10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to__________

Commission file number: 333-261384

Phoenix Motor Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	85-4319789
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1500 Lakeview Loop, Anaheim, CA	92807
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(909) 978-0815

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0004 per share	PEV	NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐	Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-Accelerated Filer ☒	Smaller Reporting Company ☒
	Emerging Growth Company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The registrant had 21,291,924 shares of common stock outstanding on November 14, 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I.	Financial Information
	Item 1. Interim Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	F-1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023, and 2022	F-2
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023, and 2022	F-3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023, and 2022	F-4
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	F-5
	Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	10
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures	10
Part II.	Other Information
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings	11
	Item 1A. Risk Factors	11
	Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	13
	Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	13
	Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	13
	Item 5. Other Information.	13
	Item 6. Exhibits	14
Signatures		15

PHOENIX MOTOR INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	186	$	139
Accounts receivable, net		1,058		1,510
Inventories		2,038		4,560
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		676		1,344
Restricted cash, current		250		—
Amount due from a related party		132		168
Total current assets		4,340		7,721
Restricted cash, noncurrent		—		250
Property and equipment, net		2,243		2,492
Security deposit		208		208
Right-of-use assets		3,232		3,797
Net investment in leases		194		—
Intangible assets, net		1,240		1,704
Goodwill		4,271		4,271
Total assets	$	15,728	$	20,443
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,963	$	1,359
Accrued liabilities		670		650
Advance from customers		2,116		1,230
Deferred income		480		503
Warranty reserve		295		325
Derivative liability		319		—
Amount due to a related party		60		—
Lease liabilities - current portion		783		719
Long-term borrowing, current portion		7		3
Total current liabilities		6,693		4,789
Lease liabilities - non-current portion		2,597		3,225
Convertible notes		1,247		—
Long-term borrowings		146		147
Total liabilities		10,683		8,161
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Equity:
Common stock, par $0.0004, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 21,291,924 and 20,277,046 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively		8		8
Additional paid-in capital		42,265		40,836
Accumulated deficit		(37,228)		(28,562)
Total stockholders’ equity		5,045		12,282
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	15,728	$	20,443

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-1

PHOENIX MOTOR INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Revenues - third parties	$	177	$	306	$	3,116	$	2,476
Revenues - related parties		111		103		111		103
Total revenues		288		409		3,227		2,579
Cost of revenues		293		288		3,120		2,013
Gross (loss) profit		(5)		121		107		566
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative		2,531		3,847		9,477		9,160
Operating loss		(2,536)		(3,726)		(9,370)		(8,594)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net		(117)		(2)		(118)		(6)
Gain on sales-type leases		—		—		99		—
Others		(58)		(202)		745		437
Total other (expense) income, net		(175)		(204)		726		431
Loss before income taxes		(2,711)		(3,930)		(8,644)		(8,163)
Income tax provision		—		—		(22)		(14)
Net loss	$	(2,711)	$	(3,930)	$	(8,666)	$	(8,177)
Net loss per share of common stock:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.13)	$	(0.20)	$	(0.41)		(0.44)
Weighted average shares outstanding*		21,291,924		19,664,273		21,124,151		18,390,891

* The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-2

PHOENIX MOTOR INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)

						Additional				Total
	Common Stock			Subscription		Paid-In		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares*	Amount		Receivable		Capital		Deficit		Equity
Balance as of January 1, 2022	17,500,000	$	7	$	(7)	$	26,085	$	(15,857)	$	10,228
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(2,322)		(2,322)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		63		—		63
Balance as of March 31, 2022	17,500,000	$	7	$	(7)	$	26,148	$	(18,179)	$	7,969
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(1,925)		(1,925)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		52		—		52
Receipt of subscription receivable	—		—		7		—		—		7
Issuance of common stock in the initial public offering (“IPO”)	2,100,000		1		—		13,437		—		13,438
Balance as of June 30, 2022	19,600,000	$	8	$	—	$	39,637	$	(20,104)	$	19,541
Net loss									(3,930)		(3,930)
Exercise of stock options	80,625						138				138
Issuance of common stock for stock units award	505,000						793				793
Stock-based compensation					—		39				39
Balance as of September 30, 2022	20,185,625	$	8	$	—	$	40,607	$	(24,034)	$	16,581
Balance as of January 1, 2023	20,277,046	$	8	$	—	$	40,836	$	(28,562)	$	12,282
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(2,778)		(2,778)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		109		—		109
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreements	904,878		—		—		1,154		—		1,154
Balance as of March 31, 2023	21,181,924		8		—		42,099		(31,340)		10,767
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(3,177)		(3,177)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		—		37		—		37
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreements	110,000		—		—		73		—		73
Balance as of June 30, 2023	21,291,924		8		—		42,209		(34,517)		7,700
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(2,711)		(2,711)
Stock-based compensation							56				56
Balance as of September 30, 2023	21,291,924		8		—		42,265		(37,228)		5,045

* The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-3

PHOENIX MOTOR INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

	Nine Month ended September 30,
	2023	2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	(8,666)	(8,177)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	897	1,305
Gain on sales-type leases	(99)	—
Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability	25	—
Loss (Gain) on disposal of fixed assets	59	(54)
Provision for doubtful accounts	10	—
Write-down of inventories	124	—
Forgiveness of PPP loan	—	(586)
Stock-based compensation expenses	202	947
Warranty reserve	(30)	(35)
Amortization of ROU	565	—
Amortization of debt discount from convertible note	251	—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	442	(221)
Inventories	1,901	(3,532)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	989	(3,145)
Accounts payable	604	(541)
Accrued liabilities	20	(185)
Deferred revenue	(23)	(237)
Advance from customer	886	321
Lease liability	(735)	—
Amount due from related party	36	(103)
Net cash used in operating activities	(2,542)	(14,243)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	(162)	(722)
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets	—	273
Loan made to a related party	(400)	—
Proceeds from repayment from a related party	400	—
Net cash used in investing activities	(162)	(449)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of borrowings	—	(7)
Proceeds from a related party	541	1,676
Repayment to a related party	(481)	(1,676)
Proceeds from IPO	—	13,438
Proceeds from capital injection by a shareholder	—	7
Proceeds from convertible notes	1,464	—
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options	—	138
Proceeds received from standby equity purchase agreement	1,227	—
Net cash generated from financing activities	2,751	13,576
Increase (Decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	47	(1,116)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period	389	2,683
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	436	1,567
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	186	1,317
Restricted cash	250	250
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	436	1,567
Supplemental cash flow information:
Income tax paid	—	7
Interest paid	—	6
Non-cash investing activities:
Inventories transferred to property and equipment	497	75
Derivative liability recorded as debt discount	294	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-4

PHOENIX MOTOR INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in US$ thousands except for shares and share prices)

1.Description of Business and Organization

Phoenix Motor Inc. (“Phoenix Motor” or the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) is engaged in design, assembly, and integration of electric drive systems for medium duty electric vehicles (“EVs”).

Phoenix Cars, LLC (“PCL”), a subsidiary of Phoenix Motor, designs and manufactures zero- emission electric drivetrain systems for integration in medium to heavy-duty commercial fleet vehicles in United States. PCL also sells a range of material handling products including all-electric lithium-ion forklifts and pallet jacks. Phoenix Motorcars Leasing, LLC (“PML”), a subsidiary of Phoenix Motor, serves as a sales and leasing dealership for PCL in United States.

Phoenix Motor was incorporated in the state of Delaware in October 2020. EdisonFuture, Inc., a subsidiary of SPI Energy Co., Ltd (“SPI”), is the parent company of Phoenix Motor. On November 12, 2020, EdisonFuture, Inc. acquired 100% of the membership interests of PCL and PML. Simultaneously, EdisonFuture, Inc. effected the transfer of 100% of the membership interests of PCL and PML to Phoenix Motor.

On September 8, 2022, the Company sold 2,100,000 shares of its common stock in its IPO, at an offering price of $7.5 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $13,438 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.

On December 21, 2022, the Group sold to YA II PN, LTD 30,000 shares of common stock in a draw-down pursuant to a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) (Note 7) and received $30 in net proceeds from the sale.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group sold to YA II PN, LTD a total of 1,014,878 shares of common stock as the Group continued to draw down under the SEPA and received $1,227 in net proceeds from the sales.

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompany unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Group are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and accompanying notes in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

In the opinion of the management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the quarterly periods presented. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as used in the preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full years or any future periods.

(b)Revenue Recognition

The Group’s accounting practices under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”) are as followings:

Sales of EVs and kits

The Group generates revenue from sales of EVs and kits. EV buyers in California are entitled to government grants when they purchase EV that qualify for certain government grant project. The Group applies for and collects such government grants on behalf of the customers. Accordingly, customers only pay the amount after deducting government grants.

F-5

The Group recognizes revenue on sales of EVs and kits at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer. The Group determined that the government grants should be considered as part of the transaction price because it is granted to the EV buyer and the buyer remains liable for such amount in the event the grants were not received by the Group or returned due to the buyer violates the government grant terms and conditions.

Lease of EVs

EV leasing revenue includes revenue recognized under lease accounting guidance for direct leasing programs. The Group accounts for these leasing transactions as sales-type or operating leases under ASC 842 Leases, and selling profits are recognized at the commencement date and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term for sales-type leases, while revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term for operating leases.

Sales of forklifts

Revenue on sale of forklifts is recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery or acceptance of the customer depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Other revenue

Other revenue consists of maintenance service, sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others. For maintenance service, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term. For sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others, the Group recognizes revenue at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products or services to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer.

Disaggregation of revenues

The Group disaggregates its revenue by four primary categories: sales of EVs, lease of EVs, sales of forklifts and others.

The following is a summary of the Group’s disaggregated revenues:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Sales of EVs	$	—	$	—	$	1,868	$	788
Lease of EVs		70		135		285		410
Sales of Forklifts		103		134		373		875
Others		115		140		701		506
	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579

A contract liability is the Group’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. The Group records contract liabilities as advance from customers. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balances of contract liabilities were $2,116 and $1,230, respectively.

(c)Leases

Lessor Accounting

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group amended agreements with the customers related to the leased EVs to renew the lease term. Since there was no grant of additional right-of-use assets, the Group did not account for the modified lease agreements as new leases but accounted for the original lease and the modified lease agreements as a combined lease. The Group reviewed the combined lease agreements and considered that (i) the lease term represents for the major part (greater than 75%) of the economic life of the underlying equipment; and (ii) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that has not already been included in lease payments equals or exceeds substantially (greater than 90%) all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

F-6

The modified EV lease agreements are thus accounted for as sales-type leases. Under sales-type lease accounting, at the commencement date, the lessor recognizes a net investment in the lease, based on the estimated fair value of the underlying leased assets at contract inception, and derecognizes the underlying assets with the difference recorded as selling profit or loss arising from the lease, and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term.

The net investment in leases was $194 as of September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, gain on sales-type leases was $99.

Annual minimum undiscounted lease payments under the Group’s sales-type leases were as follows as of September 30, 2023:

	Sales-type
In Thousands	(Unaudited)
Remainder of 2023	—
Years Ending December 31,
2024	131
2025	126
2026	—
2027	—
2028 and thereafter	—
Total lease receipt payments	257
Less: Imputed interest	(30)
Total lease receivables	227
Unguaranteed residual assets	61
Net investment in leases (1)	288

(1) Current portion of $94 of total lease receivables was included in prepaid and other current assets on the balance sheet.

3.Going Concern

The Group had recurring losses from operations. The Group has incurred a net loss of $8,666 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and the cash flow used in operating activities was $2,542. The working capital deficit is $2,353 as of September 30, 2023. The Group has incurred significant losses, negative cash flow from operating activities and negative working capital and needs to raise additional funds to sustain its operations. These factors raise substantial doubt as to the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern.

