Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2016

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)" ("ASU 2014-09"), which is a new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will supersede virtually all existing revenue guidance under GAAP. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No 2016-10, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing" ("ASU 2016-10"), which clarifies the performance obligations and licensing implementation guidance of ASU 2014-09. In July 2015, the FASB approved to defer the effective date of ASU 2014-09. These ASUs are effective for calendar years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, "Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved After the Requisite Service Period" ("ASU 2014-12"), which revises the accounting treatment for stock compensation tied to performance targets. The amendments in this ASU are effective for calendar years beginning after December 15, 2015 and were adopted by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The effect of this guidance was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40)" ("ASU 2014- 15"), which provides guidance in GAAP about management's responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. This amendment should reduce diversity in the timing and content of footnote disclosures. This ASU is effective for the annual period beginning after December 15, 2016 and for annual and interim reporting periods thereafter. The guidance is not expected to materially impact the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, "Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis" ("ASU 2015-02"), which amends certain requirements for determining whether a variable interest entity must be consolidated. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 31, 2015 and were adopted by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The effect of this guidance was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement" ("ASU 2015-05"), which provides guidance to clarify the customer's accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 31, 2015 and were adopted by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The effect of this guidance was immaterial to the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, "Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory" ("ASU 2015-11"). The amendment under this ASU requires that an entity measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2016. The guidance is not expected to materially impact the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement Period Adjustments" ("ASU 2015-16"). The amendment under this ASU requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The amendments in this ASU are effective for calendar years beginning after December 15, 2015 and were adopted by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The effect of this guidance is immaterial to the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases" ("ASU 2016-02"). This ASU amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods of public entities beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, "Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)" ("ASU 2016-09"). This ASU amends the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting period of public entities beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact this ASU will have on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates of the Company include, among other things, accounts receivable realization, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, medical claims payable, other medical liabilities, contingent consideration, stock compensation assumptions, tax contingencies and legal liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Managed Care and Other Revenue

Managed Care Revenue. Managed care revenue, inclusive of revenue from the Company's risk, EAP and ASO contracts, is recognized over the applicable coverage period on a per member basis for covered members. The Company is paid a per member fee for all enrolled members, and this fee is recorded as revenue in the month in which members are entitled to service. The Company adjusts its revenue for retroactive membership terminations, additions and other changes, when such adjustments are identified, with the exception of retroactivity that can be reasonably estimated. The impact of retroactive rate amendments is generally recorded in the accounting period that terms to the amendment are finalized, and that the amendment is executed. Any fees paid prior to the month of service are recorded as deferred revenue. Managed care revenues approximated $646.1 million and $545.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Fee-For-Service, Fixed Fee and Cost-Plus Contracts. The Company has certain contracts with customers under which the Company recognizes revenue as services are performed and as costs are incurred. This includes revenues received in relation to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act health insurer fee ("HIF fee") billed on a cost reimbursement basis. Revenues from these contracts approximated $79.0 million and $103.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Rebate Revenue. The Company administers a rebate program for certain clients through which the Company coordinates the achievement, calculation and collection of rebates and administrative fees from pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of clients. Each period, the Company estimates the total rebates earned based on actual volumes of pharmaceutical purchases by the Company's clients, as well as historical and/or anticipated sharing percentages. The Company earns fees based upon the volume of rebates generated for its clients. The Company does not record as rebate revenue any rebates that are passed through to its clients. Total rebate revenues approximated $15.9 million and $19.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

In relation to the Company's PBM business, the Company administers rebate programs through which it receives rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers that are shared with its customers. The Company recognizes rebates when the Company is entitled to them and when the amounts of the rebates are determinable. The amount recorded for rebates earned by the Company from the pharmaceutical manufacturers is recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold.

