Loans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2015

Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]

Loan accounting framework

The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan, and on whether the loan was credit-impaired at the date of acquisition. The Firm accounts for loans based on the following categories:


•	Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment (i.e., “retained”), other than purchased credit-impaired (“PCI”) loans


•	Loans held-for-sale


•	Loans at fair value


•	PCI loans held-for-investment

For a detailed discussion of loans, including accounting policies, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report. See Note 4 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the Firm’s elections of fair value accounting under the fair value option. See Note 3 of this Form 10-Q for further information on loans carried at fair value and classified as trading assets.

Loan portfolio

The Firm’s loan portfolio is divided into three portfolio segments, which are the same segments used by the Firm to determine the allowance for loan losses: Consumer, excluding credit card; Credit card; and Wholesale. Within each portfolio segment, the Firm monitors and assesses the credit risk in the following classes of loans, based on the risk characteristics of each loan class:



Consumer, excluding credit card^(a)	Credit card	Wholesale^(c)
Residential real estate – excluding PCI • Home equity – senior lien • Home equity – junior lien • Prime mortgage, including option ARMs • Subprime mortgage Other consumer loans • Auto^(b) • Business banking^(b) • Student and other Residential real estate – PCI • Home equity • Prime mortgage • Subprime mortgage • Option ARMs	• Credit card loans	• Commercial and industrial • Real estate • Financial institutions • Government agencies • Other^(d)


(a)	Includes loans held in CCB, prime mortgage and home equity loans held in AM and prime mortgage loans held in Corporate.


(b)	Includes certain business banking and auto dealer risk-rated loans that apply the wholesale methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses; these loans are managed by CCB, and therefore, for consistency in presentation, are included with the other consumer loan classes.


(c)	Includes loans held in CIB, CB, AM and Corporate. Excludes prime mortgage and home equity loans held in AM and prime mortgage loans held in Corporate. Classes are internally defined and may not align with regulatory definitions.


(d)	Other primarily includes loans to SPEs and loans to private banking clients. See Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report for additional information on special-purpose entities (“SPEs”).

The following tables summarize the Firm’s loan balances by portfolio segment.



September 30, 2015	Consumer, excluding credit card		Credit card^(a)		Wholesale		Total
(in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card		Credit card^(a)		Wholesale		Total
Retained	$	331,732	$	125,634	$	346,927	$	804,293	^(b)
Held-for-sale	237		1,345		447		2,029
At fair value	—		—		3,135		3,135
Total	$	331,969	$	126,979	$	350,509	$	809,457

December 31, 2014	Consumer, excluding credit card		Credit card^(a)		Wholesale		Total
(in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card		Credit card^(a)		Wholesale		Total
Retained	$	294,979	$	128,027	$	324,502	$	747,508	^(b)
Held-for-sale	395		3,021		3,801		7,217
At fair value	—		—		2,611		2,611
Total	$	295,374	$	131,048	$	330,914	$	757,336


(a)	Includes billed finance charges and fees net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts.


(b)	Loans (other than PCI loans and those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unearned income, unamortized discounts and premiums, and net deferred loan costs of $628 million and $1.3 billion at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.

The following tables provide information about the carrying value of retained loans purchased, sold and reclassified to held-for-sale during the periods indicated. These tables exclude loans recorded at fair value. The Firm manages its exposure to credit risk on an ongoing basis. Selling loans is one way that the Firm reduces its credit exposures.



	2015									2014
Three months ended September 30, (in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card			Credit card		Wholesale		Total		Consumer, excluding credit card			Credit card		Wholesale		Total
Purchases	$	1,196	^(a)(b)	$	—	$	1,199	$	2,395	$	1,945	^(a)(b)	$	—	$	312	$	2,257
Sales	1,130			—		1,856		2,986		1,573			272		1,814		3,659
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale	—			79		20		99		232			186		50		468

	2015									2014
Nine months ended September 30, (in millions)	Consumer, excluding credit card			Credit card		Wholesale		Total		Consumer, excluding credit card			Credit card		Wholesale		Total
Purchases	$	3,918	^(a)(b)	$	—	$	1,894	$	5,812	$	5,694	^(a)(b)	$	—	$	589	$	6,283
Sales	4,073			1,269		7,381		12,723		3,816			272		6,493		10,581
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale	1,272			79		455		1,806		1,034			401		559		1,994

(a)

Purchases predominantly represent the Firm’s voluntary repurchase of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Ginnie Mae guidelines. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), Rural Housing Services (“RHS”) and/or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”).


(b)	Excluded retained loans purchased from correspondents that were originated in accordance with the Firm’s underwriting standards. Such purchases were $14.4 billion and $4.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $39.8 billion and $8.2 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The following table provides information about gains and losses, including lower of cost or fair value adjustments, on loan sales by portfolio segment.



	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions)	2015		2014			2015		2014
Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans (including lower of cost or fair value adjustments)^(a)
Consumer, excluding credit card	$	62	$	97		$	239	$	223
Credit card	13		(9		)	22		(9		)
Wholesale	33		26			32		53
Total net gains/(losses) on sales of loans (including lower of cost or fair value adjustments)	$	108	$	114		$	293	$	267


(a)	Excludes sales related to loans accounted for at fair value.

Consumer, excluding credit card

Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]

Loans

Consumer, excluding credit card loan portfolio

Consumer loans, excluding credit card loans, consist primarily of residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, auto loans, business banking loans, and student and other loans, with a focus on serving the prime consumer credit market. The portfolio also includes home equity loans secured by junior liens, prime mortgage loans with an interest-only payment period, and certain payment-option loans originated by Washington Mutual that may result in negative amortization.