For the next 12 months from the issuance date of the condensed consolidated quarterly financial statements, the Group plans to continue pursuing strategies to improve liquidity and raise additional funds while implementing various measures to cut costs. Such strategies and measures include the following: 1) reduce workforce and reduce overall SG&A and operating expenses to right-size cost structures; 2) expand and strengthen strategic partnership to outsource a significant portion of design and engineering work for next generation product to third party vendors and suppliers to control overall development costs; 3) implement working capital initiatives and negotiate better payment terms with customers and for some of the new orders, require down payments; 4) implement cash saving initiatives and tighter cash control, and calibrate capital allocation to manage liquidity; and 5) continue to proactively implement a robust capital market strategy to provide financing for the Group’s operations through proceeds from public or private stock offering, debt financings including but not limited to term loans, revolving line of credit and equity linked instruments, and potentially federal and state incentive funding programs.

There is no assurance that the plans will be successfully implemented. If the Group fails to achieve these goals, the Group may need additional financing to repay debt obligations and execute its business plan, and the Group may not be able to obtain the necessary additional capital on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. In the event that financing sources are not available, or that the Group is unsuccessful in increasing its gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, the Group may be unable to implement its current plans for expansion, repay debt obligations or respond to competitive pressures, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations and may materially adversely affect its ability to continue as a going concern.

F-7

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities or any other adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern.

4.Accounts Receivable, Net

The accounts receivable, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Accounts receivable, customers	$	240		870
Accounts receivable, governmental incentive		828		675
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(10)		(35)
Accounts receivable, net	$	1,058	$	1,510

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group wrote off a bad debt provision of $35 that was previously recorded and recognized bad debt provision of $10. There was no bad debt provision recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

5.Inventories

Inventories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	1,234	$	2,251
Work in process		—		979
Finished goods		804		1,330
Total inventories	$	2,038	$	4,560

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $124 of inventories were written down to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, no inventories were written down to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value.

6.Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses	$	410	$	947
Prepaid insurance		57		234
Vendor deposits		111		135
Others		98		28
Total prepaid and other current assets	$	676	$	1,344

Prepaid expenses as of September 30, 2023 consisted of $402 prepayment for research and development.

F-8

7.Equity

(a)Shares of common stock

On March 8, 2022, a stockholder meeting was held and declared a one-for-four reverse stock split effective on March 9, 2022. After such reverse stock split, the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock was 17,500,000. The authorized shares of common stock after the reverse stock split is 450,000,000 shares of a par value of $0.0004 per share.

As a result of the reverse of stock split, all share and per share data in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to all periods presented.

On November 22, 2022, the Group entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) with YA II PN, LTD., a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership (the “Investor”), to sell up to $10,000 of the Company’s shares of common stock from time to time, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA. Although the SEPA provides that the Company may sell up to an aggregate of $10,000 of common stock to the Investor, only 4,035,086 shares of common stock, including the aggregate amount of 61,421 commitment shares issued to Investor, have been registered. If the Company elects to sell to the Investor all of the 4,035,086 registered shares of common stock, depending on the market price of the common stock prior to each draw-down made pursuant to the SEPA, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all such shares may be substantially less than the $10,000 available to the Company, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s liquidity. The selling price is 93% of the market price as defined in the SEPA. The Group paid YA Global II SPV, LLC, a subsidiary of the Investor, a structuring fee in the amount of $20 and also issued to the Investor shares of common stock in an amount equal to $100 as a commitment fee. On December 21, 2022, the Group elected to draw down under the SEPA and sold to the Investor 30,000 shares of common stock, resulting in the receipt of $30 in net proceeds from the sale. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group continued to draw down amounts under the SEPA, which resulted in the sale to the Investor of 1,014,878 shares of common stock and the receipt by the Company of $1,227 in net proceeds from the sale.

8.Stock-based Compensation

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the grants of stock units to core management members and other management, pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Plan. The total number of stock units granted was 505,000 shares. The vesting schedules are 100% vested at the grant date for all the grants. All these stock units were issued to the management during the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Group used the market price of its shares at grant date as the fair value of the stock units in calculating the share based compensation expense.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the stock-based compensation expense was $202 and $947, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the stock-based compensation expense was $56 and $832, respectively.

There were no changes to the contractual life of any fully vested options during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. As of September 30, 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation expenses related to the share options granted were $536. The expenses are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.34 years.

9.Related Party Transactions

On September 26, 2023, the Group’s ultimate parent company, SPI Energy Co., Ltd.’s (“SPI”) wholly-owned subsidiary, EdisonFuture, Inc., sold shares of the Company’s common stock owned by it, representing 56.36% of the outstanding shares of the Company, to Palo Alto Clean Tech Holding Limited (“Palo Alto”), an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Xiaofeng Peng, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO. After this transaction, SPI was no longer the Group’s ultimate parent company but still considered as a related party of the Group as it is an affiliated company controlled by Mr. Xiaofeng Peng.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group borrowed of $541 from SPI. The loan is due on demand and bears no interest. $481 of the loan was repaid by the Group, and the amount due to SPI is $60 as of September 30, 2023.

F-9

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group collected $154 from Solar Juice Technology Inc., a subsidiary of SPI, for sales of electronic forklift made during 2022. The Group also sold forklifts in amount of $111 to Solar4America Tech Sumter LLC, a subsidiary of SPI.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, SPI made a loan with aggregate principal amount of $1,676 to the Group to support the Group’s business. The loan is due on demand and bears no interest. The Group used a portion of the IPO proceeds to repay the $1,676 related party loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Group paid $123 withholding payroll taxes on behalf of SPI, and this amount due from related party was fully repaid to the Group as of September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount due from a related party is $132 and $168, respectively, from sales of forklifts.

10.Convertible Note Payable

On June 23, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Original SPA”) with certain investors named therein, to issue and sell, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, up to $5,100 aggregate principal amount of the Company’s unsecured senior convertible promissory notes (the “June 2023 Notes”). The June 2023 Notes are subject to an original issue discount of 8.5%, and each June 2023 Note matures on the date that is 18 months after the date of issuance at each applicable closing. The June 2023 Notes accrue interest at the Prime Rate (as defined in the June 2023 Notes) plus 4.75% per annum in cash, or the Prime Rate plus 7.75% per annum if interest is paid in shares of common stock. The Company may, from time to time, prepay the principal amount owing under the June 2023 Notes, subject to a 30% prepayment premium, so long as the Company provides at least 30 business days’ prior written notice to the holder of such prepayment.

The June 2023 Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company, at a conversion price equal to the greater of (x) $0.60 (the “Floor Price”) and (y) 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP (as defined in the SPA) in the seven (7) trading days prior to the applicable conversion date (the “Variable Price”), subject to certain adjustments including full ratchet anti-dilution price protection, as set forth in the June 2023 Notes. Notwithstanding the foregoing, automatically following an Event of Default (as defined in the June 2023 Notes), without the requirement of the holder to provide notice to the Company, and subject to the provisions relating to the stockholder approval requirements under Nasdaq rules for the issuance of shares in a private placement at a price above the market price (the “Nasdaq 19.99% Cap”), the conversion price is equal to the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. In respect of any conversion where the Variable Price is less than the Floor Price (the “Alternative Conversion”), the Company will pay to the holder either in cash, or subject to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap, in shares of common stock equal to such conversion amount or interests, divided by the applicable Variable Price.

The Group determined that the conversion feature where the conversion price is 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP is in substance a put option (redemption feature) as the number of shares received is determined by dividing part of the instruments’ outstanding principal and accrued interest balance by a specified discount to the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The Alternative Conversion is in substance a redemption feature as it is either required to be settled by cash or converted pursuant to the Variable Price. Thus, the Group determined that these redemption features embedded within the June 2023 Notes meet the definition of embedded derivatives and the Group estimated a fair value of the derivative liability using the Monte Carlo Simulation Model at the date of issuance. As the fair value of the derivative liability is less than the face value of the June 2023 Notes, the fair value of the derivative liability is recorded as a liability with an offsetting amount recorded as a debt discount, which offsets the carrying amount of the debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group sold $1,600 under the June 2023 Notes, with an original issue discount of $136 and $294 debt discount recorded as derivative liability. The Group recorded interest expenses from debt amortization of $78. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying amount of the June 2023 Notes is $1,247 net of unamortized debt discount of $353.

11.Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments — As of September 30, 2023, the Group had other commitments of approximately $2,900. These commitments were solely related to contracts signed with vendors for research and development by the Group and are expected to be paid in one year.

F-10

Contingency — In the ordinary course of business, the Group may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Group records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. In August 2023, the Group was in a dispute with certain previous placement agents, who sought to be compensated in accordance with a Placement Agent Engagement Agreement we entered into, for certain equity and equity linked capital raising events undertaken by the Group. In addition in August and September 2023, the Group were also involved in legal proceedings or disputes regarding certain supplier contracts, which may result in obligations of the Group. However, all these lawsuits or disputes are in the early stage and the outcome, including the potential amount of the losses, is uncertain. As a result, no reasonable estimate of loss can be made as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the dispute with a previous landlord in 2021 was settled for $25 as consideration for dismissal of the case.

12.Concentration Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the cash and cash equivalents are deposited within federally insured banks, which are typically below the insured limits. There is no customer representing 10% or more of total accounts receivable as of September 30, 2023, and there were two customers representing 10% or more of total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022.

Concentration of Customers and Suppliers

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was no customer representing 10% or more of total net revenues. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were three customers representing 24.6%, 15.3% and 10.1% of total net revenues, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was one vendor representing 14.7% of total purchases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were two vendors representing 20.4% and 10.3% of total purchases, respectively.

13.Subsequent Events

On October 26, 2023, the Company entered into the First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of June 23, 2023 (the “Original SPA” and together with the Amendment, the “SPA”), with a certain accredited investor. In addition to the Amendment, on October 26, 2023 the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, an additional $1,750 of principal amount (the “Subsequent Tranche”) of the Company’s unsecured senior convertible promissory note issued on June 23, 2023 (the “June 2023 Notes”). On June 23, 2023, the Company had issued $1,600 of principal amount of June 2023 Notes pursuant to the Original SPA, which provided that the Company may issue up to an aggregate of $5,100 of principal amount under the June 2023 Notes. Accordingly, after the Subsequent Tranche, $1,750 of principal amount of the June 2023 Notes remain available to be funded over additional closings at the discretion of the investor during the 36 months following the date of the Original SPA. Additionally, pursuant to the Amendment, under the SPA the “Funding Amount” was increased to an aggregate principal amount equal to no greater than $9,667, and the total principal amount was increased to be no greater than $10,564, to be reduced by the original issue discount of 8.5% and amounts previously advanced under the June 2023 Notes.

In connection with the Amendment, the Company issued a warrant (the “Warrant”) to the investor to purchase up to 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price equal to $1.30 per share, subject to full ratchet anti-dilution protection and other adjustments as stated in the Warrant, which Warrant is exercisable for six years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on a cashless basis.

On November 10, 2023, the Company entered into that certain second Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2023 (the “Second SPA”), with the accredited investor named therein.

Upon execution of the Second SPA, the Company issued a common stock purchase warrant (the “Execution Warrant”) to the investor to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price equal to $1.30 per share for six (6) years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on

F-11

a cashless basis. The exercise price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain share dividends and distributions, share splits, reclassifications or similar events affecting the common stock and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to the Company’s stockholders. In addition, the Execution Warrant exercise price is subject to adjustment in the event of the issuance of new securities, other than exempted securities, at an effective price less than the exercise price, then the exercise price shall be reduced to an exercise price equal to the consideration per share deemed to have been paid for such new securities, subject to compliance with the requirements of the trading market.

