UP TO 26,196,162 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON CONVERSION OF SENIOR SECURED CONVERTIBLE PROMISSORY NOTES

This prospectus relates to the offer and resale from time to time by the selling securityholder (including its transferees, donees, pledgees and other successors-in-interest) named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholder”) of up to 28,168,096 shares of our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“Common Stock”), consisting of: (i) up to 26,196,162 shares of our Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”) underlying a series of senior secured convertible notes issued, or that may be issued (the “Notes”), in the aggregate principal amount of $27,000,000, which shares represent the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes, and (ii) up to 1,971,934 shares of our Common Stock (the “Warrant Shares” and, together with the Conversion Shares, the “Shares”) issuable upon exercise of a warrant (the “Ayrton Warrant”), which was issued on May 25, 2023, in a private placement to the Selling Securityholder, which shares represent the maximum number of shares potentially issuable upon exercise of the Ayrton Warrant. We are required to obtain majority stockholder approval to permit the issuance of 20% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock (the “Stockholder Approval”) and we intend to seek Stockholder Approval at a special meeting of stockholders. Prior to obtaining Stockholder Approval, the Selling Securityholder may only acquire up to 6,782,544 of the Shares underlying the Notes upon their conversion.

The Selling Securityholder can sell, under this prospectus, up to 28,168,096 shares of our Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public market by the Selling Securityholder and/or by our other existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could increase the volatility of and cause a significant decline in the market price of our securities and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. See “Risk Factors — Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Common Stock to decline.”

We are registering the securities for resale pursuant to the Selling Securityholder’s registration rights under certain agreements between us, on the one hand, and the Selling Securityholder, on the other hand. The Selling Securityholder may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of its Shares publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that the Selling Securityholder will offer or sell any of the Shares. The Selling Securityholder will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to its sales of the Shares. We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of such Shares, including with regard to compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws.

The Selling Securityholder may sell or otherwise dispose of the Shares described in this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Securityholder may sell the Shares in the section titled “Plan of Distribution.”

Our Common Stock and Public Warrants are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbols “OCEA” and “OCEAW” respectively. On June 15, 2023, the closing price of our Common Stock was $5.17 per share and the closing price of our Public Warrants was $0.2025.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and “Ocean Biomedical” refer to the consolidated operations of Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries. References to “Aesther” and “AHAC” refer to the Company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination and references to “Legacy Ocean” refer to Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Ocean Biomedical, Inc.) prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS. YOU SHOULD REVIEW CAREFULLY THE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES DESCRIBED UNDER THE HEADING “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 14 HEREIN, AS WELL AS OUR PERIODIC AND CURRENT REPORTS WHICH WE HAVE FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, WHICH ARE INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS. YOU SHOULD READ THE ENTIRE PROSPECTUS CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU MAKE YOUR INVESTMENT DECISION.

NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.

This prospectus relates to the offer and resale from time to time by the selling securityholder (including its transferees, donees, pledgees and other successors-in-interest) named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholder”) of up to 28,168,096 shares of our Common Stock, consisting of: (i) up to 26,196,162 shares of our Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”) underlying a series of senior secured convertible notes issued or that may be issued (the “Notes”), in the aggregate principal amount of $27,000,000, which shares represent the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes, and (ii) up to 1,971,934 shares of our Common Stock (the “Warrant Shares” and, together with the Conversion Shares, the “Shares”) issuable upon exercise of a warrant (the “Ayrton Warrant”), which was issued on May 25, 2023, in a private placement to the Selling Securityholder, which shares represent the maximum number of shares potentially issuable upon exercise of the Ayrton Warrant. We are required to obtain majority stockholder approval to permit the issuance of 20% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock (the “Stockholder Approval”) and we intend to seek stockholder approval at a special meeting of stockholders. Prior to obtaining Stockholder Approval, the Selling Securityholder may only acquire up to 6,782,544 of the Shares underlying the Notes upon their conversion.

We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Shares by the Selling Securityholder, except with respect to amounts received by us upon the Selling Securityholder’s exercise of the Ayrton Warrant to the extent the Ayrton Warrant is exercised for cash. We may receive up to an aggregate of approximately $6,349,621 from the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant. However, there is no assurance that the Selling Securityholder will elect to exercise the Ayrton Warrant. The Ayrton Warrant is exercisable for 552,141 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (assuming no-antidilution adjustments). On June 15, 2023, the closing price for our Common Stock was $5.17. If the price of our Common Stock remains below the exercise price of the Ayrton Warrant, the Selling Securityholder is unlikely to exercise the Ayrton Warrant for cash, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us from such exercise. We expect to use any proceeds from the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant for general corporate and working capital purposes, which would increase our liquidity.

The Selling Securityholder can sell, under this prospectus, up to 28,168,096 shares of Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public market by the Selling Securityholder and/or by our other existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could increase the volatility of and cause a significant decline in the market price of our securities and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. See “Risk Factors — Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Common Stock to decline.”

We may also file a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part that may contain material information relating to this offering. The prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to this offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment, you should rely on the prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment, as applicable. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read this prospectus, any post-effective amendment, and any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.”

None of us or the Selling Securityholder have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any post-effective amendment, or any applicable prospectus supplement prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We and the Selling Securityholder take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of any other information that others may give you. We and the Selling Securityholder will not make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any post-effective amendment and any applicable prospectus supplement to this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on its respective cover. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. This prospectus contains, and any post-effective amendment or any prospectus supplement may contain, market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information and we have not independently verified this information. In addition, the market and industry data and forecasts that may be included in this prospectus, any post-effective amendment or any prospectus supplement may involve estimates, assumptions and other risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in this prospectus, any post-effective amendment and the applicable prospectus supplement. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

We own or have rights to trademarks, trade names and service marks that we use in connection with the operation of our business. In addition, our name, logos and website name and address are our trademarks or service marks. Solely for convenience, in some cases, the trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus are listed without the applicable ®, ™ and SM symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. Other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

As used in this prospectus, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and “Ocean Biomedical” refer to the consolidated operations of Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries. References to “Aesther” and “AHAC” refer to the Company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination and references to “Legacy Ocean” refer to Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Ocean Biomedical, Inc.) prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

Notwithstanding the legal form of the Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, the Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Ocean is treated as the accounting acquirer. Legacy Ocean has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

The Business Combination is accounted for as the equivalent of a capital transaction in which the Company has issued stock for the net assets of AHAC. The net assets of AHAC are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are Legacy Ocean.

Certain statements in this registration statement, including the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are being made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions contained therein. These forward-looking statements relate to current expectations and strategies, future operations, future financial positioning, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, current plans, current objectives of management and expected market growth, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations, estimates, and projections expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements and, consequently, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as a guarantee, an assurance, a prediction or a definitive statement of fact or probability of future events. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements through the use of words or phrases such as “may”, “should”, “could”, “predict”, “potential”, “plan”, “seeks”, “believe”, “will likely result”, “expect”, “continue”, “will continue”, “will”, “will be”, “anticipate”, “seek”, “estimate”, “intend”, “plan”, “projection”, “would”, “outlook”, and similar expressions, or the negative version of those words or phrases or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature, but the absence of such words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but instead they are predictions, projections and other statements about future events are based upon estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by the registrant and its management, are inherently uncertain. These forward-looking statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and actual events and circumstances are difficult or impossible to predict and will differ from assumptions.

Forward-looking statements in this registration statement include, but are not limited to, statements about:

Many factors may cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:

The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. You should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties that are described in the “Risk Factors” section of this registration statement and the amendments hereto, and other documents to be filed by us from time to time with the SEC. These filings identify and address other important risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements, and while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, they assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. We are not giving any assurance that we will achieve our expectations. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our assessments as of any date subsequent to the date of this registration statement. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed upon the forward-looking statements.

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in our common stock, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes.

We, Ocean Biomedical, are a biopharmaceutical company that seeks to bridge the “bench-to-bedside” gap between medical research discoveries and patient solutions. We do this by leveraging our strong relationships with research universities and medical centers to license their inventions and technologies with the goal of developing them into products that address diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We believe that our differentiated business model positions us to capture inventions created at these institutions that might otherwise fail to be commercialized to benefit patients. Our team of accomplished scientists, business professionals and entrepreneurs brings together the interdisciplinary expertise and resources required to develop and commercialize a diverse portfolio of assets. We are organized around a licensing and subsidiary structure that we believe will enable us to create mutual value for us and potential licensing partners. We believe this structure, combined with the networks of our leadership team, allows us to opportunistically build a continuous pipeline of promising product innovations through our existing and potential future relationships with research institutions. Our goal is to optimize value creation for each of our product candidates, and we intend to continuously assess the best pathway for each as it progresses through the preclinical and clinical development process—including through internal advancement, partnerships with established companies and spin-outs or initial public offerings, or IPOs—in order to benefit patients through the commercialization of these products. Our current active assets are licensed directly or indirectly from Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital. Our scientific co-founders and members of our board of directors, Dr. Jack A. Elias and Dr. Jonathan Kurtis, are both affiliated with Brown University and with Rhode Island Hospital.

On February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company, formerly known as Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. (“AHAC” or “Aesther”), consummated the Business Combination pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 31, 2022, as amended on December 5, 2022 by Amendment No. 1 (as amended, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among the registrant, AHAC Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”), in its capacity as purchaser representative, Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Ocean Biomedical, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Ocean”), and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as seller representative. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Ocean, with Legacy Ocean continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger,” and, together with the other transactions and ancillary agreements contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), the Company changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” and Legacy Ocean changed its name from “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” to “Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc.”

For additional information regarding the Business Combination, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Business Combination Agreement.”

On May 15, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with an accredited investor for the sale of up to three Senior Secured Convertible Notes (as defined above, each, a “Note” and collectively, the “Notes”), which Notes are convertible into shares of our Common Stock, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $27 million, in a private placement (the “Ayrton Convertible Note Financing”). On May 25, 2023, we consummated the closing for the sale of (i) the initial Note in the principal amount of $7.56 million and (ii) a warrant to initially acquire up to 552,141 additional shares of our Common Stock with an initial exercise price of $11.50 per share of Common Stock, subject to adjustment, exercisable immediately and expiring five years from the date of issuance (the “Ayrton Warrant”). Each Note will be sold at an original issue discount of eight percent (8%). Future issuances of Notes (“Additional Closings”) are subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. At the closing of the first Additional Closing, $8.64 million of Notes will be issued (the “First Additional Closing Date”) and $10.8 million of Notes will be issued at the closing of the second Additional Closing. So long as any Notes remain outstanding, we are prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any subsequent placement involving a Variable Rate Transaction, other than pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement entered into with White Lion Capital LLC. “Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction in which we (i) issue or sell any convertible securities either (A) at a price that is based upon with the trading prices of our Common Stock, or (B) with a price that is subject to being reset at some future date or upon the occurrence of specified events related to the business of the Company or the market for our Common Stock, other than pursuant to a customary “weighted average” anti-dilution provision or (ii) enters into any agreement whereby we may sell securities at a future determined price (other than standard and customary “preemptive” or “participation” rights).

We are required to obtain stockholder approval authorizing the issuance of our common stock under the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise set forth in the Notes or the Ayrton Warrant, respectively), including, shares of our Common Stock to be issued in connection with any Additional Closing. Unless we obtain the approval of our stockholders as required by Nasdaq, we will be prohibited from issuing any shares of Common Stock upon conversion of the Notes or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Notes or the Ayrton Warrant, if the issuance of such shares of Common Stock would exceed 19.99% of our outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date of the SPA or otherwise exceed the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock which we may issue without breaching our obligations under the rules and regulations of Nasdaq.

The interest rate applicable to each Note is, as of any date of determination, the lesser of (I) eight percent (8%) per annum and (II) the greater of (x) five percent (5%) per annum and (y) the sum of (A) the “secured overnight financing rate,” which from time to time is published in the “Money Rates” column of The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition, New York Metro), in effect as of such date of determination and (B) two percent (2%) per annum; provided, further, that each of the forgoing rates shall be subject to adjustment from time to time in accordance with the SPA. Each Note will mature on the first anniversary of its issuance (the “Maturity Date”). Additionally, each Note is required to be senior to all of our other indebtedness, other than certain permitted indebtedness. Obligations under the Notes are secured by all of our existing and future assets (including those of our significant subsidiaries). Upon the occurrence of certain events, the Notes will be payable in monthly installments. A noteholder may, at its election, defer the payment of all or any portion of the installment amount due on any installment date to another installment payment date.

All or any portion of the principal amount of each Note, plus accrued and unpaid interest, any late charges thereon and any other unpaid amounts (the “Conversion Amount”), is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the noteholder’s option, into shares of our Common Stock at an initial fixed conversion price of $10.34 per share, subject to certain adjustments. At any time during certain events of default under the Note, a noteholder may alternatively (the “Alternate Conversion”) elect to convert all or any portion of the Conversion Amount into shares of our Common Stock at an Alternate Conversion Price set forth in the SPA. A noteholder will not have the right to convert any portion of a Note, to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion, the noteholder (together with certain of its affiliates and other related parties) would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

Upon a change of control of the Company (the “Change of Control”), noteholders may require us to redeem all, or any portion, of the Notes at a price equal to the greater of: (i) the product of (w) 115% multiplied by (y) the Conversion Amount being redeemed, (ii) the product of (x) 115% multiplied by (y) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient determined by dividing (I) the greatest closing sale price of the shares of our Common Stock during the period beginning on the date immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of the applicable Change of Control and (2) the public announcement of such Change of Control and ending on the date the holder delivers the Change of Control redemption notice by (II) the Alternate Conversion Price then in effect and (iii) the product of (y) 115% multiplied by (z) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient of (I) the aggregate cash consideration and the aggregate cash value of any non-cash consideration per share of our Common Stock to be paid to our stockholders upon consummation of such Change of Control divided by (II) the Conversion Price then in effect.

The Notes provide for certain events of default, including, among other things, any breach of the covenants described below and any failure of Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria to be the chairman of our Board of Directors. In connection with an event of default, the noteholders may require us to redeem all or any portion of the Notes, at a price equal to the greater of (i) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount to be redeemed multiplied by (B) 115% and (ii) the product of (X) the Conversion Rate (using the Alternate Conversion Price then in effect) with respect to the Conversion Amount in effect at such time as the holder delivers an event of default redemption notice multiplied by (Y) the product of (1) 115% multiplied by (2) the greatest closing sale price of our Common Stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such event of default and ending on the date we make the entire payment required to be made.

We are subject to certain customary affirmative and negative covenants regarding the rank of the Notes, the incurrence of indebtedness, the existence of liens, the repayment of indebtedness and the making of investments, the payment of cash in respect of dividends, distributions or redemptions, the transfer of assets, the maturity of other indebtedness, and transactions with affiliates, among other customary matters. We also will be subject to financial covenants requiring that (i) the amount of our available cash equal or exceed $3.0 million at the time of each Additional Closing; (ii) the ratio of (a) the outstanding principal amount of the Notes, accrued and unpaid interest thereon and accrued and unpaid late charges to (b) our average market capitalization over the prior ten trading days, not exceed 35%; and (iii) at any time any Notes remain outstanding, with respect to any given calendar month (each, a “Current Calendar Month”) (x) the available cash on the last calendar day in such Current Calendar Month shall be greater than or equal to the available cash on the last calendar day of the month prior to such Current Calendar Month less $1.5 million.

On May 25, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA Amendment”). The SPA Amendment served to amend two provisions in the SPA and amended and restated the Disclosure Schedules to the SPA.

The SPA Amendment added the definition of “all the Registrable Securities” to Section 1(b)(ii)(3) of the SPA. “All the Registrable Securities” means “100% of the sum of (i) the maximum number of Conversion Shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes (assuming for purposes hereof that the Notes are convertible at the Floor Price (as defined in the Notes) as of such time of determination, (y) interest on the Notes shall accrue through the first anniversary of the Initial Closing Date and will be converted in shares of Common Stock at a conversion price equal to the Floor Price as of such time of determination and (z) any such conversion shall not take into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth in the Notes), and (ii) the maximum number of Warrant Shares initially issuable upon exercise of the Warrants (assuming the issuance of each of the Additional Notes issuable hereunder and without taking into account any limitations on the exercise of the Warrants set forth therein).”

The SPA Amendment also amended and restated Section 7(b)(xxii) of the SPA as follows: “No Equity Conditions Failure (as defined in the Initial Notes) then exists (assuming for such purposes, as applicable, that such applicable Additional Closing shall have occurred immediately prior to such time of determination).”

For risks relating to the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing, please see the Risk Factors titled “We are a party to the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing which contains restrictive and financial covenants that may limit our operational flexibility. If we fail to meet our obligations under the Notes, our operations may be interrupted, and our business and financial results could be adversely affected.” and “Future borrowings under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing are subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions and cannot be requested for a set period of time after those conditions are met, which could result in our not being able to borrow funds under the Notes in a timely fashion or at all.”

Investing in our securities involves a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. You should read this summary together with the description of each risk factor contained in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus, as well as other documents to be filed by us from time to time with the SEC, for a more detailed discussion of certain risks that could materially adversely affect our financial conditions and the market price of our securities. The following list describes some of our principal risk factors after the Closing of the Business Combination:

The risks summarized above or described in full below are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects.

We were originally incorporated in June 2021 as a Delaware corporation under the name “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” Our principal corporate office is located at 55 Claverick St., Room 325, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 and our telephone number is (401) 444-7375. Our website address is www.oceanbiomedical.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. Investors should not rely on any such information in deciding whether to purchase our common stock.

We use various trademarks and trade names in our business, including, without limitation, our corporate name and logo. All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus may be referred to without the ^® and ^™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company

As a company with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

We have elected to take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.

The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an emerging growth company or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-emerging growth companies and the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $1.07 billion in annual gross revenue; (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, with at least $700 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (iii) the issuance, in any three-year period, by us of more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iv) the last day of 2026.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of this offering is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company after this offering if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the point when we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Poseidon Bio, LLC owns a majority of our outstanding Common Stock. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Because we are a “controlled company,” and our board of directors has chosen to rely on this exception, we are exempt from certain Nasdaq listing rules that would otherwise require us to have a majority independent board and fully independent standing nominating and compensation committees. However, our board of directors plans to appoint an additional director, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, who is expected to be independent, making a majority of our board of directors independent.

In the course of conducting our business operations, Ocean Biomedical is exposed to a variety of risks. Any of the risk factors we describe below have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The market price of shares of our Common Stock could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occurs. Certain statements in this section are forward- looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

The risk factors below reflect our business after the Closing of the Business Combination. Unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, the disclosures in this section refer to Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries following the consummation of the Business Combination.

The risks discussed below are not exhaustive and are based on certain assumptions made by us. Investors are encouraged to perform their own investigation with respect to the business, financial condition and operating results of Ocean Biomedical. We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business, financial condition or results of operations. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the notes thereto.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information included in this registration statement before deciding whether to invest in our Common Stock and Public Warrants. Please see the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information” in this registration statement.

We have incurred significant net losses since inception and we are expected to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant net losses since our inception and have financed our operations principally through personal payments made by our executive chairman and founder and by executing contracts with contingent payment plans that require the use of proceeds from the Business Combination and future financings. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations, and do not expect to generate income, profits, or positive cash flow for the foreseeable future. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, Legacy Ocean reported a net loss of $1.7 million, $62.3 million and $17.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, Legacy Ocean had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 million, $64.2 million and $81.4 million, respectively. We are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates and have not yet completed any clinical trials. As a result, we expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized product and generate revenue from product sales. Even if we succeed in receiving marketing approval for and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect that we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenses in order to discover, develop and market additional potential products.

We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:

To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approval for product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling products for which we may obtain marketing approval and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We may never succeed in any or all of these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenue that is significant enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. Such failure could result in the loss of all or part of your investment.

Legacy Ocean’s independent registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph relating to Legacy Ocean’s ability to continue as a going concern in its audit report included in this registration statement.

Legacy Ocean’s independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its audit report on Legacy Ocean’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022, stating that Legacy Ocean’s working capital deficit and anticipated losses from operations and Legacy Ocean’s need to obtain additional capital raised substantial doubt about Legacy Ocean’s ability to continue as a going concern.

We may not be successful in our efforts to use our differentiated business model to build a pipeline of product candidates with commercial value.

A key element of our strategy is to use our differentiated business model to form or seek strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties for programs, product candidates, technologies or intellectual property that we believe are novel, employ differentiated mechanisms of action, are more advanced in development than competitors, or have a combination of these attributes. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and licensing and acquisition opportunities, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. We may not be successful in our efforts in building a pipeline of product candidates through acquisitions, licensing or through internal development or in progressing these product candidates through clinical development. Although our research and development efforts to date have resulted in our identification, discovery and preclinical and clinical development of certain of our product candidates, these product candidates may not be safe or effective as cancer treatments, and we may not be able to develop any other product candidates. Although we analyze whether we can replicate scientific results observed prior to our acquisition or investment in a product candidate, we may not be successful in doing so after our investment. Our differentiated business model is evolving and may not succeed in building a pipeline of product candidates. Even if we are successful in building our pipeline of product candidates, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development or generate acceptable clinical data, including as a result of unacceptable toxicity or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to receive marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities or achieve market acceptance. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates, we will not be able to generate product revenue in the future, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our stock price.

Additionally, we may pursue additional in-licenses or acquisitions of development-stage assets or programs, which entails additional risk to us. While we believe our subsidiary model offers an attractive platform for these transactions and for potential partners, our model is unique and we may not be able to attract or execute transactions with licensors or collaborators who may choose to partner with companies that employ more traditional licensing and collaboration approaches. Identifying, selecting, and acquiring promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial and human resources expertise. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or license of a successful product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. For example, if we are unable to identify programs that ultimately result in approved products, we may spend material amounts of our capital and other resources evaluating, acquiring, and developing products that ultimately do not provide a return on our investment. We expect to terminate programs in the future if they do not meet our criteria for advancement.

Our subsidiaries are party to certain agreements that provide our licensors, collaborators or other shareholders in our subsidiaries with rights that could delay or impact the potential sale of our subsidiaries or could impact the ability of our subsidiaries to sell assets, or enter into strategic alliances, collaborations or licensing arrangements with other third parties.

Each of our subsidiaries directly or indirectly licenses intellectual property from third parties and, future subsidiaries may be partially owned by third party investors. These third parties may have certain rights that could delay collaboration, licensing or other arrangement with another third party, and the existence of these rights may adversely impact the ability to attract an acquirer or partner.

We may form additional subsidiaries and enter into similar agreements with future partners or investors, or our subsidiaries may enter into further agreements, that in each case may contain similar provisions or other terms that are not favorable to us.

Our ability to realize value from our subsidiaries may be impacted if we reduce our ownership to a minority interest or otherwise cede control to other investors through contractual agreements or otherwise.

We currently wholly own all of our subsidiaries, and plan to remain majority owners of future subsidiaries. However, in the event that any of our subsidiaries require additional capital and its respective board of directors authorizes the transaction, our equity interest in our subsidiaries may be reduced to the extent such additional capital is obtained from third party investors rather than from us. Such transactions would still need to be approved by the board of directors of our respective subsidiary over which we maintain full control.

However, if we do not wish to or cannot provide additional capital to any of our subsidiaries, we may approve of an issuance of equity by a subsidiary that dilutes our ownership and may lose control over the subsidiary. In addition, if the affairs of such minority-owned subsidiaries were to be conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests or intentions of us, our business, reputation, and prospects may be adversely affected. For example, other shareholders in a minority-owned subsidiary could take actions without our consent, which could have an adverse impact on our investment in the subsidiary.

A single or limited number of subsidiaries may comprise a large proportion of our value.

A large proportion of our value may at any time reside in one or two of our subsidiaries, including intellectual property rights and the value ascribed to the product candidate or program that it is developing. Our consolidated financial condition and prospects may be materially diminished if the clinical development or potential commercialization prospects of a subsidiary’s product candidate or program or one or more of the intellectual property rights held by a specific subsidiary becomes impaired. Furthermore, a large proportion of our consolidated revenue may at any time be derived from one, or a small number of, licensed technologies, and termination or expiration of licenses to these technologies would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated revenue. Any material adverse impact on the value of a particular subsidiary, including its intellectual property rights or the clinical development of its product candidate or program, could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus on a limited number of research programs and product candidates and on specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential, or fail to recognize or acquire assets that may be more promising than those we acquire. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future identification, discovery, and preclinical development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products.

Our reliance on a central team consisting of a limited number of employees who provide various administrative, research and development, and other services across our organization presents operational challenges that may adversely affect our business.

As of June 15, 2023, we had nine full-time employees, upon which we rely for various administrative, research and development, and other support services shared among our other operating subsidiaries. We also have four consultants who we rely on for research and development, business development, and other services. While we believe this structure enables us to reduce certain infrastructure costs, the small size of our centralized team may limit our ability to devote adequate personnel, time, and resources to support the operations of all of our subsidiaries, including their research and development activities, and the management of financial, accounting, and reporting matters. Given that our employees and management are primarily incentivized at the parent company level, these employees and management team members may not be sufficiently incentivized to maximize the overall value of our entire organization. If our centralized team fails to provide adequate administrative, research and development, or other services across our entire organization, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.

Some of our officers and directors may serve as directors or officers of our subsidiaries, and, as a result, have and may continue to have, fiduciary and other duties to our subsidiaries causing conflicts of interest with respect to their duties to us and their duties to our subsidiaries and in determining how to devote themselves to our affairs and the affairs of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries’ partners may also disagree with the sufficiency of resources that we provide to each subsidiary.

Certain of our officers, including our Chief Executive Officer, Elizabeth Ng, and our Executive Chairman and Director, Chirinjeev Kathuria, are also directors and/or officers of one or more of our subsidiaries and, as a result, have fiduciary or other duties both to us and our subsidiaries. The conflicts of interest that arise from such duties could interfere with the management of our subsidiaries and their programs and product candidates, or result in disagreements with our subsidiaries’ partners. For example, an individual who is both our director and a director of one of our subsidiaries, owes fiduciary duties to the subsidiary and to us as a whole, and such individual may encounter circumstances in which his or her decision or action may benefit the subsidiary while having a detrimental impact on us, or vice versa, or on another subsidiary, including one for which he or she also serves as a director. Further, our officers and directors who are also officers and directors of our subsidiaries will need to allocate his or her time to responsibilities owed to us and each of the subsidiaries for which he or she serves as an officer or director, and will make decisions on behalf of one entity that may negatively impact others. In addition, while most of our subsidiaries have waived any interest in or expectation of corporate opportunities that are presented to, or acquired, created or developed by, or which otherwise come into possession of any director or officer who is also our director or officer, disputes could arise between us and our subsidiary’s partners regarding a conflict of interest. These partners also may disagree with the amount and quality of resources that our officers and employees devote to the subsidiary in which they are invested. Any such disputes or disagreements could distract our management, interfere with our relations with our partners, and take significant time to resolve, which could disrupt the development of our product candidates, delay our potential commercialization efforts, result in increased costs or make it less likely that other third parties will choose to partner with us in the future.

We currently outsource, and intend to continue to outsource, nearly all our discovery, clinical development, and manufacturing functions to third-party providers or consultants. Outsourcing these functions has significant risks, and our failure to manage these risks successfully could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our business model relies upon the use of third parties, such as vendors and consultants, to conduct our drug discovery, preclinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, and all other aspects of clinical development. While our reliance on third parties allows us to purposely employ a small number of full-time employees, we may not effectively manage and oversee the third parties that our business depends upon and we have less control over our operations due to our reliance on third parties. While we believe our business model significantly reduces overhead cost, we may not realize the efficiencies of this arrangement if we are unable to effectively manage third parties or if our limited number of employees are unable to manage the operations of each of our subsidiaries, including the development of their programs and product candidates. The failure to successfully and efficiently outsource operational functions or appropriately manage the operations of our subsidiaries could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations. If we are unable to raise such capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce and/or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs, future commercialization efforts and/or other operations.

Developing biopharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We do not have sufficient committed sources of additional capital to fund our operations for more than a limited period of time. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our preclinical and clinical development programs, seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates, and launch and commercialize any products for which we receive regulatory approval. We also expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in order to maintain our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs or future commercialization efforts.

Our actual capital requirements may vary significantly from what we expect, and we will in any event require additional capital in order to complete clinical development of any of our current programs. Our monthly spending levels will vary based on new and ongoing development and corporate activities. Because the length of time and the activities associated with development of our product candidates are highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development, marketing and commercialization activities. Our future funding requirements, immediate, near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Until we can generate sufficient revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing or distribution arrangements. This additional funding may not be sufficient for us to fund any of our products through regulatory approval.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of Common Stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into Common Stock, your ownership interest will be diluted. In addition, any debt financing may subject us to fixed payment obligations and covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable intellectual property or other rights to our product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We also may be required to seek collaborators for any of our product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or relinquish our rights to product candidates or technologies that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Market volatility and unforeseen events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, could also adversely impact our ability to access capital as and when needed. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or one or more of our other research and development initiatives. Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and cause the price of our Common Stock to decline.

Our obligations upon maturity of the Backstop Agreement could reduce our shares outstanding, reduce our cash on hand or cause substantial dilution, any of which could materially affect the trading price of our Common Stock.

Pursuant to the OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction (the “Backstop Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunity Fund SPV, LLC – Series 3 (“Vellar”), Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP, Meteora Capital Partners, LP, Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP, and Polar Multi-Strategy Master Fund (the “Backstop Parties”), the Backstop Parties purchased shares of Aesther Class A common stock from shareholders of Aesther, including those that elected to exercise their option to redeem their shares. On the maturity date of the Backstop Agreement, we will repurchase from the Backstop Parties any of these shares that they have not previously sold and declared subject to early termination under the Backstop Agreement. This would result in a substantial decrease in our shares outstanding.

In addition, upon maturity of the Backstop Agreement, the Backstop Parties will be entitled to consideration of $2.50 per share of our Common Stock subject to the Backstop Agreement (less any shares subject to early termination), and we may make this payment, at our option, in cash or in shares of our Common Stock. If we make this payment in cash, this would reduce our cash on hand and could prevent us from using that cash on other aspects of our business. If we make this payment by issuing shares of our Common Stock this could result in substantial dilution and decreases to our stock price.

On May 23, 2023 we received an Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction - Valuation Date Notice (“Notice”) from Vellar, which designates May 23, 2023 as the Maturity Date under the Backstop Agreement, stating that due to the Company’s failure to timely register the shares held by Vellar, Vellar has the right to terminate the Backstop Agreement as to their portion of the shares and are claiming that they are entitled to receive Maturity Consideration (as defined in the Backstop Agreement) equal to $6,667,667. As of the date of this filing, management is actively reviewing this Notice and takes issue with multiple aspects of the Notice including, but not limited to, Vellar’s Maturity Consideration calculation. As such, the Company is consulting with advisors and regulators and intends to actively and aggressively defend itself should Vellar continue on its present course of action.

If our Common Stock does not trade above the floor set in the Backstop Agreement we may never receive cash from the Backstop Parties.

There is an economic disincentive for the Backstop Parties to sell shares of our Common Stock that are subject to the restrictions set forth in the Backstop Agreement unless our Common Stock is trading above $10.34 per share, which means that we need to assume that no cash will be returned to us pursuant to any sales under the Backstop Agreement unless and until our Common Stock is trading above $10.34 and our Backstop Parties are otherwise able to sell their shares. Therefore, we may never receive cash from the Backstop Parties during the term of the Backstop Agreement.

The issuance of our Common Stock in connection with the Common Stock Purchase Agreement could cause substantial dilution, which could materially affect the trading price of our Common Stock.

The Common Stock Purchase Agreement, by and between us and White Lion Capital LLC (“White Lion”), dated as of September 7, 2022 (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), grants us the right, but not the obligation, to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $75,000,000 of Equity Line Shares (defined below). To the extent that we exercise our right to sell the Equity Line Shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we will need to issue new shares to White Lion. Although we cannot predict the number of Equity Line Shares that would actually be issued in connection with any such sale, such issuances could result in substantial dilution and decreases to our stock price.

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of Common Stock, if any, we will sell under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement to White Lion or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.

On September 7, 2022, we entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which White Lion has committed to purchase up to up to $75,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of our Common Stock (“Equity Line Shares”), subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions including, without limitation, the effectiveness of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1, originally filed with the SEC on April 21, 2023 (the “Post-Closing Registration Statement”), our right to sell Equity Line Shares to White Lion will commence on the effective date of the Post-Closing Registration Statement and extend for a period of two years thereafter. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we may notify White Lion when we exercise our right to sell Equity Line Shares.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of Equity Line Shares to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Sales of Equity Line Shares, if any, to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to White Lion all, some or none of the shares of Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Because the purchase price per share of Common Stock to be paid by White Lion for the shares of Common Stock that we may elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Common Stock at the time we elect to sell shares of Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this registration statement and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Common Stock that we will sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that White Lion will pay for shares of Common Stock purchased from us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

The number of Equity Line Shares ultimately offered for resale by White Lion is dependent upon the number of such shares of Common Stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. However, even if we elect to sell Equity Line Shares to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, White Lion may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices.

Although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that we may, in our discretion, from time to time after the effective date of the Post-Closing Registration Statement and during the term of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, direct White Lion to purchase Equity Line Shares from us in one or more purchases under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement for a maximum aggregate purchase price of up to $75,000,000, only 2,643,677 shares of Common Stock, representing the Exchange Cap, are being registered for resale under the Post-Closing Registration Statement. Additionally, we are not required or permitted to issue any Equity Line Shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement if such issuance would breach our obligations under the rules or regulations of Nasdaq. Further, White Lion will not be required to purchase any Equity Line Shares in any given instance if such sale would result in White Lion’s beneficial ownership exceeding 9.99% of our outstanding shares of Common Stock upon such issuance. Our inability to access a part or all of the amount available under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Because the market price of our shares of Common Stock may fluctuate from time to time and, as a result, the actual purchase price to be paid by White Lion for our shares of Common Stock that we elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, also may fluctuate because they will be based on such fluctuating market price of our shares of Common Stock, it is possible that we would need to issue and sell more than the number of shares of Common Stock being registered for resale by White Lion under the Post-Closing Registration Statement in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds of $75,000,000 million under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Accordingly, if it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement more than the 2,643,677 shares of Common Stock being registered for resale under the Post-Closing Registration Statement in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $75,000,000 million under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we must file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by White Lion of any such additional shares of Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of Common Stock to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Any issuance and sale by us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of Common Stock in addition to the 2,643,677 shares of Common Stock being registered for resale by White Lion under the Post-Closing Registration Statement could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders.

The sale and issuance of shares of Common Stock to White Lion will cause dilution to our existing securityholders, and the resale of the shares of Common Stock by White Lion, or the perception that such resales may occur, could cause the price of our securities to fall.

The purchase price per share of Common Stock to be paid by White Lion for the Equity Line Shares that we may elect to sell to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our shares of Common Stock at the time we elect to sell shares of Common Stock to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Depending on market liquidity at the time, resales of such shares of Common Stock by White Lion may cause the trading price of our shares of Common Stock to fall.

If and when we elect to sell Equity Line Shares to White Lion, sales of such newly issued shares of Common Stock by us to White Lion could result in substantial dilution to the interests of existing holders of our shares of Common Stock. If all of the 2,643,677 shares of Common Stock registered for resale by White Lion under the Post-Closing Registration Statement were issued and outstanding as of the Closing, such shares of Common Stock would represent approximately 7.8% of the total number of our shares of Common Stock outstanding as of June 15, 2023. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock to White Lion, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

We may use proceeds from sales of our Common Stock made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from sales of our shares of Common Stock made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds” in the Post-Closing Registration Statement, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. However, we have not determined the specific allocation of any net proceeds among these potential uses, and the ultimate use of the net proceeds may vary from the currently intended uses. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our securities.

We are a party to various transaction documents as part of Ayrton Convertible Note Financing which contain restrictive and financial covenants that may limit our operational flexibility. If we fail to meet our obligations under the Notes, our operations may be interrupted, and our business and financial results could be adversely affected.

On May 15, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with an accredited investor for the sale of up to three Notes, which Notes are convertible into shares of our Common Stock, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $27 million, in a private placement. Each Note is required to be senior to all of our other indebtedness, other than certain permitted indebtedness. The Notes are secured by all of our existing and future assets (including those of our significant subsidiaries). Upon the occurrence of certain events, the Notes will be payable in monthly installments. Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves to pay amounts due under Notes and our cash needs may increase in the future. Additionally, we may be required to repurchase the Notes under certain circumstances. If we are required to repurchase the Notes, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time to repurchase the Notes.

The Notes include certain customary covenants that impose restrictions on our business and financing activities that could limit our operations or flexibility to take certain actions. The Notes also contain certain customary affirmative covenants requiring us to maintain specified levels of financial performance. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events that could be beyond our control. A breach of these covenants could result in an event of default under Notes which, if not cured or waived, could result in the indebtedness under the Notes becoming immediately due and payable, which in turn could result in material adverse consequences that negatively impact our business, the market price for our Common Stock, and our ability to obtain financing in the future. In addition, the Notes’ covenants and other provisions could have significant negative consequences for our stockholders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

Additionally, certain provisions in the Notes could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive, including a requirement to repay the Notes at a premium upon a change of control of the Company, which could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us. Our obligations under the Notes could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, including in a transaction that our stockholders may view as favorable.

Future borrowings under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing are subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions and cannot be requested for a set period of time after those conditions are met, which could result in our not being able to borrow funds under the Notes in a timely fashion or at all.

Future borrowings under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing are subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions, including having to have available cash at the time of closing of each Additional Closing of at least $3.0 million. If we fail to meet those conditions, we will not be able to borrow additional amounts under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing. Even if we meet these conditions, we will not be able to access those borrowings for 30 and 90 trading days in the case of the first Additional Closing and the second Additional Closing, respectively, after this registration statement has become effective with the SEC, even if we had the need for the funds prior to those dates. The occurrence of either one of these events could adversely impact our ability to fund our operations.

The amount of our future losses is uncertain and our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history, and many of our development programs are in early stages of development. This may make it difficult to evaluate our prospects and likelihood of success.

We are an early-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history, have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue. All of our product candidates are in the preclinical stages of development and will require additional preclinical studies or clinical development as well as regulatory review and approval, substantial investment, access to sufficient commercial manufacturing capacity and significant marketing efforts before we can generate any revenue from product sales. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, establishing our intellectual property portfolio and performing research and development of our product candidates. Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates is unproven, and we do not know whether we will be able to develop any products of commercial value. In addition, our product candidates will require substantial additional development and clinical research time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. We have not yet demonstrated the ability to initiate or progress any product candidate through clinical trials. We are still in preclinical development and may be unable to obtain regulatory approval, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate efficacy or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. In addition, as a business with a limited operating history, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors and risks frequently experienced by early-stage biopharmaceutical companies in rapidly evolving fields. Consequently, we have no meaningful history of operations upon which to evaluate our business, and predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing drug and biological products.

Our business is dependent on the success of our product candidates that we advance into the clinic. We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable products. If one or more of our product candidates encounters safety or efficacy problems, development delays, regulatory issues or other problems, our development plans and business could be significantly harmed. Before we can generate any revenue from sales of any of our product candidates, we must undergo additional preclinical and clinical development, regulatory review and approval in one or more jurisdictions. In addition, if one or more of our product candidates are approved, we must ensure access to sufficient commercial manufacturing capacity and conduct significant marketing efforts in connection with any commercial launch. These efforts will require substantial investment, and we may not have the financial resources to continue development of our product candidates.

We may experience setbacks that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of, or our ability to commercialize, our product candidates, including:

We do not have complete control over many of these factors, including certain aspects of clinical development and the regulatory submission process, potential threats to our intellectual property rights and our manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sales efforts or that of any future collaborator.

Our underlying technology is unproven and may not result in marketable products.

Our approach is designed to discover and develop targeted treatments for non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, glioblastoma, or GBM, and possibly other visceral cancers, by targeting the prototypic chitinase-like protein Chi3l1 which we have found is induced in human cancers including in primary lung cancer formation, in pulmonary melanoma metastasis, and in pulmonary breast cancer metastasis. These findings are the basis for our OCX-253, OCX-410 (PD-1), and OCX-909 (CTLA-4) programs. However, although multiple preclinical studies are currently underway, to date, our approach has not been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of NSCLC, GBM or other cancers.

Our approach to drug discovery and development in the area of fibrosis, with initial focus on targeting chitinase 1, or Chit1, is unproven and may not result in marketable products. Our approach is designed to discover and develop targeted treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, or HPS, and possibly other fibrotic diseases, by targeting Chit1 which we have found to be a master regulator of the TGF-ß1 mediated fibrosis response through various mechanisms. These findings are the basis for our OCF-203 program. However, although multiple preclinical studies are currently underway, to date, our approach has not been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of IPF, HPS, or other fibrotic conditions.

Our approach to therapeutics discovery and development in the area of malaria, with initial focus on targeting P. falciparum glutamic-acid-rich protein, or PfGARP, and P. falciparum schizont egress antigen, or PfSEA-1, is unproven and may not result in marketable products. Our approach is designed to discover and develop therapeutics for the treatment of malaria infections and short-term malaria prophylaxis, and to develop vaccines for immunization against malaria, by targeting PfGARP and PfSEA-1, as applicable. Our findings regarding PfGARP and PfSEA-1 form the basis for our ODA-611, ODA-579 and OCF-203 programs. However, although multiple preclinical studies are currently underway, to date, our approach has not been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of malaria infections, to provide malaria prophylaxis or to provide immunization against malaria.

Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates based on our Whole Proteome Differential Screening target discovery platform represents a novel approach to product candidate development, which creates significant challenges for us.

Our future success depends on the successful development of our product candidates, some of which may be discovered or developed by our Whole Proteome Differential Screening target discovery program, or WPDS. WPDS is a new technology, and as such, it is difficult to predict whether WPDS will enable us to successfully identify or develop product candidates. It is also difficult to accurately predict the developmental challenges we may incur for our product candidates as they proceed through product discovery or identification, preclinical studies and clinical trials. It is difficult for us to predict the time and cost of the development of product candidates identified by WPDS, and we cannot predict whether the application of our technology, or any similar or competitive technologies, will result in the identification, development, and regulatory approval of any products. There can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our technology or any of our research programs will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved at all. Any of these factors may prevent us from completing our preclinical studies and clinical trials that we may initiate or commercializing any product candidates we may develop on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

Due to our business model, we must make decisions on the allocation of resources to certain programs and product candidates; these decisions may prove to be wrong and may adversely affect our business.