The table below provides information about retained consumer loans, excluding credit card, by class.



(in millions)	September 30, 2015		December 31, 2014
Residential real estate – excluding PCI
Home equity:
Senior lien	$	15,156	$	16,367
Junior lien	31,974		36,375
Mortgages:
Prime, including option ARMs	150,114		104,921
Subprime	3,853		5,056
Other consumer loans
Auto	57,174		54,536
Business banking	20,871		20,058
Student and other	10,354		10,970
Residential real estate – PCI
Home equity	15,490		17,095
Prime mortgage	9,196		10,220
Subprime mortgage	3,329		3,673
Option ARMs	14,221		15,708
Total retained loans	$	331,732	$	294,979

For further information on consumer credit quality indicators, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

Residential real estate – excluding PCI loans

The following table provides information by class for residential real estate – excluding retained PCI loans in the consumer, excluding credit card, portfolio segment.



Residential real estate – excluding PCI loans
	Home equity												Mortgages
(in millions, except ratios)	Senior lien						Junior lien						Prime, including option ARMs						Subprime						Total residential real estate – excluding PCI
	Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014
Loan delinquency^(a)
Current	$	14,571		$	15,730		$	31,289		$	35,575		$	140,579		$	93,951		$	3,244		$	4,296		$	189,683		$	149,552
30–149 days past due	248			275			447			533			3,513			4,091			396			489			4,604			5,388
150 or more days past due	337			362			238			267			6,022			6,879			213			271			6,810			7,779
Total retained loans	$	15,156		$	16,367		$	31,974		$	36,375		$	150,114		$	104,921		$	3,853		$	5,056		$	201,097		$	162,719
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans^(b)	3.86		%	3.89		%	2.14		%	2.20		%	0.83		%	1.42		%	15.81		%	15.03		%	1.55		%	2.27		%
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed^(c)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,405		$	7,544		$	—		$	—		$	6,405		$	7,544
Nonaccrual loans	883			938			1,373			1,590			1,863			2,190			812			1,036			4,931			5,754
Current estimated LTV ratios^(d)(e)(f)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	$	15		$	21		$	252		$	467		$	62		$	120		$	3		$	10		$	332		$	618
Less than 660	7			10			69			138			62			103			20			51			158			302
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	87			134			2,124			3,149			434			648			36			118			2,681			4,049
Less than 660	50			69			607			923			267			340			139			298			1,063			1,630
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	450			633			5,014			6,481			3,497			3,863			178			432			9,139			11,409
Less than 660	172			226			1,422			1,780			852			1,026			468			770			2,914			3,802
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	12,331			13,048			19,242			20,030			128,678			81,805			1,406			1,586			161,657			116,469
Less than 660	2,044			2,226			3,244			3,407			5,214			4,906			1,603			1,791			12,105			12,330
U.S. government-guaranteed	—			—			—			—			11,048			12,110			—			—			11,048			12,110
Total retained loans	$	15,156		$	16,367		$	31,974		$	36,375		$	150,114		$	104,921		$	3,853		$	5,056		$	201,097		$	162,719
Geographic region
California	$	2,090		$	2,232		$	7,123		$	8,144		$	42,588		$	28,133		$	541		$	718		$	52,342		$	39,227
New York	2,591			2,805			6,819			7,685			19,695			16,550			539			677			29,644			27,717
Illinois	1,219			1,306			2,321			2,605			10,588			6,654			151			207			14,279			10,772
Texas	1,624			1,845			977			1,087			8,143			4,935			148			177			10,892			8,044
Florida	828			861			1,688			1,923			6,388			5,106			432			632			9,336			8,522
New Jersey	652			654			2,009			2,233			4,930			3,361			178			227			7,769			6,475
Washington	455			506			1,056			1,216			3,662			2,410			84			109			5,257			4,241
Arizona	843			927			1,396			1,595			2,800			1,805			77			112			5,116			4,439
Michigan	683			736			734			848			1,718			1,203			84			121			3,219			2,908
Ohio	1,053			1,150			670			778			1,061			615			85			112			2,869			2,655
All other^(g)	3,118			3,345			7,181			8,261			48,541			34,149			1,534			1,964			60,374			47,719
Total retained loans	$	15,156		$	16,367		$	31,974		$	36,375		$	150,114		$	104,921		$	3,853		$	5,056		$	201,097		$	162,719


(a)	Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies as follows: current included $2.7 billion and $2.6 billion; 30–149 days past due included $3.0 billion and $3.5 billion; and 150 or more days past due included $5.3 billion and $6.0 billion at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.


(b)	At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, Prime, including option ARMs loans excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $8.3 billion and $9.5 billion, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from nonaccrual loans based upon the government guarantee.

(c)

These balances, which are 90 days or more past due, were excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are guaranteed by U.S government agencies. Typically, the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting agreed-upon servicing guidelines. At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, these balances included $3.8 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, of loans that are no longer accruing interest based on the agreed-upon servicing guidelines. For the remaining balance, interest is being accrued at the guaranteed reimbursement rate. There were no loans not guaranteed by U.S. government agencies that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014.

(d)

Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. These property values do not represent actual appraised loan level collateral values; as such, the resulting ratios are necessarily imprecise and should be viewed as estimates.


(e)	Junior lien represents combined loan-to-value (“LTV”), which considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property. All other products are presented without consideration of subordinate liens on the property.


(f)	Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.


(g)	At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, included mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $11.0 billion and $12.1 billion, respectively.