In connection with the Second SPA, the Company also agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, a secured senior convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $12 million (the “November 2023 Note”), having an original issue discount of 10%, which upon closing will result in a net amount of $10,800 of being purchased by the investor.

The November 2023 Note will not be funded by the investor until: (a) the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) for the Company’s common stock shall have be in excess of $1.00 for the ten (10) consecutive trading days preceding the applicable closing date; and (b) the daily volume of the common stock on the trading market shall have been in excess of 150,000 shares for the ten (10) consecutive trading days preceding the applicable closing date.

The November 2023 Note will accrue interest at the “Prime Rate” (as published by the Wall Street Journal) plus 4.75% per annum if interest is paid in cash, or the Prime Rate plus 7.75% per annum if interest is paid in shares of common stock, payable on the last trading day of each quarter.

The November 2023 Note will mature 18 months after the date of issuance. The Company may, from time to time, prepay the principal amount owing under the Note, subject to a 30% prepayment premium, so long as the Company provides at least 30 business days’ prior written notice to the holder of such prepayment.

The November 2023 Note will be convertible into shares of common stock at a “conversion price”, which is the greater of (x) $0.60, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the “Floor Price”), or (y) the lesser of (i) 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP in the seven (7) Trading Days prior to the Conversion Date, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the “Variable Price”), and (ii) $0.80, subject to adjustment as provided herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, automatically following an Event of Default, without the requirement of the Holder to provide notice to the Maker, and subject to the provisions relating to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap set forth in Section 3.3, the Conversion Price shall mean the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. Following an Event of Default (as defined in the November 2023 Notes and further described below), subject to the provisions relating to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap (as defined below), the conversion price shall be equal to the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. In respect of any conversion where the Variable Price is less than the Floor Price (the “Alternative Conversion”), the Company will pay to the holder either in cash, or subject to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap, in shares of common stock equal to such conversion amount or interests, divided by the applicable Variable Price.

Also, in connection with the Second SPA, the Company agreed to issue a common stock purchase warrant upon closing of the November 2023 Note financing (the “Closing Warrant”) to the investor. The Closing Warrant will be exercisable for a number of shares equal to the principal amount of the November 2023 Note, divided by the VWAP of the common stock over the 5 trading days preceding the Closing Warrant issuance date. The Closing Warrant is exercisable for six (6) years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on a cashless basis. In addition, the Closing Warrant exercise price is subject to adjustment in the event of the issuance of new securities, other than exempted securities, at an effective price less than the exercise price, then the exercise price shall be reduced to an exercise price equal to the consideration per share deemed to have been paid for such new securities, subject to compliance with the requirements of the trading market.

On November 13, 2023, the Company was selected as the winning bidder to acquire the Proterra Transit business line assets (“Proterra Transit”) from Proterra Inc. (“Proterra”), a leading innovator in commercial vehicle electrification technology, through the auction of the assets in a Chapter 11 sales process. through Proterra’s Chapter 11 plan of reorganization. The purchase price for the Proterra Transit assets is a cash  payment of $10,000, plus assumed liabilities and certain cure amounts. The acquisition is subject to the bankruptcy court’s approval, as well as regulatory approvals and closing conditions. Proterra Transit is a leading manufacturer of zero-emission, electric transit vehicles serving the North American public transportation market. Proterra will seek the bankruptcy court’s approval of the asset acquisition on November 28, 2023, and if approved, plan to close as is reasonably practical thereafter.

The Group has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and determined there were no other subsequent events that occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

F-12

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forward-Looking Statements

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this quarterly report. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including, without limitation, statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions or future strategies that are signified by the words “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” or similar language. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Our business and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and in our subsequent filings with the SEC. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Overview

Phoenix Motor Inc., doing business as “Phoenix Motorcars” through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Phoenix Cars LLC (PCL), Phoenix Motorcars Leasing LLC (PML), and EdisonFuture Motor, Inc. (EdisonFuture), currently designs, assembles, and integrates electric drive systems and light and medium duty electric vehicles (“EVs”) and markets and sells electric vehicle chargers for the commercial and residential markets. PCL also sells a range of material handling products including all-electric lithium-ion forklifts and pallet jacks.

The Company operates two primary brands: “Phoenix Motorcars,” which is focused on commercial products, including medium duty electric vehicles, chargers and electric forklifts; and “EdisonFuture,” which intends to offer light-duty electric vehicles. As an EV pioneer, we delivered our first commercial EV in 2014. We develop and integrate our proprietary electric drivetrain into the Ford Econoline Chassis (E-Series), specifically on the Ford E-450. The Ford E-Series is the dominant chassis in the medium duty Class 4 market in the U.S. in terms of market share and the range of configurations varying from shuttle buses, Type A school buses, utility trucks, service trucks, flatbed trucks, walk-in vans, and cargo trucks. Since our inception, we have been developing light and medium duty commercial electric vehicles for various service and government fleet markets, including city fleets, campuses, municipalities, and transit agencies and serve a broad spectrum of commercial fleet customers, such as airport shuttle operators, hotel chains, transit fleet operators, seaports, last-mile delivery fleets, and large corporations.

Basis of presentation, management estimates and critical accounting policies

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of our company, and all of our subsidiaries. We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the financial reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. In order to understand the significant accounting policies that we adopted for the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements; readers should refer to the information set forth in Note 3 “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 on March 31, 2023.

3

Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that the following factors have had, and we expect that they will continue to have, a significant effect on the development of our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

● BOM and Supply Chain Challenges. Purchased materials represent the largest component of cost of goods sold in our products and we continue to explore ways to improve cost structure of our products through better design, strategic alliances for sourcing, supply chain optimization, and, in some cases vertical integration. We believe that an increase in volume and additional experience as well as long term and strengthened supply chain partnerships will allow us to continue to reduce our Bill of Materials (“BOM”), labor and overhead costs, as a percentage of total revenue. By reducing material costs, driving improvement in battery performance, increasing facility utilization rates and achieving better economies of scale, we can reduce prices while maintaining or growing gross margins of our products to further lower customers’ total cost of ownership (“TCO”) and help accelerate commercial electric vehicle adoption. Because we rely on third party suppliers for the development, manufacture, and development of many of the key components and materials used in our vehicles, we have been affected by industry-wide challenges such as significant delivery delays and supply shortages of certain BOM components. While we continue to focus on mitigating risks to our operations and supply chain in the current industry environment, we expect that these industry-wide trends will continue to affect our ability and the ability of our suppliers to obtain parts and components on a timely basis for the foreseeable future, having a significant impact on our business and results of operations in 2023 and possibly thereafter.

● Availability of Funding to Develop Products and Scale Production. Our results are impacted by our ability to sell our electrification solutions and services to new and existing customers. We have had initial success with selling to our fleet customers. In order to sell additional products to new and existing customers, we will require substantial additional capital to develop our products and services, ramp up production and support expansion. Although we pursue an asset light strategy, we expect that both our capital and operating expenditures will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we continue to invest in our technology, research and development efforts, obtain, maintain and improve our operational, financial and management information systems, hire additional personnel, obtain, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio. Until we can generate sufficient revenue from vehicle sales, we expect to primarily finance our operations through proceeds from public or private stock offering, debt financings including but not limited to term loans, revolving line of credit and equity linked instruments, and potentially federal and state incentive funding programs. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements, will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our research and development efforts , the lead time for various components in our supply chain, and our ability to successfully manage and control costs and scale our operations.

● Government Subsidies and Incentive Policies. With growing emphasis on improving air quality around our communities, large states like California are mandating key end user segments to switch to zero emission transportation options. Some of the key regulations driving growth in our addressable market include:

● requiring all transit buses in California to be zero emissions by 2040;

● requiring all airport shuttles in California to be all electric by 2035,

● requiring at least 50% of all medium-duty trucks sold in California to electric by 2030, requiring specific end user segments like drayage and yard trucks to go electric.

Other states like New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts are also expected to bring in regulatory requirements for key end user segments like, transit agencies and school buses to switch to all electric transportation options. Fifteen other states including Connecticut, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington have committed to follow California’s Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation. Primarily driven by the urgent need to meet carbon and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, various state and federal agencies are also supporting the switch to zero emission transportation, providing a host of funding and incentive support to develop, demonstrate and deploy zero emission transportation solutions. Some of the key funding / incentives driving adoption of electric medium duty vehicles include:

4

● the California Hybrid and Zero- Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project, which offers a minimum of $60,000 per vehicle as incentive for Class 4 electric vehicles registered and operating in the state;

● the New York Truck Voucher Incentive Program offering up to $100,000 per Class 4 electric vehicle;

● funding from federal agencies like the Federal Transit Administration, covering up to 80% of the cost of procuring electric transit buses and various funding options covering up to 100% of the cost of procuring all electric school buses across key states.

● Federal and various state agencies have established incentives for setting up both public and private charging infrastructure. Notably, the California Energy Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission have approved funding up to 100% of the cost of setting up chargers and related infrastructure. Large utilities like Southern California Edison, Pacific Gas & Electric and San Diego Gas & Electric have ‘Charge Ready’ programs that cover the entire cost of setting up charging infrastructure. Other states like New York, Chicago, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Ohio have also introduced programs to support fleets with their charging infrastructure requirements.

Results of Operations

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Revenues	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579
Cost of revenues		293		288		3,120		2,013
Gross (loss) profit		(5)		121		107		566
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative		2,531		3,847		9,477		9,160
Operating loss		(2,536)		(3,726)		(9,370)		(8,594)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net		(117)		(2)		(118)		(6)
Gain on sales-type leases		—		—		99		—
Others		(58)		(202)		745		437
Total other (expense) income, net		(175)		(204)		726		431
Loss before income taxes		(2,711)		(3,930)		(8,644)		(8,163)
Income tax provision		—		—		(22)		(14)
Net loss	$	(2,711)	$	(3,930)	$	(8,666)	$	(8,177)
Net loss per share of common stock:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.13)	$	(0.20)	$	(0.41)		(0.44)
Weighted average shares outstanding*		21,291,924		19,664,273		21,124,151		18,390,891

Net Revenues

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our revenues were $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Our total revenue decreased by $0.1 million, or 30%, primarily due to a decrease in lease rental and maintenance sales, as the lease terms were ended for some customers during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three month ended September 30, 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our revenues were $3.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Our total revenue increased by $0.6 million, or 25%, primarily driven by an increase in EV delivery compared to the nine month ended September 31,2022, as a result of easing supply chain constraints and certain software related issues being resolved, partially offset by a decrease in forklift sales due to a slowdown in demand during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine month ended September 30, 2022.

5

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our revenue breakdown by major categories for relevant periods is as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
		(Unaudited)
Sales of EVs	$	—	$	—	$	1,868	$	788
Lease of EVs		70		135		285		410
Sales of Forklifts		103		134		373		875
Others		115		140		701		506
	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for EV sales includes direct parts, material and labor costs, manufacturing overheads, and shipping and logistics costs. Cost of revenues for EV leasing primarily includes the depreciation of operating lease vehicles over the lease term and other leasing related charges including vehicle insurance. Cost of other revenue includes direct parts, material and labor costs, as well as shipping and delivery and other costs.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our costs of revenues were $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The reason that costs of revenues remained relatively stable while revenues decreased is primarily because of the increase in other costs resulting from a write-down of inventories to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our costs of revenues were $3.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively. The 55% increase in cost of revenues is primarily driven by an increase in revenue, and a change in products mix reflecting a higher volume and the higher material costs and manufacturing overheads of EVs.

