General (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2017

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”), which is a new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will supersede virtually all existing revenue guidance under GAAP. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)” (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing” (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the performance obligations and licensing implementation guidance of ASU 2014-09. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-20, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2016-20”), which amends various aspects of ASU 2014-09. The amendments in these ASUs are effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has identified its major revenue streams and is in the process of completing formal contract reviews. While the Company continues to assess all of the potential impacts of these ASUs, the Company does not expect implementation of these ASUs will have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The Company continues to assess the disclosure requirements prescribed by these ASUs and it may be required to expand its disclosures. The Company intends to adopt the new standard on a modified retrospective basis.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015‑11, “Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory” (“ASU 2015‑11”). The amendment under this ASU requires that an entity measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2016 and was adopted by the Company in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The effect of this guidance was immaterial to the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑02, “Leases” (“ASU 2016‑02”). This ASU amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adoption, but believes the effect of this ASU will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). This ASU amends the accounting on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available for sale debt securities. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2018. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operation, financial position and cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” (“ASU 2016-15”). This ASU makes eight targeted changes to how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operation, financial positions and cash flows.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory” (“ASU 2016-16”). The amendments in this ASU require that entities recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operation, financial positions and cash flows.

In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-19, “Technical Corrections and Improvements” (“ASU 2016-19”). The amendments in this ASU cover a wide range of Topics in the Accounting Standard Codification, including internal use software covered under Subtopic 350-40. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2016 and was adopted by the Company in the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The effect of this guidance was immaterial to the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business” (“ASU 2017-01”). The amendments in this ASU clarify whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”). The amendments in this ASU eliminate the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting” (“ASU 2017-09”). The amendments in this ASU include guidance on determining which changes to the terms and conditions of share-based payment awards require an entity to apply modification accounting under Topic 718. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates of the Company include, among other things, accounts receivable realization, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, medical claims payable, other medical liabilities, contingent consideration, stock compensation assumptions, tax contingencies and legal liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Managed Care and Other Revenue

Managed Care Revenue. Managed care revenue, inclusive of revenue from the Company’s risk, EAP and ASO contracts, is recognized over the applicable coverage period on a per member basis for covered members. The Company is paid a per member fee for all enrolled members, and this fee is recorded as revenue in the month in which members are entitled to service. The Company adjusts its revenue for retroactive membership terminations, additions and other changes, when such adjustments are identified, with the exception of retroactivity that can be reasonably estimated. The impact of retroactive rate amendments is generally recorded in the accounting period in which terms to the amendment are finalized. Any fees paid prior to the month of service are recorded as deferred revenue. Managed care revenues approximated $570.8 million and $1,115.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $647.2 million and $1,206.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

Fee‑For‑Service, Fixed Fee and Cost‑Plus Contracts. The Company has certain contracts with customers under which the Company recognizes revenue as services are performed and as costs are incurred. This includes revenues received in relation to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act health insurer fee (“HIF fee”) billed on a cost reimbursement basis. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 imposed a one-year moratorium on the HIF fee, suspending its application for 2017. Revenues from these contracts approximated $102.6 million and $205.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $144.2 million and $287.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

Rebate Revenue. The Company administers a rebate program for certain clients through which the Company coordinates the achievement, calculation and collection of rebates and administrative fees from pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of clients. Each period, the Company estimates the total rebates earned based on actual volumes of pharmaceutical purchases by the Company’s clients, as well as historical and/or anticipated sharing percentages. The Company earns fees based upon the volume of rebates generated for its clients. The Company does not record as rebate revenue any rebates that are passed through to its clients. Total rebate revenues approximated $21.3 million and $41.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $21.2 million and $43.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

In relation to the Company’s PBM business, the Company administers rebate programs through which it receives rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers that are shared with its customers. The Company recognizes rebates when the Company is entitled to them and when the amounts of the rebates are determinable. The amount recorded for rebates earned by the Company from the pharmaceutical manufacturers is recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold.