The following table represents the Firm’s delinquency statistics for junior lien home equity loans and lines as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014.



	Total loans				Total 30+ day delinquency rate
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014
HELOCs:^(a)
Within the revolving period^(b)	$	18,883	$	25,252	1.57	%	1.75	%
Beyond the revolving period	10,509		7,979		3.03		3.16
HELOANs	2,582		3,144		2.75		3.34
Total	$	31,974	$	36,375	2.14	%	2.20	%


(a)	These HELOCs are predominantly revolving loans for a 10-year period, after which time the HELOC converts to a loan with a 20-year amortization period, but also include HELOCs originated by Washington Mutual that allow interest-only payments beyond the revolving period.


(b)	The Firm manages the risk of HELOCs during their revolving period by closing or reducing the undrawn line to the extent permitted by law when borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the collateral does not support the loan amount.

Home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”) beyond the revolving period and home equity loans (“HELOANs”) have higher delinquency rates than do HELOCs within the revolving period. That is primarily because the fully-amortizing payment that is generally required for those products is higher than the minimum payment options available for HELOCs within the revolving period. The higher delinquency rates associated with amortizing HELOCs and HELOANs are factored into the loss estimates produced by the Firm’s delinquency roll-rate methodology, which estimates defaults based on the current delinquency status of a portfolio.

Impaired loans

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s residential real estate impaired loans, excluding PCI loans. These loans are considered to be impaired as they have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). All impaired loans are evaluated for an asset-specific allowance as described in Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.



	Home equity								Mortgages								Total residential real estate – excluding PCI
(in millions)	Senior lien				Junior lien				Prime, including option ARMs				Subprime				Total residential real estate – excluding PCI
(in millions)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014
Impaired loans
With an allowance	$	561	$	552	$	726	$	722	$	3,954	$	4,949	$	1,437	$	2,239	$	6,678	$	8,462
Without an allowance^(a)	502		549		583		582		1,019		1,196		491		639		2,595		2,966
Total impaired loans^(b)(c)	$	1,063	$	1,101	$	1,309	$	1,304	$	4,973	$	6,145	$	1,928	$	2,878	$	9,273	$	11,428
Allowance for loan losses related to impaired loans	$	53	$	84	$	86	$	147	$	93	$	127	$	15	$	64	$	247	$	422
Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans^(d)	1,395		1,451		2,611		2,603		6,429		7,813		2,968		4,200		13,403		16,067
Impaired loans on nonaccrual status^(e)	596		628		641		632		1,373		1,559		718		931		3,328		3,750

(a)

Represents collateral-dependent residential mortgage loans that are charged off to the fair value of the underlying collateral less cost to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual TDRs, regardless of their delinquency status. At September 30, 2015, Chapter 7 residential real estate loans included approximately 18% of senior lien home equity, 10% of junior lien home equity, 19% of prime mortgages, including option ARMs, and 14% of subprime mortgages that were 30 days or more past due.

(b)

At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, $4.2 billion and $4.9 billion, respectively, of loans modified subsequent to repurchase from Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) in accordance with the standards of the appropriate government agency (i.e., FHA, VA, RHS) are not included in the table above. When such loans perform subsequent to modification in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines, they are generally sold back into Ginnie Mae loan pools. Modified loans that do not re-perform become subject to foreclosure.


(c)	Predominantly all residential real estate impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, are in the U.S.


(d)	Represents the contractual amount of principal owed at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014. The unpaid principal balance differs from the impaired loan balances due to various factors, including charge-offs, net deferred loan fees or costs; and unamortized discounts or premiums on purchased loans.


(e)	As of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, nonaccrual loans included $2.6 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively, of TDRs for which the borrowers were less than 90 days past due. For additional information about loans modified in a TDR that are on nonaccrual status refer to the Loan accounting framework in Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

The following tables present average impaired loans and the related interest income reported by the Firm.



Three months ended September 30,	Average impaired loans				Interest income on impaired loans^(a)				Interest income on impaired loans on a cash basis^(a)
(in millions)	2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014
Home equity
Senior lien	$	1,072	$	1,115	$	13	$	14	$	8	$	9
Junior lien	1,279		1,310		19		20		12		13
Mortgages
Prime, including option ARMs	5,038		6,657		52		65		12		14
Subprime	1,942		3,411		30		45		10		13
Total residential real estate – excluding PCI	$	9,331	$	12,493	$	114	$	144	$	42	$	49

Nine months ended September 30,	Average impaired loans				Interest income on impaired loans^(a)				Interest income on impaired loans on a cash basis^(a)
(in millions)	2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014
Home equity
Senior lien	$	1,084	$	1,128	$	39	$	42	$	26	$	28
Junior lien	1,287		1,316		59		61		38		40
Mortgages
Prime, including option ARMs	5,562		6,811		166		199		36		41
Subprime	2,434		3,551		102		141		32		39
Total residential real estate – excluding PCI	$	10,367	$	12,806	$	366	$	443	$	132	$	148


(a)	Generally, interest income on loans modified in TDRs is recognized on a cash basis until such time as the borrower has made a minimum of six payments under the new terms.

Loan modifications

The Firm is required to provide borrower relief under the terms of certain Consent Orders and settlements entered into by the Firm related to its mortgage servicing, originations and residential mortgage-backed securities activities. This borrower relief includes reductions of principal and forbearance.

Modifications of residential real estate loans, excluding PCI loans, are generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. There were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose residential real estate loans, excluding PCI loans, have been modified in TDRs.