PBM and Dispensing Revenue

Pharmacy Benefit Management Revenue. The Company recognizes PBM revenue, which consists of a negotiated prescription price (ingredient cost plus dispensing fee), co-payments collected by the pharmacy and any associated administrative fees, when claims are adjudicated. The Company recognizes PBM revenue on a gross basis (i.e. including drug costs and co-payments) as it is acting as the principal in the arrangement and is contractually obligated to its clients and network pharmacies, which is a primary indicator of gross reporting. In addition, the Company is solely responsible for the claims adjudication process, negotiating the prescription price for the pharmacy, collection of payments from the client for drugs dispensed by the pharmacy, and managing the total prescription drug relationship with the client's members. If the Company enters into a contract where it is only an administrator, and does not assume any of the risks previously noted, revenue will be recognized on a net basis. PBM revenues approximated $185.8 million and $335.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Dispensing Revenue. The Company recognizes dispensing revenue, which includes the co-payments received from members of the health plans the Company serves, when the specialty pharmaceutical drugs are shipped. At the time of shipment, the earnings process is complete; the obligation of the Company's customer to pay for the specialty pharmaceutical drugs is fixed, and, due to the nature of the product, the member may neither return the specialty pharmaceutical drugs nor receive a refund. Revenues from the dispensing of specialty pharmaceutical drugs on behalf of health plans were $46.5 million and $55.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Medicare Part D. The Company is contracted with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") as a Prescription Drug Plan ("PDP") to provide prescription drug benefits to Medicare beneficiaries. Net revenues include insurance premiums earned by the PDP, which includes a direct premium paid by CMS and a beneficiary premium paid by the PDP member. In cases of low-income members, the beneficiary premium may be subsidized by CMS. The Company recognizes insurance premium revenues on a monthly basis on a per member basis for covered members. In addition to these premiums, net revenues includes certain payments from the members based on the members' actual prescription claims, including co-payments, coverage gap benefits, deductibles and co-insurance (collectively, "Member Responsibilities"). The Company receives a prospective subsidy payment from CMS each month to subsidize a portion of the Member Responsibilities for low-income members. If the prospective subsidy differs from actual prescription claims, the difference is recorded as either a receivable or payable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company assumes no risk for the Member Responsibilities, including the portion subsidized by CMS. The Company recognizes revenues for Member Responsibilities, including the portion subsidized by CMS, on a gross basis as claims are adjudicated. The CMS also provides an annual risk corridor adjustment which compares the Company's actual drug costs incurred to the premiums received. Based on the risk corridor adjustment, the Company may receive additional premiums from CMS or may be required to refund CMS a portion of previously received premiums. The Company calculates the risk corridor adjustment on a quarterly basis and the amount is included in net revenues with a corresponding receivable or payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Medicare Part D revenues approximated $50.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Significant Customers

Customers exceeding ten percent of the consolidated Company's net revenues

The Company provides behavioral healthcare management and other related services to members in the state of Florida pursuant to contracts with the State of Florida (the "Florida Contracts"). The Company had behavioral healthcare contracts with various areas in the State of Florida (the "Florida Areas") which were part of the Florida Medicaid program. The State of Florida implemented a new system of mandated managed care through which Medicaid enrollees receive integrated healthcare services, and in 2014 phased out the behavioral healthcare programs under which the Florida Areas' contracts operated. The Company has a contract with the State of Florida to provide integrated healthcare services under the new program ("the Florida Medicaid Contract"). The Florida Medicaid Contract began on February 4, 2014 and extends through December 31, 2018, unless sooner terminated by the parties. The State of Florida has the right to terminate the Florida Medicaid Contract with cause, as defined, upon 24 hour notice and upon 30 days notice for any reason or no reason at all. The Florida Contracts generated net revenues of $106.0 million and $130.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Through December 31, 2015, the Company provided behavioral healthcare management and other related services to members in the state of Iowa pursuant to contracts with the State of Iowa (the "Iowa Contracts"). The Iowa Contracts terminated on December 31, 2015. The Iowa Contracts generated net revenues of $127.2 million and $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Customers exceeding ten percent of segment net revenues

In addition to the Florida Contracts and the Iowa Contracts previously discussed, the following customers generated in excess of ten percent of net revenues for the respective segment for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016 (in thousands):

Segment	Term Date	2015		2016
Healthcare
None
Pharmacy Management
Customer A	December 31, 2016		74,605		95,959

Concentration of Business

The Company also has a significant concentration of business with various counties in the State of Pennsylvania (the "Pennsylvania Counties") which are part of the Pennsylvania Medicaid program. Net revenues from the Pennsylvania Counties in the aggregate totaled $91.6 million and $110.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

The Company's contracts with customers typically have terms of one to three years, and in certain cases contain renewal provisions (at the customer's option) for successive terms of between one and two years (unless terminated earlier). Substantially all of these contracts may be immediately terminated with cause and many of the Company's contracts are terminable without cause by the customer or the Company either upon the giving of requisite notice and the passage of a specified period of time (typically between 60 and 180 days) or upon the occurrence of other specified events. In addition, the Company's contracts with federal, state and local governmental agencies generally are conditioned on legislative appropriations. These contracts generally can be terminated or modified by the customer if such appropriations are not made.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. These assets and liabilities are to be measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy, which are as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company's assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available, including the Company's data.

