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Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects, Federal Historic Projects and New Market Tax Credits
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]  
Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects, Federal Historic Projects and New Market Tax Credits
Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects, Federal Historic Projects and New Market Tax Credits
    
The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, federal historic projects, and new market projects for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation. The carrying value of the investments is reflected in "Interest receivable and other assets" on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Corporation utilizes the proportional amortization method to account for investments in qualified affordable housing projects and the equity method to account for investments in other tax credit projects.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The Corporation recognized additional income tax expense attributable to the amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $1.7 million and $1.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Corporation's remaining investment in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $83.2 million at March 31, 2019 and $84.9 million at December 31, 2018.

Under the equity method, the Corporation's share of the earnings or losses is included in "Other" operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Corporation's remaining investment in federal historic tax projects accounted for under the equity method totaled $13.2 million and $13.3 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The Corporation's unfunded equity contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing projects, federal historic tax projects and new market projects is recorded in "Interest payable and other liabilities" on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Corporation's remaining unfunded equity contributions totaled $67.5 million and $72.0 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Management analyzes these investments for potential impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying amount of the investment will not be realized. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of an investment exceeds its fair value. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 there were no impairment losses recognized. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 federal historic tax credits resulted in an income tax benefit of $1.5 million, partially offset by impairment expense of $1.6 million, representing $1.3 million net of tax, recorded in "Other" operating expense.

The Corporation consolidates variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which it is the primary beneficiary. In general, a VIE is an entity that either (i) has an insufficient amount of equity to carry out its principal activities without additional subordinated financial support, (ii) has a group of equity owners that are unable to make significant decisions about its activities or (iii) has a group of equity owners that do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns as generated by its operations. If any of these characteristics are present, the entity is subject to a variable interest consolidation model, and consolidation is based on variable interests, not on ownership of the entity's outstanding voting stock. Variable interests are defined as contractual, ownership, or other monetary interests in an entity that change with fluctuations in the entity's net asset value. The primary beneficiary consolidates the VIE. The primary beneficiary is defined as the enterprise that has the power to direct the activities and absorb losses or the right to receive benefits. The Corporation is a significant limited partner in the qualified affordable housing, federal historic and new market projects it has invested in. These projects meet the definition of VIEs. However, the Corporation is not the primary beneficiary of any of the VIEs in which it holds a limited partnership interest; therefore, the VIEs are not consolidated in the Consolidated Financial Statements.