The following table presents new TDRs reported by the Firm.



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions)	2015		2014		2015		2014
Home equity:
Senior lien	$	29	$	27	$	87	$	74
Junior lien	110		53		199		157
Mortgages:
Prime, including option ARMs	49		89		170		208
Subprime	13		29		47		82
Total residential real estate – excluding PCI	$	201	$	198	$	503	$	521

Nature and extent of modifications

The U.S. Treasury's Making Home Affordable (“MHA”) programs, as well as the Firm’s proprietary modification programs, generally provide various concessions to financially troubled borrowers including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term or payment extensions and deferral of principal and/or interest payments that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement.

The following tables provide information about how residential real estate loans, excluding PCI loans, were modified under the Firm’s loss mitigation programs during the periods presented. These tables exclude Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt.



Three months ended September 30,	Home equity								Mortgages								Total residential real estate - excluding PCI
	Senior lien				Junior lien				Prime, including option ARMs				Subprime				Total residential real estate - excluding PCI
	2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014
Number of loans approved for a trial modification	333		232		1,502		164		283		274		381		502		2,499		1,172
Number of loans permanently modified	273		333		680		581		414		1,267		391		1,420		1,758		3,601
Concession granted:^(a)
Interest rate reduction	77	%	43	%	68	%	84	%	76	%	23	%	70	%	26	%	72	%	36	%
Term or payment extension	90		53		87		84		77		18		82		29		84		36
Principal and/or interest deferred	34		10		21		22		28		7		17		6		24		9
Principal forgiveness	3		50		5		20		25		73		34		72		15		62
Other^(b)	—		—		—		—		10		4		15		7		6		4

Nine months ended September 30,	Home equity								Mortgages								Total residential real estate - excluding PCI
	Senior lien				Junior lien				Prime, including option ARMs				Subprime				Total residential real estate - excluding PCI
	2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014		2015		2014
Number of loans approved for a trial modification	983		651		1,749		505		822		790		1,170		1,530		4,724		3,476
Number of loans permanently modified	849		854		1,830		2,238		1,122		2,184		1,275		2,680		5,076		7,956
Concession granted:^(a)
Interest rate reduction	75	%	56	%	73	%	85	%	72	%	40	%	70	%	43	%	73	%	56	%
Term or payment extension	85		71		87		83		82		46		80		49		84		60
Principal and/or interest deferred	32		12		24		22		33		17		21		11		26		16
Principal forgiveness	5		38		4		26		25		54		32		57		16		45
Other^(b)	—		—		—		—		9		9		12		9		5		6


(a)	Represents concessions granted in permanent modifications as a percentage of the number of loans permanently modified. The sum of the percentages exceeds 100% because predominantly all of the modifications include more than one type of concession. A significant portion of trial modifications include interest rate reductions and/or term or payment extensions.


(b)	Represents variable interest rate to fixed interest rate modifications.

Financial effects of modifications and redefaults

The following tables provide information about the financial effects of the various concessions granted in modifications of residential real estate loans, excluding PCI, under the Firm’s loss mitigation programs and about redefaults of certain loans modified in TDRs for the periods presented. Because the specific types and amounts of concessions offered to borrowers frequently change between the trial modification and the permanent modification, the following tables present only the financial effects of permanent modifications. These tables also exclude Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt.



Three months ended September 30, (in millions, except weighted-average data and number of loans)	Home equity												Mortgages												Total residential real estate – excluding PCI
	Senior lien						Junior lien						Prime, including option ARMs						Subprime
	2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR	5.55		%	6.05		%	4.96		%	4.81		%	5.07		%	4.16		%	6.82		%	6.97		%	5.57		%	5.14		%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR	2.61			3.13			2.15			2.07			2.61			2.77			3.11			3.45			2.65			2.87
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR	17			18			17			19			25			25			24			22			22			22
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR	33			31			34			35			36			37			37			35			36			35
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification	$	1		$	1		$	—		$	2		$	4		$	1		$	—		$	1		$	5		$	5
Principal deferred	3			1			4			2			9			8			4			4			20			15
Principal forgiven	—			6			—			3			10			51			9			49			19			109
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification^(a)	$	4		$	5		$	1		$	3		$	23		$	35		$	15		$	32		$	43		$	75

Nine months ended September 30, (in millions, except weighted-average data and number of loans)	Home equity												Mortgages												Total residential real estate – excluding PCI
	Senior lien						Junior lien						Prime, including option ARMs						Subprime
	2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014			2015			2014
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR	5.82		%	6.45		%	4.85		%	4.83		%	5.08		%	4.81		%	6.73		%	7.29		%	5.57		%	5.63		%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR	2.74			3.03			2.20			1.95			2.50			2.70			3.17			3.44			2.65			2.79
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR	17			18			18			19			25			25			24			24			22			23
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR	32			30			34			35			37			37			36			36			36			36
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification	$	1		$	2		$	2		$	24		$	7		$	5		$	2		$	2		$	12		$	33
Principal deferred	10			3			10			8			31			31			14			15			65			57
Principal forgiven	2			12			—			20			26			76			26			81			54			189
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification^(a)	$	10		$	14		$	4		$	8		$	58		$	97		$	44		$	72		$	116		$	191

(a)

Represents loans permanently modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The dollar amounts presented represent the balance of such loans at the end of the reporting period in which such loans defaulted. For residential real estate loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to occur when the loan becomes two contractual payments past due. In the event that a modified loan redefaults, it is probable that the loan will ultimately be liquidated through foreclosure or another similar type of liquidation transaction. Redefaults of loans modified within the last 12 months may not be representative of ultimate redefault levels.