We may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with respect to additional research programs or product candidates or for indications other than those we are currently targeting. To the extent we allocate resources to any particular product candidate, our ability to pursue development of another product candidate may be hindered. Some of these opportunities may later prove to have greater commercial potential or a greater likelihood of success. Therefore, our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, or expend resources on product candidates that are not viable.

There can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our product candidates or to develop suitable potential product candidates through internal research programs, which could materially adversely affect our future growth and prospects. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential product candidates or other potential programs that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates in the future.

Although our business model relies in part on a plan to harness breakthrough inventions at research universities and medical centers and develop them into therapeutics that can address unmet medical needs, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identify additional candidate opportunities at these institutions or others. Even if we were able to identify such opportunities, there can be no assurance that we will be able to in-license them or otherwise acquire rights to them on terms that are beneficial to us. Furthermore, we could face competition for such opportunities from other companies and from venture capital firms.

Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, such as:

Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. If we are unable to identify suitable compounds for preclinical and clinical development, we will not be able to obtain product revenue in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price.

We may not be able to file INDs or IND amendments or comparable applications to commence clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may not permit us to proceed.

We may not be able to file INDs or other comparable applications for our product candidates on the timelines we expect. For example, we or our third party collaborators may experience manufacturing delays or other delays with preclinical studies or FDA or other regulatory authorities may require additional preclinical studies that we did not anticipate. Moreover, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND or other comparable application will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that result in a decision by us, by institutional review boards or independent ethics committees, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to suspend or terminate clinical trials, including as a result of a clinical hold. Additionally, even if FDA or other regulatory authorities agree with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an IND or comparable application, we cannot guarantee that they will not change their requirements or expectations in the future. These considerations also apply to new clinical trials we may submit as amendments to existing INDs or to a new IND or other comparable application. Any failure to file INDs or other comparable applications on the timelines we expect or to obtain regulatory approvals for our trials may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our products on a timely basis, if at all.

Preclinical and clinical development involves a lengthy, complex and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future preclinical studies or clinical trial results.

To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidates, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective in humans. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. In particular, the general approach for FDA approval of a new product is dispositive data from two well-controlled, Phase 3 clinical trials of the relevant drug in the relevant patient population. Phase 3 clinical trials typically involve hundreds of patients, have significant costs and take years to complete. A product candidate can fail at any stage of testing, even after observing promising signals of activity in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. In addition, initial success in clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when such trials are completed. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates proceeding through clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable safety issues, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their product candidates. Most product candidates that commence clinical trials are never approved as products and there can be no assurance that any of our clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development in any of our product candidates. Product candidates that appear promising in the early phases of development may fail to reach the market for several reasons, including but not limited to:

In addition, differences in trial design between early-stage clinical trials and later-stage clinical trials make it difficult to extrapolate the results of earlier clinical trials to later clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products. Additionally, some of our trials may be open-label studies, where both the patient and investigator know whether the patient is receiving the investigational product candidate or either an existing approved drug or placebo. Most typically, open-label clinical trials test only the investigational product candidate and sometimes do so at different dose levels. Open-label clinical trials are subject to various limitations that may exaggerate any therapeutic effect, such as “patient bias” where patients in open-label clinical trials perceive their symptoms to have improved merely due to their awareness of receiving treatment. Moreover, patients selected for early clinical studies often include the most severe sufferers and their symptoms may have been bound to improve notwithstanding the new treatment. In addition, open-label clinical trials may be subject to an “investigator bias” where those assessing and reviewing the physiological outcomes of the clinical trials are aware of which patients have received treatment and may interpret the information of the treated group more favorably given this knowledge. Therefore, it is possible that positive results observed in open-label trials will not be replicated in later placebo-controlled trials.

In addition, the standards that the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities use when regulating us require judgment and can change, which makes it difficult to predict with certainty how they will be applied. The standards are also different for the development of small molecule drug products and for the development of biological products, both of which we are undertaking through our programs. Any analysis we perform of data from preclinical and clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. We may also encounter unexpected delays and/or increased costs due to new government regulations. Examples of such regulations include future legislation or administrative action, or changes in FDA policy during the period of product development and FDA regulatory review. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted, or whether FDA or foreign regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. The FDA may also require a panel of experts, referred to as an Advisory Committee, to deliberate on the adequacy of the safety and efficacy data to support approval. The opinion of the Advisory Committee, although not binding, may have a significant impact on our ability to obtain approval of any product candidates that we develop.

If we seek to conduct clinical trials in foreign countries or pursue marketing approvals in foreign jurisdictions, we must comply with numerous foreign regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. The foreign regulatory approval process varies among countries and may include all of the risks associated with FDA approval described above as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities outside the United States and vice versa.

The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. If data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice, and (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to good clinical practice, or GCP, regulations. Additionally, the FDA’s clinical trial requirements, including sufficient size of patient populations and statistical powering, must be met. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements.

Successful completion of clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting a marketing application to the FDA and similar marketing applications to comparable foreign regulatory authorities, for each product candidate and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of any product candidates. We may experience negative or inconclusive results, which may result in our deciding, or our being required by regulators, to conduct additional clinical studies or trials or abandon some or all of our product development programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development of any of our product candidates.

We may experience delays in initiating or completing clinical trials. Clinical trials can be delayed or terminated for a variety of reasons, including:

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs or ethics committees of the institutions in which such clinical trials are being conducted, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical trial protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from the product candidates, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected interpretation of the study. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority, as the case may be, and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of one or more of our product candidates.

Our product development costs will increase if we experience additional delays in preclinical or clinical testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. If we do not achieve our product development goals in the time frames we announce and expect, the approval and commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed or prevented entirely. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, potentially impairing our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and harming our business and results of operations. Any delays in our clinical development programs may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations significantly.

Our clinical trials may reveal significant adverse events or unexpected drug-drug interactions not seen in our preclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that could delay or prevent regulatory approval or market acceptance of any of our product candidates.

If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in our clinical trials, we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts altogether. In addition, we may encounter unexpected drug-drug interactions in our planned trials, and may be required to further test those candidates, including in drug-drug interaction studies, which may be expensive, time-consuming and result in delays to our programs. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biopharmaceutical industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early stage trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects do not preclude the product candidate from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, undesirable side effects may inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other therapies.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of completion of our clinical trials depends in part on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates, and we may experience delays in our clinical trials if we encounter difficulties in enrollment. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, or as needed to provide appropriate statistical power for a given trial. We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion. The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:

For example, we are initially developing OCF-203 for the treatment of IPF, a rare disease. In the United States, IPF is estimated to affect approximately 160,000 patients. As a result, we may encounter difficulties enrolling subjects in our clinical trials of OCF-203 due in part to the small size of the patient population. In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials in such clinical trial site. If any of our product candidates is shown to have undesirable side effects, some patients may decline or drop out of our clinical trials. Additionally, certain of our planned clinical trials may also involve invasive procedures which may lead some patients to decline or to drop out of trials.

Further, timely enrollment in clinical trials is reliant on clinical trial sites which may be adversely affected by global health matters, including, among other things, pandemics. For example, if a clinical trial site is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, patients may contract COVID-19 during participation in our trials or may be subject to isolation or shelter-in-place restrictions, which may cause them to drop out of our trials, miss scheduled doses or follow-up visits or otherwise fail to follow trial protocols. If patients are unable to follow the trial protocols or if our trial results are otherwise disrupted due to the effects of a pandemic or actions taken to mitigate its spread, the integrity of data from our trials may be compromised or not accepted by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which would represent a significant setback for the applicable program.

The design or execution of our clinical trials may not support marketing approval.

The design or execution of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support marketing approval, and flaws in the design or execution of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. It is possible that we may need to amend our clinical trial designs, which would require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs and the FDA for reexamination and approval, and may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of such clinical trials.

Additionally, in some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different trials with the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including differences in trial protocols, size and type of the patient populations, variable adherence to the dosing regimen or other protocol requirements and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. We do not know whether any clinical trials we conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain marketing approval to market our product candidates.

Further, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and in determining when or whether marketing approval will be obtained for any of our product candidates. Our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their primary endpoints in future Phase 3 clinical trials or registrational trials. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our trial designs and our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials. In addition, any of these regulatory authorities may change requirements for the approval of a product candidate even after reviewing and providing comments or advice on a protocol for a pivotal Phase 3 or registrational clinical trial. In addition, any of these regulatory authorities may also approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than we request or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not approve the labeling claims that we believe would be necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates, if approved.

We intend to develop OCX-253 and potentially other product candidates in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional risks.

We intend to develop OCX-253 and potentially other product candidates in combination with one or more approved or unapproved therapies to treat cancer or other diseases. Even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval for use in combination with other approved therapies, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities outside of the United States could still revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product. If the therapies used in combination with our product candidates are replaced as the standard of care for the indications we choose for any of our product candidates, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. The occurrence of any of these risks could result in our own products, if approved, being removed from the market or being less successful commercially.

Further, we will not be able to market and sell any product candidate we develop in combination with an unapproved cancer therapy for a combination indication if that unapproved therapy does not ultimately obtain marketing approval either alone or in combination with our product. In addition, unapproved cancer therapies face the same risks described with respect to our product candidates currently in development and clinical trials, including the potential for serious adverse effects, delay in their clinical trials and lack of FDA approval.

If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities do not approve these other products or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, quality, manufacturing or supply issues arise with, the products we choose to evaluate in combination with our product candidate we develop, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market such combination therapy.

If we are unable to successfully validate, develop and obtain regulatory approval for any required companion diagnostic tests for our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, we may fail to obtain approval or may not realize the full commercial potential of these product candidates.

In connection with the clinical development of our product candidates for certain indications, we intend to engage third parties to develop or obtain access to in vitro companion diagnostic tests to identify patient subsets within a disease category who may derive benefit from our product candidates, as we are targeting certain genetically defined populations for our treatments. For example, in the OCX-253 program, we may develop a diagnostic tool for measuring the circulating Chi3l1 as a method of stratifying patients for particular clinical studies. Such companion diagnostics may be used during our clinical trials and may be required in connection with the FDA approval of our product candidates. To be successful, we or our collaborators will need to address a number of scientific, technical, regulatory and logistical challenges. Companion diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities as medical devices and require separate regulatory approval prior to commercialization.

Given our limited experience in developing and commercializing diagnostics, we intend to rely on third parties for the design, development and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our therapeutic product candidates that may require such tests. If we enter into such collaborative agreements, we will be dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of our future collaborators in developing and obtaining approval for these companion diagnostics. We and our future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing and obtaining approval for the companion diagnostics, including issues relating to selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility, or clinical validation of companion diagnostics. We and our future collaborators also may encounter difficulties in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, manufacturing and commercializing companion diagnostics similar to those we face with respect to our therapeutic product candidates themselves, including issues with achieving regulatory clearance or approval, production of sufficient quantities at commercial scale and with appropriate quality standards, and in gaining market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for these therapeutic product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, the development of these therapeutic product candidates may be adversely affected, these therapeutic product candidates may not obtain marketing approval or such approval may be delayed, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any of these therapeutics that obtain marketing approval. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, a diagnostic company with whom we contract may decide to discontinue developing, selling or manufacturing the companion diagnostic test that we anticipate using in connection with development and commercialization of our product candidates or our relationship with such diagnostic company may otherwise terminate. We may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative diagnostic test for use in connection with the development and commercialization of our product candidates or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and/or delay the development or commercialization of our therapeutic product candidates.

We may in the future seek orphan drug designation for our product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain orphan drug designation and, even if we obtain such designation, we may not be able to realize or maintain the benefits of such designation, including potential marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, if approved.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and other major markets, may designate products intended to treat conditions or diseases affecting relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, the FDA may designate a drug or biologic product candidate as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as having a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the product will be recovered from sales in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a marketing application. In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the drug or biologic and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

Generally, if a product candidate with an orphan drug designation receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities from approving another marketing application for a product that constitutes the same drug treating the same indication for a period of seven (7) years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity or where the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product quantity. Orphan drug exclusivity may be revoked if any regulatory agency determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

We may seek orphan drug designation for OCF-203 for IPF and HPS, and some of our other future product candidates in additional orphan indications in which there is a medically plausible basis for the use of these products. We may be unable to obtain and maintain orphan drug designation and, even if we obtain such designation, we may not be able to realize the benefits of such designation, including potential marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, if approved.

Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition in the United States. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA may subsequently approve another drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter drug is not the same drug or is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial financial or other liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We will face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of testing any of our other product candidates in clinical trials, and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize any products. For example, we may be sued if our product candidates cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We will need to obtain additional insurance for clinical trials as our product candidates enter the clinic. However, we may be unable to obtain, or may obtain on unfavorable terms, clinical trial insurance in amounts adequate to cover any liabilities from any of our clinical trials. Our insurance policies may also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Even if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us to indemnification against losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than us.

The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We may face competition with respect to any product candidates that we seek to develop or commercialize in the future from major biopharmaceutical companies, specialty biopharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, venture capital firms, hedge funds, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization.

There are a number of large biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that are currently pursuing the development of products, or already have products in the market, for the treatment of cancer, fibrosis, and malaria. Although we believe that our approaches are unique, there is no assurance that they will demonstrate advantages or even parity against competitive products from other companies, including those with significant financial resources such as BristolMyersSquibb, Merck, Genentech, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, AbbVie, Novartis, United Therapeutics and Horizon, as well as emerging biotechnology companies such as Fibrogen, Pliant, Galecto Biotech and Endeavor Biomedicines, to name a few. For additional information on our competitors please see the section entitled “Description of Business.”

Many of our current or potential competitors, either alone or with their strategic partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do.

Mergers and acquisitions in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, more convenient, or less expensive than any products that we may develop. Furthermore, products currently approved for other indications could be discovered to be effective treatments of fibrosis as well, which could give such products significant regulatory and market timing advantages over our product candidates. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. Additionally, products or technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential product candidates uneconomical or obsolete and we may not be successful in marketing any product candidates we may develop against competitors. The availability of competitive products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any products that we may develop and commercialize.

Because we rely on third-party manufacturing and supply vendors, our supply of research and development, preclinical and clinical development materials may become limited or interrupted or may not be of satisfactory quantity or quality.

We rely on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We do not own manufacturing facilities for producing any clinical trial product supplies. There can be no assurance that our preclinical and clinical development product supplies will not be limited, interrupted, or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. For example, the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, or of any similar crises, may impact our ability to procure sufficient supplies for the development of our product candidates, particularly given delays or gaps in supply of materials driven by the prioritization of vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, any replacement of a contract manufacturer could require significant effort and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified replacements.

The manufacturing process for a product candidate is subject to FDA and foreign regulatory authority review. Suppliers and manufacturers must meet applicable manufacturing requirements and undergo rigorous facility and process validation tests required by regulatory authorities in order to comply with regulatory standards, such as current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs. In the event that any of our manufacturers fails to comply with such requirements or to perform its obligations to us in relation to quality, timing or otherwise, or if our supply of components or other materials becomes limited or interrupted for other reasons, we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves, for which we currently do not have the capabilities or resources, or enter into an agreement with another third-party, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In some cases, the technical skills or technology required to manufacture our product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original manufacturer and we may have difficulty transferring such skills or technology to another third-party and a feasible alternative may not exist. These factors would increase our reliance on such manufacturer or require us to obtain a license from such manufacturer in order to have another third-party manufacture our product candidates. If we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines. We will also need to verify, such as through a manufacturing comparability or bridging study, that any new manufacturing process will produce our product candidate according to the specifications previously submitted to the FDA or another regulatory authority. The delays associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates in a timely manner or within budget.

To the extent that we enter into future manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and assurance. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third-party manufacturing for product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our product candidates successfully. Our or a third-party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements and comply with cGMP could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates progress through preclinical to late stage clinical trials to marketing approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize yield, manufacturing batch size, minimize costs and achieve consistent quality and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenue.

In addition, there are risks associated with large scale manufacturing for clinical trials or commercial scale including, among others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, compliance with good manufacturing practices, lot consistency and timely availability of raw materials. Even if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, there is no assurance that our manufacturers will be able to manufacture the approved product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential commercial launch of the product or to meet potential future demand. Additionally, if we advance a biological candidate into IND-enabling studies, the manufacturing processes for biological products is more complex and expensive than with small molecule products and additional manufacturing suppliers may be needed to manufacture clinical supplies for these programs. If our manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The manufacture of drug products, and particularly biologics, is complex and our third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties in production. If any of our third-party manufacturers encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our current product candidates or any future product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or prevented.

Manufacturing drugs, particularly biologics, especially in large quantities, is often complex and may require the use of innovative technologies to handle living cells. Each lot of an approved biologic must undergo thorough testing for identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. Manufacturing biologics requires facilities specifically designed for and validated for this purpose, and sophisticated quality assurance and quality control procedures are necessary. Slight deviations anywhere in the manufacturing process, including filling, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping and quality control and testing, may result in lot failures, product recalls or spoilage. When changes are made to the manufacturing process, we may be required to provide preclinical and clinical data showing the comparable identity, strength, quality, purity or potency of the products before and after such changes. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered at the facilities of our manufacturers, such facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination, which could delay clinical trials and adversely harm our business.

In addition, there are risks associated with large scale manufacturing for clinical trials or commercial scale including, among others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, compliance with good manufacturing practices, lot consistency and timely availability of raw materials. Even if we obtain marketing approval for any of our current product candidates or any future product candidates, there is no assurance that our manufacturers will be able to manufacture the approved product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential commercial launch of the product or to meet potential future demand. If our manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Even if a product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if a product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid programs and managed care organizations, and others in the medical community. In addition, the availability of coverage by third-party payors may be affected by existing and future health care reform measures designed to reduce the cost of health care. If the product candidates we develop do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable.

The degree of market acceptance of any product candidate, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

If government and other third-party payors do not provide coverage and adequate reimbursement levels for any products we commercialize, market acceptance and commercial success would be reduced.

The market opportunities for our product candidates may be relatively small since the patients who may potentially be treated with our product candidates are those who are ineligible for or have failed prior treatments, and our estimates of the prevalence of our target patient populations may be inaccurate.

Cancer therapies are sometimes characterized by line of therapy (first line, second line, third line, fourth line, etc.), and the FDA often approves new therapies initially only for a particular line or lines of use. When cancer is detected early enough, first line therapy is sometimes adequate to cure the cancer or prolong life without a cure. Whenever first line therapy, usually chemotherapy, antibody drugs, tumor-targeted small molecules, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these, proves unsuccessful, second line therapy may be administered. Second line therapies often consist of more chemotherapy, radiation, antibody drugs, tumor-targeted small molecules, or a combination of these. Third line therapies can include chemotherapy, antibody drugs and small molecule tumor-targeted therapies, more invasive forms of surgery and new technologies. In our oncology program, we may initially seek approval of certain of our product candidates as a second or third line therapy, for use in patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic cancer. Subsequently, for those product candidates that prove to be sufficiently safe and beneficial, if any, we would expect to seek approval as a second line therapy and potentially as a first line therapy, but there is no guarantee that our product candidates, even if approved as a second or subsequent line of therapy, would be approved for an earlier line of therapy, and, prior to any such approvals, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials.

Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, who may have their tumors genetically sequenced, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive a particular line of therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new therapies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of the cancers that we are targeting. Consequently, even if our product candidates are approved for a second or third line of therapy, the number of patients that may be eligible for treatment with our product candidates may turn out to be much lower than expected. In addition, we have not yet conducted market research to determine how treating physicians would expect to prescribe a product that is approved for multiple tumor types if there are different lines of approved therapies for each such tumor type.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we may have to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our products, we may not be able to generate product revenue.

We have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities, nor have we commercialized a product. If any of our product candidates ultimately receive regulatory approval, we expect to establish either an internal or external marketing and sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize each such product in major markets, which will be expensive and, to the extent we establish such organization in house, time consuming. We have no prior experience as a company in the marketing, sale and distribution of pharmaceutical products and there are significant risks involved in establishing or managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal or external sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. If we choose to collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems, we may not be able to enter into collaborations or hire consultants or external service providers to assist us in sales, marketing and distribution functions on acceptable financial terms, or at all. In addition, our product revenues and our profitability, if any, may be lower if we rely on third parties for these functions than if we were to market, sell and distribute any products that we develop ourselves. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we are not successful in commercializing our products, either on our own or through arrangements with one or more third parties, we may not be able to generate any future product revenue and we would incur significant additional losses.

We rely on third parties to conduct all or certain aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of or commercialize any potential product candidates.

We depend upon third parties to conduct all or certain aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, under agreements with universities, medical institutions, CROs, CMOs, strategic collaborators and others. We expect to continue to negotiate budgets and contracts with such third parties, which may result in delays to our development timelines and increased costs.

We will rely especially heavily on third parties over the course of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and, as a result, we control only certain aspects of their activities. As a result, we have less direct control over the conduct, timing and completion of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and the management of data developed through preclinical studies and clinical trials than would be the case if we relied entirely upon our own staff. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies and trials are conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and these third parties are required to comply with GCP and cGMP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP and cGMP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, clinical investigators, manufacturers and trial sites. If we or any of these third parties fail to comply with applicable GCP or cGMP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to suspend or terminate these trials or perform additional preclinical studies or clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot be certain that, upon inspection, such regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with the GCP or cGMP requirements.

Our failure or any failure by these third parties to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Failure by us or by third parties we engage to comply with regulatory requirements can also result in fines, adverse publicity, and civil and criminal sanctions. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of these third parties violates federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

Any third parties conducting aspects of our preclinical studies, clinical trials or manufacturing process will not be our employees and, except for remedies that may be available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our preclinical studies and clinical programs. These third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the preclinical or clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons or if due to federal or state orders or absenteeism due to the COVID-19 pandemic or other such crises they are unable to meet their contractual and regulatory obligations, our development timelines, including clinical development timelines, may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval of or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs, CMOs or others terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs, CMOs or other third parties or to do so on commercially reasonable terms.

Switching or adding additional CROs or CMOs involves additional cost and requires extensive time and focus of our management. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO or CMO begins work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development timelines.

Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs and CMOs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on third parties for blood and other tissue samples and other materials required for our research and development activities, and if we are unable to reach agreements with these third parties our research and development activities would be delayed.

We rely on third parties, primarily hospitals, health clinics and academic institutions, for the provision of blood and other tissue samples, clinical and laboratory supplies and other materials required in our research and development activities. Obtaining these materials requires various approvals as well as reaching a commercial agreement on acceptable terms with the hospital or other provider of the materials. While we expect to enter into agreements with the institutions from which we receive our tissue samples, we do not have any exclusive arrangements with such sources and there is no guarantee that we will be able to enter into or renew such agreements on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we were unable to enter into or renew such agreements, we would be forced to seek new arrangements with new hospitals, clinics or health institutions. If so, we may not be able to reach agreements with alternative partners or do so on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to enter into such agreements, our research and development activities will be delayed and our ability to implement a key part of our development strategy will be compromised.

We are a party to sublicense agreements pursuant to which we are obligated to make substantial payments upon achievement of milestone events. The sublicense agreements may be terminated in their entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestone events by certain dates.

We are a party to various sublicense agreements that are important to our business and to our current and future product candidates. For example, we sublicense all of the technologies forming our oncology, fibrosis and infectious disease programs from Elkurt, Inc. (“Elkurt”), a company formed by our scientific co-founders Jack A. Elias, M.D. and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., Ph.D., both of whom also serve on our board of directors. Elkurt licenses such technologies from Brown University and Rhode Island University. These agreements contain obligations that require us to make substantial payments in the event certain milestone events are achieved.

All of our current product candidates are being developed through sublicense agreements from Elkurt. Our rights to use currently licensed intellectual property from Elkurt are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of our sublicense agreements with Elkurt. In spite of our efforts, Elkurt might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under one or more of such sublicenses and might therefore terminate any of such agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these agreements. For example, our sublicense of the FRG Antibody from Elkurt (which licenses such technology from Brown University on substantially parallel terms) is subject to termination by Elkurt in the event of a default by us that is not cured within 30 days. If any of our existing sublicense agreements were to be terminated, our business and prospects could be substantially harmed.

Additionally, the sublicense agreements may be terminated in their entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestone events by certain dates. Each of the below listed sublicense agreements may be terminated if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023. In addition, the license agreements set forth the following milestone events and deadlines. Failure by us to meet such milestone events by the listed deadlines trigger a termination right by the licensing party upon notice:

For additional discussion of these milestones, see “Description of Business— Licensing Agreements.”

A core element of our business strategy also includes continuing to acquire or in-license additional technologies or product candidates. As a result, we intend to periodically explore a variety of possible strategic collaborations or licenses in an effort to gain access to additional product candidates, technologies or resources.

Furthermore, license agreements we enter into in the future may not provide exclusive rights to use intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our technology and products. As a result, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and commercializing competitive products in territories included in all of our licenses.

Collaborations are and will be important to our business. If we are unable to enter into new collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

A part of our strategy is to maximize the value of our product candidates by evaluating partnerships where we believe partners can add significant commercial and/or development capabilities. Further, we have limited capabilities for product development and do not yet have any capability for commercialization. Accordingly, we have and may in the future enter into collaborations with other organizations to provide us with important technologies and funding for our programs and technology.

The collaborations we enter into may pose a number of risks, including the following:

If the collaborations we enter into do not result in the successful discovery, development and commercialization of product candidates or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under such collaboration. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this registration statement also apply to the activities of our therapeutic collaborators.

Additionally, if one of our existing or future collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and our perception in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. In addition, to the extent that any of our existing or future collaborators were to terminate a collaboration agreement, we may be forced to independently develop these product candidates, including funding preclinical or clinical trials, assuming marketing and distribution costs and defending intellectual property rights, or, in certain instances, abandon product candidates altogether, any of which could result in a change to our business plan and a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators for our product candidates, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. In order for us to successfully establish a collaboration for one or more of our product candidates, potential collaborators must view these product candidates as economically valuable in markets they determine to be attractive in light of the terms that we are seeking and other available products for licensing by other companies. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large biopharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to enter into future collaborations or do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates, bring them to market and generate revenue from sales of drugs or continue to develop our technology, and our business may be materially and adversely affected. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish new strategic collaborations, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us, and we may not be able to maintain such strategic collaborations if, for example, development or approval of a product candidate is delayed or sales of an approved product are disappointing. Any delay in entering into new strategic collaboration agreements related to our product candidates could delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates and reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market.

Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights and technology, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our business will depend in large part on obtaining and maintaining patent, trademark and trade secret protection of our proprietary technologies and our product candidates, their respective components, synthetic intermediates, formulations, combination therapies, methods used to manufacture them and methods of treatment, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. We currently license or sublicense all of the intellectual property underlying our product candidates from universities and from other institutions such as for example, Elkurt and Rhode Island Hospital, and as such do not currently and solely maintain patents regarding the intellectual property we use. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents that cover these activities and whether a court would issue an injunctive remedy. If we are unable to secure and maintain patent protection for any product or technology we develop, or if the scope of the patent protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to commercialize any product candidates we may develop may be adversely affected.

The patenting process is expensive and time-consuming, and we or our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we or our licensors may not pursue, obtain, or maintain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license or sublicense from or license to third parties and are reliant on our licensors, sublicensors or licensees.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we in-license or may own in the future may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates or uses thereof in the United States or in other foreign countries. Even if the patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our technology, including our product candidates, or prevent others from designing around our claims. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patent applications we hold with respect to our product candidates is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, our product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.

We cannot be certain that we were the first to file any patent application related to our technology, including our product candidates, and, if we were not, we may be precluded from obtaining patent protection for our technology, including our product candidates.

We cannot be certain that we are the first to invent the inventions covered by pending patent applications and, if we are not, we may be subject to priority disputes. Furthermore, for United States applications in which all claims are entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third-party or instituted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. Similarly, for United States applications in which at least one claim is not entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, derivation proceedings can be instituted to determine whether the subject matter of a patent claim was derived from a prior inventor’s disclosure.

We may be required to disclaim part or all of the term of certain patents or all of the term of certain patent applications. There may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability of a patent or patent application claim. There also may be prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. No assurance can be given that if challenged, our patents would be declared by a court to be valid or enforceable or that even if found valid and enforceable, would adequately protect our product candidates, or would be found by a court to be infringed by a competitor’s technology or product. We may analyze patents or patent applications of our competitors that we believe are relevant to our activities, and consider that we are free to operate in relation to our product candidates, but our competitors may achieve issued claims, including in patents we consider to be unrelated, which block our efforts or may potentially result in our product candidates or our activities infringing such claims. The possibility exists that others will develop products which have the same effect as our products on an independent basis which do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights, or will design around the claims of patents that may issue that cover our products.

Recent or future patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. Under the enacted Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or America Invents Act, enacted in 2013, the United States moved from a “first to invent” to a “first-to-file” system. Under a “first-to-file” system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on the invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The America Invents Act includes a number of other significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and establish a new post-grant review system. The effects of these changes are currently unclear as the USPTO only recently developed new regulations and procedures in connection with the America Invents Act and many of the substantive changes to patent law, including the “first-to-file” provisions, only became effective in March 2013. In addition, the courts have yet to address many of these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on specific patents discussed herein have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. However, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

The intellectual property that we have in-licensed has been discovered through government funded programs and thus may be subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S.-based companies. Compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights, and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

All of the intellectual property rights that we have in-licensed to date were discovered through the use of U.S. government funding and are therefore subject to certain federal regulations. As a result, the U.S. government may have certain rights, pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, or Bayh-Dole Act, and implementing regulations, to the intellectual property embodied in our current product candidates, all of which are derived from our existing in-licensed intellectual property. These U.S. government rights in certain inventions developed under a government-funded program include a nonexclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In addition, the U.S. government has the right to require us or our licensors to grant exclusive, partially exclusive, or nonexclusive licenses to any of these inventions to a third party if it determines that: (i) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; or (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations (also referred to as “march-in rights”). All of our product candidates pursuant to the license agreements are subject to such march-in rights. The U.S. government also has the right to take title to these inventions if we, or the applicable licensor, fail to disclose the invention to the government and fail to file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits. These time limits have recently been changed by regulation and may change in the future. Intellectual property generated under a government funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require us or the applicable licensor to expend substantial resources. In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying the subject invention or produced through the use of the subject invention be manufactured substantially in the United States. The manufacturing preference requirement can be waived if the owner of the intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture substantially in the United States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. This preference for U.S. manufacturers may limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. product manufacturers for products covered by such intellectual property. To the extent any of our future intellectual property is generated through the use of U.S. government funding, the provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act may similarly apply.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to patent protection, we rely heavily upon know-how and trade secret protection, such as that involved in our WPDS platform, and we intend to enter into non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third-parties, to protect our confidential and proprietary information, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. In addition to contractual measures, we expect to try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third-party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. For example, the way in which we use our WPDS platform is proprietary and confidential. If one or more third parties obtain or are otherwise able to replicate these techniques, an important feature and differentiator of our clinical development strategy will become available to potential competitors. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed.

In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. If we choose to go to court to stop a third-party from using any of our trade secrets, we may incur substantial costs. These lawsuits may consume our time and other resources even if we are successful. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology.

Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual or entity during the course of the party’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual, and which are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working hours, on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information, are our exclusive property. In addition, we take other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures, to guard against misappropriation of our proprietary technology by third parties. We have also adopted policies and conduct training that provides guidance on our expectations, and our advice for best practices, in protecting our trade secrets.

We have entered into and may enter into license, sublicense or other collaboration agreements in the future that may impose certain obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under such agreements with third parties, we could lose license or sublicense rights that may be important to our future business.

In connection with our efforts to expand our pipeline of product candidates, we have entered into and may enter into certain licenses, sublicenses or other collaboration agreements in the future pertaining to the in-license of rights to additional candidates. Such agreements impose various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance or other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, our licensor or collaboration partners may have the right to terminate the relevant agreement, in which event we would not be able to develop or market the products covered by such licensed or sublicensed intellectual property.

Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

We are currently party to various sublicense agreements that we depend on to operate our business, and our rights to use currently licensed intellectual property are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of these agreements. In spite of our efforts, our sublicensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under such sublicense agreements and might therefore terminate the sublicense agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by such agreements. In the event that we breach any of our sublicense agreements, or if any of the parties from whom we have sublicensed intellectual property breach the underlying license agreements, we may not be entitled to the intellectual property that we sublicense. Moreover, in the event that our sublicensors terminate such agreements, we may be unable to successfully prove that we have not materially breached our obligations if we disagree with the assertion, and we may be required to expend significant resources to protect our rights to the intellectual property even if our efforts to do so are ultimately unsuccessful.

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license and sublicense intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have sublicensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current sublicensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, we may have limited control over the maintenance and prosecution of these in-licensed patents and patent applications, or any other intellectual property that may be related to our in-licensed intellectual property. For example, we cannot be certain that such activities by any future licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights. We have limited control over the manner in which our sublicensors initiate an infringement proceeding against a third-party infringer of the intellectual property rights, or defend certain of the intellectual property that is sublicensed to us. It is possible that such infringement proceedings or defense activities may be less vigorous than had we conducted them ourselves.

Our collaborators may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions they develop from research we support or that we develop from our use of blood and other tissue samples and other materials required for our research and development activities, which they provide to us, or otherwise arising from the collaboration.

We collaborate with several institutions, universities, medical centers, physicians and researchers in scientific matters and expect to continue to enter into additional collaboration agreements. In certain cases, we do not have written agreements with these collaborators, or the written agreements we have do may not cover all instances of medical development that are researched by the counterparty. If we cannot successfully negotiate sufficient ownership and commercial rights to any inventions that result from our use of a third-party collaborator’s materials, or if disputes arise with respect to the intellectual property developed with the use of a collaborator’s samples, or data developed in a collaborator’s study, we may be limited in our ability to capitalize on the market potential of these inventions or developments.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization.

There may be third-party patents of which we are currently unaware with claims to compositions of matter, materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment that encompass the composition, use or manufacture of our product candidates. There may be currently pending patent applications of which we are currently unaware which may later result in issued patents that our product candidates or their use or manufacture may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover our product candidates, intermediates used in the manufacture of our product candidates or our materials generally, aspects of our formulations or methods of use, the holders of any such patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the product candidate unless we obtained a license or sublicense or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be held invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license or sublicense may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license or sublicense to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, our ability to commercialize our product candidates may be impaired or delayed, which could in turn significantly harm our business. Even if we obtain a license or sublicense, it may be nonexclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed or sublicensed to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, sublicense, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Parties making claims against us may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses or sublicenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license or sublicense would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses or sublicenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses or sublicenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly.

Third parties may assert that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

As is common in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, we collaborate with and/or employ and intend to collaborate with and/or employ individuals who were previously affiliated with universities or other biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies, including those that operate in the same indications we do. Although no claims against us are currently pending, and although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our Common Stock. This type of litigation or proceeding could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. We may be unable to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings as a result of our currently limited financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could adversely affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to develop any future product candidates on acceptable terms.

Because our programs may involve additional product candidates that may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights.

Our product candidates may also require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently and these rights may be held by others. We may develop products containing our drug substance and pre-existing biopharmaceutical compounds. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary or important to our business operations. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all, which would harm our business. We may need to cease use of the compositions or methods covered by such third-party intellectual property rights, and may need to seek to develop alternative approaches that do not infringe on such intellectual property rights which may entail additional costs and development delays, even if we were able to develop such alternatives, which may not be feasible. Even if we are able to obtain a license or sublicense, it may be nonexclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology.

Additionally, we currently collaborate and intend to continue collaborating with academic institutions to facilitate and/or complement our preclinical research and/or clinical development under written agreements with these institutions. In certain cases, these institutions may provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Regardless of such options, if we are granted one, we may be unable to negotiate a license within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to others, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property or to maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of such program and our business and financial condition could suffer.

The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and institutions, which may be more established, or have greater resources than we do, may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive in order to commercialize our product candidates. More established institutions may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete such negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property surrounding the additional product candidates that we may seek to acquire.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our product discovery and development efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation, inter partes review, post grant review, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. We may be exposed to, or threatened with, future litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that our product candidates and/or proprietary technologies infringe their intellectual property rights. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing our product candidates. As the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. Moreover, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of drugs, products or their methods of use or manufacture. Thus, because of the large number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our fields, there may be a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our product candidates, technologies or methods.

If a third party claims that we infringe its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our current or future licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our patents is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question or for other reasons. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business.

We may choose to challenge the patentability of claims in a third-party’s U.S. patent by requesting that the USPTO review the patent claims in an ex-parte re-examination, inter partes review or post-grant review proceedings. These proceedings are expensive and may consume our time or other resources. We may choose to challenge a third-party’s patent in patent opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, or EPO, or other foreign patent office. The costs of these opposition proceedings could be substantial, and may consume our time or other resources. If we fail to obtain a favorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office then we may be exposed to litigation by a third-party alleging that the patent may be infringed by our product candidates or proprietary technologies.

In addition, because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, and publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our owned and in-licensed issued patents or our pending applications, or that we or, if applicable, a licensor were the first to invent the technology. Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering our products or technology similar to ours. Any such patent application may have priority over our owned and in-licensed patent applications or patents, which could require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies. If another party has filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to those owned by or in-licensed to us, we or, in the case of in-licensed technology, the licensor may have to participate in an interference or derivation proceeding declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention in the United States. If we or one of our licensors is a party to an interference or derivation proceeding involving a U.S. patent application on inventions owned by or in-licensed to us, we may incur substantial costs, divert management’s time and expend other resources, even if we are successful.

Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could result in a loss of our current patent rights and could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or if a nonexclusive license is offered and our competitors gain access to the same technology. Litigation or interference proceedings may result in a decision adverse to our interests and, even if we are successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our trade secrets or confidential information, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application process and following the issuance of a patent. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In certain circumstances, even inadvertent noncompliance events may permanently and irrevocably jeopardize patent rights. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any of our patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or the USPTO.

If we or one of our licensors initiate legal proceedings against a third-party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate, as applicable, is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous grounds upon which a third-party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, inter partes review, post grant review, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our product candidates. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we, our patent counsel and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, or if we are otherwise unable to adequately protect our rights, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to commercialize or license our technology and product candidates.

Likewise, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions, our current sublicensed patents sublicensed from Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital may expire before, or soon after, our first product achieves marketing approval in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. Upon the expiration of our current patents, we may lose the right to exclude others from practicing these inventions. The expiration of these patents could also have a similar material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We also have rights to pending patent applications covering our proprietary technologies or our product candidates, but we cannot be assured that the USPTO or relevant foreign patent offices will grant any of these patent applications.

Changes in patent law in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. On March 16, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in September 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO on or after March 16, 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter-partes review, and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of biopharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.

We have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

We have limited intellectual property rights outside the United States. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of, and may require a compulsory license to, patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products against third parties in violation of our proprietary rights generally. The initiation of proceedings by third parties to challenge the scope or validity of our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions such as patent term adjustments and/or extensions, may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using these names, which we need for name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, could adversely impact our business, including our preclinical studies and clinical trials.

In December 2019, a novel strain of the coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was identified in Wuhan, China. This virus continues to spread globally and has spread to a number of countries globally, including the United States. The outbreak and government measures taken in response have also had a significant impact, both direct and indirect, on businesses and commerce, as worker shortages have occurred; supply chains have been disrupted; facilities and production have been suspended; and demand for certain goods and services, such as medical services and supplies, has spiked, while demand for other goods and services, such as travel, has fallen. In response to the spread of COVID-19, we have closed our executive offices with our administrative employees continuing their work outside of our offices and limited the number of staff in any given research and development laboratory. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, including:

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the outbreak impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such a material system failure, accident or security breach could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from an of our clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Additionally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been a number of security breaches relating to companies providing or developing treatments or vaccines related to COVID-19. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed.

We could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or intentional or accidental release or loss of information maintained in the information systems and networks of our company and our vendors, including personal information of our employees and study subjects, and company and vendor confidential data. In addition, outside parties may attempt to penetrate our systems or those of our vendors or fraudulently induce our personnel or the personnel of our vendors to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data and/or systems. We may experience threats to our data and systems, including malicious codes and viruses, phishing and other cyberattack. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. If a material breach of, or accidental or intentional loss of data from, our information technology systems or those of our vendors occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and our reputation and credibility could be damaged. We could be required to expend significant amounts of money and other resources to repair or replace information systems or networks. In addition, we could be subject to regulatory actions and/or claims made by individuals and groups in private litigation involving privacy issues related to data collection and use practices and other data privacy laws and regulations, including claims for misuse or inappropriate disclosure of data, as well as unfair or deceptive practices. The development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As we outsource more of our information systems to vendors, engage in more electronic transactions with payors and patients, and rely more on cloud-based information systems, the related security risks will increase and we will need to expend additional resources to protect our technology and information systems. In addition, there can be no assurance that our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party contractors, or our consultants’ efforts to implement adequate security and control measures, will be sufficient to protect us against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, security breach, industrial espionage attacks or insider threat attacks which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by earthquakes or other natural disasters, as well as occurrences of civil unrest, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster, including earthquakes, outbreak of disease or other natural disasters and civil unrest.

Our operations may be adversely affected by fire, climate events, or other manmade or natural disasters or incidents, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster or event. Such incidents or events may result in us being unable to fully utilize our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or of our collaborators, and thus may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to operate our business, particularly on a daily basis, and may have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating conditions. Loss of access to these facilities may result in increased costs, delays in the development of our product candidates or interruption of our business operations. Natural or manmade disasters could further disrupt our operations, and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage, fire or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our critical infrastructure, such as our research facilities or the research or manufacturing facilities of our third-party collaborators, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time.

Our disaster recovery and business continuity plans may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery, insurance coverage, and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could adversely affect our operations.