Gross Margin

Gross profit is defined as revenues minus cost of revenues. Gross margin, stated as a percentage, is defined as gross profit divided by revenues.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our combined gross margin was (2.0) % and 30%, respectively. The significant reduction of gross margin is primarily due to lower margins for forklift and services and increased other costs.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our combined gross margin was 3% and 22%, respectively. The significant reduction of gross margin is primarily attributable to a higher volume of EVs which had lower gross margin compared to forklifts, a lower volume of forklifts, and a lower margin for service revenues.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, research and development, professional service fees, rent expense, and office supplies expenses.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our operating expenses were $2.5 million and $3.8 million, respectively. The decrease in operating expenses is largely due to a decreases in salaries expenses as a result of layoffs and other cost cutting measures implemented in the quarter, partially offset by an increase in research and development expenses as we continued to recognize and record a portion of prepaid design and engineering advances to a third party vendor as expenses in line with the pace and progress of the development work for the Gen 4 product.

6

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our operating expenses were $9.5 million and $9.2 million, respectively. The slight increase is principally due to an increase in research and development expenses, partially offset by a decrease in salaries expenses.

Other Income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net includes ERC refund, forgiveness of PPP loan, interest expense, gain on sales-type leases and other income.

Our other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $0.7 million, primarily due to refund of employee retention credit (“ERC”) from IRS, partially offset by the interest expense resulted from debt discount amortization of convertible note.

Our other income (expense), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $0.4 million, primarily due to recognition of a forgiven PPP loan and refund of employee retention credit from IRS, partly offset by the loss related to a phishing scam.

Net Loss

As a result of the above factors, the net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, was $2.7 million and $3.9 million, respectively. The net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, was $8.7 million and $8.2 million, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements in our Form 10-K filed on March 30, 2023 for a description of recently issued or adopted accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides elective amendments for entities that have contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. These amendments were effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), to expand and clarify the scope of Topic 848 to include derivative instruments on discounting transactions. The amendments in this ASU are effective in the same timeframe as ASU 2020-04. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform to December 31, 2024. The Group is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2021-08”), which requires entities to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The update will generally result in an entity recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities at amounts consistent with those recorded by the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date rather than at fair value. ASU 2021-08 is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Group adopted ASU 2021-08 effective January 1, 2023 and apply the guidance to subsequent acquisitions. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 will only impact the accounting for the Group’s future acquisitions.

The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

7

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $0.4 million. As of September 30, 2023, we had restricted cash of $0.3 million deposited in an escrow account. We have incurred a net loss of $8.7 million, and the net cash used in operating activities was $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, we had accumulated deficit of $37.2 million, and working capital deficit of $2.4 million. These factors raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We plan to continue pursuing strategies to improve liquidity and raise additional funds while implementing various measures to cut costs. Such strategies and measures include: 1) reduce workforce and reduce overall SG&A and operating expenses to right-size cost structures; 2) expand and strengthen strategic partnership to outsource a significant portion of design and engineering work for next generation product to third party vendors and suppliers to control overall development costs; 3) implement working capital initiatives and negotiate better payment terms with customers and for some of the new orders, require down payments; 4) implement cash saving initiatives and tighter cash control, and calibrate capital allocation to manage liquidity; 5) continue to proactively implement a robust capital market strategy to provide financing for our operations through proceeds from public or private stock offering, debt financings including but not limited to term loans, revolving line of credit and equity linked instruments, and potentially federal and state incentive funding programs. There is no assurance that the plans will be successfully implemented. If we fail to achieve these goals, we may need additional financing to execute our business plan, and we may not be able to obtain the necessary additional capital on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. In the event that financing sources are not available, or that we are unsuccessful in increasing our gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, we may be unable to implement our current plans for expansion, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may materially adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

A summary of the cash flow activities is as follows:

	Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
In thousands	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Net cash used in operating activities:	$	(2,542)	$	(14,243)
Net cash used in investing activities		(162)		(449)
Net cash generated from financing activities		2,751		13,576
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		47		(1,116)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily as a result of (i) a net loss of $8.7 million, adjusted by non-cash items of depreciation and amortization of $0.9 million and amortization of right of use of assets of $0.6 million, and changes in operating assets and liabilities including (i) payment for lease liabilities of $0.7 million, partially offset by (ii) a decrease in inventories of $2 million, (iii) a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.0 million, (iv) an increase from advance from customer of $0.9 million, (v) a decrease in account receivable of $0.4 million, (vi) an increase of account payable of $0.6 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $14.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to (i) a net loss of $8.2 million, adjusted by forgiveness of PPP loan of $0.6 million, stock-based compensation expenses of $0.9 million, and depreciation and amortization of $1.3 million, and changes in operating assets and liabilities including: (i) an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $3.1 million, (ii)an increase in inventory of $3.5 million, and (iii) a decrease in accounts payable of $0.5 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily as a result of purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.4 million for nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily as a result of purchase of fixed assets and offset by proceeds from disposal of fixed assets.

8

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities was $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily as a result of net proceeds from tapping the SEPA and convertible notes (see Note 7).

Net cash generated from financing activities was $13.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily as a result of net IPO proceeds.

Capital Expenditures

We incurred capital expenditures of $0.2 million and $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Our capital expenditures have historically been comprised of purchase of equipment for our offices and production infrastructure. Our capital expenditures may increase in the future as we continue to invest in production and technology infrastructure.

Trend information

Our operating results substantially depend on revenues derived from our sales and leasing of EVs. Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this prospectus, the following trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments, or events for 2023 are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported consolidated financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial conditions:

● Inflation Reduction Act. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA, was signed into law on August 16, 2022. The $370 billion allocated to climate and clean energy investments dramatically expands tax credits and incentives to deploy more clean vehicles, including commercial vehicles, while supporting a domestic EV supply chain and charging infrastructure buildout. IRA transportation sector provisions will accelerate the shift to zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) by combining consumer and manufacturing policies. The IRA extends the existing tax credit for electric vehicles and establishes a new tax credit for used electric vehicles, as well as establishes a new tax credit for commercial ZEVs. Under the IRA, commercial ZEVs will be eligible for a federal tax credit of up to the lesser of 30% of the sales price or the incremental cost of a comparable ICE-engine vehicle, capped at $7,500 for vehicles under 14,000 pounds and $40,000 for all others. In addition, governmental entities may also be eligible to claim these credits. Vehicles’ final assembly must be in North America to be eligible for the federal tax credit, but commercial vehicles are exempt from the battery or mineral sourcing requirements that apply to consumer electric vehicles. The federal tax credit on charging equipment has been extended through 2032. For commercial uses, the tax credit is 6% with a maximum credit of $100,000 per unit. The equipment must be placed in a low-income community or non-urban area. The IRS has yet to release further guidance on specific aspects of the aforementioned credits. The announcement of the IRA and the delay in receiving IRS guidance as to the roll-out of the new tax credits has reduced the number of customer orders during the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, as many existing or potential customers are waiting to place orders until they are certain of the amount of tax credits available per ZEV. In addition, many customers are evaluating the size and type of ZEV they intend to purchase because the amount of the tax credit depends on the weight of the vehicle, among other factors. Furthermore, other government programs, such as the FTA’s Low- and No-Emission Vehicle Program or certain state programs, recently announced new funding and are in the process of making these funds available for eligible purchases. Until these processes are established, we believe customer orders may be delayed.

● Supply-chain challenges. From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we started to experience chassis and raw material shortages from suppliers. The challenge continues with the current development of our new generation electric vehicles. We need to source new components from various vendors which lead to longer lead times. In addition, because of the generation advancement, large capital spending is necessary to fund the project. Lack of cash flow on hand will also trigger the supply-chain challenges. As a result of these challenges, we have engaged with vendors to negotiate better terms and lower down-payment alternatives. We contracted with new suppliers to optimize costs, minimize supply chain issues, and prepare for an increase in future production. However, adding new suppliers, especially for chassis, increases requirements for working capital and places us at the mercy of price volatility. We expect supply chain challenges will continue for the foreseeable future.

● Inflation and interest rates. We are experiencing cost increases due to inflation resulting from various supply chain disruptions and other disruptions caused by the general global economic conditions. The cost of raw materials, manufacturing equipment, labor and shipping and transportation has increased considerably. We expect higher than recent years’ levels of inflation to persist for the foreseeable future. If we are unable to fully offset higher costs through price increases or other measures, we could experience an adverse impact to our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Interest

9

rates have also increased considerably. The increase in inflation and interest rates impacts the demand for our EVs, as customers may delay purchasing and/or have difficulty financing their purchases.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2023, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that are or have been reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that are material to investors. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as shareholder’s equity, or that are not reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. We do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

For more information on our contractual obligations, commitments and contingencies, see Note 11 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer have concluded that during the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of such date to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we identified following material weaknesses, in the design or operation of internal controls.

(1)Failure to maintain an effective control environment of internal control over financial reporting;

(2) Failure to develop an effective risk assessment process to identify and evaluate at a sufficient level of detail all relevant risks of material misstatement, including business, operational, and fraud risks;

(3)Ineffective monitoring activities to assess the operation of internal control over financial reporting;

(4) Lack of sufficient controls designed and implemented for financial information processing and reporting and lacked resources with requisite skills for the financial reporting under U.S. GAAP.

We intend to implement measures designed to improve the Company’s internal control over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, including (1) hiring more qualified staff and increasing resources with sufficient knowledge and experience to strengthen financial reporting; (2) setting up a financial and system control framework to ensure proper segregation of duty and review procedures, with formal documentation of polices and controls in place; (3) forming a task force to design and improve processes and controls to monitor operations and record financial data; and (4) devoting proper time by senior management to perform comprehensive review of procedures to assess risks and enforce effective accountability.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarters of 2023 covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

10

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. While we cannot predict the occurrence or outcome of these proceedings with certainty, we do not believe that an adverse result in any pending legal proceeding, individually or in aggregate, would be material to our financial condition.

For more information on our legal proceedings, see Note 11 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk factors that may affect our business and financial results are discussed within Item 1A ”Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023, and our subsequent filings with the SEC. In addition to the those in our prior filings, the following are more risk factors to consider:

Holders of our Notes are entitled to certain payments that may be paid in cash or in shares of our common stock depending on the circumstances. If we make these payments in cash, we may be required to expend a substantial portion of our cash resources. If we make these payments in common stock, it may result in substantial dilution to the holders of our common stock.

On October 26, 2023, the Company entered into that certain First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of June 23, 2023 (the “Original SPA” and together with the Amendment, the “SPA”), with a certain accredited investor named therein. In addition to the Amendment, on October 26, 2023, the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, an additional unsecured senior convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $1.75 million (the “Subsequent Tranche”) issued on June 23, 2023 (collectively, the “Notes”), which resulted in $3,350,000 of the Notes outstanding.

Under the Notes, we are required to pay interest on the last trading day of each quarter. Interest accrues on the principal amount of the Notes at the interest rate, which resets daily and accrue, as follows: (a) for payments made in cash, at a rate equal to the Prime Rate plus 4.75% per annum, and (b) for payments made in shares of Common Stock, at a rate equal to the Prime Rate plus 7.75% per annum.

The Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company at a conversion price equal to the greater of (x) $0.60 (the “Floor Price”) and (y) 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP (as defined in the SPA) in the seven (7) trading days prior to the applicable conversion date (the “Variable Price”), subject to certain adjustments including full ratchet anti-dilution price protection, as set forth in the Notes. Notwithstanding the foregoing, automatically following an Event of Default (as defined in the Notes and further described below), without the requirement of the holder to provide notice to the Company, and subject to the provisions relating to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap (as defined below), the conversion price is equal to the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. In respect of any conversion where the Variable Price is less than the Floor Price (the “Alternative Conversion”), the Company will pay to the holder either in cash, or subject to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap, in shares of common stock equal to such conversion amount or interests, divided by the applicable Variable Price.