PBM and Dispensing Revenue

Pharmacy Benefit Management Revenue. The Company recognizes PBM revenue, which consists of a negotiated prescription price (ingredient cost plus dispensing fee), co‑payments collected by the pharmacy and any associated administrative fees, when claims are adjudicated. The Company recognizes PBM revenue on a gross basis (i.e. including drug costs and co‑payments) as it is acting as the principal in the arrangement and is contractually obligated to its clients and network pharmacies, which is a primary indicator of gross reporting. In addition, the Company is solely responsible for the claims adjudication process, negotiating the prescription price for the pharmacy, collection of payments from the client for drugs dispensed by the pharmacy, and managing the total prescription drug relationship with the client’s members. If the Company enters into a contract where it is only an administrator, and does not assume any of the risks previously noted, revenue will be recognized on a net basis. PBM revenues approximated $362.0 million and $697.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $436.0 million and $868.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

Dispensing Revenue. The Company recognizes dispensing revenue, which includes the co‑payments received from members of the health plans the Company serves, when the specialty pharmaceutical drugs are shipped. At the time of shipment, the earnings process is complete; the obligation of the Company’s customer to pay for the specialty pharmaceutical drugs is fixed, and, due to the nature of the product, the member may neither return the specialty pharmaceutical drugs nor receive a refund. Revenues from the dispensing of specialty pharmaceutical drugs on behalf of health plans were $54.4 million and $109.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $53.2 million and $108.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

Medicare Part D. The Company is contracted with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (“CMS”) as a Prescription Drug Plan (“PDP”) to provide prescription drug benefits to Medicare beneficiaries. Net revenues include premiums earned by the PDP, which includes a direct premium paid by CMS and a beneficiary premium paid by the PDP member. In cases of low-income members, the beneficiary premium may be subsidized by CMS. The Company recognizes premium revenues on a monthly basis on a per member basis for covered members. In addition to these premiums, net revenue includes certain payments from the members based on the members’ actual prescription claims, including co-payments, coverage gap benefits, deductibles and co-insurance (collectively, “Member Responsibilities”). The Company receives a prospective subsidy payment from CMS each month to subsidize a portion of the Member Responsibilities for low-income members. If the prospective subsidy differs from actual prescription claims, the difference is recorded as either a receivable or payable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company assumes no risk for the Member Responsibilities, including the portion subsidized by CMS. The Company recognizes revenues for Member Responsibilities, including the portion subsidized by CMS, on a gross basis as claims are adjudicated. CMS also provides an annual risk corridor adjustment which compares the Company’s actual drug costs incurred to the premiums received. Based on the risk corridor adjustment, the Company may receive additional premiums from CMS or may be required to refund CMS a portion of previously received premiums. The Company calculates the risk corridor adjustment on a quarterly basis and the amount is included in net revenues with a corresponding receivable or payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Medicare Part D revenues approximated $65.2 million and $115.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, including co-payments, which are included in PBM revenues above, of $7.6 million and $17.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. Medicare Part D revenues approximated $124.5 million and $236.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, including co-payments, which are included in PBM revenues above, of $16.3 million and $39.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, the Company had $117.5 million and $146.3 million, respectively, in net receivables associated with Medicare Part D from CMS and other parties related to this business.

Significant Customers

Customers exceeding ten percent of the consolidated Company’s net revenues

The Company has a contract with the State of Florida to provide integrated healthcare services to Medicaid enrollees in the state of Florida (“the Florida Contract”). The Florida Contract began on February 4, 2014 and extends through December 31, 2018, unless sooner terminated by the parties. The State of Florida has the right to terminate the Florida Contract with cause, as defined, upon 24 hour notice and upon 30 days notice for any reason or no reason at all. The Florida Contract generated net revenues of $267.8 million and $300.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

Customers exceeding ten percent of segment net revenues

In addition to the Florida Contract, previously discussed, the following customers generated in excess of ten percent of net revenues for the respective segment for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017 (in thousands):


Segment	Term Date	2016		2017

Healthcare
None

Pharmacy Management
Customer A	December 31, 2016 (1)	$	193,956	$	2,690	*
Customer B	March 31, 2019		—		184,364

* Revenue amount did not exceed 10 percent of net revenues for the respective segment for the year presented. Amount is shown for comparative purposes only.

(1)

A vast majority of this customer’s revenues were generated from drug acquisition costs related to PBM services which terminated on September 1, 2016. The Company continues to provide specialty distribution services to the customer and is in negotiations with the customer to extend this contract.

Concentration of Business

The Company also has a significant concentration of business with various counties in the State of Pennsylvania (the “Pennsylvania Counties”) which are part of the Pennsylvania Medicaid program, with members under its contract with CMS and with various agencies and departments of the United States federal government. Net revenues from the Pennsylvania Counties in the aggregate totaled $226.0 million and $232.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Net revenues from members in relation to its contract with CMS in aggregate totaled $115.5 million and $236.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Net revenues from contracts with various agencies and departments of the United States federal government in aggregate totaled $82.5 million and $177.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively.