At September 30, 2015, the weighted-average estimated remaining lives of residential real estate loans, excluding PCI loans, permanently modified in TDRs were 10 years for senior lien home equity, 9 years for junior lien home equity, 10 years for prime mortgages, including option ARMs, and 8 years for subprime mortgages. The estimated remaining lives of these loans reflect estimated prepayments, both voluntary and involuntary (i.e., foreclosures and other forced liquidations).

Active and suspended foreclosure

At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, the Firm had non-PCI residential real estate loans, excluding those insured by U.S. government agencies, with a carrying value of $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.

Other consumer loans

The table below provides information for other consumer retained loan classes, including auto, business banking and student loans.



(in millions, except ratios)	Auto						Business banking						Student and other								Total other consumer
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015				Dec 31, 2014				Sep 30, 2015				Dec 31, 2014
Loan delinquency^(a)
Current	$	56,566		$	53,866		$	20,583		$	19,710		$	9,636			$	10,080			$	86,785			$	83,656
30–119 days past due	600			663			185			208			469				576				1,254				1,447
120 or more days past due	8			7			103			140			249				314				360				461
Total retained loans	$	57,174		$	54,536		$	20,871		$	20,058		$	10,354			$	10,970			$	88,399			$	85,564
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans	1.06		%	1.23		%	1.38		%	1.73		%	2.04		%	^(d)	2.15		%	^(d)	1.25		%	^(d)	1.47		%	^(d)
90 or more days past due and still accruing^(b)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	289			$	367			$	289			$	367
Nonaccrual loans	110			115			236			279			253				270				599				664
Geographic region
California	$	6,836		$	6,294		$	3,368		$	3,008		$	1,093			$	1,143			$	11,297			$	10,445
New York	3,730			3,662			3,251			3,187			1,230				1,259				8,211				8,108
Illinois	3,424			3,175			1,401			1,373			697				729				5,522				5,277
Texas	6,042			5,608			2,604			2,626			845				868				9,491				9,102
Florida	2,607			2,301			930			827			525				521				4,062				3,649
New Jersey	1,972			1,945			504			451			384				378				2,860				2,774
Washington	1,098			1,019			269			258			215				235				1,582				1,512
Arizona	1,923			2,003			1,185			1,083			236				239				3,344				3,325
Michigan	1,533			1,633			1,366			1,375			430				466				3,329				3,474
Ohio	2,284			2,157			1,366			1,354			578				629				4,228				4,140
All other	25,725			24,739			4,627			4,516			4,121				4,503				34,473				33,758
Total retained loans	$	57,174		$	54,536		$	20,871		$	20,058		$	10,354			$	10,970			$	88,399			$	85,564
Loans by risk ratings^(c)
Noncriticized	$	10,079		$	9,822		$	15,224		$	14,619		NA				NA				$	25,303			$	24,441
Criticized performing	85			35			802			708			NA				NA				887				743
Criticized nonaccrual	—			—			183			213			NA				NA				183				213


(a)	Individual delinquency classifications included loans insured by U.S. government agencies under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”)

as follows: current included $4.0 billion and $4.3 billion; 30-119 days past due included $279 million and $364 million; and 120 or more days past due included $228 million and $290 million at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.


(b)	These amounts represent student loans, which are insured by U.S. government agencies under the FFELP. These amounts were accruing as reimbursement of insured amounts is proceeding normally.


(c)	For risk-rated business banking and auto loans, the primary credit quality indicator is the risk rating of the loan, including whether the loans are considered to be criticized and/or nonaccrual.


(d)	September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, excluded loans 30 days or more past due and still accruing, which are insured by U.S. government agencies under the FFELP, of $507 million and $654 million, respectively. These amounts were excluded as reimbursement of insured amounts is proceeding normally.

Other consumer impaired loans and loan

modifications

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s other consumer impaired loans, including risk-rated business banking and auto loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status, and loans that have been modified in TDRs.



(in millions)	September 30, 2015		December 31, 2014
Impaired loans
With an allowance	$	512	$	557
Without an allowance^(a)	32		35
Total impaired loans^(b)(c)	$	544	$	592
Allowance for loan losses related to impaired loans	$	112	$	117
Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans^(d)	657		719
Impaired loans on nonaccrual status	430		456


(a)	When discounted cash flows, collateral value or market price equals or exceeds the recorded investment in the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the impaired loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.


(b)	Predominantly all other consumer impaired loans are in the U.S.

(c)

Other consumer average impaired loans were $543 million and $603 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $565 million and $701 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The related interest income on impaired loans, including those on a cash basis, was not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.


(d)	Represents the contractual amount of principal owed at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014. The unpaid principal balance differs from the impaired loan balances due to various factors, including charge-offs; interest payments received and applied to the principal balance; net deferred loan fees or costs; and unamortized discounts or premiums on purchased loans.

Loan modifications

Certain other consumer loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. All of these TDRs are reported as impaired loans in the table above. See Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report for further information on other consumer loans modified in TDRs.

The following table provides information about the Firm’s other consumer loans modified in TDRs. New TDRs were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.



(in millions)	September 30, 2015		December 31, 2014
Loans modified in TDRs^(a)(b)	$	398	$	442
TDRs on nonaccrual status	284		306


(a)	The impact of these modifications was not material to the Firm for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.


(b)	Additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose loans have been modified in TDRs as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, were immaterial.

Purchased credit-impaired loans

For a detailed discussion of PCI loans, including the related accounting policies, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

Residential real estate – PCI loans

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s consumer, excluding credit card, PCI loans.