Our ability to make payments due to the holders of the Notes using shares of common stock is subject to certain limitations set forth in the Notes, including a limit on the number of shares that may be issued until our receipt of stockholder approval to issue 20% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock to the holders of the Notes . If we are unable to make payments in shares of common stock, we may be forced to make such payments in cash. If we do not have sufficient cash resources to make these payments, we may need to raise additional equity or debt capital, and we cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful in doing so. If are unable to raise sufficient capital to meet our payment obligations, we may need to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our operations, sell some or all of our assets or merge with another entity.

Our ability to make payments due to the holders of the Notes using cash is also limited by the amount of cash we have on hand at the time such payments are due, as well as certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Further, we intend to make the installment payments due to holders of Notes in the form of common stock to the extent allowed under the Notes and applicable law in

11

order to preserve our cash resources. The issuance of shares of common stock to the holders of our Notes will increase the number of shares of common stock outstanding and could result in substantial dilution to the existing holders of our common stock.

The Notes contain anti-dilution provisions that may result in the reduction of the conversion price of the Notes in the future. These features may increase the number of shares of common stock being issuable upon conversion of the Notes.

The Notes contain anti-dilution provisions, which provisions require the lowering of the applicable conversion price or exercise, as then in effect, to the purchase price of equity or equity-linked securities issued in any subsequent offerings. If in the future, while any shares of the Notes are outstanding, we issue securities for a consideration per share of common stock (the “New Issuance Price”) that is less than the Conversion Price of the Notes, as then in effect, we will be required, subject to certain limitations and adjustments as provided in the Notes, to reduce the Conversion Price to be equal to the New Issuance Price, which will result in a greater number of shares of common stock being issuable upon conversion of the Notes, which in turn will increase the dilutive effect of such conversions or exercises on existing holders of our common stock. The potential for such additional issuances may depress the price of our common stock regardless of our business performance and may make it difficult for us to raise additional equity capital while any of the Notes are outstanding.

Under the SPA, we are subject to certain restrictive covenants that may make it difficult to procure additional financing.

The SPA contains the following restrictive covenants: until thirty (30) days after such time as 80% of Notes have been repaid in full and/or have been converted into common stock, we agreed not to enter into:

(a)  any debt, equity or equity linked securities (including options or warrants) that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive shares of common stock: (i) at a conversion, repayment, exercise or exchange rate or other price that varies over time based upon a discount to the future trading prices of, or quotations for, shares of common stock; or (ii) at a conversion, repayment, exercise or exchange rate or other price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt, equity or equity linked security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events (other than warrants that may be repriced by the Company); or

(b)  any securities in a capital or debt raising transaction or series of related transactions which grant to an investor the right to receive additional securities based upon future transactions of the Company on terms more favorable than those granted to such investor in such first transaction or series of related transactions;

If we require additional funding while these restrictive covenants remain in effect, we may be unable to effect a financing transaction while remaining in compliance with the terms of the SPA , or we may be forced to seek a waiver from the investors party to the SPA.

If we do not receive approval from our stockholders, we will be unable to pay amounts due to the holders of the Notes in shares of common stock and we will be required to pay such amounts in cash, which may force us to divert cash from other uses.

Under the SPA, we are required to hold a meeting of our stockholders to seek approval under Rule 5635(d) of the Nasdaq Stock Market for the sale, issuance or potential issuance by us of our common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for our common stock) in excess of 4,256,256 shares, which is 19.99% of the shares of common stock outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the SPA. If our stockholders do not approve this proposal, we will not be able to issue 20% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock to the Notes holders in connection with the SPA. As a result, we may be unable to make some of the interest payments due to the holders of the Notes in shares of our common stock or issue sufficient shares upon conversion of the Notes, which will, in lieu of those shares, require that we pay substantial cash amounts to the Notes holders. If we do not have sufficient cash resources to make these payments, we may need to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our operations, sell some or all of our assets or merge with another entity.

12

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

All sales of unregistered securities have been previously included in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Item 3. Defaults upon senior securities

None.

Item 4. Mine safety disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other information

None.

13

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104.	Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page iXBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

* Filed herewith.

14

SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Phoenix Motor Inc.
By:	/s/ Xiaofeng Denton Peng
	Xiaofeng Denton Peng
	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal executive officer)
By:	/s/ W. Chris Wang
	W. Chris Wang
	Chief Financial Officer (Principal financial and accounting officer)

Date: November 14, 2023

15

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Xiaofeng Denton Peng, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Phoenix Motor Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarters that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2023

/s/ Xiaofeng Denton Peng

Xiaofeng Denton Peng

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal executive officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Chris Wang, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Phoenix Motor Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarters that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2023

/s/ W. Chris Wang

W. Chris Wang

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal financial and accounting officer)

EX-32

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Phoenix Motor Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the third quarter ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), each of the undersigned, in the capacities and on the dates indicated below, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operation of the Company.

Date: November 14, 2023

/s/ Xiaofeng Denton Peng

Xiaofeng Denton Peng

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal executive officer)

Date: November 14, 2023

/s/ W. Chris Wang

W. Chris Wang

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal financial and accounting officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 14, 2023
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	333-261384
Entity Registrant Name	Phoenix Motor Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	85-4319789
Entity Address, Address Line One	1500 Lakeview Loop
Entity Address, City or Town	Anaheim
Entity Address, Country	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	92807
City Area Code	909
Local Phone Number	978-0815
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0004 per share
Trading Symbol	PEV
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		21,291,924
Entity Central Index Key	0001879848
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 186	$ 139
Accounts receivable, net		1,058	1,510
Inventories		2,038	4,560
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		676	1,344
Restricted cash, current		250
Amount due from a related party		132	168
Total current assets		4,340	7,721
Restricted cash, noncurrent			250
Property and equipment, net		2,243	2,492
Security deposit		208	208
Right-of-use assets		3,232	3,797
Net investment in leases		194
Intangible assets, net		1,240	1,704
Goodwill		4,271	4,271
Total assets		15,728	20,443
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		1,963	1,359
Accrued liabilities		670	650
Advance from customers		2,116	1,230
Deferred income		480	503
Warranty reserve		295	$ 325
Derivative liability		319
Amount due to a related party		$ 60
Other Liability, Current, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]		Related Party [Member]	Related Party [Member]
Lease liabilities - current portion		$ 783	$ 719
Long-term borrowing, current portion		7	3
Total current liabilities		6,693	4,789
Lease liabilities - non-current portion		2,597	3,225
Convertible notes		1,247
Long-term borrowings		146	147
Total liabilities		10,683	8,161
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Equity:
Common stock, par $0.0004, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 21,291,924 and 20,277,046 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively		8	8
Additional paid-in capital		42,265	40,836
Accumulated deficit		(37,228)	(28,562)
Total stockholders' equity	[1]	5,045	12,282
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity		$ 15,728	$ 20,443

[1] The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 08, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Common stocks, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0004	$ 0.0004	$ 0.0004
Common stocks, shares authorized	450,000,000	450,000,000	450,000,000
Common stocks, shares issued	21,291,924	20,277,046	17,500,000
Common stocks, shares outstanding	21,291,924	20,277,046	17,500,000

XML

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended				9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023		Sep. 30, 2022		Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenues - third parties		$ 177		$ 306		$ 3,116	$ 2,476
Revenues - related parties		111		103		111	103
Total revenues		288		409		3,227	2,579
Cost of revenues		293		288		3,120	2,013
Gross (loss) profit		(5)		121		107	566
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative		2,531		3,847		9,477	9,160
Operating loss		(2,536)		(3,726)		(9,370)	(8,594)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net		(117)		(2)		(118)	(6)
Gain on sales-type leases						99
Others		(58)		(202)		745	437
Total other (expense) income, net		(175)		(204)		726	431
Loss before income taxes		(2,711)		(3,930)		(8,644)	(8,163)
Income tax provision						(22)	(14)
Net loss		$ (2,711)	[1]	$ (3,930)	[1]	$ (8,666)	$ (8,177)
Net loss per share of common stock:
Basic		$ (0.13)		$ (0.20)		$ (0.41)	$ (0.44)
Diluted		$ (0.13)		$ (0.20)		$ (0.41)	$ (0.44)
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic	[1]	21,291,924		19,664,273		21,124,151	18,390,891
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted		21,291,924		19,664,273		21,124,151	18,390,891

[1] The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

XML

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Subscription Receivable	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 7	$ (7)	$ 26,085	$ (15,857)	$ 10,228	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	17,500,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(2,322)	(2,322)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			63		63	[1]
Balance at the end at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 7	(7)	26,148	(18,179)	7,969	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	17,500,000
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 7	(7)	26,085	(15,857)	10,228	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	17,500,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss					(8,177)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 8		40,607	(24,034)	16,581	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	20,185,625
Balance at the beginning at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 7	(7)	26,148	(18,179)	7,969	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	17,500,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(1,925)	(1,925)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			52		52	[1]
Receipt of subscription receivable		$ 7			7	[1]
Issuance of common stock in the initial public offering ("IPO")	$ 1		13,437		13,438	[1]
Issuance of common stock in the initial public offering ("IPO") (in shares)	2,100,000
Balance at the end at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 8		39,637	(20,104)	19,541	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022	19,600,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(3,930)	(3,930)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			39		39	[1]
Exercise of stock options			138		138	[1]
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	80,625
Issuance of common stock for stock units award			793		793	[1]
Issuance of common stock for stock units award (in shares)	505,000
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 8		40,607	(24,034)	16,581	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	20,185,625
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 8		40,836	(28,562)	$ 12,282	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	20,277,046				20,277,046
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(2,778)	$ (2,778)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			109		109	[1]
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreements			1,154		1,154	[1]
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreement (in shares)	904,878
Balance at the end at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 8		42,099	(31,340)	10,767	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	21,181,924
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 8		40,836	(28,562)	$ 12,282	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	20,277,046				20,277,046
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss					$ (8,666)
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 8		42,265	(37,228)	$ 5,045	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	21,291,924				21,291,924
Balance at the beginning at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 8		42,099	(31,340)	$ 10,767	[1]
Balance at the beginning (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	21,181,924
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(3,177)	(3,177)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			37		37	[1]
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreements			73		73	[1]
Issuance of common stock per standby equity purchase agreement (in shares)	110,000
Balance at the end at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 8		42,209	(34,517)	7,700	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	21,291,924
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss				(2,711)	(2,711)	[1]
Stock-based compensation			56		56	[1]
Balance at the end at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 8		$ 42,265	$ (37,228)	$ 5,045	[1]
Balance at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	21,291,924				21,291,924

[1] The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

XML

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (8,666)	$ (8,177)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	897	1,305
Gain on sales-type leases	(99)
Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability	25
Loss (Gain) on disposal of fixed assets	59	(54)
Provision for doubtful accounts	10	0
Write-down of inventories	124	0
Forgiveness of PPP loan		(586)
Stock-based compensation expenses	202	947
Warranty reserve	(30)	(35)
Amortization of ROU	565
Amortization of debt discount from convertible note	251
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	442	(221)
Inventories	1,901	(3,532)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	989	(3,145)
Accounts payable	604	(541)
Accrued liabilities	20	(185)
Deferred revenue	(23)	(237)
Advance from customer	886	321
Lease liability	(735)
Amount due from related party	36	(103)
Net cash used in operating activities	(2,542)	(14,243)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	(162)	(722)
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets		273
Loan made to a related party	(400)
Proceeds from repayment from a related party	400
Net cash used in investing activities	(162)	(449)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of borrowings		(7)
Proceeds from a related party	541	1,676
Repayment to a related party	(481)	(1,676)
Proceeds from IPO		13,438
Proceeds from capital injection by a shareholder		7
Proceeds from convertible notes	1,464
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options		138
Proceeds received from standby equity purchase agreement	1,227
Net cash generated from financing activities	2,751	13,576
Increase (Decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	47	(1,116)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period	389	2,683
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	436	1,567
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	186	1,317
Restricted cash	250	250
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	436	1,567
Supplemental cash flow information:
Income tax paid		7
Interest paid		6
Non-cash investing activities:
Inventories transferred to property and equipment	497	$ 75
Derivative liability recorded as debt discount	$ 294

XML

Description of Business and Organization

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Description of Business and Organization

Description of Business and Organization

1.Description of Business and Organization

Phoenix Motor Inc. (“Phoenix Motor” or the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) is engaged in design, assembly, and integration of electric drive systems for medium duty electric vehicles (“EVs”).