In accordance with the fair value hierarchy described above, the following table shows the fair value of the Company's assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(1)	$	—	$	6,009	$	—	$	6,009
Restricted cash(2)		—		82,808		—		82,808
Investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		5,514		—		—		5,514
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises(3)		—		50,525		—		50,525
Corporate debt securities		—		268,976		—		268,976
Certificates of deposit		—		1,150		—		1,150

Total assets held at fair value	$	5,514	$	409,468	$	—	$	414,982


Liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	92,426	$	92,426

Total liabilities held at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	92,426	$	92,426

	March 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(4)	$	—	$	123	$	—	$	123
Restricted cash(5)		—		46,898		—		46,898
Investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		5,127		—		—		5,127
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises(6)		—		52,545		—		52,545
Corporate debt securities		—		277,985		—		277,985
Certificates of deposit		—		1,150		—		1,150

Total assets held at fair value	$	5,127	$	378,701	$	—	$	383,828


Liabilities
Contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	93,404	$	93,404

Total liabilities held at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	93,404	$	93,404


(1)	Excludes $109.4 million of cash held in bank accounts by the Company.
(2)	Excludes $50.8 million of restricted cash held in bank accounts by the Company.
(3)	Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Farm Credit Banks.
(4)	Excludes $86.4 million of cash held in bank accounts by the Company.
(5)	Excludes $34.0 million of restricted cash held in bank accounts by the Company.
(6)	Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Farm Credit Banks.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company has not transferred any assets between fair value measurement levels.

The carrying values of financial instruments, including accounts receivable and accounts payable, approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The estimated fair value of the Company's term loan of $231.3 million as of March 31, 2016 was based on current interest rates for similar types of borrowings and is in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair values may not represent actual values of the financial instruments that could be realized as of the balance sheet date or that will be realized in the future.

All of the Company's investments are classified as "available-for-sale" and are carried at fair value.

The contingent consideration liability reflects the fair value of potential future payments related to the CDMI, LLC ("CDMI"), Cobalt Therapeutics, LLC ("Cobalt"), 4D Pharmacy Management Systems, Inc. ("4D") and The Management Group, LLC ("TMG") acquisitions. The CDMI purchase agreement provides for potential contingent payments up to a maximum aggregate amount of $165.0 million. The potential future payments are contingent upon CDMI meeting certain client retention, client conversion and gross profit milestones through December 31, 2016. The 4D purchase agreement provided for potential contingent payments up to a maximum aggregate amount of $30.0 million. The potential future payments were contingent upon the achievement of certain growth targets in the underlying dual eligible membership served by 4D during calendar year 2015 and the retention of certain business. The Cobalt and TMG purchase agreements also provide for potential contingent payments of up to a maximum of $6.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively.

As of the balance sheet date, the fair value of contingent consideration is determined based on probabilities of payment, projected payment dates, discount rates, and projected revenues, gross profits, client base, member engagement, and new contract execution. The projected revenues, gross profits, client base, member engagement and new contract execution are derived from the Company's latest internal operational forecasts. The Company used a probability weighted discounted cash flow method to arrive at the fair value of the contingent consideration. Changes in the operational forecasts, probabilities of payment, discount rates or projected payment dates may result in a change in the fair value measurement. Any changes in the fair value measurement are reflected as income or expense in the consolidated statements of income. As the fair value measurement for the contingent consideration is based on inputs not observed in the market, these measurements are classified as Level 3 measurements as defined by fair value measurement guidance.

For CDMI, the following unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurement of contingent consideration: (i) discount rate of approximately 0.33 percent; (ii) probabilities of payment for the individual components of the contingent consideration arrangement of approximately zero to 100 percent; and (iii) projected payment dates of 2016. For CDMI, the Company estimated undiscounted future contingent payments of $90.1 million as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016. As of March 31, 2016, the fair value of the short-term contingent consideration for CDMI was $90.0 million.

For 4D, the Company estimated net undiscounted future contingent payments of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2015, which the Company settled in February 2016. For Cobalt and TMG the unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement include the discount rate, probabilities of payment and projected payment dates.

As of March 31, 2016, the fair value of the short-term and long-term contingent consideration was $90.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, and is included in short-term contingent consideration and long-term contingent consideration, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets. The change in the fair value of the contingent consideration was $(0.3) million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, which was recorded as direct service costs and other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The decrease was mainly a result of changes in the estimated undiscounted liability.