The Company’s contracts with customers typically have terms of one to three years, and in certain cases contain renewal provisions (at the customer’s option) for successive terms of between one and two years (unless terminated earlier). Substantially all of these contracts may be immediately terminated with cause and many of the Company’s contracts are terminable without cause by the customer or the Company either upon the giving of requisite notice and the passage of a specified period of time (typically between 60 and 180 days) or upon the occurrence of other specified events. In addition, the Company’s contracts with federal, state and local governmental agencies generally are conditioned on legislative appropriations. These contracts generally can be terminated or modified by the customer if such appropriations are not made.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. These assets and liabilities are to be measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy, which are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available, including the Company’s data.

In accordance with the fair value hierarchy described above, the following table shows the fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value as of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents (1)	$	—	$	177,495	$	—	$	177,495
Investments:
U.S. Government and agency securities		5,817		—		—		5,817
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises (2)		—		25,767		—		25,767
Corporate debt securities		—		272,219		—		272,219
Certificates of deposit		—		1,450		—		1,450
Total assets held at fair value	$	5,817	$	476,931	$	—	$	482,748

Liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	11,153	$	11,153
Total liabilities held at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	11,153	$	11,153


	June 30, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents (3)	$	—	$	116,659	$	—	$	116,659
Investments:
U.S. Government and agency securities		5,971		—		—		5,971
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises (4)		—		26,229		—		26,229
Corporate debt securities		—		270,255		—		270,255
Taxable municipal bonds		—		5,026		—		5,026
Certificates of deposit		—		1,350		—		1,350
Total assets held at fair value	$	5,971	$	419,519	$	—	$	425,490

Liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	11,356	$	11,356
Total liabilities held at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	11,356	$	11,356

(1)

Excludes $127.0 million of cash held in bank accounts by the Company.

(2)

Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Farm Credit Banks and Federal National Mortgage Association.

(3)

Excludes $164.7 million of cash held in bank accounts by the Company.

(4)

Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Farm Credit Banks.

For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company has not transferred any assets between fair value measurement levels.

The carrying values of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and revolving loan borrowings, approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s term loans of $606.2 million as of June 30, 2017 was based on current interest rates for similar types of borrowings and is in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair values may not represent actual values of the financial instruments that could be realized as of the balance sheet date or that will be realized in the future.

All of the Company’s investments are classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at fair value.

The contingent consideration liability reflects the fair value of potential future payments related to the Cobalt Therapeutics, LLC (“Cobalt”), The Management Group, LLC (“TMG”) and Armed Forces Services Corporation (“AFSC”) acquisitions. The Cobalt, TMG and AFSC purchase agreements provide for potential contingent payments of up to a maximum of $6.0 million, $15.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2017, there are remaining potential future payments of $5.0 million, $15.0 million and $10.0 million for Cobalt, TMG and AFSC, respectively.

As of the balance sheet date, the fair value of contingent consideration is determined based on probabilities of payment, projected payment dates, discount rates, projected operating income, member engagement and new contract execution. The Company used a probability weighted discounted cash flow method to arrive at the fair value of the contingent consideration. As the fair value measurement for the contingent consideration is based on inputs not observed in the market, these measurements are classified as Level 3 measurements as defined by fair value measurement guidance. The unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement include the discount rate, probabilities of payment and projected payment dates.

As of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, the Company estimated undiscounted future contingent payments of $12.7 million and $12.3 million, respectively. The net decrease was mainly due to changes in operational forecasts and probabilities of payment. As of June 30, 2017, the aggregate amounts and projected dates of future potential contingent consideration payments were $10.0 million in 2017 and $2.3 million in 2020.

As of December 31, 2016, the fair value of the short-term and long-term contingent consideration was $9.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, and is included in short-term contingent consideration and long-term contingent consideration, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2017, the fair value of the short-term and long-term contingent consideration was $9.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, and is included in short-term contingent consideration and long-term contingent consideration, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets.

The change in the fair value of the contingent consideration was $0.5 million and $0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, which were recorded as direct service costs and other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The decreases were mainly a result of changes in present value and the estimated undiscounted liability.

