Direct Operating Costs — Direct operating costs consist primarily of salaries and benefits related to personnel who provide services to client, annual PTA fees and other direct costs related to the Company’s services. Costs associated with the implementation of new clients are expensed as incurred.

Other Operating Costs —Other operating costs consist primarily of compensation and benefits, travel and advertising expenses and are expensed as incurred.

Business Combinations – Third Party— The Company accounts for third party business combinations under the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations, which requires that the acquisition method of accounting be used for all business combinations. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. The fair value amount assigned to intangible assets is based on an exit price from a market participant’s viewpoint and utilizes data such as discounted cash flow analysis and replacement cost models. Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, historical and projected client retention rates, expected future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, and estimated useful lives of those intangible assets. ASC 805 also specifies criteria that intangible assets acquired in a business combination must meet to be recognized and reported apart from goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of the tangible net assets and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combinations and are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes — Income tax expense includes U.S., Pakistan and other international income taxes, and interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. Certain income and expenses are not reported in tax returns and financial statements in the same year. The tax effect of such temporary differences is reported as deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets are reported net of a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. All deferred income taxes are classified as long-term.

Fair Value Measurements — ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, requires the disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The Company follows a fair value measurement hierarchy to measure financial instruments. The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy as follows:

Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. the Black-Scholes model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

These financial instruments are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances and include cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, borrowings under term loans and line of credit, and other payables. Due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments and that the borrowings bear interest at prevailing market rates, the carrying value approximates the fair value.

Accounts Receivable - net — In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The guidance in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current GAAP. The new impairment model requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur for most financial assets and certain other instruments. It will apply to all entities. For trade receivables, loans, and held-to-maturity debt securities, entities will be required to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. This may result in the earlier recognition of credit losses. In November, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, which delays this standard’s effective date for SEC smaller reporting companies to the fiscal years interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted the new guidance January 1, 2023 and the adoption of this new guidance had no material impact of the consolidated financial statements. As per the new guidance accounts receivable are presented on the consolidated balance sheet net of an allowance for credit losses, which is established based on reviews of the accounts receivable aging, an assessment of the customer’s history and current creditworthiness, and the probability of collection. Accounts receivable are presented on the consolidated balance sheet net of an allowance for credit losses, which is established based on reviews of the accounts receivable aging, an assessment of the customer’s history and current creditworthiness, and the probability of collection.  The Company routinely reviews its receivables and makes provisions for the credit losses utilizing the Current Expected Credit Losses model (“CECL”). The CECL model utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for loans and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. However, those provisions are estimates and actual results may materially differ from those estimates. Trade receivables are deemed uncollectible and are removed from accounts receivable and the allowance for credit losses when collection efforts have been exhausted.

Property, Plant, and Equipment — Tangible assets classified as property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any identified impairment loss.  Additions are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any identified impairment loss. Cost in relation to self-constructed assets includes the direct cost of material, labor, and other allocable expenses.

Depreciation on owned assets is charged to the statement of profit or loss account on the straight-line method to write off the cost or revalued amount of an asset over its estimated useful life.

Depreciation on additions is charged from the month in which the assets are available for use while no depreciation is charged in the month in which the assets are disposed of.

The depreciation method, residual value, and useful lives of assets are reviewed at least at each financial year end and adjusted if the impact on depreciation is significant.

An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

The gain or loss on disposal of an asset represented by the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognized as an income or expense.

Loans and advances — Loans to employees are provided as per the Company’s policies and are secured against their gratuity and are adjusted against the provision of adjustments.

Advances to vendors are provided for provision of goods and services and they are secured either by a security deposit or a legally enforceable right to recover.

Loans and advances are carried at fair value through profit or loss and are initially recognized at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statement of profit or loss account. The fair value is determined using inputs observable in the market, which are classified as level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. They are considered a non-recurring fair value measurement and are measured at fair value. The fair value measurement considers market interest rates and the creditworthiness of the borrowers or other parties.

Long term loans and other assets — Loans and other assets including deposits are provided to different parties and vendors which are recoverable either through a security deposit or a legally enforceable right.

These assets are carried at fair value through profit or loss and are initially recognized at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statement of profit or loss account. The fair value is determined using inputs observable in the market, which are classified as level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. They are considered a non-recurring fair value measurement and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value measurement considers market interest rates and the creditworthiness of the borrowers or other parties.

Intangible Assets — Intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. The recoverability of intangible assets is evaluated periodically by taking into account events or circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that indicate the asset may be impaired.

Evaluation of Long-Lived Assets — The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company will recognize an impairment loss based on the fair value of the asset.

There was no impairment of internal-use software costs, intangible assets or property and equipment during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. 

Leases - We account for lease arrangements in accordance with ASC 842, Leases.  An arrangement is determined as a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.

Earnings Per Share — The company calculates earnings per share in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts that are potentially dilutive were exercised or converted into common stock.

The company presents both basic and diluted EPS on the face of the income statement. The company also provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the EPS calculations in the footnotes to the financial statements, in case of any change occurred during the year.

Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

Foreign Currency Translation — The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated from their functional currency into U.S. dollars, the Company’s functional currency. All foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated at the period-end exchange rate, and all revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates. The effects of translating the financial statements of the foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars are reported as a cumulative translation adjustment, a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains/losses are reported as a component of other income–net in the consolidated statements of operations. The US$/PKR exchange rates used for the translation of PKR-denominated assets and liabilities are Rs. 278.5 and Rs.282.4 as on March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include but are not limited to: (1) impairment of long-lived assets, (2) depreciable lives of assets, (3) allowance for doubtful accounts, (4) fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets, including determination of expected useful life, (5) estimating lease terms and incremental borrowing rates. Actual results could significantly differ from those estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements — From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and are adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently adopted and recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Income Taxes, which enhances the transparency of income tax disclosures by expanding annual disclosure requirements related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 (“ASU 2023-07”), Segment Reporting, which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 primarily enhances disclosures about significant segment expenses by requiring that a public entity disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. This ASU also (i) requires that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, and a description of its composition; (ii) requires that all annual disclosures are provided in the interim periods; (iii) clarifies that if the CODM uses more than one measure of profitability in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, that one or more of those measures may be reported; (iv) requires disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and a description of how the reported measures are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and in deciding how to allocate resources; (v) requires that an entity with a single segment provide all new required disclosures. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and requires retrospective application. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments under ASU 2023-07 relate to financial disclosures and its adoption will not have an impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. The Company is currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.