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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective tax rate the effective tax rate
A reconciliation of the applicable statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is presented in the following table.
Effective tax rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
2017

 
2016

 
2015

Statutory U.S. federal tax rate
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
Increase/(decrease) in tax rate resulting from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. state and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit
 
2.2

 
2.4

 
1.5

Tax-exempt income
 
(3.3
)
 
(3.1
)
 
(3.3
)
Non-U.S. subsidiary earnings(a)
 
(3.1
)
 
(1.7
)
 
(3.9
)
Business tax credits
 
(4.2
)
 
(3.9
)
 
(3.7
)
Nondeductible legal expense
 

 
0.3

 
0.8

Tax audit resolutions
 

 

 
(5.7
)
Impact of the TCJA
 
5.4

 

 

Other, net
 
(0.1
)
 
(0.6
)
 
(0.3
)
Effective tax rate
 
31.9
 %
 
28.4
 %
 
20.4
 %
(a)
Predominantly includes earnings of U.K. subsidiaries that were deemed to be reinvested indefinitely through December 31, 2017.
Components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated Statements of Income
The components of income tax expense/(benefit) included in the Consolidated statements of income were as follows for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015.
Income tax expense/(benefit)
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2017

 
2016

 
2015

Current income tax expense/(benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal
 
$
5,718

 
$
2,488

 
$
3,160

Non-U.S.
 
2,400

 
1,760

 
1,220

U.S. state and local
 
1,029

 
904

 
547

Total current income tax expense/(benefit)
 
9,147

 
5,152

 
4,927

Deferred income tax expense/(benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal
 
2,174

 
4,364

 
1,213

Non-U.S.
 
(144
)
 
(73
)
 
(95
)
U.S. state and local
 
282

 
360

 
215

Total deferred income tax
expense/(benefit)
 
2,312

 
4,651

 
1,333

Total income tax expense
 
$
11,459

 
$
9,803

 
$
6,260

U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense/(benefit)
The following table presents the U.S. and non-U.S. components of income before income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2017

 
2016

 
2015

U.S.
 
$
27,103

 
$
26,651

 
$
23,191

Non-U.S.(a)
 
8,797

 
7,885

 
7,511

Income before income tax expense
 
$
35,900

 
$
34,536

 
$
30,702

(a)
For purposes of this table, non-U.S. income is defined as income generated from operations located outside the U.S.
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities
The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the following table as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
December 31, (in millions)
 
2017

 
2016

Deferred tax assets
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
$
3,395

 
$
5,534

Employee benefits
 
688

 
2,911

Accrued expenses and other
 
3,528

 
6,831

Non-U.S. operations
 
327

 
5,368

Tax attribute carryforwards
 
219

 
2,155

Gross deferred tax assets
 
8,157

 
22,799

Valuation allowance
 
(46
)
 
(785
)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
 
$
8,111

 
$
22,014

Deferred tax liabilities
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
 
$
2,299

 
$
3,294

Mortgage servicing rights, net of hedges
 
2,757

 
4,807

Leasing transactions
 
3,483

 
4,053

Non-U.S. operations
 
200

 
4,572

Other, net
 
3,502

 
5,493

Gross deferred tax liabilities
 
12,241

 
22,219

Net deferred tax (liabilities)/assets
 
$
(4,130
)
 
$
(205
)
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Year ended December 31,
(in millions)
 
2017

 
2016

 
2015

Balance at January 1,
 
$
3,450

 
$
3,497

 
$
4,911

Increases based on tax positions related to the current period
 
1,355

 
262

 
408

Increases based on tax positions related to prior periods
 
626

 
583

 
1,028

Decreases based on tax positions related to prior periods
 
(350
)
 
(785
)
 
(2,646
)
Decreases related to cash settlements with taxing authorities
 
(334
)
 
(56
)
 
(204
)
Decreases related to a lapse of applicable statute of limitations
 

 
(51
)
 

Balance at December 31,
 
$
4,747

 
$
3,450

 
$
3,497

Tax examination status
JPMorgan Chase is continually under examination by the Internal Revenue Service, by taxing authorities throughout the world, and by many state and local jurisdictions throughout the U.S. The following table summarizes the status of significant income tax examinations of JPMorgan Chase and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017.
December 31, 2017
 
Periods under examination
 
Status
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2003 – 2005
 
At Appellate level
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2006 – 2010
 
Field examination of amended returns; certain matters at Appellate level
JPMorgan Chase – U.S.
 
2011 – 2013
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – California
 
2011 – 2012
 
Field Examination
JPMorgan Chase – U.K.
 
2006 – 2015
 
Field examination of certain select entities