The following table summarizes the Company’s liability for contingent consideration for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (in thousands):


	June 30,
	2017
Balance as of beginning of period	$	11,153
Changes in fair value		203
Payments		—
Balance as of end of period	$	11,356

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid interest-bearing investments with maturity dates of three months or less when purchased, consisting primarily of money market instruments. At June 30, 2017, the Company’s excess capital and undistributed earnings for the Company’s regulated subsidiaries of $116.6 million are included in cash and cash equivalents.

Investments

If a debt security is in an unrealized loss position and the Company has the intent to sell the debt security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the decline in value is deemed to be other‑than‑temporary and is recorded to other‑than‑temporary impairment losses recognized in income in the consolidated statements of income. For impaired debt securities that the Company does not intend to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell such securities, but the Company expects that it will not fully recover the amortized cost basis, the credit component of the other‑than‑temporary impairment is recognized in other‑than‑temporary impairment losses recognized in income in the consolidated statements of income and the non‑credit component of the other‑than‑temporary impairment is recognized in other comprehensive income.

As of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, there were no unrealized losses that the Company determined to be other‑than‑temporary. No realized gains or losses were recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2016 or 2017. The following is a summary of short‑term and long‑term investments at December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2016
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
U.S. Government and agency securities	$	5,832	$	—	$	(15)	$	5,817
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises (1)		25,779		2		(14)		25,767
Corporate debt securities		272,479		1		(261)		272,219
Certificates of deposit		1,450		—		—		1,450
Total investments at December 31, 2016	$	305,540	$	3	$	(290)	$	305,253


	June 30, 2017
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
U.S. Government and agency securities	$	5,994	$	—	$	(23)	$	5,971
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises (2)		26,245		1		(17)		26,229
Corporate debt securities		270,493		43		(281)		270,255
Taxable municipal bonds		5,034		—		(8)		5,026
Certificates of deposit		1,350		—		—		1,350
Total investments at June 30, 2017	$	309,116	$	44	$	(329)	$	308,831

(1)

Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Farm Credit Banks.

(2)

Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Farm Credit Banks.

The maturity dates of the Company’s investments as of June 30, 2017 are summarized below (in thousands):


	Amortized		Estimated
	Cost		Fair Value
2017	$	180,496	$	180,389
2018		123,956		123,780
2019		4,664		4,662
Total investments at June 30, 2017	$	309,116	$	308,831

Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rates were 62.6 percent and 43.8 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017, respectively. These rates differ from the federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, permanent differences between book and tax income, and changes to recorded tax contingencies and valuation allowances. The Company also accrues interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes. The effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is lower than the effective rate for the six months ended June 30, 2016 mainly due to the suspension for 2017 of the non-deductible HIF fees and valuation allowance increases in 2016 with respect to losses at AlphaCare.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with most of its eighty-percent or more controlled subsidiaries. The Company files a separate consolidated federal income tax return for AlphaCare of New York, Inc. (“AlphaCare”) and its parent, AlphaCare Holdings, Inc. The Company and its subsidiaries also file income tax returns in various state and local jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to federal, state or local income tax assessments for years ended prior to 2013.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

The Company has $1.8 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) available to reduce its federal consolidated taxable income in 2017 and subsequent years. These NOLs will expire in 2018 and 2019 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). AlphaCare has $41.0 million of federal NOLs available to reduce its consolidated taxable income in 2017 and subsequent years. These NOLs will expire in 2033 through 2036 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the IRS. The Company and its subsidiaries also have $103.6 million of state NOLs available to reduce state taxable income at certain subsidiaries in 2017 and subsequent years. Most of these state NOLs will expire in 2017 through 2035 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the respective state tax authorities.

Deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017 are shown net of valuation allowances of $17.1 million and $19.0 million, respectively. These valuation allowances mostly relate to uncertainties regarding the eventual realization of the AlphaCare federal NOLs and certain state NOLs. Determination of the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable requires significant judgment and estimation regarding the forecasts of future taxable income which are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company uses to manage the underlying businesses. Although consideration is also given to potential tax planning strategies which might be available to improve the realization of deferred tax assets, none were identified which were both prudent and reasonable. Future changes in the estimated realizable portion of deferred tax assets could materially affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Health Care Reform

The Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Health Reform Law”), imposes a mandatory annual fee on health insurers for each calendar year beginning on or after January 1, 2014. The Company has obtained rate adjustments from customers which the Company expects will cover the direct costs of these fees and the impact from non‑deductibility of such fees for federal and state income tax purposes. To the extent the Company has such a customer that does not renew, there may be some impact due to taxes paid where the timing and amount of recoupment of these additional costs is uncertain. In the event the Company is unable to obtain rate adjustments to cover the financial impact of the annual fee, the fee may have a material impact on the Company. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 imposed a one-year moratorium on the HIF fee, suspending its application for 2017. The HIF fee is scheduled to go back into effect for 2018. For 2016 the HIF fees were $26.5 million which has been paid. Of this amount, $6.1 million and $13.2 million was expensed in the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, which was included in direct service costs and other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded revenues of $10.1 million and $21.4 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, associated with the accrual for the reimbursement of the economic impact of the HIF fees from its customers. As of June 30, 2017, the Company has a $13.3 million receivable related to a terminated contract that the customer has expressed their unwillingness to pay, however the Company believes the amount is collectible based on the IRS regulations and contractual arrangements that were executed and has not established a reserve. The Company continues to evaluate correspondence with the customer related to this receivable.

Stock Compensation

At December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, the Company had equity‑based employee incentive plans, which are described more fully in Note 6 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was filed with the SEC on February 24, 2017. The Company recorded stock compensation expense of $9.5 million and $18.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $11.4 million and $21.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. Stock compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2017 has been reduced for forfeitures, estimated at between zero and four percent for all periods.

The weighted average grant date fair value of all stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2017 was $17.10 as estimated using the Black‑Scholes‑Merton option pricing model, which also assumed an expected volatility of 27.8 percent based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price.

For the six months ended June 30, 2016, the benefit of tax deductions in excess of recognized stock compensation expense (net of deficiencies) was $0.3 million, which was reported as a change to additional paid‑in capital. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the benefit of tax deductions in excess of recognized stock compensation expense (net of deficiencies) was $1.0 million. Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the 4th quarter of 2016, this net benefit is reported as a reduction to income tax expense rather than as a change in additional paid-in-capital. As a result of the adoption of this standard, the net tax benefit is reflected as an operating cash flow rather than a financing cash flow.

Summarized information related to the Company’s stock options for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:


		Weighted
		Average
		Exercise
	Options	Price
Outstanding, beginning of period	2,843,177	$	57.42
Granted	425,596		69.21
Forfeited	(42,789)		58.31
Exercised	(123,563)		50.86
Outstanding, end of period	3,102,421	$	59.29
Vested and expected to vest at end of period	3,078,102	$	59.24
Exercisable, end of period	2,001,180	$	56.13

All of the Company’s options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2017 vest ratably on each anniversary date over the three years subsequent to grant and have a ten year life.

Summarized information related to the Company’s nonvested restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:



		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period	615,472	$	58.71
Awarded	14,959		70.20
Vested	(17,675)		64.01
Forfeited	—		—
Outstanding, ending of period	612,756		58.83

Summarized information related to the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:



		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period	200,178	$	61.65
Awarded	107,417		68.53
Vested	(117,069)		60.52
Forfeited	(10,068)		65.19
Outstanding, ending of period	180,458		66.28

The vesting period for RSAs ranges from 12 months to 42 months. In general, RSUs vest ratably on each anniversary over the three years subsequent to grant.

Summarized information related to the Company’s nonvested restricted performance stock units (“PSUs”) for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:


		Weighted
		Average
		Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period	102,977	$	93.03
Awarded	101,989		76.24
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(550)		76.24
Outstanding, end of period	204,416		84.70

The weighted average estimated fair value of the PSUs granted in the six months ended June 30, 2017 was $76.24, which was derived from a Monte Carlo simulation. Significant assumptions utilized in estimating the value of the awards granted include an expected dividend yield of 0%, a risk free rate of 1.54%, and expected volatility of 18% to 61% (average of 33%). The PSUs granted in the six months ended June 30, 2017, will entitle the grantee to receive a number of shares of the Company’s common stock determined over a three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2019 and vesting on March 3, 2020, the settlement date, provided the grantee remains in the service of the Company on the settlement date. The Company expenses the cost of these awards ratably over the requisite service period. The number of shares for which the PSUs will be settled will be a percentage of shares for which the award is targeted and will depend on the Company’s total shareholder return (as defined below), expressed as a percentile ranking of the Company’s total shareholder return as compared to the Company’s peer group (as defined below). The number of shares for which the PSUs will be settled vary from zero to 200 percent of the shares specified in the grant. Total shareholder return is determined by dividing the average share value of the Company’s common stock over the 30 trading days preceding January 1, 2020 by the average share value of the Company’s common stock over the 30 trading days beginning on January 1, 2017, with a deemed reinvestment of any dividends declared during the performance period. The Company’s peer group includes 51 companies which comprise the S&P Health Care Services Industry Index, which was selected by the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors and includes a range of healthcare companies operating in several business segments.