(in millions, except ratios)	Home equity						Prime mortgage						Subprime mortgage						Option ARMs						Total PCI
	Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014
Carrying value^(a)	$	15,490		$	17,095		$	9,196		$	10,220		$	3,329		$	3,673		$	14,221		$	15,708		$	42,236		$	46,696
Related allowance for loan losses^(b)	1,708			1,758			1,031			1,193			—			180			49			194			2,788			3,325
Loan delinquency (based on unpaid principal balance)
Current	$	14,840		$	16,295		$	8,159		$	8,912		$	3,305		$	3,565		$	12,733		$	13,814		$	39,037		$	42,586
30–149 days past due	317			445			423			500			465			536			705			858			1,910			2,339
150 or more days past due	710			1,000			638			837			381			551			1,328			1,824			3,057			4,212
Total loans	$	15,867		$	17,740		$	9,220		$	10,249		$	4,151		$	4,652		$	14,766		$	16,496		$	44,004		$	49,137
% of 30+ days past due to total loans	6.47		%	8.15		%	11.51		%	13.05		%	20.38		%	23.37		%	13.77		%	16.26		%	11.29		%	13.33		%
Current estimated LTV ratios (based on unpaid principal balance)^(c)(d)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	$	298		$	513		$	19		$	45		$	22		$	34		$	48		$	89		$	387		$	681
Less than 660	159			273			50			97			88			160			70			150			367			680
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	1,676			2,245			269			456			127			215			338			575			2,410			3,491
Less than 660	774			1,073			259			402			318			509			499			771			1,850			2,755
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	3,668			4,171			1,579			2,154			405			519			1,815			2,418			7,467			9,262
Less than 660	1,443			1,647			973			1,316			788			1,006			1,491			1,996			4,695			5,965
Lower than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660	5,878			5,824			3,859			3,663			827			719			6,674			6,593			17,238			16,799
Less than 660	1,971			1,994			2,212			2,116			1,576			1,490			3,831			3,904			9,590			9,504
Total unpaid principal balance	$	15,867		$	17,740		$	9,220		$	10,249		$	4,151		$	4,652		$	14,766		$	16,496		$	44,004		$	49,137
Geographic region (based on unpaid principal balance)
California	$	9,521		$	10,671		$	5,349		$	5,965		$	1,036		$	1,138		$	8,328		$	9,190		$	24,234		$	26,964
New York	809			876			594			672			405			463			834			933			2,642			2,944
Illinois	371			405			272			301			201			229			343			397			1,187			1,332
Texas	235			273			97			92			248			281			77			85			657			731
Florida	1,533			1,696			611			689			381			432			1,231			1,440			3,756			4,257
New Jersey	319			348			243			279			142			165			483			553			1,187			1,345
Washington	850			959			199			225			84			95			348			395			1,481			1,674
Arizona	289			323			150			167			79			85			210			227			728			802
Michigan	46			53			148			166			116			130			159			182			469			531
Ohio	18			20			46			48			64			72			62			69			190			209
All other	1,876			2,116			1,511			1,645			1,395			1,562			2,691			3,025			7,473			8,348
Total unpaid principal balance	$	15,867		$	17,740		$	9,220		$	10,249		$	4,151		$	4,652		$	14,766		$	16,496		$	44,004		$	49,137


(a)	Carrying value includes the effect of fair value adjustments that were applied to the consumer PCI portfolio at the date of acquisition.


(b)	Management concluded as part of the Firm’s regular assessment of the PCI loan pools that it was probable that higher expected credit losses would result in a decrease in expected cash flows. As a result, an allowance for loan losses for impairment of these pools has been recognized.

(c)


(d)	Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.

Approximately 20% of the PCI home equity portfolio are senior lien loans; the remaining balance are junior lien HELOANs or HELOCs. The following tables set forth delinquency statistics for PCI junior lien home equity loans and lines of credit based on the unpaid principal balance as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014.



	Total loans				Total 30+ day delinquency rate
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014
HELOCs:^(a)
Within the revolving period^(b)	$	5,888	$	8,972	4.26	%	6.42	%
Beyond the revolving period^(c)	5,770		4,143		4.75		6.42
HELOANs	611		736		5.56		8.83
Total	$	12,269	$	13,851	4.56	%	6.55	%


(a)	In general, these HELOCs are revolving loans for a 10-year period, after which time the HELOC converts to an interest-only loan with a balloon payment at the end of the loan’s term.


(b)	Substantially all undrawn HELOCs within the revolving period have been closed.


(c)	Includes loans modified into fixed rate amortizing loans.

The table below sets forth the accretable yield activity for the Firm’s PCI consumer loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, and represents the Firm’s estimate of gross interest income expected to be earned over the remaining life of the PCI loan portfolios. The table excludes the cost to fund the PCI portfolios, and therefore the accretable yield does not represent net interest income expected to be earned on these portfolios.



	Total PCI
(in millions, except ratios)	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions, except ratios)	2015			2014			2015			2014
Beginning balance	$	13,741		$	15,275		$	14,592		$	16,167
Accretion into interest income	(424		)	(471		)	(1,290		)	(1,480		)
Changes in interest rates on variable-rate loans	3			(75		)	21			(141		)
Other changes in expected cash flows^(a)	511			242			508			425
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference^(b)	90			—			90			$	—
Balance at September 30	$	13,921		$	14,971		$	13,921		$	14,971
Accretable yield percentage	4.22		%	4.10		%	4.18		%	4.22		%


(a)	Other changes in expected cash flows may vary from period to period as the Firm continues to refine its cash flow model and periodically updates model assumptions. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, other changes in expected cash flows were driven by changes in prepayment assumptions.


