Upon incorporation in September 2013, Turbo Energy, then known as Distritech Solutions S.L., issued 3,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvís. On November 29, 2013, Mr. Bellvís sold his 3,000 ordinary shares to Crocodile Investment S.L. through a public deed with protocol number 2,522. Crocodile Investment then sold 300 ordinary shares to Don Francisco de Borja Pellicer Lopez on March 06, 2015, and then Don Francisco de Borja Pellicer Lopez sold back the 300 ordinary shares to Crocodile Investment S.L. on June 08, 2015.

Crocodile Investment S.L. then sold 300 ordinary shares to Don Manuel Cercós D´Aversa on July 16, 2015 and 300 shares to Don Jose Jorge Alemany Monzó on the same day. On May 05, 2016, Don Jose Jorge Alemany Monzó sold his 300 shares back to Crocodile Investment S.L. through a public deed with protocol number 472.

On March 20, 2018, Crocodile Investment S.L. transferred 2,700 ordinary shares of Turbo Energy (previously named Solar Rocket S.L.) as a non-monetary contribution to the share capital of a newly formed company called Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. (previously named Umbrella Capital S.L.).

On February 11, 2021, Turbo Energy (previously Solar Rocket S.L.) increased its share capital by 1,285 ordinary shares through a public deed with protocol number 346. These new shares were subscribed by means of a non-monetary contribution of 3,000 shares of Turbo Energy S.L.U. by the shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. (previously named Umbrella Capital S.L.).

On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. (now Turbo Energy) absorbed Turbo Energy S.L.U, through a public deed of Notary of Valencia Vicente Tomas Bernat with protocol number 946.

On May 31, 2022, Don Manuel Cercós D´Aversa sold 300 ordinary shares to Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. through a public deed with protocol number 2.150. This made Turbo Energy a wholly owned subsidiary of Umbrella Solar Investment S.A.

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On November 8, 2022, Turbo Energy S.A. with the purpose to develop a new business in the field of self-consumption of electricity, acquired the 100% of the ordinary shares of IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U., a company established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on August 1, 2019. Following the transaction, IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U. became our wholly owned subsidiary. On November 29, 2022, changed its name to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U. Since its incorporation this company has not had any activity.

On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell 1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the SEC and became effective on September 21, 2023, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023.

Corporate Structure   

The chart below presents our current corporate structure, as of the date of this report:

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B. Business Overview

General

We design, develop, and distribute equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic (PV) energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, compared to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bills and protect the installation from power outages.

We recently launched our flagship product, the Sunbox, an all-in-one device that integrates most of the equipment for a domestic photovoltaic installation. The Sunbox is powered by AI and features a software system that monitors the generation, use, and management of photovoltaic energy through the analysis of large amounts of data related to energy generation, consumption, market prices, and weather forecasts. This AI system optimizes battery usage, reducing electricity bills and providing peak shaving and uninterruptible power supply functions.

Currently, we primarily sell inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers located in Spain. In recent years, the company has started the sales process in several European countries, which has allowed, on the one hand, to improve detailed knowledge of the needs of those markets, and, on the other hand, to complete the product certification process in those countries. Likewise, in 2023 Turbo Energy launched the commercial and industrial (C&I) product range in Spain, significantly increasing the potential sales market. All this experience allows the company, currently, to embark on a rapid path of international commercial expansion. 

Turbo Energy is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, whose main shareholder is Crocodile Investment, S.L.U, (hereinafter, the ultimate partner), with a registered office in Valencia. The majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, S.A is Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A (hereinafter, the majority shareholder), which is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our total revenues were € 13,140,771 (approximately $ 14,536,321), € 31,148,676 and €17,154,621, respectively. Our total revenues decreased by € 18,007,905, or 58%, to € 13,140,771 (approximately $14,536,321) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, compared to € 31,148,376 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Our total revenues increased by €13,994,055, or 82%, to €31,148,676 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, compared to €17,154,621 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our net income (loss) were €(2,013,788) (approximately $(2,227,651)), € 1,028,578 and € 267,222, respectively. Our net income (loss) increased by €(3,042,366), or 296% to €(2,013,788) (approximately $(2,227,651)) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to €1,028,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our net income increased by €761,356, or 285% to €1,028,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to €267,222 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The principal activities of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. For additional information regarding our financial performance, see “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

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Industry

The renewable energy section will likely experience tremendous growth in the near future. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), analyzing the effects of the energy transition until 2050 in a recent study for the G20, found that over 80% of the world’s electricity could derive from renewable sources by that date. Solar photovoltaic (“PV”) and wind power would at that point account for 52% of total electricity generation.

Electricity storage will play a crucial role in transitioning to renewable energy by providing services throughout the electricity system value chain and into the end-use sectors, thus achieving sharp decarbonization in key segments of the energy market. Electricity storage capacity can reduce constraints on the transmission network and can defer the need for major infrastructure investment. This also applies to distribution, regardless of whether constraints reflect growth in renewables or a change in demand patterns. Behind-the-meter applications allow consumers to manage their bills, reduce peak demand charges and increase self-consumption from rooftop PV panels. Along with providing multiple services and user benefits, an electricity storage project can unlock multiple revenue streams from the provision of a range of services.

Solar and wind power still have limited impact on grid operations in today’s power system. However, as the share of variable renewable energy (“VRE”) rises, electricity systems will need not only more flexibility services, but also potentially a different mix that favors the rapid response capabilities of electricity storage. This key shift in system operation needs to be part of the energy planning process. Electricity systems already require a range of ancillary services to ensure smooth and reliable operation (Figure 1). Supply and demand need to be balanced in real time in order to ensure supply quality (e.g., maintaining constant voltage and frequency), avoid damage to electrical appliances and maintain supply to all users. All electricity systems require a degree of flexibility services, which allow grid operators to react to unexpected changes in demand or to the loss of large chunks of supply (e.g. large stations tripping offline, loss of an interconnection). Flexibility gives operators the tools to rapidly restore system equilibrium.

Figure 1: The range of services that can be provided by electricity storage:

 

As VRE grows to substantial level, electricity systems will require greater flexibility. When there is a significant amount of VRE, electricity will need to be stored over days, weeks or months. Electricity storage, therefore, can drive serious electricity decarbonization and help transform the whole energy sector by providing these essential services.

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In the European and American solar energy storage battery market, QY Research Group identified a few market trends. First, the distribution of lithium ore as an important raw material for energy storage batteries is relative concentrated and is greatly affected by international trade situation and international relations. Recently, geopolitical tension has caused the cost to fluctuate violently. Second, the recent rapid growth of the energy storage battery market has drawn many other players to join the competition. Large companies such as Tesla and Sonnen have joined the race, and it is expected that market competition will become more intense. Third, industrial and commerce companies are significant consumers of electricity and solar energy storage batteries. Renewable Energy can help companies to reduce electricity cost and also help companies obtain environmental protection credits and tax relief. According to QY Research Group, the following three factors (Figure 2) are the main market drivers of the solar energy storage battery sector:

Figure 2. Solar Energy Storage Battery Market Drivers

Moreover, QY Research Group estimates that the European and American market size of Solar Energy Storage Battery will reach US$49.09 billion in 2028, with a CAGR of 46.12% from 2022 to 2028 (See Figure 3), and that all-in-one photovoltaic energy storage equipment will make up to 45.65% and 65.57% of the market share in Europe and America, respectively (See Figure 4).

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Figure 3: Europe and America Solar Energy storage Battery Market 2023-2028

 

Figure 4: Europe and America Solar Energy Battery Market Share by Type in 2028

Our Products and Services

Turbo Energy sells products to carry out photovoltaic installations on a residential, commercial and industrial scale, dealing with the power and voltage needs.

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Lithium-ion Batteries

As one of the leading companies that introduced lithium-ion batteries for photovoltaic energy storage in Spain, company’s batteries, primarily for the home energy storage market, have the capacities of 2.24 kWh, 2.4 kWh and 5.1 kWh in voltages of 24V and 48V. In 2022, a 3.6 kWh 48V version has been introduced and a substantial improvement in size of the 5.1 kWh 48V version, occupying half the volume of its predecessor and being one of the first companies on the market offering these dimensions and, to date, with the thinnest 2.4 kWh Lithium-Ion battery on the market. In addition, the 48V and 5.1 kWh also offer a dual battery system, the only proposal on the market that works in low and high voltage at the same time and is compatible with industrial scale projects.

 

 

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, revenues from Lithium-ion Batteries were €6,578,530 (approximately US$7,277,170), 17,703,487 and €8,967,620, respectively. Revenue from Batteries accounted for 50% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, 57% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 51% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

The revenue from batteries decreased by €11,125,092, or 62,4%, to €6,578,530 (approximately US$7,277,170) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from €17,703,487 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was primarily due to several factors, which are general causes of sales decline of Turbo, as in 2023, the Company’s sales growth path was halted due to the behavior of the global consumer market and, regarding Turbo Energy, particularly in the Spanish market, where Turbo is very dependent. In this country, sales in photovoltaic installations have decreased by 54% compared to the previous year due to various macroeconomic causes: the increase in the cost of money set by the European Central Bank, from negative or zero values up to 4.5%; The average drop in energy prices by 58%; and the high inflation of 8.4% in 2022, not accompanied by a wage update, which has reduced the purchasing power of citizens.

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Our revenue from batteries increases by €8,967,620, or 103%, to €17,703,487 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €8,735,867 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily because we are mainly storage specialists. Due to the significant increase in the price of energy, as well as a greater consciousness of the people, storage through batteries has been one of our most demanded products.

Inverter

The inverter is the most crucial component in a photovoltaic system. It converts the direct current produced by the photovoltaic panels into alternating current that can be used by household appliances. The inverter also regulates the battery charging and discharging based on energy needs and optimizes the utilization of generated renewable energy. We are currently offering a 5-kW single-phase inverter and 10 kW three-phase versions that cover most household installations, especially when combined with the microinverters that complete the range (1.6 kW and 2 kW). Our proposal offers two unique features in the inverter market: First, an additional port that allows you to connect an external generator, microinverters to increase the nominal power of the installation, or a special household appliance; and Second, a back-up power for the home in the event of a power outage equivalent to the total nominal power of the inverter (the competition does not exceed 60% of the nominal power). 

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue from inverters were € 3,133,825 (approximately US$3,466,637), €7,902,258 and €2,911,950, respectively. Revenue from inverters accounted for 23.8% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, 25% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 17% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

Our revenue from inverters decreased by €4,768,432, or 60.3%, to € 3,133,825 (approximately US$3,466,647) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €7,902,258 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was primarily due to the reduction in demand in Spain, caused by a series of external factors previously explained. Our revenue from inverters increases by €4,990,308, or 171%, to €7,902,258 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €2,911,950 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily due because we have been able to maintain a constant supply throughout the year while other competitors had problems. with stock-outs due to high demand. These are essential products for domestic photovoltaic installations.

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All-in-one Sunbox Solutions

Our most innovative equipment is the all-in-one Sunbox, which incorporates the inverters and batteries and the rest of the components necessary to operate and protect the photovoltaic installation (not counting the photovoltaic modules that are housed on the roof of the home). This plug&play value proposition, which Turbo Energy launched on the market when there were still few alternatives, saves installation assembly and configuration time and avoids errors, even if the staff has less technical training, protecting installers and users from possible electrical accidents, while offering a more aesthetic finish than conventional battery solutions. Sunbox solutions have been designed so that their modularity offers simplicity and cost efficiency, both on a residential, commercial and industrial scale compared to the competition. Given the innovative nature of this product, the conception, design, manufacture of the exterior and structural part, and assembly of components are all completed in Spain, in order to protect the know-how. .  In 2023, Turbo Energy obtained the international patent it applied for its Sunbox version with an electric vehicle charger, and launched the commercial and industrial version, offering the market highly competitive features across a broad range of all-in-one photovoltaic products.

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December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue from Sunbox were € 804,244 (approximately US$889,655), €939,578 and €160,488, respectively. Revenue from Sunbox home accounted for 6% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services, in a very first versions, in 2021.

Our revenue from Sunbox decreased by €135,334, or 16%, to €804,244 (approximately US$889,655) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from € for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was primarily due to the reduction in demand in Spain as a result of the external factors mentioned previously. At the end of 2023 we have launched new versions of Sunbox, such as C&I, and expanded the sales channels and countries, an aspect that we expect to be noticed in the next months, as can be seen in the ongoing orders. Our revenue from Sunbox home increased by 779,090€, or 485%, to 939,578€ for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 160,488€ for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Photovoltaic Modules

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue from photovoltaic modules were €633,398 (approximately US$700,665), €3,439,980 and €4,623,197, respectively. Revenue from PV Modules accounted for 5% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, 11% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and 27% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

Our revenue from photovoltaic modules decreased by €2,806,582, or 443%, to €633,398 (approximately US$700,665) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €3,439,980 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was primarily due to several factors, as the sale of modules is no longer among the main products in Turbo Energy’s portfolio, and Turbo Energy intends to leave their sale as something marginal or complementary for the coming years. . Our revenue from photovoltaic modules decreases by €1,183,217, or 26%, to €3,439,980 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €4,623,197 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such decrease was primarily because in 2021 two projects were closed with the main supermarket chain and gas station company in Spain for photovoltaic installations in their stations. This resulted in a very significant sale of PV modules in 2021.

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Portable Solution: Go Solar

The company launched in the last quarter of 2023, the smallest photovoltaic product. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue generated from Go Solar were €273,000 (approximately US$ 302,547), and 0 € for 2022 and 2021.Through the first sales agreement in the major retailers channel, It represent 2% of the company’s total sales this year.

 

Software System

The software system of our products is essential to the success of our business. The combination of state-of-the-art equipment, its integration into an all-in-one product, together with an AI that optimizes its operation, turns Turbo’s value proposition into a global energy solution with leadership potential in the solar self-consumption sector. In communication with our inverter, our software system monitors the energy flows between the photovoltaic modules, household consumption, storage and the electric vehicle (if an all-in-one EV charger is used). The software allows users to customize an automatic backup mode based on the prediction of a storm, or manually select which part of the battery will be reserved for possible power outages. It also allows the battery to be used as a peak shaving function, which allows savings to be generated by reducing the contracted power of the home or the industry.

The customization modes allow changes between maximum self-consumption and maximum savings and thereby reduce the electricity bill using the stored energy only when it offers the best economic profitability, as if the user had an energy financial advisor who manages all the technical and economic variables of the business. The software achieves its objective through machine learning algorithms and the analysis of thousands of data that lead to the generation of hourly patterns of consumer behavior and the solar generation plant. These results are crossed with weather forecasts and hourly energy prices to achieve optimization. It is the only system that can, through these forecasts, seek economical energy in the grid at any time of the day to top up the batteries when solar energy does not generate as many surpluses. Further, our software system gives users the option to charge their vehicles with clean energy only, or at the lowest price possible, or at maximum speed.

We believe that our energy management software, which governs the inverters and the Sunbox, is the most notable differentiating factor of our products compared to those of our competitors. While we co-design the hardware with our suppliers, we develop the management software entirely in-house. Specifically, the software is designed 100% in our offices and programmed with 75% internal personnel and 25% external Spanish personnel.

The software consists of a back-end that is hosted on Amazon cloud servers and communicates with applications installed on the user’s cell phones. Both the app and back-end communicate via Wi-Fi with the inverters or Sunbox installed in the house. All optimization algorithms and artificial intelligence are thus protected on our servers. By utilizing our own internal resources to develop and program the energy management software, we are able to offer a highly differentiated product to our customers.

 

Our software is currently free for users of Turbo Energy products. With the new functionalities that will be introduced, recurring revenues are expected from end users or the Major Retailers channel.

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Our Operations

The operations of the company, exclusive of Product/Software Development and Marketing, encompass the various processes associated with individual PV system equipment. These processes include procurement, sea transportation from China to Valencia/Spain, storage at an external logistics warehouse in Valencia/Spain, and transportation from the logistics warehouse to the customer’s warehouse in Europe. These operations are integral to ensuring the timely and efficient delivery of equipment to customers.

As for the Sunbox product, which represents the company’s flagship offering, the processes differ somewhat from those described above. Initially, the components are transported from the enclosure supplier, located in Spain, to the logistics warehouse. From there, the components are transported to the assembly center in Valencia/Spain, where they are assembled into the final product. Finally, the fully assembled Sunbox is transported to the customer’s warehouse. Throughout each stage of the process, every effort is made to ensure the product is delivered to the customer in optimal condition and within the designated timeframe.

Turbo Energy’s operations have been developing for a long time, which has allowed for a good understanding of the processes and suppliers, their costs, and their alternatives. These are robust and scalable processes that currently provide good service and reduce costs as the company’s billing increases.

Our Product Markets

Until 2023, Turbo Energy was focused on the sale of residential products mainly in Spain through the distribution channel. After the successful launch of Sunbox, both the residential line in the Major retailers’ channel (large company with B2C sales), and the new C&I range, the company begins investing in resources that will increase sales in these new channels, both nationally and internationally.

Our Distribution Methods

Until 2023, Turbo Energy has focused on selling its products through Distributors who have an extensive reach to a large list of installers and marketers. The final contact with the end user is typically made by installers who handle sales, or by marketers who rely solely on installers for assembly and configuration.

This year, the company begins the work of selling through the major retailers channel (large companies with the capacity to invest in marketing and mass B2C contact), reaching agreements with several of them. It also initiates the first contacts with the industrial photovoltaic channel of EPC contractors (main channel for Sunbox C&I), and makes the first investments to sell B2C in Spain.

The goal for 2024 is to significantly increase sales through these new channels, both nationally and internationally.

Growth Strategy

Turbo Energy was founded with the purpose of improving storage technology for residential use. After developing its first product as a startup in the emerging lithium-ion technology in Spain, the company decided to develop an inverter (electronic equipment that transforms the electricity from the photovoltaic modules and controls the charging and discharging of the batteries associated with the installation) to technically complete the proposal.

This successful experience motivated Turbo Energy to keep on working to offer the end customer a complete energy solution. The company has added photovoltaic modules and other accessories, as well as software specifically designed for end-users. This software monitors energy consumption and adjusts the batteries intelligently to meet the needs of the home. A powerful AI system tracks photovoltaic generation, weather patterns, and energy market prices, using this information to minimize energy costs for the customer.

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As energy plays a critical role in many aspects of daily life, such as electric vehicles, smart home devices, and air conditioning, Turbo Energy continues to invest in research and development to develop equipment, software, energy services, and untapped market niches to create a global energy platform centered around the customer’s needs.

● Batteries and inverters. represent the origin of the company and are the most demanded products in the current market. Our research and development department is dedicated to developing cutting-edge equipment. In 2022, Turbo Energy made significant advancements in the storage business line, such as improving the energy density of batteries, connecting them wirelessly for remote updates, and offering a versatile battery solution for both low and high voltage applications. The latest inverter product offers high versatility, making it adaptable to various photovoltaic installations, expansions, and auxiliary power generation equipment, among other technical benefits. In the years to come, Turbo Energy will continue to invest in research and development to bring innovative technological advancements to its products, such as improving energy efficiency, reducing costs and safety risks, making the installation process simpler, and offering more customized options for the end user.

● SUNBOX. Turbo Energy has launched SunBox, a comprehensive solution for photovoltaic installations that combines an inverter, batteries, and all other necessary electronic components into one device. This makes installation fast, simple, and safe for the customer. SunBox features a sleek design and an intuitive app, making it a user-friendly and modular product that can be easily expanded as needed. 2023 has seen the birth of the commercial and industrial version of SunBox, opening a window of new potential clients. The next version will be further improved with reduced dimensions, an improved control panel, faster assembly, and adjustment, and enhanced electric vehicle charging technology.

● SKN. SKN is a cloud-based intelligent global equipment management software that provides personalized optimization for each customer. It manages the use of inverters, batteries, electric vehicle chargers, and other equipment.

SKN leverages vast amounts of data on home energy consumption, electric mobility needs, photovoltaic generation, weather forecasts, and energy market prices to provide customers with an advanced energy management service. With AI-powered capabilities, SKN helps reduce electricity bills and provides options for saving modes and protection against storms, power outages, and excessive energy consumption.

As the core business of the company, substantial investments will be made in SKN to maintain its market leadership. The software will offer even more detailed analysis of consumption, suggest improvements or expansions to renewable installations, maintenance actions, alternative energy contracts, energy-efficient appliances, and intelligent consumption planning. SKN provides simple and remote analysis of each installation and the ability to adjust and update it anytime. 2023 will be a year dedicated to creating a new software platform that multiplies the capabilities of the current one by 10 and allows the integration of, among others, the development of these business lines:

● EaaS (Energy as a service). Turbo Energy initiates other areas of development related to EaaS. From the transfer of energy generated in a facility to other facilities owned by the same owner, to the sale of surpluses to other generic consumers or to the same energy community. The services will be extended to offer packages of carbon credits, tax credits, or agreements with the DNO (Distribution Network Operator) to give stability to the national electrical network.

● MEDAM (Multi-equipment data management). Electronic equipment will not be a limitation to offer the services proposed by SKN and EaaS. The introduction of an electronic system that makes it possible to communicate and manage the equipment of the photovoltaic installations, electric vehicle chargers and other multi-brand household and industrial appliances will allow access to an immensely greater volume of customers.

● Monetization of the software. Having a large number of customers on the Turbo platform connected to our equipment, consuming energy services and managing other multi-brand household appliances, will allow monetization models through the offer of premium services and the exploitation of Big Data. From this point of view, Turbo Energy will seek to increase the number of users through an offer of new products designed to cover new market niches and through the internationalization of the business model.

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● New market niches.

a. C&I. The success in the last quarter of 2023 of the C&I range of Sunbox, which has proven to be a technologically advanced product in a niche with increasing demand and fewer competitors, has justified the expansion of the sales team to grow the company both nationally and internationally.

b. Portable Solutions: GoSolar. It is the smallest equipment for domestic photovoltaic generation. This product will not require a specialized installer, allowing the client to buy, assemble and start up without previous experience and with a low economic investment. In 2023, the development of the first version and the first sales through a major retailer in Spain were carried out. The goal is to replicate and expand the sale of this collection through this channel, both nationally and internationally.

c. Building Integrated Photovoltaic. Building Integrated Photovoltaic refers to the integration of photovoltaic installations at the structural level in buildings. Most of the population lives in residential buildings, which often do not have large roofs conditioned to properly install solar panels. Energy solutions adapted to this type of construction will be developed to facilitate their incorporation into the current trend of distributed photovoltaic generation.

d. Financing. There is an insufficiently covered demand of clients who cannot, or strategically decide not to make investments, in the photovoltaic installation. Turbo will establish alliances with banking entities so that they can offer our solutions. The proposal seeks to offer an improvement in profitability to the financial channel and, to the user, a monthly payment lower than the benefit provided by the solar installation.   e. Utility scale. In 2023, there has been a growing interest in hybridizing utility-scale photovoltaic parks with battery storage to maintain their profitability in energy price environments, which increasingly show a greater deviation between the high and low prices of the day. Turbo Energy’s expertise in storage technology, combined with its software team, and the holding company’s experience in utility-scale photovoltaics, offers tremendous potential for the development of Sunbox at this scale.   f. Major retailers. Sunbox Home, while being a very advanced and profitable photovoltaic product, is not marketed efficiently through the distribution channel in which Turbo Energy has massively sold since its founding. This is why in 2023 there has not been growth in this collection, although it already represents a larger percentage of total sales. Working with major retailers in Spain and testing sales through Solar360 (a joint venture between Repsol and Movistar) has shown that it is a mass-market product that provides differential value for this channel compared to the conventional product, which struggles to compete as a commodity. The establishment of a sales team for this channel will allow the company to grow its sales both nationally and internationally.   g. B2C. The success of selling Sunbox Home through major retailers is due to the final customer’s unfamiliarity with the product’s advantages, given its recent innovation. Installers do not know how to explain these benefits, and distributors only aim to sell what they are asked, acting as mere intermediaries between the consumer and the manufacturer. Major retailers, as B2C sellers, are capable of explaining the product’s advantages, and it has been proven that it is not difficult to generate the need in the customer. Turbo Energy started investments at the end of 2023 to open its own B2C channel, thus promoting brand recognition, understanding the final consumer’s needs, and taking control of sales by going directly to the source. This strategy will also expand internationally.   h. Sunbox C&I EV. The integration of the SUNBOX line into the commercial and industrial scale has made it possible to offer a comprehensive proposal for public electric vehicle stations. This variant provides a more efficient charging system in this sector, with the possibility of supplying renewable energy, increasing charging power, and reducing the cost of the service by consuming from the grid when energy is cheaper.

● International expansion and brand recognition. Turbo, aware of the high commercial potential of its value proposition, plans a commercial expansion that will increase revenues, and the number of users of its service platform.  For this reason, the company selects 14 priority countries for expansion. In a first phase, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the United States are selected to incorporate the first specifically dedicated sales teams. The potential of these markets together is 17 times greater than the Spanish market.

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Competition

Competition in the photovoltaic battery storage market is intense and the technology in the sector is ever evolving. In the current market, many companies manufacture batteries and photovoltaic inverters on a residential scale.

Notably, we observed that only a few of them are developing all-in-one equipment that integrates both the battery and inverter, which along with electrical protections, significantly reduce assembly time and complex technical knowledge required. Further, we believe practically none of these companies integrate sophisticated software systems that allow the use of storage to be adapted to the needs of the client, nor do these companies have the automatic optimization of energy use by artificial intelligence. If we add a competitive price, modular storage, LPF technology and an attractive design, we believe we can be competitive in the photovoltaic battery storage market (see table 2 below).

Table 2:

Company	IA	Price	EV Integrated
TURBO	YES	$	YES
Tesla	YES	$$	NO
Sonnen	YES	$$	NO
Senec	NO		NO
Enphase	NO		NO
Varta	NO		NO
E3/DC	NO		NO
Solax Power	NO		NO
Outback Power	NO		NO

Source: Internal. Based on public information.

However, our success depends, in part, on our ability to be efficient in all aspects of the business and achieve the appropriate cost structure. Some of our competitors have economic resources greater than ours and may have lower cost structures allowing them to better withstand volatility within the industry.

Competitive Strengths

We believe our innovative product already tested in the market, experienced management team, and advanced business plan provide us several advantages in the photovoltaic battery storage market, contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

● Advanced business plan. Our business growth plan has made significant progress in the following areas: The Sunbox, the company’s flagship product, along with its energy management optimizing software, have demonstrated strong performance and competitiveness in price, positioning the company to rapidly introduce enhancements in future versions. The C&I version, since the presentation in June 2023, has been successfully sold on the Spanish market for several months. Part of the new commercial team has already been hired and the first Major Retailer has signed a multi-million dollar collaboration agreement to sell Sunbox home B2C. Two other Major Retailers are launching a sales test of the portable and self-installable version of GoSolar.   The entire product range is already certified in several European countries, and the Sunbox Home version is in the process of been certified in the United States.   Progress in new channels such as major retailers and B2C has started very positively, and the planned national and international sales team will soon be completed to increase the company’s growth rate.

● Experienced Management Team. Turbo Energy has experienced and specialized staff members in the PV supply chain and especially in technological suppliers needed to develop the business plan. The team has full knowledge of the sales and distribution channels, its market competitors, and market requirements for products to be marketed.

Furthermore, the company benefits from the expertise of specialists from the holding, Umbrella Solar Investment that specializes, among others, in industrial photovoltaics and Power Purchase Agreements.

● Innovative Products. Turbo Energy is one of the first companies worldwide to offer a high-performance all-in-one home and Industrial PV system at a competitive price, and one of the only companies to incorporate AI processes in optimizing photovoltaic energy management.

The inverters and batteries listed in our catalog have been thoughtfully designed to be among the market leaders in terms of quality and affordability. These products come with top-notch technical support for our valued customers.

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Manufacturing and Supply

We source our inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules from suppliers located in China. For the manufacture of batteries, we currently have five suppliers as a result of our effort to diversify our supply chain. However, no single supplier is capable of manufacturing all the batteries that we need in a timely manner. We have been working with our main suppliers for many years, and we represent a significant part of their business. This puts us in a good bargaining position and allows us to receive important collaboration from them in terms of new product development and supply chain assurance.

Our battery suppliers include: Soundon New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. located in Xiangtan, Hunan; Shenzhen LC Hi-tech Co. in Pudong, Xinqu, Shanghai; Daqin New Energy Tech (Taizhou) Co., Ltd. in Taizhou, Jiangsu; Aobo Environmental New Energy (Wuxi) Co Ltd in Wuxi, Jiangsu; and Alpha Ess Co., Ltd. in Nantong, Jiangsu.

In addition, our inverter supplier is Ningbo Deye Inverter Technology Co. Ltd located in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. For the Sunbox enclosure, we rely on Talleres Metálicos Roku located in Orozko, Vizcaya, Spain, and for the Sunbox assembly, we work with Cuadros Electricos Patraix, Coop.V located in Aldaya, Valencia, Spain.

For our inverters, we purchase all of them from a single supplier.

The photovoltaic modules and the structures that support our final products are purchased from different suppliers in the market. Our profit margin from the photovoltaic modules and the structures is small, but the products are necessary for us to propose a complete offer to our clients.

We currently do not have any written contracts signed with suppliers for our products, including SunBox and battery products. However, we have established working conditions with its suppliers through mail and/or verbal agreements. Compliance with these conditions is ensured solely by the parties’ interest in maintaining the business relationship. If any provider fails to comply, we will switch providers.

The main elements of the manufacturing arrangements include the price, which is subject to the evolution of market prices, particularly raw material costs used for manufacturing. Additionally, the arrangements include the manufacturing and supply period, acceptance by the supplier in the co-design of the equipment, guarantee against manufacturing defects, supply of spare parts to facilitate local repairs, co-certification of products in the markets where Turbo intends to sell them, and payment terms.

While we do not have formal contracts with our suppliers, the company has established key terms for manufacturing arrangements. Our ability to switch providers if necessary helps to mitigate the risk of non-compliance by suppliers, and the inclusion of guarantee and spare parts provisions aims to ensure product quality and support customer service needs.

The purchased products in China have a standard quality and functionality in the market that does not have a competitive advantage against our final products. Part of our product development work is focused on the customization of the equipment, which allows us to customize and improve the imported products to ensure our brand of products are unique. This process gives us the option to change suppliers if they do not meet our requirements or because we have found others with better conditions. In addition, all of our final products are certified in Spain.

In order to protect our intellectual property and know-how of our key product, SunBox, the manufacture and assembly process is different. The conception, design, manufacture of the exterior and structural part, and assembly of components, are all completed in Spain. Currently, we are only working with one supplier for assembly. The supplier has been selected for its expertise in related technology and its ability to grow to accommodate ours. Relatedly, we are diligently working on the certification of a second assembler to protect our supply chain. Similarly, our software application that interface with the end user are also designed and programmed in Spain and are subject to continuous improvement, given that our software application differentiates from other competitors in the market.

The logistical management of components is coordinated with a logistics warehouse in Spain with the experience and capacity to support the company’s growth. This flexible system can be replicated in other countries, and in turn bring our products closer to the local customers and improve costs and delivery times, which could be advantageous for our plan to expand internationally.

Seasonality

Seasonality does not materially affect our business or operating results. Due to our business diversification, we have not experienced significant seasonal fluctuations in market demands or sales.

Customers

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, there was no customer that accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue. We do not have formal contracts with our major customers.

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, Sonepar Iberica Spain accounted for 10.7% of our total revenue. The next largest client, Grupo Electro Stocks, accounted for 7.8% of our revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We do not have formal contracts with our major customers.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, Sonepar Iberica Spain accounted for 12% of our total revenue. The next largest client, Grupo Electro Stocks, accounted for 7.1% of our revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Sonepar is a large distributor of electrical equipment not specialized in photovoltaic energy. Its size allows it to be present in a very widespread way throughout the territory, getting very close to the installer. It has great purchasing power directly with manufacturers.

C. Organizational Structure

See “Corporate History and Structure—History and Development of the Company—Corporate History and Structure” above for details of our current organizational structure.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Intellectual Property

Our success depends mainly on offering unique value in equipment for photovoltaic generation installations. This implies properly reading the trends and needs of the market and never stop being innovative and making new proposals. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws in Spain and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements, and other contractual protections, to establish and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, including our proprietary technology, software, know-how, and brand. Currently, all of our employees and consultants have signed a nondisclosure agreement, and in some cases, a limitation to work for competitors.

As of the date of this report, Turbo has been granted with a patent in October 2023, for one of its software developments that allows it to position its product, SunBox, among the most innovative residential photovoltaic equipment on the market. Turbo Energy believes that this solution marks a milestone in the electric power industry by offering a comprehensive smart management experience for home photovoltaic installations, combining an algorithm powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) with an electric vehicle charger, all in one.

We intend to file additional patent applications as we continue to innovate through our research and development efforts, and to pursue additional patent protection to the extent we deem it beneficial and cost-effective.

Although we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will be sufficient or effective to prevent the unauthorized access, use, copying, or the reverse engineering of our technology and other proprietary information, including by third parties who may use our technology or other proprietary information to develop services that compete with ours. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies or services that are competitive with ours or that infringe on, misappropriate, or otherwise violate our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property and proprietary rights can be difficult. The enforcement of our intellectual property and proprietary rights also depends on any legal actions we may bring against any such parties being successful, but these actions are costly, time-consuming, and may not be successful, even when our rights have been infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated.

