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Income Tax
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Income TaxWe are incorporated in the BVI. See Item 10.E, “BVI Taxation,” for a description of considerations applicable to BVI taxation. Our operations are conducted through various subsidiaries in a number of countries throughout the world with significant operations in Uruguay, where we operate in a free trade zone. Consequently, income tax has been provided based on the laws and tax rates in effect in the countries in which operations are conducted or in which our subsidiaries are considered resident for corporate income tax purposes, including Argentina, China, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain,
Uruguay, and the United States. Our provision for (benefit from) income tax for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current$2,972 $1,387 $186 
Deferred1,601 (1,619)(38)
Total provision for (benefit from) income tax$4,573 $(232)$148 
We maintain the exception under ASC 740-270-30-36(b), Accounting for Income Taxes, for jurisdictions that do not have reliable estimates of income.
As of December 31, 2022, we have gross unrecognized tax benefits of $3.9 million, exclusive of interest and penalties. If recognized, $2.0 million would reduce our effective tax rate. If applicable, we accrue interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of the income tax provision.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of our gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows.

Year Ended December 31,
2022
Balance at January 1$— 
Increases (decreases) in tax positions related to the current period— 
Increases (decreases) in tax positions related to prior periods3,889 
Increases (decreases) related to prior year tax positions as a result of lapse of statute— 
Balance at December 31$3,889 

We did not have any unrecognized tax benefits in 2021 or 2020.

The BVI does not impose an income tax. Our provision for (benefit from) income tax differed from the 0% tax rate imposed in the BVI due to the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Loss before income tax$(32,068)$(96,537)$(21,381)
Provision for (benefit from) income tax at weighted-average statutory rates— — — 
U.S. state and local income tax, net of federal benefit(3)(4)
U.S. foreign-derived intangible income deduction(141)(200)— 
Argentina Tax Inflation Adjustment239 (381)(198)
Change in valuation allowances4,283 3,648 1,198 
Uncertain tax positions2,293 — — 
Change in carryforward attributes(1,740)— — 
Effect of rates different than statutory(423)(3,300)(828)
Tax credits(112)— — 
Other177 (4)(20)
Total$4,573 $(232)$148 
The change in the effective tax rate from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 is primarily related to management’s
decision to record a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets on a worldwide basis due to the consolidated three-year cumulative loss position.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:
December 31,
20222021
Deferred income tax assets:
Stock-based compensation$3,023 $2,053 
Bad debt expense415 407 
Deferred financing costs806 — 
Other193 419 
Net operating loss carryforwards1,365 6,245 
Total deferred income tax assets5,802 9,124 
Valuation allowance(5,802)(7,484)
Total deferred income tax assets (liabilities), net$ $1,640 
The assessment of the realizability of the deferred income tax assets is based on all available positive and negative evidence. Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, recent cumulative earnings or losses at the worldwide consolidated level, expectations of future taxable income by taxing jurisdiction, and the carry-forward periods available for the utilization of deferred income tax assets. The assessment of the recoverability of deferred income tax assets will not change until there is sufficient evidence to support their realizability.
Below is a summary of our estimated loss and tax credit carryforwards at December 31, 2022. Our tax attributes are subject to limitations on utilization due to historic ownership changes and may be subject to future limitations upon subsequent change of control, as defined by the Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383.
Net Operating LossExpirationGross Amount Carried ForwardNet Amount Recognized as of December 31, 2022
Argentina December 31, 2023 - December 31, 2027$7,864 $— 
Netherlands Indefinite2,856 — 
China December 31, 2026 - December 31, 20272,258 — 
United StatesIndefinite280 — 
Uruguay December 31, 2026 - December 31, 202719 — 
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $13.3 million and $20.9 million of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, respectively.
In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by taxing authorities. Tax years vary by jurisdiction, ranging from 2017 to 2022 remaining open for examination.