As of June 15, 2023, we had nine full-time employees. As our clinical development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, and as we transition into operating as a public company, we will need to expand our managerial, clinical, regulatory, sales, marketing, financial, development, manufacturing and legal capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic collaborators, suppliers and other third parties. Our future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

Our ability to continue to develop and, if approved, commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. Our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including contract manufacturers and companies focused on research and development and discovery activities. There can be no assurance that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality, accuracy or quantity of the services provided is compromised for any reason, our pre-clinical and clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain, or may be substantially delayed in obtaining, regulatory approval of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

We may acquire additional technology and complementary businesses in the future. Acquisitions involve many risks, any of which could materially harm our business, including the diversion of management’s attention from core business concerns, failure to effectively exploit acquired technologies, failure to successfully integrate the acquired business or realize expected synergies or the loss of key employees from either our business or the acquired businesses.

The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this registration statement may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our business may not grow at similar rates, or at all.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this registration statement are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates which may not prove to be accurate. The estimates and forecasts included in this registration statement relating to size and expected growth of our target market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecasts included in this registration statement, our business may not grow at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties.

We may engage in strategic transactions, which could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses, and present significant distractions to our management.

We may consider engaging in a variety of different business arrangements, including mergers and acquisitions, spin-outs, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, co-marketing, co-promotion, distributorships, development and co-development, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments on a global basis. Any such transaction(s) may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near- and long-term expenditures, grow and expand rapidly putting pressure on current resources and capabilities, and may pose significant integration challenges or disrupt our management or business, which could adversely affect our operations and financial results. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any transactions of the nature described above, and any transaction that we do complete could expose us to liability, delays, and implementation obstacles that could harm our business, financial condition, operating results, and prospects. We have no current commitment or obligation to enter into any transaction described above other than ones to which we are already committed.

If we lose key management or scientific personnel, or if we fail to recruit additional highly skilled personnel, our ability to develop current product candidates or identify and develop new product candidates will be impaired, could result in loss of markets or market share and could make us less competitive.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. We are highly dependent on our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Elizabeth Ng, MBA and our Executive Vice President, Head of External Innovation and Academic Partnerships, Daniel Behr, MBA and our scientific and medical personnel, including Dr. Elias and Dr. Kurtis. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers, other key employees, and other scientific and medical advisors, and our inability to find suitable replacements could result in delays in product development and harm our business.

To induce valuable employees to remain at our company, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we intend to provide restricted stock awards and stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of restricted stock awards and stock options that vest over time may be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control, and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific and development teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. Our key employees are at-will employees, which means that any of our employees could leave our employment at any time, with or without notice. In addition, we do not maintain key person insurance. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level and senior scientific and medical personnel.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, collaborators and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, collaborators and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct that fails to comply with the laws of the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws, or report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our potential exposure under such laws will increase significantly, and our costs associated with compliance with such laws will also increase. These laws may impact, among other things, our current activities with principal investigators and research patients, as well as proposed and future sales, marketing and education programs. We adopted a code of ethical business conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and the curtailment of our operations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain tax credit carryforwards may be subject to limitation.

We may from time to time generate net operating loss carryforwards that would be available to reduce future U.S. federal and state taxable income. Certain of these carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely for U.S. federal tax purposes. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use all or a portion of these net operating loss carryforwards before their expiration or at all. Under legislative changes made in December 2017, U.S. federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but may only offset 80% of our taxable income in any given year. In addition, our net operating loss carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the IRS, and state tax authorities. The federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and certain other attributes, such as research tax credits, may be subject to significant limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), respectively, and similar provisions of U.S. state law. Under those sections of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change attributes to offset its post-change income or tax may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” would occur if the percentage of our equity interests held by one or more of our “5-percent shareholders” (as such term is used in Section 382 of the Code) increased by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of our equity held by such 5-percent shareholders at any time during the relevant testing period (usually three years). Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of future ownership changes.

We identified a material weakness in Legacy Ocean’s internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of this material weakness is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations.

In connection with Legacy Ocean’s preparation and the audits of its financial statements as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, Legacy Ocean identified a material weakness as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) in its internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Specifically, Legacy Ocean’s material weakness was that its management does not have adequate staffing in its accounting department and has not yet designed and implemented the appropriate processes and internal controls to support accurate and timely financial reporting.

Legacy Ocean is working to remediate the material weakness and is taking steps to strengthen its internal control over financial reporting such as Legacy Ocean’s hiring of Gurinder Kalra as its Chief Financial Officer in the first quarter of 2021, and he is now serving as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, Legacy Ocean and the Company plan to further develop and implement formal policies, processes and documentation procedures relating to financial reporting, including the oversight of third-party service providers. The actions that Legacy Ocean and the Company are taking are subject to ongoing executive management review. If Legacy Ocean and the Company are unable to successfully remediate the material weakness, or if in the future, we identify further material weaknesses in our or Legacy Ocean’s internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis, and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we or Legacy Ocean have effective internal control over financial reporting, which could harm our operating results, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and cause the trading price of our stock to fall. In addition, as a public company, we will be required to file accurate and timely quarterly and annual reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Any failure to report our financial results on an accurate and timely basis could result in sanctions, lawsuits, delisting of our shares from Nasdaq or other adverse consequences that would materially harm our business. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, and other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation and our financial condition, or divert financial and management resources from our core business.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has not performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, because no such evaluation has been required. Had an independent registered public accounting firm performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional material weaknesses might have been identified.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404, or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404, however they will not be required to do so for so long as we are an EGC. We could be an EGC for up to five years. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting could lead to restatements of our financial statements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to certain reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Risks Related to Marketing, Reimbursement, Healthcare Regulations and Ongoing Government Regulatory Compliance

Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product candidates, if approved, which could make it difficult for us to sell any product candidates profitably.

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. In the United States, sales of any products for which we may receive regulatory marketing approval will depend, in part, on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors. Third-party payors include government authorities such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, and the Veterans Administration, managed care providers, private health insurers, and other organizations. Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Coverage and adequate reimbursement from governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and commercial payors are critical to new product acceptance. Patients are unlikely to use our product candidates unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for, or accurately estimate the potential revenue from, our product candidates or assure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we may develop.

Government authorities and other third-party payors decide which drugs and treatments they will cover and the amount of reimbursement. Coverage and reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors. As a result, obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to each payor supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products on a payor-by-payor basis, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product, the resulting reimbursement payment rates might not be adequate for us to achieve or sustain profitability or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Additionally, third-party payors may not cover, or provide adequate reimbursement for, long-term follow-up evaluations required following the use of product candidates, once approved. It is difficult to predict what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved.

Changes to currently applicable laws and state and federal healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used.

Our relationships with healthcare providers and physicians and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of biopharmaceutical products. Arrangements with third-party payors, health care providers and customers can expose biopharmaceutical manufacturers to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, or AKS, and the federal False Claims Act, or FCA, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which such companies sell, market and distribute biopharmaceutical products. In particular, the research of our product candidates, as well as the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

The distribution of biopharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of biopharmaceutical products.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Ensuring business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert a company’s attention from the business.

It is possible that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law interpreting applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, reputational harm, possible exclusion from participation in federal and state funded healthcare programs, contractual damages and the curtailment or restricting of our operations, as well as additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws. Further, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Any action for violation of these laws, even if successfully defended, could cause a biopharmaceutical manufacturer to incur significant legal expenses and divert management’s attention from the operation of the business. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future marketed products could materially affect business in an adverse way.

Even if we receive regulatory approval of any product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates.

If any of our product candidates are approved, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies and submission of safety, efficacy and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. In addition, we will be subject to continued compliance with cGMP and GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.

Manufacturers and their facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authority requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP regulations. As such, we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with cGMP and adherence to commitments made in any marketing application, and previous responses to inspection observations. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The FDA may also require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, as a condition of approval of our product candidates, which could entail requirements for long-term patient follow-up, a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools.

The FDA may impose consent decrees or withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our product candidates, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

The FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the post-approval marketing, labeling, advertising, and promotion of products that are placed on the market. The FDA and other regulatory agencies impose stringent restrictions on sponsors’ communications regarding off-label use. Products may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is not inconsistent with the labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. Violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, and equivalent legislation in other countries relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription products may also lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state and other countries’ health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws. Even if it is later determined we were not in violation of these laws, we may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending our actions and have to divert significant management resources from other matters. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Ongoing healthcare legislative and regulatory reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing and distribution arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or ACA, was passed, which substantially changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacted the U.S. biopharmaceutical industry. The ACA, among other things, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extended the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, established annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, and created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% (increased pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or BBA, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Various portions of the ACA are currently undergoing legal and constitutional challenges in the United States Supreme Court. It is unclear how such litigation and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA and our business. In addition, the former Trump administration issued various Executive Orders which eliminated cost sharing subsidies and various provisions that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. Additionally, Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA. It is unclear whether the ACA will be overturned, repealed, replaced, or further amended. We cannot predict what affect further changes to the ACA would have on our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. The Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach the required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year. These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2030, unless additional congressional action is taken. However, these Medicare sequester reductions have been suspended multiple times. Most recently, the Protecting Medicare and American Farmers from Sequester Cuts Act impacts payments for all Medicare Fee for Services claims as follows: no payment adjustment through March 31, 2022; 1% payment adjustment April 1 - June 30, 2022; and 2% payment adjustment beginning July 1, 2022. The sequester may be delayed by future legislation. The BBA also amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, by increasing the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and closing the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs.

At the federal level, the former Trump administration’s budget for fiscal year 2021 included a $135 billion allowance to support legislative proposals seeking to reduce drug prices, increase competition, lower out-of-pocket drug costs for patients, and increase patient access to lower-cost generic and biosimilar drugs. On March 10, 2020, the former Trump administration sent “principles” for drug pricing to Congress, calling for legislation that would, among other things, cap Medicare Part D beneficiary out-of-pocket pharmacy expenses, provide an option to cap Medicare Part D beneficiary monthly out-of-pocket expenses, and place limits on pharmaceutical price increases. The former Trump administration previously released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contained proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers.

On November 30, 2020, HHS issued regulations excluding from the definition of a “discount” eligible for Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbor protection certain reductions in price or other remuneration from a manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical products to plan sponsors under Medicare Part D or pharmacy benefit managers under contract with them, modifying the existing discount safe harbor in particular contexts; and creating safe harbors for certain point-of-sale reductions in price on prescription pharmaceutical products and for certain PBM service fees. Following a lawsuit brought by the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association, the Biden Administration delayed the rule’s effective date to January 1, 2023. Subsequently, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, signed by President Biden on November 15, 2021, has further delayed implementation to January 2026.

On September 24, 2020, HHS and FDA issued a final rule under Section 804 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act allowing commercial importation of certain prescription drugs from Canada without the manufacturer’s authorization. The validity final rule has been challenged in federal court by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the Partnership for Safe Medicines and the Council for Affordable Health Coverage.

On November 20, 2020, CMS announced a new payment model, the Most Favored Nation Model and issued a corresponding interim final rule, intended to lower prescription drug costs by paying no more for high-cost Medicare Part B drugs and biologicals than the lowest price that drug manufacturers receive in other similar countries. The interim rule was enjoined on December 29, 2020 and withdrawn by CMS on December 27, 2021.

On November 20, 2020, CMS and the HHS Office of the Inspector General issued two final rules implementing changes to the Physician Self-Referral Law, or Stark Law, and the Anti-Kickback Statute. These new rules codify new value-based exceptions and safe harbors to the Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute, as well as offer additional clarification in the form of updated definitions. We continue to analyze and monitor the potential impact of these new and amended exceptions and safe harbors.

On December 23, 2020, the Health Resources and Services Administration issued a final rule requiring federally qualified health centers in the 340B Drug Pricing Program to pass drug discounts on to certain low-income patients as a condition of receiving federal grant funding.

HHS has solicited feedback on some of these measures and has implemented others under its existing authority. For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule that would allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a type of prior authorization, for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019. Although a number of these and other measures may require additional authorization to become effective, Congress has indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative measures to control drug costs. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. In addition, individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Further, on May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

In November 2021, the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, the Treasury, and the Office of Personnel Management proposed rules under the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 requiring health plans, health insurance issuers offering group or individual health insurance coverage, and health benefits plans offered to federal employees to submit key drug pricing data with a goal of increasing transparency of drug cost, with the ultimate goal of promoting competition and bringing down overall health care costs.

On August 16, 2022 the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed, which among other things, allows for CMS to negotiate prices for certain single-source drugs and biologics reimbursed under Medicare Part B and Part D, beginning with ten high-cost drugs paid for by Medicare Part D starting in 2026, followed by 15 Part D drugs in 2027, 15 Part B or Part D drugs in 2028, and 20 Part B or Part D drugs in 2029 and beyond. The legislation subjects drug manufacturers to civil monetary penalties and a potential excise tax for failing to comply with the legislation by offering a price that is not equal to or less than the negotiated “maximum fair price” under the law or for taking price increases that exceed inflation. The legislation also caps Medicare beneficiaries’ annual out-of-pocket drug expenses at $2,000. The effect of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 on our business and the healthcare industry in general is not yet known.

At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control biopharmaceutical and biologic product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

These laws, and future state and federal healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future, any of which may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used. Additionally, we expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any future approved product candidates due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, cost containment initiatives and additional legislative changes.

Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, passage of federal FDA user fee legislation every five years, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, public health emergencies, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times, and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.

Among other matters, U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations, which are collectively referred to as Trade Laws, prohibit companies and their employees, agents, clinical research organizations, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of Trade Laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We also expect our non-U.S. activities to increase in time. We plan to engage third parties for clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents, or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials, including the components of our product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts, and business operations, and cause environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by us and our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources, and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of specified materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage.

Compliance with governmental regulations regarding the treatment of animals used in research could increase our operating costs, which would adversely affect the commercialization of our products.

The Animal Welfare Act, or AWA, is the federal law that covers the treatment of certain animals used in research. Currently, the AWA imposes a wide variety of specific regulations that govern the humane handling, care, treatment and transportation of certain animals by producers and users of research animals, most notably relating to personnel, facilities, sanitation, cage size, and feeding, watering and shipping conditions. Third parties with whom we contract are subject to registration, inspections and reporting requirements under the AWA. Furthermore, some states have their own regulations, including general anti-cruelty legislation, which establish certain standards in handling animals. Comparable rules, regulations, and or obligations exist in many foreign jurisdictions. If we or our contractors fail to comply with regulations concerning the treatment of animals used in research, we may be subject to fines and penalties and adverse publicity, and our operations could be adversely affected.

Even if we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates, we may never obtain approval or commercialize such products outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.

In order to market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approvals could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and may require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which would be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. Satisfying these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. In addition, our failure to obtain regulatory approval in any country may delay or have negative effects on the process for regulatory approval in other countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be harmed.

EU drug marketing and reimbursement regulations may materially affect our ability to market and receive coverage for our products in the European member states.

We intend to seek approval to market our product candidates in both the United States and in selected foreign jurisdictions. If we obtain approval in one or more foreign jurisdictions for our product candidates, we will be subject to rules and regulations in those jurisdictions. In some foreign countries, particularly those in the EU, the pricing of drugs is subject to governmental control and other market regulations which could put pressure on the pricing and usage of our product candidates. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after obtaining marketing approval of a product candidate. In addition, market acceptance and sales of our product candidates will depend significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for our product candidates and may be affected by existing and future health care reform measures.

Much like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibition in the United States, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is also prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages to induce or reward improper performance generally is governed by the national anti-bribery laws of EU Member States, and in respect of the U.K. (which is longer a member of the EU), the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. EU Directive 2001/83/EC, which is the EU Directive governing medicinal products for human use, provides that, where medicinal products are being promoted to persons qualified to prescribe or supply them, no gifts, pecuniary advantages or benefits in kind may be supplier, offered or promised to such persons unless they are inexpensive and relevant to the practice of medicine or pharmacy. Breach of this provision is an offence under the Human Medicines Regulations 2012, which is the national implementing legislation of Directive 2001/83/EC in the U.K.

Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or her competent professional organization and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

In addition, in most foreign countries, including those in the European Economic Area, or EEA, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Reference pricing used by various EU member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. In some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of any of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for biopharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the United States and generally prices tend to be significantly lower. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels or if reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, our revenues from sales and the potential profitability of any of our product candidates in those countries would be negatively affected.

We may incur substantial costs in our efforts to comply with evolving global data protection laws and regulations, and any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations may harm our business and operations.

The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we may be or become subject to or affected by numerous federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, as well as regulatory guidance, governing the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, security and processing of personal data, such as information that we collect about participants and healthcare providers (including information relating to their representatives) in connection with clinical trials. Processing of personal data, including health related information, is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world, including General Data Protection Regulation, (EU) 2016/679, or GDPR, and each of the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, in the United States, among many others. Our regulatory obligations in foreign jurisdictions could harm the use or cost of our solution in international locations as data protection and privacy laws and regulations around the world continue to evolve. Implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, which may create uncertainty in our business, affect our or our service providers’ ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to collect, store, transfer use and share personal data, result in liability or impose additional compliance or other costs on us. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state, or foreign laws or self-regulatory standards could result in negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others.

Recently, the CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020 and provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies, which may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA (a) allows enforcement by the California Attorney General, with fines set at $2,500 per violation (i.e., per person) or $7,500 per intentional violation and (b) authorizes private lawsuits to recover statutory damages for certain data breaches. Additionally, on November 3, 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act or CPRA ballot initiative. The CPRA, which will come into effect on January 1, 2023, will significantly modify the CCPA and expand the privacy rights of California residents. We cannot yet predict the impact of the CPRA on our business or operations, but it may require us to incur additional costs and expenses. While there is currently an exception for protected health information that is subject to HIPAA and clinical trial regulations, as currently written, the CCPA may impact certain of our business activities. The new California law may lead to similar laws in other U.S. states or at a national level, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

In addition to our operations in the United States, which may be subject to healthcare and other laws relating to the privacy and security of health information and other personal information, may seek to conduct clinical trials in EEA and may become subject to additional European data privacy laws, regulations and guidelines. The GDPR, became effective on May 25, 2018, and deals with the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data, including personal health data, regarding individuals in the EEA. The GDPR has extra-territorial application and applies not only to organizations with a presence in the EU or the UK but also to businesses based outside the EU or the UK that carry out processing that is related to (i) an offer of goods or services to individuals in the EU or the UK, or (ii) the monitoring of their behavior so long as this takes place in the EU or the UK, even if the data is stored outside the EU or the UK. Running clinical trials involving participants in the EU or the UK and processing personal data in the context of that activity will trigger the application of the GDPR. The GDPR imposes a broad range of strict requirements on companies subject to the GDPR, including requirements relating to having legal bases for processing personal information relating to identifiable individuals and restrictions on cross-border data transfers unless a legal mechanism as set out in the GDPR can be relied on, such as transferring such information outside the EEA, including to the United States, (as detailed further below) providing details to those individuals regarding the processing of their personal health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, keeping personal information secure, having data processing agreements with third parties who process personal information, responding to individuals’ requests to exercise their rights in respect of their personal information, reporting security breaches involving personal data to the competent national data protection authority and affected individuals, appointing data protection officers, conducting data protection impact assessments, and record-keeping.

The EU and UK may introduce further conditions, including limitations which could limit our ability to collect, use and share personal data (including health and medical information), or could cause our compliance costs to increase. In addition, the GDPR imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the EU/UK to third countries deemed to lack adequate privacy protections (including the United States), unless an appropriate safeguard specified by the GDPR is implemented, such as the Standard Contractual Clauses, or SCCs, approved by the European Commission, or a derogation applies. The Court of Justice of the European Union, or CJEU, recently deemed that the SCCs are valid. However, the CJEU ruled that transfers made pursuant to the SCCs and other alternative transfer mechanisms need to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis to ensure EU standards of data protection are met in the jurisdiction where the data importer is based, and there continue to be concerns about whether the SCCs and other mechanisms will face additional challenges. European regulators have issued recent guidance following the CJEU ruling that imposes significant new diligence requirements on transferring data outside the EEA, including under an approved transfer mechanism. This guidance requires an “essential equivalency” assessment of the laws of the destination country. If essentially equivalent protections are not available in the destination country, the exporting entity must then assess if supplemental measures can be put in place that, in combination with the chosen transfer mechanism, would address the deficiency in the laws and ensure that essentially equivalent protection can be given to the data. Complying with this guidance will be expensive and time consuming and may ultimately prevent us from transferring personal data outside the EEA, which would cause significant business disruption. Until the legal uncertainties regarding how to legally continue transfers pursuant to the SCCs and other mechanisms are settled, we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with our obligations under the GDPR will be sufficient. This and other future developments regarding the flow of data across borders could increase the complexity of transferring personal data across borders in some markets and may lead to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

In addition, following the UK’s exit from the European Union, or Brexit, on January 31, 2020 and the transition period through December 31, 2020 during which the GDPR continued to apply in the UK, on January 1, 2021, the GDPR was brought into UK law as the ‘UK GDPR.’ On June 28, 2021, the EU Commission adopted two adequacy decisions for the UK, which enabled the free flow of data from the EU to the UK, where the level of data protection is essentially the same as that guaranteed under EU law. Nonetheless, there may be further developments about the regulation of particular issues such as UK-EU data transfers that may require us to take steps to ensure the lawfulness of our data transfers.

The GDPR increases substantially the penalties to which we could be subject in the event of any non-compliance, including fines of up to 10,000,000 Euros or up to 2% of our total worldwide annual turnover for certain comparatively minor offenses, or up to 20,000,000 Euros or up to 4% of our total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is greater, for more serious offenses. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. The GDPR also introduces the right for non-profit organizations to bring claims on behalf of data subjects.

Further, national laws of member states of the EU are in the process of being adapted to the requirements under the GDPR, thereby implementing national laws which may partially deviate from the GDPR and impose different obligations from country to country, so that we do not expect to operate in a uniform legal landscape in the EEA. Also, as it relates to processing and transfer of genetic data, the GDPR specifically allows national laws to impose additional and more specific requirements or restrictions, and European laws have historically differed quite substantially in this field, leading to additional uncertainty. The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the EU, often referred to as Brexit, has created uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the United Kingdom. In particular, it is unclear how data transfers to and from the United Kingdom will be regulated now that the United Kingdom has left the EU.

In the event we commence clinical trials in the EEA, the GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms and safeguards to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by individual countries. Compliance with the GDPR will be a rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices, and despite those efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation, and reputational harm in connection with our European activities, as well as materially and adversely affecting our operations and business performance. We expect that we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with any obligations under European privacy laws will be sufficient. If we are investigated by a European data protection authority, we may face fines and other penalties. Any such investigation or charges by European data protection authorities could have a negative effect on our existing business and on our ability to attract and retain new clients or biopharmaceutical partners. We may also experience hesitancy, reluctance, or refusal by European or multi-national clients or biopharmaceutical partners to continue to use our products and solutions due to the potential risk exposure as a result of the current (and, in particular, future) data protection obligations imposed on them by certain data protection authorities in interpretation of current law, including the GDPR. Such clients or biopharmaceutical partners may also view any alternative approaches to compliance as being too costly, too burdensome, too legally uncertain, or otherwise objectionable and therefore decide not to do business with us. Any of the forgoing could materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Additional laws and regulations governing international operations could negatively impact or restrict our operations.

If we expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business entity from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the biopharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals and healthcare providers in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information products classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products, technology and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, it will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.

There is a limited public market for our Common Stock and Warrants, the stock price of our Common Stock and Warrants may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance and you may not be able to resell your Common Stock or Warrants at or above price you paid for them.

There is a limited public market for our Common Stock and Warrants. You may not be able to sell your shares or Warrants quickly or at the market price if trading in our Common Stock or Warrants is not active. An active or liquid market in Common Stock and Warrants may not develop or, if it does develop, it may not be sustainable. As a result of these and other factors, you may be unable to resell your shares of our Common Stock or Warrants at or above price you paid for them.

Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our Common Stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic collaborations or acquire companies or products by using our shares of Common Stock as consideration.

The price of our Common Stock and Warrants may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our Common Stock and Warrants may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this registration statement, these factors include:

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors, as well as local or global socio-economic and political factors, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. If the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants does not exceed the price you paid for them, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

We are “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq rules and the rules of the SEC. As a result, we qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

Poseidon Bio, LLC owns a majority of our outstanding Common Stock. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

We currently rely on these exemptions. If we continue to utilize such exemptions available to controlled companies, we may not have a majority of independent directors, our nominations committee and compensation committee may not consist entirely of independent directors and such committees may not be subject to annual performance evaluations. Accordingly, under these circumstances, you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, future debt or other financing arrangements may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our Common Stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our Common Stock and are able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors and their affiliates and our principal stockholders beneficially hold, in the aggregate, approximately 73.5% of our outstanding voting stock. These stockholders, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders would be able to significantly influence elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our Common Stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans, employee stock purchase plan or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.

We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors, and consultants under our stock incentive plans and employee stock purchase plan. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products, or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock, including as a result of the exercise of any warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Common Stock to decline.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will devote substantial time to compliance with its public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that Legacy Ocean did not incur as a private company, and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial reporting controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. EGCs are permitted to implement many of these requirements over a longer period. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have an adverse effect on our business. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

Most of the members of our management team have limited to no experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team has not worked together at prior companies that were publicly traded. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage their new roles and responsibilities. Our transition to being a public company has subjected us to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Amended Certificate requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, as applicable, against their respective directors, officers, other employees or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware, which may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, as applicable.

Pursuant to the Company’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Amended Certificate”), unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty or other wrongdoing by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the Amended Certificate and Ocean Bylaws; (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the Amended Certificate and Ocean Bylaws; or (v) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein, or the Delaware forum provision. This exclusive forum provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternate forum, the United States District Courts shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the federal forum provision, as our principal office is located in Providence, Rhode Island. In addition, the Amended Certificate, provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our Common Stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware forum provision and the federal forum provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The Delaware forum provision and the federal forum provision may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert the provision is not enforceable and may impose more general additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. In addition, these forum selection clauses in the Amended Certificate may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our federal forum provision. If the federal forum provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The federal forum provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Courts may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. As noted above, the Amended Certificate provides that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act. Due to the concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts created by Section 22 of the Securities Act over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce the exclusive forum provision. Investors also cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in the Amended Certificate and the Ocean Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

The Amended Certificate and the Ocean Bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:

The Amended Certificate contains a prohibition on us engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date the person becomes an interested stockholder unless (i) approved by the Board prior to the person becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the company at the time the transaction commenced or (iii) the transaction was approved by the Board and at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding stock of the company was not owned by the interested stockholder. An interested stockholder includes persons owning 15% or more of the company’s voting stock.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in the Amended Certificate and the Ocean Bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline. See “Description of Securities — Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law and the Amended Certificate and Ocean Bylaws.”

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

The Amended Certificate and Ocean Bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, the Amended Certificate, Ocean Bylaws and the indemnification agreements that we entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock and Warrants is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, market or competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, our share price and trading volume would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our Common Stock or Warrants adversely or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of shares of our Common Stock and Warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on it, our Common Stock and Warrants could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price or trading volume of our Common Stock and Warrants to decline.

Future issuances of debt securities and equity securities may adversely affect us, including the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants and may be dilutive to existing stockholders.

In the future, we may incur debt or issue equity ranking senior to our Common Stock. Those securities will generally have priority upon liquidation. Such securities also may be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our Common Stock. Because our decision to issue debt or equity in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts. As a result, future capital raising efforts may reduce the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants and be dilutive to existing stockholders.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq. Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in a delisting of our Common Stock and Warrants.

Following the Business Combination, our Common Stock and the warrants originally issued in connection with the initial public offering of the Company (the “Aesther IPO”) as part of the Company’s units at a price of $10.00 per unit (the “Public Warrants”) were listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “OCEA” and “OCEAW,” respectively. If we are not able to comply with the continued listing standard of Nasdaq, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including, but not limited to:

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Since our Common Stock and Warrants are listed on Nasdaq, they are covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if our securities were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our securities. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of the securities and would impair your ability to sell or purchase the securities when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by it to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our securities to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our securities from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements. Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on any of the markets offered by OTC Markets Group Inc., the liquidity and price of these securities may be more limited than if they were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. Our securityholders may be unable to sell their securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

An active market for our securities may not develop, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price our securities.

The price of our securities may vary significantly due to factors specific to us as well as to general market or economic conditions. Furthermore, an active trading market for our securities may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. Holders of our securities may be unable to sell their securities unless a market can be established and sustained.

The market price of our securities may decline as a result market factors.

Fluctuations in the price of our securities could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment. If an active market for our securities develops and continues, the trading price of our securities could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on your investment in our securities and our securities may trade at prices significantly below the price you paid for our securities. In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

The market price of our securities may decline as a result for a number of other reasons including:

Sales of a substantial number of our securities in the public market by the Selling Securityholder and/or by our existing securityholders could cause the price of our shares of Common Stock and Warrants to fall.

This prospectus relates to the offer and resale from time to time by the selling securityholder (including its transferees, donees, pledgees and other successors-in-interest) named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholder”) of up to 28,168,096 shares of our Common Stock, consisting of: (i) up to 26,196,162 shares of our Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”) underlying a series of senior secured convertible notes issued or that may be issued (the “Notes”), in the aggregate principal amount of $27,000,000, which shares represent 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes, and (ii) up to 1,971,934 shares of our Common Stock (the “Warrant Shares” and, together with the Conversion Shares, the “Shares”) issuable upon exercise of a warrant (the “Ayrton Warrant”), which was issued on May 25, 2023, in a private placement to the Selling Securityholder, which shares represent 100% of the maximum number of shares potentially issuable upon exercise of the Ayrton Warrant. We are required to obtain majority stockholder approval to permit the issuance of 20% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock (the “Stockholder Approval”) and we intend to seek stockholder approval at a special meeting of stockholders. Prior to obtaining Stockholder Approval, the Selling Securityholder may only convert up to 6,782,544 of the Shares underlying the Notes pursuant to this prospectus.

The sale of all or a portion of the securities being offered in this prospectus could result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our securities. Despite such a decline in the public trading price, the Selling Securityholder may still experience a positive rate of return on the securities it may obtain due to the price at which such Selling Securityholder initially obtains the securities. See “Certain existing stockholders purchased our securities at a price below the current trading price of such securities, and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price” below.

Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock and/or Warrants in the public market by the Selling Securityholder and/or by our other existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock and Warrants and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Certain existing stockholders purchased our securities at a price below the current trading price of such securities, and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price.

Certain of our securityholders acquired shares of our Common Stock or Warrants at prices below the current trading price of our Common Stock, and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price. Such securityholders may be incentivized to sell their securities at prices below the prevailing trading price of such securities because the prices at which they acquired their shares may be lower than prevailing market prices and/or the prices at which public investors purchased our securities in the open market, and therefore such shareholders may generate positive rates of return on their investment that would not be available to public shareholders that acquired their securities at higher prices.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Common Stock to decline.

The sale of shares of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our Common Stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.

We have a total of 34,012,724 shares of Common Stock outstanding (excluding any outstanding Warrants) as of June 15, 2023. Shares held by our public stockholders are freely tradable without registration under the Securities Act, and without restriction, following the Closing, by persons other than our “affiliates” (as defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act, “Rule 144”), including our directors, executive officers and other affiliates.

In connection with the Business Combination, certain existing of our stockholders, who collectively own approximately 23,299,608 shares of our Common Stock following the Business Combination, have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of their shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Common Stock during the period from the date of the Closing and ending on the earlier of (x) six months from the Closing or (y) subsequent to the Closing, the date we consummate a liquidation, merger, share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction with an unaffiliated third party that results in all of our stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of our Common Stock for cash, securities or other property.

The Sponsor and its members have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to transfer their 2,625,000 shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock ending on the earlier of (i) one year from the Closing, (ii) if the reported last sale price of the Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, right issuances, reorganizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing, or (iii) the date on which the Company completes a liquidation, merger, capital stock exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of our stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Common Stock for cash, securities or other property.

In addition, the shares of our Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the 2022 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”) and 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to any applicable vesting requirements, lockup agreements and other restrictions imposed by law. The Incentive Plan and ESPP will initially reserve up to 6,540,000 shares of our Common Stock for issuance as awards in accordance with the terms of the Incentive Plan and ESPP. We expect to file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Common Stock issued pursuant to the Incentive Plan or the ESPP. Any such Form S-8 registration statements will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market. The initial registration statement on Form S-8 is expected to cover shares of our Common Stock.

In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of our Common Stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of the then-outstanding shares of our Common Stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as well as a “smaller reporting company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of our Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700,000,000 as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1,070,000,000 or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1,000,000,000 in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our Common Stock, as defined by the JOBS Act. Investors may find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of its reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for its securities and the trading prices of its securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We intend to take advantage of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Additionally, we qualify as a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company for so long as the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of its second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of its financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible.

The unaudited pro forma financial information included herein may not be indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations would have been.

The unaudited pro forma financial information included herein is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations would have been had the Business Combination been completed on the dates indicated. See the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information.

Following consummation of the Business Combination, we may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, or we may be subject to restructuring, impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and the price of our securities, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

Although we conducted due diligence on Legacy Ocean, this diligence may not surface all material issues that may be present with Legacy Ocean’s business. Factors outside of our and Legacy Ocean’s control may, at any time, arise. As a result of these factors, we may be forced to later write-down or write-off assets, restructure its operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in us reporting losses. Even if our due diligence successfully identified certain risks, unexpected risks may arise, and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and therefore not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that we report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to be unable to obtain future financing on favorable terms or at all.

We may redeem unexpired Public Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to the holders, thereby making your Public Warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem outstanding Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we give notice of redemption. If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise its redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants could force the holders (i) to exercise their Public Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for them to do so, (ii) to sell their Public Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Public Warrants or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Public Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of their Public Warrants. None of the warrants originally issued in a private placement at a price of $1.00 per warrant (the “Private Placement Warrants”) in connection with the Aesther IPO will be redeemable by us so long as they are held by their initial purchasers or their permitted transferees.

If we do not file and maintain a current and effective registration statement relating to the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, holders will only be able to exercise such warrants on a “cashless basis.”

If we do not file and maintain a current and effective prospectus relating to our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants at the time that holders wish to exercise such Warrants, they will only be able to exercise them on a “cashless basis” provided that an exemption from registration is available. As a result, the number of shares of our Common Stock that holders will receive upon exercise of the Warrants will be fewer than it would have been had such holder exercised its Warrant for cash. Further, if an exemption from registration is not available, holders would not be able to exercise on a cashless basis and would only be able to exercise their Warrants for cash if a current and effective registration statement relating to our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants is available. Under the terms of certain warrant agreements, we have agreed to use its best efforts to meet these conditions and to file and maintain a current and effective registration statement relating to our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants until the expiration of the Warrants. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so. If we are unable to do so, the potential “upside” of the holder’s investment in us may be reduced or the Warrants may expire worthless.

If the price of our Common Stock remains below the exercise price of the Warrants, warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their Warrants for cash, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us from such exercises.

Our Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for 5,411,000 shares of Common Stock at $11.50 per share and our Public Warrants are exercisable for 5,250,000 shares of Common Stock at $11.50 per shares. The Second Street Warrants are exercisable for 511,712 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share, 102,342 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share, 275,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.34 and 150,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The McKra Warrant is exercisable for 200,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.34 per share. The Special Forces Warrant is exercisable for 150,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Ayrton Warrant is exercisable for 552,141 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. On June 15, 2023, the closing price for our Common Stock was $5.17. If the price of our Common Stock remains below the exercise price of the Warrants, warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their Warrants for cash, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us from such exercises. We expect to use any proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate and working capital purposes, which would increase our liquidity. In order to fund planned operations while meeting obligations as they come due, we will need to secure additional debt or equity financing if substantial cash proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants are not received. Furthermore, to the extent that Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the Warrants will decrease. In order to fund planned operations while meeting obligations as they come due, we will need to secure additional debt or equity financing if substantial cash proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants are not received. There is no guarantee that the Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the Warrants may expire worthless.

The exercise price for our Public Warrants is higher than in many similar blank check company offerings in the past, and, accordingly, the Public Warrants are more likely to expire worthless.

The exercise price of our Public Warrants is higher than is typical with many similar blank check companies in the past. Historically, with regard to units offered by blank check companies, the exercise price of a public warrant was generally a fraction of the purchase price of the units in the initial public offering. The exercise price for our Public Warrants is $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as provided therein. As a result, the Public Warrants are less likely to ever be in the money and more likely to expire worthless.

The Warrants will become exercisable for our Common Stock, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

The Excise Tax included in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 may decrease the value of our securities or decrease the amount of funds available for distribution in connection with a liquidation.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IR Act”), which, among other things, imposes a 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including certain redemptions) of stock by publicly traded domestic (i.e., U.S.) corporations and certain domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporations (each, a “covered corporation”). The excise tax will apply to repurchases occurring in 2023 and beyond. The amount of the excise tax is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase. The U.S. Department of Treasury has authority to provide regulations and other guidance to carry out, and prevent the abuse or avoidance of, the excise tax. On December 27, 2022, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a notice that provides interim operating rules for the excise tax, including rules governing the calculation and reporting of the excise tax, on which taxpayers may rely until the forthcoming proposed Treasury regulations addressing the excise tax are published. Although such notice clarifies certain aspects of the excise tax, the interpretation and operation of other aspects of the excise tax remain unclear, and such interim operating rules are subject to change. Because Ocean Biomedical is a Delaware corporation and its securities are trading on Nasdaq, it is expected that Ocean Biomedical is a “covered corporation” for this purpose, and it is expected that Ocean Biomedical will be subject to the excise tax with respect to any redemptions of its shares in connection with the Business Combination that are treated as repurchases for this purpose.

The extent of the excise tax that may be incurred would depend on a number of factors, including (i) whether the redemption is treated as a repurchase of stock for purposes of the excise tax, (ii) the fair market value of the redemption treated as a repurchase of stock in connection with the Business Combination, (iii) the nature and amount of the equity issued in connection with the Business Combination, and (iv) the content of forthcoming regulations and other guidance from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Generally, issuances of stock by a repurchasing corporation in a year in which such corporation repurchases stock would reduce the amount of excise tax imposed with respect to such repurchase. The excise tax is imposed on the repurchasing corporation itself, not the shareholders from which shares are repurchased, and only limited guidance on the mechanics of any required reporting and payment of the excise tax on which taxpayers may rely has been issued to date. The imposition of the excise tax could reduce the amount of cash available to Ocean Biomedical to fund operations and to make distributions to shareholders.

If the number of securities redeemed exceeds the number of securities issued under the Business Combination Agreement, Backstop Agreement and Common Stock Purchase Agreement, however, the amount of excise tax could be substantial. Consequently, the value of your investment in our securities may decrease as a result of the excise tax.

We may be the target of securities class action and derivative lawsuits which could result in substantial costs.

Securities class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits are often brought against public companies that have entered into merger or business combination agreements. Additionally, our share price may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities litigation, including class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Even if the lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources. An adverse judgment could result in monetary damages, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial condition. We cannot predict whether any such lawsuits will be filed.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock by the Selling Securityholder pursuant to this prospectus. Any Shares sold under this prospectus will be sold or otherwise disposed of for the account of the Selling Securityholder, or its pledgees, assignees or successors-in-interest.

The Ayrton Warrant will not, upon effectiveness (and continued effectiveness) of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, be eligible for cashless exercise. There is no assurance that the Ayrton Warrant will ever be exercised for cash. However, assuming the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant for cash in full, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, the Selling Securityholder would pay us aggregate consideration of $6,349,621.50, for the issuance of shares of Common Stock thereunder. On June 15, 2023, the closing price for our Common Stock was $5.17. If the price of our Common Stock remains below the exercise price of the Ayrton Warrant, the holder likely will not exercise the Ayrton Warrant for cash, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us from such exercise. We expect to use any proceeds from the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant for general corporate and working capital purposes, which would increase our liquidity.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the future. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenue and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future.

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of Common Stock may be sold by the Selling Securityholder under this prospectus.

Our Common Stock and Public Warrants (which will include the Private Placement Warrants upon their resale pursuant to the Post-Closing Registration Statement or Rule 144 under the Securities Act) are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbols “OCEA” and “OCEAW,” respectively. Prior to the closing of the Business Combination, Aesther’s Class A common stock, public warrants, and public units were previously listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “AEHA” and “AEHAW,” “AEHAU,” respectively. The Company’s publicly traded units automatically separated into their component securities upon the closing of the Business Combination, and as a result, no longer trade as a separate security.

As of June 15, 2023, there were 59 holders of record of our Common Stock and 15 holders of record of our Public Warrants. The actual number of stockholders of our Common Stock and the actual number of holders of our Public Warrants is greater than the number of record holders and includes holders of our Common Stock or Public Warrants whose shares of Common Stock or Public Warrants are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. On June 15, 2023, the last reported closing sale prices of our Common Stock and Public Warrants were $5.17 and $0.2025, respectively.

We were originally incorporated in June 2021 as a Delaware corporation under the name “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” We were a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting an initial business combination with one or more target companies. On September 17, 2021 (the “IPO Closing Date”), we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO” or the “Public Offering”). On February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), we consummated the previously announced Business Combination (as defined in the section entitled “Prospectus Summary – The Business Combination”) pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, by and among the Company, Merger Sub, Sponsor, in its capacity as purchaser representative, Legacy Ocean, and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as seller representative. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Ocean, with Legacy Ocean continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, we changed our name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.”

We, Ocean Biomedical, are a biopharmaceutical company that seeks to bridge the “bench-to-bedside” gap between medical research discoveries and patient solutions. We do this by leveraging our strong relationships with research universities and medical centers to license their inventions and technologies with the goal of developing them into products that address diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We believe that our differentiated business model positions us to capture inventions created at these institutions that might otherwise fail to be commercialized to benefit patients. Our team of accomplished scientists, business professionals and entrepreneurs bring together the interdisciplinary expertise and resources required to develop and commercialize a diverse portfolio of assets. We are organized around a licensing and subsidiary structure that we believe will enable us to create mutual value for us and potential licensing partners. We believe this structure, combined with the networks of our leadership team, allows us to opportunistically build a continuous pipeline of promising product innovations through our existing and potential future relationships with research institutions. Our goal is to optimize value creation for each of our product candidates, and we intend to continuously assess the best pathway for each as it progresses through the preclinical and clinical development process—including through internal advancement, partnerships with established companies and spin-outs or initial public offerings—in order to benefit patients through the commercialization of these products. Our current active assets are licensed directly or indirectly from Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital. Our scientific co-founders and members of our board of directors, Dr. Jack A. Elias and Dr. Jonathan Kurtis, are both affiliated with Brown University and with Rhode Island Hospital.