Facilities

We rent, for a term of 2 years from June 1, 2022 with a renewal right of 3 years, offices in Valencia, Spain, a few meters from the offices of our parent company (Umbrella Solar Investment S.A.) located at Street Isabel la Católica, 8, 46004, Valencia, Spain.

We subcontract merchandise logistics as well as productive assembly to different suppliers in order to avoid the need to own industrial spaces. This allows us to be flexible in terms of growth, supplier diversification and expansion to other countries.

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GOVERNMENT REGULATION

This section sets forth a summary of the significant regulations or requirements in the jurisdictions where we conduct our material business operations, namely Spain and as a member of the European Union, also the regulations applicable to all the European members. The primary Spanish laws and regulations, which do not purport to be complete, to which we are subject relate to intellectual property rights, Data Protection, Competition or Antitrust, Information and electronic commerce and employment and labor. This section also sets forth a summary of regulatory requirements of electric products (Inverters and batteries) for the relevant jurisdictions and a summary of the relevant laws, regulations and government policies that are relevant to Turbo Energy.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

For the design of equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy Turbo Energy shall fulfil the Spanish and European regulations on Intellectual Property Rights.

In Spain these regulations are content in the Spanish Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of April 12, 1996, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law, regularizing, clarifying and harmonizing the legal provisions in force on the subject, the Spanish Royal Decree of July 24, 1889, publishing the Civil Code and the Spanish Act 24/2015, of July 24, of Patents.

In the European Union the regulations are content in the Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trademark and the Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks.

The regulatory bodies in this field are the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office and the European Union Intellectual Property Office.

Regulations on Data Protection

On April, 27, 2016 the European Parliament and the Council issued the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), consequently, the Spanish Act 3/2018, of December 5, on Personal Data Protection and guarantee of digital rights was issued.

By virtue of the abovementioned regulations, we shall adapt all our procedures and products which involves processing of personal data.

The main regulatory body in this field is the Spanish Agency of Data Protection.

Regulations on Competition or Antitrust laws

The Spanish National Markets and Competition Commission (CNMC) is the body that promotes and ensures the proper operation of all markets in the interest of consumers and corporations. To operate in the Spanish market we shall compliance with Spanish Act 15/2007, of July 3, 2007, on Antitrust, Spanish Act 3/1991, of January 10, 1991, on Unfair Competition, Spanish Act 1/2019, of February 20, 2019, on Business Secrets and the European regulations on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions (Commission Regulation (Eu) 2022/720, May 10, 2022) and regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (Council Regulation (Eec) No 4064/89 , December, 21, 1989).

Regulations on Information Society Services and Electronic Commerce

The digital activity, website and social media, of Turbo Energy shall compliance with the requirements of the Spanish Act 34/2002, of July 11, 2002, on information society services and electronic commerce.

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Regulations on Labor and employment

The Royal Legislative Decree 2/2015, of October 23, 2015, approving the revised text of the Workers’ Statute Law, generally extends to all employees.  

Summary of Regulations of the products

Sunbox

SUNBOX SERIES 5.0 and SUNBOX SERIES 10.0 photovoltaic units are designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) and the Low Voltage Directive of the Council of the European Union and comply with the limit values required in these directives, as well as in the Royal Decrees.

Directive 2014/30/EU.

EC 61000-6-1:2016, IEC 61000-6-3-3:2006+AMD1:2010, IEC 61000-3-11:2017, IEC 61000-3-12:2011.

Directive 2014/3S/EU.

EN 62109-1:2010

EN 62109-2:2011

Royal Decree 1699 of 2011

UNE 206006 IN:2011

UNE 206007-1 IN:2013

The battery included in the equipment has been manufactured in compliance with the requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility CE-EMC EM 61000-6-3 and EM 61000-6-1, the International Safety Standard IEC 62619 CD and Safe Transport UN 38.3.

They bear the CE marking in compliance with the requirements for the safety of persons and goods required by the aforementioned Community Directives.

They have protection against island operation, complying with the UNE EN 50438, IEC 62116 and UNE 206006:2011 IN standards.

Batteries

Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery (Turbo Energy) Models TEST 2200, Lithium series 2.4 kWh, and Lithium series 5.1 kWh have been manufactured meeting the requirements of:

● CE-EMC EM 61000-6-3 and EM 61000-6-1 electromagnetic compatibility

● International safety standard IEC 62619 CD

● Safety transportation UN 38.3

Inverters

HYBRID INVERTER SERIES HIS5000, THREE PHASE HYBRID INVERTER SERIES 48V 10.0 and MICROINVERTER SERIES (MIS1600) are designed and tested in accordance with the standards established in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) and the Low Voltage Directive of the Council of the European Union and comply with the limit values required in these directives, as well as in the Royal Decrees.

Directive 2014/30/EU.

EC 61000-6-1:2016, IEC 61000-6-3-3:2006+AMD1:2010, IEC 61000-3-11:2017, IEC 61000-3-12:2011.

Directive 2014/3S/EU.

EN 62109-1:2010

EN 62109-2:2011

Royal Decree 1699 of 2011

UNE 206006 IN:2011

UNE 206007-1 IN:2013

They bear the CE marking in compliance with the requirements for the safety of persons and goods required by the aforementioned Community Directives.

They have protection against island operation, complying with the UNE EN 50438, IEC 62116 and UNE 206006:2011 IN standards.

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ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements because of various factors, including those set forth under Item 3 “Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F. See also “Introductory Notes—Forward-looking Information.”

A. Operating Results

Introduction

The following discussion, which presents the results of Turbo Energy, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, along with the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 3D, “Risk Factors,” and the cautionary statement regarding forward-looking information.

As used in this Report, references to “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Turbo Energy, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.

This discussion is intended to provide the reader with information that will assist in understanding our financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from period to period, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, how operating results affect our financial condition and results of our operations of the Company as a whole, and how certain accounting principles and estimates affect our financial statements.

Recent Developments 

In April 2024, Turbo Energy announced that El Corte Inglés S.A., the biggest department store group in Europe and the third largest worldwide, has launched Turbo Energy’s GoSolar offering for sale this week.

On April 5, 2024, both the compensation committee and the board of directors of the Company approved the grant of 1,806,620 restricted share units under the Company’s equity incentive plan, which can be converted into 361,324 American Depositary Shares of the Company, representing 1,806,620 Ordinary Shares of the Company, to certain officers, directors, and employees.

On January 17, 2024, we announced that Solar360 and the Company are entering the new year with a disruptive proposition in the solar photovoltaic self-consumption sector.

On December 23, 2023, we announced a transition in the management structure of the Company, resulting from the governance policies of the holding company, Umbrella Solar Investment (USI) a public company on BME Growth market in Spain. Given the responsibilities of Enrique as CEO of USI, and the considerable growth and development the organization has experienced require a necessary transition from his role as CEO of Turbo Energy to Chairman of the Board.

Mariano Soria, a professional with more than 20 years of experience as CEO of companies across various sectors, who has been acting as Managing Director of Turbo Energy for the last year, assumed the role of CEO of the Company effective as of December 23, 2023 with the main objective of leading and completing the team with the talent required to lead the Company through the development and fulfillment of its business plan.

On December 11, 2023, we announced that Movistar has launched Turbo Energy’s GoSolar offering for sale through Movistar’s energy branch, Solar360.

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On December 5, 2023, we announced that the Company has selected IBN, a multifaceted financial news and publishing company for private and public entities, to assist with its corporate communications initiatives.

On November 22, 2023, the Board of Directors of our Company adopted both a clawback policy and an insider trading policy

On November 21, 2023, the Company issued a press release announcing the release of the latest episode of The Bell2Bell Podcast as part of its sustained effort to provide specialized content distribution via widespread syndication channels.

On November 7, 2023, the Company issued a press release announcing a strategic alliance with a French multinational retailer Leroy Merlin to include the Company’s residential photovoltaic product, Sunbox, in Leroy Merlin’s range of photovoltaic products available in Spain.

On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell 1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the SEC and became effective on September 21, 2023, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023.

Overview

We design, develop, and distribute equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic (PV) energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, compared to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bills and protect the installation from power outages.

We recently launched our flagship product, the Sunbox, an all-in-one device that integrates most of the equipment for a domestic photovoltaic installation. The Sunbox is powered by AI and features a software system that monitors the generation, use, and management of photovoltaic energy through the analysis of large amounts of data related to energy generation, consumption, market prices, and weather forecasts. This AI system optimizes battery usage, reducing electricity bills and providing peak shaving and uninterruptible power supply functions.

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Currently, we primarily sell inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers located in Spain. With the experience gained from our subsidiary Turbo Energy Solutions, we possess the expertise and international perspective to expand the product portfolio towards industrial and commercial scales and purposes (“C&I”), as well as expand the internationalization process that we already started.

Turbo Energy is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, whose main shareholder is Crocodile Investment, S.L.U, (hereinafter, the ultimate partner), with a registered office in Valencia. The majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, S.A is Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A (hereinafter, the majority shareholder), which is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our total revenues were € 13,140,771 (approximately $14,536,321), € 31,148,676 and €17,154,621, respectively. Our total revenues decreased by € 18,007,905, or 58%, to € 13,140,771 (approximately $14,536,321) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, compared to € 31,146,376 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Our total revenues increased by €13,994,055, or 82%, to €31,148,676 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, compared to €17,154,621 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 our net income increased by €761,356, or 285% to €1,028,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to €267,222 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The principal activities of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. For additional information regarding our financial performance, see “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Emerging Growth Company

Upon the completion of our initial public offering, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

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Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our operating results are primarily affected by the following factors:

● Our ability to maintain over time a competitive value proposal for our products and services.

● Our ability to launch innovative proposals for products and services.

● Our ability to launch successful marketing and sales activities to sell our products.

● Our ability to adapt our supply chain at any time to improve our competitiveness.

● Our ability to obtain maximum financial resources at the best possible price.

● The evolution of economic and political factors in global markets that may affect the demand for our products as well as financial costs.

● Alteration of the supply chain that may result in a variance in product purchasing and transportation costs.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations and the amounts as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.   

	Years Ended December 31
	2023						2022			2021
	€			$			€			€
Revenues
Batteries		6,578,530			7,277,170			17,703,487			8,735,867
Inverters		3,133,825			3,466,637			7,902,258			2,911,950
E-Mobility		1,139,828			1,260,878			-			-
PV Modules		633,398			700,665			3,439,980			4,623,197
Go Solar		273,501			302,547			-			-
Solutions		804,244			889,655			939,578			160,488
Structure		185,538			205,242			265,655			241,503
Others		354,815			392,496			895,418			481,068
		13,103,679			14,495,290			31,146,376			17,154,073
Other operating income		37,092			41,031			2,300			548
Total Revenue		13,140,771			14,536,321			31,148,676			17,154,621
Cost and expenses
Cost of revenue		12,043,563			13,322,589			26,545,377			14,899,345
Selling and administrative		2,539,855			2,809,588			2,046,411			1,127,535
Salaries and benefits		1,115,127			1,233,553			866,634			547,280
Bad debt expense		84,394			93,357			19,454			102,966
		15,782,939			17,459,087			29,477,876			16,677,126
Other expenses (income)
Other income		-			-			890			0
Interest income		444			491			-			0
Interest expense		(406,031	)		(449,151	)		(308,982	)		(138,212	)
Foreign exchange gain		(82,881	)		(91,683	)		32,384			8,939
		(488,468	)		(540,343	)		(275,708	)		(129,273	)
Net Income Before Income Tax		(3,130,637	)		(3,463,109	)		1,395,092			348,222
Income tax expense – current		(93,022	)		(639,738	)		364,086			81,000
Income tax expense – deferred		(1,023,789	)		(595,720	)		2,428			-
Net Income (loss)		(2,013,789	)		(2,227,651	)		1,028,578			267,222

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 

Revenue. The principal activities of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was € 13,140,771 (approximately $ 14,536,321), and €31,148,676, respectively, representing a decrease of 58%. The increase was due to a variety of factors, which are broken down by product family as below. 

Revenue from Batteries decrease by € 11,124,957, or 62.8%, to € 6,578,530 (approximately US$ 7,277,170) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €17,703,487 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease due to several factors, which are general causes of sales decline of Turbo, as in 2023, the Company’s sales growth path was halted due to the behavior of the global consumer market and, regarding Turbo Energy, particularly in the Spanish market, where Turbo is very dependent. In this country, sales in photovoltaic installations have decreased by 54% compared to the previous year due to various macroeconomic causes: the increase in the cost of money set by the European Central Bank, from negative or zero values up to 4.5%; The average drop in energy prices by 58%; and the high inflation of 8.4% in 2022, not accompanied by a wage update, which has reduced the purchasing power of citizens.

Revenue from Batteries accounted for 50% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 57% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We started to provide such services since September 2013.   

Revenue from Inverters decrease by €4,768,433, or 60.3%, to € 3,133,825 (approximately US$3,466,647) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €7,902,258 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such an decrease was primarily due to the reduction in demand in Spain, caused by a series of external factors explained above. These are essential products for domestic photovoltaic installations. Revenue from Inverters accounted for 24% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 25% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We started to provide such services since September 2013.

Revenue from E-Mobility increased by €1,139,828, or 100%, to €1,139,828 (approximately US$ 1,206,878) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €0 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This great increase was primarily Turbo has discovered a niche in the market, where has a lot to contribute, and which in Spain is finding a strong demand through its need for smart charging installations. Revenue from E-Mobility accounted for 9% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 0% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We started to provide such services in September 2023.

Revenue from PV Modules decrease by €2,806,582, or 443%, to €633,398 (approximately US$700,665) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €3,439,980 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was primarily due to several factors, as the sale of modules is no longer among the main products in Turbo Energy’s portfolio, and Turbo Energy intends to leave their sale as something marginal or complementary for the coming years. This resulted in a very significant sale of PV modules in 2022. Revenue from PV Modules accounted for 11% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 11% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We have started to provide such services since September 2013.

Revenue from all-in-one Solutions increase by € 135,334, or 16.8%, to €804,244 (approximately US$889,655) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from €939,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022.Such decrease was primarily due to the reduction in demand in Spain as a result of the external factors mentioned previously. At the end of 2023 we have launched new versions of Sunbox, such as C&I, and expanded the sales channels and countries, an aspect that we expect to be noticed in the next months, as can be seen in the ongoing orders. . Revenue from Solutions accounted for 6% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 3% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We started to provide such services, in a very first versions, in 2021.

Revenue from Others decrease by €540,603, or 60.37%, to €354,815 (approximately US$392,496) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €895,418 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such an decrease was in line with the reduction in overall sales. Revenue from Accessories accounted for 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 3% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had other operating income of €37,092 (approximately US$41,031) and €2,300, respectively.

Cost of revenue. Our cost of revenue includes purchase of finished goods, purchase of raw materials, outsourcing services and inventory adjustment. Our cost of revenue decreased by €14,501,814, or 55%, to €12,043,563 (approximately US$ 13,322,589) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €26,545,377 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such decrease was in line with our decreased revenue.  

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Selling and administrative expenses Our selling and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional fees, shipping and handling, warehouse handling, marketing and advertising, leases and royalties, and amortization of right-of-use assets. Our selling and administrative expenses increased by €493,443, or 24% to €2,539,854 (approximately US$2,809,588) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from €2,046,411 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such increase was in line with our strategy of continuing with the expansion process due mainly to the increase in outsourced professional services and growth process.

Salaries and benefits Our salaries and benefits increased by €238,494, or 28% to €1,105,128 (approximately US$ 1,222,493) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €866,634 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such increase was primarily due to an increase in the headcount of the Company during 2023, following the post-IPO strategy and objective to grow the team and carry out international expansion.

Bad debt expense Our bad debt expense increased by €64,940, or 334% to €84,394 (approximately US$93,357) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from €19,454 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such increase was primarily due to the sharp reduction of business in the sector in Spain, producing critical situations and defaults for customers.

Interest expense Our interest expenses increased by €97,049, or 31% to €406,031 (approximately US$449,151) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from €308,982 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such a significant increase is due to the significant increase in interest rates during 2023.

Foreign exchange net income (loss) Our foreign exchange net income (loss) increased by €(115,265), or 356 % to €(82,881) (approximately US$ (91,683)) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from €32,384 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Such significant increase was primarily due to the fluctuation between the USD/EUR during the year.

Income tax expense.  We recorded income tax (recovery) expenses of € (1,116,847) (approximately US$ (1,235,458)) for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to €364,085 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an decrease of €3,042,367 or 151%. The increase in the income tax expense mainly resulted from the decrease in net income before income tax.

Taxation

Corporate Income Tax. Corporate income tax reflects the amounts we estimate for taxes based upon income before taxes as calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations. The statutory corporate income tax rate in Spain is currently 25%. We calculate our effective tax rate under IFRS as our corporate income tax over our income (loss) before tax.

Net income

Net income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was €(2,013,789) (approximately US$(2,227,651)) and €1,028,578, respectively. The decrease in net income was attributed to the reduction of sales demand in the Spanish market due to the external factors describe previously.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue. The principal activities of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was €31,146,376 and €17,154,073, respectively, representing an increase of 82%. The increase was due to a variety of factors, which are broken down by product family as below.

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Revenue from Batteries increase by €8,967,620, or 103%, to €17,703,487 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €8,735,867 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily due because we are mainly storage specialists. Due to the significant increase in the price of energy, as well as a greater consciousness of the people, storage through batteries has been one of our most demanded products. Revenue from Batteries accounted for 57% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 51% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We have started to provide such services since September 2013.  

Revenue from Inverters increase by €4,990,308, or 171%, to €7,902,258 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €2,911,950 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such an increase was primarily due because we have been able to maintain a constant supply throughout the year while other competitors had problems with stock-outs due to high demand. These are essential products for domestic photovoltaic installations. Revenue from Inverters accounted for 25% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 17% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We have started to provide such services since September 2013.

Revenue from PV Modules decrease by €1,183,217, or 26%, to €3,439,980 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €4,623,197 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such decrease was primarily because in 2021 two projects were closed with the main supermarket chain and gas station company in Spain for photovoltaic installations in their stations. This resulted in a very significant sale of PV modules in 2021. Revenue from PV Modules accounted for 11% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 27% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We have started to provide such services since September 2013.

Revenue from Solutions increase by €779,090, or 485%, to €939,578 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from €160,488 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily due because it is our star product (Sunbox all-in-one). During the year the Company has focused a lot of development on it, as well as on commercial offers to introduce it to the market gradually. Revenue from Solutions accounted for 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We have started to provide such services since September 2018.

Revenue from Structure increased by €24,152, or 10%, to €265,655 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €241,503 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This slight increase was primarily due as they are closely related to the modules. As module sales have declined, structures have hardly increased. Revenue from Structure accounted for 1% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

Revenue from Others increase by €414,350, or 86%, to €895,418 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €481,068 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such an increase was primarily due to major sales of minor electronic products, such as monitors, regulators, displays, cables, etc. Revenue from Accessories accounted for 3% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 3% for the year ended December 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in September 2013.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had other operating income of €2,300 and €548, respectively.

Cost of revenue. Our cost of revenue includes purchase of finished goods, purchase of raw materials, outsourcing services and inventory adjustment. Our cost of revenue increased by €11,646,032, or 78%, to €26,545,377 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €14,899,345 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such increase was in line with our increased revenue.  

Selling and administrative expenses Our selling and administrative expenses consist primarily of professional fees, shipping and handling, warehouse handling, marketing and advertising, leases and royalties, and amortization of right-of-use assets. Our selling and administrative expenses increased by €918,876, or 81% to €2,046,411 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from €1,127,535 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such significant increase was in line with our increased revenue and it is due mainly to the increase in outsourced professional services, the change to a larger third-party warehouse, among others.

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Salaries and benefits Our salaries and benefits increased by €319,354, or 58% to €866,634 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €547,280 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such significant increase was primarily due to an increase in the headcount of the Company during 2022.

Bad debt expense Our bad debt expense decreased by €83,512, or 81% to €19,454 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from €102,966 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such significant decrease was primarily due to the increase in the collection rate among our customers.

Interest expense Our interest expenses increased by €170,770, or 124% to €308,982 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from €138,212 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such significant increase was in line with our increased revenue and is due to the interest on loans, as well as the use of credit confirming lines.

Foreign exchange net income Our foreign exchange net income increased by €23,445, or 262% to €32,384 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from €8,939 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such significant increase was primarily due to the increase in the volume of purchases in USD currency, as well as the fluctuation between the USD/EUR during the year.

Income tax expense.  We recorded income tax expenses of €364,085 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to €81,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of €283,085 or 349%. The increase in the income tax expense mainly resulted from the increase in net income before income tax.

Taxation

Corporate Income Tax. Corporate income tax reflects the amounts we estimate for taxes based upon income before taxes as calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations. The statutory corporate income tax rate in Spain is currently 25%. We calculate our effective tax rate under IFRS as our corporate income tax over our income (loss) before tax.

Net income

Net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was €1,028,578 and €267,222, respectively. The increase in net income was attributed to the increase in revenue.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of €620,531 (approximately US$ 686,431), €502,585, and € 616,445, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through capital contributions from our parent company and part of our net proceeds of the initial public offering. We expect to finance our operations and working capital needs in the near future from cash generated through operations. 

We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations, combined with the net proceeds from our initial public offering, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for our operations and expansion plans for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, in the future require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions, implementation of our strategy to expand our business, or other investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our own financial resources are insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to expand our business operations and could harm our overall business prospects.

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The following table summarizes the key cash flow components from our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023						2022			2021
	€			$			€			€
Cash Flows provided by (used in) operating activities		182,845			202,265			(5,647,033	)		71,604
Cash Flows provided by (used in) investing activities		(2,588,759	)		(2,863,685	)		(395,056	)		(124,660	)
Cash Flows provided by financing activities		2,523,860			2,791,894			5,928,229			366,827
Net change in cash during period		117,946			130,474			(113,860	)		313,771

Operating Activities 

Net cash used in operating activities was €182,845 (approximately $202,265) for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of €5,647,033 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and net cash provided by operating activities of €71,604 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities related to net income (loss) before income tax of €(3,130,635) (approximately US$(3,463,108)), increased by bad debt expense of €84,394 (approximately $93,357), depreciation of property and equipment of €19,424 (approximately $21,487), provision for inventory reserve of €312,563 (approximately $354,757), amortization of right-of-use assets of €58,524 (approximately $64,739), accretion of lease liabilities of €2,177 (approximately $2,408) and net changes in non-cash working capital items of €2,786,414 (approximately $3,082,331).

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities related to net income before income tax of €1,395,092, increased by bad debt expense of €19,456, depreciation of property and equipment of €5,927, amortization of right-of-use assets of €36,353, accretion of lease liabilities of €1,514 and was offset by gain on lease modification of €891 and net changes in non-cash working capital items of €7,104,484.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was attributed to net income before income tax of €348,222, increased by bad debt expense of €102,966, depreciation of property and equipment of €2,998, amortization of right-of-use assets of €15,888, accretion of lease liabilities of €1,252 and provision for inventory reserves €53,434, offset by net change in non-cash working capital items of €431,156.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was €(2,588,759) (approximately $(2,863,685)) for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to €395,056 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and €124,660 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of short term investments in the amount of €2,044,050 (approximately US$2,261,128), in purchase of equipment in the amount of €28,025 (approximately US$31,001), and purchase of intangible assets related to software development in the amount of €516,684 (approximately $571,556). 

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of purchase of equipment in the amount of €133,140, and purchase of intangible assets related to software development in the amount of €261,916.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted of purchase of equipment in the amount of €17,871, and purchase of intangible assets related to software development in the amount of €106,789.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) the financing activities was €2,523,860 (approximately $2,791,894) for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of €5,928,229 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and €366,827 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of net proceed from Issuance of common stock through Initial public offering of €3,354,781 (approximately US$3,711,059), repayment of bank loans of €(158,150( (approximately $(174,946) ), net proceeds from lines of credit of €4,186,483 (approximately $4,631,088), repayment of lease liabilities of €60,523 (approximately $66,951),and proceeds from related parties of €4,214,576 (approximately US$4,662,154).

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of issuance of common stock to related party for cash of €2,500,000, repayment of bank loans of €248,531, net proceeds from lines of credit of €3,820,617, repayment of lease liabilities of €37,036, dividend paid to related party of €72,003, payments to related parties of €355,586 and proceeds from related parties of €320,769.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted of repayment of bank loans of €283,259, net proceeds from lines of credit of €1,004,523, repayment of lease liabilities of €16,240, dividend paid to related party of €250,000, payments to related parties of €1,015,222 and proceeds from related parties of €927,025.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of €28,025 (approximately US$31,115), €133,140 and €17,871 in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for purchase of equipment. We plan to continue to make capital expenditures to meet the needs that result from the expected growth of our business.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

We incurred € 361,420 (approximately US$399,803), € 261,919 and € 106,786 research and development expense during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for mainly by the development of new product lines at hardware level, and especially by the bet through our increasingly strong IT department, which carries out software developments for our new application and database management.

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demand, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues and income from operations, profitability, liquidity, capital resources, or would cause reported financial information not to be indicative of future operation results or financial condition.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of our financial information requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions concerning the future. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results.

For a summary of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 included elsewhere in this report.

Valuation of inventory

Management makes estimates of future customer demand for products when establishing appropriate provisions for inventory obsolescence. In making these estimates, management considers the shelf-life of inventory and profitability of recent sales.

Revenue Recognition

The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages.

The Company’s revenue is primarily generated from sales of the inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales.

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The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product.

Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 to 60 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer.

Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.

A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.

Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products have not been material historically and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer orders.

Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred, for the first time since its foundation, in losses and incurred a net loss of €2,013,788 during the year ended December 31, 2023. However, The Company successfully completed its IPO on the Nasdaq on September 2023, where it was able to raise up to €3.8M net of expenses related to the process, it still has a large portion of those funds as the day of this report. Also, the Company presents a €3.2 million positive working capital at the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company finds itself in a sector where all studies and forecasts predict a very large exponential growth in the coming years. Also, is a consolidated company, with more than 10 years of experience, and in recent years has been making a very significant investment in development and research, which will allow it to position itself as a differentiating value compared to other companies in the sector.

The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s planned operations and expansion plan for more than 12 months. Also, The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, where its principal Company, the majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, has explicitly expressed its full support to carry out its operational development, in case such support is needed.

G. Safe Harbor

See “Introductory Notes—Forward-Looking Information.”

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our current directors and executive officers.

NAME	AGE	POSITION
Enrique Selva Bellvis	47	Chairman of the Board
Mariano Soria	48	Chief Executive Officer, General Manager and Director
Alejandro Moragues Navarro	29	Chief Financial Officer; Chief Accounting Officer
Manuel Cercos	40	Chief Commercial Officer
Ruben Sousa	49	Chief Technology Officer
Pablo de la Cuadra	55	Chief Product Officer
Marcos Correal Cagio	48	Chief Operating Officer
Miguel Valldecabres	44	Director
Emilio Cañavate	39	Director
Daniel Green	57	Independent Director; Chair of Compensation Committee
Monika Mikac	37	Independent Director; Chair of Audit Committee
Héctor Dominguis	48	Independent Director; Chair of Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

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Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvís. Mr. Bellvís is the Chairman and founder of the Umbrella Group and majority shareholder of Umbrella Solar.

Mr. Bellvís has been dedicated to the photovoltaic solar energy sector since 2003, both in Spain and Chile, where he has played a key role in the development and growth of the Umbrella Group. In addition to his work at Umbrella, Enrique serves as Vice-President of the Valencian Association of Energy Sector Companies. Before his career in the solar energy sector, Enrique was the founder and CEO of Innova Ingenieros Consultores from 2000 to 2003.

Enrique holds a degree in Industrial Engineering with a specialization in energy from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, which he earned in 2000. He also completed the Management Development Programme at the IESE Business School in 2006.

Mr. Mariano Soria. Mr. Soria has served as the Chief Innovation Officer for the Umbrella Group since March 2021. He has served as Turbo Energy’s General Manager since October 2022 and Chief Executive Officer since December 2023.

Mr. Soria has been the General Manager for Turbo Energy Since October 2022. From November 2012 to March 2021, Mr. Soria was Chief Executive Officer for Punt Moble XXI S.L., having initially participated in the rescue of this Spanish furniture iconic brand company, after a bankruptcy process, from the Board of Directors of a Venture Capital Company (V.I. II, Sociedad de Capital Riesgo), and until today on the Board of Directors and as a shareholder of Punt Mobles. Before joining Punt Moble XXI S.L., Mr. Soria was the General Manager of REJMAR SA, a land development company, from February 2003 to November 2012, where he was responsible for the development of residential and industrial properties. 

Mr. Soria received his degree in Industrial Engineering and Industrial Organization, both from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, and his Master’s in Business Administration from the European University of Madrid.

Mr. Alejandro Moragues. Mr. Moragues has served as our Chief Financial Officer since May 2023.

Mr. Moragues joined the Umbrella Group as the Financial Controller of Turbo Energy since October 2022. Before joining Umbrella, he held the position of Senior Corporate Auditor for the US Company Euronet Worldwide, Inc from 2020 to 2022 and as an external auditor for the services firm Pricewaterhouse Coopers from 2017 to 2020. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and Management from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, which he obtained in 2017.

Mr. Manuel Cercos. Mr. Cercos has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since March 2015.

Since 2014, Mr. Cercos has been serving as the Business Development Director of Turbo Energy. Prior to joining Turbo Energy, Manuel gained valuable experience in sales and business development through his previous positions at Técnicas Aplicadas en Baterías S.L. where he served as Sales Director from 2013 to 2014 and Sales Manager from 2008 to 2012. Before that, he worked as a Sales Technician at DAISA from 2002 to 2007.

Mr. Rubén Sousa. Mr. Sousa has served as our Chief Technology Officer since September 2022.

Mr. Sousa has extensive knowledge in the field of information technology and significant experience in development team leadership, software architecture and technology product development. He has accumulated more than 30 years of experience. Throughout his career, Mr. Sousa has been chief information officer and chief technology officer of several companies such as Construcciones y Estudios, S.A. and Plásticos Mondragón S.A.U. and since 2007 he has continually acted as the CEO of Innovatrium, S.A.U. an IT consulting and digitalization services company.

Mr. Sousa holds a Technical Specialist Degree in Computer Management. He is certified as Scrum Master, Agile Foundation, Kanban and Product Owner from Scrum Manager. Knowledge in Business Administration and Management from the Luis Vives Business School and the CEEI. He was awarded the Bancaja Prize of the Year 2007.

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Mr. Marcos Correal has been working as our Chief Operating Officer since January 2, 2024.

With nearly 25 years of professional experience, Mr. Correal has specialized in areas of operational excellence and supply chain management within the automotive sector at companies such as Zodiac Automotive and Forvia (formerly Faurecia), as well as in high-tech startups like Oncovision, where he served as Supply Chain Director for over five years. For the past decade, he has balanced his professional activities with academic roles, teaching at the university level in master’s programs and engineering degrees focusing on operations management and processes digitalization.

His most recent role was at REI, a company where he was a member of the executive committee, serving as Chief Procurement Officer for four years with a special emphasis on process automation and supply chain digitalization.

Marcos holds two degrees in Electronic Engineering and Industrial Management Engineering, an Executive MBA, and has completed studies in Industry 4.0 and Digital Transformation through Peaks Business School and MIT.

Mr. Pablo de la Cuadra. Mr. Cuadra has been our Chief Product Officer since October 2018.

Mr. Cuadra is tasked with overseeing the development and introduction of new products to our portfolio in line with the company’s roadmap. Prior to joining us, Pablo worked as an independent consultant, providing advice to companies in the cleantech industry. He also served as the Technical Director of the Mediterranean Consortium for Energy, Environment and Sustainability and as the Technical Director at 3S Soluciones y Sistemas Solares S.L., a solar energy company specializing in both thermal and photovoltaic systems. Pablo was responsible for leading the Engineering and Projects departments and played a key role in the development of the company’s OEM brand of solar thermal products, working closely with strategic suppliers.

Pablo holds a degree in Telecommunications Engineering from the UPC (Barcelona Tech University) and an Executive Master’s degree in Management and Business Administration from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, where he completed 900 hours of coursework.

Mr. Miguel Valldecabres. Mr. Valldecabres has been our Director since February 2023.

Mr. Valldecabres’ interest in racing and e-mobility enthusiasm began at a very young age. After completing his degree in Economics followed by an MsC at the University of Southampton (U.K.), he got involved with Campos Racing as a CFO where he acquired the knowledge about motorsports.

His next engagement for 5 years at PwC, in Spain and U.K., as Senior Auditor gave him business knowledge which he used to start his first entrepreneurship venture in the food industry in a company called Chic-Kles. where he was leading 180 people with a turnover of 25 million € a year.

He pioneered QEV Technologies - an engineering company specializing in the field of electro-mobility, which includes design, construction and homologation of electric vehicles, the potential and the use of electric vehicles in the racing world as well as the installation, control and maintenance of electric charging infrastructures. From December 2017 to October 2020 he served as the CEO of QEV Technologies.