Phoenix Cars, LLC (“PCL”), a subsidiary of Phoenix Motor, designs and manufactures zero- emission electric drivetrain systems for integration in medium to heavy-duty commercial fleet vehicles in United States. PCL also sells a range of material handling products including all-electric lithium-ion forklifts and pallet jacks. Phoenix Motorcars Leasing, LLC (“PML”), a subsidiary of Phoenix Motor, serves as a sales and leasing dealership for PCL in United States.

Phoenix Motor was incorporated in the state of Delaware in October 2020. EdisonFuture, Inc., a subsidiary of SPI Energy Co., Ltd (“SPI”), is the parent company of Phoenix Motor. On November 12, 2020, EdisonFuture, Inc. acquired 100% of the membership interests of PCL and PML. Simultaneously, EdisonFuture, Inc. effected the transfer of 100% of the membership interests of PCL and PML to Phoenix Motor.

On September 8, 2022, the Company sold 2,100,000 shares of its common stock in its IPO, at an offering price of $7.5 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $13,438 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.

On December 21, 2022, the Group sold to YA II PN, LTD 30,000 shares of common stock in a draw-down pursuant to a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) (Note 7) and received $30 in net proceeds from the sale.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group sold to YA II PN, LTD a total of 1,014,878 shares of common stock as the Group continued to draw down under the SEPA and received $1,227 in net proceeds from the sales.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompany unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Group are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and accompanying notes in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

In the opinion of the management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the quarterly periods presented. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as used in the preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full years or any future periods.

(b)Revenue Recognition

The Group’s accounting practices under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”) are as followings:

Sales of EVs and kits

The Group generates revenue from sales of EVs and kits. EV buyers in California are entitled to government grants when they purchase EV that qualify for certain government grant project. The Group applies for and collects such government grants on behalf of the customers. Accordingly, customers only pay the amount after deducting government grants.

The Group recognizes revenue on sales of EVs and kits at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer. The Group determined that the government grants should be considered as part of the transaction price because it is granted to the EV buyer and the buyer remains liable for such amount in the event the grants were not received by the Group or returned due to the buyer violates the government grant terms and conditions.

Lease of EVs

EV leasing revenue includes revenue recognized under lease accounting guidance for direct leasing programs. The Group accounts for these leasing transactions as sales-type or operating leases under ASC 842 Leases, and selling profits are recognized at the commencement date and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term for sales-type leases, while revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term for operating leases.

Sales of forklifts

Revenue on sale of forklifts is recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery or acceptance of the customer depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Other revenue

Other revenue consists of maintenance service, sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others. For maintenance service, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term. For sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others, the Group recognizes revenue at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products or services to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer.

Disaggregation of revenues

The Group disaggregates its revenue by four primary categories: sales of EVs, lease of EVs, sales of forklifts and others.

The following is a summary of the Group’s disaggregated revenues:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Sales of EVs	$	—	$	—	$	1,868	$	788
Lease of EVs		70		135		285		410
Sales of Forklifts		103		134		373		875
Others		115		140		701		506
	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579

A contract liability is the Group’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. The Group records contract liabilities as advance from customers. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balances of contract liabilities were $2,116 and $1,230, respectively.

(c)Leases

Lessor Accounting

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group amended agreements with the customers related to the leased EVs to renew the lease term. Since there was no grant of additional right-of-use assets, the Group did not account for the modified lease agreements as new leases but accounted for the original lease and the modified lease agreements as a combined lease. The Group reviewed the combined lease agreements and considered that (i) the lease term represents for the major part (greater than 75%) of the economic life of the underlying equipment; and (ii) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that has not already been included in lease payments equals or exceeds substantially (greater than 90%) all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

The modified EV lease agreements are thus accounted for as sales-type leases. Under sales-type lease accounting, at the commencement date, the lessor recognizes a net investment in the lease, based on the estimated fair value of the underlying leased assets at contract inception, and derecognizes the underlying assets with the difference recorded as selling profit or loss arising from the lease, and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term.

The net investment in leases was $194 as of September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, gain on sales-type leases was $99.

Annual minimum undiscounted lease payments under the Group’s sales-type leases were as follows as of September 30, 2023:

	Sales-type
In Thousands	(Unaudited)
Remainder of 2023	—
Years Ending December 31,
2024	131
2025	126
2026	—
2027	—
2028 and thereafter	—
Total lease receipt payments	257
Less: Imputed interest	(30)
Total lease receivables	227
Unguaranteed residual assets	61
Net investment in leases (1)	288

(1) Current portion of $94 of total lease receivables was included in prepaid and other current assets on the balance sheet.

XML

Going Concern

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Going Concern.

Going Concern

3.Going Concern

The Group had recurring losses from operations. The Group has incurred a net loss of $8,666 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and the cash flow used in operating activities was $2,542. The working capital deficit is $2,353 as of September 30, 2023. The Group has incurred significant losses, negative cash flow from operating activities and negative working capital and needs to raise additional funds to sustain its operations. These factors raise substantial doubt as to the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern.

For the next 12 months from the issuance date of the condensed consolidated quarterly financial statements, the Group plans to continue pursuing strategies to improve liquidity and raise additional funds while implementing various measures to cut costs. Such strategies and measures include the following: 1) reduce workforce and reduce overall SG&A and operating expenses to right-size cost structures; 2) expand and strengthen strategic partnership to outsource a significant portion of design and engineering work for next generation product to third party vendors and suppliers to control overall development costs; 3) implement working capital initiatives and negotiate better payment terms with customers and for some of the new orders, require down payments; 4) implement cash saving initiatives and tighter cash control, and calibrate capital allocation to manage liquidity; and 5) continue to proactively implement a robust capital market strategy to provide financing for the Group’s operations through proceeds from public or private stock offering, debt financings including but not limited to term loans, revolving line of credit and equity linked instruments, and potentially federal and state incentive funding programs.

There is no assurance that the plans will be successfully implemented. If the Group fails to achieve these goals, the Group may need additional financing to repay debt obligations and execute its business plan, and the Group may not be able to obtain the necessary additional capital on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. In the event that financing sources are not available, or that the Group is unsuccessful in increasing its gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, the Group may be unable to implement its current plans for expansion, repay debt obligations or respond to competitive pressures, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations and may materially adversely affect its ability to continue as a going concern.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities or any other adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern.

XML

Accounts Receivable, Net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts Receivable, Net

4.Accounts Receivable, Net

The accounts receivable, net as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Accounts receivable, customers	$	240		870
Accounts receivable, governmental incentive		828		675
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(10)		(35)
Accounts receivable, net	$	1,058	$	1,510

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group wrote off a bad debt provision of $35 that was previously recorded and recognized bad debt provision of $10. There was no bad debt provision recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

XML

Inventories

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventories

Inventories

5.Inventories

Inventories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	1,234	$	2,251
Work in process		—		979
Finished goods		804		1,330
Total inventories	$	2,038	$	4,560

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $124 of inventories were written down to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, no inventories were written down to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value.

XML

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

6.Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses	$	410	$	947
Prepaid insurance		57		234
Vendor deposits		111		135
Others		98		28
Total prepaid and other current assets	$	676	$	1,344

Prepaid expenses as of September 30, 2023 consisted of $402 prepayment for research and development.

XML

Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity

Equity

7.Equity

(a)Shares of common stock

On March 8, 2022, a stockholder meeting was held and declared a one-for-four reverse stock split effective on March 9, 2022. After such reverse stock split, the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock was 17,500,000. The authorized shares of common stock after the reverse stock split is 450,000,000 shares of a par value of $0.0004 per share.

As a result of the reverse of stock split, all share and per share data in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to all periods presented.

On November 22, 2022, the Group entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) with YA II PN, LTD., a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership (the “Investor”), to sell up to $10,000 of the Company’s shares of common stock from time to time, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA. Although the SEPA provides that the Company may sell up to an aggregate of $10,000 of common stock to the Investor, only 4,035,086 shares of common stock, including the aggregate amount of 61,421 commitment shares issued to Investor, have been registered. If the Company elects to sell to the Investor all of the 4,035,086 registered shares of common stock, depending on the market price of the common stock prior to each draw-down made pursuant to the SEPA, the actual gross proceeds from the sale of all such shares may be substantially less than the $10,000 available to the Company, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s liquidity. The selling price is 93% of the market price as defined in the SEPA. The Group paid YA Global II SPV, LLC, a subsidiary of the Investor, a structuring fee in the amount of $20 and also issued to the Investor shares of common stock in an amount equal to $100 as a commitment fee. On December 21, 2022, the Group elected to draw down under the SEPA and sold to the Investor 30,000 shares of common stock, resulting in the receipt of $30 in net proceeds from the sale. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group continued to draw down amounts under the SEPA, which resulted in the sale to the Investor of 1,014,878 shares of common stock and the receipt by the Company of $1,227 in net proceeds from the sale.

XML

Stock-based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based Compensation

8.Stock-based Compensation

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the grants of stock units to core management members and other management, pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Plan. The total number of stock units granted was 505,000 shares. The vesting schedules are 100% vested at the grant date for all the grants. All these stock units were issued to the management during the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Group used the market price of its shares at grant date as the fair value of the stock units in calculating the share based compensation expense.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the stock-based compensation expense was $202 and $947, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the stock-based compensation expense was $56 and $832, respectively.

There were no changes to the contractual life of any fully vested options during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. As of September 30, 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation expenses related to the share options granted were $536. The expenses are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.34 years.

XML

Related Party Transactions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

9.Related Party Transactions

On September 26, 2023, the Group’s ultimate parent company, SPI Energy Co., Ltd.’s (“SPI”) wholly-owned subsidiary, EdisonFuture, Inc., sold shares of the Company’s common stock owned by it, representing 56.36% of the outstanding shares of the Company, to Palo Alto Clean Tech Holding Limited (“Palo Alto”), an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Xiaofeng Peng, the Company’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO. After this transaction, SPI was no longer the Group’s ultimate parent company but still considered as a related party of the Group as it is an affiliated company controlled by Mr. Xiaofeng Peng.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group borrowed of $541 from SPI. The loan is due on demand and bears no interest. $481 of the loan was repaid by the Group, and the amount due to SPI is $60 as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group collected $154 from Solar Juice Technology Inc., a subsidiary of SPI, for sales of electronic forklift made during 2022. The Group also sold forklifts in amount of $111 to Solar4America Tech Sumter LLC, a subsidiary of SPI.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, SPI made a loan with aggregate principal amount of $1,676 to the Group to support the Group’s business. The loan is due on demand and bears no interest. The Group used a portion of the IPO proceeds to repay the $1,676 related party loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Group paid $123 withholding payroll taxes on behalf of SPI, and this amount due from related party was fully repaid to the Group as of September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount due from a related party is $132 and $168, respectively, from sales of forklifts.

XML

Convertible Note Payable

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Convertible Note Payable

Convertible Note Payable

10.Convertible Note Payable

On June 23, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Original SPA”) with certain investors named therein, to issue and sell, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, up to $5,100 aggregate principal amount of the Company’s unsecured senior convertible promissory notes (the “June 2023 Notes”). The June 2023 Notes are subject to an original issue discount of 8.5%, and each June 2023 Note matures on the date that is 18 months after the date of issuance at each applicable closing. The June 2023 Notes accrue interest at the Prime Rate (as defined in the June 2023 Notes) plus 4.75% per annum in cash, or the Prime Rate plus 7.75% per annum if interest is paid in shares of common stock. The Company may, from time to time, prepay the principal amount owing under the June 2023 Notes, subject to a 30% prepayment premium, so long as the Company provides at least 30 business days’ prior written notice to the holder of such prepayment.