Our pipeline consists of preclinical programs. We anticipate moving certain preclinical product candidates in our oncology, fibrosis and/or infectious disease platforms, all licensed exclusively from Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, into the clinic in the next 12 to 18 months.

Our programs in oncology and fibrosis are based on discoveries of disease pathways and of related drug targets emerging from pioneering work in the field of chitinase biology by our scientific co-founder and member of our board of directors, Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University.

In oncology, our product candidates are based on Dr. Elias’ findings that a protein called chitinase 3-like-1, or Chi3l1, is a key driver of multiple disease pathways, including those involved in primary and metastatic tumor development. In animal models of both lung cancer and glioblastoma, inhibition of Chi3l1 resulted in significant tumor reduction, and the reduction was even greater when the inhibition of Chi3l1 was combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are used as immuno-therapies to stimulate the body’s immune response against cancer. Neutralizing antibodies against Chi3l1 have been developed that are highly avid, specific, react with mouse, human and monkey Chi3l1 and are effectively expressed and humanized. We are developing a mono-specific antibody, or mAb, and two bi-specific monoclonal antibodies, or BsAbs, product candidates targeting Chi3l1 for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, which affects approximately 460,000 people in the United States, and of glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM, a usually lethal form of brain cancer that affects approximately 28,000 people in the United States. The median survival for individuals diagnosed with GBM is approximately 15 months and the five year survival rate is just 8% for those aged 45-54 and 5% for those aged 55-64.

Our product candidate in fibrosis is based on a drug target investigated by Dr. Elias and closely related to the Chi3l1 oncology target described above. Dr. Elias found that an enzyme called chitinase 1, or Chit1, is a key driver of fibrosis. Fibrosis is observed in an estimated 50% of all diseases. Fibrosis in the lungs tends to be progressive and can reduce their function. In animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, or HPS, inhibition of Chit1 showed statistically significant reduced levels of fibrotic markers. We are developing a small molecule product candidate targeting Chit1 for the treatment of IPF, a debilitating lung disease affecting approximately 160,000 people in the United States, and of HPS, an ultra-rare disease affecting approximately 1,800 in the United States.

In infectious diseases we are developing therapeutic and vaccine candidates against malaria, a mosquito-borne disease that kills 500,000 children under the age of five globally each year, that infects 200-300 million people annually worldwide, and for which 3.4 billion people worldwide are at risk. Our product candidates in malaria are based on the discovery by Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., Ph.D., Chair of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Director of the M.D./Ph.D. Program at Brown University, of two novel malaria antigens, PfSEA-1 and PfGARP (as defined below). In non-human primate models of malaria, vaccination with PfGARP resulted in an 11.5-fold reduction of parasites in blood compared to controls. In in-vitro models, our therapeutic antibody candidate against PfGARP reduced parasite count by 99% compared to controls. We have three product candidates based on these new antigens: (1) a malaria vaccine candidate against PfSEA-1 and/or against PfGARP; (2) a humanized mAb malaria product candidate against PfGARP; and (3) a small molecule malaria product candidate, also against PfGARP.

Importantly, Dr. Kurtis’ antigen discoveries described above were enabled by his development of our Whole Proteome Differential Screening target discovery platform (the “WPDS” platform). We believe the WPDS platform may enable us to discover new targets for other infectious diseases in the future. The WPDS platform leverages the fact that the immune system, when exposed to an infectious disease such as malaria, will often naturally produce a wide array of antibodies to try fighting the infection. Only a small subset of these antibodies may prove effective, and the WPDS platform is designed to identify these antibodies and their corresponding antigens. We believe that such antibodies and antigens could inform the development of therapeutic and/or vaccine candidates against the particular infectious disease. Prior to in-licensing our product candidates, the preclinical developments of the oncology, fibrosis and malaria programs described above have, to date, been funded through grants to our licensors totaling $105.6 million.

The table below summarizes our product candidate pipeline, target indications, estimated addressable patient populations, and stage of development.

Our scientific co-founders and members of our board of directors are Dr. Elias and Dr. Kurtis. Our executive chairman and co-founder is Chirinjeev Kathuria, M.D., an investor and entrepreneur who has co-founded and driven the initial public offerings, or IPOs, of companies in various industries including healthcare. Our chief executive officer, Elizabeth Ng, brings a proven track record of building successful portfolios in biopharma companies including Merck & Co., Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc. and BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our team brings expertise in science, medicine, agile drug development, pharma strategy, and innovation management. Collectively, members of the team have evaluated more than 3,500 innovations; been involved in more than 80 drug discovery / development programs, 17 clinical development programs, and 8 approved drugs; have secured more than $120 million in venture capital funding; and have been involved in the launch of 8 biotech or life sciences companies and 3 IPOs. In addition, beyond our day-to-day leadership team, our scientific co-founders and members of our scientific advisory board and board of directors, Dr. Elias and Dr. Kurtis, have authored or co-authored more than 350 papers, secured more than $110 million in grant funding, and are listed as inventors in more than 50 patents.

Our goal is to facilitate the flow of academic discoveries from bench-to-bedside by efficiently carrying out the translational and clinical development required to advance them commercially. The number of potential opportunities at research universities and medical centers is large (in 2018 they filed over 26,000 invention disclosures and spent over $71 billion in research) but only a small fraction of these opportunities is currently tapped by venture capitalists or pharmaceutical companies. There is a growing yet still small number of accelerator programs and incubators aiming to bridge the bench-to-bedside gap at specific institutions; however, the gap remains wide and we believe this presents an attractive opportunity for us to become an industry leader by addressing a need to accelerate the advancement of therapeutics that can address significant unmet medical needs.

We believe our differentiated business model enables us to advance the commercialization of our products, if approved, and will allow us to replicate our licensing partnerships through aligned incentive structures with research universities and medical centers.

Our innovative business model is aimed at translating biomedical inventions from research universities and medical centers into products that we believe have the potential to dramatically improve patients’ lives. Unlike many biotech companies, our success is not dependent on any one particular program or disease. Our current pipeline is already well-diversified and our access to innovations from academic and medical institutions allows us the flexibility to opportunistically develop product candidates, regardless of therapeutic area. We believe our sources of medical discoveries include not only research universities and medical centers but also companies with assets that are not core to their business model.

We use highly selective criteria and stringent due diligence for selecting assets for development. Picking the right assets requires unbiased and objective science/technology and market assessments that are not affected by institutional legacies, not blinded by research myopia or academic necessities, and not influenced by “herd mentalities.” We seek to develop technologies that meet our stringent selection criteria and which are amenable to our controlled de-risking process that we believe can lead to clear and timely value inflection points and milestones. We intend to keep our focus on projects and technologies that demonstrate clear progress towards becoming commercially viable products. Our business model aims to diversify our approach away from a single vector of technology research or science, and instead to pursue a variety of promising research avenues simultaneously and cost effectively. As explained previously, we believe that we can address the resourcing challenges inherent in such diversity and that the diversity itself is an advantageous business strategy.

Our model for identifying, structuring and developing assets is based on the following tenets:

We are structured in a manner where Ocean Biomedical houses each program in a subsidiary. We currently house our programs in four wholly-owned subsidiaries and intend to grant a certain percentage of the ownership in future subsidiaries, typically 20% in aggregate, to the institution and to the relevant researchers. This anticipated organizational structure for future subsidiaries is unique in the market and we believe it will make us the partner of choice for institutions and inventors.

Currently, research universities and medical centers (institutions) have two primary options to commercialize their biomedical innovations and technologies: licensing to pharma, or licensing to startups that are usually founded or co-founded by the researchers (the inventors) behind the innovations. Most commonly, the IP policy of U.S. institutions specifies that economic value received from licenses is split equally among the institution, the individual inventor(s), and their department or school.

Licensing to a large pharmaceutical company is appealing due to the vast resources it may employ to pursue commercial development and the potential for large up-front and milestone payments. However, these companies often only license innovations later in their development. Therefore, licenses to large pharmaceutical companies are relatively rare.

Researchers often choose to license their innovations to startups because (i) they see greater economic upside (as compared to only receiving a fraction of what their institution receives), (ii) they view a startup as a way to retain more control over the development of their innovation and (iii) a startup may be the only option given the challenges of licensing to larger companies. The researcher typically takes a non-operating role as a scientific founder of the startup, and holds between a 10% and 20% equity stake in the enterprise, which will be subject to dilution over time.

We can provide the resources and capital of a pharma licensee while also providing the more compelling economic upsides of a startup. Each patent portfolio that we license in from an institution (capturing the discoveries of one or more researchers) are housed, or in the future will be housed in a separate unit or subsidiary which we title a ‘program’. We can provide the institution and the researchers a share in the potential economic upside of that particular program regardless of how that economic upside comes about. The proposed share we envision is a 20% total in such subsidiaries – with approximately 10% to the institution and approximately 10% to the researchers, a significantly higher stake than they would typically be able to hold in a startup venture.

We believe institutions and their researchers will prefer Ocean Biomedical to launching a startup because Ocean Biomedical eliminates the challenge of needing to raise capital and hire a team, and provides a greater share in the upside. Likewise, we believe Ocean Biomedical will be a preferred choice as opposed to licensing to large pharmaceutical companies because receiving a percentage of any economic value, regardless of how it is derived, is often more attractive than relying on fixed milestone payments or single-digit royalties.

We believe our approach will give us preferred access to innovations at research universities and medical centers, and that this in turn will benefit our shareholders.

Our core competencies for acquiring and developing pipeline programs include: (1) identifying, assessing and selecting inventions and technologies (from research universities and medical centers) that we may directly or indirectly license and commercialize; (2) in-licensing selected inventions and technologies; and (3) developing those inventions and technologies into potential therapeutic products aimed at addressing unmet medical needs.

Our close relationships with research universities and medical centers, along with their individual researchers, technology transfer offices, accelerator programs and entrepreneurship centers, provide us with access to biomedical inventions and technologies that we may directly or indirectly license and commercialize. Our multi-disciplinary Opportunity Assessment Committee, or OAC, is responsible for new program identification, assessment and selection – and for ensuring adherence to our due diligence process. The OAC is expected to be comprised of Dr. Jonathan Kurtis (Scientific Co-founder), Elizabeth Ng (Chief Executive Officer), Daniel Behr (Executive Vice President, Head of External Innovation and Academic Partnerships and Secretary), Sharon Talcott (Vice President of Strategic Partnerships), and Gurinder Kalra (Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer). The OAC applies our disciplined and rigorous due diligence process to identify, assess quantitatively, and select those inventions and technologies based on criteria we believe ensures that each asset selected to enter our pipeline is consistent with our mission and commercialization objectives. Our criteria are listed below, and we score and weigh each criterion through a combination of data analytics, experience and judgment.

After a new program is selected via the process outlined above, or in some cases as part of the selection process, we endeavor to negotiate and execute a license agreement with the relevant university or medical center. Our team has negotiated and executed dozens of such license agreements, both as licensee and as licensor.

As mentioned previously, we believe our business model may make us the ‘licensee of choice’ for institutions and researchers because we aim to act with greater speed and to provide better potential upside when compared to the companies or spin-out startups to whom the institution might also consider licensing. In particular, by housing each program in a subsidiary, we can grant a certain percentage of that subsidiary’s ownership (targeting 20% in aggregate) to the institution and to the relevant researchers. We believe that receiving such percentage of economic value, regardless of how it is derived, will be more attractive to the institution than relying on the fixed milestone payments and single-digit royalties that are customary in other license agreements. Additionally, we believe that individual researchers will find it more attractive to have a direct stake in a program’s economic value as opposed to receiving a share (typically one third) of whatever economic value their institution would receive in customary license agreements. Lastly, we believe institutions and their researchers will prefer our approach over launching a startup because we eliminate the challenge of raising venture capital and securing a team, and because the percent equity ownership we can offer is likely to be higher than the single-digit figures that usually result after the typical dilution in startups.

By offering a percentage ownership in a program’s subsidiary in lieu of the alternative license fees, milestone payments and royalties, we believe our license agreements (and the associated negotiation) will be greatly simplified while also being more attractive to our licensors and their individual researchers.

We are an asset-focused company with an operating model designed for agile, capital efficient, and scalable therapeutic product development. We have a structure wherein Ocean Biomedical houses each drug development program or therapeutic platform in a subsidiary. Each of these programs may include multiple product candidates or assets. This structure helps to ensure that we align interests and that we gain access to the particular program’s scientific expertise and know-how. The results and outcomes of one subsidiary do not directly affect others, and because our subsidiaries (or assets) are decoupled, success is not dependent on any one particular asset. We can thereby evaluate each asset’s preclinical, translational and clinical development progress objectively, which we believe enables us to allocate resources and capital throughout our portfolio based on each asset’s evidence-based progress and continued scientific and commercial merits. The continued merits of an asset are periodically assessed using some or all of the criteria outlined above which we use to assess potential new programs. We are agnostic as to which assets deliver success and believe this allows us to maintain focus on those which continue to show most potential.

Our product development and commercialization process reflects the disciplined and objective asset-centric philosophy described above. This process has the following features:

In addition, our Research Review Committee, or RRC, which is expected to be comprised of Dr. Jack A. Elias (Scientific Co-founder), Dr. Jonathan Kurtis (Scientific Co-founder), Elizabeth Ng (Chief Executive Officer), and Dr. Inderjote Kathuria (Chief Strategy Officer) will be responsible for the research, translational and preclinical efforts leading to filing an IND and moving a product candidate into human clinical trials.

Our Development Review Committee, or DRC, which is expected to be comprised of Dr. Jonathan Kurtis (Scientific Co-founder), Elizabeth Ng (Chief Executive Officer), and Inderjote Kathuria (Chief Strategy Officer) will be responsible for managing all clinical development efforts, including progress monitoring, allocation of resources, and continuous re-evaluation of a product candidate’s merits.

Both these committees will work in collaboration with our OAC described previously to ensure that each product candidate that enters our pipeline as well as existing ones continue to meet the criteria we have outlined above.

Our product candidates in our oncology program are based on a drug target pioneered by Dr. Elias. His research demonstrated that a protein called chitinase 3-like-1, or Chi3l1, is a key driver of multiple disease pathways in primary and metastatic tumor development demonstrating an 85-95% reduction in primary and metastatic tumor burden in multiple animal models. Animal models of lung cancer and glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer, showed that inhibition of Chi3l1 resulted in statistically significant tumor reduction – even more so when combined with immunotherapies to stimulate the body’s own immune response against cancer. Our oncology development pipeline consists of: (a) an antibody therapeutic product candidate inhibiting Chi3l1; (b) a bi-specific antibody product candidate inhibiting Chi3l1 plus PD-1, a checkpoint inhibitor protein; and (c) a bi-specific antibody product candidate inhibiting Chi3l1 plus CTLA-4, another checkpoint inhibitor protein. These product candidates are targeting non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, which accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers globally and affects about 460,000 people in the United States and 595,000 people in Europe, and glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM, a brain cancer that kills approximately 60% of patients within 12 to 18 months from the time of diagnosis and for which new treatment therapies are needed.

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 2.1 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths in 2018. In the United States, lung cancer is the third most common and the deadliest malignancy. Approximately 541,000 people in the United States today have been diagnosed with lung cancer at some point in their lives. It is estimated that 229,000 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, representing about 13% of all cancer diagnoses. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of new lung cancer cases.

NSCLC continues to rank among the cancers with the lowest five-year survival rates and has one of the largest disease burdens in terms of disability-adjusted life years.

Staging is a way of describing the severity and extent of a cancer’s growth and spread. The stage of NSCLC is based on a combination of several factors, including the size and location of the primary tumor and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes and/or other parts of the body.

There are five stages for NSCLC: stage 0 and stages I through IV. In general, an earlier stage of NSCLC is linked with a better outcome. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients, in the order of 40% to 50%, are still diagnosed with hard-to-treat stage IV disease.

There are currently five main ways to treat NSCLC: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The use of these treatment options for NSCLC is based mainly on the stage of the cancer, but other factors, such as a person’s overall health and lung function, as well as certain traits of the cancer itself, such as its molecular characteristics, are also important.

Treatment decisions often follow either formal or informal guidelines. Treatment options can be ranked or prioritized into lines of therapy: first-line therapy, second-line therapy, third-line therapy, and so on. First-line therapy, sometimes called induction therapy, primary therapy or front-line therapy, is the first therapy that will likely be attempted. If a first-line therapy either fails to produce sufficient antitumor response or produces intolerable side effects, additional therapies may be substituted or added to the treatment regimen, known as second-line or third-line treatments. Often, multiple therapies may be administered simultaneously, known as combination therapy or polytherapy.

Surgery is usually the first choice for early stage disease followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy are the main options in advanced disease, in stages III and IV.

Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets the cancer’s specific genes, proteins or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival. This type of treatment blocks the growth and spread of cancer cells and limits damage to healthy cells.

Immunotherapy is designed to boost the body’s natural antitumor immune defenses. Lung cancers often contain genetic mutations that are seen as “non-self” by the host’s immune system because they are not seen in normal cells and tissues. The human immune system is designed to attack and eliminate cells and tissues that it detects as foreign or “non-self.” However, in many patients with cancer these desired antitumor responses are suppressed by the tumor and surrounding cells. This is done by activating one of a number of immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways, or ICPI pathways.

An example of the multiple ICPI pathways that have been discovered that has received significant attention in lung cancer is the programmed death-1/ PD-ligand 1, or PD-1/PD-L1, pathway. In many patients with lung cancer, the immune cells and nearby cells, such as macrophages express, PD-1 and the tumor cells express its binding partner PD-L1. When PD-L1 binds PD-1, it activates pathways that suppress the host’s antitumor immune response. On the other hand, therapeutics (usually antibodies) have been developed that prevent these PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. These therapies boost the host’s antitumor responses which augments its ability to attack the tumor. Because there are multiple ICPI pathways, assays that determine which pathway(s) is activated in a given tumor have been and are being developed. This allows the therapeutic intervention to be directed to the ICPI pathway that is most important in a given individual.

Importantly, immunotherapy has been generally regarded as revolutionizing the treatment of NSCLC, with immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway now emerging as standard-of-care in some settings. However, despite the advent of these new therapies for NSCLC, there continues to be a need for other therapeutic options because only approximately 15% of patients respond to these interventions. In addition, among those that initially improve, the responses are often not durable and diminish over time. In many cases, tumors evolve compensatory mechanisms that circumvent the beneficial effects of an individual immunotherapy. Thus, a significant unmet medical need in NSCLC are treatment options that either restore or complement, the efficacy of anti PD-1 / PD-L1 and other ICPI-based therapies.

A general overview of immunotherapy and antibodies is presented below under the caption “A Primer on Antibodies, Antigens and Targeted Therapies.”

We believe that OCX-253, our mono-specific mAb against Chi3l1, if approved, will likely be used individually or in combination with immunotherapies, such as anti-PD-1 therapeutics. Our belief is based on the observation that OCX-253 modulates multiple oncogenic pathways, or signaling networks used by cancer cells to control the growth and progression of tumors, in addition to its ability to modulate ICPI pathways. Should OCX-253 become a marketed treatment, we would anticipate it being initially used primarily in later-stage cancers, as with most recently approved oncology therapeutics. OCX-253 may progress towards being used for earlier stage cancers, and/or in combination with other medications, as clinician and regulatory agency experience with the drug grows and as our understanding of the needs of individual patients deepens.

OCX-410, our bi-specific antibody, is designed to combine the mechanism of actions of OCX-253 and anti-PD-1 therapeutics. We believe this is a promising combination because studies by Dr. Elias have demonstrated that this bi-specific antibody recruits immune cells, such as CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells, and the physical interaction of these activated T cells to tumor cell membranes. If approved, we anticipate that OCX-410 will likely enter the market as a second-line therapy in patients with stage III or IV lung cancer who have failed anti PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies. We believe that OCX-410 may eventually be used as a first-line treatment for patients with later stage NSCLC.

GBM is an aggressive type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord, the components of the central nervous system, or CNS, and is the most common brain tumor in adults. GBMs are a type of astrocytoma, meaning that they arise from the star-shaped cells, known as astrocytes, in the CNS. Normally, these cells form a key component of the blood brain barrier, or BBB, a network of cells, proteins, and structural components that controls which substances can get into the central nervous system, or CNS, and which cannot. Astrocytes also normally help support nerve cells and carry nutrients to them.

Brain tumors are graded on an I to IV scale based on how fast they grow. Grade I brain tumors are the least aggressive. They grow very slowly and rarely spread into nearby tissues. Grade IV are the most aggressive. GBMs are grade IV astrocytomas. They grow quickly and often spread into nearby brain tissue. They rarely metastasize or spread to other parts of the body.

GBM is a rare disease, with a prevalence of 1-9 out of 100,000 individuals. The prevalence in the United States is estimated to be approximately 28,000 diagnosed individuals, and the annual incidence is estimated to be between 6,000 and 10,000. Primary GBM accounts for 90% of cases, mostly occurring in older individuals, while secondary GBM develops more slowly and occurs in relatively younger patients.

No curative therapies exist for GBM and the treatment landscape has not changed in recent years. A significant proportion, approximately 25%, of the GBM prevalent population is not actively treated due to rapid disease progression and an extremely poor prognosis. Surgery is standard-of-care followed by radiation and follow-up with chemo. If that does not work, then physicians may try a second line approach, such as switching chemo monotherapies. However, these second line therapies are rarely effective.

Our bispecific antibody candidate, OCX-909, is designed to combine the mechanism of actions of OCX-253 with an anti-CTLA-4 component. CTLA-4 is a protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint that binds to molecules called B7.1 and B7.2 to suppress antitumor immune responses in a manner similar to PD-1. We believe OCX-909 may produce antitumor response particularly in GBM because CTLA-4 is expressed in an exaggerated manner in many GBM tumors. If approved, we envision OCX-909 being potentially utilized as an alternative to surgery, or in the treatment regimen in both the neoadjuvant (before surgery) and adjuvant (after surgery) settings for patients with GBM.

One way the body’s immune system attacks foreign substances is by making large numbers of antibodies. An antibody is a protein that binds to a specific antigen. An antigen is a molecule that is foreign to the human body; examples include viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells.

Antibodies have a distinct “Y” shape. Each upper arm of the “Y” is uniquely structured to bind to a specific part of a particular antigen, called an epitope. Once bound to the antigen, an antibody triggers other parts of the immune system to destroy the cells containing the antigen.

Monoclonal antibodies, or mAbs, are antibodies that are designed and made as therapeutics to bind to specific antigen targets such as those present in a particular type of cancer cell, virus, or other pathogen. When mAbs are used in this manner they are referred to as targeted therapies. Therapeutic antibodies can also be engineered to recognize two epitopes simultaneously, making them “bispecific.” Bispecific antibodies, or BsAbs, can bind directly to surface antigens to kill the cells containing the antigens and they can also help ramp up the immune system to make it more effective against those cells.

Dr. Elias has focused a significant amount of his research over the last decade on a gene family called the 18 glycosyl hydrolases and its chitinase and chitinase-like proteins, or CLP. The chitinases and CLP both bind chitin, a polysaccharide that is a major structural component of the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. The chitinases are true enzymes that cleave chitin into smaller saccharide units. In contrast, the CLPs bind to but do not cleave chitin.

Chitinase-3-like-1, or Chi3l1, also known as YKL-40, the prototypic CLP, was initially described as a soluble product of an osteosarcoma cell line and has since been found in several different laboratory cell lines and animal tissues. In humans, Chi3l1 is found on the cell surface, inside cells and in the circulation. It plays a major role in tissue injury, inflammation, tissue repair and remodeling responses in healthy individuals. It is produced by a variety of cells including epithelial cells and macrophages in response to cytokines, lipids, oxidant injury and other stimuli. It then feeds back to inhibit tissue injury by inhibiting cell death and apoptosis while stimulating fibroproliferative repair.

The levels of circulating and tissue Chi3l1 are increased in many human visceral cancers and animal tumor models including lung cancer and glioblastoma. In visceral tumors elevated serum levels of Chi3l1 correlate with a poor prognosis and shorter disease-free intervals and survival. Studies in animal models have also demonstrated that the inhibition of Chi3l1 can dramatically reduce tumor burden. Consequently, Chi3l1 is now appreciated to be a sensitive biomarker and an attractive therapeutic target for these malignancies. We intend to take advantage of both of these properties because the inhibition of Chi3l1 is a major focus in OCX-253, —410 and —909, and we intend to use Chi311’s properties as a biomarker to identify relevant populations for clinical trials of these product candidates.

Chi3l1 interacts with several different cell-surface proteins to mediate its cell and tissue responses. Studies by Dr. Elias and others have demonstrated that Chi3l1 binds to and signals via a number of cell surface receptors (proteins that pass signals between the outside and inside of cells) including the interleukin-13 receptor-α 2 and CRTH2. They have also demonstrated that IL-13Rα2 is the alpha subunit of multimeric receptor complexes that can include galectin 3 and CD44 as ß subunits. Chi3l1 can also interact with receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins αVß3 and αVß5 / syndecan 1 complexes, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. These receptors activate a number of signaling pathways including MAPK kinases, Protein Kinase B/Akt and the Wnt/ß-catenin pathways and induce the production of VEGF intermediaries. As a result of these complex receptor-ligand interactions it is now known that Chi3l1 regulates oncogenesis via a number of mechanisms. Dr. Elias has demonstrated that Chi3l1 stimulates malignant responses by inhibiting tumor cell death, stimulating tumor cell proliferation, stimulating the B-Raf protooncogene, and stimulating the phosphorylation of cofilin. He has demonstrated that Chi3l1 also inhibits key antineoplastic pathways including those mediated by the tumor suppressors phosphatase and tensin homolog, or PTEN, and p53 thereby removing intracellular controls against unregulated cell growth. These molecules taken together form the tumor microenvironment, a localized set of conditions that supports the evolution and growth of tumors.

In summary, Chi3l1 contributes to neoplasia, or the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells or tissues that is the hallmark of cancer, by regulating various pro- and anti-oncogenic pathways as shown in the illustration below:

Dr. Elias and other investigators have also found a direct link between Chit1 and fibrotic diseases, such as IPF and HPS. This finding is the basis for our anti-Chit1 small molecule therapeutic product candidate, OCF-203, detailed later.

Recent published studies have demonstrated that the levels of circulating Chi3l1 are elevated in many malignancies including cancers of the prostate, colon, rectum, ovary, kidney, breast, as well as GBM and malignant melanoma. In these diseases, the levels of Chi3l1 frequently correlate directly with disease progression and inversely with disease-free interval and survival. This is particularly striking in lung cancer where preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated that the serum and tissue levels of Chi3l1 are increased and are associated with adverse outcomes, such as poor prognosis and shorter survival. Dr Elias and colleagues have found that Chi3l1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of primary and metastatic lung cancer in murine models that have the same genetic mutations that are seen in human disease including activating mutations of the K-Ras oncogene. In murine models primary lung cancer is induced in mice that have activating mutations of Kras (the G12 D mutation) and null mutations of the tumor suppressor p53. Dr Elias and colleagues have additionally demonstrated that Chi3l1 is able to replace null mutations of p53 in the generation of primary lung cancer in murine models that only have activating mutations of the K-Ras oncogene. They also demonstrated that Chi3l1 is induced during pulmonary melanoma and pulmonary breast cancer metastasis in murine models of these diseases and that Chi3l1 induction is required for the generation of a metastasis permissive pulmonary microenvironment. As shown below, both primary tumor growth and metastatic spread were both significantly inhibited via immune inhibition of Chi3l1 using therapeutic antibodies (Fig. 1). These antibody findings are the basis for Ocean Biomedical’s OCX-253 program in NSCLC. We plan to initially focus on a subset of patients who exhibit elevated levels of circulating Chi3l1 as they are anticipated to be the patient population most likely to respond to this product candidate. However, the treatable patient population may eventually expand as a consequence of the many critical pathways OCX-253 appears to impact (as described and shown in the figure above) and as our understanding of chitinase biology grows.

Figure 1: In Animal Models, Antibodies Against Chi3l1 Show Reduction in Primary and Metastatic Tumors

OCX-410 and OCX-909—Anti-Chi3l1/PD-1 and Anti-Chi3l1/CTLA-4 Bispecific Antibodies for NSCLC and GBM

Novel immunotherapeutic approaches have improved the prognosis for a number of cancers over the past decade. Cancer cells have unstable genomes and as a result accumulate genetic mutations that are not seen in normal cells and tissues. These non-self mutations generate non-self proteins that can be recognized and reacted to by the immune system. Normal white blood cells, particularly T lymphocytes, learn to recognize these novel antigens and kill the cells that express them. Under normal circumstances, immune responses are activated to deal with pathogens and non-self antigens but are then inhibited to prevent overexuberant, injury-inducing, immune responses. This immune inhibition is often mediated by immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways. Unfortunately, some tumors evolve to take advantage of these regulatory pathways to evade endogenous antitumor immune responses. For example, tumor cells may produce the regulatory protein cell death ligand 1, or PD-L1 or cluster of differentiation proteins 80 or 86. These proteins interact with their corresponding receptors on T cells, PD-1 and CTLA-4, respectively, to turn off the immune system response to the cancer. Multiple approved immunotherapies disrupt the connection between PD-1 or CTLA-4 and their ligands to restore immune activity against susceptible cancers.

Dr. Elias has demonstrated in widely accepted mouse models of fibrosis that PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are induced in melanoma metastases by Chi3l1, and that Chi3l1 can stimulate these checkpoint inhibitors, thereby encouraging tumor growth. Further work by Dr. Elias has demonstrated that bispecific antibodies that bind to both Chi3l1 and PD-1 (or CTLA-4) dramatically improve the responses seen in cocultures of T cells and tumor cells with more tumor cells undergoing cell death when treated with the bispecific antibody than cells treated with mono-specific antibodies against the same targets, either individually or in combination (Fig. 2). These studies also demonstrated that these effects were mediated by an enhanced induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that kill the tumor cells and an enhanced ability of these cytotoxic cells to bind to tumor cell membranes in cultures treated with the bispecific antibody compared to cultures treated with mono-specific antibodies against the same targets, administered either individually or in combination. These observations suggest that the proximity of the Chi3l1 and PD-1 (or CTLA-4) targets in the tumor microenvironment play a role in their vulnerability to this precision immunotherapy 9 (Fig. 3). Thus, we hypothesize that even patients whose tumors have been resistant to anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy may benefit from our bi-specific antibody product candidates that are designed to bind both Chi3l1 and immune checkpoint targets simultaneously. These bi-specific antibodies against Chi3l1 and PD-1 or CTLA-4 are the basis for our OCX-410 and OCX-909 programs, respectively.

Figure 2: In vitro Experiments Show Improved Killing of Glioblastoma Tumor Cells with OCX-909 Bi-Specific Anti-Chi3l1 / Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody. **=p<0.01

We are planning to initially target checkpoint inhibitor positive NSCLC with OCX-410 and GBM with OCX-909 due to the previously published importance of these checkpoint inhibitors for these tumor types as well as Dr. Elias’ supporting data in preclinical models of these diseases. We intend to evaluate whether checkpoint inhibitor upregulation is critical for the activity of OCX-410 and OCX-909 in humans, and we intend to evaluate the response seen in checkpoint inhibitor negative patients as well. The outcome of these studies may help us to better identify our potential target patient population.

All three therapeutic antibody product candidates, OCX-253, OCX-410, and OCX-909, have been optimized against their respective targets, and we are beginning efforts to develop, through the establishment of manufacturing and supply relationships with third parties, a production system capable of supporting clinical use. A critical step in production is the creation of a master cell bank, or MCB, a depository where genetically identical antibody-producing cells are stored, by a CMO. The MCB is critical for production of consistent therapeutics through clinical development and, potentially, commercial production. We have collaborated on the first steps of MCB production for OCX-253 with Lonza Group AG, a global contract manufacturing organization and have completed development of 8 research cell lines that produce OCX-253 in February 2021. Initial assessments indicate that any of these cell lines could possibly be used to generate clinical and commercial grade OCX-253. Additional evaluations are under way to determine which of the 8 cell lines is preferred for the generation of the cGMP MCB and the generation of clinical drug material. We anticipate producing sufficient drug material to begin IND-enabling safety studies in 2H 2023. The OCX-410 and OCX-909 programs are expected to begin MCB generation in 2H 2023/1H 2024. We anticipate filing IND applications with the FDA for product candidates in 2023/2024.

We intend to model our Phase 1/2 clinical trials of OCX-253 and OCX-410 after Merck’s pembrolizumab KEYNOTE-001 trial (NCT01295827). This design is expected to allow for combined initial safety and efficacy endpoints using a single ascending dose, or SAD, strategy followed by a repeat dose regimen to identify tumor responses through generally accepted Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, or RECIST, criteria and time to tumor progression. Using RECIST criteria as the primary endpoint of the initial clinical trial will measure whether tumors shrink in response to treatment and allows for a relatively quick determination of whether our product candidates are likely to provide benefit in a larger, more extensive pivotal trial. The time to the tumor progression endpoint will likely be a secondary endpoint in these first trials but is the generally accepted primary endpoint for registrational trials in NSCLC.

The OCX-909 program for GBM has the additional challenge of successfully delivering the protein therapeutic product candidate to the brain where the Blood Brain Barrier or BBB has questionable permeability. The BBB is a stretch of less-permeable blood vasculature in the CNS, as compared to the rest of the body. Its purpose is to carefully screen the entry and exit of molecules between the CNS and bloodstream. The BBB is a difficult hurdle to cross using small molecules delivered to the periphery, and consistent peripheral delivery of protein-based therapeutics, such as antibodies, to the brain has so far been elusive. Patients suffering from GBM may have a partially disrupted BBB due to changes in the vasculature associated with the tumors or their recent surgery, but the inconsistency of these disruptions may add considerable challenge to the development of a peripherally delivered medicament.

We plan to bypass the BBB using a number of approaches, alone or in combination. The first approach is intracerebral-ventricular, or ICV, delivery of OCX-909. We intend to make use of a port-reservoir system, such as an Ommaya reservoir, which is a small, plastic, coin-shaped device placed under the scalp and connected to a catheter placed in one of the brain’s ventricles. This would allow direct delivery of OCX-909 into the cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF, pool in the ventricles at the center of the brain. The size of the ICV space changes throughout the day, particularly during sleep, effectively pumping CSF, and the drug it contains, throughout the brain. Though placement of an Ommaya reservoir is somewhat invasive, it is frequently used in patients suffering from brain cancers, and we anticipate many of our patients will likely already have one in place.

We intend to model our Phase 1/2 clinical trial after the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of Johnson and Johnson’s Zarnestra sponsored by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (NCT00050986). The envisioned clinical trial plan involves a dose escalation SAD/multiple ascending dose, or MAD, strategy followed by continued assessments of safety parameters and efficacy using six-month progression free survival as the primary endpoint. We anticipate also monitoring tumor size during this trial using radiology techniques in the interest of acquiring efficacy data more rapidly than the primary endpoint is likely to provide.

Our Phase 3 clinical trial for OCX-909 is tentatively planned to follow the example of Merck’s CENTRIC trial of Cilengitide (NCT00689221). The CENTRIC trial used overall survival as the approval endpoint leading to a study duration over five years. We intend to continue to work with the oncology community to develop novel validated biomarkers, which could allow for accelerated trials in GBM. We are optimistic that these novel tools may allow for accelerated trials in the GBM space which could speed the transition of OCX-909 to the market. We intend to seek orphan drug designation for OCX-909 in GBM and may also request priority review.

An important protective mechanism for tissue regeneration and wound healing is the formation of extracellular matrix, or ECM, a non-cellular portion of a tissue produced and secreted by cells and functions mainly to provide support for tissues.

Fibrosis is a pathologic condition where an excessive accumulation of ECM leads to organ disfunction and failure. Fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide and encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis, or SSc, scleroderma and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including pulmonary, cardiac, liver and kidney fibrosis.

The United States government estimates that 45% of deaths in the United States can be attributed to fibrotic disorders. Fibrosis is a factor in various tissue and organ diseases as shown in the figure below.

IPF is a chronic, progressive, and fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause, which occurs primarily in older adults. It results in irreversible loss of lung function with high morbidity and mortality rates. Median survival is three-to-five years following diagnosis.

IPF is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence ranging from 10-to-60 per 100,000 in the United States and 1.3 to 32.5 per 100,000 in Europe depending on country, age, and risk factors. There is an estimated prevalence of approximately 160,000 in the United States, with most cases occurring in individuals over the age of 50 years. The United States incidence rate is approximately 55,000 cases per year, and the incidence is rising due to a growing elderly population and increased disease awareness and detection.

In practice, patients are diagnosed and categorized into three categories, as shown below, based on disease severity: mild, moderate, and severe. Their disease may be characterized based on two lung function measures: FVC, or forced vital capacity, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, or DL_CO,

Current therapeutic standard-of-care utilizes Roche’s Esbriet (pirfenidone) or Boehringer’s Ofev (nintedanib). Pirfenidone and nintedanib slow pulmonary function loss with only modest deceleration of disease progression and no reversal, and their severe side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) cause many patients to avoid or discontinue these therapies. These drugs are primarily used in the moderate patient segment—both mild and severe patients view the negative side effect profile as outweighing the benefits. Despite the side effects, it is estimated that approximately 58% of patients diagnosed with IPF take one of these therapeutics and, together, they generated global sales of approximately $3.0 billion in 2019. We believe that a therapy with even a modest improvement in side effect profile would likely see more utilization.

HPS is a rare, inherited genetic disorder which occurs when a child inherits defective genes from both parents. Although HPS is ultra-rare from a worldwide perspective, it has a much higher prevalence in Puerto Rico – where the prevalence is roughly 1 in 1,800 in the northwest region of the island, or an estimated 1,500 patients, accounting for more than 50% of the worldwide HPS population. HPS effects approximately 1 to 9 people per 1 million individuals worldwide outside of Puerto Rico. The disease onset occurs as early as age 30, and the lifespan of patients with some of the most severe disease subtypes usually does not exceed 40 to 50 years. HPS is diagnosed through a combination of identifying signs of albinism, evaluation of patient blood, and/or genetic testing; however, early diagnosis of PF in HPS patients presents the same challenges as IPF diagnosis.

There is an unmet need for therapeutics to treat HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis, or HPS-PF, patients. There is no approved drug therapy, and no treatment except potential lung transplantation. The only pharmacological option for patients is off-label use of Esbriet, which may slow disease progression but only in patients who retain significant residual lung function. Published clinical studies of Esbriet and Ofev suggest that bleeding is more likely with Ofev, so its use is generally avoided in the HPS patient population.

We believe that OCF-203, if approved, has potential to address the need for a HPS therapeutic due to its novel therapeutic approach. It is also our belief that developing this product candidate for HPS may allow us to enter the broader fibrotic disease space in an expedited manner by pursuing an ultra-rare disease indication before potentially broadening to adjacent indications.

Previously, we described Dr. Elias’ research on chitinase enzymes and CLP, and his discovery of the key role that a CLP called Chi3l1 plays in cancer. Dr. Elias also discovered that a chitinase called Chit1, also known as chitotriosidase, plays a central role in inflammation and in fibrotic diseases such as IPF and HPS. Chit1 is expressed in an exaggerated manner in IPF where it correlates inversely with Smad 7. Chit1 is also a critical biomarker and therapeutic target in Scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. This finding is the basis for our anti-Chit1 small molecule therapeutic product candidate, OCF-203.

In animal models, Dr. Elias and his colleagues showed that Chit1 is a master regulator of transforming growth factor beta 1, an extensively-published biochemical pathway relevant to inflammation, tissue modeling, and fibrosis, and that it mediated fibrosis response through various mechanisms described below. Animal models of IPF exhibit similar pathology to that of humans, allowing for relevant testing of molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutics in these models. Transgenic laboratory animals developed in the Elias laboratory to over-express Chit1 were shown to be far more susceptible to lung fibrosis than their wild type counterparts, which further demonstrates the role of Chit1 as a factor in IPF.

Using high throughput screening, Dr. Elias identified a small molecule candidate for the OCF-203 program that prevented and reduced inflammation and fibrosis in the bleomycin mouse model of IPF (Fig. 5). Importantly, the molecular mediators of fibrosis, fibronectin, Col1A1, and Col3A1, were also substantially reduced in the IPF model animals that had received the OCF-203 candidate. Results were similar in a mouse model of HPS (Fig. 6), suggesting that the OCF-203 molecule could benefit this patient population as well. The biochemical pathways known to be impacted by Chit1 inhibition imply that there may be benefit of this product candidate for the potential treatment of other fibrotic diseases such as non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis, or NASH, and lysosomal storage disorders.

Figure 6: OCF-203 Lead Candidate Treatment Reduces Observed Markers of Fibrosis in an Animal Model of IPF

Figure 7: OCF-203 Lead Candidate Treatment of the Bleomycin HPS-1 Mouse Model results in Normalized Levels of Fibrotic Markers

No significant toxicity has been observed at therapeutic doses in the animal studies with the OCF-203 lead to date. This candidate molecule has been previously evaluated (by unrelated parties) in Japan in the mid-1960s for potential use as an antibiotic – though approval was never pursued. While the clinical data from these studies is not suitable for current regulatory filings, we believe it may support the safety observations seen in Dr. Elias’ recent animal studies and also provides invaluable information as to the behavior of this molecule and its derivatives that we can potentially use in the design of future clinical development work. Additionally, we believe OCF-203’s safety observations in animal studies may be further supported by past published literature which estimates that 6% of humans do not produce Chit1 and, though they may be more susceptible to infection by chitin-containing parasites, this deficiency may provide greater longevity and reduced age-related disease burden as compared to people who produce Chit1 normally. Taken together, these findings suggest that therapies that focus on inhibiting Chit1 may be well tolerated in patients. This is of import to IPF and HPS given that there are no currently approved drug therapies for HPS, and the currently approved therapies for IPF, pirfenidone and nintedanib, both carry a significant risk of severe side effects, as described previously.

We have identified opportunities in the structure of OCF-203 that we believe may be able to improve the expected risk/benefit ratio for patients. We intend to embark on a limited structure-activity-relationship, or SAR, study and plan to begin IND enabling studies in 2023. We plan to submit our IND application to the FDA in the second half of 2023.