Since October 2020 to the date of this report, Miguel is serving as the CEO for Ev Dynamics. Ev Dynamics is a listed company in Hong Kong and pioneer in the manufacturing of Electric Buses and Vans.

Mr. Emilio Cañavate. Mr. Cañavate has been our Director since September 2023. 

Mr. Cañavate joined the Umbrella Group as its Chief Financial Officer in 2017. Before joining Umbrella, he held the position of CFO in the agro-industrial sector from 2010 to 2017. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration and Management from the University of Valencia, which he obtained in 2007, and a Master in Finance, Institutions and Markets from CUNEF, earned in 2009. Additionally, he completed an Executive MBA from EDEM Valencia in 2019.

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Mr. Hector Dominguis. Mr. Dominguis has been our Director since September 2023.

Mr. Dominguis has been the Chief Executive Officer of GD Energy Services (GDES) since May 2012. During the period 2021-23 he held the presidency of the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) and is currently a member of the Steering Committee Member of Valencian Association of Entrepreneur, Vice President of LAB Mediterraneo Foundation, Independent Board member at Grupo Guzman SA. and Independent Board member at Umbrella Solar Investment SA.

Mr. Dominguis received a Materials Engineering degree from Imperial College, London with an MSc in Management from Surrey University, a master’s in business administration from ESADE and was part of the Management Development Programme (PDD) at IESE. Prior to GD Energy Services (GDES), Héctor worked as an Assistant to the Commercial Management at Plexi, SA (Röhm Group) and as a Consultant in Estrategia y Dirección, SL.

In 2010, he was awarded the Valencian Community Innovator of the Year award by the newspaper El Mundo and the Valencian Community and Murcia Region Business Executive of the Year Award by Ernst & Young.

Mr. Daniel Green. Mr. Green has been our Director since September 2023.

Mr. Green is an English businessman since 1994, he is a successful serial entrepreneur, known for conceiving and scaling profitable businesses. Early in his career, he founded the breakthrough retail concept YouMeTV, which sold to BSkyB. It is Daniel’s vision and customer focus which have driven the team’s success with HomeSun’s residential solar programme and then FlowGem, an IoT water leak detector sold to Centrica as part of the Hive proposition. Mr. Green is also a Crown Representative, working through the Cabinet Office to advise the UK Government.

Mr. Green currently holds the position of Chief Executive Officer of Electron Green since July 2022 and Chief Executive Officer of HomeSun since April 2010.

Ms. Mónika Micak. Ms. Micak has been our Director since September 2023.

Ms. Mikac currently holds the CEO position at NAD Capital since March 2022, an investment fund that focuses on a whole circle of electric mobility. Monika is also a Board member of QEV Technologies (since March 2022) where she previously held a CBO position (from March 2018 to March 2022) and member of the board advisors of XEnergy – Empowering Women in Energy Transition (since April 2023).  

Her recent success within QEV was closing of a 17M€ round with the European Investment Bank. Awarded as one of European Automotive Rising stars, she started an automotive career as COO in Rimac Automobili. She helped grow the company from 1 to 350 employees. As 1 of the first 5 employees within the company, Monika covered different scopes: from PR & marketing to financial & administrative. She actively participated in the fundraising process and helped the company to raise more than 50M€ of financing. After her success with Rimac Automobili, Monika started helping other companies develop and grow their businesses. She is an International Advisor in e-bus pioneer company EV Dynamics based in Hong Kong and a Board Advisor in logistics company Hubbig based in Croatia.

Monika holds a bachelor’s degree in political science and is a certified Project Manager. Additionally, she holds a degree in Venture Capital Executive Program from Berkley ExecEd, USA.

No family relationship exists between any of our directors and executive officers. There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any person referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management.

B. Compensation

Executive Compensation

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our officers was approximately €371,364 (approximately $410,803). We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive and non-executive directors and officers.

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Director Compensation

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the aggregate cash compensation and benefits that we paid to our executive directors was approximately €76,175 (approximately $84,266) and we paid €30,231 (approximately $33,442) to our non-executive directors.

We did not pay other compensation to our directors. Except as indicated below and in section E. Share Ownership relating to the shares issued to our directors and executive officers under our 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, none of our directors or executive officers received any equity awards, including, options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the year ended December 31, 2023. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our non-employee directors.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding compensation paid to our directors and senior management for the full fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Name	Officers and Directors	Compensation Received in 2023 (€)		Entitlement under Stock Option Plan		Other Entitlement
Enrique Selva Bellvis	Chairman of the Board		-		-		-
Mariano Soria	Chief Executive Officer, General Manager and Director		76,175		-		-
Alejandro Moragues Navarro	Chief Financial Officer; Chief Accounting Officer		26,469		-		-
Manuel Cercos	Chief Commercial Officer		63,506		-		-
Ruben Sousa	Chief Technology Officer		134,111		-		-
Pablo de la Cuadra	Chief Product Officer		97,572		-		-
Marcos Correal Cagio	Chief Operating Officer		-		-		-
Miguel Valldecabres	Director		-				-
Emilio Cañavate	Director		-		-
Daniel Green	Independent Director; Chair of Compensation Committee		10,077		-		-
Monika Mikac	Independent Director; Chair of Audit Committee		10,077		-		-
Héctor Dominguis	Independent Director; Chair of Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee		10,077		-		-

2023 Equity Incentive Plan

On August 23, 2023, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of our company approved the Turbo Energy, S.A. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for an aggregate of 1,900,000 Ordinary Shares, in the form of incentive share options, non-qualified share options, restricted shares, restricted share units, share appreciation rights, performance share awards and performance compensation awards to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company or any affiliates of the Company.

The purposes of the Plan are to (a) promote the long-term growth and profitability of the Company, and any affiliate to attract and retain the types of employees, consultants and directors who will contribute to the Company’s long-term success; (b) provide incentives that align the interests of employees, consultants and directors with those of the shareholders of the Company; and (c) promote the success of the Company’s business.

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The following is a summarized description of the Plan. Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given to them in the Plan.

Administration of the Plan: The Plan is currently administered by compensation committee of the Board, or the Committee. Among other things, the Committee has the authority to construe and interpret the Plan, to select persons who will receive awards, to determine the types of awards and the number of shares to be covered by awards, and to establish the terms, conditions, performance criteria, restrictions and other provisions of awards.

Participant: Persons eligible to receive awards under the Plan will be those employees, consultants, and directors of the Company and its affiliates who are selected by the Committee. 

Share Options:

General. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee has the authority to determine all grants of share options. That determination will include: (i) the number of shares subject to any option; (ii) the exercise price per share; (iii) the expiration date of the option; (iv) the manner, time and date of permitted exercise; (v) other restrictions, if any, on the option or the shares underlying the option; and (vi) any other terms and conditions as the Committee may determine. No fractional Ordinary Shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan.

Option Price. The exercise price for share options will be determined at the time of grant. The exercise price will not be less than the fair market value on the date of grant. The exercise price for any incentive share option award may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant. A ten percent shareholder shall not be granted an incentive share option unless the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the Ordinary Share at the grant date and the option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the grant date.

Exercise of Options. An option may be exercised only in accordance with the terms and conditions for the option agreement as established by the Committee at the time of the grant. The option must be exercised by notice to the Company, accompanied by payment of the exercise price. Payments may be made in cash or, at the option of the Committee, by actual or constructive delivery of Ordinary Shares to the holder of the option based upon the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise.

Expiration of Options. If not previously exercised, an option will expire on the expiration date established by the Committee at the time of grant. The term of a non-qualified share option granted under the Plan shall be determined by the Committee; provided, however, no non-qualified share option shall be exercisable after the expiration of 10 years from the grant date.Vesting Schedule. Awards shall vest as determined by the Committee.

Incentive and Non-Qualified Options. As described elsewhere in this summary, an incentive share option is an option that is intended to qualify under certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, for more favorable tax treatment than applies to non-qualified share options. Any option that does not qualify as an incentive share option will be a non-qualified share option. Under the Code, certain restrictions apply to incentive share options. For example, the exercise price for incentive share options may not be less than the fair market value of the shares on the grant date and the term of the option may not exceed ten years. In addition, an incentive share option may not be transferred, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and is exercisable during the holder’s lifetime only by the holder. In addition, no incentive share options may be granted to a holder that is first exercisable in a single year if that option, together with all incentive share options previously granted to the holder that also first become exercisable in that year, relate to shares having an aggregate fair market value in excess of $100,000, measured at the grant date.

Restricted Awards: Restricted awards are awards of Ordinary Shares or hypothetical Ordinary Shares units having a value equal to the fair market value of an identical number of Ordinary Shares. Restricted awards are forfeitable and non-transferable until the awards vest. The vesting date or dates and other conditions for vesting are established when the shares are awarded. Restricted shareholders generally have the rights of a shareholder with respect to the shares, including the right to receive dividends, the right to vote the shares of restricted share and, conditioned upon full vesting of shares of restricted share, the right to tender such shares, subject to the conditions and restrictions generally applicable to restricted share or specifically set forth in the recipient’s restricted share agreement. The Committee may determine at the time of award that the payment of dividends, if any, will be deferred until the expiration of the applicable restriction period. Restricted share unit holders will have no voting rights with respect to any restricted share units. Restricted share units may also be granted with a deferral feature, whereby settlement is deferred beyond the vesting date until the occurrence of a future payment date or event set forth in the award agreement. The Committee may provide that the restricted share units will be credited with cash and share dividends paid by the Company in respect of one share of Ordinary Shares, or Dividend Equivalents. Dividend Equivalents will be deferred until the expiration of the applicable restriction period.

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Governing Law. The Plan, all award agreements, the grant and exercise of awards thereunder, and the sale, issuance and delivery of Ordinary Shares thereunder upon exercise of awards are governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof.

Other Material Provisions. Awards will be evidenced by a written agreement, in such form as may be approved by the Committee. In the event of various changes to Company capitalization, such as stock splits, stock dividends and similar re-capitalizations, an appropriate adjustment will be made by the Committee to the number of shares covered by outstanding awards or to the exercise price of such awards. The Committee is also permitted to include in the written agreement provisions that provide for certain changes in the award in the event of a change of control of the Company, including acceleration of vesting. Except as otherwise determined by the Committee at the date of grant, awards will not be transferable, other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. The Committee also has the authority to alter or amend the Plan or any outstanding award or may terminate the Plan as to further grants, provided that no amendment will, to the extent that such approval is required by law or the rules of an applicable exchange, increase the number of shares available under the Plan, change the persons eligible for awards under the Plan, extend the time within which awards may be made, or amend the provisions of the Plan related to amendments. The Plan will terminate automatically on August 23, 2033. No amendment that would adversely affect any outstanding award made under the Plan can be made without the consent of the holder of such award.

As of the date of this report, a total of 1,806,620 Restricted Share Units (as defined in the Plan), which can be converted into 361,324 American Depositary Shares of the Company, representing 1,806,620 Ordinary Shares of the Company, were granted to certain officers, directors, and employees of the Company. On April 5, 2024, both the compensation committee and the board of directors of the Company approved the grant of such Restricted Share Units.

C. Board Practices

Board Composition and Committees

The Nasdaq Marketplace Rules generally require that a majority of an issuer’s board of directors must consist of independent directors. Our board of directors consists of seven (7) directors, three of whom are independent directors. Each director will serve for a one-year term until the election and qualification of successor directors at the annual meeting of shareholders, or until the director’s earlier resignation or removal.

A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of our company to raise or borrow money, and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds or other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third-party.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered.

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Director Independence

Subject to an exemption available to a “controlled company,” the Nasdaq Listing Rules (the “Listing Rules”), require that a majority of a listed company’s board of directors be composed of “independent directors,” as defined in those rules, and that such independent directors exercise oversight responsibilities with respect to director nominations and executive compensation. We currently qualify as a “controlled company” and are able to rely on the controlled company exemption from these provisions. The Listing Rules define a “controlled company” as “a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, a group or another company.” Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis, our Chairman of the Board, beneficially owns our ordinary shares representing more than 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares. Therefore, as a “controlled company,” we are not required to have a majority of independent directors on our board of directors, an entirely independent nominating and corporate governance committee, or an entirely independent compensation committee. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of these corporate governance requirements.

If we cease to be a controlled company, we will be required to comply with Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements applicable to listed companies generally, subject to a phase-in period during the first year after we cease to be a controlled company. See “Risk Factors—We qualify as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we may be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders” for additional information. Even though we expect to be a controlled company for purposes of the Listing Rules, we will have to comply with the requirements of those rules relating to the membership, qualifications and operations of the audit committee of the board of directors, including the requirement that, within the first year after the closing of our initial public offering, the audit committee be composed of at least three directors who meet the independence requirements under the rules for membership on that committee.

Board Committees

We established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee of our board of directors. We have adopted the audit committee charter, compensation committee charter and nominating and corporate governance committee charter. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of three directors, namely, Monika Mikac, Daniel Green and Héctor Dominguis, each of whom satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Monika Mikac serves as the chairperson of our audit committee. The board of directors has also determined that her experience in accounting and financial matters qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

● appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

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● reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

● reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

● reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

● meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of two directors, namely, Daniel Green, and Emilio Cañavate, Daniel Green satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Because we are a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our compensation committee is not required to be fully independent, although if such rules change in the future or we no longer meet the definition of a controlled company under the current rules, we will adjust the composition of the compensation committee accordingly in order to comply with such rules. Daniel Green is the chairperson of our compensation committee. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

● reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

● reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and

● selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of two directors, namely, Héctor Dominguis and Miguel Valldecabres, Héctor Dominguis satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 5605 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Because we are a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our nominating and corporate governance committee is not required to be fully independent, although if such rules change in the future or we no longer meet the definition of a controlled company under the current rules, we will adjust the composition of the nominating and corporate governance committee accordingly in order to comply with such rules. Héctor Dominguis is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

● selecting and recommending to the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

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● reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

● making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

● advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

D. Employees

As of the date of this report, we have 38 workers to carry out commercial, logistical, administrative, purchasing and product development work. The table below sets forth the number of employees by function. They have an average age of 30 years and 53% have a university degree. Our parent company, Umbrella Solar, provides fiscal, legal and strategic support in exchange for a fee. We also have external consultants who are experts in electrical engineering, computer science and digitization.

Department/Function	Employees
Management		4
Commercial		9
Logistics		2
Administrative		3
Purchasing		2
Product Development		18
TOTALS		38

We go to great length to ensure that we have a healthy work environment, and we believe that we have excellent relationships with our employees. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to beneficial ownership of our share capital as of the date of this report by:

● Each of our directors and named executive officers;

● All directors and named executive officers as a group; and

● Each person who is known by us to beneficially own 5% or more of each class of our voting securities.

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	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned
Directors and Executive Officers:	Number(1)		Percent of Class(2)
Enrique Selva Bellvis, Chairman of the Board(3)		39,231,846		71.22	%
Alejandro Moragues Navarro, Chief Financial Officer; Chief Accounting Officer		0		0	%
Mariano Soria, Chief Executive Officer; General Manager and Director		0		0	%
Manuel Cercos, Chief Commercial Officer(4)		400,686		*
Ruben Sousa, Chief Technology Officer		0		0	%
Pablo de la Cuadra, Chief Product Officer		0		0	%
Marcos Correal Cagio, Chief Operating Officer		0		0	%
Miguel Valldecabres, Director		0		0	%
Emilio Cañavate, Director(5)		400,686		*
Daniel Green, Independent Director		0		0	%
Monika Mikac, Independent Director		0		0	%
Héctor Dominguis, Independent Director		0		0	%
All directors and executive officers as a group (12 persons)		40,033,218		72.67	%
Other Principal Shareholders:
Umbrella Solar Investment S.A.(6)		50,085,700		90.9	%

* Less than 1%.

(1) Beneficial Ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Except as noted below, each of the beneficial owners listed above has direct ownership of and sole voting power and investment power with respect to the ordinary shares. For each beneficial owner above, any options exercisable within 60 days have been included in the denominator.

(2) Based on 55,085,700 ordinary shares outstanding pursuant to SEC Rule 13d-3(d)(1) as of the date of this annual report.

(3) Consists of 11,624,891 ordinary shares Mr. Enrique Selva Bellvis owns through his 23.21% ownership of Umbrella Solar, 27,441,955 ordinary shares Mr. Bellvis owns through his 54% ownership of Crocodile Investment and 33,000 American Depositary Shares.  Mr. Bellvis is the sole administrator of Crocodile Investment, and he owns 100% shares of the company, as such, Mr. Bellvis has the voting and dispositive power of the securities held by Crocodile Investment. Crocodile Investment’s business address is Plaza América, 2, 4B, 46004, Valencia, Spain. Umbrella Solar is a public company listed in Spain on BME GROWTH. Mr. Bellvis serves as the Chief Executive Officer at Umbrella Solar. Umbrella Solar’s business address is Plaza América, 2, 4B, 46004, Valencia, Spain.  

(4) Consists of 400,686 ordinary shares Mr. Manuel Cercos owns through his 0.8% ownership of Umbrella Solar. Mr. Cercos received those shares as compensation for his services during the IPO process Umbrella Solar completed in July 2022. Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A is a public company listed on BME GROWTH. Umbrella Solar’s business address is Plaza América, 2, 4B, 46004, Valencia, Spain.

(5) Consists of 400,686 ordinary shares Mr. Emilio Cañavate owns through his 0.8% ownership of Umbrella Solar. Mr. Cañavate received those shares as compensation for his services during the IPO process Umbrella Solar completed in July 2022. Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A is a public company listed on BME GROWTH. Mr. Cañavate serves as the Group Chief Financial Officer at Umbrella Solar. Umbrella Solar’s business address is Plaza América, 2, 4B, 46004, Valencia, Spain.

(6) Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. is a corporation formed under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. It is a public company listed on BME GROWTH. Crocodile Investment and Enrique Selva Bellvís are the majority shareholders of the issued and outstanding shares of Umbrella Solar. Enrique Selva Bellvis personally owns 23.21% of Umbrella Solar, while Crocodile Investment owns 54% of Umbrella Solar. Mr. Bellvis is the sole owner of Crocodile Investment, holding 100% of its shares. Umbrella Solar’s business address is Plaza América, 2, 4B, 46004, Valencia, Spain.

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None of the outstanding ordinary shares are held in the United States. None of the major shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to Item 6 “Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions

In addition to the compensation arrangements discussed under “Executive Compensation” above, the following includes a description of those transactions with related parties to which we are a party and which we are required to disclose pursuant to the disclosure rules of the SEC. Specifically, the following includes summaries of transactions or agreements, during our last two fiscal years, to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded $120,000, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock, affiliates of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other similar arrangements, which are described under “Executive Compensation” and “Principal Shareholders.”

Transactions with Related Parties  

Our related party transactions during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 include sales of products or services made to or purchases of products or services from affiliated group companies that are under common control and to associates of such group companies. These transactions include income accrued from the commercial activities of our company. The purchases relate to merchandise that we sell in its normal course of commercial operations.

Umbrella Solar, as the holding company of the group, assumes all structural costs such as those related to the financial team, executives, human resources, licenses, legal, tax, labor, marketing, and other generic structural costs. A margin of 15% is applied to these costs and the resulting amount is distributed to the four most significant companies in the group based on their estimated revenue in the monthly management fees.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred management fees to Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A, of €995,435 (approximately $1,101,150), €547,912 and €226,222, respectively.

No compensation has been paid to the executives under Crocodile Investment SLU. The company expects to continue with the same allocation structure in the future.

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The Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	175,771	€	175,771
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivables		-		-		1,422,952		1,422,952
Total	€	-	€	-	€	1,601,273	€	1,601,273

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending to pay	€	-	€	(3,800,000	)	€	-		€	(3,800,000	)
Credits pending collection		-		72,444			(784	)		71,660
Trade payable		-		(119,610	)		-			(119,610	)
Total	€	-	€	(3,847,166	)	€	(784	)	€	(3,847,950	)

Amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand, except for the loan agreement from Umbrella Solar of €3,800,000. This loan was formalized and signed on June 30 for a period of 5 years, with a market interest rate of 6.25% per year, payable bi-annually.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, a total amount of €118,750 has been paid for interest.

The Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	21,693	€	21,693
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivable		264		-		115,757		116,021
Total	€	264	€	-	€	140,000	€	140,264

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-		€	(85	)	€	(85	)
Trade payable to related party		-		(237,201	)		-			(237,201	)
Total	€	-	€	(237,201	)	€	(85	)	€	(237,285	)

Amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

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Amounts due from (to) as of December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group		Other related
	partner		partner		companies		parties		Total
Loan receivable from related party	€	-	€	-	€	-	€	22,076	€	22,076
Trade receivable from related party		-		-		15,408		-		15,408
Total	€	-	€	-	€	15,408	€	22,076	€	37,484

As of December 31, 2021, the amounts due from related parties were €22,076 for a loan due from a minority shareholder of our company which was subsequently repaid in May 2022.

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate			Senior			Other group			Other related
	partner			partner			companies			parties		Total
Debts with group companies and associates -
Dividend payable	€	-		€	(72,002	)	€	-		€	-	€	(72,002	)
Tax payable		(32,657	)		-			-			-		(32,657	)
Trade payable to related party					(147,712	)							(147,712	)
Others
Trade payable to related party		-						(289,532	)		-		(289,532	)
Others		-			-			(22	)		-		(22	)
Total	€	(32,657	)	€	(219,714	)	€	(289,554	)	€	-	€	(541,925	)

Amounts due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2023, were summarized as follows:

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	2,418		€	1,349,710		€	1,380,547
*Services received		(1,005,434	)		-			(1,005,434	)
Purchases		-			(1,201,244	)		(1,201,244	)
Total	€	(1,003,016	)	€	148,466		€	(826,131	)

Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2022 were summarized as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2022

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	-		€	836,804		€	836,804
Services received		(547,912	)		-			(547,912	)
Purchases		-			(30,696	)		(30,696	)
	€	(547,912	)	€	806,108		€	258,197

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Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2021 were summarized as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2021

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	242		€	149,161		€	149,403
Services received		(226,222	)		(17,994	)		(244,216	)
Purchases		-			(1,224,811	)		(1,224,811	)
	€	(225,980	)	€	(1,093,644	)	€	(1,319,624	)

These transactions have been measured at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the related parties.

Except as set forth above, there has not been, nor is there currently proposed, any transaction in which the Company or its subsidiary are or were a participant and the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the total assets as of December 31, 2023, and in which any of our directors, executive officers, holders of more than 5% of our ordinary shares or any immediate family member of any of the foregoing had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation arrangements, which include equity and other compensation, termination, change in control, consulting and other arrangements, which are described under “Executive Compensation” above.

Review, Approval and Ratification of Related Party Transactions

We have adopted formal policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of transactions, such as those described above, with our executive officer(s), director(s) and significant shareholders.

Employment and Indemnification Agreements

See “Management—Employment and Indemnification Agreements.”

Compensation of Directors and Officers

See “Management—Compensation of Directors and Officers.”

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Financial Statements

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. See Item 18 “Financial Statements.”

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Legal Proceedings 

On September 30, 2020, SOLARBOX SOLAR SOLUTIONS S.L. filed a complaint against Turbo Energy with Commercial Court 1 of Valencia, requesting, among other things, (i) a cease and desist from using the Spanish trademark “SOLARBOX” and removing any incorporation of the distinctive sign from trade, signs, or any other means, and (ii) compensation for material damage. On July 22, 2022, the Commercial Court 1 of Valencia ordered Turbo Energy to (i) cease and desist from using the trademark “SOLARBOX” and to remove the incorporation of the distinctive sign from trade, signs, or any other means, (ii) pay compensation for material damage of a fixed amount not less than EUR 600 for each day that the infringement continues, and (iii) cover the costs of the proceedings. On October 11, 2022, Turbo Energy provided proof of ceasing the use of the trademark “SOLARBOX” and complying with the judgment. On June 5, 2023, the plaintiff presented written consent of Turbo Energy’s compliance with the judgment and claimed the costs of the proceedings. The assessment of the costs of the proceedings is currently pending the judge’s decision.

We may be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. Except as disclosed above, we are currently not party to any material legal or arbitration proceedings, including those relating to bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings and those involving any third party, which may have, or have had in the recent past, significant effects on our financial position or profitability.

Dividend Policy

In all the history of the company, we only have declared and paid cash dividends on our ordinary shares out of the profit for the year ended December 31, 2021, for a total amount of 513,336 euros. We may also enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. See also “Risk Factors—We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.”

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, no significant change has occurred since the date of our consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

Our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since September 2023. Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB.”

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.  

C. Markets

See our disclosures above under “A. Offer and Listing Details.”

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D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Bylaws

The following summary provides information concerning the share capital of the Company and briefly describes certain significant provisions of the Amended Bylaws, as filed on August 28, 2023, and other internal regulation of the Company, as well as Spanish corporate law, including the Spanish Companies Act, Law 22/2014, “Royal Decree-Law 5/2023, of June on structural modifications of Commercial Companies,” the Securities Market Act and Royal Decree 878/2015, dated October 2, 2015, on clearing, settlement and registry of negotiable securities in book-entry form (anotaciones en cuenta), and transparency requirements for issuers of securities admitted to trading on an official secondary market (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2010, de 2 de julio, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital) in accordance with section 3, paragraphs a and b, of Article 495, the following special provisions shall apply to public limited companies whose shares are admitted to trading on a comparable regulated market in a third country (i.e., NASDAQ) and are not admitted to trading on a Spanish market:

“a) These provisions shall be deemed to be complied with by equivalence where the company complies with functionally analogous rules or requirements for listed companies under the law of the foreign market and those which are incompatible with the requirements laid down in the law of the foreign market for admission to trading and maintenance of listing shall be inapplicable.” and,

“b) The forms of communication and publicity shall comply with the provisions of the law of the foreign market. Information on the degree of compliance with corporate governance recommendations shall be formulated by reference to the codes or standards applicable in the foreign market.”.

This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Amended Bylaws and other internal regulations as well as the Spanish Companies Act, Law 22/2014 and other applicable laws and regulations.

Copies of the Amended Bylaws, together with their corresponding English translation, are available for information purposes at the principal headquarters of the Company and on the Company’s website (https://www.turbo-e.com/language/en/) and are filed as exhibits to this report.

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General

The Company is a public limited liability company (sociedad anónima., S.A.) registered with the Commercial Registry of Valencia (Registro Mercantil de Valencia), under volume 9686, sheet 44, page V-155858 and 1^st inscription and holder of Spanish tax identification number A9856919, incorporated under the laws of Spain for an unlimited term pursuant to a notarized public deed of incorporation granted before the public notary Mr. José Alicarte Domingo, under number 2287 of his protocol on having its registered address at Calle Isabel la Católiza 8, Oficinas 50-51, C.P 46004, Valencia (Spain) and with phone number +34 960 45 00 26 . The Company’s legal name is “Turbo Energy S.A. and its commercial name is Turbo Energy. The financial year end of the Company is December 31. The Company’s corporate purpose is as follows:

● CNAE of its main activity 2712: Manufacture of electrical distribution and control device):

a) The design and manufacture of electrical material and equipment.

b) The purchase, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures among others.

At the date of this report, the issued share capital of the Company amounts to €2,754,285 divided into a single series of 55,085,700 registered shares in book-entry form, with a nominal value of €0.05 each and with ISIN code ES0105706008 allocated by the Spanish National Agency for the Codification of Securities (Agencia Nacional de Codificación de Valores Mobiliarios), an entity dependent upon the CNMV.

On June 26, 2023, our sole shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A., approved decisions to increase the Company’s authorized share capital by a maximum amount of twenty million seven hundred thousand euros (20,700,000 €) through issuing and circulating a maximum of 9,000,000 new shares with a par value of €0.05 each and an issue premium of €2.25 per share. These new shares belong to the same class and series as those currently in circulation and are subscribed through monetary contributions. Our increase in authorized share capital will not take effect upon the pricing of the offering.

The newly issued shares are issued at an issue rate (par value plus a share premium) on the following terms. In any case, the par value of the new shares will be the same as the current par value, i.e. 0.05 Euro cents per share. The Increase Shares are issued with an issue premium of two euros and twenty-five cents (€2.25) per share issued. As a result, the total amount of the Capital Increase (nominal amount plus share premium) in the event of full subscription amounts to twenty million seven hundred thousand euros (20,700,000 €).

On September 14, 2023, our sole shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A., approved decisions to amend the prior sole shareholder decisions dated June 26, 2023 in order to further increase the Company’s authorized share capital up to and by a maximum amount of twenty-two million seven hundred and fifty thousand euros (22,750,000 €) through issuing and circulating a maximum of 25,000,000 new shares with a par value of €0.05 each and an issue premium of €0.86 per share. These new shares belong to the same class and series as those currently in circulation and are subscribed through monetary contributions. Our increase in authorized share capital took effect upon the pricing of the offering.

The newly issued shares are issued at an issue rate (par value plus a share premium) on the following terms. In any case, the par value of the new shares will be the same as the current par value, i.e. 0.05 Euro cents per share. The Increase Shares are issued with an issue premium of eighty-six cents of Euro (€0.86) per share issued. As a result, the total amount of the Capital Increase (nominal amount plus share premium) in the event of full subscription amounts to twenty-two million seven hundred and fifty thousand euros (22,750,000 €).  

Upon the pricing of the Offering took place to facilitate the delivery of the ADSs representing the New Shares, the following aspects were completed or executed for the increase in authorized share capital to take effect: (i) the execution of the notarial deed of capital increase relating to the Capital Increase before a notary public, which is pending; (ii) the submission of the necessary tax returns and payment exemption for the capital tax (“Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurldicos Documentados, en su modalidad de Operaciones Societarias) triggered by the Offering, which is pending; (iii) the registration of the notarial deed of capital increase of the Issuer at the Commercial Registry of Valencia, which is pending; (iv) the creation of the New Shares by the Sociedad de Gestión de los Sistemas de Registro, Compensación y Liquidación de Valores (Iberclear), which is pending; (v) the delivery of the New Shares to the Custodian of the Transaction in Spain for the blocking of the New Shares, and (vi) any other applicable requirements in connection with listing on the Nasdaq.  

At the moment of its incorporation, the Ordinary Shares which represented the Company’s share capital were fully subscribed and paid up. As of the date of this report, all of the Ordinary Shares are fully subscribed and paid up.

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The Ordinary Shares are represented by book-entries and the entity responsible for maintaining the corresponding accounting records is Iberclear, with registered address at Plaza de la Lealtad 1, 28014 Madrid, Spain. As of the date of this report, the Company does not own any treasury shares (autocartera).

Dividend and Liquidation

Rights Holders of the Ordinary Shares through the ADSs have the right to participate in distributions of the profits and proceeds from liquidation, proportionally to their stake in the share capital. However, there is no right to receive a minimum dividend. Payment of dividends is proposed by the Board of Directors and must be authorized or ratified, as the case may be, by the shareholders at a General Shareholders’ Meeting.

The Board of Directors (as well as the General Shareholders’ Meeting) may distribute amounts on account of the dividends provided that the following conditions are met: (i) there is sufficient liquidity for the distribution; and (ii) the amount to be distributed will not exceed the profit obtained during the current financial year after deducting losses of preceding years, amounts to be contributed to legal or statutory reserves and estimated taxes to be paid on such profits. Shareholders participate in such dividends from the date agreed by the General Shareholders’ Meeting.

The Spanish Companies Act requires that each company allocates at least 10% of its net income each year to a legal reserve until the balance of such reserve is equivalent to at least 20% of such issued share capital. A legal reserve is not available for distribution to its shareholders except upon liquidation. As of the date of this report, the Company’s legal reserve had not reached the legally-established minimum. According to the Spanish Companies Act, dividends may only be paid out of profits or distributable reserves (after the compulsory allocation to mandatory reserves, including the legal reserve, in as much as the latter does not exceed 20% of its issued share capital, and only if the value of the net worth is not, and as a result of distribution will not be, less than the share capital). In addition, no profits may be distributed unless the amount of distributable reserves is at least equal to the amount of the research and development expenses recorded as an asset on the balance sheet. In accordance with Article 947 of the Spanish Commercial Code, the right to a dividend lapses and reverts to the Company if it is not claimed within five years after it becomes payable. Upon liquidation of the Company, shareholders would be entitled to receive proportionately any assets remaining after the payment of the Company’s debts, taxes and expenses of the liquidation.

The Company is not aware of any restriction on the collection of dividends by non-resident shareholders. All holders will receive dividends through and its member entities, without prejudice to potential withholdings on account of the Non Resident Income Tax that may apply. See section “Taxation”.

The ability of the Company to distribute dividends in the near future will depend on a number of factors, including (but not limited to) the amount of its distributable profits and reserves and its investment plans, earnings, level of profitability, cash flow generation, restrictions on payment of dividends under all applicable laws (see details set out in section “Dividend policy”).

Shareholders’ meetings and voting rights

Pursuant to the Amended Bylaws, rules of the General Shareholders’ Meeting of the Company and the Spanish Companies Act, ordinary annual General Shareholders’ Meeting are held during the first six months of each financial year on a date fixed by the Board of Directors. Extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting may be called by the Board of Directors whenever it deems appropriate, or at the request of shareholders representing at least 3% of the Company’s share capital.