The June 2023 Notes are convertible into shares of common stock of the Company, at a conversion price equal to the greater of (x) $0.60 (the “Floor Price”) and (y) 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP (as defined in the SPA) in the seven (7) trading days prior to the applicable conversion date (the “Variable Price”), subject to certain adjustments including full ratchet anti-dilution price protection, as set forth in the June 2023 Notes. Notwithstanding the foregoing, automatically following an Event of Default (as defined in the June 2023 Notes), without the requirement of the holder to provide notice to the Company, and subject to the provisions relating to the stockholder approval requirements under Nasdaq rules for the issuance of shares in a private placement at a price above the market price (the “Nasdaq 19.99% Cap”), the conversion price is equal to the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. In respect of any conversion where the Variable Price is less than the Floor Price (the “Alternative Conversion”), the Company will pay to the holder either in cash, or subject to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap, in shares of common stock equal to such conversion amount or interests, divided by the applicable Variable Price.

The Group determined that the conversion feature where the conversion price is 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP is in substance a put option (redemption feature) as the number of shares received is determined by dividing part of the instruments’ outstanding principal and accrued interest balance by a specified discount to the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The Alternative Conversion is in substance a redemption feature as it is either required to be settled by cash or converted pursuant to the Variable Price. Thus, the Group determined that these redemption features embedded within the June 2023 Notes meet the definition of embedded derivatives and the Group estimated a fair value of the derivative liability using the Monte Carlo Simulation Model at the date of issuance. As the fair value of the derivative liability is less than the face value of the June 2023 Notes, the fair value of the derivative liability is recorded as a liability with an offsetting amount recorded as a debt discount, which offsets the carrying amount of the debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group sold $1,600 under the June 2023 Notes, with an original issue discount of $136 and $294 debt discount recorded as derivative liability. The Group recorded interest expenses from debt amortization of $78. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying amount of the June 2023 Notes is $1,247 net of unamortized debt discount of $353.

XML

Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies.

Commitments and Contingencies

11.Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments — As of September 30, 2023, the Group had other commitments of approximately $2,900. These commitments were solely related to contracts signed with vendors for research and development by the Group and are expected to be paid in one year.

Contingency — In the ordinary course of business, the Group may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Group records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. In August 2023, the Group was in a dispute with certain previous placement agents, who sought to be compensated in accordance with a Placement Agent Engagement Agreement we entered into, for certain equity and equity linked capital raising events undertaken by the Group. In addition in August and September 2023, the Group were also involved in legal proceedings or disputes regarding certain supplier contracts, which may result in obligations of the Group. However, all these lawsuits or disputes are in the early stage and the outcome, including the potential amount of the losses, is uncertain. As a result, no reasonable estimate of loss can be made as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the dispute with a previous landlord in 2021 was settled for $25 as consideration for dismissal of the case.

XML

Concentration Risk

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Concentration Risk

Concentration Risk

12.Concentration Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the cash and cash equivalents are deposited within federally insured banks, which are typically below the insured limits. There is no customer representing 10% or more of total accounts receivable as of September 30, 2023, and there were two customers representing 10% or more of total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022.

Concentration of Customers and Suppliers

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was no customer representing 10% or more of total net revenues. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were three customers representing 24.6%, 15.3% and 10.1% of total net revenues, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was one vendor representing 14.7% of total purchases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were two vendors representing 20.4% and 10.3% of total purchases, respectively.

XML

Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

13.Subsequent Events

On October 26, 2023, the Company entered into the First Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of June 23, 2023 (the “Original SPA” and together with the Amendment, the “SPA”), with a certain accredited investor. In addition to the Amendment, on October 26, 2023 the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, an additional $1,750 of principal amount (the “Subsequent Tranche”) of the Company’s unsecured senior convertible promissory note issued on June 23, 2023 (the “June 2023 Notes”). On June 23, 2023, the Company had issued $1,600 of principal amount of June 2023 Notes pursuant to the Original SPA, which provided that the Company may issue up to an aggregate of $5,100 of principal amount under the June 2023 Notes. Accordingly, after the Subsequent Tranche, $1,750 of principal amount of the June 2023 Notes remain available to be funded over additional closings at the discretion of the investor during the 36 months following the date of the Original SPA. Additionally, pursuant to the Amendment, under the SPA the “Funding Amount” was increased to an aggregate principal amount equal to no greater than $9,667, and the total principal amount was increased to be no greater than $10,564, to be reduced by the original issue discount of 8.5% and amounts previously advanced under the June 2023 Notes.

In connection with the Amendment, the Company issued a warrant (the “Warrant”) to the investor to purchase up to 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price equal to $1.30 per share, subject to full ratchet anti-dilution protection and other adjustments as stated in the Warrant, which Warrant is exercisable for six years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on a cashless basis.

On November 10, 2023, the Company entered into that certain second Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2023 (the “Second SPA”), with the accredited investor named therein.

Upon execution of the Second SPA, the Company issued a common stock purchase warrant (the “Execution Warrant”) to the investor to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price equal to $1.30 per share for six (6) years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on

a cashless basis. The exercise price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain share dividends and distributions, share splits, reclassifications or similar events affecting the common stock and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to the Company’s stockholders. In addition, the Execution Warrant exercise price is subject to adjustment in the event of the issuance of new securities, other than exempted securities, at an effective price less than the exercise price, then the exercise price shall be reduced to an exercise price equal to the consideration per share deemed to have been paid for such new securities, subject to compliance with the requirements of the trading market.

In connection with the Second SPA, the Company also agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, a secured senior convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $12 million (the “November 2023 Note”), having an original issue discount of 10%, which upon closing will result in a net amount of $10,800 of being purchased by the investor.

The November 2023 Note will not be funded by the investor until: (a) the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) for the Company’s common stock shall have be in excess of $1.00 for the ten (10) consecutive trading days preceding the applicable closing date; and (b) the daily volume of the common stock on the trading market shall have been in excess of 150,000 shares for the ten (10) consecutive trading days preceding the applicable closing date.

The November 2023 Note will accrue interest at the “Prime Rate” (as published by the Wall Street Journal) plus 4.75% per annum if interest is paid in cash, or the Prime Rate plus 7.75% per annum if interest is paid in shares of common stock, payable on the last trading day of each quarter.

The November 2023 Note will mature 18 months after the date of issuance. The Company may, from time to time, prepay the principal amount owing under the Note, subject to a 30% prepayment premium, so long as the Company provides at least 30 business days’ prior written notice to the holder of such prepayment.

The November 2023 Note will be convertible into shares of common stock at a “conversion price”, which is the greater of (x) $0.60, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the “Floor Price”), or (y) the lesser of (i) 87.5% of the lowest daily VWAP in the seven (7) Trading Days prior to the Conversion Date, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the “Variable Price”), and (ii) $0.80, subject to adjustment as provided herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, automatically following an Event of Default, without the requirement of the Holder to provide notice to the Maker, and subject to the provisions relating to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap set forth in Section 3.3, the Conversion Price shall mean the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. Following an Event of Default (as defined in the November 2023 Notes and further described below), subject to the provisions relating to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap (as defined below), the conversion price shall be equal to the lesser of the (x) Floor Price and (y) the Variable Price. In respect of any conversion where the Variable Price is less than the Floor Price (the “Alternative Conversion”), the Company will pay to the holder either in cash, or subject to the Nasdaq 19.99% Cap, in shares of common stock equal to such conversion amount or interests, divided by the applicable Variable Price.

Also, in connection with the Second SPA, the Company agreed to issue a common stock purchase warrant upon closing of the November 2023 Note financing (the “Closing Warrant”) to the investor. The Closing Warrant will be exercisable for a number of shares equal to the principal amount of the November 2023 Note, divided by the VWAP of the common stock over the 5 trading days preceding the Closing Warrant issuance date. The Closing Warrant is exercisable for six (6) years on a cash basis or, if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant are not registered within 12 months after the closing, on a cashless basis. In addition, the Closing Warrant exercise price is subject to adjustment in the event of the issuance of new securities, other than exempted securities, at an effective price less than the exercise price, then the exercise price shall be reduced to an exercise price equal to the consideration per share deemed to have been paid for such new securities, subject to compliance with the requirements of the trading market.

On November 13, 2023, the Company was selected as the winning bidder to acquire the Proterra Transit business line assets (“Proterra Transit”) from Proterra Inc. (“Proterra”), a leading innovator in commercial vehicle electrification technology, through the auction of the assets in a Chapter 11 sales process. through Proterra’s Chapter 11 plan of reorganization. The purchase price for the Proterra Transit assets is a cash  payment of $10,000, plus assumed liabilities and certain cure amounts. The acquisition is subject to the bankruptcy court’s approval, as well as regulatory approvals and closing conditions. Proterra Transit is a leading manufacturer of zero-emission, electric transit vehicles serving the North American public transportation market. Proterra will seek the bankruptcy court’s approval of the asset acquisition on November 28, 2023, and if approved, plan to close as is reasonably practical thereafter.

The Group has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and determined there were no other subsequent events that occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompany unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Group are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and accompanying notes in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

In the opinion of the management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the quarterly periods presented. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies as used in the preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full years or any future periods.

Revenue Recognition

(b)Revenue Recognition

The Group’s accounting practices under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”) are as followings:

Sales of EVs and kits

The Group generates revenue from sales of EVs and kits. EV buyers in California are entitled to government grants when they purchase EV that qualify for certain government grant project. The Group applies for and collects such government grants on behalf of the customers. Accordingly, customers only pay the amount after deducting government grants.

The Group recognizes revenue on sales of EVs and kits at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer. The Group determined that the government grants should be considered as part of the transaction price because it is granted to the EV buyer and the buyer remains liable for such amount in the event the grants were not received by the Group or returned due to the buyer violates the government grant terms and conditions.

Lease of EVs

EV leasing revenue includes revenue recognized under lease accounting guidance for direct leasing programs. The Group accounts for these leasing transactions as sales-type or operating leases under ASC 842 Leases, and selling profits are recognized at the commencement date and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term for sales-type leases, while revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term for operating leases.

Sales of forklifts

Revenue on sale of forklifts is recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery or acceptance of the customer depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Other revenue

Other revenue consists of maintenance service, sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others. For maintenance service, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term. For sales of component and charging stations, shipping and delivery fees and others, the Group recognizes revenue at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products or services to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer.

Disaggregation of revenues

The Group disaggregates its revenue by four primary categories: sales of EVs, lease of EVs, sales of forklifts and others.

The following is a summary of the Group’s disaggregated revenues:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Sales of EVs	$	—	$	—	$	1,868	$	788
Lease of EVs		70		135		285		410
Sales of Forklifts		103		134		373		875
Others		115		140		701		506
	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579

A contract liability is the Group’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. The Group records contract liabilities as advance from customers. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balances of contract liabilities were $2,116 and $1,230, respectively.

Leases

(c)Leases

Lessor Accounting

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Group amended agreements with the customers related to the leased EVs to renew the lease term. Since there was no grant of additional right-of-use assets, the Group did not account for the modified lease agreements as new leases but accounted for the original lease and the modified lease agreements as a combined lease. The Group reviewed the combined lease agreements and considered that (i) the lease term represents for the major part (greater than 75%) of the economic life of the underlying equipment; and (ii) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that has not already been included in lease payments equals or exceeds substantially (greater than 90%) all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

The modified EV lease agreements are thus accounted for as sales-type leases. Under sales-type lease accounting, at the commencement date, the lessor recognizes a net investment in the lease, based on the estimated fair value of the underlying leased assets at contract inception, and derecognizes the underlying assets with the difference recorded as selling profit or loss arising from the lease, and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term.