Clinical development of OCF-203 is expected to initiate with a single Phase 1/2 clinical trial in IPF that we plan will be followed by later stage clinical development for IPF and HPS in parallel. We intend to conduct a Phase 1/2 SAD/MAD trial in patients with IPF that is modeled after the Phase 2 portion of the Galapagos PINTA trial (NCT03725852). Our Phase 1/2 clinical trial is expected to be designed to provide human proof of concept data demonstrating the cessation of fibrosis progression, which would allow for the initiation of Phase 3 clinical trials in both IPF and HPS. The Phase 3 clinical trial of OCF-203 for the prevention of fibrotic progression in IPF will likely be modeled after the Genentech ASCEND trial (NCT01366209), while the Phase 3 clinical trial of OCF-203 for the prevention of fibrotic progression in HPS will likely be modeled after the National Human Genome Research Institute, or NHGRI, trial in HPS patients (NCT00001596). Both the Genentech and NHGRI trials were evaluating pirfenidone. We intend to seek orphan drug designation for OCF-203 in HPS.

Infectious diseases, caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites are the primary cause of more than 12.5% of all deaths worldwide. Efforts to reduce this death toll are hampered by drug resistant pathogens and, for many pathogens, a lack of effective vaccines. As detailed below, our infectious disease program is designed to address this significant unmet medical need and will initially focus on malaria, the greatest single agent killer of children worldwide. Please see the section entitled “Description of Business – Our Business – Our Therapeutic Programs – Malaria Background: Epidemiology and Lifecycle” below.

Using the WPDS platform, Dr. Kurtis has identified PfGARP and PfSEA-1 as parasite antigens that are recognized by antibodies in the plasma of children who are relatively resistant—but not in those who are susceptible—to malaria caused by P. falciparum.

PfSEA-1 is a parasite antigen with a mass of 244 kilodaltons, which has no significant similarity to proteins of known function. PfSEA-1 displays minimal sequence variation in the region we cloned (amino acids 810 to 1083) across hundreds of parasite strains. Antibodies made in mice immunized with recombinant PfSEA-1 have been shown to inhibit parasite growth by 58% to 74% across three parasite strains compared with controls (Fig 8). Similarly, purified human antibodies to PfSEA-1 have also been shown to significantly inhibit parasite growth in laboratory studies. In both cases, anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies trapped parasites within the red cell, preventing their egress, and led to parasite death.

Figure 8. Antibodies to PfSEA-1 kill parasites. Polyclonal anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies in mice inhibit parasite growth by 74% in vitro. Ring stage 3D7 parasites were cultured in the presence of anti-PfSEA-1 mouse sera at 1:10 dilution. Negative controls included no anti-sera and pre-immune mouse sera. Red blood cells (RBC).

In vaccine challenge experiments in mouse models of malaria infection, immunization with a recombinant protein encoding the P. berghei ANKA (a lethal mouse malaria strain) ortholog of PfSEA-1, or PbSEA-1, or antibodies to PbSEA-1 conferred marked protection against a lethal P. berghei ANKA challenge as evidenced by up to a 75% reduction in parasitemia seven days after challenge. In all five experiments performed, by day seven to eight after challenge, control mice had high parasitemia with associated morbidity, whereas none of the vaccinated mice had high parasitemia or overt morbidity. In experiments with long-term follow-up, both active immunization with rPbSEA-1 and passive transfer of antibodies to PbSEA-1 significantly reduced parasitemia and delayed mortality.

In human observational studies conducted in Tanzania, individuals with naturally acquired antibodies to PfSEA-1 were associated with significant protection from severe malaria, with no cases occurring while children had detectable antibodies to PfSEA-1 (Fig 9). In a second longitudinal Kenyan cohort, anti–PfSEA-1 antibodies were associated with significant protection against parasitemia in adolescents and young adults. Individuals with detectable IgG anti–rPfSEA-1 antibodies had 50% lower parasite densities over 18 weeks of follow-up compared with individuals with no detectable IgG anti-rPfSEA-1A antibodies.

Figure 9. Antibodies to rPfSEA-1A predict reduced malaria severity and parasitemia. Incidence of severe malaria and death in Tanzanian children aged one and a half to three and a half years during intervals with detectable and undetectable antibodies to PfSEA-1 (1688 and 23,806 weeks, respectively). No cases of severe malaria or death occurred during intervals with detectable antibodies to rPfSEA-1A. Error bars represent 95% CI.

Based on these data, we hypothesize that vaccination of humans with PfSEA-1 could generate antibodies that trap parasites within a red cell and lead to parasite death.

PfGARP is a parasite antigen with a mass of 80 kilodaltons that is expressed on the external surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells) infected by early-to-late-trophozoite-stage parasites.

Antibodies against PfGARP kill trophozoite-infected erythrocytes in culture by inducing programmed cell death in the parasites (see Fig 10). Vaccinating non-human primates with PfGARP has been shown to protect against a challenge with P. falciparum (see Fig 11). Furthermore, longitudinal cohort studies have shown that, compared to individuals who had naturally occurring anti-PfGARP antibodies, Tanzanian children without anti-PfGARP antibodies had a 2.5-fold-higher risk of severe malaria, and Kenyan adolescents and adults without these antibodies had a 2-fold-higher parasite density.

Figure 11. Vaccination with PfGARP-A protects monkeys from challenge with P. falciparum. A) Animals were vaccinated with PfGARP-A mRNA-LNP (n=5 monkeys) poly(C) RNA-LNP (negative control, n=4 monkeys) and challenged IV with 10⁴ P. falciparum FVO strain infected RBC. Parasitemia was followed daily. Points represent means, error bars represent SEM.) B) Animals were vaccinated with rPfGARP-A protein (n=5 monkeys) or control (n=4 monkeys) and challenged IV with 10⁴ P. falciparum FVO strain infected RBC. Parasitemia was followed daily. Points represent means, error bars represent SEM. * indicates P < 0.05. ** indicates P < 0.01 in two-sided t-Tests.

We hypothesize that killing of trophozoite-infected erythrocytes by targeting PfGARP will kill P. falciparum malaria parasites before they cause disease. We also hypothesize that a vaccine targeting PfGARP could synergize with vaccine antigens, like PfSEA-1, that target parasite egress from erythrocytes.

Importantly, PfGARP and PfSEA-1 are novel targets with no homology, or similarity, to any human proteins and when these genes have been sequenced in thousands of parasite strains, they have minimal sequence variation in the region that is contained in our vaccine formulations. Based on these data, we believe that vaccination with PfGARP and/or PfSEA-1 is unlikely to generate immunologic toxicity in humans and further suggest that the parasite may likely not be able to mutate to escape the killing effect of the vaccine induced antibodies.

It is important to note that, unlike the target of the RTS,S vaccine (circumsporozoite protein), PfSEA-1 and PfGARP antigens are expressed in the host for 8 to 24 hours which allows sufficient time for them to be targeted by vaccine induced antibodies. This is in stark contrast to the circumsporozoite protein, which is only expressed during the sporozoite stage of the P. falciparum lifecycle and thus only available for intervention during the first five minutes of infection. Furthermore, P. falciparum disease progression is dependent upon repeated rounds of schizont formation, merozoite egress, and infection of new erythrocytes (see lifecycle description above), and each time the cycle repeats the parasite again becomes vulnerable to anti-PfSEA-1 or anti-PfGARP antibodies. In contrast, parasites that escape the small window of intervention induced by the RTS,S vaccine are not prevented from further growth and replication. The subsequent unimpeded progression through the parasite lifecycle is likely a primary contributor to the relatively low immunization success rate seen with RTS,S.

We are currently evaluating whether a vaccine targeting PfSEA-1, PfGARP or a combination of the two antigens would present the best opportunity to protect patients from P. falciparum infection.

We produced a series of mAbs in mice that were immunized with laboratory generated recombinant PfGARP. Of the 16 mAbs that reacted with PfGARP in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA, only one mAb killed parasites in culture (see Fig 12). We sequenced and expressed the heavy-chain and light-chain variable regions (the genes that encode the mAb), and the resulting recombinant mAb had a dissociation constant, or Kd, of 2.9 nM, (indicating strong binding of the monoclonal to its target PfGARP) and killed parasites in culture. A monovalent antigen-binding fragment, or Fab, of this antibody also killed parasites in culture. These data confirmed that anti-PfGARP-mediated killing occurs in the absence of complement, cellular effector functions, or antigen cross-linking. We expect that a humanized version of this antibody will form the basis for our ODA-611 program.

Figure 12. Monoclonal anti-PfGARP kill parasites. Anti-PfGARP mAb kills parasites. Ring stage 3D7 parasites were cultured in the presence of media alone, normal mouse IgG (1 mg/ml) or anti-PfGARP mAbs (mAb 7857 or mAb 7899, at 1 mg/ml).

Our belief that PfGARP is a high value druggable target for anti-malarial drug development is based on PfGARP’s surface expression on infected RBCs, the absence of any significant amino acid homology with human host proteins, and the ability of antibody binding to PfGARP to kill parasites in vitro within 12-24 hours by activating parasite programed cell suicide.

To develop a drug based on PfGARP binding, Dr. Kurtis screened a small molecule library to identify compounds that inhibit the binding of anti-PfGARP antibody to PfGARP protein. Dr. Kurtis reasoned that compounds which bind to the same region of PfGARP that is targeted by the parasite-lethal anti-PfGARP antibodies would be enriched for effective anti-malarials. Dr. Kurtis screened 6,400 compounds using an assay that detects inhibition of binding of anti-PfGARP antibodies to immobilized PfGARP protein. Dr. Kurtis identified one compound as having anti-parasite activity.

Dr. Kurtis then conducted a limited Structure Activity Relationship, or SAR, campaign, evaluating 33 additional compounds with similarity to the structure of the first compound identified. Dr. Kurtis identified one compound with enhanced parasite killing activity compared to the original compound. This molecule has an IC₅₀ (concentration of drug that results in half of the maximal killing effect) of between 1 and 4.8 uM in wild type parasites (3D7 strain) and no activity in a parasite strain that has had the PfGARP gene deleted (3D7 PfGARP KO) (see Fig 13). This result demonstrates both the specificity of drug activity for PfGARP, as well as the lack of general toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Toxicity assessments show no loss of viability in multiple mammalian cell lines at up to 400 uM, which was the highest concentration tested. These data are consistent with a selectivity index (ratio of IC₅₀ for mammalian cells/IC₅₀for parasites) greater than 100.

Figure 13. Molecule kills P. falciparum parasites. 3D7 (top) or 3D7 PfGARP KO (bottom) parasites were synchronized to the ring stage and incubated with a dilution series of compounds or media control for 48 hours followed by quantification of parasitemia by pLDH assay. Each dilution was evaluated in quadruplicate and error bars represent SD. The IC₅₀ = 4.8 uM for killing of 3D7 parasites. Results representative of two independent experiments.

Our infectious disease product candidates are the result of decades of NIH-funded work by our co-founder, Dr. Kurtis and his team. Dr. Kurtis developed the WPDS platform and used this platform to identify our two vaccine candidate antigens for malaria: Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1, or PfSEA-1, and Plasmodium falciparum Glutamic Acid Rich Protein, or PfGARP. The WPDS platform was first described by Dr. Kurtis in 2005, and later used to identify PfSEA-1 (published in Science, the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and one of the world’s top academic journals) in 2014. Dr. Kurtis has since perfected the WPDS platform to discover PfGARP as described in his Nature (the world’s leading multidisciplinary science journal), 2020 publication.

The WPDS platform differs markedly from standard vaccine discovery approaches, which rely on the identification of immunodominant antigens (protein targets that generate large quantities of antibody) recognized by antibodies in animal models of human pathogens. Unfortunately, these animal models are often poor models of the complex human host-pathogen relationship and the immunodominant antigens are often decoys deployed by the pathogen to evade protective immune responses. Identifying the critical antigens that are the targets of protective antibodies on the pathogen is further complicated by the fact that susceptible humans make essentially the same antibody repertoire (i.e., recognize the same pathogen antigens) as resistant humans, thus masking the identity of the key, protective targets.

Dr. Kurtis designed the WPDS platform to specifically identify pathogen antigens that are only recognized by antibodies expressed by resistant, but not by susceptible, humans. The successful implementation of the WPDS platform requires blood samples from well characterized longitudinal cohort studies of individuals exposed to the pathogen, high quality gene libraries from the pathogen, and one-to-three months of experimental effort.

The WPDS platform identifies the pathogen antigens that are recognized by antibodies made by resistant individuals and then, importantly, removes, or excludes as vaccine targets, any antigens that are also recognized by susceptible individuals. This removal phase is essential as any antigen that is recognized by antibodies made by susceptible individuals cannot possibly be involved in providing protection.

We believe that the WPDS platform may be applicable to any human pathogen for which a subset of humans develops antibody-mediated resistance to infection/reinfection while a subset of humans remains susceptible. We believe that the platform may also enable us to identify targets against other infectious diseases.

The WPDS platform led to the discovery of novel targets against malaria, which are the basis for our anti-PfGARP therapeutics programs (ODA-611 and ODA-579) and for our vaccine program targeting PfGARP and PfSEA-1 (ODA-570).

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, infecting 200-300 million individuals and killing nearly 500,000 children in sub-Saharan Africa each year. Nearly half of the world’s population, consisting of more than three billion individuals, is at risk of malaria infection. Recent estimates indicate that even these staggering figures significantly underestimate the actual disease burden. In addition, people from the United States and Europe (including military personnel) who travel to malaria endemic regions are also at risk of contracting malaria.

Human malaria is caused by infection with one of five species of protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Infection with just one of these species, P. falciparum, accounts for more than 95% of all malaria-related deaths. Plasmodium parasites have a complex lifecycle (Fig. 14), which begins when humans become infected following the bite of an infected anopheline mosquito. During blood feeding, an infected female mosquito (only female mosquitos feed on blood, which is necessary for egg laying) injects a parasite stage called a sporozoite into the human blood stream. These sporozoites leave the blood stream and rapidly (within 5 minutes) infect liver cells. Within the liver cells, the sporozoites multiply asexually with each sporozoite giving rise to up to 10,000 merozoites. These merozoites rupture out of the liver cell and each merozoite rapidly infects (within 140 microseconds) an individual red blood cell. Within the red blood cell, the merozoite undergoes an approximately 48-hour developmental cycle. Each merozoite sequentially develops into a ring stage parasite, a trophozoite stage parasite, a schizont stage parasite and then the schizont stage parasite segments into approximately 20 daughter merozoites, which rupture from the red blood cell. Each of these twenty daughter merozoites infect new red blood cells. This blood stage infection expands exponentially until the red blood cell loss become sufficient to cause disease. In addition, the trophozoite- and schizont-stage infected red blood cells become very sticky, leading to clogged blood vessels and tissue damage to the infected human. Ultimately, some of the parasites differentiate into sexual stages, which are referred to as gametocytes, which can be taken up by a mosquito during a blood meal. Within the mosquito, these gametocytes develop into sporozoites, which can be injected into a new host when the mosquito takes her next bloodmeal.

Figure 14. Lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum (source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Apr. 2011, p. 379)

There are currently three approaches to control malaria, including insecticides to kill mosquitoes, bed nets to limit human-mosquito contact, and anti-malarial drugs used to treat infected individuals. While these interventions have some impact, each has significant limitations. Insecticides are expensive, difficult to apply, and harmful to the environment. More concerning is the emergence of widespread resistance of mosquitos to the insecticides which has led to the search for ever more lethal, and ecologically damaging, insecticides. Nevertheless, application of insecticides remains an important component of many national malaria control programs.

Bed nets have seen widespread distribution over the past 15 years based on data demonstrating that sleeping under an insecticide-impregnated bed net results in a low, but still significant, 16% reduction in child mortality. Bed nets suffer from issues of cost, maintenance (they must be repaired and re-dipped in insecticide), and compliance.

Given the low efficacy of bed nets and insecticides, the cornerstone of malaria control programs remains the treatment of symptomatic cases with anti-malarial drugs. Unfortunately, malaria parasites are particularly good at developing resistance to anti-malarial drugs and have done so for every anti-malarial drug ever developed. Currently, the most effective antimalarial drug is artemisinin and its derivatives. The recent development of artemisinin resistance in south east Asia, coupled with its detection in sub-Saharan Africa, threatens to reverse the reductions in malaria-attributed mortality seen in the past decade. Given the socio-ecological context of malaria, delayed access to drug treatment, with its consequent increased mortality, remains a major challenge to control programs.

The world continues to experience a high burden of malaria and we believe this calls for the development of new drugs and vaccines.

A broadly effective malaria vaccine represents the holy-grail of malaria control efforts and has been pursued by scientists for decades without success. The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, has publicly reported relatively low efficacy (17% and 32% protection from severe malaria in infants and young children, respectively). More concerning, RTS,S reports two significant safety signals: a ten-fold increased risk of bacterial meningitis and two-fold increased risk of mortality in girls. These safety signals had resulted in a decision in 2016 by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, under recommendation by the World Health Organization, or WHO, to limit release of the RTS,S vaccine to a pilot introduction in three African countries (Kenya, Malawi, and Ghana) with detailed follow-up of safety outcomes that would then be used to decide whether to proceed with broad release. In October 2021 the WHO recommended broader roll-out of the RTS,S / Mosquirix vaccine after concluding it was safe based on studies from its pilot introduction, though of note these studies were not clinical trials and did not include a control group.

The RTS,S vaccine seeks to generate antibodies that prevent the sporozoite from entering the liver cell, a process that takes less than five minutes. The high antibody levels necessary to block this rapid event are very difficult to achieve and even harder to maintain. Parasites which escape the RTS,S antibodies and invade a liver cell will give rise to a full-blown malaria infection as the vaccine has no impact on the red blood cell stages of the malaria life cycle. These fundamental properties of the RTS,S vaccine result in the vaccine’s poor efficacy and create a significant unmet medical need that our vaccine will endeavor to address.

The target indication for our malaria vaccine ODA-570, is malaria in all at risk populations. This includes individuals living in malaria-endemic areas, as well as travelers to these areas. Based on the epidemiology, the addressable market for a malaria vaccine is more than three billion individuals.

Based on the immunology of malaria, we expect that the initial course of vaccination would entail three doses over a three-month period, with subsequent booster doses required every one-to-two years. In the developing world, we expect that our vaccine, if approved for marketing, will likely be included in the WHO-expanded program in immunization, or EPI, which currently achieves greater than 85% coverage for eligible children worldwide.

We believe that our malaria antibody, ODA-611, may have both therapeutic and prophylactic applications. The target indication for ODA-611 is the prevention of malaria in short-term travelers to malaria endemic areas, including tourists, government employees and military personnel.

We expect the target indication for our malaria drug, ODA-579, if approved, to be the treatment of mild to moderately severe malaria infection. There are 200-300 million malaria infections per year. We estimate the addressable market for our anti-malarial drug to be more than 200 million persons per year.

In addition to this prophylactic indication, we believe that our anti-PfGARP antibody could have therapeutic use in individuals with severe malaria, who are typically unable to take oral medicines. While data on the incidence of severe malaria is difficult to obtain, more than 500,000 people die each year due to malaria, each of which, by definition, represented a severe malaria case. Thus, we believe this represents a reasonable estimate of the addressable worldwide market for our anti-PfGARP antibody as a therapeutic for severe malaria.

The ODA-570 Plasmodium falciparum vaccine is completing optimization efforts and, when completed, we plan to begin IND-enabling studies with an expected IND filing date in the second half of 2023. Clinical development will likely be modeled after the GlaxoSmithKline, or GSK, trials of their RTS, S vaccine (Mosquirix). We plan to conduct the Phase 1 clinical trial in two stages in a population of healthy volunteer adults, with the Phase 1a goal being to establish the safety of ODA-570 and Phase 1b goals to demonstrate the generation of antibodies following a ODA-570 administration and to find a preferred dosing regimen for the vaccine. The Phase 1a/b design is intended to allow for cost-effective and rapid assessment of ODA-570 on a preliminary basis. We anticipate that our Phase 2 clinical trial would proceed with the GSK RTS, S model (NCT00197041), comparing the efficacy of ODA-570 to standard of care. We expect that our Phase 3 clinical trial of ODA-570 will likely have a similar design to the Phase 2 clinical trial, although in a greater geographic area and with a participation of more volunteers, such as was done by GSK in the development of their RTS, S vaccine (NCT00866619). We expect the ODA-570 program to qualify for priority NDA review based on the neglected tropical diseases qualification and, if approved, may be eligible for a tropical disease priority review voucher.

The ODA-611 and ODA-579 Plasmodium falciparum therapeutic product candidates are also in the optimization stage, with ODA-611 anticipated to begin IND-enabling studies (including antibody humanization) in 2022. The chemical structure of ODA-579 allows for the possibility of further refinement, so we plan for limited SAR work to be conducted prior to the initiation of IND-enabling studies. However, we believe that the relatively short manufacturing development period for small molecules, such as ODA-579, should allow for the filing of IND applications for both ODA-579 and ODA-611 in the first half of 2024. It is our intention that the ODA-611 and ODA-579 Plasmodium falciparum therapeutic product candidates will initially follow the clinical development example of Takeda and AbbVie’s DSM265 (ACTRN12613000522718 and ACTRN12613000527763). The Phase 1a portion of the trial of ODA-611 will likely be a single-ascending dose, or SAD, trial based on the expected long half-life of this antibody, that is aimed at evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics. The Phase 1a portion of ODA-579 will likely begin with a SAD study, and an additional MAD may be added depending on the pharmacokinetics observed. Both drugs are expected to proceed into a Phase 1b trial that will likely consist of a small number of volunteers testing the efficacy of the product candidates following a challenge with P. falciparum. This design is intended to allow us to observe any early signs of efficacy on a preliminary basis that could help guide future development and further refine the dosing strategy. The Phase 2 clinical trials of ODA-611 and ODA-579 are modeled after that of Novartis’ KAE607 (NCT03334747). This trial design allows for assessment of the impact of different dose levels and treatment regimens of the molecules in the treatment of P. falciparum infected patients in a region where malaria is endemic. The registration trials of ODA-611 and ODA-579 are aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of these treatments in combination with standard of care and are modeled after the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’, or NIAID, past work exploring combinations with chloroquine (NCT00379821). While the NIAID’s chloroquine trial was primarily focused on children, we anticipate recruiting both adults and children because we believe this may maximize the treatable population should our therapeutic candidate receive regulatory approval.

We seek to protect the intellectual property (“IP”) and proprietary technology that we consider important to our business, including by pursuing patent applications that cover our product candidates and methods of using the same, as well as any other relevant inventions and improvements that are considered commercially important to the development of our business. We likewise seek to protect the IP to which we obtain rights through direct and indirect licenses (e.g., from universities and research institutions) and work collaboratively with our licensors to ensure (and if possible be the driver of) patent prosecution and protection. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary and IP positions. Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights for the technology, inventions and improvements we consider important to our business, and to defend any patents we may own or in-license in the future, prevent others from infringing any patents we may own or in-license in the future, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets, and operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties.

As with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary and intellectual property position(s) for our product candidates and technologies will depend on our success in obtaining effective patent claims and enforcing those claims if granted. However, our pending provisional and patent cooperation treaty, or PCT, patent applications, and any patent applications that we may in the future file or license from third parties, may not result in the issuance of patents and any issued patents we may obtain do not guarantee us the right to practice our technology in relation to the commercialization of our products. We also cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in any patents we may own or in-license in the future.

Any issued patents that we may own or in-license in the future may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or have the scope of their claims narrowed. For example, we cannot be certain of the priority of inventions covered by pending third-party patent applications. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology or therapeutics to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial costs to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us, which is highly unpredictable. In addition, because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a product candidate we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our product candidates can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby limiting the protection such patent would afford the respective product and any competitive advantage such patent may provide.

The term of individual patents depends upon the date of filing of the patent application, the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest filing date of a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier expiring patent.

The term of a patent claiming a new drug product may also be eligible for a limited patent term extension when FDA approval is granted, provided statutory and regulatory requirements are met. The restoration period granted on a patent covering a product is typically one-half the time between the effective date of a clinical investigation involving human beings is begun and the submission date of an application, plus the time between the submission date of an application and the ultimate approval date. The restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term, including the restoration period, must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. Only one patent applicable to an approved product is eligible for the extension, and only those claims covering the approved product, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Additionally, the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent in question. A patent that covers multiple products for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. The United States Patent and Trademark Office reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration in consultation with the FDA. In the future, if our product candidates receive approval by the FDA, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on any issued patents covering those products, depending upon the length of the clinical studies for each product and other factors.

There can be no assurance that our pending provisional or PCT patent applications will issue or that we will benefit from any patent term extension or favorable adjustments to the terms of any patents we may own or in-license in the future. In addition, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country-to-country, and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory-related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent. Patent term may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products for an adequate amount of time.

As of June 1, 2023, we exclusively license 25 allowed or issued patents and 38 pending patent applications. The issued patents and pending patent applications have nominal expiration dates ranging from 2032 to 2041, without accounting for any available patent term adjustments or extensions. We have further exclusively sublicensed our rights and obligations under our licenses with Elkurt, Inc. to three subsidiaries that house the applicable program: Ocean Chitorx, Inc. (for oncology), Ocean Sihoma, Inc. (for malaria) and Ocean Chitofibrorx, Inc. (for fibrosis).

On July 31, 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the FRG License Agreement, with Elkurt, Inc., or Elkurt, for OCX-253. We further sub-licensed this program to our Ocean Chitorx, Inc. subsidiary on February 25, 2021. We amended the FRG License Agreement on March 21, 2021, August 31, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, July 2, 2022, and August 25, 2022. Pursuant to the FRG License Agreement, we obtained from Elkurt an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patent rights, or the FRG Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the FRG Know-How, relating to anti-Chi311 antibodies, or FRG Antibodies. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the FRG Licenses, we have the right to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in all fields of use on a worldwide basis any products or services that are either covered by the FRG Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any FRG Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products or services, in each such case an FRG Product. On January 29, 2020, Elkurt obtained from Brown University, or Brown, the licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the FRG Patents and the FRG Know-How, to grant us the FRG Licenses as described above, or the Upstream Brown FRG License. Brown and Elkurt, on behalf of Brown, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings. Elkurt is a company formed by our scientific co-founders and members of our board of directors, Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., Ph.D., Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown.

The FRG License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The FRG License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones: the filing of an IND within one year after commencing IND-enabling studies; completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial within one year following the filing of an IND; completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial within approximately four years following completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial; and completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within three and a half years following completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the FRG License Agreement and amendments, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license maintenance fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt a license maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid, due within 15 days upon our completion of $10 million equity financing. Beginning January 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee of (a) $3,000 until January 1, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any FRG Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the FRG Licenses, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% and 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of an FRG Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on an FRG Product-by-FRG Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each FRG Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any FRG Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporates or otherwise utilizes the FRG Know-How but is not covered by any FRG Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to Brown under the Upstream Brown FRG License Agreement, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay any annual maintenance fee amounts to Brown.

Under the FRG License Agreement, Brown retains control of the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the FRG Patents. We are responsible for reimbursing Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred in performing such patent-related activities during the term of the FRG License Agreement. We are also obligated to reimburse Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred prior to the effective date of the FRG License Agreement with respect to the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the FRG Patents.

Unless earlier terminated, the FRG License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license, will terminate in its entirety upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of the FRG Patents covering any FRG Product, or (b) ten years. We may terminate the FRG License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the FRG License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity for the other party to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the FRG License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the FRG License Agreement for our insolvency. If the FRG License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the FRG Licenses will terminate and all rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

Exclusive License Agreement with Elkurt for Bi-Specific Antibody Anti-CTLA4

On July 31, 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, with Elkurt, for OCX-909. We further sub-licensed this program to our Ocean Chitorx, Inc. subsidiary on February 25, 2021. We amended the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement on March 21, 2021, August 31, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, July 2, 2022 and August 25, 2022. Pursuant to the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, we obtained an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patents rights, or the Anti-CTLA4 Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing sublicense under certain data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the Anti-CTLA4 Know-How, relating to anti-CTLA4 bi-specific antibodies, or Anti-CTLA4 Antibodies. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the Anti-CTLA4 Licenses, we have the right to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in the field of cancer on a worldwide basis any products or services that are either covered by the Anti-CTLA4 Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any Anti-CTLA4 Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products, in each such case an Anti-CTLA4 Product. On January 29, 2020, Elkurt obtained from Brown, the licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the Anti-CTLA4 Patents and the Anti-CTLA4 Know-How, to grant us the Anti-CTLA4 Licenses as described above, or the Upstream Brown Anti-CTLA4 License. Brown and Elkurt, on behalf of Brown, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings.

The Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones: the filing of an IND within two years after commencing IND-enabling studies; the completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial within one year following the filing of an IND; completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial within approximately four years following completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial; and the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within approximately three years following the completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license maintenance fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt a license maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid, upon our completion of $10 million equity financing. Beginning January 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee (a) of $3,000 until January 1, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any Anti-CTLA4 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% or 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of an Anti-CTLA4 Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on an Anti-CTLA4 Product-by-Anti-CTLA4 Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each Anti-CTLA4 Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any Anti-CTLA4 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporate or otherwise utilizes the Anti-CTLA4 Know-How but not covered by any Anti-CTLA4 Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to Brown under the Upstream Brown Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay Brown any annual maintenance fees.

Under the Anti-CTLA4 Agreement, Brown retains control of the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the Anti-CTLA4 Patents. We are responsible for reimbursing Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses during the term of the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement. We are also obligated to reimburse Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred prior to the effective date of the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement with respect to the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the Anti-CTLA4 Patents licensed by us.

Unless earlier terminated, the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license, will expire upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of an Anti-CTLA4 Patents covering any Anti-CTLA4 Products in any country, or (b) ten years. We may terminate the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity by the other party to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the Anti-CTLA4 License Agreement for our insolvency. If the License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the Anti-CTLA4 Licenses will terminate and all rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

Exclusive License Agreement with Elkurt for Bispecific (FRG)xAnti-PD-1 (FRGxPD-1)

On July 31, 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement, with Elkurt, for OCX-410. We further sub-licensed this program to our Ocean Chitorx, Inc. subsidiary on February 25, 2021. We amended the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement on March 21, 2021, August 31, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, July 2, 2022, and August 25, 2022. Pursuant to the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement, we obtained from Elkurt an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patent rights, or the FRGxPD-1 Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the FRGxPD-1 Know-How, relating to (FRG)xAnti-PD-1 bispecific antibodies, or FRGxPD-1 Antibodies. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the FRGxPD-1 Licenses, we have the rights to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in all fields of use worldwide any products or services that are either covered by the FRGxPD-1 Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any FRGxPD-1 Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products, in each such case an FRGxPD-1 Product. On January 29, 2020, Elkurt obtained from Brown, the licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the FRGxPD-1 Patents and the FRGxPD-1 Know-How, to grant us the FRGxPD-1Licenses as described above, or the Upstream Brown FRGxPD-1 License. Brown and Elkurt, on behalf of Brown, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings.

The FRGxPD-1 License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The FRGxPD-1 License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones: the filing of an IND within two years after commencing IND-enabling studies; the completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial within one year following the filing of an IND; completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial within approximately four years following completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial; and the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within three years following the completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement, we must pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license maintenance fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt a license maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid, upon our completion of a $10 million equity financing. Beginning January 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee (a) of $3,000 on each until January 1, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any FRGxPD-1 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the FRGxPD-1 Licenses, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% or 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of an FRG Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on an FRGxPD-1 Product-by-FRGxPD-1 Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each FRGxPD-1 Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any FRGxPD-1 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporate or otherwise utilizes the FRGxPD-1 Know-How but not covered by any FRGxPD-1 Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to Brown under the Upstream Brown FRGxPD-1 License Agreement, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay Brown any annual maintenance fees.

Under the FRGxPD-1 Agreement, Brown retains control of the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the FRGxPD-1 Patents. We are responsible for reimbursing Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses during the term of the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement. We will also reimburse Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred prior to the effective date of the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement with respect to the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the FRGxPD-1 Patents licensed by us.

Unless earlier terminated, the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license, will expire upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of an FRGxPD-1 Patent covering any FRGxPD-1 Products in any country or (b) ten years. We may terminate the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity by the other party to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the FRGxPD-1 License Agreement for our insolvency. If the License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the FRGxPD-1 Licenses will terminate and all rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

Exclusive License Agreement with Elkurt for (Chit1) Small Molecule Antifibrotic

On July 31, 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the Chit1 License Agreement, with Elkurt, for OCF-203. We further sub-licensed this program to our Ocean Chitofibrorx, Inc. subsidiary on February 25, 2021. We amended the Chit1 License Agreement on March 21, 2021, August 31, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, July 2, 2022, and August 25, 2022. Pursuant to the Chit1 License Agreement, we obtained from Elkurt an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patent rights, or the Chit1 Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain protocols, data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the Chit1 Know-How, relating to Chit1 small molecules, or Chit1 Molecules. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the Chit1 Licenses, we have the worldwide rights to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in the field of pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic conditions any products or services that are either covered by the Chit1 Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any Chit1 Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products or services, in each such case an Chit1 Product. On January 29, 2020, Elkurt obtained from Brown the necessary licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the Chit1 Patents and the Chit1 Know-How, or the Upstream Brown Chit1 License, to grant us the Chit1 Licenses as described above. Brown and Elkurt, on behalf of Brown, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings.

The Chit1 License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The Chit1 License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones: the filing of an IND within two years after commencing IND-enabling studies; the completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial within two years following the filing of an IND; and the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within approximately three years following the completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the Chit1 License Agreement, we must pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license maintenance fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt a license maintenance fee of $67,000, increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid, upon our completion of a $10 million equity financing. Beginning January 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee (a) of $3,000 until January 1, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any Chit1 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the Chit1 Licenses, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% to 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of a Chit1 Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on a Chit1 Product-by-Chit1 Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each Chit1 Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any Chit1 Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporate or otherwise utilizes the Chit1 Know-How but not covered by any Chit1 Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to Brown under the Upstream Brown Chit1 License Agreement, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay Brown any annual maintenance fees.

Under the Chit1 Agreement, Brown retains control of the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the Chit1 Patents. We are responsible for reimbursing Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses during the term of the Chit1 License Agreement. We will also reimburse Elkurt for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred prior to the effective date of the Chit1 License Agreement with respect to the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the Chit1 Patents licensed by us under this agreement.

Unless earlier terminated, the Chit1 License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license, will expire upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a Chit1 Patent covering any Chit1 Products in any country or (b) ten years. We may terminate the Chit1 License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the Chit1 License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the Chit1 License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the Chit1 License Agreement for our insolvency. If the License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the Chit1 Licenses will terminate and all rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

On January 25, 2021, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, with Elkurt, for ODA-570, ODA-611 and ODA-579. We further sub-licensed this program to our Ocean Sihoma, Inc. subsidiary on February 25, 2021. We amended the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement on April 1, 2021, September 10, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, and August 26, 2022. Pursuant to the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, we obtained from Elkurt an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patent rights, or the PfGARP/PfSEA Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain protocols, data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the PfGARP/PfSEA Know-How, relating to PfGARP-1 vaccines and antibodies to Pfgarp. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the PfGARP/PfSEA Licenses, we have the worldwide rights to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in the field of malaria any products or services that are either covered by the PfGARP/PfSEA Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any PfGARP/PfSEA Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products or services, in each such case a PfGARP/PfSEA Product. On February 1, 2020, Elkurt obtained from Rhode Island Hospital, or RIH, the necessary licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the PfGARP/PfSEA Patents and the PfGARP/PfSEA Know-How, or the Upstream RIH License, to grant us the PfGARP/PfSEA Licenses as described above. RIH and Elkurt, on behalf of RIH, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings.

Under the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, we must use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize products in accordance with the development and commercialization plan, to introduce PfGARP/PfSEA Products into the commercial market and to market PfGARP/PfSEA Products after such introduction in the market, and we must meet certain development and commercialization milestones or else failure to do so will be considered a material breach of the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, we must pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license maintenance fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt a license maintenance fee of $110,000 upon the earlier to occur of our completion of a $10 million equity financing, or November 1, 2023. Beginning January 1, 2022 we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee (a) of $3,000 until January 1, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any PfGARP/PfSEA Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the PfGARP/PfSEA Licenses, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% or 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of a PfGARP/PfSEA Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on a PfGARP/PfSEA Product-by- PfGARP/PfSEA Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each PfGARP/PfSEA Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any PfGARP/PfSEA Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporate or otherwise utilizes the PfGARP/PfSEA Know-How but not covered by any PfGARP/PfSEA Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to RIH under the Upstream RIH PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay RIH any annual maintenance fees.

The PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones for the malaria vaccine program: the filing of an IND within two years after commencing IND-enabling studies; the completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial within one and a half years following the filing of an IND; and the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within three years following completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

Unless earlier terminated, the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license will expire upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a PfGARP/PfSEA Patent covering any PfGARP/PfSEA Products in any country or (b) ten years. We may terminate the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement for our insolvency. If the PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the PfGARP/PfSEA Licenses will terminate and all the rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

On September 13, 2022, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, with Elkurt. Pursuant to the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, we obtained from Elkurt an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain patent rights, or the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Patents, and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain protocols, data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Know-How, relating to anti-PfGARP small molecules. Under such licenses that we obtained from Elkurt, or the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Licenses, we have the worldwide rights to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in the field of malaria any products or services that are either covered by the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products or services, in each such case a Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Product. Elkurt obtained from Brown University the necessary licenses, with the rights to sublicense, under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Patents and the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Know-How, or the Upstream Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License, to grant us the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Licenses as described above. Brown University and Elkurt, on behalf of Brown University, retained the rights to practice the intellectual property rights sublicensed to us for academic research, educational and scholarly purposes, and to publish resulting scientific findings.

Under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, we must use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize products in accordance with the development and commercialization plan, to introduce Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Products into the commercial market and to market Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Products after such introduction in the market, and we must meet certain development and commercialization milestones or else failure to do so will be considered a material breach of the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Elkurt under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, we must pay to Elkurt a non-refundable, annual license fee. For the first year of the term, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an initial license fee of $70,000, payable in two installments of $35,000 each on April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Beginning September 13, 2023 we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee equal to (a) $3,000 until September 13, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. We are also obligated to pay to Elkurt low, single-digit royalties, on net sales of any Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees. If we grant any sublicenses under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Licenses, we are obligated to pay to Elkurt an initial sublicense fee that is either 10% or 25% depending, respectively, on whether we execute the sublicense after or before the first commercial sale of a Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Product. We are also required to pay certain milestone payments on a Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Product-by-Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Product basis upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones, totaling up to $700,000 for each Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Product. To the extent net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from any Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Products that are commercialized by us or our sublicensees that incorporate or otherwise utilizes the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Know-How but not covered by any Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Patents, we may reduce the applicable royalty rates and non-royalty income rates by half. These payment amounts are identical to the amounts owed by Elkurt to Brown University under the Upstream Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License, except that Elkurt is not obligated to pay Brown University any annual maintenance fees. We also are required to pay Elkurt $100,000 in the event that we or one of sublicensees sublicenses this technology to a major pharmaceutical company or if the license agreement or any sublicense agreement for this technology is acquired by a major pharmaceutical company. A major pharmaceutical company is one that is publicly traded, with market capitalization of at least $5 billion and has been engaged in drug discovery, development, production and marketing for no less than 5 years.

The Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement requires us to achieve future development milestones by certain dates. Recognizing the unpredictability of clinical development, the agreement allows us to request amendments and/or extensions to these milestones by providing Elkurt with a reasonable explanation for such requests along with plans for achieving the extended and/or amended milestones. Although Elkurt is obliged to reasonably extend or amend those milestones, it may terminate the agreement for failure to achieve development milestones after giving us reasonable opportunity to cure. The Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement sets forth the following future development milestones for the malaria small molecules program: the filing of an IND in 2027; the commencement of Phase 1/2 clinical trials in 2027; and the commencement of a Phase 3 clinical trial in 2029. Elkurt may also terminate the agreement if we do not complete a $10 million equity financing by November 1, 2023.

Unless earlier terminated, the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, including the royalty bearing license will expire upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Patent covering any Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Products in any country or (b) ten years. We may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in its entirety upon the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity to cure such material breach. Elkurt may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice for failure by us to meet certain milestones or the failure to achieve a certain amount of financing. Elkurt may also terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement for our insolvency. If the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules Licenses will terminate and all the rights thereunder will revert to Elkurt.

Our industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we believe that our knowledge, experience, scientific resources and business model provide us with competitive advantages and may make us a partner of choice to research universities and medical centers, we face substantial competition from pharmaceutical companies as well as established and venture-backed biotechnology companies worldwide. For example, other companies such as BridgeBio similarly target research universities and medical centers to identify and develop therapeutic candidates that may or may not overlap with the inventions or technologies that we may seek to develop. As a result, we may face competition from other companies that are seeking to gain access to the types of institutions that we may seek to partner with. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. Smaller and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. As a result, our competitors may discover, develop, license or commercialize products before or more successfully than we do.

We face competition with respect to our current product candidates and will face competition with respect to future product candidates, from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions, among others.

If our current product candidates or our future product candidates do not offer sustainable advantages over competing products, we may otherwise not be able to successfully compete against current and future competitors.

Our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we may or may obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are more effective, more convenient, more widely used and less costly or have a better safety profile than our products and these competitors may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products.

In addition, we may likely need to develop certain of our product candidates in collaboration with diagnostic companies, and we will face competition from other companies in establishing these collaborations. Our competitors will also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

Furthermore, we also face competition more broadly across the market for cost-effective and reimbursable treatments. Some of these competitive drugs are branded and subject to patent protection, and others are available on a generic basis. Insurers and other third-party payors may also encourage the use of generic products or specific branded products. We expect that if our product candidates are approved, they will be priced at a significant premium over competitive generic, including branded generic, products. As a result, obtaining market acceptance of, and gaining significant share of the market for, any of our product candidates that we successfully introduce to the market will pose challenges. In addition, many companies are developing new therapeutics, and we cannot predict what the standard of care will be as our product candidates progress through clinical development.