Following Admission, notices of all General Shareholders’ Meeting will be published on the corporate website of the Company, at least one month prior to the date when the meeting is to be held, except as discussed in the following paragraph. Exceptionally, under the Spanish Companies Act, when the Company provides all shareholders with an electronic vote, an extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting may be called 15 days before the date on which the meeting is to be held.

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Action is taken at ordinary General Shareholders’ Meetings on the following matters: (i) the approval of the management carried out by the directors during the previous year; (ii) the approval of the financial statements from the previous financial year; and (iii) the application of the previous financial year’s income or loss. All other matters can be considered at either an extraordinary or ordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting if the matter is within the authority of the meeting and is included on the agenda (with certain exceptional items which do not need to be included on the agenda to be validly passed, such as the dismissal of a Director or the decision to bring the liability action against the Company’s directors). Liability actions against the directors shall be brought by the Company pursuant to a General Shareholders’ Meeting decision, which may be adopted at the request of any shareholder even where not included on the agenda. 

The Amended Bylaws cannot require qualified majority for the adoption of such resolution. The decision to bring an action or reach a settlement shall entail the removal of the relevant directors. The approval of the financial statements shall not preclude action for liability nor constitute a waiver of the action agreed or brought. According to the Spanish Companies Act —and in addition to the matters referred to in the previous paragraphs and any other matters as provided by law, the Company’s Amended Bylaws or the General Shareholders’ Meeting Regulations— the following matters among others fall within the authority of the General Shareholders’ Meetings: (a) appointment and removal of directors, as well as the ratification of directors designated through a co-option procedure; (b) appointment and removal of accounts auditors and, if applicable, of the liquidators; (c) approval of the financial statements of the previous year, of the allocation of results and of the corporate management; (d) any increase or decrease in the capital stock, including a delegation to the Board of Directors of the power to increase the capital stock; (e) elimination or limitation of preferential subscription rights; (f) authorization for the derivative acquisition of own shares; (g) approval and amendment of the General Shareholders’ Meeting Regulations; (h) amendments of the Bylaws; (i) approval of the policy on directors’ remunerations, in accordance with the terms set out in the Spanish Companies Act; (j) approval of the Company’s Directors remuneration systems, in the form of shares or rights over shares or linked to the value of the shares; (k) granting the Directors the exemptions regarding the prohibitions deriving from the duty of loyalty, when the granting of said exemptions lies with the general meeting, as well as the exemption regarding non-compete obligation duties; (l) a merger, spin-off, transformation, dissolution and global assignment of the Company’s assets and liabilities; (m) a transfer of the Company’s registered address abroad; (n) transformation of the Company into a holding company, through “subsidiarization”, the incorporation or transfer into dependent companies of essential activities developed by the Company itself until then, even if the latter remains as the full legal owner thereof. An activity is presumed to be essential when the relevant amount of the transaction exceeds 25% of the total assets in the balance sheet; (o) the acquisition, disposal or contribution of essential assets to another company. An asset is presumed to be essential when the relevant amount of the transaction exceeds 25% of the value of the total assets according to the last balance sheet approved; (p) the winding up of the Company; (q) operations with an effect equivalent to the Company’s liquidation and the approval of the liquidation balance sheet; (r) approval of the termination or amendment of the Investment Management Agreement; and (s) approval of the termination or amendment of Investment Strategy.

Also, the General Shareholders’ Meetings shall vote separately on substantially independent matters. Even if included in the same item on the agenda, the following shall be voted separately: (i) the appointment, re-election, ratification or separation of directors; (ii) the advisory vote on the annual report on directors’ remuneration; and (iii) in resolutions to amend the bylaws, each substantially independent article or group of articles.

Each share represented by an ADR entitles the holder five votes as per the conversion ratio of five shares per ADR and there is no limit as to the maximum number of voting rights that may be held by each shareholder or by companies of the same group. Any shareholder regardless of the number of shares it owns may, in the manner provided in the notice for such meeting, vote at the General Shareholders’ Meeting. In order to exercise their right of attendance, all shareholders must have their shares duly registered in the book-entry records maintained by Citibank on which a General Shareholders’ Meeting is scheduled. Any shareholder holding Ordinary Shares via ADRs will have the right to attend a General Shareholders’ Meeting. All shareholders may be represented by a proxy. Proxies must be granted in writing or in electronic form acceptable under the internal regulations of the Company and are valid for a single General Shareholders’ Meeting, except if given in favour of the shareholder’s spouse (or person who has an equivalent link according to the applicable laws), ascendants or descendants, or in favor of a third party authorized pursuant to a public deed to manage the assets of the relevant shareholder, in which case it will be valid for all shareholders’ meeting. Proxies may be given to any person, whether or not a shareholder, and may be revoked, either expressly or by attendance by the relevant shareholder at the meeting. Proxy holders are required to disclose any conflict of interest prior to their appointment.

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In case a conflict of interest arises after the proxy holder’s appointment, such conflict of interest shall be immediately disclosed to the relevant shareholder. In both cases, the proxy holder shall not exercise the shareholder’s rights unless the latter has given specific voting instructions for each resolution in respect of which the proxy holder is to vote on behalf of the shareholder. A conflict of interest in this context may in particular arise where the proxy holder: (i) is a controlling shareholder of the Company, or is another entity controlled by such shareholder; (ii) is a member of the administrative, management or supervisory bodies of the Company, or of a controlling shareholder or another entity controlled by such shareholder; (iii) is an employee or auditor, of the Company, or of a controlling shareholder or another entity controlled by such Shareholder; or (iv) is a natural person related to those mentioned in (i) to (iii) above (persona física vinculada), as this concept is defined under the Spanish Companies Act (such as spouse or similar, at the time or within the two preceding years, as well as ascendants, descendants, siblings and their respective spouses).

A person acting as a proxy holder may hold a proxy from more than one shareholder without limitation as to the number of shareholders so represented. Where a proxy holder holds proxies from several shareholders, he/she will be able to cast votes for a shareholder differently from votes cast for another Shareholder.

On August 28, 2023, in order to comply with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c) to reflect that the Company’s bylaws provide for a quorum of at least 33 1/3 percent of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common voting stock, the Company amended its bylaws to the extent as described in this paragraph. The Amended Bylaws of the Company provide that, on the first call of an ordinary or extraordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting, the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 40% of its voting capital will constitute a quorum. If on the first call a quorum is not present, the meeting can be reconvened by a second call, which shall be validly constituted when the shareholders present or represented by proxy hold at least 33.33% of the voting capital. Resolutions are passed by simple majority of the votes cast, which implies having more votes in favour than against. However, according to the Spanish Companies Act, resolutions in a General Shareholders’ Meeting to modify the bylaws of the Company (including increases and reductions of share capital), to issue bonds and, where competence is not legally attributed to any other of the Company’s corporate bodies, to suppress or limit on the pre-emptive right over new shares, to approve transformations, mergers, spin-offs, global assignments of assets and liabilities or the transfer of the registered address of the Company abroad, require the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 50% of the voting capital of the Company on first call, and the presence in person or by proxy of shareholders representing at least 33.33% of the voting capital of the Company on second call.

On first call, resolutions shall be adopted by absolute majority. On second call, and in the event that less than 50% of the voting capital of the Company is represented in person or by proxy, such resolutions may only be passed upon the vote of shareholders representing two-thirds of the Company’s capital present or represented at such meeting.

The interval between the first and the second call for a General Shareholders’ Meeting must be at least 24 hours. Voting on the resolutions included in the agenda of a General Shareholders’ Meeting may be exercised by Shareholders by post or electronic means received by the Company prior to the General Shareholders’ Meeting, and provided that the identity of the Shareholder who exercises his right to vote is duly verified and the formalities determined by the Board of Directors through resolution and subsequent notification in the call announcement of the General Shareholders’ Meeting are complied with. In such resolution, the Board of Directors will define the applicable conditions to the voting via electronic means in order to ensure the proper identification of the shareholder or its representative.

Under the Spanish Companies Act, shareholders who voluntarily aggregate their shares so that the share capital so aggregated is equal to or greater than the result of dividing the total share capital by the number of directors have the right, provided there are vacancies on the Board of Directors, to appoint a corresponding proportion of the members of the Board of Directors (disregarding the fractions). Shareholders who exercise this right may not vote on the appointment of other directors.

A resolution passed in a General Shareholders’ Meeting is binding on all shareholders, although a resolution which is (i) contrary to Spanish law or the Bylaws of the Company, or (ii) prejudicial to the interest of the Company and is beneficial to one or more shareholders or third parties, may be contested within the period of a year following the passing of the contested resolution (except resolutions that are contrary to public order in respect of which such right does not lapse). Damage to company’s interest is also caused when the resolution, without causing damage to corporate assets, is imposed in an abusive manner by the majority. An agreement is understood to have been imposed in an abusive manner when, rather than responding reasonably to a corporate need, the majority adopts the resolution in their own interests and to the unjustifiable detriment of the other shareholders. In the case of listed companies, the required fraction of the Company’s share capital needed to be able to contest is 1/1000. The right to contest would apply to shareholders who held such status at the time when the resolution was adopted (provided they hold at least 0.1% of the share capital), directors and interested third parties. In the event of resolutions contrary to public order, the right to contest would apply to any shareholders (even if they acquired such condition after the resolution was taken), and any director or third party. In certain circumstances (such as change or significant amendment of the corporate purpose, transformation or transfer of registered address abroad), the Spanish Companies Act gives dissenting or absent shareholders (including non-voting shareholders) the right to withdraw from the company. If this right were exercised, the company would be obliged to purchase the relevant shares at the average market price of the shares in the last quarter in accordance with the procedures established under the Spanish Companies Act.

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Shareholder information rights

Until the seventh day before the General Shareholders’ Meeting is due to be held, shareholders may request in writing from the Directors, any information or clarification they deem necessary regarding the items to be discussed at the relevant General Shareholders’ Meeting as per the agenda. The Directors must provide the requested information in writing by the day of the General Shareholders’ Meeting. During the General Shareholders’ Meeting, shareholders may verbally request any information or clarification they deem necessary in relation to the items included on the agenda. If it were not possible to provide the requested information during the meeting itself, the Directors must provide the requested information in writing within seven days of the celebration of the General Shareholders’ Meeting. The Directors will not be obliged to provide the requested information if it was deemed unnecessary for the recognition of the requesting shareholder’s rights or if there were objective reasons to consider that the information was going to be used in detriment of the interests of the Company or that providing the requested information may harm the Company; provided that, the requested information may not be withheld when the request is upheld by shareholders representing at least 25% of the share capital. 

Pre-emptive rights and increases of share capital

Pursuant to the Spanish Companies Act, shareholders have pre-emptive rights to subscribe for any new shares issued by the Company via monetary contributions and for any new bonds convertible into shares. Such pre-emptive rights may be waived under special circumstances by a resolution passed at a General Shareholders’ Meeting or the Board of Directors (when the Company is listed and the General Shareholders’ Meeting delegates to the Board of Directors the right to increase the share capital or issue convertible bonds and waive pre-emptive rights), in accordance with Articles 308, 417, 504, 505, 506 and 511 of the Spanish Companies Act.

As of the date hereof, the Company has no convertible or exchangeable bonds outstanding and have not issued any warrants over its shares, except the Representative warrants described in this report. Also, shareholders have the right of free allotment recognized in the Spanish Companies Act in the event of capital increase against reserves.

Furthermore, the preemptive rights, in any event, will not be available in an increase in share capital to meet the requirements of a convertible bond issue, a merger in which Ordinary Shares are issued as consideration or where the contribution to be made is in kind. The rights are transferable, may be traded on the ADRs to be updated and may be of value to existing shareholders because new Ordinary Shares may be offered for subscription at prices lower than prevailing market prices.

As of the date of this report, the Board of Directors has been authorized by the Company’s sole shareholder to issue new Ordinary Shares of up to 50% of the Company’s share capital immediately following the initial public offering.

The Board of Directors is also authorized to exclude preemptive rights in connection with up to 20% of the total number of new Ordinary Shares that may be issued pursuant to the aforementioned authorization, provided that such exclusion is in the Company’s corporate interest. In addition, the Board of Directors has been authorized by its shareholders for a term of five years to issue bonds that are convertible into the Ordinary Shares or which grant bondholders the right to be attributed part of the Company’s earnings.

Shareholder actions

Under the Spanish Companies Act Directors are liable to the Company, the shareholders and the creditors for acts or omissions that are illegal or violate the Bylaws and for failure to carry out their legal duties with diligence. Under Spanish law, shareholders must generally bring actions against the Directors as well as any other actions against the Company or challenging corporate resolutions before the courts of the judicial district of the Company’s registered address (currently Valencia (Spain)).

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When in violation of the law or of the Bylaws, directors are presumed to have acted negligently, but this presumption can be rebutted. Directors have such liability even if the transaction in connection with which the acts or omissions occurred is approved or ratified by the shareholders. The liability of the directors is joint and several, except to the extent any director can demonstrate that he or she did not participate in decision-making relating to the transaction at issue, was unaware of its existence or, being aware of it, did all that was possible to mitigate any damages or expressly disagreed with the decision making relating to the transaction.

Registration and Transfers

The shares are in registered book-entry form and are indivisible. Joint holders of one share must designate a single person to exercise their shareholders’ rights, but they are jointly and severally (solidariamente) liable to the Company for all the obligations arising from their status as shareholders. ADRs structure Iberclear, which manages the Spanish clearance and settlement system of the Spanish Stock Exchanges, maintains the central registry reflecting the number of shares held by each of its member entities (entidades participantes). Each member entity, in turn, maintains a registry of the owners of such shares. Since the shares of the Company are in registered book-entry form, an electronic shareholder registry will be kept to which effect Iberclear shall report to the Company all transactions entered into by its shareholders in respect of its shares.

The shares are transferable in accordance with the Spanish Companies Act, the Securities Market and Investment Serives Act, Law 6/2023, SEC rules, and any implementing regulation.

ADRs as a general rule, transfers of shares quoted on the Spanish Stock Exchanges must be made through or with the participation of a member of a Stock Exchange. Brokerage firms, or dealer firms, Spanish credit entities, investment services entities authorized in other Member States and investment services entities authorized by their relevant authorities and in compliance with the Spanish regulations are eligible to be members of the Spanish Stock Exchanges. Transfer of shares quoted on the Spanish Stock Exchanges may be subject to certain fees and expenses.

Restrictions on foreign investment

Exchange controls and foreign investments were, with certain exceptions, completely liberalized by Royal Decree 571/2023 of July 4 (Real Decreto 571/2023) that came into force as of September 1 2023 revoking priorRoyal Decree 664/1999, of April 23 (Real Decreto 664/1999, de 23 de abril), which was approved in conjunction with Law 18/1992, of July 1 (the “Spanish Foreign Investment Law”), bringing the existing legal framework on foreign investments in line with the provisions of the Treaty of the EU.

According to the new Real Decreto 571/2023, subject to the restrictions described below, foreign investors may freely invest in shares of Spanish companies as well as transfer invested capital, capital gains and dividends out of Spain without limitation (subject to applicable taxes and exchange controls) and only need to file a notification with the Spanish Registry of Foreign Investments maintained by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism following the investment or divestiture, if any, solely for statistical, economic and administrative purposes in case, as per such transaction, the foreign investor reaches a total participation equal to or above 10% of the share capital of the Spanish Company. Where the investment or divestiture is made in shares of Spanish companies listed on any of the Spanish Stock Exchanges, the duty to provide notice of a foreign investment or divestiture lies with the relevant entity with whom the shares in book-entry form have been deposited or which has acted as an intermediary in connection with the investment or divestiture.

If the foreign investor is a resident of a tax haven, as defined under Spanish law (Royal Decree 1080/1991 of July 5), notice must be provided to the Registry of Foreign Investments prior to making the investment, as well as after consummating the transaction. However, prior notification is not necessary in the following cases:

● investments in listed securities, whether or not trading on an official secondary market, as well as investments in participations in investment funds registered with the CNMV; and

● foreign shareholdings that do not exceed 50% of the capital of the Spanish company in which the investment is made.

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Additional regulations to those described above apply to investments in some specific industries, including air transportation, mining, manufacturing and sales of weapons and explosives for civil use and national defense, radio, television and telecommunications and gambling. These restrictions do not apply to investments made by EU residents, other than investments by EU residents in activities relating to the Spanish defense sector or the manufacturing and sale of weapons and explosives for non-military use.

The Spanish Council of Ministers may suspend the aforementioned provisions relating to foreign investments for reasons of public policy, health or safety, either generally or in respect of investments in specified industries, in which case any proposed foreign investments falling within the scope of such a suspension would be subject to prior authorization from the Spanish government.

Law 19/2003, of July 4, on the establishment of a regulatory regime relating to capital flows to and from legal or natural persons abroad and the prevention of money laundering, or Law 19/2003, generally provides for the liberalization of the regulatory environment with respect to acts, businesses, transactions and other operations between Spanish residents and non-residents in respect of which charges or payments abroad will occur, as well as money transfers, variations in accounts or financial debit or credits abroad. These operations must be reported to the Ministry of the Economy and Business and the Bank of Spain only for informational and statistical purposes. The most important developments resulting from Law 19/2003 are the obligations on financial intermediaries to provide to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Business and the Bank of Spain information corresponding to client transactions. 

Exchange control regulations

Pursuant to Royal Decree 1816/1991, of December 20, relating to economic transactions with non-residents as amended by Royal Decree 1360/2011 of October 7, and EC Directive 88/361/EEC, charges, payments or transfers between non-residents and residents of Spain must be made through a registered entity, such as a bank or another financial institution registered with the Bank of Spain or the CNMV (entidades registradas), through bank accounts opened abroad with a foreign bank or a foreign branch of a registered entity, in cash or by check payable to bearer. All charges, payments or transfers which exceed €6,010 (or its equivalent in another currency), if made in cash or by check payable to bearer, must be notified to the Spanish exchange control authorities.

Shareholders’ agreements

The Securities Market Act and Articles 531, 533 and 535 of the Spanish Companies Act require parties to disclose certain types of shareholders’ agreements that affect the exercise of voting rights at a General Shareholders’ Meeting or contain restrictions or conditions on the transferability of shares or bonds that are convertible or exchangeable into shares of listed companies.

If the Company’s shareholders enter into such agreements with respect to the Ordinary Shares, they must disclose the execution, amendment or extension of such agreements to the Company and to the CNMV, file such agreements with the appropriate commercial registry and publish them through a relevant information notice (comunicación de información relevante). Failure to comply with these disclosure obligations renders any such shareholders’ agreement unenforceable and constitutes a violation of the Securities Market Act. Such a shareholder agreement will have no effect with respect to the regulation of the right to vote in General Shareholders’ Meetings and restrictions or conditions on the free transferability of shares and bonds convertible into shares until such time as the aforementioned notifications, deposits and publications are made. Upon request by the interested parties, the CNMV may waive the requirement to report, deposit and publish the agreement when publishing the shareholders’ agreement could cause harm to the affected company. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, there are no shareholders’ agreements in force in relation to the Company or its subsidiaries.

Share Repurchases

Pursuant to the Spanish Companies Act, the Company may only repurchase the Company’s own shares within certain limits and in compliance with the following requirements:

● the repurchase must be authorized by the General Shareholders’ Meeting in a resolution establishing the maximum number of shares to be acquired, the titles for the acquisition, the minimum and maximum acquisition price and the duration of the authorization, which may not exceed five years from the date of the resolution;

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● the repurchase, including the shares already acquired and currently held by the Company, or any person or company acting in its own name but on the Company’s behalf, must not bring its net worth below the aggregate amount of the Company’s share capital and legal or other non-distributable reserves. For these purposes, net worth means the amount resulting from the application of the criteria used to draw up the financial statements, subtracting the amount of profits directly allocated to that net worth, and adding the amount of share capital subscribed but not called and the share capital nominal and issue premiums recorded in the Company’s accounts as liabilities. In addition:

● the aggregate nominal value of the shares directly or indirectly repurchased, together with the aggregate nominal value of the shares already held by the Company and its subsidiary, must not exceed 10% of the Company’s share capital; and

● the shares repurchased for valuable consideration must be fully paid-up. A repurchase shall be considered null and void if (i) the shares are partially paid-up, except in the case of free repurchase, or (ii) the shares entail ancillary obligations.

Treasury shares do not have voting rights or economic rights (for example, the right to receive dividends and other distributions and liquidation rights), except the right to receive bonus shares, which will accrue proportionately to all of the Company’s shareholders. Treasury shares are counted for purposes of establishing the quorum for General Shareholders’ Meeting as well as majority voting requirements to pass resolutions at General Shareholders’ Meeting.

C. Material Contracts  

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4 “Information on the Company,” Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations,” Item 7 “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions,” or filed (or incorporated by reference) as exhibits to this annual report or otherwise described or referenced in this annual report

D. Exchange Controls

Not Applicable 

E. Taxation

Spanish Taxation

This document covers the Spanish tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and applies to holders that are not tax-resident in Spain.

As used in this particular section, the term “non-Spanish tax resident holder” or “non-resident holder” means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that meets the following requirements:  

i. Is an individual or a corporation not resident in Spain for Spanish tax purposes; and

ii. The ownership of our ordinary shares is not effectively connected with either a permanent establishment in Spain through which such owner carries on or has carried on business, or a fixed base in Spain from which such owner performs or has performed independent personal services.

This document does not consider all aspects of Spanish taxation that may be relevant to particular non-resident holders, some of whom may be subject to special rules. In particular, this document does not address the specific Spanish tax consequences applicable to particular investors such us partnerships, trusts, or other “look-through” entities who hold ordinary shares through such entities.

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This document is a draft based on Spanish tax legislation currently in effect on November 14, 2022.

Each non-resident holder should consult with its own tax advisor, as to the particular tax consequences of the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares.  

Income Taxes — Taxation of Dividends.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. See “Dividend Policy.”

In the event, however, that we pay dividends on our ordinary shares, under Spanish law, the dividends distributed by a Spanish Company are, in general terms, subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax on the gross amount of the dividends distributed, currently taxed at a 19% rate, unless the investor is entitled to an exemption or a reduced rate under a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (“CADT”) between Spain and its country of residence.

Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability and the procedures under Spanish law for obtaining the benefit of an exemption or a reduced rate under a CADT.  

Income Taxes — Preemptive rights.

The grant of preemptive rights to subscribe new shares made with respect to our ordinary shares is not treated as a taxable event under Spanish law and, therefore, is not subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax. The exercise of such preemptive rights for the subscription of new shares is not considered a taxable event under Spanish law and, therefore, is not subject to Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax.

The sale of preemptive rights to subscribe new shares will be considered as taxable capital gain for the amount received. In this respect, review “Income Taxes – Taxation of Capital Gains” below.

Income Taxes — Taxation of Capital Gains.

Under Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax Law, any capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of shares of a Spanish Company is considered to be Spanish source income and, therefore, is taxable in Spain.

Spanish Non-Residents Income Tax is currently levied at a 19% tax rate on capital gains obtained by non-resident holders, unless the investor is entitled to an exemption or a reduced rate under a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (“CADT”) between Spain and its country of residence.

Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability and the procedures under Spanish law for obtaining the benefit of an exemption or a reduced rate under a CADT.  

Spanish Wealth Tax.

Unless an applicable CADT provides otherwise, individual non-resident holders who hold ordinary shares located in Spain are subject to the Spanish Wealth Tax (Spanish Law 19/1991), which imposes a tax on assets located in Spain at the end of each year.

For non-resident holders, the applicable legislation, exemptions and tax rates will depend on the location of the assets. In this case, the Company is located in Comunidad Valenciana for tax purposes.

Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability of the Spanish Wealth Tax.  

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Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes.

Unless an applicable CADT provides otherwise, transfers of ordinary shares on death or by gift to individuals are subject to Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes, respectively (Spanish Law 29/1987), if the ordinary shares are located in Spain, regardless of the residence of the transferee.

For non-resident holders, the applicable legislation, exemptions and tax rates will depend on the location of the assets. In this case, the Company is located in Comunidad Valenciana for tax purposes.

Non-resident holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the applicability of the Spanish Inheritance and Gift Taxes.  

Spanish Transfer Tax.

A transfer by a non-resident holder of our ordinary shares will be exempt from any Spanish Transfer Tax (Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales) as well as exempt from Value Added Tax if, at the time of such transfer, real estate in Spain does not amount to more than 50% of our assets.

Real estate located in Spain currently does not, and we do not expect that Spanish real estate will in the foreseeable future, amount to more than 50% of our assets. Additionally, no Stamp Duty will be levied on a transfer by a nonresident holder of our ordinary shares. 

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares held in the form of ADSs and ADRs) by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that acquires our Ordinary Shares in our initial public offering and holds our Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing U.S. federal tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, with respect to any U.S. federal income tax considerations described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, and alternative minimum tax considerations, the Medicare tax on certain net investment income, information reporting or backup withholding or any state, local, and non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of our Ordinary Shares. The following summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:

● banks and other financial institutions;

● insurance companies;

● pension plans;

● cooperatives;

● regulated investment companies;

● real estate investment trusts;

● broker-dealers;

● traders that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting;

● certain former U.S. citizens or long-term residents;

● tax-exempt entities (including private foundations);

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● individual retirement accounts or other tax-deferred accounts;

● persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

● persons who acquire their Ordinary Shares pursuant to any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

● investors that will hold their Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

● investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar;

● persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of our Ordinary Shares (by vote or value); or

● partnerships or other entities taxable as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or persons holding the Ordinary Shares through such entities, 

all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those discussed below.

Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of U.S. federal taxation to its particular circumstances, and the State, local, non-U.S., and other tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares. 

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

● an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

● a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of the United States or any State thereof or the District of Columbia;

● an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

● a trust (i) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person under the Code.

● If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our Ordinary Shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our Ordinary Shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. Passive assets are those which give rise to passive income, and include assets held for investment, as well as cash, assets readily convertible into cash, and working capital. The company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are taken into account and may be classified as active or passive depending upon the relative amounts of income generated by the company in each category. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

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Based upon our current and projected income and assets, the expected proceeds from our initial public offering, and projections as to the market price of our Ordinary Shares immediately following the initial public offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition and classification of our income and assets. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive, which may result in our being or becoming classified as a PFIC in the current or subsequent years. Furthermore, fluctuations in the market price of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to be a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our Ordinary Shares from time to time (which may be volatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our anticipated market capitalization immediately following the close of our initial public offering. Among other matters, if our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering. Under circumstances where our revenues from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenues from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares unless, in such case, we cease to be treated as a PFIC and such U.S. Holder makes a deemed sole election.

The discussion below under “—Dividends” and “—Sale or Other Disposition” is written on the basis that we will not be or become classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. federal income tax rules that apply generally if we are treated as a PFIC are discussed below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” beginning on page 80.

Dividends

Any cash distributions paid on our Ordinary Shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received on our Ordinary Shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends-received from U.S. corporations.

Individuals and other non-corporate U.S. Holders may be subject to tax on any such dividends at the lower capital gain tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (i) our Ordinary Shares on which the dividends are paid are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (ii) we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. Holder for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid and the preceding taxable year, and (iii) certain holding period requirements are met. Our application to list our ADSs on Nasdaq Capital Market has been approved, we believe that the ADSs representing the Ordinary Shares should generally be considered to be readily tradeable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance that our Ordinary Shares will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares.

For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares will generally be treated as income from foreign sources and will generally constitute passive category income. U.S. Holders may be entitled to a foreign tax credit in respect of some portion of Spanish or other non-U.S. withholding taxes imposed on dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares. However, the rules governing the availability of the foreign tax credit and the limitations thereon are highly complex, and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

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Sale or Other Disposition

A U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of Ordinary Shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Ordinary Shares. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Any such capital gain or loss will be long term if the Ordinary Shares have been held for more than one year. Non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gain at preferential rates. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that the U.S. Holder recognizes will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, which could limit the availability of foreign tax credits. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our Ordinary Shares, including the applicability of any tax treaty and the availability of the foreign tax credit under its particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Ordinary Shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, Ordinary Shares. Under the PFIC rules:

● the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares;

● the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC (each, a “pre-PFIC year”), will be taxable as ordinary income; and

● the amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that year, increased by an additional tax equal to the interest on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to each such taxable year.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to- market election with respect to such stock. If a U.S. Holder makes this election with respect to our Ordinary Shares, the holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such Ordinary Shares and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of such Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to- market election in respect of our Ordinary Shares and we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter, or regularly traded, on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable United States Treasury regulations. Our ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares qualify as being marketable stock and/or regularly traded while listed on Nasdaq Capital Market.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot technically be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. Holder owns our Ordinary Shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the holder must generally file an annual IRS Form 8621. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of our Ordinary Shares if we are or become a PFIC.

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F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We have filed this annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Statements made in this report as to the contents of any document referred to are not necessarily complete. With respect to each such document filed as an exhibit to this report, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matter involved, and each such statement shall be deemed qualified in its entirety by such reference.

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act as a foreign private issuer and file reports and other information with the SEC. Reports and other information filed by us with the SEC, including this report, may be viewed from the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders upon request.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our company is exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through service income or expenses that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations to which they relate. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily US$.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its lines of credit due to fluctuations in interest rates. The Company’s bank loans and leases have fixed rates of interest resulting in limited interest rate fair value risk for the Company. The Company manages interest rate risk by seeking financing terms in individual arrangements that are most advantageous taking into account all relevant factors, including credit margin, term and basis.  The risk management objective is to minimize the potential for changes in interest rates to cause adverse changes in cash flows to the Company.

Inflation

We do not believe the impact of inflation on our Company is material. Our operations are in Spain and Spain’s inflation rates have been relatively stable in the last three years: 3,5% for 2023, 5.7% for 2022 and 3.1% for 2021.

Recent inflationary pressures have not had a significant impact on our operations. While inflation is recognized as a potential risk, the company does not believe that the impact of inflation on their operations is material. It is possible, however, that future inflationary pressures could have a greater impact on our operations, and we will monitor this risk closely.

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Supply chain

A possible geopolitical conflict with China, significant price increases or shortages of equipment and components may represent potential market risks.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) has agreed to act as the depositary for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank Europe plc, located at 1 North Wall Quay, North Dock, Dublin, Ireland.

We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333- 273204 when retrieving such copy.

We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.

Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in five ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.

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If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as an owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain, which may be different from the laws in the United States.

In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. Neither the depositary, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.

As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary will hold on your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder. 

The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC, which nominee will be the only “holder” of such ADSs for purposes of the deposit agreement and any applicable ADR. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.

The registration of the ordinary shares in the name of the depositary or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the ordinary shares. The depositary or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.

Dividends and Distributions

As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to laws and regulations of the Kingdom of Spain.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

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The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution. 

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:

● We do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or

● We fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

● It is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.

If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the Kingdom of Spain would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.

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Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:

● We do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or

● We do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

● The depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.

● The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.

Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares

The ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.

If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.

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Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of ordinary shares

Upon completion of the initial public offering, the ordinary shares being offered pursuant to our registration statement will be deposited by us with the custodian.  Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary issued ADSs to the underwriters of our initial public offering.

After the closing of the offer, the depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Spanish legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit. 

The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.

When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:

● The ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.

● All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.

● You are duly authorized to deposit the ordinary shares.

● The ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).

● The ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.

If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.

Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:

● ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

● provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;

● provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

● pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

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Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs

As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by law considerations in the United States and the Kingdom of Spain applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.

If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:

● Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends.

● Obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges.

● Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.

The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of ordinary shares are described in “Description of Share Capital – Shareholders’ meetings and voting rights”.

At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.

If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.

Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement). If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, such holder shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the deposited securities represented by such ADSs in any manner such person wishes, which may not be in your best interests; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary that (a) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (b) substantial opposition exists, or (c) the rights of holders of deposited securities may be adversely affected. Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.

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Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service	Fees
Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to- Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS cancelled
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
ADS Services	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary
Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred
Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa).	Up to US$0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted

As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

● taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

● the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

● certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

● the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary and/or service providers (which may be a division, branch or affiliate of the depositary) in the conversion of foreign currency;

● the reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and

● the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.

● the amounts payable to the depositary by any party to the deposit agreement pursuant to any ancillary agreement to the deposit agreement in respect of the ADR program, the ADSs and the ADRs.

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ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agree from time to time.

Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders of ADSs 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.

After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.

Books of Depositary

The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.

The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

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Transmission of Notices, Reports and Proxy Soliciting Material

The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary will send you copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to you if we ask it to.

Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:

● We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.

● The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

● The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to accurately determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs or other deposited property, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice or for any act or omission of or information provided by DTC or any DTC participant.

● The depositary shall not be liable for acts or omissions of any successor depositary in connection with any matter arising wholly after the resignation or removal of the depositary.

● We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.

● We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, including regulations of any stock exchange or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our Amended Bylaws, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

● We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our Amended Bylaws or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

● We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

● We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder or beneficial owner to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.

● We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

● We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.

● We and the depositary disclaim liability arising out of losses, liabilities, taxes, charges or expenses resulting from the manner in which a holder or beneficial owner of ADSs holds ADSs, including resulting from holding ADSs through a brokerage account.

● No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement.

● Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary and you as ADS holder.

● Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.

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As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.

In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Taxes

You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:

● Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.

● Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.

● Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial

The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain.

As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York.

AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY.

The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITIES HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Material Modifications to the Rights of Securities Holders

There have been no material modifications to the rights of our security holders.

Use of Proceeds

For the period from September 2023, the date that the F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC, to December 31, 2023, the following is our reasonable estimate of the uses of the proceeds from the IPO:

● Approximately $ 0.1 million was used for recruiting talent;

● Approximately $ 0.1 million was used for software and hardware development; and

● Approximately $ 0.9 million was used for general operational purposes and working capital.

There has not been any material change in the planned use of proceeds from the initial public offering as described in the prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of December 31, 2023 (the “Evaluation Date”), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of and with the participation of management, including the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that all material information required to be included in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decision regarding required disclosure.

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the recording of transactions of the Company’s assets;

(2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of its management and directors; and

(3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements, Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, using criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on this evaluation and as a result of the material weakness discussed below, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023 due to the existence of the following significant deficiencies:

● Lack of proper segregation of duties;

● Lack of formal policies and procedures for the newly developed business;

● Lack of detailed account analyses to ensure proper classification and reconciliation of all key accounts; and

● Lack of proper training of the accounting staff to ensure consistent application of IFRS as well as compliance with related financial reporting guidelines.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

Because the Company is a non-accelerated filer, this annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

Not applicable. 

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ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Monika Mikac is the “Audit Committee Financial Expert”  as such term is defined in Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC and also meets NASDAQ’s financial sophistication requirements. She is an “independent director” as defined by the rules and regulations of NASDAQ.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our code of conduct and business ethics conforms to the rules and regulations of NASDAQ. The code of conduct and business ethics applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, and addresses, among other things, honesty and ethical conduct, conflicts of interest, compliance with laws, regulations and policies, including disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws, confidentiality, trading on inside information, and reporting of violations of the code. A copy of conduct and business ethics has been filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-1, File No. 333-273198, as amended. The Company will provide any person a copy of its code of ethics, without charge, upon request. Such request should be addressed to the Company at Street Isabel la Católica, 8, Door 51, Valencia, Spain 46004.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with services rendered by our principal external auditors for the periods indicated.

	Fiscal Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Audit Fees (i)	€	120,510	€	118,450	€	124,836
Audit-related Fees (ii)		6,221		53,047		2,584
Tax Fees		-
TOTAL	€	126,731	€	171,497	€	127,420

“Audit Fees” consisted of the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

“Audit-related fees” means fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors associated with certain due diligence projects.

“Tax Fees” consisted of the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. Included in such Tax Fees were fees for preparation of our tax returns and consultancy and advice on other tax planning matters.

Our Board of Directors pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms thereof (subject to the de minimums exceptions for non-audit services described in Section 10A(i)(l)(B) of the Exchange Act that are approved by our Board of Directors prior to the completion of the audit). The percentage of services provided for which we paid audit-related fees, tax fees, or other fees that were approved by our Board of Directors pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the SEC was 100%.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

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ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

There were no purchases of equity securities made by or on behalf of us or any “affiliated purchaser” as defined in Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Annual Report.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not Applicable

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we were a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, where more than 50% of the voting power of our securities for the election of directors was held by an individual, group or another company and, as a result, qualified for and relied on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year; (ii) the requirement of having a majority of independent directors; (iii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to our board of directors by a compensation committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iv) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the board of directors by a majority of independent directors or a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors. Since we relied on the “controlled company” exemption, we were not required to have a majority of independent directors on our board, or a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee composed solely of independent directors.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

95

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide our financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The full text of our audited consolidated financial statements begins on page F-1 of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS  

Exhibit No.	Description
1.1	English Translation of Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of Turbo Energy, S.A. (was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L.) on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
1.2	English Translation of Bylaws of TURBO ENERGY, S.L. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
1.3	English Translation of Deed of Transformation from “TURBO ENERGY, S.L.” to “TURBO ENERGY, S.A.”, dated February 8, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
1.4	English Translation of Public Deed of Amendment of the Bylaws of Turbo Energy, S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Amendment No.3 to the Form F-1 filed on September 15, 2023)
2.1*	Description of American Depositary Shares Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2023
2.2	Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99(a) to the Registration Statement on Form F-6 ((File No. 333- 273204) filed on July 11, 2023)
2.3	Form of American Depositary Receipt evidencing American Depositary Shares (included in Exhibit 2.2)
4.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.2	Form of Director Agreement between the Registrant and its executive directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.3	Form of Independent Director Agreement between the Registrant and its independent directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.4	Turbo Energy, S.A. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form F-1/A2 filed on August 28, 2023)
4.5	Form of Share Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Form F-1/A2 filed on August 28, 2023)
4.6	Form of Restricted Share Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form F-1/A2 filed on August 28, 2023)
4.7	English Translation of public deed with protocol number 2,522 between Enrique Selva Bellvis and Crocodile Investment S.L., dated November 29, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.8	English Translation of Share Purchase Agreement between Crocodile Investment S.L. and Don Francisco de Borja Pellicer Lopez, dated March 06, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)

96

4.9	English Translation of Office Lease Agreement between D. Vicente Moreno Valencia and D. Enrique Selva Bellvis, dated June 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.10	English Translation of Mercantile Deed of Constitution between Crocodile Investment S.L. and Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. (previously named Umbrella Capital S.L.), dated March 20, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.11	English Translation of Deed of increasing share capital for Turbo Energy S.L.U. (previously Solar Rocket S.L.) by the shareholder, Umbrella Solar Investment S.A. (previously named Umbrella Capital S.L.). dated February 11, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.12	English Translation of public deed with protocol number 2.150. between Don Manuel Cercós D´Aversa and Umbrella Solar Investment S.A., dated May 31, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.13	English Translation of Deed of Elevation to the Public of Agreements Social Related to Merger by Absorption of Solar Rocket, SL, as the Absorbing Company, and Turbo Energy, SLU, as the Absorbed Company, between Solar Rocket, SL and Turbo Energy, SLU, dated April 8, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
4.14	Shareholder Loan Agreement Between Turbo Energy, S.A. and Umbrella Solar Investment S.A., dated June 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Form F-1/A filed on July 26, 2023)
8.1*	List of subsidiaries of the registrant
11.1	Code of Ethics and Business Conduct of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Form F-1 filed on July 11, 2023)
11.2	Turbo Energy, S.A. Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Report on Form 6-K filed on December 1, 2023)
12.1*	Certifications of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-1(a)
12.2*	Certifications of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-1(a)
13.1**	Certifications of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**	Certifications of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97.1	Turbo Energy, S.A. Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 in the Report on Form 6-K filed on December 1, 2023)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F

** Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F

97

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Turbo Energy, S.A.
By:	/s/ Mariano Soria
Name:	Mariano Soria
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 18, 2024

98

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(Expressed in Euro)

INDEX TO AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 5854)	F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Turbo Energy, S.A.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Turbo Energy S.A. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ TAAD LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022

Diamond Bar, CA

April 17, 2024

F-2

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(Expressed in Euro)

		December 31,			December 31,
As at	Note	2023			2022
Assets
Current
Cash		€	620,531		€	502,585
Accounts receivable and other receivables	4		2,221,080			3,137,609
Inventory	5		5,585,959			10,106,216
Amount due from related parties	11		1,601,273			140,264
Prepaid expense	6		1,048,154			735,606
Investments	7		2,044,050			-
Total Current Assets			13,121,047			14,622,280
Non- Current Assets
Property and equipment, net	8		159,084			150,483
Intangible assets, net	9		835,706			369,006
Right-of-use assets	15		54,935			94,106
Deferred tax assets	17		1,056,608			-
Total Assets		€	15,227,380		€	15,235,875
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	10	€	2,043,559		€	2,652,869
Amount due to related parties	11		3,847,950			237,285
Lease liabilities - current portion	15		37,579			55,961
Bank loans - current portion	12		3,895,585			8,010,239
Total Current Liabilities			9,824,673			10,956,354
Non-Current Liabilities
Lease liabilities	15		18,487			39,098
Bank loans	12		94,313			324,292
Deferred tax liabilities	17		32,783			-
Total Liabilities			9,970,256			11,319,744
Shareholders’ Equity
Share Capital	13		2,754,285			2,504,285
Additional paid in capital	13		3,104,781			-
Reserve	14		1,411,846			383,268
Retained Earnings (Deficit)			(2,013,788	)		1,028,578
Total Shareholders’ Equity			5,257,124			3,916,131
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity		€	15,227,380		€	15,235,875

Subsequent Events (Note 22)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

F-3

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Condensed Statements of Operations

(Expressed in Euro)

		Year ended December 31,
	Note	2023			2022			2021
Revenue	18	€	11,723,132		€	30,309,572		€	17,004,670
Revenue - related parties	11,18		1,380,547			836,804			149,403
Other operating income			37,092			2,300			548
Total Revenue			13,140,771			31,148,676			17,154,621
Cost and Expenses
Cost of revenues	19		10,842,319			26,514,681			13,674,534
Cost of revenues - related parties	11,19		1,201,244			30,696			1,224,811
Selling and administrative	20		1,544,419			1,498,499			883,319
Selling and administrative - related parties	11,20		995,435			547,912			244,216
Salaries and benefits			1,105,128			866,634			547,280
Salaries and benefits - related parties	11		9,999			-			-
Bad debt expense	4		84,394			19,454			102,966
Total Cost and Expenses			15,782,938			29,477,876			16,677,126
Income (Loss) from operations			(2,642,167	)		1,670,800			477,495
Other Income (Expense)
Other income			-			890			-
Interest income			444			-			-
Interest expense			(406,031	)		(308,982	)		(138,212	)
Foreign exchange gain (loss)			(82,881	)		32,384			8,939
Total Other Income (Expense)			(488,468	)		(275,708	)		(129,273	)
Net Income (Loss) Before Income Tax			(3,130,635	)		1,395,092			348,222
Income tax Expense (Recovery)
- Current	17		(93,022	)		364,086			81,000
- Deferred	17		(1,023,826	)		2,428			-
Net Income (Loss)		€	(2,013,788	)	€	1,028,578		€	267,222
Basic and Diluted Net Income per Ordinary Share		€	(0.04	)	€	0.02		€	0.01
Weighted Average Number of Ordinary Shares Outstanding - Basic and Diluted			51,469,262			50,085,700			50,085,700

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.  

F-4

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Expressed in Euro)

	Note	Number of Outstanding Shares		Share Capital		Additional Paid In Capital		Reserve			Retained Earnings (Deficit)			Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance, January 1, 2020			50,085,700	€	4,285	€	-	€	169,993		€	(53,947	)	€	120,331
Transfer from reserve to retained earnings	14		-		-		-		(53,947	)		53,947			-
Net income for the year			-		-		-		-			267,222			267,222
Balance, December 31, 2021			50,085,700		4,285		-		116,046			267,222			387,553
Issuance of common stock to related party for cash	13		-		2,500,000		-		-			-			2,500,000
Transfer from retained earnings to reserve	14		-		-		-		267,222			(267,222	)		-
Net income for the year			-		-		-		-			1,028,578			1,028,578
Balance, December 31, 2022			50,085,700		2,504,285		-		383,268			1,028,578			3,916,131
Issuance of common stock from initial public offering for cash	13		5,000,000		250,000		3,104,781		-			-			3,354,781
Transfer from retained earnings to reserve	14		-		-		-		1,028,578			(1,028,578	)		-
Net loss for the year			-		-		-		-			(2,013,788	)		(2,013,788	)
Balance, December 31, 2023			55,085,700	€	2,754,285	€	3,104,781	€	1,411,846		€	(2,013,788	)	€	5,257,124

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.   

F-5

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in Euro)

		Year ended December 31,
	Note	2023			2022			2021
Cash Provided by (Used in)
Operating Activities
Net income (loss) before income tax		€	(3,130,635	)	€	1,395,092		€	348,222
Items not affecting cash:
Bad debt expense	4		84,394			19,456			102,966
Depreciation of property and equipment	8		19,424			5,069			2,998
Amortization of intangible assets	9		49,984			858			-
Amortization of right-of-use assets	15		58,524			36,353			15,888
Accretion of lease liabilities	15		2,177			1,514			1,252
Provision for inventory reserves	5		312,563			-			53,434
Gain on lease modification	14		-			(891	)		-
Changes in non-cash working capital items:
Inventory	5		4,207,694			(6,784,372	)		95,605
Accounts receivable	4		832,135			(56,128	)		(1,795,548	)
Deferred tax assets	17		(518,080	)		-			-
Due from related parties	11		(1,306,861	)		(61,043	)		26,926
Due to related parties	11		(117,718	)		(239,557	)		451,249
Prepaid expense	6		(312,548	)		1,119,506			(1,846,486	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	10		(609,310	)		(718,804	)		2,696,098
Deferred tax liabilities	17		32,783			-			-
Income tax payable	17		578,319			(364,086	)		(81,000	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities			182,845			(5,647,033	)		71,604
Investing Activities
Short-term investments	7		(2,044,050	)		-			-
Purchase of equipment	8		(28,025	)		(133,140	)		(17,871	)
Purchase of intangible assets	9		(516,684	)		(261,916	)		(106,789	)
Net cash used in investing activities			(2,588,759	)		(395,056	)		(124,660	)
Financing Activities
Issuance of common stock to related party for cash	13		-			2,500,000			-
Net proceed from Issuance of common stock through Initial public offering	13		3,354,781			-			-
Proceeds (Repayment) of bank loans	12		(158,150	)		(248,532	)		(283,259	)
Net proceeds from lines of credit	12		(4,186,483	)		3,820,617			1,004,523
Repayment of lease liabilities	15		(60,523	)		(37,036	)		(16,240	)
Dividend paid to related party	11		-			(72,003	)		(250,000	)
Payments to related parties	11		(640,332	)		(355,586	)		(1,015,222	)
Proceeds from related parties	11		4,214,567			320,769			927,025
Net cash provided by financing activities			2,523,860			5,928,229			366,827
Net change in cash			117,946			(113,860	)		313,771
Cash- beginning of year			502,585			616,445			302,674
Cash - end of year		€	620,531		€	502,585		€	616,445

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

TURBO ENERGY, S.A.

Notes to Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(Expressed in Euro)

NOTE 1 – ENTITY INFORMATION

Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company), was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L. on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. The company then changed its name to Solar Rocket S.L. on October 7, 2013. On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. merged with a Spanish corporation Turbo Energy S.L.U. Turbo Energy S.L.U then became a wholly owned subsidiary of Solar Rocket S.L. This merger was approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. Following the merger, the company changed its name to Turbo Energy S.L. on April 8, 2021. On February 8, 2023, we transformed the company from a Spanish unipersonal limited company to a Spanish limited stock company. As such, our company’s name was changed to Turbo Energy S.A.

The corporate purpose of the Company, in accordance with its bylaws, consists of the acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. We design, develop, and distribute equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages. Currently, we primarily sell inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers located in Spain.

The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, whose main shareholder is Crocodile Investment, S.L.U, (hereinafter, the ultimate partner), with registered office in Valencia. The majority shareholder of the Turbo Energy, S.A is Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A (hereinafter, the majority shareholder), which is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group.

On November 8, 2022, Turbo Energy S.A. with the purpose to develop a new business in the field of self-consumption of electricity, acquired the 100% of the ordinary shares for a total amount of €2,250 of IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U., a company under common control by our CEO and established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on August 1, 2019. Following the transaction, IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U. became our wholly owned subsidiary. On November 29, 2022 changed its name to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U. Since its incorporation this company has had a very insignificant activity.

On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell 1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the SEC and became effective on September 21, 2023, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023.

F-7

Merger by absorption process

On April 8, 2021, the merger of Solar Rocket, S.L. (absorbing company) and Turbo Energy, S.L.U. (absorbed company) was formalized in a public deed, being registered in the Mercantile Registry of Valencia on August 9, 2021. The merger process, approved by the respective shareholders’ meetings on June 30, 2020, consisted of the extinction without liquidation of the absorbed company, transferring its assets and liabilities en bloc to the absorbing company, which acquired, by universal succession, the rights and obligations of the absorbed company. The Company recorded the assets and liabilities contributed by the absorbed companies at the values established in the accounting regulations in force at that time. The consolidated financial statements for the year 2021 include the information required by the regulations in relation to the aforementioned merger process.

On the same date of the merger described above, the absorbing company (Solar Rocket, S.L.) changed its corporate name to Turbo Energy, S.L.U. as described above.

NOTE 2 – MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of Turbo Energy, S.A. have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

These consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors of the Company on April 16, 2024.

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared on a historical cost basis except where certain financial instruments that are required to be measured at fair value. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the accrual basis of accounting, except for cash flow information.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Company’s functional currency. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded in accordance with the policies stated under Foreign Currency Transaction in note 2.

Reclassification

Certain amounts from prior period have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported operating and net loss.

Revenue recognition

The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages.

The Company’s revenue is primarily generated from sales of the inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales.

The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product.

F-8

Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 to 60 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer.

Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.

A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.

Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products have not been material historically and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer orders.

Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.

Concentration of Revenue by Customer

For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there was no customer, one customer and one customer who comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue which represented 0%, 10% and 12% of the Company’s revenue, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consist of highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash of €620,531 and €502,585, respectively. The Company does not have any cash equivalents.

The Company minimizes the concentration of credit risk associated with its cash by maintaining its cash with high-quality insured financial institutions. However, cash balances in excess of the Spanish government insured limit (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos (FDG)) of €100,000 are at risk.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable.

The Company will run credit checks on all customers that request term payment.

Inventory

Inventories are valued at their acquisition cost, production cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower. Discounts for prompt payment are included as a lower price, whether or not they appear on the invoice and assigning value to its inventories. The Company adopts the weighted average price method.

Net realizable value represents the estimated sales price less all estimated costs that will be incurred in the process of commercialization, sales and distribution.

The Company makes the appropriate valuation adjustments, recording impairment expense when the net realizable value of the inventories is less than their acquisition cost.

F-9

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is recognized and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses, if any. When components of property and equipment have different useful lives they are accounted for separately. Depreciation is provided at rates which are calculated to write off the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Furniture	10 years straight line
Tools and machinery	4 years straight line
Right-of-use assets	Over term of the lease

Intangible assets

Acquired intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Following the initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are either definite or indefinite. Intangible assets that have a finite useful life are amortized over the assessed useful economic life and are assessed for impairment when there are any indicators present that the intangible asset may be impaired. The Company reviews the amortization period and method at least annually, and any changes are treated as changes in accounting estimates and applied prospectively.

Computer application and webpage are amortized over estimated useful lives of three years and Software is amortized over estimated useful lives of five years.

Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the agreement on the inception date.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a lease obligation and a right-of-use asset in the statements of financial position on a present-value basis at the date when the leased asset is available for use. Each lease payment is apportioned between a finance charge and a reduction of the lease obligation. Finance charges are recognized in finance cost in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The right of-use assets are depreciated over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.

Lease obligations are initially measured at the net present value of the following lease payments:

● fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives;

● variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate;

● amounts expected to be payable under residual value guarantees;

● the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

● payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising that option.

Lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if this rate cannot be determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost comprising the following:

● the amount of the initial measurement of the lease obligation;

● any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received; and

● any initial direct costs and rehabilitation costs.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-   line basis as an expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.

F-10

Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity, net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares.

Ordinary shares issued for consideration other than cash are based on their market value at the date the ordinary shares are issued.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred, for the first time since its foundation, in losses and incurred a net loss of €2,013,788 during the year ended December 31, 2023. However, The Company successfully completed its IPO on the Nasdaq on September 2023, where it was able to raise up to €3.8M net of expenses related to the process, it still has a large portion of those funds as the day of this report. Also, the Company presents a €3.2 million positive working capital at the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company finds itself in a sector where all studies and forecasts predict a very large exponential growth in the coming years. Also, is a consolidated company, with more than 10 years of experience, and in recent years has been making a very significant investment in development and research, which will allow it to position itself as a differentiating value compared to other companies in the sector.

The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s planned operations and expansion plan for more than 12 months. Also, The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, where its principal Company, the majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, has explicitly expressed its full support to carry out its operational development, in case such support is needed.

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, for which it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability, if material. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time (“accretion expense”) is recognize as an expense on the statements of income and comprehensive income.

Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Deferred tax is recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income or loss.

Current income tax is the expected tax payable or receivable in respect of the taxable income or loss for the period, using income tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous periods.

Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their related tax bases. However, deferred tax is not provided on the initial recognition of goodwill or on the initial recognition of an asset or liability unless the related transaction is a business acquisition or affects tax or accounting profit. The deferred tax assets and liabilities have been measured using substantively enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the amounts are expected to settle. Deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that they will be able to be utilized against future taxable income. The assessment of the probability of future taxable income in which deferred tax assets can be utilized is based on the Company’s latest approved forecast, which is adjusted for significant non-taxable income and expenses and specific limits to the use of any unused tax loss or credit. If a positive forecast of taxable income indicates the probable use of a deferred tax asset, especially when it can be used without a time limit, that deferred tax asset is usually recognized in full. The recognition of deferred tax assets that are subject to economic limits or uncertainties are assessed individually by management based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only when the Company has a right and intention to offset current tax assets and liabilities from the same taxation authority. Changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized as a component of income or expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income, except where they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or loss or directly in equity.

Foreign currency transactions

The functional currency used by the Company is the euro. Consequently, operations in currencies other than the euro are considered to be denominated in foreign currency and are recorded at the exchange rates in force on the dates of the operations.

F-11

At year-end, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are converted by applying the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The profits or losses revealed are charged directly to the profit and loss account for the year in which they occur.

On each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are converted at the rates in force on the closing date. Non-monetary items in foreign currency measured in terms of historical cost are converted at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction.

The exchange differences of the monetary items that arise both when liquidating them and when converting them at the closing exchange rate, are recognized in the results of the year, except those that are part of the investment of a business abroad, which are recognized directly in equity net of taxes until the time of its disposal.

Income per share

Basic income per share is calculated by dividing the income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding in the period. For all periods presented, the income attributable to ordinary shareholders equals the reported income attributable to owners of the Company.

Diluted income per share is calculated by the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted income per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase ordinary shares at the average market price during the period.

The Company has no potentially dilutive securities, such as options or warrants, currently issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication that the carrying amount is not recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Management assesses impairment of non-financial assets such as property and equipment and intangible assets. In assessing impairment, management estimates the recoverable amount of each asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) based on expected future cash flows. The Company has applied judgment in its assessment of the appropriateness of the determination of CGU’s. When measuring expected future cash flows, management makes assumptions about future growth of profits which relate to future events and circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimated future cash flows. Estimation uncertainty relates to assumptions about future operating results and the application of an appropriate discount rate.

Financial instruments

Financial assets

Financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”), amortized cost, or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”). The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.

Classification and measurement

Classification determines how financial assets and financial liabilities are accounted for in financial statements and, in particular, how they are measured on an ongoing basis. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments approach for the classification of financial assets is driven by cash flow characteristics and the business model in which an asset is held. This single, principle-based approach replaces prior rule-based requirements. The model also results in a single impairment model being applied to all financial instruments.

F-12

Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets carried at FVTPL are initially recorded at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Realized and unrealized gains and income arising from changes in the fair value of the financial asset held at FVTPL are included in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. The Company has classified cash as FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTOCI

Financial assets at FVTOCI are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently they are measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. There are no financial assets classified as FVTOCI.

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently carried at amortized cost less any impairment. They are classified as current assets or non- current assets based on their maturity date. The Company has classified accounts receivable and amounts due from related parties at amortized cost.

Financial assets are derecognized when they mature or are sold, and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at FVTPL or at amortized cost. The Company determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition.

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost, net of transaction costs unless classified as FVTPL. The Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities, amounts due to related parties, lease liabilities and bank loans are classified as measured at amortized cost.

The Company’s bank loans were classified as measured at amortized cost at December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred €245,706, €202,368 and €90,106 interest on bank loans.

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurements are made using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:

● Level 1 – defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

● Level 2 – defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

● Level 3 – defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety by reference to its lowest level of significant input. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows, discounted at interest rates for similar instruments.

The carrying amounts shown of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value (Level 1) due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

F-13

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses at each statement of financial position date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.

The Company recognizes expected credit losses (“ECL”) for accounts receivable based on the simplified approach. The simplified approach to the recognition of expected losses does not require the Company to track the changes in credit risk; rather, the Company recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date from the date of the account receivable.

The Company measures expected credit loss by considering the risk of default over the contract period and incorporates forward-looking information into its measurement. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses.

ECLs are measured as the difference in the present value of the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company under the contract, and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The Company assesses all information available, including past due status, and forward looking macro- economic factors in the measurement of the ECLs associated with its assets carried at amortized cost.

The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.

New Accounting Pronouncements

The following accounting standards and amendments have been issued by the IASB or the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee that are not yet effective as of the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company intends to adopt such standards upon the mandatory effective date.

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)

The amendments to IAS1 provide a more general approach to the classification of liabilities based on the contractual arrangements in place at the reporting date. These amendments are effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The Company is evaluating the impact of the above amendments on its consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS, ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The reported amounts and note disclosures are determined using management’s best estimates based on assumptions that reflect the most probable set of economic conditions and planned courses of action. Actual results may differ from such estimates. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are reviewed regularly.

The following are significant management judgments, estimates and assumptions used in applying the accounting policies of the Company that have the most significant effect on recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses:

Leases

The Company exercises judgment in determining the approximate lease term on a lease by lease basis. The Company considers all facts and circumstances that may create an economic incentive to exercise renewal options and also evaluated the economic incentive related to continuation of existing leaseholds. The Company is also required to estimate specific criteria in order to estimate the carrying amount of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities including the incremental borrowing rate and effective interest rate.

F-14

Valuation of accounts receivable

Management monitors the financial stability of its customers and the environment in which they operate to make estimates regarding the likelihood that the individual trade balances will be paid. Credit risks for outstanding customer receivables are regularly assessed and allowances are recorded for estimated losses, if required.

Valuation of inventory

Management makes estimates of future customer demand for products when establishing appropriate provisions for inventory obsolescence. In making these estimates, management considers the aged of inventory and profitability of recent sales.

Recoverability of income taxes

The measurement and assessment of income tax assets and liabilities requires management to make judgments in the interpretation and application of the relevant tax laws and estimates of the Company’s abilities to utilize losses carried forward to offset taxes payable on future taxable income. The actual amount of income taxes only becomes final upon filing and acceptance of the tax return by the relevant tax authorities, which occurs subsequent to the issuance of the financial statements.

Useful life of property and equipment

Changes in the intended use of property and equipment as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the depreciation expense and carrying value of property and equipment.

Useful life of intangible assets

Changes in the intended use of intangible assets with determinable useful lives as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the amortization expense and carrying value of intangible assets.

NOTE 4 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET

Accounts receivable and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Customers by sales provision of services	€	2,505,194		€	3,429,596
VAT receivable		46,106			-
Others		87,702			41,541
	€	2,639,002		€	3,471,137
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(417,922	)		(333,528	)
	€	2,221,080		€	3,137,609

As of December 31 2023 and 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts was €417,922 and €333,528, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recorded bad debt expense of €84,394, €19,454 and €102,966, respectively.

NOTE 5 – INVENTORIES

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had finished goods of €5,585,959 and €10,106,216, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recorded provision on slowing moving inventory in the statements of operations of €312,563,€0 and €53,434, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was provision for obsolescence of €402,908 and €90,345, respectively.

F-15

The Company outsourced the management of inventories to a third party with all the inventories located in warehouse owned by the third parties. The Company pays a monthly fee to the warehouse company for insurance coverage of the inventories, as stated in the agreement between both parties.

NOTE 6 – PREPAID EXPENSE

Prepaid expense as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advancement to suppliers for inventory	€	788,622	€	632,185
Advancement for PP&E under construction		11,683		26,727
Conference		230,027		61,036
Security deposits and others		17,822		15,658
	€	1,048,154	€	735,606

NOTE 7 – INVESTMENTS

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had short-term investment of €2,044,050, comprised of two short-term investments in the bank for aggregate amount of €2,000,000 with repayment term ranged from 6-7 months and annual interest rate ranged from 3.54%-3.37% and a short-term commercial deposit of €44,050 with an assembling vendor. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of €444 from the investments.

NOTE 8 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Furniture	€	56,232		€	49,063
Laboratory Photovoltaic Installation		116,912			98,792
Tools and Machinery		6,026			5,458
Computer		14,915			12,747
		194,085			166,060
Accumulated depreciation		(35,001	)		(15,577	)
	€	159,084		€	150,483

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company acquired property and equipment of €28,026, €133,140 and €17,871, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded depreciation expense of €19,425, €5,069 and €2,998, respectively.

F-16

NOTE 9 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Software development	€	636,970		€	368,705
Software SKN1		248,419			-
Computer application		33,755			33,755
Web page		6,010			6,010
		925,154			408,470
Amortization		(89,448	)		(39,464	)
	€	835,706		€	369,006

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company acquired software development and software of €516,684, €261,916, and €106,789, respectively

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded amortization expense of €49,984, €858 and €0, respectively, and no impairment loss was incurred on the intangible assets.

NOTE 10 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued labilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Trade payable	€	1,847,575	€	2,412,588
VAT payable		69,426		37,127
Payroll taxes payable		56,419		46,268
Customer deposits		70,139		156,886
	€	2,043,559	€	2,652,869

NOTE 11 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	175,771	€	175,771
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivables		-		-		1,422,952		1,422,952
Total	€	-	€	-	€	1,601,273	€	1,601,273

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending to pay	€	-	€	(3,800,000	)	€	-		€	(3,800,000	)
Credits pending collection		-		72,444			(784	)		71,660
Trade payable		-		(119,610	)		-			(119,610	)
Total	€	-	€	(3,847,166	)	€	(784	)	€	(3,847,950	)

All the amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand, except for the loan agreement from Umbrella Solar of €3,800,000. This loan was formalized and signed on June 30 for a period of 5 years, with a market interest rate of 6.25% per year, payable bi-annually.

F-17

During the year ended December 31, 2023, a total amount of €118,750 has been paid for interest.

Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	21,693	€	21,693
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivable		264		-		115,757		116,021
Total	€	264	€	-	€	140,000	€	140,264

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-		€	(85	)	€	(85	)
Trade payable to related party		-		(237,200	)		-			(237,200	)
Total	€	-	€	(237,200	)	€	(85	)	€	(237,285	)

Amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were summarized as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023 

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	2,418		€	1,349,710		€	1,380,547
*Services received		(1,005,434	)		-			(1,005,434	)
Purchases		-			(1,201,244	)		(1,201,244	)
Total	€	(1,003,016	)	€	148,466		€	(826,131	)

* Comprised of selling and administrative – related parties of €995,435 and salaries and benefits – related parties of €9,999

Year Ended December 31, 2022

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	-		€	836,804		€	836,804
Services received		(547,912	)		-			(547,912	)
Purchases		-			(30,696	)		(30,696	)
Total	€	(547,912	)	€	806,108		€	258,196

F-18

Year Ended December 31, 2021

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	242		€	149,161		€	149,403
Services received		(226,222	)		(17,994	)		(244,216	)
Purchases		-			(1,224,811	)		(1,224,811	)
	€	(225,980	)	€	(1,093,644	)	€	(1,319,624	)

Our related party transactions during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, include sales of products or services made to or purchases of products or services from affiliated group companies that are under common control and to associates of such group companies. These transactions include income accrued from the commercial activities of our company. The purchases relate to merchandise that we sell in its normal course of commercial operations.

Umbrella Solar Investment, as the holding company of the group, assumes all structural costs such as those related to the human resources, licenses, legal, tax, labor, marketing, and other generic structural costs. A margin of 13% is applied to these costs and the resulting amount is distributed to the four most significant companies in the group based on their estimated revenue in the monthly management fees.

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred management fees to Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A, of €1,005,434, €547,912 and €226,222, respectively.

No compensation has been paid to the executives under Crocodile Investment SLU. The company expects to continue with the same allocation structure in the future.

NOTE 12 – BANK LOANS

Bank loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Bank loans	€	328,236		€	556,386
Lines of credit		3,661,662			7,778,14
		3,989,898			8,334,53
less: current portion		(3,895,585	)		(8,010,239	)
	€	94,313		€	324,292

The terms and conditions of outstanding bank loans are as follows:

		Nominal				December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Bank Loans	Currency	interest rate			Year of maturity	Face Value		Carrying Amount		Face Value		Carrying Amount
Bankia SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		400,000		136,379		400,000		236,243
Targobank SA	EUR		1.87	%	2025		100,000		38,322		100,000		63,317
Banco de Sabadell SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		250,000		85,004		250,000		149,366
Liberbank	EUR		1.55	%	2025		170,000		68,532		170,000		107,460
						€	920,000	€	328,236	€	920,000	€	556,386

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred bank loan interest expense of €12,618, €9,977 and €15,702, respectively.

The Company’s obligations are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.