(b)	Reclassifications from nonaccretable difference in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 were driven by continued improvement in home prices and delinquencies, as well as increased granularity in the impairment estimates.

The factors that most significantly affect estimates of gross cash flows expected to be collected, and accordingly the accretable yield balance, include: (i) changes in the benchmark interest rate indices for variable-rate products such as option adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”) and home equity loans; and (ii) changes in prepayment assumptions.

Active and suspended foreclosure

At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, the Firm had PCI residential real estate loans with an unpaid principal balance of $2.4 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.

Credit card

Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]

Loans

Credit card loan portfolio

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s credit card loans.



(in millions, except ratios)	September 30, 2015			December 31, 2014
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	123,901		$	126,189
30–89 days past due and still accruing	908			943
90 or more days past due and still accruing	825			895
Nonaccrual loans	—			—
Total retained credit card loans	$	125,634		$	128,027
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans	1.38		%	1.44		%
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans	0.66			0.70
Credit card loans by geographic region
California	$	17,830		$	17,940
Texas	11,270			11,088
New York	10,965			10,940
Illinois	7,389			7,497
Florida	7,375			7,398
New Jersey	5,668			5,750
Ohio	4,504			4,707
Pennsylvania	4,324			4,489
Michigan	3,448			3,552
Virginia	3,068			3,263
All other	49,793			51,403
Total retained credit card loans	$	125,634		$	128,027
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores
Equal to or greater than 660	85.1		%	85.7		%
Less than 660	14.9			14.3

Credit card impaired loans and loan modifications

For a detailed discussion of impaired credit card loans, including credit card loan modifications, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s impaired credit card loans. All of these loans are considered to be impaired as they have been modified in TDRs.



(in millions)	September 30, 2015		December 31, 2014
Impaired credit card loans with an allowance^(a)(b)
Credit card loans with modified payment terms^(c)	$	1,370	$	1,775
Modified credit card loans that have reverted to pre-modification payment terms^(d)	193		254
Total impaired credit card loans^(e)	$	1,563	$	2,029
Allowance for loan losses related to impaired credit card loans	$	485	$	500


(a)	The carrying value and the unpaid principal balance are the same for credit card impaired loans.


(b)	There were no impaired loans without an allowance.


(c)	Represents credit card loans outstanding to borrowers enrolled in a credit card modification program as of the date presented.


(d)	Represents credit card loans that were modified in TDRs but that have subsequently reverted back to the loans’ pre-modification payment terms.

At September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, $122 million and $159 million, respectively, of loans have reverted back to the pre-modification payment terms of the loans due to noncompliance with the terms of the modified loans. The remaining $71 million and $95 million at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively, of these loans are to borrowers who have successfully completed a short-term modification program. The Firm continues to report these loans as TDRs since the borrowers’ credit lines remain closed.


(e)	Predominantly all impaired credit card loans are in the U.S.

The following table presents average balances of impaired credit card loans and interest income recognized on those loans.



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions)	2015		2014		2015		2014
Average impaired credit card loans	$	1,620	$	2,342	$	1,775	$	2,630
Interest income on impaired credit card loans	20		29		64		97

Loan modifications

The Firm may modify loans to credit card borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Most of these loans have been modified under programs that involve placing the customer on a fixed payment plan with a reduced interest rate, generally for 60 months. All of these credit card loan modifications are considered to be TDRs. New enrollments in these loan modification programs were $154 million and $196 million, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $483 million and $622 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For additional information about credit card loan modifications, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

Financial effects of modifications and redefaults

The following table provides information about the financial effects of the concessions granted on credit card loans modified in TDRs and redefaults for the periods presented.



(in millions, except weighted-average data)	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions, except weighted-average data)	2015			2014			2015			2014
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – before TDR	15.09		%	14.96		%	15.13		%	15.01		%
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – after TDR	4.35			4.40			4.30			4.37
Loans that redefaulted within one year of modification^(a)	$	23		$	29		$	65		$	92


(a)	Represents loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The amounts presented represent the balance of such loans as of the end of the quarter in which they defaulted.

For credit card loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to have occurred when the loans become two payments past due. A substantial portion of these loans is expected to be charged-off in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy. Based on historical experience, the estimated weighted-average default rate for credit card loans modified was expected to be 26.04%and 27.91% as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.

Wholesale

Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]

Loans

Wholesale loan portfolio

Wholesale loans include loans made to a variety of customers, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals. The primary credit quality indicator for wholesale loans is the risk rating assigned each loan. For further information on these risk ratings, see Note 14 and Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

The table below provides information by class of receivable for the retained loans in the Wholesale portfolio segment.