The following table summarizes the Company's liability for contingent consideration for the three months ended (in thousands):

	March 31, 2016
Balance as of beginning of period	$	92,426
Acquistion of TMG		2,244
Change in fair value		(266	)
Net payments		(1,000	)

Balance as of end of period	$	93,404

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid interest-bearing investments with maturity dates of three months or less when purchased, consisting primarily of money market instruments. At March 31, 2016, the Company's excess capital and undistributed earnings for the Company's regulated subsidiaries of $84.5 million are included in cash and cash equivalents.

Investments

If a debt security is in an unrealized loss position and the Company has the intent to sell the debt security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the decline in value is deemed to be other-than-temporary and is recorded to other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in income in the consolidated statements of income. For impaired debt securities that the Company does not intend to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell such securities, but the Company expects that it will not fully recover the amortized cost basis, the credit component of the other- than-temporary impairment is recognized in other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in income in the consolidated statements of income and the non-credit component of the other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in other comprehensive income.

As of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, there were no unrealized losses that the Company determined to be other-than-temporary. No realized gains or losses were recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2015 or 2016. The following is a summary of short-term and long-term investments at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
U.S. government and agency securities	$	5,524	$	—	$	(10	)	$	5,514
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises(1)		50,575		4		(54	)		50,525
Corporate debt securities		269,340		—		(364	)		268,976
Certificates of deposit		1,150		—		—			1,150

Total investments at December 31, 2015	$	326,589	$	4	$	(428	)	$	326,165

	March 31, 2016
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
U.S. government and agency securities	$	5,125	$	2	$	—		$	5,127
Obligations of government-sponsored enterprises(2)		52,538		12		(5	)		52,545
Corporate debt securities		278,034		45		(94	)		277,985
Certificates of deposit		1,150		—		—			1,150

Total investments at March 31, 2016	$	336,847	$	59	$	(99	)	$	336,807


(1)	Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Farm Credit Banks.
(2)	Includes investments in notes issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Farm Credit Banks.

The maturity dates of the Company's investments as of March 31, 2016 are summarized below (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
2016	$	293,169	$	293,121
2017		42,772		42,776
2018		906		910

Total investments at March 31, 2016	$	336,847	$	336,807

Income Taxes

The Company's effective income tax rates were 36.5 percent and 47.3 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. These rates differ from the federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, permanent differences between book and tax income, and changes to recorded tax contingencies and valuation allowances. The Company also accrues interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2015 is lower than the effective rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 mainly due to the reversal of tax contingencies in the prior year from the favorable settlement of state income tax examinations.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with most of its eighty-percent or more controlled subsidiaries. The Company files a separate consolidated federal income tax return for AlphaCare of New York, Inc. ("AlphaCare") and its parent, AlphaCare Holdings, Inc. ("AlphaCare Holdings"). The Company and its subsidiaries also file income tax returns in various state and local jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to state or local income tax assessments by tax authorities for years ended prior to 2012.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

The Company has $2.4 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") available to reduce its federal consolidated taxable income in 2016 and subsequent years. These NOLs will expire in 2018 and 2019 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). AlphaCare has $37.6 million of federal NOLs available to reduce its consolidated taxable income in 2016 and subsequent years. These NOLs will expire in 2033 through 2035 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the IRS. The Company and its subsidiaries also have $153.5 million of state NOLs available to reduce state taxable income at certain subsidiaries in 2016 and subsequent years. Most of these state NOLs will expire in 2017 through 2035 if not used and are subject to examination and adjustment by the respective state tax authorities.

Deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 are shown net of valuation allowances of $15.5 million. These valuation allowances mostly relate to uncertainties regarding the eventual realization of the AlphaCare federal NOLs and certain state NOLs. Determination of the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable requires significant judgment and estimation regarding the forecasts of future taxable income which are consistent with the plans and estimates the Company uses to manage the underlying businesses. Although consideration is also given to potential tax planning strategies which might be available to improve the realization of deferred tax assets, none were identified which were both prudent and reasonable. Future changes in the estimated realizable portion of deferred tax assets could materially affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

Health Care Reform

The Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the "Health Reform Law"), imposes a mandatory annual fee on health insurers for each calendar year beginning on or after January 1, 2014. The Company has obtained rate adjustments from customers which the Company expects will cover the direct costs of these fees and the impact from non-deductibility of such fees for federal and state income tax purposes. To the extent the Company has such a customer that does not renew, there may be some impact due to taxes paid where the timing and amount of recoupment of these additional costs is uncertain. In the event the Company is unable to obtain rate adjustments to cover the financial impact of the annual fee, the fee may have a material impact on the Company. For 2015, the HIF fees were $26.5 million which has been paid. For 2016, the HIF is estimated to be $28.4 million, and is included in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Of these amounts, $6.9 million and $7.1 million was expensed in the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively, which was included in direct service costs and other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The Company recorded revenues of $11.7 million and $11.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively, associated with the accrual for the reimbursement of the economic impact of the HIF fees from its customers.