Long Term Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

On July 23, 2014, the Company entered into a $500.0 million Credit Agreement with various lenders that provides for Magellan Rx Management, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Magellan) to borrow up to $250.0 million of revolving loans, with a sublimit of up to $70.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit for the account of the Company, and a term loan in an original aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (the “2014 Credit Facility”). On December 2, 2015, the Company entered into an amendment to the 2014 Credit Facility under which Magellan Pharmacy Services, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Magellan) became a party to the $500.0 million Credit Agreement as the borrower and assumed all of the obligations of Magellan Rx Management, Inc. The 2014 Credit Facility is guaranteed by substantially all of the non-regulated subsidiaries of the Company and will mature on July 23, 2019; however, the Company holds an option to extend the 2014 Credit Facility for an additional one year period.

Under the 2014 Credit Facility, the annual interest rate on revolving and term loan borrowings is equal to (i) in the case of base rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin ranging from 0.50 percent to 1.00 percent plus the higher of the prime rate, one-half of one percent in excess of the overnight “federal funds” rate, or the Eurodollar rate for one month plus 1.00 percent, or (ii) in the case of Eurodollar rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin ranging from 1.50 percent to 2.00 percent plus the Eurodollar rate for the selected interest period. The Company has the option to borrow in base rate loans or Eurodollar rate loans at its discretion, with the borrowing margin for these loans adjusted from time to time based on the Company’s total leverage ratio. Letters of credit issued bear interest equal to the borrowing margin for Eurodollar loans that ranges from 1.50 percent to 2.00 percent, with the commitment commission on the unused revolving loan commitment ranging from 0.20 percent to 0.35 percent. These letter of credit and commitment commission rates are adjusted from time to time based on the Company’s total leverage ratio.

Under the 2014 Credit Facility, on September 30, 2014, the Company completed a draw-down of the $250.0 million term loan (the “2014 Term Loan”). The borrowings have been maintained as a Eurodollar loan. The 2014 Term Loan is subject to certain quarterly amortization payments. As of June 30, 2017 the remaining balance on the 2014 Term Loan was $206.2 million. The 2014 Term Loan will mature on July 23, 2019. As of June 30, 2017, the 2014 Term Loan bore interest at a rate of 1.625 percent plus the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), which was equivalent to a total interest rate of approximately 2.851 percent. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the weighted average interest rate was approximately 2.523 percent.

On June 27, 2016, the Company entered into a $200.0 million Credit Agreement with various lenders that provides for a $200.0 million term loan (the “2016 Term Loan”) to Magellan Pharmacy Services, Inc. (the “2016 Credit Facility”). The 2016 Credit Facility is guaranteed by substantially all of the non-regulated subsidiaries of the Company and will mature on December 29, 2017.

Under the 2016 Credit Facility, the annual interest rate on the term loan is equal to (i) in the case of base rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin ranging from 0.25 percent to 0.75 percent plus the higher of the prime rate, one-half of one percent in excess of the overnight “federal funds” rate, or the Eurodollar rate for one month plus 1.00 percent, or (ii) in the case of Eurodollar rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin ranging from 1.25 percent to 1.75 percent plus the Eurodollar rate for the selected interest period. The Company has the option to borrow in base rate loans or Eurodollar rate loans at its discretion, with the borrowing margin for these loans adjusted from time to time based on the Company’s total leverage ratio.

The borrowings under the 2016 Term Loan have been maintained as a Eurodollar loan. As of June 30, 2017 the remaining balance on the 2016 Term Loan was $200.0 million and bore interest at a rate of approximately 1.375 percent plus the LIBOR, which was equivalent to a total interest rate of approximately 2.601 percent. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the weighted average interest rate was approximately 2.276 percent.