F-19

Principal repayments to maturity by fiscal year are as follows:

Year ended December 31,
2024	€	233,926
2025		94,310
Thereafter		-
Total	€	328,236

In addition, the Company maintains the following lines of credit:

As of December 31, 2023

					‘December 31,
					2023
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	4/25/2024	€	2,308,058
Sabadell		2,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	5/28/2024		-
BBVA		1,500,000	1.65% + Euribor	12/22/2024		270,866
Santander		4,000,000	1.65% + Euribor	6/28/2024		1,012,738
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		-
Bankinter ICO		700,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2024		70,000
	€	12,100,000			€	3,661,662

As of December 31, 2022

					December 31, 2022
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	3/25/2023	€	2,108,807
Sabadell		1,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,623,953
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		381,000
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		628,951
Santander		2,000,000	2.25% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,928,786
Abanca ICO		150,000	1.40% + Euribor	10/31/2023		150,000
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		319,103
Bankinter ICO		500,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2023		485,830
Bankinter		500,000	1.50% + Euribor	6/6/2023		151,715
	€	9,350,000			€	7,778,145

F-20

The Company has €3,6 million  facility that is unsecured and can be drawn down to meet short-term financing needs. The facility has a maturity of one to three years for the ICO credit lines that renews automatically at the option of the Company. Interest is payable at an average rate of Euribor plus 2.11 basis points. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021 the Company incurred interest expense from line of credit of €133,977,€192,391 and €74,404 , respectively.

NOTE 13 – SHARE CAPITAL

Authorized

The Company has authorized 75,085,700 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.05.

Issuances

On September 22, 2023, the Company announced initial public offering of 1,000,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), representing 5,000,000 ordinary shares, at a price of $5.00 per ADS to the public for a total of $5,000,000 of gross proceeds to the Company, before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses (the “Offering”). The American Depositary Shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB.” During the December 2023, the Company issued 5,000,000 shares of common from the initial public offering for proceeds of €3,354,781, net of share offering costs and underwriting cost of €1,350,200.

During December 2022, we issued 50,000,000 ordinary shares (pre-stock split: 2,500,000 shares) for proceeds of €2,500,000, to our parent company, who is also our sole shareholder.

The Company has reflected this issuance of ordinary shares for all periods presented due to their nominal value, relative to the planned Initial Public Offering. The Company accounted for the proceeds as share capital in the year ended December 31, 2022. Earnings per share and ordinary shares outstanding have been retroactively reflected to show this issuance from the earliest period reported.

Stock Split

In February 2023, the Company approved a forward stock split of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares on a 20-for-1 basis. We increased our issued and outstanding share capital from 2,504,285 ordinary shares to 50,085,700 ordinary shares. The approval, from the Commercial Registry of Valencia, for the forward stock split has been approved on February 1, 2023. The consolidated financial statements retrospectively reflected the forward stock split.

Issued and outstanding

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the total issued and outstanding share capital consist of 55,085,700 shares at €2,754,285 and 50,085,700 shares at €2,504,285, all subscribed and paid up, respectively.

F-21

NOTE 14 – RESERVE

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, reserve was €1,411,846 and €383,268 comprised of legal reserves and other reserves, respectively.

Legal reserve

In accordance with the capital company law, companies must allocate amount equal to 10% of the profit for the year to the legal reserve until it reaches 20% of the share capital. The legal reserve may only be used to increase the share capital. Except for the above purpose and as long as it does not exceed 20% of the share capital, the legal reserve can only be used to offset losses, provided there are no other reserves available sufficient for this purpose. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was partially constituted after the aforementioned capital increase. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, legal reserve was €500,857 and €857, respectively.

Other reserve

The Company maintains unrestricted reserve for undistributed profits from previous years. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the other reserves were € 910,989 and €382,411 , respectively.    

NOTE 15 – LEASES

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following lease obligations:   

	Discount		December 31,		December 31,
	Rate	Maturity	2023		2022
	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025	€	37,579	€	55,961
Current	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025		18,487		39,098
Non-current			€	56,066	€	95,059

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	56,743
Lease liability additions		109,506
Lease liability termination		(35,668	)
Repayment of Lease liability		(37,036	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		1,514
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	95,059
Lease liability additions		19,353
Repayment of Lease liability		(60,523	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		2,177
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	56,066

F-22

On September 8, 2020, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a four-year term and monthly lease payment of €527.

On January 1, 2021, the Company entered into an office lease agreement under a five-year term and monthly lease payment of €827 for the first year with an escalation rate of Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus 2% per annum. On June 30, 2022, the Company terminated the office lease contract.

On June 1, 2022, the Company entered into an office lease agreement under a two-year term extensible for three years upon expiry and monthly lease payment of €3,384 during the first year and €3,483 during the second year.

On September 26, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €420.

On November 15, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €417.

On August 17, 2023, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €572.

The following table summarizes the maturity of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023:

2024	€	38,653
2025		14,930
2026		4,000
Total lease payments		57,583
Less: financing cost		(1,517	)
Lease liabilities	€	56,066

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has right-of-use assets as follows:

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	55,730
Additions		109,506
Termination		(34,777	)
Depreciation		(36,353	)
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	94,106
Additions		19,353
Depreciation		(58,524	)
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	54,935

F-23

NOTE 16 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Set out below are categories of financial instruments and fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Financial assets at fair value
Cash	€	620,531	€	502,585
Financial assets at amortized cost
Accounts receivable and other receivables		2,221,080		3,137,609
Amount due from related parties		1,601,273		140,264
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		2,043,559		2,652,869
Amount due to related parties		3,847,950		237,285
Lease liabilities		56,066		95,059
Bank loans		3,989,898		8,334,53

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not have sufficient cash resources to meet its financial obligations as they come due in the normal course of business. Liquidity risk also includes the risk of not being able to liquidate assets in a timely manner at a reasonable price. Difficulty accessing capital markets could impair the Company’s capacity to grow, execute its business model and generate financial returns. The Company manages its liquidity risk by monitoring its operating requirements to ensure financial resources are available, actively monitoring market conditions and by diversifying its sources of funding and maintaining a diversified maturity profile of its debt obligations.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. The Company’s main credit risk relates to its cash and accounts receivable. The Company’s credit risk is reduced by a broad customer base and a review of customer credit profiles.

The Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk corresponds to the carrying amount for all cash and accounts receivable. Cash is held with prominent financial institutions. Accounts receivable are held with vendors in which the Company has a historically strong relationship with or related to VAT receivable.

The Company mitigates credit risk associated with its trade receivables through established credit approvals, limits and a regular monitoring process. The Company generally considers the credit quality of its financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired to be solid. Credit risk is further mitigated due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across geographic areas.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no customer and one customer with amount outstanding that exceed 10% of the Company’s revenue that totaled 0% and 13% in aggregate, respectively. The Company assessed credit risk as low.  

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk.

Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company is not exposed to significant currency risk.

F-24

Interest risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its lines of credit due to fluctuations in interest rates. The Company’s bank loans and leases have fixed rates of interest resulting in limited interest rate fair value risk for the Company. The Company manages interest rate risk by seeking financing terms in individual arrangements that are most advantageous taking into account all relevant factors, including credit margin, term and basis. The risk management objective is to minimize the potential for changes in interest rates to cause adverse changes in cash flows to the Company.

Other price risk

Other price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is not exposed to other price risk.

Capital management

The Company’s capital consists of share capital and reserve. The Company’s capital management is designed to ensure that it has sufficient financial flexibility both in the short and long-term to support its financial obligations and the future development of the business.

The Company manages its capital with the following objectives:

(i) Ensuring sufficient liquidity is available to support its financial obligations and to execute its operating strategic plans;

(ii) Maintaining financial capacity and flexibility through access to capital to support future development of the business;

(iii) Minimizing its cost of capital and considering current and future industry, market and economic risks and conditions; and

(iv) Utilizing short-term funding sources to manage its working capital requirements and long- term funding sources to match the long-term nature of the property, plant and equipment of the business.

There were no changes to the Company’s approach to capital management during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements.

NOTE 17 – INCOME TAX 

The Company conducts its major businesses in Spain and is subject to tax in this jurisdiction. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all taxable income of the Company is generated in Spain.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the general tax rate to which the company is subject is 25%.

The below table summarizes the computation of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022		2021
Net income (loss) before taxes	€	(3,130,635	)	€	1,395,092		348,222
Add: permanent differences		886,178			59,930		10,660
Add (less): temporary differences		(68,819	)		1,321		54,334
Less: cancellation of negative tax base		-			-		(9,713	)
Taxable income (loss)		(2,313,276	)		1,456,343		403,503
Tax rate at 25%		(93,022	)		364,086		100,876
Less: R&D deduction		-			-		(19,876	)
Add (less): deferred income tax expenses (recovery)		(1,023,789	)		2,428		-
Income tax expense (recovery)	€	(1,116,847	)	€	366,514		81,000

F-25

The following table provides a reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income tax rate, expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Tax at the statutory rate		25.0	%		25.0	%		25.0	%
Penalties		0.0	%		1.1	%		0.8	%
Cancellation of negative tax basis		0.0	%		0.0	%		(0.7	)%
Temporary differences		0.5	%		0.0	%		3.9	%
Tax Credit		0.0	%		0.0	%		(5.7	)%
Effective tax rate		25.6	%		26.1	%		23.3	%

NOTE 18 – REVENUE

The Company’s sales derived from sales of electrical and electronic material. The following is the Company’s revenue by geographical markets during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Spain	€	10,886,713	€	26,566,550	€	15,246,597
Europe		1,679,395		3,609,252		1,388,624
Rest of the world		537,571		970,575		518,852
	€	13,103,679	€	31,146,377	€	17,154,073

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue of €13,103,679, €31,146,377 and €17,154,073, of which €1,380,547, €836,804 and €149,403 derived from related parties, respectively.

We consider related parties those Companies that are part of the Umbrella Solar Investment holding group.

NOTE 19 – COST OF REVENUE

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Purchase of finished goods	€	18,804,222		€	33,306,036		€	14,985,191
Purchase of raw materials		1,530			1,530			2,395
Outsourcing service		22,184			22,184			4,655
Inventory adjustment		(6,784,373	)		(6,784,373	)		(92,896	)
	€	12,043,563		€	26,545,377		€	14,899,345

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred cost of sales of €12,043,563, €26,545,377 and €14,899,345, of which €1,201,244, €30,696 and €1,224,811 derived from related parties, respectively.

F-26

NOTE 20 – SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

The Company incurred the following selling and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Professional fees	€	1,247,866	€	992,118	€	426,299
Shipping and handling expenses		290,787		417,739		312,805
Warehouse handling		78,095		136,762		83,243
Miscellaneous operating expenses		242,827		59,049		60,064
Marketing and advertising		335,303		127,989		80,560
Leases and royalties		142,503		120,046		61,339
Insurance premiums		52,726		65,412		64,724
Repair and conservation		15,510		21,493		6,022
Supplies		3,908		3,593		306
Taxes		-		-		13,245
Other management expense		-		-		42
Fines and penalty		2,396		59,930		-
Depreciation of property and equipment		19,425		5,069		2,998
Amortization of intangible assets		49,984		858		-
Amortization of right-of-use assets		58,524		36,353		15,888
	€	2,539,854	€	2,046,411	€	1,127,535

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred selling and administrative expenses of €2,539,854, €2,046,411 and €1,127,535, of which €995,435, €547,912 and €244,216 derived from related parties, respectively.

NOTE 21 – SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Set out below are non-cash investing and financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021:

Non-cash investing and financing activities:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Reallocation of opening deficit to reserve	€	(1,028,578	)	€	(267,222	)	€	53,947
Recognition of right-of-use assets	€	19,353		€	109,506		€	49,682
Derecognition of right-of-use assets	€	-		€	34,777		€	-

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid interest of €404,093,€202,368 and €90,106 and income taxes of €0, €405,347 and €116,924, respectively.  

NOTE 22 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

As of the date of the date of preparation of these consolidated financial statements, a total of 1,806,620 Restricted Share Units (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan approved in August 2023 by the Board of Director), which can be converted into 361,324 American Depositary Shares of the Company, representing 1,806,620 Ordinary Shares of the Company, were granted to certain officers, directors, and employees of the Company.

On April 5, 2024, both the compensation committee and the board of directors of the Company approved the grant of such Restricted Share Units.

F-27

EX-2.1

Exhibit 2.1

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED

As of December 31, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company”) had one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): Our American Depositary Share (the “ADS”), each represents five ordinary shares of our Company. Each ordinary share has a par value of five euro cents (€0.05) per share. As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,000,000 ADSs representing 5,000,000 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. Additionally, there were 55,085,700 shares of the registrant’s ordinary shares issued and outstanding. References herein to “we,” “us,” “our” and “Company” refer to Turbo Energy, S.A.

American Depositary Shares

Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) has agreed to act as the depositary for our American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank Europe plc, located at 1 North Wall Quay, North Dock, Dublin, Ireland. We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement.

Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in five ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR.

Dividends and Distributions

As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to laws and regulations of the Kingdom of Spain.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:

● We do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or

● We fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

● It is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

2

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.

If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the Kingdom of Spain would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.

Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:

We do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or

We do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

The depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.

The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.

3

Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares

The ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.

If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.

Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of ordinary shares

Upon completion of the offering, the ordinary shares being offered pursuant to the prospectus will be deposited by us with the custodian.  Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in the prospectus.

After the closing of the offer, the depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Spanish legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.

The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.

When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:

● The ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.

● All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.

● You are duly authorized to deposit the ordinary shares.

● The ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).

● The ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.

If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.

Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:

● ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

● provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;

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● provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

● pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs

As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by law considerations in the United States and the Kingdom of Spain applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.

If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:

● Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends.

● Obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges.

● Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.

The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of ordinary shares are described in “Description of Share Capital – Shareholders’ meetings and voting rights”.

At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.

If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.

Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement). If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, such holder shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the deposited securities represented by such ADSs in any manner such person wishes, which may not be in your best interests; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary that (a) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (b) substantial opposition exists, or (c) the rights of holders of deposited securities may be adversely affected. Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.

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Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service	Fees
Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to- Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS cancelled
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
ADS Services	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary
Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred
Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa).	Up to US$0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted

As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

● taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

● the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

● certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

● the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary and/or service providers (which may be a division, branch or affiliate of the depositary) in the conversion of foreign currency;

● the reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and

● the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.

● the amounts payable to the depositary by any party to the deposit agreement pursuant to any ancillary agreement to the deposit agreement in respect of the ADR program, the ADSs and the ADRs.

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ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agree from time to time.

Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders of ADSs 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.

After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.

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Books of Depositary

The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.

The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

Transmission of Notices, Reports and Proxy Soliciting Material

The depositary will make available for your inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary will send you copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to you if we ask it to.

Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:

● We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.

● The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

● The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to accurately determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs or other deposited property, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice or for any act or omission of or information provided by DTC or any DTC participant.

● The depositary shall not be liable for acts or omissions of any successor depositary in connection with any matter arising wholly after the resignation or removal of the depositary.

● We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.

● We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, including regulations of any stock exchange or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our Amended Bylaws, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

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● We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our Amended Bylaws or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

● We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

● We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder or beneficial owner to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.

● We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

● We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.

● We and the depositary disclaim liability arising out of losses, liabilities, taxes, charges or expenses resulting from the manner in which a holder or beneficial owner of ADSs holds ADSs, including resulting from holding ADSs through a brokerage account.

● No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement.

● Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary and you as ADS holder.

● Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.

As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares and not under the deposit agreement.

In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

9

Taxes

You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:

● Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.

● Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.

● Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial

The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain.

As an owner of ADSs, you irrevocably agree that any legal action arising out of the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs, involving the Company or the Depositary, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in the city of New York. As a party to the deposit agreement, our ADS holders irrevocably waive, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, their right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of the deposit agreement or the ADRs against us and/or the depositary.

The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

10

EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES

Name of Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Organization	Percentage of Ownership
Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U. (former name: IM2 Proyecto 35 S.L.U.)	Kingdom of Spain		100	%

EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Mariano Soria, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Turbo Energy, S.A.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting;

5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 18, 2024

/s/ Mariano Soria

Mariano Soria

Chief Executive Officer

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Alejandro Moragues Navarro, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Turbo Energy, S.A.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 18, 2024

/s/ Alejandro Moragues Navarro

Alejandro Moragues Navarro

Chief Financial Officer

EX-13.1

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The undersigned, Mariano Soria, the Chief Executive Officer of Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company”), DOES HEREBY CERTIFY that:

1. The Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operation of the Company.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this statement on the 18^th day of April 2024.

/s/ Mariano Soria

Mariano Soria

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Turbo Energy, S.A. and will be retained by Turbo Energy, S.A. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

The forgoing certification is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to § 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. It is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

EX-13.2

Exhibit 13.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The undersigned, Alejandro Moragues Navarro, the Chief Financial Officer of Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company”), DOES HEREBY CERTIFY that:

1. The Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operation of the Company.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this statement on the 18^th day of April 2024.

/s/ Alejandro Moragues Navarro

Alejandro Moragues Navarro Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Turbo Energy, S.A. and will be retained by Turbo Energy, S.A. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

The forgoing certification is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to § 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. It is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

XML

Document And Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Document Information Line Items
Entity Registrant Name	TURBO ENERGY, S.A.
Document Type	20-F
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	55,085,700
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001963439
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40848
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	U3
Entity Address, Address Line One	Street Isabel la Católica, 8
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Door 51
Entity Address, City or Town	Valencia
Entity Address, Country	ES
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	46004
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Document Accounting Standard	International Financial Reporting Standards
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Auditor Firm ID	5854
Auditor Name	TAAD LLP
Auditor Location	Diamond Bar, CA
Business Contact
Document Information Line Items
Entity Address, Address Line One	Street Isabel la Católica, 8
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Door 51
Entity Address, City or Town	Valencia
Entity Address, Country	ES
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	46004
Contact Personnel Name	Alejandro Moragues, CFO
City Area Code	+34
Local Phone Number	961 196 250
Contact Personnel Email Address	alejandromoragues@turbo-e.com
One American Depositary Share represents five Ordinary Shares
Document Information Line Items
Trading Symbol	TURB
Title of 12(b) Security	One American Depositary Share represents five Ordinary Shares
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Ordinary Share, par value five cents of euro (€0.05) per share
Document Information Line Items
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary Share, par value five cents of euro (€0.05) per share
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
No Trading Symbol Flag	true

XML

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current
Cash	€ 620,531	€ 502,585
Accounts receivable, net and other receivables	2,221,080	3,137,609
Inventory, net	5,585,959	10,106,216
Amount due from related parties	1,601,273	140,264
Prepaid expense	1,048,154	735,606
Investments	2,044,050
Total Current Assets	13,121,047	14,622,280
Non- Current Assets
Property and equipment, net	159,084	150,483
Intangible assets, net	835,706	369,006
Right-of-use assets	54,935	94,106
Deferred tax assets	1,056,608
Total Assets	15,227,380	15,235,875
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	2,043,559	2,652,869
Amount due to related parties	3,847,950	237,285
Lease liabilities - current portion	37,579	55,961
Bank loans - current portion	3,895,585	8,010,239
Total Current Liabilities	9,824,673	10,956,354
Non-Current Liabilities
Lease liabilities	18,487	39,098
Bank loans	94,313	324,292
Deferred tax liabilities	32,783
Total Liabilities	9,970,256	11,319,744
Shareholders’ Equity
Share Capital	2,754,285	2,504,285
Additional paid in capital	3,104,781
Reserve	1,411,846	383,268
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	(2,013,788)	1,028,578
Total Shareholders’ Equity	5,257,124	3,916,131
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	€ 15,227,380	€ 15,235,875

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Condensed Statements of Operations - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Total Revenue	€ 13,140,771	€ 31,148,676	€ 17,154,621
Cost and Expenses
Cost of revenues	10,842,319	26,514,681	13,674,534
Cost of revenues - related parties	1,201,244	30,696	1,224,811
Selling and administrative	1,544,419	1,498,499	883,319
Selling and administrative - related parties	995,435	547,912	244,216
Salaries and benefits	1,105,128	866,634	547,280
Salaries and benefits - related parties	9,999
Bad debt expense	84,394	19,454	102,966
Total Cost and Expenses	15,782,938	29,477,876	16,677,126
Income (Loss) from operations	(2,642,167)	1,670,800	477,495
Other Income (Expense)
Other income		890
Interest income	444
Interest expense	(406,031)	(308,982)	(138,212)
Foreign exchange gain (loss)	(82,881)	32,384	8,939
Total Other Income (Expense)	(488,468)	(275,708)	(129,273)
Net Income (Loss) Before Income Tax	(3,130,635)	1,395,092	348,222
Income tax Expense (Recovery)
- Current	(93,022)	364,086	81,000
- Deferred	(1,023,826)	2,428
Net Income (Loss)	€ (2,013,788)	€ 1,028,578	€ 267,222
Basic Net Income per Ordinary Share (in Euro per share)	€ (0.04)	€ 0.02	€ 0.01
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding - Basic (in Shares)	51,469,262	50,085,700	50,085,700
Revenue
Total Revenue	€ 11,723,132	€ 30,309,572	€ 17,004,670
Revenue - related parties
Total Revenue	1,380,547	836,804	149,403
Other operating income
Total Revenue	€ 37,092	€ 2,300	€ 548

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Condensed Statements of Operations (Parentheticals) - € / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Profit or Loss [Abstract]
Diluted Net Income Per Share (in Dollars per share)	€ (0.04)	€ 0.02	€ 0.01
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted (in Shares)	51,469,262	50,085,700	50,085,700

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity - EUR (€)	Number of Outstanding Shares	Share Capital	Additional Paid In Capital	Reserve	Retained Earnings (Deficit)	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020		€ 4,285		€ 169,993	€ (53,947)	€ 120,331
Balance (in Shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	50,085,700
Transfer from reserve to retained earnings				(53,947)	53,947
Net income(loss)					267,222	267,222
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021		4,285		116,046	267,222	387,553
Balance (in Shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	50,085,700
Issuance of common stock to related party for cash		2,500,000				2,500,000
Transfer from retained earnings to reserve				267,222	(267,222)
Net income(loss)					1,028,578	1,028,578
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022		€ 2,504,285		383,268	1,028,578	3,916,131
Balance (in Shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	50,085,700	50,085,700
Transfer from retained earnings to reserve				1,028,578	(1,028,578)
Issuance of common stock from initial public offering for cash		250,000	3,104,781			3,354,781
Issuance of common stock from initial public offering for cash (in Shares)	5,000,000
Net income(loss)					(2,013,788)	(2,013,788)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023		€ 2,754,285	€ 3,104,781	€ 1,411,846	€ (2,013,788)	€ 5,257,124
Balance (in Shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	55,085,700

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2021 EUR (€)
Operating Activities
Net income (loss) before income tax	€ (3,130,635)	€ 1,395,092	€ 348,222
Items not affecting cash:
Bad debt expense	84,394	19,456	102,966
Depreciation of property and equipment	19,424	5,069	2,998
Amortization of intangible assets	49,984	858
Amortization of right-of-use assets	58,524	36,353	15,888
Accretion of lease liabilities	2,177	1,514	1,252
Provision for inventory reserves	312,563		53,434
Gain on lease modification		(891)
Changes in non-cash working capital items:
Inventory	4,207,694	(6,784,372)	95,605
Accounts receivable	832,135	(56,128)	(1,795,548)
Deferred tax assets	(518,080)
Due from related parties	(1,306,861)	(61,043)	26,926
Due to related parties	(117,718)	(239,557)	451,249
Prepaid expense	(312,548)	1,119,506	(1,846,486)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(609,310)	(718,804)	2,696,098
Deferred tax liabilities	32,783
Income tax payable	578,319	(364,086)	(81,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	182,845	(5,647,033)	71,604
Investing Activities
Short-term investments	(2,044,050)
Purchase of equipment	(28,025)	(133,140)	(17,871)
Purchase of intangible assets	(516,684)	(261,916)	(106,789)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,588,759)	(395,056)	(124,660)
Financing Activities
Issuance of common stock to related party for cash		2,500,000
Net proceed from Issuance of common stock through Initial public offering	3,354,781
Proceeds (Repayment) of bank loans	(158,150)	(248,532)	(283,259)
Net proceeds from lines of credit	(4,186,483)	3,820,617	1,004,523
Repayment of lease liabilities	(60,523)	(37,036)	(16,240)
Dividend paid to related party		(72,003)	(250,000)
Payments to related parties	(640,332)	(355,586)	(1,015,222)
Proceeds from related parties	4,214,567	320,769	927,025
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,523,860	5,928,229	366,827
Net change in cash	117,946	(113,860)	313,771
Cash- beginning of year	502,585	616,445	302,674
Cash - end of year	€ 620,531	€ 502,585	€ 616,445

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Entity Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Entity Information [Abstract]

ENTITY INFORMATION

NOTE 1 – ENTITY INFORMATION

Turbo Energy, S.A. (the “Company), was incorporated under the name of Distritech Solutions S.L. on September 18, 2013 under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. The company then changed its name to Solar Rocket S.L. on October 7, 2013. On April 8, 2021, Solar Rocket S.L. merged with a Spanish corporation Turbo Energy S.L.U. Turbo Energy S.L.U then became a wholly owned subsidiary of Solar Rocket S.L. This merger was approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. Following the merger, the company changed its name to Turbo Energy S.L. on April 8, 2021. On February 8, 2023, we transformed the company from a Spanish unipersonal limited company to a Spanish limited stock company. As such, our company’s name was changed to Turbo Energy S.A.

The corporate purpose of the Company, in accordance with its bylaws, consists of the acquisition, distribution and sale of electrical and electronic material for the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar panels, inverters, chargers, regulators, batteries and structures, among others. We design, develop, and distribute equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages. Currently, we primarily sell inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers located in Spain.

The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, whose main shareholder is Crocodile Investment, S.L.U, (hereinafter, the ultimate partner), with registered office in Valencia. The majority shareholder of the Turbo Energy, S.A is Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A (hereinafter, the majority shareholder), which is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group.

On November 8, 2022, Turbo Energy S.A. with the purpose to develop a new business in the field of self-consumption of electricity, acquired the 100% of the ordinary shares for a total amount of €2,250 of IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U., a company under common control by our CEO and established under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain on August 1, 2019. Following the transaction, IM2 Energía Solar Proyecto 35 S.L.U. became our wholly owned subsidiary. On November 29, 2022 changed its name to Turbo Energy Solutions S.L.U. Since its incorporation this company has had a very insignificant activity.

On September 21, 2023, Turbo Energy, S.A. entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Titan Partners Group, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC, and Boustead Securities, LLC as the as the representative (“Representative”) of the underwriters named on Schedule 1 thereto, relating to the Company’s firm commitment underwritten initial public offering (the “Offering”) of ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares of the Company, par value five cents of euro per share, of the Company. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell 1,000,000 ADSs to the underwriters at a public offering price of $5.00 per ADS (the “Offering Price”), before underwriting discounts and commissions, and granted the Representative a 45-day over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 150,000 ADSs, equivalent to 15% of the ADSs sold in the Offering, at the Offering Price per ADS, pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-273198), that was filed with the SEC and became effective on September 21, 2023, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Offering was closed on September 26, 2023.

Merger by absorption process

On April 8, 2021, the merger of Solar Rocket, S.L. (absorbing company) and Turbo Energy, S.L.U. (absorbed company) was formalized in a public deed, being registered in the Mercantile Registry of Valencia on August 9, 2021. The merger process, approved by the respective shareholders’ meetings on June 30, 2020, consisted of the extinction without liquidation of the absorbed company, transferring its assets and liabilities en bloc to the absorbing company, which acquired, by universal succession, the rights and obligations of the absorbed company. The Company recorded the assets and liabilities contributed by the absorbed companies at the values established in the accounting regulations in force at that time. The consolidated financial statements for the year 2021 include the information required by the regulations in relation to the aforementioned merger process.

On the same date of the merger described above, the absorbing company (Solar Rocket, S.L.) changed its corporate name to Turbo Energy, S.L.U. as described above.

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Material Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]

MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 2 – MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of Turbo Energy, S.A. have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

These consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors of the Company on April 16, 2024.

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared on a historical cost basis except where certain financial instruments that are required to be measured at fair value. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the accrual basis of accounting, except for cash flow information.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Company’s functional currency. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded in accordance with the policies stated under Foreign Currency Transaction in note 2.

Reclassification

Certain amounts from prior period have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported operating and net loss.

Revenue recognition

The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages.

The Company’s revenue is primarily generated from sales of the inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales.

The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product.

Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 to 60 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer.

Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.

A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.

Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products have not been material historically and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer orders.

Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.

Concentration of Revenue by Customer

For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there was no customer, one customer and one customer who comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue which represented 0%, 10% and 12% of the Company’s revenue, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consist of highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash of €620,531 and €502,585, respectively. The Company does not have any cash equivalents.

The Company minimizes the concentration of credit risk associated with its cash by maintaining its cash with high-quality insured financial institutions. However, cash balances in excess of the Spanish government insured limit (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos (FDG)) of €100,000 are at risk.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable.

The Company will run credit checks on all customers that request term payment.

Inventory

Inventories are valued at their acquisition cost, production cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower. Discounts for prompt payment are included as a lower price, whether or not they appear on the invoice and assigning value to its inventories. The Company adopts the weighted average price method.

Net realizable value represents the estimated sales price less all estimated costs that will be incurred in the process of commercialization, sales and distribution.

The Company makes the appropriate valuation adjustments, recording impairment expense when the net realizable value of the inventories is less than their acquisition cost.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is recognized and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses, if any. When components of property and equipment have different useful lives they are accounted for separately. Depreciation is provided at rates which are calculated to write off the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Furniture	10 years straight line
Tools and machinery	4 years straight line
Right-of-use assets	Over term of the lease

Intangible assets

Acquired intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Following the initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are either definite or indefinite. Intangible assets that have a finite useful life are amortized over the assessed useful economic life and are assessed for impairment when there are any indicators present that the intangible asset may be impaired. The Company reviews the amortization period and method at least annually, and any changes are treated as changes in accounting estimates and applied prospectively.

Computer application and webpage are amortized over estimated useful lives of three years and Software is amortized over estimated useful lives of five years.

Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the agreement on the inception date.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a lease obligation and a right-of-use asset in the statements of financial position on a present-value basis at the date when the leased asset is available for use. Each lease payment is apportioned between a finance charge and a reduction of the lease obligation. Finance charges are recognized in finance cost in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The right of-use assets are depreciated over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.

Lease obligations are initially measured at the net present value of the following lease payments:

● fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives;

● variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate;

● amounts expected to be payable under residual value guarantees;

● the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

● payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising that option.

Lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if this rate cannot be determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost comprising the following:

● the amount of the initial measurement of the lease obligation;

● any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received; and

● any initial direct costs and rehabilitation costs.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-   line basis as an expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.

Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity, net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares.

Ordinary shares issued for consideration other than cash are based on their market value at the date the ordinary shares are issued.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred, for the first time since its foundation, in losses and incurred a net loss of €2,013,788 during the year ended December 31, 2023. However, The Company successfully completed its IPO on the Nasdaq on September 2023, where it was able to raise up to €3.8M net of expenses related to the process, it still has a large portion of those funds as the day of this report. Also, the Company presents a €3.2 million positive working capital at the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company finds itself in a sector where all studies and forecasts predict a very large exponential growth in the coming years. Also, is a consolidated company, with more than 10 years of experience, and in recent years has been making a very significant investment in development and research, which will allow it to position itself as a differentiating value compared to other companies in the sector.

The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s planned operations and expansion plan for more than 12 months. Also, The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, where its principal Company, the majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, has explicitly expressed its full support to carry out its operational development, in case such support is needed.

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, for which it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability, if material. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time (“accretion expense”) is recognize as an expense on the statements of income and comprehensive income.

Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Deferred tax is recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income or loss.

Current income tax is the expected tax payable or receivable in respect of the taxable income or loss for the period, using income tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous periods.

Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their related tax bases. However, deferred tax is not provided on the initial recognition of goodwill or on the initial recognition of an asset or liability unless the related transaction is a business acquisition or affects tax or accounting profit. The deferred tax assets and liabilities have been measured using substantively enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the amounts are expected to settle. Deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that they will be able to be utilized against future taxable income. The assessment of the probability of future taxable income in which deferred tax assets can be utilized is based on the Company’s latest approved forecast, which is adjusted for significant non-taxable income and expenses and specific limits to the use of any unused tax loss or credit. If a positive forecast of taxable income indicates the probable use of a deferred tax asset, especially when it can be used without a time limit, that deferred tax asset is usually recognized in full. The recognition of deferred tax assets that are subject to economic limits or uncertainties are assessed individually by management based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only when the Company has a right and intention to offset current tax assets and liabilities from the same taxation authority. Changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized as a component of income or expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income, except where they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or loss or directly in equity.

Foreign currency transactions

The functional currency used by the Company is the euro. Consequently, operations in currencies other than the euro are considered to be denominated in foreign currency and are recorded at the exchange rates in force on the dates of the operations.

At year-end, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are converted by applying the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The profits or losses revealed are charged directly to the profit and loss account for the year in which they occur.

On each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are converted at the rates in force on the closing date. Non-monetary items in foreign currency measured in terms of historical cost are converted at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction.