The net investment in leases was $194 as of September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, gain on sales-type leases was $99.

Annual minimum undiscounted lease payments under the Group’s sales-type leases were as follows as of September 30, 2023:

	Sales-type
In Thousands	(Unaudited)
Remainder of 2023	—
Years Ending December 31,
2024	131
2025	126
2026	—
2027	—
2028 and thereafter	—
Total lease receipt payments	257
Less: Imputed interest	(30)
Total lease receivables	227
Unguaranteed residual assets	61
Net investment in leases (1)	288

(1) Current portion of $94 of total lease receivables was included in prepaid and other current assets on the balance sheet.

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of disaggregated revenues

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Sales of EVs	$	—	$	—	$	1,868	$	788
Lease of EVs		70		135		285		410
Sales of Forklifts		103		134		373		875
Others		115		140		701		506
	$	288	$	409	$	3,227	$	2,579

Summary of annual minimum undiscounted lease payments under the Group's sales-type leases

	Sales-type
In Thousands	(Unaudited)
Remainder of 2023	—
Years Ending December 31,
2024	131
2025	126
2026	—
2027	—
2028 and thereafter	—
Total lease receipt payments	257
Less: Imputed interest	(30)
Total lease receivables	227
Unguaranteed residual assets	61
Net investment in leases (1)	288

(1) Current portion of $94 of total lease receivables was included in prepaid and other current assets on the balance sheet.

XML

Accounts Receivable, Net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts Receivable, Net

Summary of accounts receivable, net

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Accounts receivable, customers	$	240		870
Accounts receivable, governmental incentive		828		675
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(10)		(35)
Accounts receivable, net	$	1,058	$	1,510

XML

Inventories (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventories

Summary of inventories

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Raw materials	$	1,234	$	2,251
Work in process		—		979
Finished goods		804		1,330
Total inventories	$	2,038	$	4,560

XML

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Summary of prepaid expenses and other current assets

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Prepaid expenses	$	410	$	947
Prepaid insurance		57		234
Vendor deposits		111		135
Others		98		28
Total prepaid and other current assets	$	676	$	1,344

XML

Description of Business and Organization (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			9 Months Ended
	Dec. 21, 2022	Sep. 08, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 12, 2020
Description of Business and Organization
Proceeds from SEPA			$ 1,227
YA II PN, LTD
Description of Business and Organization
Number of common stock shares issued (in shares)	30,000		1,014,878
Proceeds from SEPA	$ 30		$ 1,227
IPO
Description of Business and Organization
Number of share issued		2,100,000
Offering price		$ 7.5
Net proceeds		$ 13,438
EdisonFuture, Inc
Description of Business and Organization
Percentage of equity interest transferred				100.00%
PCL and PML | EdisonFuture, Inc
Description of Business and Organization
Acquired interest rate				100.00%

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) category	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of primary categories | category			4
Total revenues	$ 288	$ 409	$ 3,227	$ 2,579
Advance from customers	2,116		2,116		$ 1,230
Net investment in leases	194		194
Gain on sales-type leases			99
Lease receivables			$ 94
Lease of EVs
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total revenues	70	135
Sales of Forklifts
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total revenues	103	134
Others
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total revenues	$ 115	$ 140

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Annual minimum undiscounted lease payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
2024	$ 131
2025	126
Total lease receipt payments	257
Less: Imputed interest	(30)
Total lease receivables (1)	227
Unguaranteed residual assets	61
Net investment in leases	$ 288

XML

Going Concern (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended												9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023		Jun. 30, 2023	[1]	Mar. 31, 2023	[1]	Sep. 30, 2022	[1]	Jun. 30, 2022	[1]	Mar. 31, 2022	[1]	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Going Concern.
Net loss	$ (2,711)	[1]	$ (3,177)		$ (2,778)		$ (3,930)		$ (1,925)		$ (2,322)		$ (8,666)	$ (8,177)
Cash flow used in operating activities													2,542	$ 14,243
Working capital deficit	$ 2,353												$ 2,353

[1] The shares are presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the Company’s stock split (Note 7)

XML

Accounts Receivable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts Receivable, Net
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ (10)		$ (35)
Accounts receivable, net	1,058		1,510
Amount of bad debt provision wrote off	35
Amount of recognized bad debt provision	10	$ 0
Bad debt provision	(10)	$ 0
Receivables From Customer Member
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, customers	240		870
Receivables From Governmental Incentive Member
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, customers	$ 828		$ 675

XML

Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 1,234		$ 2,251
Work in process			979
Finished goods	804		1,330
Total inventories	2,038		$ 4,560
Write-down of inventories	$ 124	$ 0

XML

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses	$ 410	$ 947
Prepaid insurance	57	234
Vendor deposits	111	135
Others	98	28
Total prepaid and other current assets	676	$ 1,344
Prepaid expenses for model car development	$ 402

XML

Equity - Common stock (Details)	Mar. 08, 2022 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Equity
Reverse stock split	0.25
Common stocks, shares outstanding	17,500,000	21,291,924	20,277,046
Common stocks, shares issued	17,500,000	21,291,924	20,277,046
Common stocks, shares authorized	450,000,000	450,000,000	450,000,000
Common stocks, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.0004	$ 0.0004	$ 0.0004

XML

Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			9 Months Ended
	Dec. 21, 2022	Nov. 22, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023
Equity
Maximum value of common stock it may sell		$ 10,000
Number of common stock may sell to investor		4,035,086
Issuance of common stock as commitment fee shares for standby equity purchase agreement (in shares)		61,421
Proceeds from SEPA			$ 1,227
Structuring fee expense		$ 20
YA II PN, LTD
Equity
Proceeds from SEPA	$ 30		$ 1,227
Percentage of selling price		93.00%
Commitment fee expense		$ 100
Number of common stock shares issued (in shares)	30,000		1,014,878
Maximum
Equity
Proceeds from SEPA		$ 10,000

XML

Stock-based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Stock-based Compensation
Number of stock units granted		505,000
Unrecognized share-based compensation expenses related to share options granted	$ 536		$ 536
Unrecognized share-based compensation expenses expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period			2 years 4 months 2 days
Stock options
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 56	$ 832	$ 202	$ 947
Stock options | Board of Directors
Stock-based Compensation
Percentage of stock grants		100.00%

XML

Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 26, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions
Interest Expense, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	Related party
Other Receivable, after Allowance for Credit Loss, Current, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	Related party			Related party
Amount due from related party	$ 132			$ 168
SPI
Related Party Transactions
Ownership percentage			56.36%
Amount of transaction to parent company	541
Interest expense	0
Repayments Of Debt	481
Long-Term Debt	60
Principal amount of loan		$ 1,676
Proceeds from repayment of related party loans		1,676
Payments made to related party		$ 123
SolarJuice Co., Ltd | Related party
Related Party Transactions
Amount of transaction to parent company	111
Amount collected	$ 154

XML

Convertible Note Payable (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 23, 2023 USD ($) D $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Convertible Note Payable
Proceeds from convertible notes			$ 1,464
Debt discount			251
Interest expenses from debt amortization			78
Convertible notes	$ 1,247		1,247
Notes
Convertible Note Payable
Aggregate principal amount		$ 5,100
Discount rate		8.50%
Term of debt		18 months
Number of business days requirement for payment of prepayment premium | D		30
Floor price | $ / shares		$ 0.60
Percentage of lowest daily VWAP on the variable price		87.50%
Number of trading days | D		7
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 87.5
Proceeds from convertible notes			1,600
Debt discount	353		136
Debt discount and warrant liability			294
Convertible notes	$ 1,247		$ 1,247
Notes | Prime Rate
Convertible Note Payable
Interest rate in cash		4.75%
Interest rate in kind		7.75%
Prepayment premium		30.00%

XML

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies.
Amount of other commitments	$ 2,900
Expected term of payment of other commitments	1 year
Loss contingency damages sought value	$ 25

XML

Concentration Risk (Details)	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 customer item	Sep. 30, 2022 customer item	Dec. 31, 2022 customer
Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk
Number of customers	0		2
Revenue from Contract with Customer Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk
Number of customers	0	3
Revenue from Contract with Customer Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer one
Concentration Risk
Customer concentration risk		24.60%
Revenue from Contract with Customer Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer two
Concentration Risk
Customer concentration risk		15.30%
Revenue from Contract with Customer Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer Three
Concentration Risk
Customer concentration risk		10.10%
Cost of Goods and Service Benchmark | Supplier Concentration Risk
Concentration Risk
Number of vendors | item	1	2
Cost of Goods and Service Benchmark | Supplier Concentration Risk | Vendor one
Concentration Risk
Customer concentration risk	14.70%	20.40%
Cost of Goods and Service Benchmark | Supplier Concentration Risk | Vendor two
Concentration Risk
Customer concentration risk		10.30%

XML

Subsequent Events (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands						9 Months Ended
	Nov. 13, 2023 USD ($)	Nov. 10, 2023 USD ($) D $ / shares shares	Oct. 26, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 21, 2022 USD ($) shares	Nov. 22, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Nov. 23, 2023	Jun. 23, 2023 USD ($)
Subsequent Events
Proceeds from SEPA						$ 1,227
Net amount being purchased by the investor						$ 1,464
Maximum
Subsequent Events
Proceeds from SEPA					$ 10,000
YA II PN, LTD
Subsequent Events
Number of common stock shares issued (in shares) | shares				30,000		1,014,878
Proceeds from SEPA				$ 30		$ 1,227
Original SPA
Subsequent Events
Principal amount								$ 1,600
Subsequent event
Subsequent Events
Principal amount			$ 9,667
Original debt			$ 5,100
Original issue discount			8.50%
Subsequent event | Proterra Transit
Subsequent Events
Purchase price for the Proterra Transit assets	$ 10,000
Subsequent event | Warrant
Subsequent Events
Warrants to purchase common stock | shares			1,500,000
Price per warrant | $ / shares			$ 1.30
Subsequent event | Maximum
Subsequent Events
Principal amount			$ 10,564
Subsequent event | Unsecured Senior Convertible Promissory Note
Subsequent Events
Principal amount			$ 1,750
Subsequent event | Second SPA | Execution Warrant
Subsequent Events
Warrants to purchase common stock | shares		1,000,000
Price per warrant | $ / shares		$ 1.30
Term of warrants		6 years
Threshold period for registration of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant		12 months
Subsequent event | Second SPA | Secured Senior Convertible Promissory Note
Subsequent Events
Principal amount		$ 12,000
Original issue discount							10.00%
Net amount being purchased by the investor		$ 10,800
Minimum VWAP for funding by the investor | $ / shares		$ 1.00
Number of consecutive trading days considered for VWAP		10 days
Minimum volume of common stock on trading market for funding by the investor | shares		150,000
Number of consecutive trading days considered for daily volume		10 days
Term of debt		18 months
Prepayment premium		30.00%
Number of business days requirement for payment of prepayment premium | D		30
Floor price | $ / shares		$ 0.60
Percentage of lowest daily VWAP on the variable price		87.50%
Price considered for conversion price | $ / shares		$ 0.80
Number of trading days | D		7
Subsequent event | Second SPA | Secured Senior Convertible Promissory Note | Closing Warrant
Subsequent Events
Term of warrants		6 years
Threshold period for registration of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrant		12 months
Number of trading days | D		5
Subsequent event | Second SPA | Secured Senior Convertible Promissory Note | Prime Rate
Subsequent Events
Interest rate in cash		4.75%
Interest rate in kind		7.75%