On January 10, 2017, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement with various lenders that provides for a $200.0 million delayed draw term loan (the “2017 Term Loan”) to Magellan Pharmacy Services, Inc. (the “2017 Credit Facility”). The 2017 Credit Facility is guaranteed by substantially all of the non-regulated subsidiaries of the Company and will mature on December 29, 2017.

Under the 2017 Credit Facility, the annual interest rate on the term loan borrowing is equal to (i) in the case of base rate loans, the sum of an initial borrowing margin of 0.625 percent plus the higher of the prime rate, one-half of one percent in excess of the overnight “federal funds” rate, or the Eurodollar rate for one month plus 1.00 percent, or (ii) in the case of Eurodollar rate loans, the sum of an initial borrowing margin of 1.625 percent plus the Eurodollar rate for the selected interest period. The borrowing margin is subject to adjustment based on the leverage ratio of the Company. The Company has the option to borrow in base rate loans or Eurodollar rate loans at its discretion. The commitment commission on the 2017 Credit Facility is 0.25 percent of the unused commitment, which rate shall be adjusted from time to time based on the Company's total leverage ratio.

On January 10, 2017, the Company completed a $100.0 million draw of its available $200.0 million delayed draw term loan under the 2017 Credit Facility. An additional $100.0 million draw under the 2017 Credit Facility was completed on March 14, 2017. As of June 30, 2017 the remaining balance on the 2017 Term Loan was $200.0 million and bore interest at a rate of approximately 1.625 percent plus the LIBOR, which was equivalent to a total interest rate of approximately 2.834 percent. During the period the term loan was outstanding, from January 10, 2017 through June 30, 2017, the weighted average interest rate was approximately 2.570 percent.

As of June 30, 2017, the contractual maturities of the term loans under the 2014 Credit Facility, 2016 Credit Facility and the 2017 Credit Facility (collectively, the “Credit Facilities”) were as follows: 2017—$412.5 million; 2018—$25.0 million; and 2019—$168.7 million. The Company had $33.7 million and $27.0 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, respectively. Beginning in April 2016, due to the timing of working capital needs, the Company has periodically borrowed from the revolving loan under the 2014 Credit Facility. The revolving loan borrowings have been in the form of Eurodollar rate loans and totaled $175.0 million at December 31, 2016. At June 30, 2017, the Company had no revolving loan borrowings, resulting in a borrowing capacity of $223.0 million under the 2014 Credit Facility.

There were $26.0 million and $24.9 million of capital lease obligations at December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017, respectively. The Company’s capital lease obligations represent amounts due under leases for certain properties, computer software (acquired prior to the prospective adoption of ASU 2015-05 on January 1, 2016) and equipment. Included in long-term debt and capital lease obligations as of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017 are deferred loan issuance costs of $1.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest

Redeemable Non‑Controlling Interest

As of June 30, 2017, the Company held an equity interest of approximately 84% in AlphaCare Holdings. The other shareholders of AlphaCare Holdings have the right to exercise put options requiring the Company to purchase all or any portion of the remaining shares. In addition, the Company has the right to purchase all remaining shares. Non‑controlling interests with redemption features, such as put options, that are not solely within the Company’s control are considered redeemable non‑controlling interests. Redeemable non‑controlling interest is considered to be temporary and is therefore reported in a mezzanine level between liabilities and stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at the greater of the initial carrying amount adjusted for the non‑controlling interest’s share of net income or loss or its redemption value. The carrying value of the non‑controlling interest as of December 31, 2016 and June 30, 2017 was $4.8 million and $3.9 million, respectively. The $0.9 million decrease in carrying value is a result of operating losses. The Company evaluates the redemption value on a quarterly basis. If the redemption value is greater than the carrying value, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of the non‑controlling interest to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Under this method, this is viewed at the end of the reporting period as if it were also the redemption date for the non‑controlling interest. The Company will reflect redemption value adjustments in the earnings per share (“EPS”) calculation if redemption value is in excess of the carrying value of the non‑controlling interest. As of June 30, 2017, the carrying value of the non‑controlling interest exceeded the redemption value and therefore no adjustment to the carrying value was required.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

The Company elected to early adopt ASUs 2016-09 and 2016-18 effective for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and applied them retrospectively. Adoption of these standards resulted in a net reduction to the Company’s cash flows of $53.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. In addition, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-09, the diluted weighted average shares outstanding as of June 30, 2016 have been adjusted. There was no impact to the net income per common share – diluted.