The exchange differences of the monetary items that arise both when liquidating them and when converting them at the closing exchange rate, are recognized in the results of the year, except those that are part of the investment of a business abroad, which are recognized directly in equity net of taxes until the time of its disposal.

Income per share

Basic income per share is calculated by dividing the income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding in the period. For all periods presented, the income attributable to ordinary shareholders equals the reported income attributable to owners of the Company.

Diluted income per share is calculated by the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted income per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase ordinary shares at the average market price during the period.

The Company has no potentially dilutive securities, such as options or warrants, currently issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication that the carrying amount is not recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Management assesses impairment of non-financial assets such as property and equipment and intangible assets. In assessing impairment, management estimates the recoverable amount of each asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) based on expected future cash flows. The Company has applied judgment in its assessment of the appropriateness of the determination of CGU’s. When measuring expected future cash flows, management makes assumptions about future growth of profits which relate to future events and circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimated future cash flows. Estimation uncertainty relates to assumptions about future operating results and the application of an appropriate discount rate.

Financial instruments

Financial assets

Financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”), amortized cost, or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”). The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.

Classification and measurement

Classification determines how financial assets and financial liabilities are accounted for in financial statements and, in particular, how they are measured on an ongoing basis. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments approach for the classification of financial assets is driven by cash flow characteristics and the business model in which an asset is held. This single, principle-based approach replaces prior rule-based requirements. The model also results in a single impairment model being applied to all financial instruments.

Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets carried at FVTPL are initially recorded at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Realized and unrealized gains and income arising from changes in the fair value of the financial asset held at FVTPL are included in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. The Company has classified cash as FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTOCI

Financial assets at FVTOCI are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently they are measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. There are no financial assets classified as FVTOCI.

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently carried at amortized cost less any impairment. They are classified as current assets or non- current assets based on their maturity date. The Company has classified accounts receivable and amounts due from related parties at amortized cost.

Financial assets are derecognized when they mature or are sold, and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at FVTPL or at amortized cost. The Company determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition.

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost, net of transaction costs unless classified as FVTPL. The Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities, amounts due to related parties, lease liabilities and bank loans are classified as measured at amortized cost.

The Company’s bank loans were classified as measured at amortized cost at December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred €245,706, €202,368 and €90,106 interest on bank loans.

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurements are made using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:

● Level 1 – defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

● Level 2 – defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

● Level 3 – defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety by reference to its lowest level of significant input. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows, discounted at interest rates for similar instruments.

The carrying amounts shown of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value (Level 1) due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses at each statement of financial position date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.

The Company recognizes expected credit losses (“ECL”) for accounts receivable based on the simplified approach. The simplified approach to the recognition of expected losses does not require the Company to track the changes in credit risk; rather, the Company recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date from the date of the account receivable.

The Company measures expected credit loss by considering the risk of default over the contract period and incorporates forward-looking information into its measurement. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses.

ECLs are measured as the difference in the present value of the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company under the contract, and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The Company assesses all information available, including past due status, and forward looking macro- economic factors in the measurement of the ECLs associated with its assets carried at amortized cost.

The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.

New Accounting Pronouncements

The following accounting standards and amendments have been issued by the IASB or the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee that are not yet effective as of the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company intends to adopt such standards upon the mandatory effective date.

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)

The amendments to IAS1 provide a more general approach to the classification of liabilities based on the contractual arrangements in place at the reporting date. These amendments are effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The Company is evaluating the impact of the above amendments on its consolidated financial statements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Judgements, Estimates and Assumptions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Judgements, Estimates and Assumptions [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS, ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS

NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS, ESTIMATES AND ASSUMPTIONS

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The reported amounts and note disclosures are determined using management’s best estimates based on assumptions that reflect the most probable set of economic conditions and planned courses of action. Actual results may differ from such estimates. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are reviewed regularly.

The following are significant management judgments, estimates and assumptions used in applying the accounting policies of the Company that have the most significant effect on recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses:

Leases

The Company exercises judgment in determining the approximate lease term on a lease by lease basis. The Company considers all facts and circumstances that may create an economic incentive to exercise renewal options and also evaluated the economic incentive related to continuation of existing leaseholds. The Company is also required to estimate specific criteria in order to estimate the carrying amount of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities including the incremental borrowing rate and effective interest rate.

Valuation of accounts receivable

Management monitors the financial stability of its customers and the environment in which they operate to make estimates regarding the likelihood that the individual trade balances will be paid. Credit risks for outstanding customer receivables are regularly assessed and allowances are recorded for estimated losses, if required.

Valuation of inventory

Management makes estimates of future customer demand for products when establishing appropriate provisions for inventory obsolescence. In making these estimates, management considers the aged of inventory and profitability of recent sales.

Recoverability of income taxes

The measurement and assessment of income tax assets and liabilities requires management to make judgments in the interpretation and application of the relevant tax laws and estimates of the Company’s abilities to utilize losses carried forward to offset taxes payable on future taxable income. The actual amount of income taxes only becomes final upon filing and acceptance of the tax return by the relevant tax authorities, which occurs subsequent to the issuance of the financial statements.

Useful life of property and equipment

Changes in the intended use of property and equipment as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the depreciation expense and carrying value of property and equipment.

Useful life of intangible assets

Changes in the intended use of intangible assets with determinable useful lives as well as changes in technology or economic conditions may cause the estimated useful life of these assets to change. The change in useful lives could impact the amortization expense and carrying value of intangible assets.

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Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net [Abstract]

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET

NOTE 4 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET

Accounts receivable and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Customers by sales provision of services	€	2,505,194		€	3,429,596
VAT receivable		46,106			-
Others		87,702			41,541
	€	2,639,002		€	3,471,137
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(417,922	)		(333,528	)
	€	2,221,080		€	3,137,609

As of December 31 2023 and 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts was €417,922 and €333,528, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recorded bad debt expense of €84,394, €19,454 and €102,966, respectively.

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Inventories [Abstract]

INVENTORIES

NOTE 5 – INVENTORIES

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had finished goods of €5,585,959 and €10,106,216, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recorded provision on slowing moving inventory in the statements of operations of €312,563,€0 and €53,434, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was provision for obsolescence of €402,908 and €90,345, respectively.

The Company outsourced the management of inventories to a third party with all the inventories located in warehouse owned by the third parties. The Company pays a monthly fee to the warehouse company for insurance coverage of the inventories, as stated in the agreement between both parties.

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Prepaid Expense

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Prepaid Expense [Abstract]

PREPAID EXPENSE

NOTE 6 – PREPAID EXPENSE

Prepaid expense as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advancement to suppliers for inventory	€	788,622	€	632,185
Advancement for PP&E under construction		11,683		26,727
Conference		230,027		61,036
Security deposits and others		17,822		15,658
	€	1,048,154	€	735,606

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Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments [Abstract]

INVESTMENTS

NOTE 7 – INVESTMENTS

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had short-term investment of €2,044,050, comprised of two short-term investments in the bank for aggregate amount of €2,000,000 with repayment term ranged from 6-7 months and annual interest rate ranged from 3.54%-3.37% and a short-term commercial deposit of €44,050 with an assembling vendor. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of €444 from the investments.

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property and Equipment [Abstract]

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

NOTE 8 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Furniture	€	56,232		€	49,063
Laboratory Photovoltaic Installation		116,912			98,792
Tools and Machinery		6,026			5,458
Computer		14,915			12,747
		194,085			166,060
Accumulated depreciation		(35,001	)		(15,577	)
	€	159,084		€	150,483

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company acquired property and equipment of €28,026, €133,140 and €17,871, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded depreciation expense of €19,425, €5,069 and €2,998, respectively.

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Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Intangible Assets [Abstract]

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

NOTE 9 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Software development	€	636,970		€	368,705
Software SKN1		248,419			-
Computer application		33,755			33,755
Web page		6,010			6,010
		925,154			408,470
Amortization		(89,448	)		(39,464	)
	€	835,706		€	369,006

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company acquired software development and software of €516,684, €261,916, and €106,789, respectively

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded amortization expense of €49,984, €858 and €0, respectively, and no impairment loss was incurred on the intangible assets.

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

NOTE 10 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued labilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Trade payable	€	1,847,575	€	2,412,588
VAT payable		69,426		37,127
Payroll taxes payable		56,419		46,268
Customer deposits		70,139		156,886
	€	2,043,559	€	2,652,869

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

NOTE 11 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	175,771	€	175,771
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivables		-		-		1,422,952		1,422,952
Total	€	-	€	-	€	1,601,273	€	1,601,273

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending to pay	€	-	€	(3,800,000	)	€	-		€	(3,800,000	)
Credits pending collection		-		72,444			(784	)		71,660
Trade payable		-		(119,610	)		-			(119,610	)
Total	€	-	€	(3,847,166	)	€	(784	)	€	(3,847,950	)

All the amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand, except for the loan agreement from Umbrella Solar of €3,800,000. This loan was formalized and signed on June 30 for a period of 5 years, with a market interest rate of 6.25% per year, payable bi-annually.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, a total amount of €118,750 has been paid for interest.

Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	21,693	€	21,693
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivable		264		-		115,757		116,021
Total	€	264	€	-	€	140,000	€	140,264

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-		€	(85	)	€	(85	)
Trade payable to related party		-		(237,200	)		-			(237,200	)
Total	€	-	€	(237,200	)	€	(85	)	€	(237,285	)

Amount due to and from related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were summarized as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023 

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	2,418		€	1,349,710		€	1,380,547
*Services received		(1,005,434	)		-			(1,005,434	)
Purchases		-			(1,201,244	)		(1,201,244	)
Total	€	(1,003,016	)	€	148,466		€	(826,131	)

* Comprised of selling and administrative – related parties of €995,435 and salaries and benefits – related parties of €9,999

Year Ended December 31, 2022

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	-		€	836,804		€	836,804
Services received		(547,912	)		-			(547,912	)
Purchases		-			(30,696	)		(30,696	)
Total	€	(547,912	)	€	806,108		€	258,196

Year Ended December 31, 2021

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	242		€	149,161		€	149,403
Services received		(226,222	)		(17,994	)		(244,216	)
Purchases		-			(1,224,811	)		(1,224,811	)
	€	(225,980	)	€	(1,093,644	)	€	(1,319,624	)

Our related party transactions during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, include sales of products or services made to or purchases of products or services from affiliated group companies that are under common control and to associates of such group companies. These transactions include income accrued from the commercial activities of our company. The purchases relate to merchandise that we sell in its normal course of commercial operations.

Umbrella Solar Investment, as the holding company of the group, assumes all structural costs such as those related to the human resources, licenses, legal, tax, labor, marketing, and other generic structural costs. A margin of 13% is applied to these costs and the resulting amount is distributed to the four most significant companies in the group based on their estimated revenue in the monthly management fees.

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred management fees to Umbrella Solar Investment, S.A, of €1,005,434, €547,912 and €226,222, respectively.

No compensation has been paid to the executives under Crocodile Investment SLU. The company expects to continue with the same allocation structure in the future.

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Bank Loans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Bank Loans [Abstract]

BANK LOANS

NOTE 12 – BANK LOANS

Bank loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Bank loans	€	328,236		€	556,386
Lines of credit		3,661,662			7,778,14
		3,989,898			8,334,53
less: current portion		(3,895,585	)		(8,010,239	)
	€	94,313		€	324,292

The terms and conditions of outstanding bank loans are as follows:

		Nominal				December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Bank Loans	Currency	interest rate			Year of maturity	Face Value		Carrying Amount		Face Value		Carrying Amount
Bankia SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		400,000		136,379		400,000		236,243
Targobank SA	EUR		1.87	%	2025		100,000		38,322		100,000		63,317
Banco de Sabadell SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		250,000		85,004		250,000		149,366
Liberbank	EUR		1.55	%	2025		170,000		68,532		170,000		107,460
						€	920,000	€	328,236	€	920,000	€	556,386

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred bank loan interest expense of €12,618, €9,977 and €15,702, respectively.

The Company’s obligations are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.

Principal repayments to maturity by fiscal year are as follows:

Year ended December 31,
2024	€	233,926
2025		94,310
Thereafter		-
Total	€	328,236

In addition, the Company maintains the following lines of credit:

As of December 31, 2023

					‘December 31,
					2023
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	4/25/2024	€	2,308,058
Sabadell		2,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	5/28/2024		-
BBVA		1,500,000	1.65% + Euribor	12/22/2024		270,866
Santander		4,000,000	1.65% + Euribor	6/28/2024		1,012,738
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		-
Bankinter ICO		700,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2024		70,000
	€	12,100,000			€	3,661,662

As of December 31, 2022

					December 31, 2022
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	3/25/2023	€	2,108,807
Sabadell		1,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,623,953
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		381,000
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		628,951
Santander		2,000,000	2.25% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,928,786
Abanca ICO		150,000	1.40% + Euribor	10/31/2023		150,000
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		319,103
Bankinter ICO		500,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2023		485,830
Bankinter		500,000	1.50% + Euribor	6/6/2023		151,715
	€	9,350,000			€	7,778,145

The Company has €3,6 million  facility that is unsecured and can be drawn down to meet short-term financing needs. The facility has a maturity of one to three years for the ICO credit lines that renews automatically at the option of the Company. Interest is payable at an average rate of Euribor plus 2.11 basis points. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021 the Company incurred interest expense from line of credit of €133,977,€192,391 and €74,404 , respectively.

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Share Capital

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share Capital [Abstract]

SHARE CAPITAL

NOTE 13 – SHARE CAPITAL

Authorized

The Company has authorized 75,085,700 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.05.

Issuances

On September 22, 2023, the Company announced initial public offering of 1,000,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), representing 5,000,000 ordinary shares, at a price of $5.00 per ADS to the public for a total of $5,000,000 of gross proceeds to the Company, before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses (the “Offering”). The American Depositary Shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TURB.” During the December 2023, the Company issued 5,000,000 shares of common from the initial public offering for proceeds of €3,354,781, net of share offering costs and underwriting cost of €1,350,200.

During December 2022, we issued 50,000,000 ordinary shares (pre-stock split: 2,500,000 shares) for proceeds of €2,500,000, to our parent company, who is also our sole shareholder.

The Company has reflected this issuance of ordinary shares for all periods presented due to their nominal value, relative to the planned Initial Public Offering. The Company accounted for the proceeds as share capital in the year ended December 31, 2022. Earnings per share and ordinary shares outstanding have been retroactively reflected to show this issuance from the earliest period reported.

Stock Split

In February 2023, the Company approved a forward stock split of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares on a 20-for-1 basis. We increased our issued and outstanding share capital from 2,504,285 ordinary shares to 50,085,700 ordinary shares. The approval, from the Commercial Registry of Valencia, for the forward stock split has been approved on February 1, 2023. The consolidated financial statements retrospectively reflected the forward stock split.

Issued and outstanding

As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the total issued and outstanding share capital consist of 55,085,700 shares at €2,754,285 and 50,085,700 shares at €2,504,285, all subscribed and paid up, respectively.

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Reserve

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Reserve [Abstract]

RESERVE

NOTE 14 – RESERVE

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, reserve was €1,411,846 and €383,268 comprised of legal reserves and other reserves, respectively.

Legal reserve

In accordance with the capital company law, companies must allocate amount equal to 10% of the profit for the year to the legal reserve until it reaches 20% of the share capital. The legal reserve may only be used to increase the share capital. Except for the above purpose and as long as it does not exceed 20% of the share capital, the legal reserve can only be used to offset losses, provided there are no other reserves available sufficient for this purpose. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was partially constituted after the aforementioned capital increase. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, legal reserve was €500,857 and €857, respectively.

Other reserve

The Company maintains unrestricted reserve for undistributed profits from previous years. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the other reserves were € 910,989 and €382,411 , respectively.    

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Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

LEASES

NOTE 15 – LEASES

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following lease obligations:   

	Discount		December 31,		December 31,
	Rate	Maturity	2023		2022
	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025	€	37,579	€	55,961
Current	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025		18,487		39,098
Non-current			€	56,066	€	95,059

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	56,743
Lease liability additions		109,506
Lease liability termination		(35,668	)
Repayment of Lease liability		(37,036	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		1,514
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	95,059
Lease liability additions		19,353
Repayment of Lease liability		(60,523	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		2,177
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	56,066

On September 8, 2020, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a four-year term and monthly lease payment of €527.

On January 1, 2021, the Company entered into an office lease agreement under a five-year term and monthly lease payment of €827 for the first year with an escalation rate of Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus 2% per annum. On June 30, 2022, the Company terminated the office lease contract.

On June 1, 2022, the Company entered into an office lease agreement under a two-year term extensible for three years upon expiry and monthly lease payment of €3,384 during the first year and €3,483 during the second year.

On September 26, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €420.

On November 15, 2022, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €417.

On August 17, 2023, the Company entered into a vehicle lease agreement under a three-year term and monthly lease payment of €572.

The following table summarizes the maturity of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023:

2024	€	38,653
2025		14,930
2026		4,000
Total lease payments		57,583
Less: financing cost		(1,517	)
Lease liabilities	€	56,066

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has right-of-use assets as follows:

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	55,730
Additions		109,506
Termination		(34,777	)
Depreciation		(36,353	)
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	94,106
Additions		19,353
Depreciation		(58,524	)
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	54,935

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Financial Instruments and Risk Management

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Financial Instruments and Risk Management [Abstract]

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

NOTE 16 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Set out below are categories of financial instruments and fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Financial assets at fair value
Cash	€	620,531	€	502,585
Financial assets at amortized cost
Accounts receivable and other receivables		2,221,080		3,137,609
Amount due from related parties		1,601,273		140,264
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		2,043,559		2,652,869
Amount due to related parties		3,847,950		237,285
Lease liabilities		56,066		95,059
Bank loans		3,989,898		8,334,53

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not have sufficient cash resources to meet its financial obligations as they come due in the normal course of business. Liquidity risk also includes the risk of not being able to liquidate assets in a timely manner at a reasonable price. Difficulty accessing capital markets could impair the Company’s capacity to grow, execute its business model and generate financial returns. The Company manages its liquidity risk by monitoring its operating requirements to ensure financial resources are available, actively monitoring market conditions and by diversifying its sources of funding and maintaining a diversified maturity profile of its debt obligations.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. The Company’s main credit risk relates to its cash and accounts receivable. The Company’s credit risk is reduced by a broad customer base and a review of customer credit profiles.

The Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk corresponds to the carrying amount for all cash and accounts receivable. Cash is held with prominent financial institutions. Accounts receivable are held with vendors in which the Company has a historically strong relationship with or related to VAT receivable.

The Company mitigates credit risk associated with its trade receivables through established credit approvals, limits and a regular monitoring process. The Company generally considers the credit quality of its financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired to be solid. Credit risk is further mitigated due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across geographic areas.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no customer and one customer with amount outstanding that exceed 10% of the Company’s revenue that totaled 0% and 13% in aggregate, respectively. The Company assessed credit risk as low.  

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk.

Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company is not exposed to significant currency risk.

Interest risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its lines of credit due to fluctuations in interest rates. The Company’s bank loans and leases have fixed rates of interest resulting in limited interest rate fair value risk for the Company. The Company manages interest rate risk by seeking financing terms in individual arrangements that are most advantageous taking into account all relevant factors, including credit margin, term and basis. The risk management objective is to minimize the potential for changes in interest rates to cause adverse changes in cash flows to the Company.

Other price risk

Other price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is not exposed to other price risk.

Capital management

The Company’s capital consists of share capital and reserve. The Company’s capital management is designed to ensure that it has sufficient financial flexibility both in the short and long-term to support its financial obligations and the future development of the business.

The Company manages its capital with the following objectives:

(i) Ensuring sufficient liquidity is available to support its financial obligations and to execute its operating strategic plans;

(ii) Maintaining financial capacity and flexibility through access to capital to support future development of the business;

(iii) Minimizing its cost of capital and considering current and future industry, market and economic risks and conditions; and

(iv) Utilizing short-term funding sources to manage its working capital requirements and long- term funding sources to match the long-term nature of the property, plant and equipment of the business.

There were no changes to the Company’s approach to capital management during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements.

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Income Tax

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax [Abstract]

INCOME TAX

NOTE 17 – INCOME TAX 

The Company conducts its major businesses in Spain and is subject to tax in this jurisdiction. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all taxable income of the Company is generated in Spain.

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the general tax rate to which the company is subject is 25%.

The below table summarizes the computation of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022		2021
Net income (loss) before taxes	€	(3,130,635	)	€	1,395,092		348,222
Add: permanent differences		886,178			59,930		10,660
Add (less): temporary differences		(68,819	)		1,321		54,334
Less: cancellation of negative tax base		-			-		(9,713	)
Taxable income (loss)		(2,313,276	)		1,456,343		403,503
Tax rate at 25%		(93,022	)		364,086		100,876
Less: R&D deduction		-			-		(19,876	)
Add (less): deferred income tax expenses (recovery)		(1,023,789	)		2,428		-
Income tax expense (recovery)	€	(1,116,847	)	€	366,514		81,000

The following table provides a reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income tax rate, expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Tax at the statutory rate		25.0	%		25.0	%		25.0	%
Penalties		0.0	%		1.1	%		0.8	%
Cancellation of negative tax basis		0.0	%		0.0	%		(0.7	)%
Temporary differences		0.5	%		0.0	%		3.9	%
Tax Credit		0.0	%		0.0	%		(5.7	)%
Effective tax rate		25.6	%		26.1	%		23.3	%

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Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue [Abstract]

REVENUE

NOTE 18 – REVENUE

The Company’s sales derived from sales of electrical and electronic material. The following is the Company’s revenue by geographical markets during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Spain	€	10,886,713	€	26,566,550	€	15,246,597
Europe		1,679,395		3,609,252		1,388,624
Rest of the world		537,571		970,575		518,852
	€	13,103,679	€	31,146,377	€	17,154,073

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue of €13,103,679, €31,146,377 and €17,154,073, of which €1,380,547, €836,804 and €149,403 derived from related parties, respectively.

We consider related parties those Companies that are part of the Umbrella Solar Investment holding group.

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Cost of Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Cost of Revenue [Abstract]

COST OF REVENUE

NOTE 19 – COST OF REVENUE

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Purchase of finished goods	€	18,804,222		€	33,306,036		€	14,985,191
Purchase of raw materials		1,530			1,530			2,395
Outsourcing service		22,184			22,184			4,655
Inventory adjustment		(6,784,373	)		(6,784,373	)		(92,896	)
	€	12,043,563		€	26,545,377		€	14,899,345

During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred cost of sales of €12,043,563, €26,545,377 and €14,899,345, of which €1,201,244, €30,696 and €1,224,811 derived from related parties, respectively.

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Selling and Administrative Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Selling and Administrative Expenses[Abstract]

SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

NOTE 20 – SELLING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

The Company incurred the following selling and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Professional fees	€	1,247,866	€	992,118	€	426,299
Shipping and handling expenses		290,787		417,739		312,805
Warehouse handling		78,095		136,762		83,243
Miscellaneous operating expenses		242,827		59,049		60,064
Marketing and advertising		335,303		127,989		80,560
Leases and royalties		142,503		120,046		61,339
Insurance premiums		52,726		65,412		64,724
Repair and conservation		15,510		21,493		6,022
Supplies		3,908		3,593		306
Taxes		-		-		13,245
Other management expense		-		-		42
Fines and penalty		2,396		59,930		-
Depreciation of property and equipment		19,425		5,069		2,998
Amortization of intangible assets		49,984		858		-
Amortization of right-of-use assets		58,524		36,353		15,888
	€	2,539,854	€	2,046,411	€	1,127,535

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred selling and administrative expenses of €2,539,854, €2,046,411 and €1,127,535, of which €995,435, €547,912 and €244,216 derived from related parties, respectively.

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

NOTE 21 – SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Set out below are non-cash investing and financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021:

Non-cash investing and financing activities:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Reallocation of opening deficit to reserve	€	(1,028,578	)	€	(267,222	)	€	53,947
Recognition of right-of-use assets	€	19,353		€	109,506		€	49,682
Derecognition of right-of-use assets	€	-		€	34,777		€	-

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid interest of €404,093,€202,368 and €90,106 and income taxes of €0, €405,347 and €116,924, respectively.  

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Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Subsequent events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

NOTE 22 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

As of the date of the date of preparation of these consolidated financial statements, a total of 1,806,620 Restricted Share Units (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan approved in August 2023 by the Board of Director), which can be converted into 361,324 American Depositary Shares of the Company, representing 1,806,620 Ordinary Shares of the Company, were granted to certain officers, directors, and employees of the Company.

On April 5, 2024, both the compensation committee and the board of directors of the Company approved the grant of such Restricted Share Units.

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Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Statement of compliance

Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of Turbo Energy, S.A. have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

These consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors of the Company on April 16, 2024.

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared on a historical cost basis except where certain financial instruments that are required to be measured at fair value. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the accrual basis of accounting, except for cash flow information.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Company’s functional currency. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded in accordance with the policies stated under Foreign Currency Transaction in note 2.

Reclassification

Reclassification

Certain amounts from prior period have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported operating and net loss.

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

The Company designs, develops, and distributes equipment for the generation, management, and storage of photovoltaic energy. Our energy storage products are managed, from the cloud and through the inverter of the installation, by an advanced software system which is optimized by artificial intelligence (“AI”). The key advantage is that our products, comparing to conventional battery storage systems, reduce electricity bill and protect the installation from power outages.

The Company’s revenue is primarily generated from sales of the inverters, batteries, and photovoltaic modules to installers and other distributors for residential consumers under individual customer purchase orders, some of which have underlying master sales agreements that specify terms governing the product sales.

The Company recognizes such revenue at the point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer at the estimated net consideration for which collection is probable, taking into account the customer’s rights to unit rebates, and rights to return unsold product.

Transfer of control occurs either when products are shipped to or received by the distributor or direct customer, based on the terms of the specific agreement with the customer, if the Company has a present right to payment and transfer of legal title and the risks and rewards of ownership to the customer has occurred. For most of the Company’s product sales, transfer of control occurs upon shipment to the distributor or direct customer. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, typically 30 to 60 days from the invoice date, which occurs on the date of transfer of control of the products to the customer.

Since payment terms are less than a year, the Company has elected the practical expedient and does not assess whether a customer contract has a significant financing component.

A five-step approach is applied in the recognition of revenue: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Customer purchase orders plus the underlying master sales agreements are considered to be contracts with the customer for purposes of applying the five-step approach.

Returns under the Company’s general assurance warranty of products have not been material historically and warranty-related services are not considered a separate performance obligation under the customer orders.

Each distinct promise to transfer products is considered to be an identified performance obligation for which revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. The Company has also elected to record sales commissions when incurred, as the period over which the sales commission asset that would have been recognized is less than one year.

Concentration of Revenue by Customer

Concentration of Revenue by Customer

For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there was no customer, one customer and one customer who comprised greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue which represented 0%, 10% and 12% of the Company’s revenue, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash consist of highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash of €620,531 and €502,585, respectively. The Company does not have any cash equivalents.

The Company minimizes the concentration of credit risk associated with its cash by maintaining its cash with high-quality insured financial institutions. However, cash balances in excess of the Spanish government insured limit (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos (FDG)) of €100,000 are at risk.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable.

The Company will run credit checks on all customers that request term payment.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventories are valued at their acquisition cost, production cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower. Discounts for prompt payment are included as a lower price, whether or not they appear on the invoice and assigning value to its inventories. The Company adopts the weighted average price method.

Net realizable value represents the estimated sales price less all estimated costs that will be incurred in the process of commercialization, sales and distribution.

The Company makes the appropriate valuation adjustments, recording impairment expense when the net realizable value of the inventories is less than their acquisition cost.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is recognized and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses, if any. When components of property and equipment have different useful lives they are accounted for separately. Depreciation is provided at rates which are calculated to write off the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Furniture	10 years straight line
Tools and machinery	4 years straight line
Right-of-use assets	Over term of the lease

Intangible assets

Intangible assets

Acquired intangible assets are initially measured at cost. Following the initial recognition, intangible assets are measured at cost less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are either definite or indefinite. Intangible assets that have a finite useful life are amortized over the assessed useful economic life and are assessed for impairment when there are any indicators present that the intangible asset may be impaired. The Company reviews the amortization period and method at least annually, and any changes are treated as changes in accounting estimates and applied prospectively.

Computer application and webpage are amortized over estimated useful lives of three years and Software is amortized over estimated useful lives of five years.

Leases

Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the agreement on the inception date.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a lease obligation and a right-of-use asset in the statements of financial position on a present-value basis at the date when the leased asset is available for use. Each lease payment is apportioned between a finance charge and a reduction of the lease obligation. Finance charges are recognized in finance cost in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The right of-use assets are depreciated over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.

Lease obligations are initially measured at the net present value of the following lease payments:

● fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives;

● variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate;

● amounts expected to be payable under residual value guarantees;

● the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

● payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising that option.

Lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if this rate cannot be determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost comprising the following:

● the amount of the initial measurement of the lease obligation;

● any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received; and

● any initial direct costs and rehabilitation costs.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-   line basis as an expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.

Share capital

Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity, net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares.

Ordinary shares issued for consideration other than cash are based on their market value at the date the ordinary shares are issued.

Liquidity

Liquidity

The Company has incurred, for the first time since its foundation, in losses and incurred a net loss of €2,013,788 during the year ended December 31, 2023. However, The Company successfully completed its IPO on the Nasdaq on September 2023, where it was able to raise up to €3.8M net of expenses related to the process, it still has a large portion of those funds as the day of this report. Also, the Company presents a €3.2 million positive working capital at the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company finds itself in a sector where all studies and forecasts predict a very large exponential growth in the coming years. Also, is a consolidated company, with more than 10 years of experience, and in recent years has been making a very significant investment in development and research, which will allow it to position itself as a differentiating value compared to other companies in the sector.

The Company’s existing cash resources are expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s planned operations and expansion plan for more than 12 months. Also, The Company is part of the Umbrella Solar Investment Group, where its principal Company, the majority shareholder of Turbo Energy, has explicitly expressed its full support to carry out its operational development, in case such support is needed.

Provisions

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, for which it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability, if material. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time (“accretion expense”) is recognize as an expense on the statements of income and comprehensive income.

Income taxes

Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Deferred tax is recognized in the statements of income and comprehensive income except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income or loss.

Current income tax is the expected tax payable or receivable in respect of the taxable income or loss for the period, using income tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous periods.

Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their related tax bases. However, deferred tax is not provided on the initial recognition of goodwill or on the initial recognition of an asset or liability unless the related transaction is a business acquisition or affects tax or accounting profit. The deferred tax assets and liabilities have been measured using substantively enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the amounts are expected to settle. Deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that they will be able to be utilized against future taxable income. The assessment of the probability of future taxable income in which deferred tax assets can be utilized is based on the Company’s latest approved forecast, which is adjusted for significant non-taxable income and expenses and specific limits to the use of any unused tax loss or credit. If a positive forecast of taxable income indicates the probable use of a deferred tax asset, especially when it can be used without a time limit, that deferred tax asset is usually recognized in full. The recognition of deferred tax assets that are subject to economic limits or uncertainties are assessed individually by management based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only when the Company has a right and intention to offset current tax assets and liabilities from the same taxation authority. Changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized as a component of income or expense in the statements of income and comprehensive income, except where they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or loss or directly in equity.

Foreign currency transactions

Foreign currency transactions

The functional currency used by the Company is the euro. Consequently, operations in currencies other than the euro are considered to be denominated in foreign currency and are recorded at the exchange rates in force on the dates of the operations.

At year-end, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are converted by applying the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The profits or losses revealed are charged directly to the profit and loss account for the year in which they occur.

On each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are converted at the rates in force on the closing date. Non-monetary items in foreign currency measured in terms of historical cost are converted at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction.

The exchange differences of the monetary items that arise both when liquidating them and when converting them at the closing exchange rate, are recognized in the results of the year, except those that are part of the investment of a business abroad, which are recognized directly in equity net of taxes until the time of its disposal.

Income per share

Income per share

Basic income per share is calculated by dividing the income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding in the period. For all periods presented, the income attributable to ordinary shareholders equals the reported income attributable to owners of the Company.

Diluted income per share is calculated by the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the calculation of diluted income per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase ordinary shares at the average market price during the period.

The Company has no potentially dilutive securities, such as options or warrants, currently issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication that the carrying amount is not recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Management assesses impairment of non-financial assets such as property and equipment and intangible assets. In assessing impairment, management estimates the recoverable amount of each asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) based on expected future cash flows. The Company has applied judgment in its assessment of the appropriateness of the determination of CGU’s. When measuring expected future cash flows, management makes assumptions about future growth of profits which relate to future events and circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimated future cash flows. Estimation uncertainty relates to assumptions about future operating results and the application of an appropriate discount rate.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments

Financial assets

Financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”), amortized cost, or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”). The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.

Classification and measurement

Classification determines how financial assets and financial liabilities are accounted for in financial statements and, in particular, how they are measured on an ongoing basis. IFRS 9 Financial Instruments approach for the classification of financial assets is driven by cash flow characteristics and the business model in which an asset is held. This single, principle-based approach replaces prior rule-based requirements. The model also results in a single impairment model being applied to all financial instruments.

Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets carried at FVTPL are initially recorded at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statements of income and comprehensive income. Realized and unrealized gains and income arising from changes in the fair value of the financial asset held at FVTPL are included in the statements of income and comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. The Company has classified cash as FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTOCI

Financial assets at FVTOCI are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently they are measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. There are no financial assets classified as FVTOCI.

Financial assets at amortized cost

Financial assets at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs, and subsequently carried at amortized cost less any impairment. They are classified as current assets or non- current assets based on their maturity date. The Company has classified accounts receivable and amounts due from related parties at amortized cost.

Financial assets are derecognized when they mature or are sold, and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at FVTPL or at amortized cost. The Company determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition.

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortized cost, net of transaction costs unless classified as FVTPL. The Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities, amounts due to related parties, lease liabilities and bank loans are classified as measured at amortized cost.

The Company’s bank loans were classified as measured at amortized cost at December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023,2022 and 2021, the Company incurred €245,706, €202,368 and €90,106 interest on bank loans.

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurement

Fair value measurements are made using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:

● Level 1 – defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

● Level 2 – defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

● Level 3 – defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety by reference to its lowest level of significant input. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows, discounted at interest rates for similar instruments.

The carrying amounts shown of the Company’s financial instruments including cash, accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value (Level 1) due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Impairment of financial assets

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses at each statement of financial position date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.

The Company recognizes expected credit losses (“ECL”) for accounts receivable based on the simplified approach. The simplified approach to the recognition of expected losses does not require the Company to track the changes in credit risk; rather, the Company recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime expected credit losses at each reporting date from the date of the account receivable.

The Company measures expected credit loss by considering the risk of default over the contract period and incorporates forward-looking information into its measurement. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses.

ECLs are measured as the difference in the present value of the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company under the contract, and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The Company assesses all information available, including past due status, and forward looking macro- economic factors in the measurement of the ECLs associated with its assets carried at amortized cost.

The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.

New Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Pronouncements

The following accounting standards and amendments have been issued by the IASB or the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee that are not yet effective as of the date of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company intends to adopt such standards upon the mandatory effective date.

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (Amendments to IAS 1)

The amendments to IAS1 provide a more general approach to the classification of liabilities based on the contractual arrangements in place at the reporting date. These amendments are effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The Company is evaluating the impact of the above amendments on its consolidated financial statements.

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Material Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives

Depreciation is provided at rates which are calculated to write off the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Furniture	10 years straight line
Tools and machinery	4 years straight line
Right-of-use assets	Over term of the lease

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Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables

Accounts receivable and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Customers by sales provision of services	€	2,505,194		€	3,429,596
VAT receivable		46,106			-
Others		87,702			41,541
	€	2,639,002		€	3,471,137
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(417,922	)		(333,528	)
	€	2,221,080		€	3,137,609

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Prepaid Expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Prepaid Expense [Abstract]

Schedule of Prepaid Expense

Prepaid expense as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as below:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Advancement to suppliers for inventory	€	788,622	€	632,185
Advancement for PP&E under construction		11,683		26,727
Conference		230,027		61,036
Security deposits and others		17,822		15,658
	€	1,048,154	€	735,606

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Furniture	€	56,232		€	49,063
Laboratory Photovoltaic Installation		116,912			98,792
Tools and Machinery		6,026			5,458
Computer		14,915			12,747
		194,085			166,060
Accumulated depreciation		(35,001	)		(15,577	)
	€	159,084		€	150,483

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Intangible Assets [Abstract]

Schedule of Intangible Assets

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Software development	€	636,970		€	368,705
Software SKN1		248,419			-
Computer application		33,755			33,755
Web page		6,010			6,010
		925,154			408,470
Amortization		(89,448	)		(39,464	)
	€	835,706		€	369,006

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Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued labilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Trade payable	€	1,847,575	€	2,412,588
VAT payable		69,426		37,127
Payroll taxes payable		56,419		46,268
Customer deposits		70,139		156,886
	€	2,043,559	€	2,652,869

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Related Party Transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of Due from Related Parties

Due from related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	175,771	€	175,771
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivables		-		-		1,422,952		1,422,952
Total	€	-	€	-	€	1,601,273	€	1,601,273

Amount due from (to) as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	Ultimate		Senior		Other group
	partner		partner		companies		Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-	€	21,693	€	21,693
Long-term investment		-		-		2,550		2,550
Trade receivable		264		-		115,757		116,021
Total	€	264	€	-	€	140,000	€	140,264

Schedule of Due to Related Parties

Due to related parties:

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending to pay	€	-	€	(3,800,000	)	€	-		€	(3,800,000	)
Credits pending collection		-		72,444			(784	)		71,660
Trade payable		-		(119,610	)		-			(119,610	)
Total	€	-	€	(3,847,166	)	€	(784	)	€	(3,847,950	)

	Ultimate		Senior			Other group
	partner		partner			companies			Total
Credits pending collection	€	-	€	-		€	(85	)	€	(85	)
Trade payable to related party		-		(237,200	)		-			(237,200	)
Total	€	-	€	(237,200	)	€	(85	)	€	(237,285	)

Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties

Transactions with related parties during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were summarized as follows:

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	2,418		€	1,349,710		€	1,380,547
*Services received		(1,005,434	)		-			(1,005,434	)
Purchases		-			(1,201,244	)		(1,201,244	)
Total	€	(1,003,016	)	€	148,466		€	(826,131	)

* Comprised of selling and administrative – related parties of €995,435 and salaries and benefits – related parties of €9,999

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	-		€	836,804		€	836,804
Services received		(547,912	)		-			(547,912	)
Purchases		-			(30,696	)		(30,696	)
Total	€	(547,912	)	€	806,108		€	258,196

	Senior			Other group
	partner			companies			Total
Sales	€	242		€	149,161		€	149,403
Services received		(226,222	)		(17,994	)		(244,216	)
Purchases		-			(1,224,811	)		(1,224,811	)
	€	(225,980	)	€	(1,093,644	)	€	(1,319,624	)

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Bank Loans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Bank Loans [Abstract]

Schedule of Bank Loans

Bank loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Bank loans	€	328,236		€	556,386
Lines of credit		3,661,662			7,778,14
		3,989,898			8,334,53
less: current portion		(3,895,585	)		(8,010,239	)
	€	94,313		€	324,292

Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans

The terms and conditions of outstanding bank loans are as follows:

		Nominal				December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Bank Loans	Currency	interest rate			Year of maturity	Face Value		Carrying Amount		Face Value		Carrying Amount
Bankia SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		400,000		136,379		400,000		236,243
Targobank SA	EUR		1.87	%	2025		100,000		38,322		100,000		63,317
Banco de Sabadell SA	EUR		1.50	%	2025		250,000		85,004		250,000		149,366
Liberbank	EUR		1.55	%	2025		170,000		68,532		170,000		107,460
						€	920,000	€	328,236	€	920,000	€	556,386

Schedule of Principal Repayments to Maturity by Fiscal Year

Principal repayments to maturity by fiscal year are as follows:

Year ended December 31,
2024	€	233,926
2025		94,310
Thereafter		-
Total	€	328,236

Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit

the Company maintains the following lines of credit

					‘December 31,
					2023
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	4/25/2024	€	2,308,058
Sabadell		2,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	5/28/2024		-
BBVA		1,500,000	1.65% + Euribor	12/22/2024		270,866
Santander		4,000,000	1.65% + Euribor	6/28/2024		1,012,738
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		-
Bankinter ICO		700,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2024		70,000
	€	12,100,000			€	3,661,662

As of December 31, 2022

					December 31, 2022
Line of credit	Credit Limit		Nominal interest rate	Maturity	Carrying Value
Caixabank	€	2,500,000	2.00% + Euribor	3/25/2023	€	2,108,807
Sabadell		1,700,000	2.75% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,623,953
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		381,000
BBVA		650,000	1.90% + Euribor	12/22/2023		628,951
Santander		2,000,000	2.25% + Euribor	2/28/2023		1,928,786
Abanca ICO		150,000	1.40% + Euribor	10/31/2023		150,000
Abanca		700,000	2.00% + Euribor	11/30/2024		319,103
Bankinter ICO		500,000	1.40% + Euribor	6/21/2023		485,830
Bankinter		500,000	1.50% + Euribor	6/6/2023		151,715
	€	9,350,000			€	7,778,145

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Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Obligations

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following lease obligations:

	Discount		December 31,		December 31,
	Rate	Maturity	2023		2022
	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025	€	37,579	€	55,961
Current	1.5 % - 3.0%	2024-2025		18,487		39,098
Non-current			€	56,066	€	95,059

Schedule of Lease Liabilities

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	56,743
Lease liability additions		109,506
Lease liability termination		(35,668	)
Repayment of Lease liability		(37,036	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		1,514
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	95,059
Lease liability additions		19,353
Repayment of Lease liability		(60,523	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities		2,177
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	56,066

Schedule of Maturity Lease Liabilities

The following table summarizes the maturity of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023:

2024	€	38,653
2025		14,930
2026		4,000
Total lease payments		57,583
Less: financing cost		(1,517	)
Lease liabilities	€	56,066

Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has right-of-use assets as follows:

Balance - December 31, 2021	€	55,730
Additions		109,506
Termination		(34,777	)
Depreciation		(36,353	)
Balance - December 31, 2022	€	94,106
Additions		19,353
Depreciation		(58,524	)
Balance - December 31, 2023	€	54,935

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Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Financial Instruments and Risk Management [Abstract]

Schedule of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurement

Set out below are categories of financial instruments and fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Financial assets at fair value
Cash	€	620,531	€	502,585
Financial assets at amortized cost
Accounts receivable and other receivables		2,221,080		3,137,609
Amount due from related parties		1,601,273		140,264
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		2,043,559		2,652,869
Amount due to related parties		3,847,950		237,285
Lease liabilities		56,066		95,059
Bank loans		3,989,898		8,334,53

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Income Tax (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax [Abstract]

Schedule of Income Tax Expense

The below table summarizes the computation of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022		2021
Net income (loss) before taxes	€	(3,130,635	)	€	1,395,092		348,222
Add: permanent differences		886,178			59,930		10,660
Add (less): temporary differences		(68,819	)		1,321		54,334
Less: cancellation of negative tax base		-			-		(9,713	)
Taxable income (loss)		(2,313,276	)		1,456,343		403,503
Tax rate at 25%		(93,022	)		364,086		100,876
Less: R&D deduction		-			-		(19,876	)
Add (less): deferred income tax expenses (recovery)		(1,023,789	)		2,428		-
Income tax expense (recovery)	€	(1,116,847	)	€	366,514		81,000

Schedule of Statutory Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate, Expressed as a Percentage

The following table provides a reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income tax rate, expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Tax at the statutory rate		25.0	%		25.0	%		25.0	%
Penalties		0.0	%		1.1	%		0.8	%
Cancellation of negative tax basis		0.0	%		0.0	%		(0.7	)%
Temporary differences		0.5	%		0.0	%		3.9	%
Tax Credit		0.0	%		0.0	%		(5.7	)%
Effective tax rate		25.6	%		26.1	%		23.3	%

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Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets

The following is the Company’s revenue by geographical markets during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Spain	€	10,886,713	€	26,566,550	€	15,246,597
Europe		1,679,395		3,609,252		1,388,624
Rest of the world		537,571		970,575		518,852
	€	13,103,679	€	31,146,377	€	17,154,073

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Cost of Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Cost of Revenue [Abstract]

Schedule of Cost of Revenue

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Purchase of finished goods	€	18,804,222		€	33,306,036		€	14,985,191
Purchase of raw materials		1,530			1,530			2,395
Outsourcing service		22,184			22,184			4,655
Inventory adjustment		(6,784,373	)		(6,784,373	)		(92,896	)
	€	12,043,563		€	26,545,377		€	14,899,345

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Selling and Administrative Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Selling and Administrative Expenses[Abstract]

Schedule of Selling and Administrative Expenses

The Company incurred the following selling and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Professional fees	€	1,247,866	€	992,118	€	426,299
Shipping and handling expenses		290,787		417,739		312,805
Warehouse handling		78,095		136,762		83,243
Miscellaneous operating expenses		242,827		59,049		60,064
Marketing and advertising		335,303		127,989		80,560
Leases and royalties		142,503		120,046		61,339
Insurance premiums		52,726		65,412		64,724
Repair and conservation		15,510		21,493		6,022
Supplies		3,908		3,593		306
Taxes		-		-		13,245
Other management expense		-		-		42
Fines and penalty		2,396		59,930		-
Depreciation of property and equipment		19,425		5,069		2,998
Amortization of intangible assets		49,984		858		-
Amortization of right-of-use assets		58,524		36,353		15,888
	€	2,539,854	€	2,046,411	€	1,127,535

XML

Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Schedule of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Non-cash investing and financing activities:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Reallocation of opening deficit to reserve	€	(1,028,578	)	€	(267,222	)	€	53,947
Recognition of right-of-use assets	€	19,353		€	109,506		€	49,682
Derecognition of right-of-use assets	€	-		€	34,777		€	-

XML

Entity Information (Details)				12 Months Ended
	Sep. 21, 2023 EUR (€) shares	Sep. 21, 2023 $ / shares	Nov. 08, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2021 EUR (€)
Entity Information (Details) [Line Items]
Ordinary share percentage			100.00%
Consumption of electricity			€ 2,250
Sell ADS to underwriters				€ 335,303	€ 127,989	€ 80,560
Public offering price per shares | $ / shares		$ 5
Purchase to additional ads | shares	150,000
Percentage of equivalent of ads	15.00%
Underwriting Agreement [Member]
Entity Information (Details) [Line Items]
Sell ADS to underwriters	€ 1,000,000

XML

Material Accounting Policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2021 EUR (€)
Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Revenue percentage	10.00%	10.00%	10.00%	10.00%
Cash | €	€ 620,531		€ 502,585
Incurred net loss | $		$ 2,013,788
Other expenses | $		3,800,000
Working capital | $		$ 3,200,000
Interest on bank loan | €	€ 245,706		€ 202,368	€ 90,106
No Customer [Member]
Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Revenue percentage	0.00%	0.00%
One Customer [Member]
Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Revenue percentage			10.00%	12.00%
Insurance risk [member]
Material Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash | €	€ 100,000

XML

Material Accounting Policies (Details) - Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Right-of-use assets [Member]
Material Accounting Policies (Details) - Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives	Over term of the lease
Furniture [Member]
Material Accounting Policies (Details) - Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives	10 years
Tools and machinery [Member]
Material Accounting Policies (Details) - Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives	4 years

XML

Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	€ 417,922	€ 333,528
Bad debt expense	€ 84,394	€ 19,454	€ 102,966

XML

Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net (Details) - Schedule of Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables [Abstract]
Customers by sales provision of services	€ 2,505,194	€ 3,429,596
VAT receivable	46,106
Others	87,702	41,541
Accounts receivable and other receivables gross	2,639,002	3,471,137
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(417,922)	(333,528)
Accounts receivable and other receivables net	€ 2,221,080	€ 3,137,609

XML

Inventories (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventories [Abstract]
Finished goods	€ 5,585,959	€ 10,106,216
Inventory in the statements of operations	312,563	0	€ 53,434
Provision for obsolescence	€ 402,908	€ 90,345

XML

Prepaid Expense (Details) - Schedule of Prepaid Expense - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Prepaid Expense [Abstract]
Advancement to suppliers for inventory	€ 788,622	€ 632,185
Advancement for PP&E under construction	11,683	26,727
Conference	230,027	61,036
Security deposits and others	17,822	15,658
Total	€ 1,048,154	€ 735,606

XML

Investments (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Investments (Details) [Line Items]
Short term investment	€ 2,044,050
Bank aggregate amount	2,000,000
Short term deposit	44,050
Interest income	€ 444
Top of range [Member]
Investments (Details) [Line Items]
Annual interest rate percentage	3.54%
Bottom of range [Member]
Investments (Details) [Line Items]
Annual interest rate percentage	3.37%

XML

Property and Equipment (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Purchase of property and equipment	€ 28,026	€ 133,140	€ 17,871
Depreciation of property and equipment	€ 19,425	€ 5,069	€ 2,998

XML

Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	€ 194,085	€ 166,060
Accumulated depreciation	(35,001)	(15,577)
Property and equipment	159,084	150,483
Furniture [Member]
Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	56,232	49,063
Laboratory Photovoltaic Installation [Member]
Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	116,912	98,792
Tools and Machinery [Member]
Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	6,026	5,458
Computer [Member]
Property and Equipment (Details) - Schedule of Property and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	€ 14,915	€ 12,747

XML

Intangible Assets (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Intangible Assets (Details) [Line Items]
Intangible assets	€ 835,706	€ 369,006
Amortization expense	49,984	858	€ 0
Intangible Assets [Member]
Intangible Assets (Details) [Line Items]
Intangible assets	€ 516,684	€ 261,916	€ 106,789

XML

Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible Assets Gross	€ 925,154	€ 408,470
Amortization	(89,448)	(39,464)
Intangible Assets Net	835,706	369,006
Software Development [Member]
Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible Assets Gross	636,970	368,705
Software SKN1 [Member]
Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible Assets Gross	248,419
Computer Application [Member]
Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible Assets Gross	33,755	33,755
Web Page [Member]
Intangible Assets (Details) - Schedule of Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible Assets Gross	€ 6,010	€ 6,010

XML

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Details) - Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]
Trade payable	€ 1,847,575	€ 2,412,588
VAT payable	69,426	37,127
Payroll taxes payable	56,419	46,268
Customer deposits	70,139	156,886
Total	€ 2,043,559	€ 2,652,869

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Related Party Transactions [Line Items]
Due from related party	€ 3,800,000
Term loan	5 years
Market interest rate	6.25%
Amount paid for interest	€ 118,750
Selling and administrative expenses	€ 1,544,419	€ 1,498,499	€ 883,319
Percentage of margin applied	13.00%
Incurred management fees	€ 1,005,434	€ 547,912	€ 226,222
Related parties [member]
Related Party Transactions [Line Items]
Selling and administrative expenses	995,435
Salaries and benefits	€ 9,999

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	€ 1,601,273	€ 140,264
Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties		264
Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	1,601,273	140,000
Credit pending collection [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	175,771	21,693
Credit pending collection [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Credit pending collection [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Credit pending collection [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	175,771	21,693
Long-term investment [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	2,550	2,550
Long-term investment [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Long-term investment [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Long-term investment [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	2,550	2,550
Trade receivables [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	1,422,952	116,021
Trade receivables [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties		264
Trade receivables [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties
Trade receivables [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due from Related Parties [Line Items]
Due from related parties	€ 1,422,952	€ 115,757

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	€ (3,847,950)	€ (237,285)
Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(3,847,166)	(237,200)
Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(784)	(85)
Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Credit pending to pay [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(3,800,000)
Credit pending to pay [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(3,800,000)
Credit pending to pay [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Credit pending collection [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	71,660	(85)
Credit pending collection [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	72,444
Credit pending collection [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(784)	(85)
Credit pending collection [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Trade payable [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(119,610)
Trade payable [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties	(119,610)
Trade payable [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Trade payable [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Trade payable to related party [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties		(237,200)
Trade payable to related party [Member] | Senior partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties		(237,200)
Trade payable to related party [Member] | Other group companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties
Trade payable to related party [Member] | Ultimate partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Due to Related Parties [Line Items]
Due to related parties

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023		Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	€ (826,131)		€ 258,196	€ (1,319,624)
Senior Partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	(1,003,016)		(547,912)	(225,980)
Other Group Companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	148,466		806,108	(1,093,644)
Sale [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	1,380,547		836,804	149,403
Sale [Member] | Senior Partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	2,418			242
Sale [Member] | Other Group Companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	1,349,710		836,804	149,161
Service Received [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	(1,005,434)	[1]	(547,912)	(244,216)
Service Received [Member] | Senior Partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	(1,005,434)	[1]	(547,912)	(226,222)
Service Received [Member] | Other Group Companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties		[1]		(17,994)
Purchases [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	(1,201,244)		(30,696)	(1,224,811)
Purchases [Member] | Senior Partner [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties
Purchases [Member] | Other Group Companies [Member]
Related Party Transactions (Details) - Schedule of Transactions with Related Parties [Line Items]
Transactions with related parties	€ (1,201,244)		€ (30,696)	€ (1,224,811)

[1] Comprised of selling and administrative – related parties of €995,435 and salaries and benefits – related parties of €9,999

XML

Bank Loans (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Bank Loans (Details) [Line Items]
Bank loan interest expense	€ 406,031	€ 308,982	€ 138,212
Unsecured bank loans	€ 36,000,000
Interest payable average rate	2.11%
Interest expense from line of credit	€ 133,977	192,391	74,404
Bank Loan [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) [Line Items]
Bank loan interest expense	€ 12,618	€ 9,977	€ 15,702

XML

Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Bank Loans - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Bank Loans [Line Items]
Total loan	€ 3,989,898	€ 833,453
less: current portion	(3,895,585)	(8,010,239)
Total bank loan	94,313	324,292
Bank Loans [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Bank Loans [Line Items]
Total loan	328,236	556,386
Lines of Credit [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Bank Loans [Line Items]
Total loan	€ 3,661,662	€ 777,814

XML

Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans [Line Items]
Nominal interest rate	6.25%
Face Value	€ 920,000	€ 920,000
Carrying Amount	€ 328,236	556,386
Bankia SA [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans [Line Items]
Nominal interest rate	1.50%
Year of maturity	2025
Face Value	€ 400,000	400,000
Carrying Amount	€ 136,379	236,243
Targobank SA [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans [Line Items]
Nominal interest rate	1.87%
Year of maturity	2025
Face Value	€ 100,000	100,000
Carrying Amount	€ 38,322	63,317
Banco de Sabadell SA [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans [Line Items]
Nominal interest rate	1.50%
Year of maturity	2025
Face Value	€ 250,000	250,000
Carrying Amount	€ 85,004	149,366
Liberbank [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Terms and Conditions of Outstanding Bank Loans [Line Items]
Nominal interest rate	1.55%
Year of maturity	2025
Face Value	€ 170,000	170,000
Carrying Amount	€ 68,532	€ 107,460

XML

Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Principal Repayments to Maturity by Fiscal Year	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Schedule of Principal Repayments to Maturity by Fiscal Year [Abstract]
2024	€ 233,926
2025	94,310
Thereafter
Total	€ 328,236

XML

Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 12,100,000	€ 9,350,000
Carrying Value	3,661,662	7,778,145
Caixabank [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 2,500,000	€ 2,500,000
Nominal interest rate	2.00%	2.00%
Maturity	4/25/2024	3/25/2023
Carrying Value	€ 2,308,058	€ 2,108,807
Sabadell [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 2,700,000	€ 1,700,000
Nominal interest rate	2.75%	2.75%
Maturity	5/28/2024	2/28/2023
Carrying Value		€ 1,623,953
BBVA [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 1,500,000	€ 650,000
Nominal interest rate	1.65%	1.90%
Maturity	12/22/2024	12/22/2023
Carrying Value	€ 270,866	€ 381,000
Santander [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 4,000,000	€ 2,000,000
Nominal interest rate	1.65%	2.25%
Maturity	6/28/2024	2/28/2023
Carrying Value	€ 1,012,738	€ 1,928,786
Abanca [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 700,000	€ 700,000
Nominal interest rate	2.00%	2.00%
Maturity	11/30/2024	11/30/2024
Carrying Value		€ 319,103
Bankinter ICO [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit	€ 700,000	€ 500,000
Nominal interest rate	1.40%	1.40%
Maturity	6/21/2024	6/21/2023
Carrying Value	€ 70,000	€ 485,830
BBVA [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit		€ 650,000
Nominal interest rate		1.90%
Maturity		12/22/2023
Carrying Value		€ 628,951
Abanca ICO [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit		€ 150,000
Nominal interest rate		1.40%
Maturity		10/31/2023
Carrying Value		€ 150,000
Bankinter [Member]
Bank Loans (Details) - Schedule of Company Maintains the Following Lines of Credit [Line Items]
Credit Limit		€ 500,000
Nominal interest rate		1.50%
Maturity		6/6/2023
Carrying Value		€ 151,715

XML

Share Capital (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 22, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€) € / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 EUR (€) shares	Dec. 31, 2021 EUR (€)	Feb. 28, 2023 shares
Share Capital [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized		75,085,700
Par value per share | (per share)	$ 5	€ 0.05
Ordinary shares	5,000,000
Proceeds of issuances	$ 5,000,000	€ 3,354,781
Offering costs (in Euro) | €		1,350,200
Ordinary shares, outstanding					50,085,700
Share capital (in Euro) | €		€ 2,754,285	€ 2,504,285
American Depositary Shares [Member]
Share Capital [Line Items]
Issuance of ordinary shares	1,000,000
Ordinary shares [member]
Share Capital [Line Items]
Issuance of ordinary shares		5,000,000	50,000,000
Proceeds of issuances | €		€ 3,354,781	€ 2,500,000
Pre-stock split			2,500,000
Stock Split [Member]
Share Capital [Line Items]
Issuance of ordinary shares					2,504,285
Share capital [member]
Share Capital [Line Items]
Issuance of ordinary shares		55,085,700
Ordinary shares, outstanding			50,085,700
Share capital (in Euro) | €		€ 2,754,285	€ 2,504,285

XML

Reserve (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reserve (Details) [Line Items]
Reserve	€ 1,411,846	€ 383,268
Percentage of legal reserve	10.00%
Percentage of share capital	20.00%
Percentage of exceed share capital	20.00%
Legal reserve	€ 500,857	857
Other Reserves [Member]
Reserve (Details) [Line Items]
Other reserves	€ 910,989	€ 382,411

XML

Leases (Details) - EUR (€)	Aug. 17, 2023	Nov. 15, 2022	Sep. 26, 2022	Jun. 01, 2022	Jan. 01, 2021	Sep. 08, 2020
Leases (Details) [Line Items]
Monthly lease payment	€ 572	€ 417	€ 420		€ 827	€ 527
Percentage of customer price index					2.00%
Lease agreement term				3 years
First Year [Member]
Leases (Details) [Line Items]
Monthly lease payment				€ 3,384
Second Year [Member]
Leases (Details) [Line Items]
Monthly lease payment				€ 3,483

XML

Leases (Details) - Schedule of Lease Obligations - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Leases (Details) - Schedule of Lease Obligations [Line Items]
Current lease	€ 37,579	€ 55,961
Non-current lease	18,487	39,098
Total lease	€ 56,066	€ 95,059
Botton of range [Member]
Leases (Details) - Schedule of Lease Obligations [Line Items]
Discount Rate	1.50%
Maturity	2024
Top of range [Member]
Leases (Details) - Schedule of Lease Obligations [Line Items]
Discount Rate	3.00%
Maturity	2025

XML

Leases (Details) - Schedule of Lease Liabilities - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Lease Liabilities [Abstract]
Balance beginning	€ 95,059	€ 56,743
Lease liability additions	19,353	109,506
Lease liability termination		(35,668)
Repayment of Lease liability	(60,523)	(37,036)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	2,177	1,514
Balance ending	€ 56,066	€ 95,059

XML

Leases (Details) - Schedule of Maturity Lease Liabilities - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Maturity Lease Liabilities [Abstract]
2024	€ 38,653
2025	14,930
2026	4,000
Total lease payments	57,583
Less: financing cost	(1,517)
Lease liabilities	€ 56,066	€ 95,059

XML

Leases (Details) - Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets [Abstract]
Balance beginning	€ 94,106	€ 55,730
Additions	19,353	109,506
Termination		(34,777)
Depreciation	(58,524)	(36,353)
Balance ending	€ 54,935	€ 94,106

XML

Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Details) - One Customer [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Instruments and Risk Management [Line Items]
Outstanding exceed percentage	10.00%
Company’s revenue	0.00%	13.00%

XML

Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Details) - Schedule of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurement - Financial Assets at Fair Value [Member] - EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial assets at fair value
Cash	€ 620,531	€ 502,585
Financial assets at amortized cost
Accounts receivable and other receivables	2,221,080	3,137,609
Amount due from related parties	1,601,273	140,264
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	2,043,559	2,652,869
Amount due to related parties	3,847,950	237,285
Lease liabilities	56,066	95,059
Bank loans	€ 3,989,898	€ 833,453

XML

Income Tax (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax [Abstract]
General tax rate	25.00%	25.00%	25.00%

XML

Income Tax (Details) - Schedule of Income Tax Expense - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Income Tax Expense [Abstract]
Net income (loss) before taxes	€ (3,130,635)	€ 1,395,092	€ 348,222
Add: permanent differences	886,178	59,930	10,660
Add (less): temporary differences	(68,819)	1,321	54,334
Less: cancellation of negative tax base			(9,713)
Taxable income (loss)	(2,313,276)	1,456,343	403,503
Tax rate at 25%	(93,022)	364,086	100,876
Less: R&D deduction			(19,876)
Add (less): deferred income tax expenses (recovery)	(1,023,789)	2,428
Income tax expense (recovery)	€ (1,116,847)	€ 366,514	€ 81,000

XML

Income Tax (Details) - Schedule of Income Tax Expense (Parentheticals)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Income Tax Expense [Abstract]
Tax rate	25.00%	25.00%	25.00%

XML

Income Tax (Details) - Schedule of Statutory Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate, Expressed as a Percentage	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Statutory Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate Expressed as a Percentage [Abstract]
Tax at the statutory rate	25.00%	25.00%	25.00%
Penalties	0.00%	1.10%	0.80%
Cancellation of negative tax basis	0.00%	0.00%	(0.70%)
Temporary differences	0.50%	0.00%	3.90%
Tax Credit	0.00%	0.00%	(5.70%)
Effective tax rate	25.60%	26.10%	23.30%

XML

Revenue (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue [Line Items]
Recognized revenue	€ 13,140,771	€ 31,148,676	€ 17,154,621
Revenue - related parties	1,380,547	836,804	149,403
Geographical Markets [Member]
Revenue [Line Items]
Recognized revenue	€ 13,103,679	€ 31,146,377	€ 17,154,073

XML

Revenue (Details) - Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets [Line Items]
Total revenue by geographical markets	€ 13,103,679	€ 31,146,377	€ 17,154,073
Spain [Member]
Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets [Line Items]
Total revenue by geographical markets	10,886,713	26,566,550	15,246,597
Europe [Member]
Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets [Line Items]
Total revenue by geographical markets	1,679,395	3,609,252	1,388,624
Rest of the world [Member]
Schedule of Revenue by Geographical Markets [Line Items]
Total revenue by geographical markets	€ 537,571	€ 970,575	€ 518,852

XML

Cost of Revenue (Details) - Related Parties [Member] - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cost of Revenue [Line Items]
Cost of sales	€ 12,043,563	€ 26,545,377	€ 14,899,345
Cost of revenue derived from related parties	€ 1,201,244	€ 30,696	€ 1,224,811

XML

Cost of Revenue (Details) - Schedule of Cost of Revenue - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Cost of Revenue [Abstract]
Purchase of finished goods	€ 18,804,222	€ 33,306,036	€ 14,985,191
Purchase of raw materials	1,530	1,530	2,395
Outsourcing service	22,184	22,184	4,655
Inventory adjustment	(6,784,373)	(6,784,373)	(92,896)
Total	€ 12,043,563	€ 26,545,377	€ 14,899,345

XML

Selling and Administrative Expenses (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Selling and Administrative Expenses [Line Items]
Selling and administrative expenses	€ 2,539,854	€ 2,046,411	€ 1,127,535
Selling and administrative expenses related party	€ 995,435	547,912	244,216
Selling, general and administrative expense [member]
Selling and Administrative Expenses [Line Items]
Selling and administrative expenses		€ 2,046,411	€ 1,127,535

XML

Selling and Administrative Expenses (Details) - Schedule of Selling and Administrative Expenses - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Selling And Administrative Expenses [Abstract]
Professional fees	€ 1,247,866	€ 992,118	€ 426,299
Shipping and handling expenses	290,787	417,739	312,805
Warehouse handling	78,095	136,762	83,243
Miscellaneous operating expenses	242,827	59,049	60,064
Marketing and advertising	335,303	127,989	80,560
Leases and royalties	142,503	120,046	61,339
Insurance premiums	52,726	65,412	64,724
Repair and conservation	15,510	21,493	6,022
Supplies	3,908	3,593	306
Taxes			13,245
Other management expense			42
Fines and penalty	2,396	59,930
Depreciation of property and equipment	19,425	5,069	2,998
Amortization of intangible assets	49,984	858
Amortization of right-of-use assets	58,524	36,353	15,888
Total	€ 2,539,854	€ 2,046,411	€ 1,127,535

XML

Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Paid interest	€ 404,093	€ 202,368	€ 90,106
Income taxes	€ 0	€ 405,347	€ 116,924

XML

Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - Schedule of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities - EUR (€)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Reallocation of opening deficit to reserve	€ (1,028,578)	€ (267,222)	€ 53,947
Recognition of right-of-use assets	19,353	109,506	49,682
Derecognition of right-of-use assets		€ 34,777

XML

Subsequent Events (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Subsequent Events (Details) [Line Items]
American depositary shares	361,324
Restricted share units [member]
Subsequent Events (Details) [Line Items]
Total restricted share units	1,806,620
Officers [Member]
Subsequent Events (Details) [Line Items]
Ordinary shares	1,806,620