The most common methods of treating patients with cancer are surgery, radiation and drug therapy, including chemotherapy, hormone therapy and targeted drug therapy or a combination of such methods. There are a variety of available drug therapies marketed for cancer. In many cases, these drugs are administered in combination to enhance efficacy. While our product candidates, if any are approved, may compete with these existing drug and other therapies, to the extent they are ultimately used in combination with or as an adjunct to these therapies, our product candidates may not be competitive with them.

In oncology, two of our programs, OCX-253 and OCX-410, are targeting NSCLC as their initial indication. For NSCLC, currently marketed oncology drugs and therapeutics range from traditional cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, to immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PDL-1, such as Bristol Myers Squibb’s, or BMS’, Opdivo, Merck’s Keytruda, Genentech’s Tecentriq, Regeneron’s Libtayo, Astra Zeneca’s Imfinzi, and targeting CTLA- 4, such as BMS’ Yervoy. There are also numerous compounds in clinical development for the potential treatment of NSCLC including Roche’s tiragolumab which targets TIGIT. Our OCX-909 is targeting GBM, for which there are no currently approved therapies that are effective in treating this disease.

Our program OCF-203 in fibrotic diseases is targeting IPF and HPS. For the treatment of IPF, we are aware of two approved products: Esbriet (pirfenidone), marketed by Roche Holding AG, and Ofev, marketed by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. Novartis launched a generic version of pirfenidone in May 2022. Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim are both developing next-generation IPF therapies. Companies currently developing product candidates in IPF in late-stage Phase III trials include Fibrogen, United Therapeutics, and Roche. Companies with IPF candidates in early-stage trials include BMS, Horizon, Pliant, Galecto Biotech, and Endeavor Biomedicines. For HPS, there are no marketed therapeutics and only one investigational program from Roche, which is targeting HPS patients who have an associated interstitial lung disease.

The infectious disease programs address both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of malaria. Our malaria vaccine program, ODA-570, currently has only one marketed competitor, GSK’s Mosquirix. Companies with the next most advanced vaccines are Sanaria with PfSPZ (beginning Phase 3 clinical trials) and VLP therapeutics (Phase 2 clinical trials). Additionally, there are several additional early-stage vaccine candidates in development. One application of our malaria antibody program, ODA-611, targets short-term prophylaxis. Several generic short-term prophylactic treatments are currently available, such as Atovaquone/Proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, primaquine, tafenoquine. Additionally, prophylactic anti-malarial therapies in pre-clinical or early stage development are being explored by Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Merck, Lyndra Therapeutics, and Titan Pharmaceuticals. The NIH is currently conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial, mAb CIS43LS, which is the only direct analogous competitor to our program.

Programs ODA-611 and ODA-579 have target indications for the treatment of symptomatic malaria infection. Currently favored treatment classes include quinoline-related compounds, antifolates, artemisinin derivatives, and antimicrobials. There are a variety of treatment options within these classes available and currently marketed by MMV, Novartis, Leadiant Biosciences, GSK, Millennial Hope, Roche, Takeda, and most recently IV Artesunate from Amivas. Additionally, MMV, Merck, J&J, and Eisai have severe malaria therapeutic candidates in early stage clinical trials.

We do not have any manufacturing facilities or personnel at this time. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on CMOs for the manufacture of our product candidates undergoing preclinical testing, as well as for clinical testing and commercial manufacturing if our product candidates receive marketing approval.

Our product candidates include small molecules, vaccines, and monoclonal and bispecific antibodies. Several contract manufacturing facilities exist that have expertise in each product type and we anticipate that our product candidates can be produced by them at scale and in a cost-effective manner. As needed, we also expect to rely on CMOs for the manufacturing of companion diagnostics, which are assays or tests to identify an appropriate patient population. Depending on the technology solutions we choose, we may rely on multiple third parties to manufacture and sell a single test.

We will objectively assess and choose each program’s commercialization option that maximizes potential value for patients and for our shareholders. We anticipate optimizing its commercial value through various options, including internal advancement, partnerships with established companies, and spin-outs or IPOs. If we opt to commercialize a particular candidate ourselves, we anticipate assembling a focused sales and marketing organization to sell our products. We will aim for such organization to address the community of relevant medical practitioners who are the key specialists in treating the patient populations for which our product candidates are being developed. We may also enter into distribution and other marketing arrangements with third parties for any of our product candidates that obtain marketing approval.

We also plan to build a marketing and sales management organization to create and implement marketing strategies for any products that we market through our own sales organization and to oversee and support our sales force. The responsibilities of the marketing organization would include developing educational initiatives with respect to approved products and establishing relationships with researchers and practitioners in relevant fields of medicine.

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, manufacture, testing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products, as well as diagnostics. Generally, before a new drug, biologic or diagnostic can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved, authorized, or cleared by the applicable regulatory authority.

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FD&C Act, and its implementing regulations and biologics under the FD&C Act and the Public Health Service Act, or PHSA, and their implementing regulations. Both drugs and biologics also are subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations, such as those related to competition. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or following approval may subject an applicant to administrative actions or judicial sanctions. These actions and sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license revocation, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, voluntary or mandatory product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement and civil or criminal fines or penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on our business, the market acceptance of our products and our reputation.

Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA through either an NDA or a BLA before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process generally involves the following:

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and the regulatory scheme for drugs and biologics is evolving and subject to change at any time. We cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

Before testing any drug or biologic product candidate in humans, the product candidate must undergo rigorous preclinical testing. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, stability and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess safety and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal and state regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for safety/toxicology studies.

An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical studies, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans, and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the United States. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time, the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin in the United States. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Additionally, the review of information in an IND application may prompt FDA to, among other things, scrutinize existing INDs or marketed products and could generate requests for information or clinical holds on other product candidates or programs.

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative, and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries. Information about certain clinical trials, including clinical trial results, must be submitted within specific timeframes for publication on the www.clinicaltrials.gov website.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA or BLA. The FDA will accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical trial not conducted under an IND if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary.

Clinical trials generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3, and may overlap.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and are commonly intended to generate additional safety data regarding use of the product in a clinical setting. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of an NDA or BLA. Failure to exhibit due diligence with regard to conducting required Phase 4 clinical trials could result in withdrawal of approval for products.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators 15 days after the trial sponsor determines the information qualifies for reporting for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor must also notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction as soon as possible but in no case later than seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information.

Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 and other types of clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug or biologic has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and also must develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug or biologic as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product and, among other things, companies must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidates do not undergo unacceptable deterioration over their shelf life.

Following completion of the clinical trials, data are analyzed to assess whether the investigational product is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. The NDA or BLA is a request for approval to market the drug or biologic for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety and efficacy for a drug or safety, purity and potency for a biologic. The application may include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a product’s use or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product to the satisfaction of FDA. FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before a drug or biologic may be marketed in the United States.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each NDA or BLA must be accompanied by a user fee. FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on NDAs or BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

The FDA reviews all submitted NDAs and BLAs to ensure they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review before it accepts them for filing, and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA or BLA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA or BLA for filing within 60 days of receipt, and such decision could include a refusal to file by the FDA. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA or BLA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA targets ten months, from the filing date, in which to complete its initial review of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA designated for priority review. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs or BLAs, and the review process is often extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

Before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMP requirements. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within the required specifications. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel products or products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates an NDA or BLA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug or biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application will not be approved in its present form. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA or BLA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require the applicant to obtain additional clinical data, including the potential requirement to conduct additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) and/or to complete other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, or to conduct additional preclinical studies or manufacturing activities. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA or BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application or request an opportunity for a hearing. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product.

Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years from the date of such approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety or providing a major contribution to patient care or in instances of drug supply issues. Competitors, however, may receive approval of either a different product for the same indication or the same product for a different indication but that could be used off-label in the orphan indication. Orphan drug exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval before we do for the same product, as defined by the FDA, for the same indication we are seeking approval, or if our product is determined to be contained within the scope of the competitor’s product for the same indication or disease. If we pursue marketing approval for an indication broader than the orphan drug designation we have received, we may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the European Union has similar, but not identical, requirements and benefits.

The FDA has authority to award priority review vouchers, or PRVs, to sponsors of certain tropical disease product applications. The FDA’s Tropical Disease Priority Review Voucher Program is designed to encourage development of new drug and biological products for the prevention and treatment of certain tropical diseases affecting millions of people throughout the world. Under this program, a sponsor who receives an approval for a drug or biologic for the prevention or treatment a tropical disease that meets certain criteria may qualify for a PRV that can be redeemed to receive priority review of a subsequent NDA or BLA for a different product. The sponsor of a topical disease drug product receiving a PRV may transfer (including by sale) the voucher to another sponsor of an NDA or BLA. The FD&C Act does not limit the number of times a PRV may be transferred before the voucher is used.

For a product to qualify for a PRV, (i) the sponsor must request approval of the product for the prevention or treatment of a “tropical disease” listed in Section 524 of the FD&C Act, (ii) the product must otherwise qualify for priority review, and (iii) the product must contain no active ingredient (including any salt or ester of an active ingredient) that has been approved by the FDA in any other NDA or BLA. Applications also must contain reports of one or more new clinical investigations (other than bioavailability studies) that were essential to the approval of the application and conducted or sponsored by the sponsor. In addition, the sponsor must provide in the application an attestation that such report(s) were not submitted as part of an application for marketing approval or licensure by a regulatory authority in India, Brazil, Thailand, or any country that is a member of the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention or the Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme prior to September 27, 2007.

A sponsor may seek to develop and obtain approval of its product candidates under programs designed to accelerate the development, FDA review and approval of new drugs and biologics that meet certain criteria. For example, the FDA has a fast track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biologics that are intended to treat a serious or life threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast track designation applies to both the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. For a fast track-designated product, the FDA may consider sections of the NDA or BLA for review on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application. The sponsor can request the FDA to designate the product for fast track status any time before receiving NDA or BLA approval, but ideally no later than the pre-NDA or pre-BLA meeting.

A product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a fast track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development or review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Priority review means that, for a new molecular entity or original BLA, the FDA sets a target date for FDA action on the marketing application at six months after accepting the application for filing as opposed to ten months. A product is eligible for priority review if it is designed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biologic designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. If criteria are not met for priority review, the application for a new molecular entity or original BLA is subject to the standard FDA review period of ten months after FDA accepts the application for filing. Priority review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval.

A product may also be eligible for accelerated approval if it is designed to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrates an effect on either a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the disease or condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA requires that a sponsor of a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product. FDA may withdraw approval of a drug or indication approved under accelerated approval if, for example, the confirmatory trial fails to verify the predicted clinical benefit of the product.

Additionally, a drug or biologic may be eligible for designation as a breakthrough therapy if the product candidate is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. If the FDA designates a breakthrough therapy, it may take actions appropriate to expedite the development and review of the application, which may include holding meetings with the sponsor and the review team throughout the development of the therapy; providing timely advice to, and interactive communication with, the sponsor regarding the development of the drug to ensure that the development program to gather the nonclinical and clinical data necessary for approval is as efficient as practicable; involving senior managers and experienced review staff, as appropriate, in a collaborative, cross-disciplinary review; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the FDA review team to facilitate an efficient review of the development program and to serve as a scientific liaison between the review team and the sponsor; and considering alternative clinical trial designs when scientifically appropriate, which may result in smaller trials or more efficient trials that require less time to complete and may minimize the number of patients exposed to a potentially less efficacious treatment. Breakthrough therapy designation comes with all of the benefits of fast track designation, which means that the sponsor may file sections of the BLA for review on a rolling basis if certain conditions are satisfied, including an agreement with the FDA on the proposed schedule for submission of portions of the application and the payment of applicable user fees before the FDA may initiate a review.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or the time period for FDA review or approval may not be shortened. Furthermore, fast track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards for approval.

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, certain NDAs and BLAs and certain supplements to an NDA or BLA must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of pediatric data or full or partial waivers. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, amended the FD&C Act to require that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or, if there is no such meeting, as early as practicable before the initiation of the Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 clinical trial. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach an agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from preclinical studies, early phase clinical trials and/or other clinical development programs. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA generally does not apply to a drug or biologic for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted.

A drug or biologic product can also obtain pediatric market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted if a sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly responds to a “Written Request” from the FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted.

Following approval of a new product, the manufacturer and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and record-keeping activities, reporting of adverse experiences, complying with promotion and advertising requirements, which include limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and restrictions on promoting products for unapproved uses or patient populations (known as “off-label use”). Although physicians may in their independent medical judgment prescribe legally available products for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such uses. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including investigation by federal and state authorities. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use or first publication.

Further, if there are any modifications to the drug or biologic, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, the applicant may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new NDA/BLA or NDA/BLA supplement, which may require the development of additional data or preclinical studies and clinical trials. The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals including the requirement for a REMS, to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA or BLA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve the NDA or BLA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing.

FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP regulations. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. These manufacturers must comply with cGMP regulations that require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance, the maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs or biologics are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. The discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP regulations, could result in enforcement actions, and the discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA or BLA, including recall.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may issue enforcement letters or withdraw the approval of the product if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the drug or biologic reaches the market. Corrective action could delay drug or biologic distribution and require significant time and financial expenditures. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a drug or biologic, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

We believe that the success of certain of our product candidates may depend, in part, on the development and commercialization of a companion diagnostic. Companion diagnostics identify patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular therapeutic product; identify patients likely to be at increased risk for serious side effects as a result of treatment with a particular therapeutic product; or monitor response to treatment with a particular therapeutic product for the purpose of adjusting treatment to achieve improved safety or effectiveness. Companion diagnostics are regulated as medical devices by the FDA. In the United States, the FD&C Act and its implementing regulations, and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, medical device design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, premarket clearance or approval, registration and listing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, advertising and promotion, sales and distribution, export and import, and post-market surveillance. Unless an exemption or FDA exercise of enforcement discretion applies, diagnostic tests generally require marketing clearance or approval from the FDA prior to commercialization. The two primary types of FDA marketing authorization applicable to a medical device are premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, and approval of a premarket approval application, or PMA.

To obtain 510(k) clearance for a medical device, or for certain modifications to devices that have received 510(k) clearance, a manufacturer must submit a premarket notification demonstrating that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device or to a pre-amendment device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or a predicate device, for which the FDA has not yet called for the submission of a PMA. In making a determination that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, the FDA compares the proposed device to the predicate device or predicate devices and assesses whether the subject device is comparable to the predicate device or predicate devices with respect to intended use, technology, design and other features which could affect safety and effectiveness. If the FDA determines that the subject device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device or predicate devices, the subject device may be cleared for marketing. The 510(k) premarket notification pathway generally takes from three to twelve months from the date the application is completed, but can take significantly longer.

A PMA must be supported by valid scientific evidence, which typically requires extensive data, including technical, preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the device. For diagnostic tests, a PMA typically includes data regarding analytical and clinical validation studies. As part of its review of the PMA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which requires manufacturers to follow design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures. The FDA’s review of an initial PMA application is required by statute to take between six to ten months, although the process typically takes longer, and may require several years to complete. If the FDA evaluations of both the PMA application and the manufacturing facilities are favorable, the FDA will either issue an approval letter or an approvable letter, which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure the final approval of the PMA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny the approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvable letter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the PMA approvable. Once granted, PMA approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post-approval requirements, conditions of approval or other regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

In August 2014, the FDA issued a final guidance document addressing the development and approval process for “In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices.” According to the guidance document, for novel therapeutic products that depend on the use of a diagnostic test and where the diagnostic device could be essential for the safe and effective use of the corresponding therapeutic product, the premarket application for the companion diagnostic device should be developed and approved or cleared contemporaneously with the therapeutic, although the FDA recognizes that there may be cases when contemporaneous development may not be possible. However, in cases where a drug or biologic cannot be used safely or effectively without the companion diagnostic, the FDA’s guidance indicates it will generally not approve the product without the approval or clearance of the diagnostic device. The FDA also issued a draft guidance in July 2016 setting forth the principles for co-development of an in vitro companion diagnostic device with a therapeutic product. The draft guidance describes principles to guide the development and contemporaneous marketing authorization for the therapeutic product and its corresponding in vitro companion diagnostic. In November 2020, the FDA issued a final guidance, which addresses the development and labeling of in vitro companion diagnostic devices for a specific group of oncology therapeutic products.

Once cleared or approved, the companion diagnostic device must adhere to post-marketing requirements including the requirements of FDA’s quality system regulation, adverse event reporting, recalls and corrections along with product marketing requirements and limitations. Like drug and biologic makers, companion diagnostic makers are subject to FDA inspections at any time during which the FDA will conduct an audit of the product(s) and the company’s facilities for compliance with its authorities.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of our future product candidates, some of our United States patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit restoration of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. Patent-term restoration, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. The patent-term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA or BLA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA or BLA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patent term for our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA or BLA.

Marketing exclusivity provisions under the FD&C Act also can delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FD&C Act provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FD&C Act also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

Certain of our product candidates will be regulated as biologics. An abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be similar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product was created by the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCI Act, as part of the Affordable Care Act, or ACA. This amendment to the PHSA, in part, attempts to minimize duplicative testing. Biosimilarity, which requires that the biological product be highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components and that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies and a clinical trial or trials. Interchangeability requires that a biological product be biosimilar to the reference product and that the product can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product in any given patient and, for products administered multiple times to an individual, that the product and the reference product may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biological product without such alternation or switch. Complexities associated with the larger, and often more complex, structure of biological products as compared to small molecule drugs, as well as the processes by which such products are manufactured, pose significant hurdles to implementation that are still being worked out by the FDA.

A reference biological product is granted four and twelve year exclusivity periods from the time of first licensure of the product. FDA will not accept an application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product based on the reference biological product until four years after the date of first licensure of the reference product, and FDA will not approve an application for a biosimilar or interchangeable product based on the reference biological product until twelve years after the date of first licensure of the reference product. “First licensure” typically means the initial date the particular product at issue was licensed in the United States. Date of first licensure does not include the date of licensure of (and a new period of exclusivity is not available for) a biological product if the licensure is for a supplement for the biological product or for a subsequent application by the same sponsor or manufacturer of the biological product (or licensor, predecessor in interest, or other related entity) for a change (not including a modification to the structure of the biological product) that results in a new indication, route of administration, dosing schedule, dosage form, delivery system, delivery device or strength, or for a modification to the structure of the biological product that does not result in a change in safety, purity, or potency. Therefore, one must determine whether a new product includes a modification to the structure of a previously licensed product that results in a change in safety, purity, or potency to assess whether the licensure of the new product is a first licensure that triggers its own period of exclusivity. Whether a subsequent application, if approved, warrants exclusivity as the “first licensure” of a biological product is determined on a case-by-case basis with data submitted by the sponsor.

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in the United States in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, the Office of Inspector General and the Office for Civil Rights, as well as other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, the Department of Justice, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments.

Healthcare providers, and third party payors will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare providers and physicians and any future arrangements with third party payers, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. In the United States, these laws include: the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the False Claims Act, and the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPPA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH. The Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person or entity, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, that is intended to induce or reward referrals, including the purchase, recommendation, order or prescription of a particular drug, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Violations of this law are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, administrative civil money penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. Moreover, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

Although we would not submit claims directly to payors, drug manufacturers can be held liable under the federal civil False Claims Act, which imposes civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities (including manufacturers) for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for items or services, including drugs, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Penalties for a False Claims Act violation include three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties for each separate false claim, the potential for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs and, although the federal False Claims Act is a civil statute, conduct that results in a False Claims Act violation may also implicate various federal criminal statutes. The government may deem manufacturers to have “caused” the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. Our operations, including the future marketing and activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for our products, if approved, the reporting of prices used to calculate Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state and third-party reimbursement for our products, and the sale and marketing of our product candidates, are subject to scrutiny under this law.

HIPAA created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any money or property owned by, or under the control or custody of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by trick, scheme or device, a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

The Civil Monetary Penalties Statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

We may be subject to data privacy and security regulations by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their implementing regulations, mandates, among other things, the adoption of uniform standards for the electronic exchange of information in common healthcare transactions, as well as standards relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information, which require the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to business associates, defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities, which include certain health care providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, that create, receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity and their covered subcontractors. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities and business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties.

Additionally, the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, or the Sunshine Act, within the ACA, and its implementing regulations, require that certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biological and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) report annually to CMS information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, physicians, and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians, certain other healthcare professionals, and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers will also be required to report information regarding payments and other transfers of value provided during the previous year to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants, and certified nurse-midwives. In addition, many states also govern the reporting of payments or other transfers of value, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, are often not pre-empted, and may have a more prohibitive effect than the Sunshine Act, thus further complicating compliance efforts.

Similar federal, state and foreign fraud and abuse laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services. Such laws are generally broad and are enforced by various state agencies and private actions. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant federal government compliance guidance, and require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures.

In order to distribute products commercially, we must comply with state laws that require the registration or licensure of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of drug and biological products in a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors who ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. Several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities, and/or register their sales representatives, as well as to prohibit pharmacies and other healthcare entities from providing certain physician prescribing data to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for use in sales and marketing, and to prohibit certain other sales and marketing practices. All of our activities are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, individual imprisonment, exclusion of drugs from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Ensuring business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert a company’s attention from the business.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and likely will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare.

For example, in March 2010, the ACA was enacted in the United States. The ACA includes measures that have significantly changed, and are expected to continue to significantly change, the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the ACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical industry are that the ACA:

While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. For example, the Tax Act includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated the health insurer tax. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or the BBA, among other things, amends the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to reduce the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” On December 14, 2018, a United States District Court Judge in the Northern District of Texas, or the Texas District Court Judge, ruled that the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the ACA, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax Act, the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. The case was argued in the United States Supreme Court on November 10, 2020. On February 10, 2021, the Biden administration informed the Supreme Court that the government had withdrawn its support of a nationwide repeal of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court held that states did not have standing to challenge the ACA and that the individual plaintiffs could not show sufficient injury to have standing, therefore avoiding having to make a substantive determination on the constitutionality of the law. While the litigation was pending, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through May 15, 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how future litigation and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the ACA.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach the required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013, following passage of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, and will remain in effect through 2030, with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022, followed by a period of 1% payment adjustment April 1 - June 30, 2022, followed by a 2% payment adjustment beginning July 1, 2022. Further, in January 2013, former President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors, which may adversely affect our future profitability. Additionally, there has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices.

Specifically, there have been several recent United States Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. At the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders and policy initiatives. On September 24, 2020, HHS and FDA issued a final rule under Section 804 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act allowing commercial importation of certain prescription drugs from Canada without the manufacturer’s authorization. The validity of the final rule has been challenged in federal court by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the Partnership for Safe Medicines and the Council for Affordable Health Coverage. Further, on November 30, 2020, HHS finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Medicare Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The implementation of the rule has been delayed by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to January 2026. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a new safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers, the implementation of which have also been delayed. On November 20, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing a new payment model, the Most Favored Nation Model, which would have tied Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021. On December 28, 2020, the United States District Court in Northern California issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against implementation of the interim final rule. CMS withdrew the rule on December 27, 2021.

If our products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. Further, products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the United States Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities also are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional federal and state requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in significant penalties, including criminal prosecution, fines, injunctions, exclusion from federal healthcare programs, requests for recall, seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

We may be subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and waste products, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. However, we do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

In the European Union, our future products also may be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. As in the United States, medicinal products can be marketed only if a marketing authorization from the competent regulatory agencies has been obtained.

Similar to the United States, the various phases of preclinical and clinical research in the European Union are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC has sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the European Union, the EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently. This has led to significant variations in the Member State regimes. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each of the EU countries where the trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority, or NCA, and one or more Ethics Committees, or ECs. Under the current regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial have to be reported to the NCA and ECs of the Member State where they occurred.

The EU clinical trials legislation currently is undergoing a transition process mainly aimed at harmonizing and streamlining clinical-trial authorization, simplifying adverse-event reporting procedures, improving the supervision of clinical trials and increasing their transparency. In April 2014, the EU adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 (the “Regulation”), which is set to replace the current Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC. The European Commission confirmed January 31, 2022 as the date of entry into application of the Regulation and the go-live of the Clinical Trials Information System (“CTIS”) by publishing a notice in the Official Journal of the European Union on July 31, 2021. The new Regulation will be directly applicable in all Member States (and so does not require national implementing legislation in each Member State), and aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical studies in the EU, for instance by providing for a streamlined application procedure via a single point and strictly defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications.

Much like the Anti-Kickback Statue prohibition in the United States, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is also prohibited in the European Union. The provision of benefits or advantages to induce or reward improper performance generally is usually governed by the national anti-bribery laws of European Union Member States, and the Bribery Act 2010 in the UK. Infringement of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. EU Directive 2001/83/EC, which is the EU Directive governing medicinal products for human use, further provides that, where medicinal products are being promoted to persons qualified to prescribe or supply them, no gifts, pecuniary advantages or benefits in kind may be supplied, offered or promised to such persons unless they are inexpensive and relevant to the practice of medicine or pharmacy. This provision has been transposed into the Human Medicines Regulations 2012 and so remains applicable in the UK despite its departure from the EU.

Payments made to physicians in certain European Union Member States must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or her competent professional organization and/or the regulatory authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

In the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is comprised of the Member States of the European Union plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a marketing authorization, or MA. There are two main types of marketing authorizations.

Under the above described procedures, before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

Now that the UK (which comprises Great Britain and Northern Ireland) has left the EU, Great Britain will no longer be covered by centralized MAs (under the Northern Irish Protocol, centralized MAs will continue to be recognized in Northern Ireland). All medicinal products with a current centralized MA were automatically converted to Great Britain MAs on January 1, 2021. For a period of two years from January 1, 2021, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, the UK medicines regulator, may rely on a decision taken by the European Commission on the approval of a new marketing authorization in the centralized procedure, in order to more quickly grant a new Great Britain MA. A separate application will, however, still be required.

In the EEA, innovative medicinal products qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. The data exclusivity, if granted, prevents generic or biosimilar applicants from referencing the innovator’s pre-clinical and clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference product when applying for a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization, for a period of eight years from the date on which the reference product was first authorized in the EEA. During the additional two-year period of market exclusivity, a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but no generic or biosimilar product can be marketed until the expiration of the market exclusivity period. The overall ten-year period will be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are determined to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with currently approved therapies. Even if an innovative medicinal product gains the prescribed period of data exclusivity, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained a marketing authorization based on an application with a complete and independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials.

In the EEA, the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions which either affect not more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the European Union, or where it is unlikely that the marketing of the medicine would generate sufficient return to justify the necessary investment in its development. In each case, no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment must have been authorized (or, if such a method exists, the product in question would be of significant benefit to those affected by the condition).

In the EEA, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity is granted following marketing approval for the orphan product. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. During the period of market exclusivity, marketing authorization may only be granted to a “similar medicinal product” for the same therapeutic indication if: (i) a second applicant can establish that its product, although similar to the authorized product, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior; (ii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or (iii) the marketing authorization holder for the authorized product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product. A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

In the EEA, companies developing a new medicinal product must agree upon a pediatric investigation plan, or PIP, with the EMA’s Pediatric Committee, or PDCO, and must conduct pediatric clinical trials in accordance with that PIP, unless a waiver applies. The PIP sets out the timing and measures proposed to generate data to support a pediatric indication of the drug for which marketing authorization is being sought. The PDCO can grant a deferral of the obligation to implement some or all of the measures of the PIP until there are sufficient data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the product in adults. Further, the obligation to provide pediatric clinical trial data can be waived by the PDCO when this data is not needed or appropriate because the product is likely to be ineffective or unsafe in children, the disease or condition for which the product is intended occurs only in adult populations, or when the product does not represent a significant therapeutic benefit over existing treatments for pediatric patients. Products that are granted a marketing authorization with the results of the pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP (even where such results are negative) are eligible for six months’ supplementary protection certificate extension (if any is in effect at the time of approval). In the case of orphan medicinal products, a two year extension of the orphan market exclusivity may be available. This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted.

In June 2016, the electorate in the UK voted in favor of leaving the EU (commonly referred to as Brexit). Thereafter, in March 2017, the country formally notified the EU of its intention to withdraw pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty and the UK formally left the EU on January 31, 2020. A transition period began on February 1, 2020, during which EU pharmaceutical law remained applicable to the UK, which ended on December 31, 2020. Since the regulatory framework in the UK covering the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of medicinal products is derived from EU Directives and Regulations, Brexit could materially impact the future regulatory regime which applies to products and the approval of product candidates in the UK, as UK legislation now has the potential to diverge from EU legislation. It remains to be seen how Brexit will impact regulatory requirements for product candidates and products in the UK in the long-term. The MHRA, the UK medicines and medical devices regulator, has recently published detailed guidance for industry and organizations to follow from January 1, 2021 now the transition period is over, which will be updated as the UK’s regulatory position on medicinal products evolves over time.

The collection and use of personal health data in the European Economic Area, or the EEA, is governed by the GDPR, which became effective May 25, 2018. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EEA and to companies established outside the EEA that process personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to data subjects in the EU or the monitoring of the behavior of data subjects in the European Union. The GDPR enhances data protection obligations for data controllers of personal data, including stringent requirements relating to the consent of data subjects, expanded disclosures about how personal data is used, requirements to conduct privacy impact assessments for “high risk” processing, limitations on retention of personal data, mandatory data breach notification and “privacy by design” requirements, and creates direct obligations on service providers acting as data processors. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA to countries that do not ensure an adequate level of protection, like the United States. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the EEA Member States may result in fines up to 20 million Euros or 4% of a company’s global annual revenues for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. Moreover, the GDPR grants data subjects the right to claim material and non-material damages resulting from infringement of the GDPR. Given the breadth and depth of changes in data protection obligations, maintaining compliance with the GDPR, will require significant time, resources and expense, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new data protection rules. This may be onerous and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

For other countries outside of the European Union and the United States, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. Additionally, the clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

If we further expand our operations outside of the United States, we must dedicate additional resources to comply with numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction in which we plan to operate. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any United States individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the United States, or the sharing with certain non-United States nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. If we expand our presence outside of the United States, it will require us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain products and product candidates outside of the United States, which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting. The SEC also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on United States exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.

Successful commercialization of new drug products depends in part on the extent to which reimbursement for those drug products will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drug products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. The availability and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford a drug product. Sales of drug products depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of drugs products are paid for by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other third-party payors.

A primary trend in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular drug products. In many countries, the prices of drug products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. In general, the prices of drug products under such systems are substantially lower than in the United States. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products, but monitor and control company profits. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for drug products may be reduced compared with the United States.

In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new drug products are typically made by CMS, an agency within the HHS. CMS decides whether and to what extent a new drug product will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare, and private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. However, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors and coverage and reimbursement levels for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our product candidates to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntary prescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities that provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Unlike Medicare Parts A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. While all Medicare drug plans must give at least a standard level of coverage set by Medicare, Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for drugs for which we obtain marketing approval. Any negotiated prices for any of our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors.

For a drug product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicaid or Medicare Part B programs or to be sold directly to United States government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. The required 340B discount on a given product is calculated based on the average manufacturer price, or AMP, and Medicaid rebate amounts reported by the manufacturer. As of 2010, the ACA expanded the types of entities eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing, although under the current state of the law these newly eligible entities (with the exception of children’s hospitals) will not be eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing on orphan drugs. As 340B drug pricing is determined based on AMP and Medicaid rebate data, the revisions to the Medicaid rebate formula and AMP definition described above could cause the required 340B discount to increase. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for the same illness. The plan for the research was published in 2012 by HHS, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes for Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures are made to Congress. Although the results of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payors, it is not clear what effect, if any, the research will have on the sales of our drug candidates, if any such drug or the condition that they are intended to treat are the subject of a trial. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s drug could adversely affect the sales of our drug candidate. If third-party payors do not consider our drugs to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our drugs after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our drugs on a profitable basis.

Outside of the United States, the pricing of pharmaceutical products and medical devices is subject to governmental control in many countries. For example, in the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular therapy to currently available therapies or so-called health technology assessments, in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. Other countries may allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control product volumes and issue guidance to physicians to limit prescriptions. Efforts to control prices and utilization of pharmaceutical products and medical devices will likely continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures.

As of June 15, 2023, we had nine full-time employees, including three with Ph.D. or M.D. degrees and two who are engaged in research and development activities. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good. Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants.

Our executive offices are located at 55 Claverick St., Room 325, Providence, RI 02903. We do not have any manufacturing facilities or personnel at this time. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on contract manufacturing organizations for the manufacture of our product candidates undergoing preclinical testing, as well as for clinical testing and commercial manufacturing if our product candidates receive marketing approval. Our research and development efforts have taken place in state-of-the-art facilities at our academic partners, principally at Brown University, which are being used under the sponsored research agreements. We anticipate relying on these facilities going forward through sponsored research arrangements with Brown University and with other university partners. In addition, we expect to access laboratory facilities and resources through various contract research organization partners such as Lonza Group AG, with whom we are currently engaged.

We believe that our access to preclinical and clinical research facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable facilities at commercially reasonable terms will be available as needed to accommodate any future expansion of our operations.

Prior to the Business Combination we utilized office space in New York that we leased from an affiliate sponsor.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings relating to claims arising from the ordinary course of business. Our management believes that there are currently no claims or actions pending against us, the ultimate disposition of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, the disclosures in this section refer to Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries following the consummation of the Business Combination. In this section (i) all references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Ocean Biomedical,” or the “Company,” are to Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and its subsidiaries following the consummation of the Business Combination; (ii) all references to “Aesther” or “AHAC” are to Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. prior to the close of the Business Combination; (iii) all references to “Legacy Ocean” are to Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Ocean Biomedical, Inc.) prior to the close of the Business Combination; and (iv) all references to “Sponsor” are to Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC.

The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of June 15, 2023:

Elizabeth Ng, MBA has served as Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Ms. Ng served as Legacy Ocean’s Chief Executive Officer and as a member of its board of directors since its inception. Ms. Ng served as Vice President/Head of Strategy and Business Development at Bioelectric Devices Inc. starting in 2018. Previously, she served as Senior Director of Portfolio Strategy at BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. from 2010 to 2017 and prior to that, as Director Strategy Development Group at Merck & Co. Inc., and Director of Commercial/Portfolio Strategy at Gilead Sciences. Ms. Ng holds a B.S. in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from Stanford University. We believe Ms. Ng is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her executive experience with our company and her industry experience.

Gurinder Kalra, MBA has served as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Kalra served as Legacy Ocean’s Chief Financial Officer since January 2021. Mr. Kalra has more than 25 years of investment and investment research experience. Prior to joining Legacy Ocean, he was a Senior Managing Director at Bear Stearns (now part of J.P. Morgan) from 2000 to 2008. He was also a Partner at Crosslink LLC, an investment and consulting company he founded, from 2014 to 2020. Previously, Mr. Kalra was at Morgan Stanley from 1996 to 2000, rising to Executive Director. He initially got his start in investment research at CS First Boston (now part of Credit Suisse) from 1993 to 1996. He has been recognized in the All-America Institutional Investor Research Team, and multiple times in the All-Asia Institutional Investor Research Team as well as a number of other polls for investment research. Mr. Kalra holds a B.S. in Engineering and a B.A. in Business Economics from Brown University and an MBA from the Harvard Business School.

Inderjote Kathuria, M.D., MBA has served as Chief Strategy Officer since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Dr. Kathuria served as Legacy Ocean’s Treasurer and Interim Chief Financial Officer from January 2020 until January 2021. Starting in January 2021, he served as Legacy Ocean’s Chief Strategy Officer. He is an entrepreneur and licensed physician. He has also been a Guest Lecturer at the University of Chicago. Dr. Kathuria holds a B.A. and M.D. from the University of Illinois and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago.

Daniel Behr, MBA has served as Executive Vice President, Head of External Innovation and Academic Partnerships and Secretary since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Behr served as Legacy Ocean’s Executive Vice President, Head of External Innovation and Academic Partnerships since August 2019. Mr. Behr previously served as Executive Director of the Brown University Office of Industry Engagement and Commercial Venturing from July 2017 to July 2019. Mr. Behr served as the Chief Executive Officer of SLIPS Technologies, Inc. (now Adaptive Surface Technologies, Inc.) from April 2014 to April 2017. Prior to that Mr. Behr served as Executive Vice President at Access BridgeGap Ventures and as Director of Business Development at Harvard University’s Office of Technology Development. He was also a co-founder of Arradiance, Inc., Compact Instruments, Inc. (acquired by MKS Instruments), and IN USA, Inc. (acquired by Teledyne). Mr. Behr holds a B.S. in Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School.

Robert Sweeney has served as Chief Accounting Officer and Assistant Secretary since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Sweeney served as Legacy Ocean’s Chief Accounting Officer since June 14, 2021. Mr. Sweeney has over 35 years’ experience in financial and tax matters, specializing in the technology sector that includes both Fortune 10 companies and start-up companies. Mr. Sweeney was the Managing Member of his own accounting and consulting company, RJS Consulting, LLC, from February 2012 until June 2021. Mr. Sweeney previously served as the Chief Financial Officer of various high technology companies, including Flashfoto, Inc. (2007 until 2009, BayTSP (2008 until 2012), Network Alchemy (1999 until 2000), and Big Bear Networks (2000 until 2001). He previously worked for EY, LLP from 1988 to 1999 and from 2001-2005, culminating in his position as Partner from 1998-1999 and from 2001-2005. While at EY, LLP, Mr. Sweeney served various technology clients and held different leadership positions within the firm, including Area Leader of Global Tax Operations. Mr. Sweeney was a guest lecturer for Professor Dr. Behnam Tabrizi Business Management Course, Stanford University on accounting and tax issues and recruiting, University of Southern California and University of California-Santa Barbara. Mr. Sweeney is also a Board Member of the San Jose Jr. Sharks Hockey Advisory Board. Mr. Sweeney is Certified Public Accountant in the State of California (inactive status) and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from the University of Southern California.

Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, M.D., M.B.A. has served as Executive Chairman and as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Dr. Kathuria served as Legacy Ocean’s Executive Chairman and as a member of its board of directors since its inception. Dr. Kathuria is an Indian-American investor, businessperson, and philanthropist. Dr. Kathuria is co-founder and serves as a director of UpHealth, Inc., a digital health company. Dr. Kathuria also co-founded AIRO Group, Inc. in March 2020 and serves as the Chairman of its board of directors, a position he has held since inception. AIRO Group offers an end-to-end solution for the next generation of avionics, manned and unmanned mobility, and multi-modal transportation for defense and commercial markets. In addition, Dr. Kathuria co-founded New Generation Power in February 2009 and American Teleradiology NightHawks, Inc. in March 2003. American Teleradiology NightHawks, Inc. merged with NightHawk Radiology Holdings, Inc. and the combined company went public on Nasdaq in October 2006. Dr. Kathuria served as a director of The X-Stream Networks Inc. from March 1998 to March 2000, an internet service provider which was sold to Liberty Surf Group S.A. and subsequently went public on the Paris Stock Exchange. Dr. Kathuria has also been involved in space exploration, and was the Founding Director of MirCorp in January 1999, the first commercial company to privately launch and fund manned space programs. From 1994 until 1995, Dr. Kathuria served as a Manager at Morgan Stanley where he helped establish the first office in India for a U.S. based investment bank. Dr. Kathuria ran for U.S. Senate in Illinois, becoming the first Indian-American to run for the U.S. Senate in U.S. history, in a race that included eventual winner, former President Barack Obama. Dr. Kathuria received a Bachelor of Science degree and Doctor of Medicine degree from Brown University and a Master of Business Administration degree from Stanford University. We believe that Dr. Kathuria is qualified to serve as the Executive Chairman of our board of directors based on his historic knowledge of Legacy Ocean, vision for company growth and his leadership and managerial experience.

Martin D. Angle has served as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Angle served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since March 2021. Since March 2019, Mr. Angle has served as Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Director of Spire Healthcare Group which is the largest private hospital group in the UK by revenue with 39 hospitals and 8 clinics across England, Wales and Scotland. At Spire, Mr. Angle is also Chair of the Audit and Risk Committee and is a member of the Remuneration Committee, Nomination Committee and Clinical Governance and Safety Committee. Since November 2019, Mr. Angle also serves as an Hon. Professor at the University of Exeter attached to the Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences. Mr. Angle also serves as Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Director of Gulf Keystone Petroleum plc since July 2018 and has been nominated to take the Chair following the company’s AGM this June. Mr. Angle also serves as an advisor to AIRO Group, Inc. and its affiliates since July 2018. Mr. Angle has previously served on the boards of Pennon Group plc from December 2008 to December 2018, Savills Plc from January 2007 to May 2016, National Exhibition Group from December 2006 to December 2015, Severstal from January 2007 to May 2015, Dubai International Capital from November 2006 to November 2009, and Shuaa Capital from August 2009 to May 2016. He previously served as Group Finance Director of TI Group, a FTSE 100 company with worldwide engineering activities from February 1997 to December 2000. In his earlier executive career, Mr. Angle held a number of senior positions in investment banking with S.G. Warburg & Co, Morgan Stanley (where he headed UK M&A), and Kleinwort Benson. Mr. Angle has also served as Operating Managing Director at Terra Firma Capital Partners from March 2001 to January 2006, where he held a number of senior roles in its portfolio companies including Le Meridien Hotel Group (Executive Deputy Chairman and acting Chairman) and the Waste Recycling Group (Executive Chairman), then one of the leading UK waste management businesses. Mr. Angle is a chartered accountant and he holds a B.S. in Physics from University of Warwick.

Suren Ajjarapu has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2021. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Ajjarapu served as Aesther’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since Aesther’s inception in June 2021. He has served as the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of TRxADE HEALTH, INC., formerly Trxade Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:MEDS) since its acquisition of Trxade Group, Inc., a Nevada corporation (Aesther’s predecessor company) on January 8, 2014, and as the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of Trxade Nevada since its inception. Since March 2021, Mr. Ajjarapu has served on the Board of OceanTech Acquisitions I Corp., a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC)(NASDAQ:OTECU). Since March 2018, Mr. Ajjarapu has served as Executive Chairman of the Board of Kano Energy Corp., a company involved in the development of renewable natural gas sites in the United States. Mr. Ajjarapu was a Founder, CEO and Chairman of Sansur Renewable Energy, Inc., a company involved in developing wind power sites in the Midwest, United States, from 2009 to 2012. Mr. Ajjarapu was a Founder, President and Director of Aemetis, Inc., a biofuels company (AMTX.OB) and a Founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of International Biofuels, a subsidiary of Aemetis, Inc., from 2006 to 2009. Mr. Ajjarapu was Co-Founder, COO, and Director Global Information Technology, Inc., an IT outsourcing and systems design company, headquartered in Tampa, Florida with major operations in India from 1995 to 2006. Mr. Ajjarapu holds an MS in Environmental engineering from South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, and an MBA from the University of South Florida, specializing in International Finance and Management. Mr. Ajjarapu is also a graduate of the Venture Capital and Private Equity program at Harvard University. Mr. Ajjarapu serves as the Chief Executive and Chairman since December 2022 and on the Board of Directors of Kernel Group Holdings, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or similar business combination with one or more businesses. We believe that we can capitalize on Mr. Ajjarapu’s previous experiences with public companies and in advising and expanding startups to help guide and prepare the Company for life as a publicly-traded company, and as such, believe that Mr. Ajjarapu is well qualified to serve on our board of directors.