Stock Compensation

At December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, the Company had equity-based employee incentive plans, which are described more fully in Note 6 in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company recorded stock compensation expense of $13.9 million and $8.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Stock compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016 has been reduced for forfeitures, estimated at between zero and four percent for both periods.

The weighted average grant date fair value of all stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $14.97 as estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, which also assumed an expected volatility of 27.75 percent based on the historical volatility of the Company's stock price.

The benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized stock compensation expense are reported as a financing cash flow, rather than as an operating cash flow. In the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, $3.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of benefits of such tax deductions related to stock compensation expense were realized and as such were reported as financing cash flows. For the three months ended March 31, 2015, the net change to additional paid in capital related to tax benefits (deficiencies) was $2.9 million, which includes $3.0 million of excess tax benefits offset by $(0.1) million of excess tax deficiencies. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the net change to additional paid in capital related to tax benefits (deficiencies) was $0.3 million, which includes $0.4 million of excess tax benefits offset by $(0.1) million of excess tax deficiencies.

Summarized information related to the Company's stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows:

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of period		2,939,840		$	55.13
Granted		424,060			63.82
Forfeited		(13,426	)		59.12
Exercised		(157,974	)		48.30

Outstanding, end of period		3,192,500		$	56.60


Vested and expected to vest at end of period		3,153,163		$	56.54


Exercisable, end of period		1,823,039		$	52.84

All of the Company's options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2016 vest ratably on each anniversary date over the three years subsequent to grant and have a ten year life.

Summarized information related to the Company's nonvested restricted stock awards ("RSAs") for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows:

	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period		1,109,622	$	57.88
Awarded		—		—
Vested		—		—
Forfeited		—		—

Outstanding, end of period		1,109,622		57.88

Summarized information related to the Company's nonvested restricted stock units ("RSUs") for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period		231,088		$	61.53
Awarded		51,521			64.87
Vested		(51,356	)		63.78
Forfeited		(6,552	)		63.63

Outstanding, end of period		224,701			61.72

The vesting period for RSAs ranges from 12 months to 42 months. In general, RSUs vest ratably on each anniversary over the three years subsequent to grant. In addition, certain RSUs outstanding contain associated performance hurdle(s) that must be met in order for the awards to vest.

Summarized information related to the Company's nonvested restricted performance stock units ("PSUs") for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is as follows:

	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period		36,938	$	85.00
Awarded		65,067		97.60
Vested		—		—
Forfeited		—		—

Outstanding, end of period		102,005		93.04

The estimated fair value of the PSUs granted in the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $97.60, which was derived from a Monte Carlo simulation. Significant assumptions utilized in estimating the value of the awards granted include an expected dividend yield of 0%, a risk free rate of 1%, and expected volatility of 16% to 81% (average of 32%). The PSUs granted in the three months ended March 31, 2016, will entitle the grantee to receive a number of shares of the Company's common stock determined over a three-year performance period ending on December 31, 2018 and vesting on March 3, 2019, the settlement date, provided the grantee remains in the service of the Company on the settlement date. The Company expenses the cost of these awards ratably over the requisite service period. The number of shares for which the PSUs will be settled will be a percentage of shares for which the award is targeted and will depend on the Company's Total Shareholder Return (as defined below), expressed as a percentile ranking of the Company's Total Shareholder Return as compared to the Company's Peer Group (as defined below). The number of shares for which the PSUs will be settled vary from zero to 200 percent of the shares specified in the grant. Total Shareholder Return is determined by dividing the average share value of the Company's Common Stock over the 30 trading days preceding January 1, 2019 by the average share value of the Company's Common Stock over the 30 trading days beginning on January 1, 2016, with a deemed reinvestment of any dividends declared during the performance period. The Company's Peer Group includes 56 companies which comprise the S&P Health Care Services Industry Index, which was selected by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors and includes a range of healthcare companies operating in several business segments.