	Commercial and industrial						Real estate						Financial institutions						Government agencies						Other^(d)						Total retained loans
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade	$	64,719		$	63,069		$	71,068		$	61,006		$	22,805		$	27,111		$	10,843		$	8,393		$	91,754		$	82,087		$	261,189		$	241,666
Noninvestment-grade:
Noncriticized	45,012			44,117			16,795			16,541			6,048			7,085			256			300			11,402			10,075			79,513			78,118
Criticized performing	3,304			2,251			1,361			1,313			296			316			7			3			171			236			5,139			4,119
Criticized nonaccrual	672			188			257			253			11			18			—			—			146			140			1,086			599
Total noninvestment- grade	48,988			46,556			18,413			18,107			6,355			7,419			263			303			11,719			10,451			85,738			82,836
Total retained loans	$	113,707		$	109,625		$	89,481		$	79,113		$	29,160		$	34,530		$	11,106		$	8,696		$	103,473		$	92,538		$	346,927		$	324,502
% of total criticized to total retained loans	3.50		%	2.22		%	1.81		%	1.98		%	1.05		%	0.97		%	0.06		%	0.03		%	0.31		%	0.41		%	1.79		%	1.45		%
% of nonaccrual loans to total retained loans	0.59			0.17			0.29			0.32			0.04			0.05			—			—			0.14			0.15			0.31			0.18

Loans by geographic distribution^(a)
Total non-U.S.	$	30,734		$	33,739		$	2,671		$	2,099		$	18,019		$	20,944		$	1,666		$	1,122		$	43,454		$	42,961		$	96,544		$	100,865
Total U.S.	82,973			75,886			86,810			77,014			11,141			13,586			9,440			7,574			60,019			49,577			250,383			223,637
Total retained loans	$	113,707		$	109,625		$	89,481		$	79,113		$	29,160		$	34,530		$	11,106		$	8,696		$	103,473		$	92,538		$	346,927		$	324,502

Loan delinquency^(b)
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing	$	112,916		$	108,857		$	89,041		$	78,552		$	29,092		$	34,408		$	11,038		$	8,627		$	102,018		$	91,168		$	344,105		$	321,612
30–89 days past due and still accruing	118			566			167			275			47			104			68			69			1,212			1,201			1,612			2,215
90 or more days past due and still accruing^(c)	1			14			16			33			10			—			—			—			97			29			124			76
Criticized nonaccrual	672			188			257			253			11			18			—			—			146			140			1,086			599
Total retained loans	$	113,707		$	109,625		$	89,481		$	79,113		$	29,160		$	34,530		$	11,106		$	8,696		$	103,473		$	92,538		$	346,927		$	324,502


(a)	The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.


(b)	The credit quality of wholesale loans is assessed primarily through ongoing review and monitoring of an obligor’s ability to meet contractual obligations rather than relying on the past due status, which is generally a lagging indicator of credit quality. For a discussion of more significant risk factors, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.


(c)	Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.


(d)	Other primarily includes loans to SPEs and loans to private banking clients. See Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report for additional information on SPEs.

The following table presents additional information on the real estate class of loans within the Wholesale portfolio segment for the periods indicated. For further information on real estate loans, see Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.



(in millions, except ratios)	Multifamily						Commercial lessors						Commercial construction and development						Other						Total real estate loans
(in millions, except ratios)	Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014			Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014
Real estate retained loans	$	58,139		$	51,049		$	19,045		$	17,438		$	4,832		$	4,264		$	7,465		$	6,362		$	89,481		$	79,113
Criticized exposure	515			652			978			841			40			42			85			31			1,618			1,566
% of criticized exposure to total real estate retained loans	0.89		%	1.28		%	5.14		%	4.82		%	0.83		%	0.98		%	1.14		%	0.49		%	1.81		%	1.98		%
Criticized nonaccrual	$	114		$	126		$	100		$	110		$	—		$	—		$	43		$	17		$	257		$	253
% of criticized nonaccrual to total real estate retained loans	0.20		%	0.25		%	0.53		%	0.63		%	—		%	—		%	0.58		%	0.27		%	0.29		%	0.32		%

Wholesale impaired loans and loan modifications

Wholesale impaired loans consist of loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status and/or that have been modified in a TDR. All impaired loans are evaluated for an asset-specific allowance as described in Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2014 Annual Report.

The table below sets forth information about the Firm’s wholesale impaired loans.



(in millions)	Commercial and industrial				Real estate				Financial institutions				Government agencies				Other				Total retained loans
(in millions)	Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015		Dec 31, 2014		Sep 30, 2015			Dec 31, 2014
Impaired loans
With an allowance	$	578	$	174	$	167	$	193	$	10	$	15	$	—	$	—	$	86	$	89	$	841		$	471
Without an allowance^(a)	94		24		124		87		1		3		—		—		61		52		280			166
Total impaired loans	$	672	$	198	$	291	$	280	$	11	$	18	$	—	$	—	$	147	$	141	$	1,121	^(c)	$	637	^(c)
Allowance for loan losses related to impaired loans	$	216	$	34	$	20	$	36	$	2	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	43	$	13	$	281		$	87
Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans^(b)	721		266		356		345		14		22		—		—		151		202		1,242			835


(a)	When the discounted cash flows, collateral value or market price equals or exceeds the recorded investment in the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the impaired loans have been partially charged-off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.


(b)	Represents the contractual amount of principal owed at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014. The unpaid principal balance differs from the impaired loan balances due to various factors, including charge-offs; interest payments received and applied to the carrying value; net deferred loan fees or costs; and unamortized discount or premiums on purchased loans.


(c)	Based upon the domicile of the borrower, predominantly all wholesale impaired loans are in the U.S.

The following table presents the Firm’s average impaired loans for the periods indicated.



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in millions)	2015		2014		2015		2014
Commercial and industrial	$	559	$	245	$	388	$	262
Real estate	261		287		257		316
Financial institutions	12		17		14		19
Government agencies	—		—		1		—
Other	122		162		114		163
Total^(a)	$	954	$	711	$	774	$	760


(a)	The related interest income on accruing impaired loans and interest income recognized on a cash basis were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.

Certain loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. All TDRs are reported as impaired loans in the tables above. TDRs were not material as of September 30, 2015 and 2014.