Michelle Berrey, M.D., MPH has served as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Dr. Berrey served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since March 2021. Dr. Berrey is the President of Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer of Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company that specializes in the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics to treat non-viral liver diseases, and she has served in those roles since June 2021. Prior to joining Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Berrey served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Chimerix from April 2014 to February 2019, after joining Chimerix Inc. as Chief Medical Officer in November 2012. Dr. Berrey served as Chief Medical Officer for Pharmasset, Inc. from January 2007 to January 2012 when it was acquired by Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prior to that, Dr. Berrey led the clinical development of antiviral products at GlaxoSmithKline plc from August 1999 to January 2007. She was a Senior Fellow in Infectious Disease Medicine at the University of Washington and completed her internship and residency in internal medicine at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. Berrey currently serves on the Board and Executive Committee for the North Carolina Biotechnology Center and is on the Scientific Advisory Board for ViiV/GSK. Dr. Berrey holds an M.D. from the Medical College of Georgia and an M.P.H. from the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health.

Jack A. Elias, M.D. has served as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Dr. Elias served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since August 2022. Since March 2022, Dr. Elias has served as Emeritus Dean, Biology and Medicine and as Warren Alpert Professor of Translational Sciences at Brown University. He is also a Professor of Molecular Biology Cell Biology and Biochemistry, a position he has held since January 2014, and a Professor of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Professor of Medicine at Brown University, positions he has held since September 2013. From April 2017 to March 2022, Dr. Elias was the Senior Vice President for Health Affairs at Brown University. Dr. Elias also served as Dean, Biology and Medicine and as Frank L. Day Professor of Biology at Brown University from September 2013 to March 2022. Dr. Elias received his B.A. and M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.

Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., Ph.D. has served as a member of our board of directors and as a member of our scientific advisory board since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Dr. Kurtis served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since March 2021. Dr. Kurtis is currently Chair, Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, Brown University Medical School and Director, MD/PhD Program, Brown University. Dr. Kurtis has served as a member of the board of directors of Elkurt Pharmaceuticals since March 2020. Dr. Kurtis holds a B.A., Ph.D. and M.D. from Brown University and is board certified in pathology and clinical pathology. We believe Dr. Kurtis’s experience in the biotechnology industry provides him with the qualification and skills to serve on our board of directors.

Former Governor William Owens has served as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Owens served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since March 2021. Mr. Owens is a Senior Director at Greenberg Traurig, LLP, a US-based international law firm with 40 offices worldwide. Since April 2011, he has served on the board of Federal Signal Corporation where he is Chairman of the Corporate Governance Committee. He previously served on the boards of HighPoint Resources Corporation, Key Energy Services, and Cloud Peak Energy, as well as on the boards of a number of private companies. Mr. Owens was elected to two terms as Governor of Colorado, from 1999 to 2007, and was re-elected by the largest margin in Colorado history. He was called “The Best Governor in America” in a cover story in National Review and was elected by his colleagues to serve as Chair of both the Western Governors Association and the Republican Governors Association. Mr. Owens was a regular participant in the national policy debate, appearing frequently on the Today Show, Good Morning America, CBS Morning News, and the Wall Street Journal Report. Prior to his election as Governor, he served as State Treasurer of Colorado for four years where he was responsible for the management of a $4 billion portfolio. He also served for four years on the board of Colorado’s $25 billion pension fund – the Public Employees Retirement Association (PERA). From April 2013, until his resignation in February 2022, Mr. Owens served as Chairman of the Board and Chair of the Governance/Compensation Committee of the Credit Bank of Moscow, a $50 billion (assets) bank which is Russia’s sixth largest bank overall and its second largest investor-owned bank, from April 2013 until February 2022. Mr. Owens graduated from Stephen F. Austin State University with a B.S. in Political Science and earned a Master’s Degree in Public Affairs from the University of Texas, where he was awarded a two-year fellowship.

Michael L. Peterson has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2021. Mr. Peterson commenced serving as President, Chief Executive Officer and as a member of the Board of Directors of Lafayette Energy Corp. in April 2022. Mr. Peterson has served as the president of Nevo Motors, Inc. since December 2020, which is in the process of commercializing a range extender generator technology for the heavy-duty electric vehicle market. Mr. Peterson previously served as the president of the Taipei Taiwan Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in Taipei, Taiwan from June 2018 to June 2021. Since May 2022, Mr. Peterson has served as a member of the Board of Directors and as Chairperson of the Audit Committee of Trio Petroleum Corp., an oil and gas exploration and development company which is in the process of going public. Since February 2021, Mr. Peterson has served on the board of directors and as the Chairman of the Audit Committee of Indonesia Energy Corporation Limited (NYSE American: INDO). Mr. Peterson served as an independent member of the Board of Directors of Trxade from August 2016 to May 2021. Mr. Peterson served as the CEO of PEDEVCO Corp. (NYSE American:PED), a public company engaged primarily in the acquisition, exploration, development and production of oil and natural gas shale plays in the US from May 2016 to May 2018. Mr. Peterson served as CFO of PEDEVCO between July 2012 and May 2016, and as Executive Vice President of Pacific Energy Development (PEDEVCO’s predecessor) from July 2012 to October 2014, and as PEDEVCO’s President from October 2014 to May 2018. Mr. Peterson joined Pacific Energy Development as its Executive Vice President in September 2011, assumed the additional office of Chief Financial Officer in June 2012, and served as a member of its board of directors from July 2012 to September 2013. Mr. Peterson formerly served as Interim President and CEO (from June 2009 to December 2011) and as director (from May 2008 to December 2011) of Pacific Energy Development, as a director (from May 2006 to July 2012) of Aemetis, Inc. (formerly AE Biofuels Inc.), a Cupertino, California-based global advanced biofuels and renewable commodity chemicals company (AMTX.OB), and as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Nevo Energy, Inc. (NEVE) (formerly Solargen Energy, Inc.), a Cupertino, California-based developer of utility-scale solar farms which he helped form in December 2008 (from December 2008 to July 2012). From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Peterson served as a managing partner of American Institutional Partners, a venture investment fund based in Salt Lake City. From 2000 to 2004, he served as a First Vice President at Merrill Lynch, where he helped establish a new private client services division to work exclusively with high net worth investors. From September 1989 to January 2000, Mr. Peterson was employed by Goldman Sachs & Co. in a variety of positions and roles, including as a Vice President. Mr. Peterson received his MBA at the Marriott School of Management and a BS in statistics/computer science from Brigham Young University. Mr. Peterson serves on the Board of Directors of Kernel Group Holdings, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or similar business combination with one or more businesses. His skills in managing businesses in public corporations, financial planning and strategic management will be a great asset for the Company and, as such, we believe that Mr. Peterson is well qualified to serve on our board of directors.

Jerome Ringo has served as a member of our board of directors since the Closing. Prior to the Closing, Mr. Ringo served on Legacy Ocean’s board of directors since March 2021. Mr. Ringo is an internationally recognized thought leader on climate change issues and has led two of the largest environmental organizations in the world, the 5-million-member National Wildlife Federation and the Apollo Alliance, a 19-million-member organization which was the largest coalition on green jobs in history. Since November 2021, Mr. Ringo has served as Founder and Chairman of Zoetic Global, a company focused on delivering breakthrough technologies in energy efficiency and generation for developing nations in Africa. Since July 2017, he has served as Goodwill Ambassador, Trade and Investment, for the Pan-African Parliament. Mr. Ringo served on the Environmental Defense Fund’s board of directors from February 2018 to February 2020, and he has served as executive and board member at various renewable energy companies. He holds an Honorary Doctorate from the Lord’s Place School of Theology.

Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, our Executive Chairman, and Dr. Inderjote Kathuria, our Chief Strategy Officer, are brothers.

Nasdaq’s rules generally require that a majority of a listed company’s board of directors be comprised of independent directors. In addition, such rules require that all members of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent. Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or otherwise be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

(i) the requirement that a majority of our board of directors consist of “independent directors” as defined under the rules of Nasdaq;

(ii) the requirement that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of directors who meet the Nasdaq independence standards for compensation committee members; and

(iii) the requirement that our director nominations be made, or recommended to our full board of directors, by our independent directors or by a nominations committee that consists entirely of independent directors.

We currently rely on these exemptions. If we continue to utilize such exemptions available to controlled companies, we may not have a majority of independent directors, our nominations committee and compensation committee may not consist entirely of independent directors and such committees may not be subject to annual performance evaluations. Accordingly, under these circumstances, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Our independent directors, as such term is defined by the applicable rules and regulations of Nasdaq, are Martin Angle, Dr. Michelle Berrey, William Owens, Jerome Ringo and Michael Peterson. In addition, the Board plans to appoint an additional director, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, who is expected to be independent.

Under applicable Nasdaq rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of the listed company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the Board, except Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, Elizabeth Ng, Dr. Jake Kurtis, Dr. Jack A. Elias, and Suren Ajjarapu are independent directors, including for purposes of the rules of Nasdaq and the SEC. In making such independence determination, our board of directors considered the relationships that each non-employee director has with us and all other facts and circumstances that our board of directors deemed relevant in determining his or her independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director. In considering the independence of the directors listed above, our board of directors considered the association of our directors with the holders of more than 5% of our Common Stock. Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria and Elizabeth Ng are not independent directors under the applicable rules because they are employed as our Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, respectively. Suren Ajjarapu is not an independent director under the applicable rules due to his prior role as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Aesther. Dr. Jonathan Kurtis and Dr. Jack A. Elias are not independent directors under the applicable rules because of their consulting arrangements and their ownership of Elkhart, Inc.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of our securities may be more volatile.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO (i.e., December 31, 2026), (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30^th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (1) the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $250 million as of the end of the prior June 30^th, or (2) our annual revenues equaled or exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our Common Stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30^th.

We file annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our SEC filings are available to the public through the “Investors” portion of our website as soon as practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Our internet address is www.oceanbiomedical.com. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, part of this registration statement or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in any such filings. All website addresses in this report are intended to be inactive textual references only.

The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information presents the combination of the financial information of Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. (“Aesther” or “AHAC”) and Ocean Biomedical, Inc. adjusted to give effect to a completed transaction on February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), whereas, AHAC consummated the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 31, 2022 as amended on December 5, 2022 (the “Business Combination Agreement”). On the Closing Date, AHAC Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC (“Merger Sub”) merged with and into Ocean Biomedical, Inc., with Ocean Biomedical, Inc., continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC (“Merger,” and, together with the other transactions and ancillary agreements contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), AHAC changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” (“New Ocean Biomedical” or the “Company”) and Ocean Biomedical, Inc., changed its name to “Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc (“Ocean Biomedical” or “Legacy Ocean”). The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by the final rule, Release No. 33-10786 “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses.”

The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 combine the historical audited statement of operations of AHAC and the audited consolidated statements of operations of Ocean Biomedical on a pro forma basis as if the Business Combination and related transactions, summarized below, had been consummated on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the earliest period presented. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not include an unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 as the Business Combination was already reflected in the Company’s historical unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023. Further, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were not provided because the historical operating results of the AHAC were not material and pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results for the periods presented.

● the purchase by Vellar, Meteora and Polar, pursuant to the Backstop Agreement (as defined below) of an aggregate of 4,885,466 shares of AHAC Class A common stock through a broker in the open market, including from stockholders that had elected to redeem and subsequently revoked their prior elections to redeem their shares, following the expiration of AHAC’s redemption offer.

The historical financial information of AHAC was derived from the audited financial statements of AHAC for the year ended December 31, 2022 The historical financial information of Ocean Biomedical was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Ocean Biomedical for the years ended December 31, 2022. This information should be read together with AHAC’s audited financial statements and related notes contained in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) and the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the 2022 Form 10-K, Ocean Biomedical’s audited financial statements and related notes, contained in Exhibit 99.2 of Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Form 8-K dated February 14, 2023 (the “Amended Form 8-K”) and “Ocean Biomedical’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in Exhibit 99.3 of the Amended Form 8-K.

The pro forma combined consolidated financial statements have been presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what AHAC’s and Ocean Biomedical’s financial position or results of operations actually would have been had the transaction been completed as of the date indicated. In addition, the pro forma data does not purport to project the future financial position or operating results of New Ocean Biomedical. The actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Ocean Biomedical was treated as the accounting acquirer. Ocean Biomedical has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

The business combination was accounted for as the equivalent of a capital transaction in which Ocean Biomedical has issued stock for the net assets of AHAC. The net assets of AHAC were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination were Ocean Biomedical.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information reflects the Company stockholders’ approval of the Business Combination on February 3, 2023, the redemption of 10,389,093 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at approximately $10.34 per share based on trust figures prior to the Closing on February 14, 2023, and the Closing of the Business Combination on February 14, 2023.

The following summarizes the pro forma shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock issued and the table below shows the issued and outstanding at the Closing:

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined consolidated statements for operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 were based on the historical consolidated financial statements of AHAC and Ocean Biomedical. The unaudited pro forma adjustments were based on information available, and assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited pro forma adjustments were described in the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from the assumptions used to present the accompanying the unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial information.

(A) Obtained from the audited consolidated statements of operations of Ocean Biomedical ended December 31, 2022.

(B) Obtained from the audited statement of operations of AHAC ended December 31, 2022.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, and treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Ocean Biomedical was the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was the equivalent of a capital transaction in which Ocean Biomedical issued stock for the net assets of AHAC, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of AHAC were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are those of Ocean Biomedical. The audited pro forma combined consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 assumes the Business Combination occurred on December 31, 2022. The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated statements of operations for year ended December 31, 2022 present the pro forma effect of the Business Combination as if it had been completed on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the earliest period presented. These periods are presented on the basis of Ocean Biomedical as the accounting acquirer.

The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 have been prepared using, and should be read in conjunction, with the following:

● AHAC’s audited statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the related notes; and

● Ocean Biomedical’s audited consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the related notes.

Management has made significant estimates and assumptions in its determination of the pro forma adjustments. As the unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information has been prepared based on these preliminary estimates, the final amounts recorded may differ materially from the information presented.

The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information does not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies, tax savings or cost savings that may be associated with the Business Combination. The pro forma adjustments reflecting the consummation of the Business Combination are based on certain available information as of the Closing Date of these unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial statements and certain assumptions and methodologies that AHAC believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The unaudited consolidated pro forma adjustments, which are described in the accompanying notes, may be revised as additional information becomes available and is evaluated. Therefore, it is likely that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and it is possible the difference may be material. AHAC believes that its assumptions and methodologies provide a reasonable basis for presenting all of the significant effects of the Business Combination based on information available to management at the time and that the pro forma adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions and are properly applied in the unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information.

The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information is not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations and financial position would have been had the Business Combination taken place on the dates indicated, nor are they indicative of the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of New Ocean Biomedical. They should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto of AHAC and Ocean Biomedical.

On August 31, 2022, AHAC entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among AHAC Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC (“Merger Sub”), Ocean Biomedical, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Ocean Biomedical”), Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC, (“Sponsor”) in its capacity as Purchaser Representative, and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as Seller Representative, that was amended on December 5, 2022 (as amended, the “Business Combination Agreement”), pursuant to which at the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement (the “Closing”), Merger Sub merged with and into Ocean Biomedical (the “Merger”), with Ocean Biomedical continuing as the surviving corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC. AHAC changed its name to Ocean Biomedical, Inc. at the Closing (collectively, the “Business Combination”). We refer to AHAC and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Business Combination as “New Ocean Biomedical.” The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization.

As consideration for the Merger, AHAC issued to the holders of Ocean Biomedical’s securities as of immediately prior to the Closing approximately 23,355,432 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock (with a per-share value of $10.00) with an aggregate value equal to $233,554,320, as adjusted as required by the Business Combination Agreement to take into account net working capital, closing net debt and Ocean Biomedical, transaction expenses, in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Ocean Biomedical;

In addition, pursuant to Business Combination Agreement, the holders of Ocean Biomedical’s common stock shall be entitled to receive from the New Ocean Biomedical, Inc., in the aggregate, up to an additional 19,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) as follows: (a) in the event that the volume-weighted average price (the “VWAP”) of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $15.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 5,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock, (b) in the event that the VWAP of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $17.50 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical’s securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock and (c) in the event that the VWAP of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $20.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical’s securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock. In addition, for each issuance of Earnout Shares, New Ocean Biomedical will also issue to Sponsor an additional 1,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock.

Both the number of Earn-Out Shares and the price per share is subject to adjustment to reflect the effect of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, combination, exchange of shares or other like change with respect to the common stock (i.e., dilutive activities).

The accounting for the Earnout Shares was first evaluated under ASC 718 to determine if the arrangement represents a share-based payment arrangement. Because the Earnout Shares are issued to all of Ocean Biomedical’s Shareholders (before the merger) and the Sponsor and there are no service conditions nor any requirement of the participants to provide goods or services, the Company determined that the Earnout Shares are not within the scope of ASC 718. In reaching this conclusion, the Company focused on the fact that the Earnout Shares are not provided to any holder of options or unvested stock but rather the arrangement is provided only to vested equity holders.

Next, the Company determined that the Earnout Shares represent a freestanding equity-linked financial instrument to be evaluated under ASC 480 and ASC 815-40. Based upon the analysis, the Company concluded that the Earnout Shares should not be classified as a liability under ASC 480.

Under ASC 815-40, an entity must first evaluate whether an equity-linked instrument is considered indexed to the reporting entity’s stock. This analysis, which is performed under ASC 815-40-15, is a two-step test that includes evaluation of both exercise contingencies and settlement provisions. The Earnout Share arrangement contains contingencies – the daily volume weighted average stock price on the basis of a specific price per share. The contingency is based on an observable market or an observable index other than one based on New Ocean Biomedical’s stock. With respect to settlement provisions, the number of Earn Out Shares is adjusted only for dilutive activities, which are an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares under ASC 815-40-15-7E(c). It is important to note that, in absence of dilutive activities, there will be either zero or 19 million shares issuable under the Earnout Share arrangement; therefore, the triggering events for issuance of shares is only an exercise contingency to be evaluated under step 1 of ASC 815-40-15.

The Company next considered the equity classification conditions in ASC 815-40-25 and concluded that all of them were met. Therefore, the Earnout Share arrangement is appropriately classified in equity.

As the merger is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, the fair value of the Earnout Share arrangement as of the merger date is accounted for as an equity transaction (as a deemed dividend) as of the closing date of the merger.

There are outstanding an aggregate of (i) 5,250,000 warrants originally issued in connection with the initial public offering of the Company (the “Aesther IPO”) as part of the Company’s units at a price of $10.00 per unit (the “Public Warrants”) and (ii) 5,411,000 warrants originally issued in a private placement at a price of $1.00 per warrant in connection with the Aesther IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”). Each of our outstanding whole warrants is exercisable commencing 30 days following the Closing (February 14, 2023) (or, if later, upon the effectiveness of a registration statement registering the New Ocean Biomedical common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants) for one share of New Ocean Biomedical common stock. Therefore, if the Company assumes that each outstanding whole warrant is exercised and one share of New Ocean Biomedical common stock is issued as a result of such exercise, with payment to New Ocean Biomedical of the exercise price of $11.50 per whole warrant for one whole share, our fully-diluted share capital would increase by a total of 10,661,000 shares, with approximately $122,601,500 million paid to the Company to exercise the warrants, assuming cash exercise.

On February 22, 2022, Ocean Biomedical entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan”), pursuant to which Ocean Biomedical borrowed $600,000, which was used to pay a $15,000 loan fee and certain accrued expenses of Ocean Biomedical. The Second Street Loan accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. Ocean Biomedical was required to repay the Second Street Loan on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after Ocean Biomedical’s next financing or (ii) May 23, 2022. Ocean Biomedical issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of Ocean Biomedical’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of Ocean Biomedical’s next financing, Second Street Capital, LLC has the right to put the warrants to Ocean Biomedical in exchange for a payment of $250,000.

On April 22, 2022, Ocean Biomedical entered into a second Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan 2”), pursuant to which it borrowed $200,000, which was used to pay a $15,000 loan fee, $15,000 fee for amending the Second Street Loan Agreement to extend the maturity date, and $20,000 next day loan fee. The Second Street Loan 2 accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. Ocean Biomedical issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of Ocean Biomedical’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this loan. The Company was required to repay the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after Ocean Biomedical’s next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022.

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan 2 was further amended to extend the maturity date to December 30, 2022, and to issue to Second Street Capital, LLC an additional warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of Ocean Biomedical’s common stock, with an exercise price of $10.20 per share, exercisable until September 30, 2026.

Ocean Biomedical’s lender, Second Street Capital, LLC, has aggregate warrants for 450,000 shares of Ocean Biomedical common stock (“Ocean Warrants”). On the Closing Date of the Business Combination, AHAC issued Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant for a number of shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock equal to the economic value of the Ocean Warrants (a “Converted Ocean Warrant”) in exchange for the termination of the Ocean Warrants. The Converted Ocean Warrant are exercisable for 511,712 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share and 102,342 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share.

In December 2020, the sole stockholder of Ocean Biomedical contributed 100% of his founders shares in the amount of 17,112,298 shares to Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”) which became the sole stockholder of Ocean Biomedical. In February 2021, Poseidon transferred 342,244 shares of Ocean Biomedical’s common stock back to Ocean Biomedical’s founder. In February 2021, Poseidon amended and restated its operating agreement to allow additional members into Poseidon by issuing Class A units and Class B units in which Ocean Biomedical’s founder is the sole Class A unit holder who holds 100% of the voting power of Poseidon. In addition, certain executives and employees were granted Class B unit profit interests in Poseidon. In April 2022, and additional 25,500 fully vested Class B profit interests were granted to an executive. These profit interests grants in Ocean Biomedical’s controlling shareholder were deemed to be transactions incurred by the shareholder and within the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Stock Compensation. As a result, the related transactions by the stockholder were pushed down into Ocean Biomedical’s consolidated financial statements. As of February 14, 2023, Ocean Biomedical’s founder held 100% of the voting power and 68% of the equity interests in Poseidon. The Business Combination had no impact on the Poseidon Class B units and Ocean Biomedical does not anticipate that Poseidon will make any additional grants of Class B units after the Closing.

Sponsor received at Closing, as part of obtaining two (2) three-month extensions beyond the September 16, 2022 deadline to complete an initial business combination, additional shares of AHAC Class A common stock (collectively, an “Extension Share Award”). At September 30, 2022, the first extension share payment of $1,050,000 was paid. At December 15, 2022, the second extension share payment of $1,050,000 was paid. For the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of $2,100,000 was paid for the extension share payments.

2. Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Consolidated Financial Information

The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Business Combination and has been prepared for informational purposes only.

The unaudited pro forma information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by the final rule, Release no. 33-10786, “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses.” Release No. 33-10786 replaces the existing pro forma adjustment criteria with simplified requirements to depict the accounting for the transaction (“Transaction Accounting Adjustments”) and present the reasonable estimable synergies and other transaction effects that have occurred or are reasonable expected to occur (“Management’s Adjustments”). Management has elected not to present Management’s Adjustments and will only be presenting Transaction Accounting Adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined financial information.

The pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma consolidated combined statement of operations are based upon the number of New Ocean Biomedical’s shares outstanding, assuming the Business Combination had been completed on January 1, 2022, the beginning of the earliest period presented.

Adjustments to the Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except share and per share data)

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma combined consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 are as follows:

(aa) Represents the elimination of historical interest income earned on the Trust Account.

(bb) Represents the conversion of 2,625,000 AHAC Class B shares; 1,365,000 Extension Shares and 23,355,432 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock issued in the Business Combination; non-redemption of 293,569 shares of AHAC Class A common stock; Shares Consideration of 1,200,000 shares issued under the Backstop Agreement; and 4,885,466 shares purchased by the Backstop Parties.

(cc) Represents the amount of the value of the issuance of the Extension Shares of $13.60 million shown as Loss on Extinguishment of Debt per the below calculation of the Extension Loan from Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC.

(dd) Represents the amount of fair value of the Share Consideration of 1,200,000 shares issued under the Backstop Agreement shown as Loss on stock issuance share consideration.

(ee) Represents the amount of the payment to the Backstop Parties under the Backstop Agreement that is in excess of the fair value of the agreement of $31.2 million.

Represents the net income per share calculated using the historical weighted average shares outstanding, and the issuance of additional shares in connection with the Business Combination, less the shares subject to repurchase under the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement, assuming the shares were outstanding since January 1, 2022, the beginning of the earliest period presented. As the Business Combination is being reflected as if it had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net income per share assumes that the shares issuable relating to the Business Combination have been outstanding for the entire period presented.

At the Business Combination there is one class of stock, common stock (Class B common stock converts to common stock). Warrants representing private (5,411,000), Public (5,250,000) and Ocean Biomedical (614,055) were not used in the computation of Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding, because the effect of inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth selected historical comparative unit and share information for AHAC and Ocean Biomedical, respectively, and unaudited pro forma combined per share information of AHAC after giving effect to the Business Combination.

The unaudited AHAC and Ocean Biomedical pro forma combined per share information is derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, the unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial statements and related notes.

The unaudited pro forma combined earnings per share information below does not purport to represent the earnings per share which would have occurred had the companies been combined during the periods presented, nor earnings per share for any future date or period. The unaudited pro forma combined book value per share information below does not purport to represent what the value of AHAC and Ocean Biomedical would have been had the companies been combined during the period presented.

(1) For AHAC, historical book value per share is equal to total stockholders’ equity (excluding shares of preferred stock) divided by shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022. For Ocean, historical book value per share is equal to total stockholders’ equity less shares subject to repurchase under the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement divided by shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

(2) Pro forma book value per share is equal to pro forma stockholders’ equity, less shares subject to repurchase under the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement divided by pro forma shares outstanding at closing.

(3) A pro forma balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2021 is not required to be included herein and as such, no such calculation is included in this table.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with Ocean Biomedical, Inc.’s (the “Company,” “Ocean Biomedical,” “we,” “us” and “our”) condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this registration statement and the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Exhibit 99.2 to our Amendment No. 2 to Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023. The information contained in this discussion and other parts of this registration statement include forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions in our business plans, strategy, and related financing. Our actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could contribute or cause such differences include, but are not limited to, the information below and the information discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-looking Statements.”

On February 14, 2023, the registrant consummated the previously announced business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 31, 2022, as amended on December 5, 2022 by Amendment No. 1 (as amended, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Ocean Biomedical, Inc., formerly known as Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. (the “Company”), AHAC Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”), in its capacity as purchaser representative, Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Ocean Biomedical, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Ocean”), and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as seller representative. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), the Company changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” References to the “Company”, “Ocean Biomedical”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to the Legacy Ocean prior to the Closing of the Business Combination and Ocean Biomedical, Inc., formerly known as Aesther Healthcare Corp., on a consolidated basis with Legacy Ocean, for periods after the Closing of the Business Combination.

We are a biopharmaceutical company that seeks to bridge the “bench-to-bedside” gap between medical research discoveries and patient solutions. We do this by leveraging our strong relationships with research universities and medical centers to license their inventions and technologies with the goal of developing them into products that address diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We believe that our differentiated business model positions us to capture inventions created at these institutions that might otherwise fail to be commercialized to benefit patients. Our team of accomplished scientists, business professionals and entrepreneurs bring together the interdisciplinary expertise and resources required to develop and commercialize a diverse portfolio of assets. We are organized around a licensing and subsidiary structure that we believe will enable us to create mutual value both for us and potential licensing partners. We believe this structure, combined with the professional networks of our leadership team members, allows us to opportunistically build a continuous pipeline of promising product innovations through our existing and potential future relationships with research institutions. Our goal is to optimize value creation for each of our product candidates, and we intend to continuously assess the best pathway for each as it progresses through the preclinical and clinical development process—including through internal advancement, partnerships with established companies and spin-outs or initial public offerings, (“IPOs”)—in order to benefit patients through the commercialization of these products. Our current active assets are licensed from Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital. Our scientific co-founders and members of our Board of Directors (“Board”), Dr. Jack A. Elias and Dr. Jonathan Kurtis, are both affiliated with Brown University and with Rhode Island Hospital. Our strategy is to accelerate the flow of the academic discoveries and the required clinical development required for these product candidates and advance them commercially. The number of potential opportunities at research universities and medical centers is large, but only a small fraction of these opportunities is currently tapped in the market. The gap remains wide and we believe this presents an attractive opportunity for us to become an industry leader by addressing a need to accelerate the advancement of therapeutics that can address significant unmet medical needs. The core elements that we believe differentiate our business model include:

We believe our differentiated business model will enable us to commercialize our products, if approved, and will allow us to replicate our licensing partnerships through aligned incentive structures with research universities and medical centers.

Our pipeline consists of both preclinical and clinical-stage programs. We anticipate moving certain preclinical product candidates in our oncology, fibrosis and/or infectious disease programs into the clinic in the next 12 to 24 months.

On December 31, 2020, we executed a Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement with Lonza AG and affiliate Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”). We engaged Lonza (and Lonza affiliates) for the development and manufacture of certain products and services along with assistance in developing the product OCX-253. Under this agreement, Lonza will perform the following key activities in two stages in support of our IND-enabling program plan: first, to perform a manufacturability assessment of the OCX- 253 monoclonal antibody drug candidates, generate or arrange to be generated synthetic genes and single gene vectors and vector constructions, and conduct gene vector construct testing; and second, to generate and assess growth and productivity for cell lines to be used for synthesizing OCX-253 drug candidate. The agreement provides that we will pay for all raw materials and related fees. Further, the agreement stipulates immediate 100% payment of invoices for any stage of work worth less than GBP 50,000, and deferral of 50% of payment for any stage of work worth more than GBP 50,000 to the release of applicable batches or completion of applicable services.

In December 2020, the sole stockholder of Legacy Ocean contributed 100% of his founders shares in the amount of 17,112,298 shares to Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”) which became the sole stockholder of Legacy Ocean. In February 2021, Poseidon transferred 342,244 shares of Legacy Ocean’s common stock back to Legacy Ocean’s founder. In February 2021, Poseidon amended and restated its operating agreement to allow additional members into Poseidon by issuing Class A units and Class B units in which Legacy Ocean’s founder is the sole Class A unit holder who holds 100% of the voting power of Poseidon. In addition, certain executives and employees were granted Class B unit profit interests in Poseidon. These profit interests grants in Legacy Ocean’s controlling shareholder were deemed to be transactions incurred by the shareholder and within the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Stock Compensation. As a result, the related transactions by the stockholder were pushed down into our consolidated financial statements. As of March 31, 2023, Legacy Ocean’s founder held 100% of the voting power and 69% of the equity interests in Poseidon. The Business Combination will have no impact on the Poseidon Class B units and we do not anticipate that Poseidon will make any additional grants.

In March 2021, we authorized the issuance of shares of common stock in Legacy Ocean to certain persons who were accredited investors (consisting of friends and family of Legacy Ocean’s employees) at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million. As of February 14, 2023, Legacy Ocean had issued 41,828 shares of common stock at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million.

In February 2022, we entered into a Loan Agreement (the “Second Street Loan”) with Second Street Capital, LLC (“Second Street Capital”), pursuant to which we borrowed $600,000. The Second Street Loan accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. We issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of Legacy Ocean common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of our next financing, Second Street Capital has the right to put the warrants to the Company in exchange for a payment of $250,000. We were originally required to repay the Second Street Loan on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. We recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $250,000 for the put option in the first quarter of 2022.

In April 2022, we entered into a second Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital (the “Second Street Loan 2”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $200,000. The Second Street Loan 2 accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. We issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of Legacy Ocean common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this loan. We were originally required to repay the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. We recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $388,938 in the second quarter of 2022 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from November 18, 2022 to December 30, 2022. We were required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or closing of the Business Combination or (ii) December 30, 2022. In consideration of the extensions, we issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of Legacy Ocean common stock with an exercise price of $10.20 per share exercisable until September 30, 2026. We recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $435,075 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On December 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity dates to February 15, 2023. No additional warrants were issued to Second Street Capital in connection with the extensions. We were required to repay the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or (ii) February 15, 2023.

We recognized a total expense in the amount of $1,074,013 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022 for the put option and warrants issued to Second Street Capital of which $250,000 was for the put option and $824,013 was for the warrants issued for the year ended December 31, 2022. The warrants issued to Second Street Capital were converted into warrants to purchase our common stock, post-closing of the Business Combination, as described below under “Closing of Business Combination.”

On January 10, 2023, the Second Street Loan 2 was further amended whereas increasing the loan amount from $200,000 to $400,000. A loan fee of $15,000 and a minimum return assessment fee of $35,000 were charged and paid from the $200,000 loan advance for net proceeds of $150,000. We were originally required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or closing of the Business Combination or (ii) February 15, 2023.

Effective February 15, 2023, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were further amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from February 15, 2023 to March 31, 2023. We were required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after our next financing or (ii) March 31, 2023. In consideration of the extensions, we issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $10.34 per share exercisable until March 31, 2028. An extension fee of $75,000 was recorded and $239,025 was recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023.

Effective March 29, 2023, we entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital (the “March Second Street Loan”) pursuant to which we could borrow up to $1 million to pay certain accrued expenses. Of this amount, we borrowed $700,000. The loan bears interest at 15% per annum and is due as described under “Short-Term Loans” below. We issued a warrant to the lender for 200,000 shares of our common stock, exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $10.34 and will pay up to $150,000 in loan fees at maturity. Since the Company only borrowed $700,000, the loan fee due is $105,000 at maturity. The estimated fair value of the warrant was $748,200 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized $49,880 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023.

Effective March 31, 2023, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity dates to May 31, 2023, and we are currently required to repay the loans as described under “Short-Term Loans” below. In addition, an additional warrant was issued to purchase 150,000 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $11.50 and a loan fee of $95,000 was charged. We recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $524,400 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023.

Effective March 28, 2023, we entered into a Loan Agreement (the “McKra Loan”) with McKra Investments III (“McKra”) pursuant to which we borrowed $1,000,000. We issued a warrant to purchase 200,000 shares of our common stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until March 27, 2028. We will pay a $150,000 loan and convenience fee due upon repayment of the loan. Repayment of the loan is due as described under “Short-Term Loans” below. The Company has to amortize the fair value calculation over the term of the loan on a straight-line basis by days. The estimated fair value of the warrant was $789,400 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized $70,169 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. The balance of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $719,231 will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan.

Effective May 12, 2023, we entered into an Omnibus Amendment to Loan Agreements with Second Street Capital (“Second Street Loans Amendment”), pursuant to which the Second Street Loan, the Second Street Loan 2, and the March Second Street Loan were each amended to extend the maturity dates of the loans. See “Short-Term Loans” below for information regarding repayment of the loans.

Effective May 12, 2023, we entered into an Amendment to Loan Agreement with McKra (“McKra Loan Amendment”), pursuant to which the McKra Loan was amended to extend the maturity date of the loan. See “Short-Term Loans” below for information regarding repayment of the loan.

Since Legacy Ocean’s inception in 2019, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing, research and development activities, business planning, building our intellectual property positions and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have not generated any revenue from product sales.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our ability to generate product revenues sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily upon the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our current products or any future products. Our net operating losses were $67.4 million and $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $149.0 million and $81.6 million, respectively. Our current liabilities are $23.4 million and $12.7 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The current liabilities consisted of accrued expenses including transaction costs, accounting and legal fees, accrued research and development costs, and short-term loans. We expect that our expense and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with ongoing activities to commercialize our products in the future.

We expect to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our future viability is dependent on the success of our research and development and our ability to access additional capital to fund our operations. There can be no assurance that our current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We are subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations, and the ability to obtain additional capital to fund operations. Our therapeutic products will require significant additional research and development efforts, including preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts require additional capital, adequate personnel and extensive compliance reporting capabilities. There can be no assurance that our research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for our intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval, or that any approved products will be commercially viable.

In January 2019, we formed three wholly-owned subsidiaries of Legacy Ocean. In February 2021, we formed a fourth wholly-owned subsidiary. The subsidiaries were formed to organize our therapeutic programs in order to optimize multiple commercialization options and to maximize each program’s value. We anticipate that additional subsidiaries will also be formed in connection with future programs to provide attractive economic upside to our partners at research universities and medical centers. Our license agreements with Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital are licensed or sublicensed directly or indirectly, to the following subsidiaries:

We have been actively monitoring the COVID-19 situation and its impact globally. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we were not significantly impacted by COVID-19. Further, disruption of global financial markets and a recession or market correction, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions imposed against Russia, and other global macroeconomic factors such as inflation, could reduce the Company’s ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity and could materially affect our business and the value of its common stock.

On February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company, formerly known as Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. (“Aesther” or “AHAC”), consummated the Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Ocean, with Legacy Ocean continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In connection with the Closing, the Company changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” and Legacy Ocean changed its name from “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” to “Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc.”

In addition, pursuant to Business Combination Agreement, the holders of Legacy Ocean’s common stock shall be entitled to receive from the Company, in the aggregate, up to an additional 19,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) as follows: (a) in the event that the volume-weighted average price (the “VWAP”) of the Company’s common stock exceeds $15.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Legacy Ocean securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, (b) in the event that the VWAP of the Company’s common stock exceeds $17.50 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Legacy Ocean’s securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and (c) in the event that the VWAP of the Company’s common stock exceeds $20.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the holders of Legacy Ocean’s securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. In addition, for each issuance of Earnout Shares, the Company will also issue to Sponsor an additional 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, there was outstanding an aggregate of 5,250,000 Public Warrants and 5,411,000 Private Placement Warrants. Each of our outstanding whole warrants is exercisable commencing 30 days following the Closing for one share of common stock.

The Business Combination is accounted for as the equivalent of a capital transaction in which Legacy Ocean has issued stock for the net assets of AHAC. The net assets of AHAC are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Closing of the Business Combination are Legacy Ocean and operations post-Closing of the Business Combination are the Company, on a consolidated basis with Legacy Ocean.

On February 12, 2023, AHAC, Legacy Ocean and Vellar Opportunity Fund SPV LLC – Series 3 (“Vellar”) entered into an amended and restated OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction (the “Backstop Agreement”), which amended and restated in their entirety earlier OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions entered into between the parties on August 31, 2022 and February 10, 2023. On February 13, 2023, AHAC, Vellar and Legacy Ocean entered into separate assignment and novation agreements (the “Assignment Agreements”) with Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP, Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP and Meteora Capital Partners, LP (collectively “Meteora”), and Polar Multi-Strategy Master Fund (“Polar” and, together with Vellar and Meteora, the “Backstop Parties”), pursuant to which Vellar assigned to each of Meteora and Polar its rights and obligations in respect of one-third of the shares of Class A common stock subject to the Backstop Agreement. Following the Assignment Agreements, the rights and obligations of each Backstop Party under the Backstop Agreement were and are separate and distinct from the those of the other Backstop Parties, with each Backstop Party acting independently of the others, without reference to or knowledge of any other Backstop Party’s actions or inactions.

Pursuant to the Backstop Agreement, the Backstop Parties intended, but were not obligated, to purchase up to 8,000,000 shares of the AHAC Class A common stock. The Backstop Parties made these purchases after the expiration of the redemption deadline for holders to redeem shares in connection with the Business Combination and in brokered transactions in the open market, typically from AHAC stockholders that had elected to redeem their shares. In connection with these purchases, the Backstop Parties revoked any redemption elections. The Backstop Parties purchased 3,535,466 shares (the “Recycled Shares”) pursuant to the Backstop Agreement at a price approximately equal to the redemption price for shares of AHAC Class A common stock of $10.56 per share.

The Backstop Agreement provided that we pay to the Backstop Parties out of funds held in the trust account, not later than one local business day following the Closing of the Business Combination, a cash amount equal to the product of the number of shares acquired and the redemption price of approximately $10.56 (the “Prepayment”). On February 16, 2023, we made the Prepayment of $50,405,422 and commissions and fee payments of $1,201,037 for a total amount of $51,606,460.

We also provided the Backstop Parties with an additional $12,675,912, to compensate them for their purchase of 1,200,000 additional shares of Class A common stock in the open market (the “Share Consideration Shares”). Under the Backstop Agreement, the Share Consideration Shares are not subject to the terms applicable to the Recycled Shares, including with regard to repayment and repurchase as described below. We have the option to repurchase the Share Consideration Shares from the Backstop Parties at an aggregate price of $3,000,000 at any time during the first nine months after February 15, 2023, the date we disbursed assets from the Trust Account in connection with the Business Combination.

The Backstop Agreement grants the Backstop Parties the right to purchase from us additional shares (the “Additional Shares”) up to an amount equal to the difference between the number of Recycled Shares and the maximum number of shares of 8,000,000. On February 14, 2023, pursuant to Polar’s exercise of its right to purchase Additional Shares, AHAC, Legacy Ocean and Polar entered into a subscription agreement pursuant to which Polar purchased 1,350,000 newly issued shares of our common stock at a per share purchase price of approximately $10.56 and an aggregate purchase price of $14,260,404 (the “Polar Subscription”). Under the Backstop Agreement, the Additional Shares are subject to the same terms as the Recycled Shares, including with regard to repayment and repurchase as described below.

From time to time, each Backstop Party, in its discretion, may declare an early termination of the Backstop Agreement with regard to all or a portion of the Recycled Shares and Additional Shares (such shares “Terminated Shares”) and remit to us, no later than the later of (i) the third local business day following the date the shares become Terminated Shares and (ii) the last day of each calendar quarter after the date the shares become terminated shares, an amount equal to the number of Terminated Shares multiplied by a price (the “Reset Price”) that adjusts on the first scheduled trading day of each month to be the lowest of (a) the then-current Reset Price, (b) the per share redemption price of $10.56 and (c) the VWAP for the last ten trading days of the prior month, but in no case less than $10.34.