Long Term Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

On July 23, 2014, the Company entered into a $500.0 million Credit Agreement with various lenders that provides for Magellan Rx Management, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Magellan Health, Inc.) to borrow up to $250.0 million of revolving loans, with a sublimit of up to $70.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit for the account of the Company, and a term loan in an original aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million (the "2014 Credit Facility"). On December 2, 2015, the Company entered into an amendment to the 2014 Credit Facility under which Magellan Pharmacy Services, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Magellan Health, Inc.) became a party to the $500.0 million Credit Agreement as the borrower and assumed all of the obligations of Magellan Rx Management, Inc. The 2014 Credit Facility is guaranteed by substantially all of the non-regulated subsidiaries of the Company and will mature on July 23, 2019, however, the Company holds an option to extend the 2014 Credit Facility for an additional one year period.

Under the 2014 Credit Facility, the annual interest rate on revolving and term loan borrowings is equal to (i) in the case of base rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin of 0.50 percent plus the higher of the prime rate, one-half of one percent in excess of the overnight "federal funds" rate, or the Eurodollar rate for one month plus 1.00 percent, or (ii) in the case of Eurodollar rate loans, the sum of a borrowing margin of 1.50 percent plus the Eurodollar rate for the selected interest period, which rates shall be adjusted from time to time based on the Company's total leverage ratio. The Company has the option to borrow in base rate loans or Eurodollar rate loans at its discretion. Letters of credit issued bear interest at the rate of 1.625 percent. The commitment commission on the 2014 Credit Facility is 0.20 percent of the unused Revolving Loan Commitment, which rate shall be adjusted from time to time based on the Company's total leverage ratio.

On September 30, 2014, the Company completed a draw-down of the $250.0 million term loan. The borrowings will initially be maintained as a Eurodollar loan. The term loan is subject to certain quarterly amortization payments. As of March 31, 2016 the remaining balance on the term loan was $231.3 million. The term loan will mature on July 23, 2019. As of March 31, 2016, the term loan bore interest at a rate of 1.50 percent plus the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), which was equivalent to a total interest rate of 1.9329 percent. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the weighted average interest rate was 1.9304 percent. As of March 31, 2016, the contractual maturities of the term loan were as follows: 2016—$12.5 million; 2017—$25.0 million; 2018—$25.0 million; and 2019—$168.8 million.

There were $24.4 million and $24.6 million of capital lease obligations at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, respectively. Included in long-term debt and capital lease obligations as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015 are deferred loan issuance costs of $1.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The Company had $33.4 million and $30.5 million of letters of credit outstanding at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, respectively, and no revolving loan borrowings at December 31, 2015 or March 31, 2016. On April 15, 2016, due to the timing of working capital needs, the Company borrowed $25.0 million of the available $250.0 million of revolving loans available under the 2014 Credit Facility.

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest

As of March 31, 2016 the Company held an 82% equity interest in AlphaCare Holdings. The other shareholders of AlphaCare Holdings have the right to exercise put options, requiring the Company to purchase up to 50% of the remaining shares prior to January 1, 2017 provided certain membership levels are attained. After December 31, 2016 the other shareholders of AlphaCare Holdings have the right to exercise put options requiring the Company to purchase all or any portion of the remaining shares. In addition, after December 31, 2016 the Company has the right to purchase all remaining shares. Non-controlling interests with redemption features, such as put options, that are not solely within the Company's control are considered redeemable non-controlling interests. Redeemable non-controlling interest is considered to be temporary and is therefore reported in a mezzanine level between liabilities and stockholders' equity on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at the greater of the initial carrying amount adjusted for the non-controlling interest's share of net income or loss or its redemption value. The carrying value of the non-controlling interest as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016 was $5.9 million and $6.1 million, respectively. The $0.2 million increase in carrying value is a result of operating income. The Company evaluates the redemption value on a quarterly basis. If the redemption value is greater than the carrying value, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of the non-controlling interest to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Under this method, this is viewed at the end of the reporting period as if it were also the redemption date for the non-controlling interest. The Company will reflect redemption value adjustments in the earnings per share ("EPS") calculation if redemption value is in excess of the carrying value of the non-controlling interest. As of March 31, 2016, the carrying value of the non-controlling interest exceeded the redemption value and therefore no adjustment to the carrying value was required.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

In order to better represent the operations of the Company's segments, effective January 1, 2016, the Company began allocating operational and corporate support costs to the Healthcare and Pharmacy Management segments. For comparative presentation, the Company applied the allocation methodology retrospectively and reclassified direct service costs and other between segments for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The impact of these reclassifications are disclosed in Note C—"Business Segment Information".