Under the Backstop Agreement, we have agreed to purchase the Recycled Shares and Additional Shares (together, the “Backstop Shares”) from the Backstop Parties on a forward basis upon the maturity of the Backstop Agreement at a per share purchase price equal to the redemption price, which has been funded by the Prepayment. The Backstop Agreement matures on the earlier to occur of (a) February 14, 2026 (three years after the closing of the Business Combination Agreement), (b) the date specified by a Backstop Party in a written notice delivered at a Backstop Party’s discretion if either (i) the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the shares during 30 out of 45 consecutive trading days is less than $4.00 per share, (ii) we fail to register the Backstop Shares as required by the Backstop Agreement, or (iii) the shares cease to be listed on a national securities exchange, and (c) the date specified by us in a written notice delivered at our discretion if (i) the VWAP of the shares is at or above $20.00 per share for any 30 trading days during a 45 consecutive trading day-period, (ii) the Backstop Shares are freely tradable by the Backstop Parties without restriction and (iii) the aggregate trading volume in respect of such shares during the same 30-day period is equal to at least three times the number of Backstop Shares (less any Terminated Shares).

See “Note 12 Subsequent Events” to our condensed consolidated financial statements above for a discussion of a notice received on May 23, 2023 from Vellar purporting to terminate its Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement and seeking payment of Maturity Consideration under that agreement.

In September 2022, AHAC entered into Loan and Transfer Agreements between AHAC, the Sponsor, and other parties (the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to AHAC (the “Sponsor Extension Loan”). Amounts loaned from the Lenders to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to AHAC do not accrue interest until the Closing of the Business Combination, after which time, we have agreed to pay the interest due to the Lender. The total amounts advanced by Lenders to the Sponsor in connection with the $1,050,000 loan (the “Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the closing of the Business Combination, at the option of the Lenders, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which are deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for the Lender making the Loan available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer between 1 and 2.5 shares of Class B common stock to Lenders for each $10 multiple of the Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by AHAC to the Sponsor, and, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, 2.5 shares of the our common stock per $10.00 of the Funded Amounts at Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to Sponsor, as described below. Sponsor transferred a total of 178,500 shares to the Lenders post-Closing of the Business Combination Agreement following the Closing of the Business Combination Agreement from shares of our common stock owned by the Sponsor as a result of the conversion of its AHAC Class B common stock into our common stock.

The Sponsor Extension Loan was paid down at Closing of the Business combination to $500,000, all of which remained outstanding at March 31, 2023. The outstanding balance of the Sponsor Extension Loan was paid in full from the proceeds of the initial draw under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing. In addition, we recorded interest expense in the amount of $5,305 on the outstanding balance in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. See “Short-Term Loans” below for a discussion of our plans for repayment of this loan.

On December 13, 2022, AHAC entered into a Loan and Transfer Agreement between AHAC, the Sponsor, and NPIC Limited (the “NPIC Lender”), pursuant to which the Lender loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to AHAC (the “NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan”). Amounts loaned from the NPIC Lender to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to AHAC do not accrue interest until the Closing of the Business Combination, after which time, we have agreed to pay the interest due to the NPIC Lender. The total amounts advanced by NPIC Lender to the Sponsor in connection with the $1,050,000 loan (the “NPIC Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the closing of the initial Business Combination, at the option of the NPIC Lender, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which are deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for the NPIC Lender making the loan available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer 10 Shares of Class B common stock to NPIC Lender for each $10 multiple of the NPIC Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by AHAC to the Sponsor, and, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the parties agreed that we would issue 1.05 shares of our common stock per $1.00 of the NPIC Funded Amounts at Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to Sponsor, as described below. Sponsor transferred a total of 1,050,000 shares to the NPIC Lender post-Closing of the Business Combination Agreement.

On March 22, 2023 we entered into a Loan Modification Agreement, dated March 22, 2023 (the “Modification Agreement”), with the Sponsor and NPIC Lender, and a Side Letter Agreement with the Sponsor (the “Side Letter”), which modifies the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan.

The Modification Agreement modified the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan to provide that, among other things, (i) the maturity date of the loan from NPIC to Sponsor (the “NPIC Sponsor Loan”) is extended to May 22, 2023 (the “Maturity Date”); (ii) the extension will take effect concurrently with, and not until, the Sponsor transfers 1,050,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Initial SPAC Shares”) to the NPIC Lender; (iii) effective as of the date of the Modification Agreement, the NPIC Sponsor Loan shall accrue fifteen percent (15%) interest per annum, compounded monthly; (iv) the maturity date of the $1,050,000 loan by Sponsor to us (the “SPAC Loan”) is extended to May 19, 2023; (v) the proceeds of any capital raise of at least $15,000,000 by the Company shall be first used by the Company to promptly repay the SPAC Loan and then Sponsor shall promptly repay the NPIC Sponsor Loan and all accrued interest; (vi) in exchange for the extension of the Maturity Date, we shall issue 50,000 shares of common stock to Lender on the date of the Modification Agreement and shall issue an additional 50,000 shares of common stock thereafter on each 30-day anniversary of the Maturity Date to the Lender until the Sponsor Loan is repaid in full; (vii) in the event Sponsor defaults on its obligations to repay the NPIC Sponsor Loan by the Maturity Date, the Sponsor shall transfer to the NPIC Lender 250,000 shares of our common stock owned by the Sponsor and shall transfer an additional 250,000 such shares each month thereafter until the default is cured; (viii) we are obligated to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the shares to be issued to Lender within 30 days of the transfer, including the Initial SPAC shares; and (ix) in the event that we default on its obligations to the Lender set forth in (v), (vi) and (viii), we shall issue to NPIC Lender 250,000 shares of common stock and shall transfer an additional 250,000 shares of common stock each month thereafter until the default is cured. The Side Letter provides that, in the event we fail to repay the SPAC Loan by May 19, 2023, we shall issue to Sponsor 250,000 shares of common stock and shall issue an additional 250,000 such shares to Sponsor each month thereafter until the default is cured.

On March 22, 2023, NPIC Lender was issued 50,000 shares of our common stock as consideration of the Modification Agreement. The fair value was our closing stock price on the date granted. We recognized a loss of $358,000 as interest expense. In addition, we recorded interest expense in the amount of $12,577 on the outstanding balance in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-month ended March 31, 2023.

Further, as required by the Modification Agreement, the Company issued to the NPIC Lender 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock on May 12, 2023. The NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan was paid in full from the proceeds of the initial draw under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing.

At Closing of the Business Combination, the underwriters for AHAC’s initial public offering agreed to defer payment of $3.15 million of deferred underwriting discounts otherwise due to them until November 14, 2023, pursuant to the terms of a promissory note (the “Underwriters Note”). The deferred amounts bear interest at 9% per annum and 24% per annum following an event of default under the promissory note. The amount is recorded as a short-term loan in the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. We recorded $36,225 of interest on this loan for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

On September 7, 2022, AHAC entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”) and the White Lion Registration Rights Agreement (“White Lion RRA”) with White Lion. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $75,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of Equity Line Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

We are obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion RRA to file a registration statement with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the common stock subject to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, for the resale by White Lion of shares of the Company’s common stock that the Company may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions, our right to sell the Equity Line Shares to White Lion will commence on the effective date of the registration statement and extend for a period of two years. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we may notify White Lion when it exercises its right to sell Equity Line Shares (the effective date of such notice, a “Notice Date”). The number of Equity Line Shares sold pursuant to any such notice may not exceed (i) $2,000,000, divided by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq preceding the Notice Date and (ii) a number of shares of common stock equal to the average daily trading volume multiplied by 67%.

At any given time of any sale by us to White Lion, we may not sell, and White Lion may not purchase, Equity Line Shares of the Company’s common stock that would result in White Lion owning more than the 9.99% Beneficial Ownership Cap upon such issuance.

The purchase price to be paid by White Lion for any such shares will equal 93% of the lowest daily volume-weighted average price of the Company’s common stock during a period of two consecutive trading days following the applicable Notice Date. However, if during such two-trading day period the trading price of the Company’s common stock falls below a price (the “Threshold Price”) equal to 90% of the opening trading price of the common stock on Nasdaq on the Notice Date, then the number of shares to be purchased by White Lion pursuant to such notice will be reduced proportionately based on the portion of the two-trading day period that has elapsed, and the purchase price will equal 95% of the Threshold Price.

In consideration for the commitments of White Lion to purchase the Equity Line Shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Common Stock Purchase Agreement required us to issue to White Lion shares of Common Stock having a value of $750,000 based upon the closing sale price two trading days prior to the filing of an initial registration statement. Effective as of April 18, 2023, the Company and White Lion entered into a Consent Agreement pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to White Lion, and White Lion agreed to accept from the Company, 75,000 Initial Commitment Shares in lieu of the shares to be issued to White Lion based on the closing sale price.

On July 31, 2020, we entered into four separate Exclusive License Agreements (the “Initial Brown License Agreements”) with Elkurt, Inc.(“Elkurt”), a licensee of Brown University. On March 21, 2021, we and Elkurt amended each of the Initial Brown License Agreements. Elkurt is a company formed by our scientific co-founders and members of our Board, Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown University. Under the Initial Brown License Agreements, Elkurt grants us exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields. On August 31, 2021, the Initial Brown License Agreements were amended to extend the date after which Elkurt can terminate the license agreements if we have not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by April 1, 2022. On March 25, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were amended to extend those termination dates to May 1, 2022. On July 1, 2022, we amended the Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2022 and acknowledge the accounts payable due and terms of payment.

On July 2, 2022, we amended the Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates of the commercialization plan of the license agreements to an additional two years. On August 25, 2022, we amended the four Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2023 and to extend the termination dates of the commercialization plan of the license agreements from an additional two years to three years. For each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, as amended, we are required to pay Elkurt a maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid. In addition, beginning on January 1, 2022 and each year thereafter until January 1, 2027, we are required to pay an annual license maintenance fee of $3,000. Beginning on January 1, 2028, and every year thereafter the annual license maintenance fee shall become $4,000 per year. Upon successful commercialization, we are required to pay Elkurt between 0.5% to 1.5% of net sales based on the terms under the Initial Brown License Agreements. In addition, we must pay Elkurt, under each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that we enter into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. As of March 31, 2023, we recorded annual license maintenance fees of $12,000 and initial license fees of $268,000.

We will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. We are also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs. We recorded reimbursement of patent costs as general and administrative costs in the statements of operations as incurred. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred reimbursed patent costs expenses to Brown University in the amount of $340,190 of which $297,700 has been paid.

The contract term for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, as amended, continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate each of the Initial Brown License Agreements in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Initial Brown License Agreements at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if we have not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then. For the oncology programs, three of the license agreements have been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean ChitoRx Inc, and for the Fibrosis program, one license agreement has been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean ChitofibroRx Inc.

On September 13, 2022, we entered into an additional Exclusive License Agreement (the “Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement”), with Elkurt. Under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, Elkurt grants us an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in the field of malaria research.

For the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, we are required to pay Elkurt an initial license fee of $70,000, payable in two installments of $35,000 each on April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Beginning September 13, 2023, we are obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee equal to (a) $3,000 until September 13, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. Upon successful commercialization, we are required to pay Elkurt 1.25% of net sales based on the terms under the Brown Anti- PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement. In addition, we must pay Elkurt 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that we enter into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. We also are required to pay Elkurt $100,000 in the event that we or one of sublicensees sublicenses this technology to a major pharmaceutical company or if the license agreement or any sublicense agreement for this technology is acquired by a major pharmaceutical company. A major pharmaceutical company is one that is publicly traded, with market capitalization of at least $5 billion and has been engaged in drug discovery, development, production and marketing for no less than 5 years.

We will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments pursuant to the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. We are also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs.

The contract term for the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if we have not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then.

On January 25, 2021, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “Rhode Island License Agreement”) with Elkurt, a licensee of Rhode Island Hospital. On April 1, 2021, September 10, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022 and August 26, 2022, we and Elkurt amended the Rhode Island License Agreement. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, as amended, Elkurt grants us an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field.

For the Rhode Island License Agreement, we are required to pay Elkurt $110,000, due within 45 days of an equity financing of at least $10 million or May 1, 2022, whichever comes first, and beginning on January 1, 2022, an additional $3,000 annual maintenance fee thereafter, until January 1, 2028, at which point the annual maintenance fee will become $4,000 per year. We are also required to pay Elkurt 1.5% of net sales under the Rhode Island License Agreement. In addition, we must pay Elkurt 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that we enter into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. We will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments under the Rhode Island License Agreement, ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred reimbursed patent costs expenses to Elkurt/Rhode Island Hospital in the amount of $432,393 of which $131,986 has been paid.

The contract term for the Rhode Island License Agreement began February 1, 2020 and will continue until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or fifteen years. Either party may terminate the Rhode Island License Agreement in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the license agreement at any time and for any reason by May 1, 2022, if we have not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then. Currently, the Rhode Island License Agreement is still in effect and the license agreement has been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean Sihoma, Inc. On July 1, 2022, we amended the Elkurt/Rhode Island License Agreement to extend the termination date to November 1, 2022, to extend the termination dates of the commercialization plan of the Rhode Island License Agreement to an additional one year, and acknowledge the accounts payable due and terms of payment. On August 26, 2022, we amended the Rhode Island License Agreement to extend the termination date to November 1, 2023 and to extend the termination dates of the commercialization plan of the Rhode Island License Agreement from an additional one year to three years.

On May 15, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with an accredited investor (the “Investor”) for the sale of up to three Senior Secured Convertible Notes (each, a “Note” and collectively, the “Notes”), which Notes are convertible into shares of our Common Stock, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $27 million, in a private placement (the “Offering” or the “Ayrton Convertible Note Financing”). We consummated the closing for the sale of (i) the initial Note in the principal amount of $7.56 million and (ii) a warrant to initially acquire up to 552,141 additional shares of our Common Stock with an initial exercise price of $11.50 per share of Common Stock, subject to adjustment, exercisable immediately and expiring five years from the date of issuance (the “Ayrton Warrant”), which is subject to customary closing conditions, on May 25, 2023. The Notes will be sold at an original issue discount of eight percent (8%). Future issuances of Notes (“Additional Closings”) are subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The SPA contains certain representations and warranties, covenants and indemnities customary for similar transactions. At the closing of the first Additional Closing, $8.64 million of Notes will be issued (the “First Additional Closing Date”) and $10.8 million of Notes will be issued at the closing of the second Additional Closing. So long as any Notes remain outstanding, we are prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any subsequent placement involving a Variable Rate Transaction, other than pursuant to the White Lion Common Stock Purchase Agreement. “Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction in which we (i) issue or sell any convertible securities either (A) at a price that is based upon with the trading prices of our Common Stock, or (B) with a price that is subject to being reset at some future date or upon the occurrence of specified events related to the business of the Company or the market for our Common Stock, other than pursuant to a customary “weighted average” anti-dilution provision or (ii) enters into any agreement whereby we may sell securities at a future determined price (other than standard and customary “preemptive” or “participation” rights).

The interest rate applicable to each Note is, as of any date of determination, the lesser of (I) eight percent (8%) per annum and (II) the greater of (x) five percent (5%) per annum and (y) the sum of (A) the “secured overnight financing rate,” which from time to time is published in the “Money Rates” column of The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition, New York Metro), in effect as of such date of determination and (B) two percent (2%) per annum; provided, further, that each of the forgoing rates shall be subject to adjustment from time to time in accordance with the SPA. Each Note will mature on the first anniversary of its issuance (the “Maturity Date”). Additionally, each Note is required to be senior to all of our other indebtedness, other than certain permitted indebtedness. The Notes will be secured by all of our existing and future assets (including those of our significant subsidiaries). Upon the occurrence of certain events, the Notes will be payable in monthly installments. A noteholder may, at its election, defer the payment of all or any portion of the installment amount due on any installment date to another installment payment date.

All or any portion of the principal amount of each Note, plus accrued and unpaid interest, any late charges thereon and any other unpaid amounts (the “Conversion Amount”), is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the noteholder’s option, into shares of our common stock at an initial fixed conversion price of $10.34 per share, subject to certain adjustments. At any time during certain events of default under the Note, a noteholder may alternatively (the “Alternate Conversion”) elect to convert all or any portion of the Conversion Amount into shares of our Common Stock at an Alternate Conversion Price set forth in the SPA. A noteholder will not have the right to convert any portion of a Note, to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion, the noteholder (together with certain of its affiliates and other related parties) would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the shares of our Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

On May 25, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA Amendment”). The SPA Amendment changed two provisions in the SPA and amended and restated the Disclosure Schedules attached to the SPA.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from any sources, including from product sales, and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales. However, there can be no assurance as to when we will generate such revenue, if at all.

To date, research and development expenses consist, or will consist, primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including the development of our product candidates. We expense research and development costs as incurred, which we expect will include:

Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, included:

We recognize external development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific milestones using information provided to us by our service providers. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. Such amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.

Our direct external research and development expenses consist (or are expected to consist) primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants, CROs, CMOs and research laboratories in connection with our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. Our direct research and development expenses also include fees incurred under license agreements. We have not allocated and do not expect to allocate employee costs, costs associated with our discovery efforts, laboratory supplies, and facilities, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are or will be deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to conduct our research and discovery as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. These employees work across multiple programs and, therefore, we do not track their costs by program.

Research and development activities are key to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially over the next several years, which will include:

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the preclinical and clinical development of any of our product candidates or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from any of our product candidates. The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates is highly uncertain. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the following:

Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates, such as the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct other clinical trials or testing beyond those that we currently expect or if significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials occurred. Such delays or changes may require us to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate.

General and administrative expenses consist, or will consist, primarily of salaries and benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, business development, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, pre-commercial and support personnel functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as insurance costs and professional fees for accounting and audit services, legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations.

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 included stock-based compensation expense related to the grant by Poseidon, our controlling shareholder, of profits interests in Poseidon to our executives and employees in 2022, the grant of a warrant to purchase common stock to a consultant in 2023, and stock option grants to all of our non-employee directors as of February 15, 2023, accounting, legal and public relations fees, and deferred offering costs from the Business Combination.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research activities and development of our product candidates and prepare for potential commercialization activities. We also anticipate that we will incur significantly increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, tax, compliance with Nasdaq and SEC requirements, and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses associated with operating as a public company. If and when we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in payroll and other employee-related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations as it relates to the sales and marketing of that product candidate.

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, or FASB ASC 740, which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse, and net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have recorded a full valuation allowance to reduce our net deferred income tax assets to zero. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize some or all of our deferred income tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. As a consequence, we have recorded no income tax expense nor benefit for all years presented.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, decreased by approximately $2.8 million driven by (i) a decrease of stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3.2 million related to the grant by Poseidon, our controlling shareholder, of profits interests in Poseidon to our executives and employees in 2021, 60% of the profits interests granted were immediately vested and the remaining 40% of the profits interests were amortized over 18 months that were 100% amortized as of August 31, 2022 and (ii) an increase in costs of approximately $0.4 million for license fees.

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by approximately $2.9 million driven by (i) a decrease of stock-based compensation expense of approximately $0.7 million, (ii) an increase in accounting fees of approximately $1.0 million, (iii) an increase in legal fees of approximately $1.9 million, (iv) an increase in printing, public relations, insurance, and consulting costs of approximately $0.4 million, and (v) license fees and insurance of approximately $0.3 million.

Other expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased by approximately $619 million driven by (i) a decrease of $0.3 for the loss on put option offset by an increase in recognized interest expense, including amortization of debt issuance costs, of approximately $1.5 million; (ii) stock issuance loss of approximately $12.7 million relating to the fair value of the 1,200,000 Share Consideration Shares issued to the Backstop Parties in February 2023; (iii) loss on the extinguishment of the debt of approximately $13.6 million resulting from the fair value of the 1,365,000 Sponsor Extension Shares issued to the Sponsor under the terms of the Sponsor Extension Loan and NPIC Extension Loan; (iv) expense for deferred transaction costs of approximately $7.5 million recognized in the period; and (v) the loss on the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset of approximately $26.9 million.

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased by approximately $25.5 million driven by (i) a decrease of stock-based compensation expense of approximately $25.3 million related to the grant by Poseidon, our controlling shareholder, of profits interests in Poseidon to our executives and employees in 2021, 60% of the profits interests granted were immediately vested and the remaining 40% of the profits interests were amortized over 18 months that were 100% amortized as of August 31, 2022 and (ii) a decrease in costs of approximately $200,000 for outside services relating to the development of certain of our preclinical assets. Stock-based compensation expense related to the profit interest grants by Poseidon in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included in research and development expenses totaled $8.2 million and $33.5 million, respectively.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased by approximately $20.7 million driven by (i) a decrease of stock-based compensation expense of approximately $18.8 million related to the grant by Poseidon, our controlling shareholder, of profits interests in Poseidon to our executives and employees in 2021, 60% of the profits interests granted were immediately vested and the remaining 40% of the profits interests were amortized over 18 months that were 100% amortized as of August 31, 2022, (ii) a decrease in accounting fees of approximately $1.4 million, (iii) a decrease in legal fees of approximately $500,000, (iv) a decrease in printing, public relations and consulting costs of approximately $0.3 million, and (v) an increase in patent legal fees of approximately $300,000. Stock based compensation expense related to the profit interest grants by Poseidon in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included in general and administrative expenses totaled $4.1 million and $22.9 million, respectively. In June 2022, approximately $1.3 million of legal and accounting fees were expensed related to deferred offering expenses from the abandonment of the Legacy Ocean IPO. The decrease in accounting, legal, printing, public relations and consulting costs was primarily due to the abandonment of the Legacy Ocean IPO.

Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by approximately $1.2 million driven by (i) an increase in recognized expense on a put option right held by Second Street of approximately $300,000, (ii) an increase in a recognized expense on the issuance of warrants to Second Street of approximately $800,000, and (iii) an increase in interest expense of $100,000.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. We have not yet commercialized any products and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of products for several years, if at all. To date, we have funded our operations from the proceeds from the issuance of common stock and debt, proceeds from the Backstop Agreement and through self-funding by our founder and have limited current cash on hand to fund our operations. Based on our current operational plans and assumptions, we expect that the net proceeds from the Backstop Agreement, the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing and future debt and equity financings, including possibly under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, which total net proceeds we estimate need to be at least $45 million, as well as further deferrals of certain of our accrued expenses and contingency payments due upon the closing of future financings, are required to fund operations into the third quarter of 2024. The Company borrowed an additional $1.7 million in March 2023, the proceeds of which were used to pay certain accrued expenses. We consummated the closing for the sale of (i) the initial Note in the principal amount of $7.56 million and (ii) a warrant to initially acquire up to 552,141 additional shares of our Common Stock with an initial exercise price of $11.50 per share of Common Stock, subject to adjustment, exercisable immediately and expiring five years from the date of issuance (the “Ayrton Warrant”), which is subject to customary closing conditions, on May 25, 2023. Under the terms of the Backstop Agreement, the Backstop Parties will pay us $10.34 for each share of our Common Stock they sell and for which they elect to terminate the Backstop Agreement. The Backstop Parties will make this payment after the end of each quarter for shares sold and terminated during that quarter. The Backstop Parties sold 105,572 Recycled Shares of our common stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, resulting in net proceeds to us of $1.1 million. There is an economic disincentive for the Backstop Parties to sell shares of our common stock that are subject to the restrictions set forth in the Backstop Agreement unless our common stock is trading above $10.34 per share, which means that we need to assume that no cash will be returned to us pursuant to any sales under the Backstop Agreement unless and until our common stock is trading above $10.34 and our Backstop Parties are otherwise able to sell their shares. Based upon the level of funding that we receive from the foregoing sources, we will determine the amount of accrued expenses and contingency payments that we will seek to have our vendors further defer and how much we are able to spend on our operations. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect, in which case, we would need to raise more capital and sooner than expected. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to draw down additional loans under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing or raise additional capital on reasonable terms or at all, that our common stock will trade above $10.34, permitting the Backstop Parties to sell shares under the Backstop Agreement, that the Backstop Parties will sell any shares of our common stock held by them or elect to terminate the Backstop Agreement in respect of those shares, or that our vendors will agree to further deferrals of payments due to them. Although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that we have the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $75,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of Equity Line Shares, we are not required or permitted to issue any shares of our common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement if such sale would result in White Lion owning more than 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

Each Public Warrant and each Private Placement Warrant entitle the holder thereof to purchase one share of our Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The Second Street Warrants are exercisable for 511,712 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share, 102,342 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share, 275,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.34 per share, and 150,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The McKra Warrant (as defined below) is exercisable for 200,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.34 per share. The Special Forces Warrant (as defined below) is exercisable for 150,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The warrant issued to the Investor pursuant to the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing is initially exercise able for 552,141 shares of our common stock at an initial exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment. On June 15, 2023, the closing price for our common stock was $5.17. If the price of our common stock remains below the exercise price of the Warrants, warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their Warrants for cash, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us from such exercises. We expect to use any proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate and working capital purposes, which would increase our liquidity. As described above, in order to fund planned operations while meeting obligations as they come due, we will need to secure additional debt or equity financing if substantial cash proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants are not received. Furthermore, to the extent that warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the warrants will decrease.

Prior to the filing of this registration statement, we filed another registration statement with the SEC to, among other matters, register for resale shares of our common stock, which we expect to become effective in the near term. Upon such registration statement becoming effective, the sale of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing price of our shares of common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time or price that we deem appropriate.

Our accrued expenses, contingency payments due upon a financing event and contingency payments due upon the closing of future capital raises, principally upon the first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50 million, currently total $37.3 million at March 31, 2023. Accrued expenses and contingency payments due upon a financing event total approximately $23.6 million at March 31, 2023. This includes (i) $13.2 million of accounting and legal fees (ii) $2.2 million of CMO and vendor costs, (iii) $7.4 million of short-term debt, and (iv) $0.8 million of patent reimbursement costs. The contingent payments due upon the closing of future capital raises, principally upon the first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50.0 million, including the proceeds from the business combination transaction, total approximately $13.7 million at March 31, 2023. These contingent payments consist of $12.0 million of contingent compensation and bonuses to certain members of senior management, $1.6 million of contingent vendor payments, and $0.1 million of related party expense.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

We had no cash inflows from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we borrowed approximately $7.4 million, of which $4.7 million related to fees and expenses from the Business Combination transaction and $2.7 million was used to pay accounting and legal fees. As of March 31, 2023 we had minimal cash and a working capital deficiency of $23.1 million. In April 2023, we received $1.1 million in net proceeds from the sale by the Backstop Parties of Recycled Shares under the terms of the Backstop Agreement. Our current operating plan indicates we will incur losses from operations and generate negative cash flows from operating activities, given anticipated expenditures related to research and development activities and we lack revenue generating ability at this point in our lifecycle. These events and conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

We will need to raise additional funds in order to advance our research and development programs, operate our business, and meet our future obligations as they come due, as described above under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” We will seek additional funding through private equity financings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, or marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and we may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If we are unable to obtain funding, we could be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development programs, which could adversely affect our business prospects and our ability to continue operations.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. In addition, we will incur additional ongoing costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, compliance, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend on our ability to:

We anticipate that we will require additional capital as we seek regulatory approval of our product candidates and if we choose to pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates. If we receive regulatory approval for our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of biologic product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital.

Our contractual obligations are expected to have an effect on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods. Under our license agreements with our academic research institution partners, fixed license maintenance fees of $298,418 are due within 15 days of financing of at least $10 million and $110,000 are due within 30 days of financing of at least $10 million. In addition, under these license agreements, we are also required to make payments upon successful completion and achievement of certain milestones as well as royalty payments upon sales of products covered by such licenses. The payment obligations under the license fees are recorded in accounts payable. The payment obligations under the collaboration agreements are contingent upon future events such as our achievement of specified development, clinical, regulatory, and commercial milestones. As the timing of these future milestone payments are not known, we have not included these fees in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023. None of these were paid at Closing.

Under the management employment agreements, we have salaries and bonuses that are contingently payable upon financing, collectively called contingent compensation, that are contingently payable based only upon our first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million. As of March 31, 2023, we have contingent compensation and bonuses in the amount of $12.0 million to certain members of senior management. These amounts will not be paid if the contingencies do not occur. Since the payment of obligations under the employment agreements are contingent upon these future events, which are not considered probable as such future events are deemed outside of our control, we have not included these amounts in our condensed consolidated financial statements. None of these were paid at Closing.

We have entered and anticipate we will continue to enter into contracts in the normal course of business with external organizations such as CMOs, CROs and other third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to support clinical trials and preclinical research studies and testing. We expect that these contracts will be generally cancelable by us, and we anticipate that payments due upon cancellation will consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including noncancelable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation. We accrued CMO services in the amount of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 under the Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement with Lonza in developing the product OCX-253.

To date, we have not generated any revenue. Cash flows to date have resulted from financing activities, including payments made on behalf of the Company by related parties and net proceeds from issuance of shares of common stock consisting of friends and family of our employees and short-term borrowings. As of March 31, 2023, our cash balance of approximately $0.3 million is held in a standard checking account. We do not have any cash equivalents. Cash used in operating activities was used to pay legal and accounting fees. Accounts payable and accrued expenses of $16.4 million and $11.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were recorded. Approximately $16 million of this amount will be paid following the receipt of the proceeds from the Backstop Agreement, the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and future financings.

To minimize the risk in the future, we intend to maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents in institutional market funds that are composed of U.S. Treasury and U.S. Treasury-backed repurchase agreements or short-term U.S. Treasury securities. We do not believe that inflation, interest rate changes, or exchange rate fluctuations had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this registration statement, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

We utilize a binomial lattice option pricing model to value the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset at inception and at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a binomial options pricing model are assumptions related to expected share-price, volatility, strike price, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We estimate the volatility of its shares of common stock based on historical volatility of similar publicly held companies. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve. The expected life is assumed to be equivalent to the remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which we anticipate to remain at zero.

Deferred offering costs, consisting of direct accounting fees, legal fees, regulatory fees, transfer agent fees, and printing costs directly related to the Business Combination are capitalized. The deferred offering costs in the amount of $2.0 million were reclassified to additional paid in capital upon the completion of the Business Combination. Approximately $7.4 million of transaction costs were recorded as an expense that comprised of $2.4 million of deferred offering costs, $3.1 million of underwriter transaction fees, and $1.9 million of Sponsor loans. As of March 31, 2023, all of the deferred offering costs had been recognized and no deferred offering costs remain in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Stock-Based Compensation for Profit Interests in Poseidon and Stock Option Grants

We account for all stock-based payments to employees and non-employees, including profits interest grants in Poseidon based on their respective grant date fair values. We estimate the fair value of profits interest grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is affected principally by the estimated fair value of shares of our common stock and requires management to make a number of other assumptions, including the expected life of the profits interest, the volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical share volatility of a set of comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the profits interests. Due to the lack of historical exercise history, the expected term of the profit interests is determined using the “simplified” method. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The fair value of common stock underlying our profit interests was estimated by our Board of Directors considering, among other things, contemporaneous valuations of our common stock prepared by unrelated third-party valuation firms. The profit interests are valued based on the fair value of Poseidon units on the date of grant. We expense stock-based compensation related to these profit interests over the requisite service period using the straight-line method such that recognized compensation expense is at least equal to the vested portion of the awards. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in research and development expense or general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the respective employee’s roles within our company. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.

We account for warrants issued based on their respective grant dates fair values. Prior to September 2022, the value of the warrants issued to Second Street (together, with warrants subsequently issued to Second Street Capital, the “Second Street Warrants”) was estimated considering, among other things, contemporaneous valuations for our common stock prepared by unrelated third-party valuation firms and prices set forth in our previous filings with the SEC for a proposed IPO of our common stock that was not pursued by us (“Legacy Ocean IPO filings”). We used the mid-range price per share based upon our Legacy Ocean IPO filings. Starting in September 2022, following the execution of the Business Combination Agreement with AHAC, the value of the Second Street Warrants was based on the closing price of AHAC’s Class A common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on the grant date. Following the Closing of the Business Combination, the value of warrants issued by us was based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the Grant date. We estimate the fair value, based upon these values, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is affected principally by the life of the warrant, the volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical share volatility of a set of comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the warrant for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the warrant. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and do not expect to pay any case dividends in the foreseeable future. We expense the amount as interest in Other expenses.

We operate and manage the business as one reportable and operating segment, which is the business of discovering and developing therapeutic products in oncology, fibrosis, infectious diseases and inflammation. Our chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating and evaluating financial performance.

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

The Company does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to not “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards at the time private companies adopt the new or revised accounting standard and will do so until such time that we either (i) irrevocably elect to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non- affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of this offering is expected to be less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company after this offering if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time that we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or personnel, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. The PCAOB defines a material weakness as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

In connection with the preparation and audits of our financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and review of our financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included elsewhere in this registration statement, we have identified a material weakness as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) in our internal control over financial reporting, as follows:

We have begun taking measures, and plan to continue to take measures, to remediate the material weakness. These measures include hiring or engaging additional accounting personnel with familiarity with reporting under U.S. GAAP, including hiring of Gurinder Kalra as our Chief Financial Officer and implementing and adopting additional controls and formal policies, processes and documentation procedures relating to financial reporting. We plan to undertake recruitment efforts to identify additional accounting personnel, including possible use of third-party service providers. Remediation costs consist primarily of additional personnel expenses. We may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, which may impair our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis.

However, the implementation of these measures may not be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that may lead to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting or to prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Moreover, our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate in the future because of changes in conditions in our business. Furthermore, we may not have identified all material weaknesses and weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. If we are unable to successfully remediate our existing or any future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we identify any additional material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and our share price may decline as a result.

We also could become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in its implementation or improvement could negatively impact our operating results or cause us to fail to meet its reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods, which could cause the price of our common stock and warrants to decline.

This section discusses the material components of the executive compensation program for our named executive officers. The compensation provided to our named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is detailed in the “2022 Summary Compensation Table” below. Our named executive officers are Elizabeth Ng, Gurinder Kalra, Dr. Inderjote Kathuria and Daniel Behr, each of whom served as executive officers of Legacy Ocean during 2022. The information presented below describes their compensation at Legacy Ocean.

This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that are based on our current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs. The actual amount and form of compensation that we pay and the compensation policies and practices that we adopt in the future may differ materially from the currently-planned programs that are summarized in this discussion.

The following table sets forth the compensation paid to our named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table sets forth summary information regarding the outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers on December 31, 2022.

In 2019 and 2020, Legacy Ocean entered into an offer letter with each of Elizabeth Ng, Dr. Inderjote Kathuria and Daniel Behr, who currently serve as executive officers (the “Initial Offer Letters”). The Initial Offer Letters set forth the terms and conditions of these individuals’ employment with Legacy Ocean, now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, including initial base salary, sign-on and initial public offering bonus, initial target cash bonus opportunity, initial equity grant, and eligibility to participate in our benefit plans generally, as well as certain severance rights. Our named executive officers did not earn, and were not paid, any compensation under the Initial Offer Letters nor were they granted any equity awards under the Initial Offer Letters.

The Initial Offer Letters were superseded by offer letters between Legacy Ocean and parties to those letters, dated as of February 22, 2021 (the “February 2021 Offer Letters”), which clarified certain terms set forth in the Initial Offer Letters. Mr. Kalra also entered into a February 2021 Offer Letter. The February 2021 Offer Letters were amended in August 2021 and Mr. Kalra’s February 2021 Offer Letter was further amended on April 22, 2022. The February 2021 Offer Letters provide for an annual base salary for each of the named executive officers, which is payable only upon the Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50 million, subject to their continued employment with Legacy Ocean through such payment date. In addition, the February 2021 Offer Letters provide that the named executive officers are eligible to earn an annual bonus with a target amount equal to 65% of their base salary. The initial February 2021 Offer Letters provide for a lump sum cash bonus for each of the named executive officers upon the completion of Legacy Ocean’s first capital raise equal to at least $50 million (the “First Capital Raise”), subject to their continued employment with Legacy Ocean through the payment date (the “First Capital Raise Bonus”), and a lump sum cash bonus for each of the named executive officers upon the completion of Legacy Ocean’s initial public offering prior to August 31, 2021, (the “Legacy Ocean IPO”), subject to their continued employment with Legacy Ocean through the payment date (the “Legacy Ocean IPO Bonus”). These bonuses were later amended as described below and the Legacy Ocean IPO Bonus was renamed the First Cumulative Raise Bonus. In the event that a named executive officer’s employment with Legacy Ocean is terminated by Legacy Ocean without “cause” or he or she resigns from Legacy Ocean for “good reason” he or she will be entitled to receive, subject to execution and delivery of an irrevocable release of claims in favor of Legacy Ocean and its affiliates within 60 days of such termination, (i) 12 months of base salary continuation, payable over Legacy Ocean’s regular payroll cycle, (ii) a prorated amount of her annual target bonus, payable over Legacy Ocean’s regular payroll cycle over 12 months, (iii) full and immediate accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested equity awards in Legacy Ocean, (iv) subject to the completion of the First Capital Raise, the First Capital Raise Bonus, regardless of continued employment through the payment date, (v) subject to the completion of the Legacy Ocean IPO, the Legacy Ocean IPO Bonus, regardless of continued employment through the payment date, and (vi) an extension of the post-termination exercise periods for then-outstanding options, to the extent vested and exercisable as of the date of such termination, for the remainder of their terms. The named executive officers are also eligible to participate in our benefit plans generally and are subject to our standard confidentiality, assignment and nonsolicitation agreement.

In August 2021, Legacy Ocean amended the February 2021 Offer Letters, principally to amend when contingent salary and bonuses are due to be paid. Prior to the amendments, certain contingent payments were due upon a successful Legacy Ocean IPO. Under the amended agreements, the salaries and bonuses that are contingently payable as described above, including the amounts payable to the named executive officers, collectively called contingent compensation, are now contingently payable, subject to the Named Executive Officer’s continued employment with Legacy Ocean, based only upon Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million. These amounts will not be paid if the contingency does not occur. In April 2022, Mr. Kalra’s Offer Letter was further amended to remove the requirement that Mr. Kalra be employed by Legacy Ocean at the time of Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million in order to receive his contingent salary. Since the payment of obligations under the Offer Letters are contingent upon this event, and such event is in the future and deemed outside of our control, we have not included these amounts in Legacy Ocean’s consolidated financial statements.

The following table sets forth the annual base salary, First Capital Raise Bonus and First Cumulative Raise Bonus contingently payable to the named executive officers:

On February 22, 2021, in lieu of the equity grant promised to our named executive officers in the Initial Offer Letters or otherwise, Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”), our controlling shareholder, granted profits interests to our named executive officers as follows:

The profits interests are subject to the terms and conditions of Poseidon’s Amended and Restated Operating Agreement (the “LLC Agreement”) and a profits interest agreement. Except for those held by Mr. Kalra, 60% of the profits interests vested immediately upon grant and the remaining 40% vested in equal quarterly installments until all such profits interests fully vested on August 22, 2022. On April 20, 2022, Poseidon and Mr. Kalra entered into an Amended and Restated Grant of Profits Interest, which was retroactive effective to February 22, 2021 and amended and restated certain terms related to the February 22, 2021 profits interest grants. Pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Grant of Profits Interest, 50% of the profits interests vested on immediately upon the grant, 708 profits interest units vested each month until March 31, 2022 and the remaining profits interests fully vested April 20, 2022.

Poseidon, our controlling shareholder, has granted profits interests intended to constitute “profits interests” within the meaning of IRS Revenue Procedure 93-27, as clarified by IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-43 to Legacy Ocean’s employees pursuant to the LLC Agreement, with terms and conditions substantially similar to those for our named executive officers, as described above.

On July 9, 2021, Legacy Ocean’s board of directors adopted the Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”), which became effective upon the Closing. The Bonus Plan provides for cash bonus payments for certain key executives based upon the attainment of performance targets established by the Compensation Committee. The payment targets will be related to financial and operational measures or objectives with respect to the Company, or corporate performance goals, as well as individual performance objectives.

The Compensation Committee may select corporate performance goals from among the following: developmental, publication, clinical or regulatory milestones; cash flow (including, but not limited to, operating cash flow and free cash flow); revenue; corporate revenue; earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization; net income (loss) (either before or after interest, taxes, depreciation and/or amortization); changes in the market price of our common stock; economic value-added; acquisitions, licenses, collaborations or strategic transactions; financing or other capital raising transactions; operating income (loss); return on capital, assets, equity, or investment; stockholder returns; return on sales; total shareholder return; gross or net profit levels; productivity; expense efficiency; margins; operating efficiency; customer satisfaction; working capital; earnings (loss) per share of the company’s common stock; bookings, new bookings or renewals; sales or market shares; number of prescriptions or prescribing physicians; coverage decisions; leadership development, employee retention and recruiting and other human resources matters; operating income and/or net annual recurring revenue, any of which may be measured in absolute terms, as compared to any incremental increase, in terms of growth, as compared to results of a peer group, against the market as a whole, compared to applicable market indices and/or measured on a pre-tax or post-tax basis.

Each executive officer who is selected to participate in the Bonus Plan will have a target bonus opportunity set for each performance period. The bonus formulas will be adopted in each performance period by the Compensation Committee and communicated to each executive. The corporate performance goals will be measured at the end of each performance period after our financial reports have been published. If the corporate performance goals and individual performance objectives are met, payments will be made as soon as practicable following the end of each performance period, but no later than two and one-half months after the end of the fiscal year in which such performance period ends. Subject to the rights contained in any agreement between the executive officer and the Company, an executive officer must be employed by the Company on the bonus payment date to be eligible to receive a bonus payment. The Bonus Plan also permits the Compensation Committee to approve additional bonuses to executive officers in its sole discretion.

The Company’s stockholders approved and adopted the 2022 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (the “Incentive Plan”) at the special meeting in lieu of the 2022 annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders, which was held on February 3, 2023 (the “Special Meeting”). The board of directors approved and adopted the Incentive Plan prior to the Closing of the Business Combination.

The Board’s Compensation Committee will administer the Incentive Plan. Persons eligible to receive awards under the Incentive Plan include officers or employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, directors of the Company, and certain consultants and advisors to the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued or transferred pursuant to awards under the Incentive Plan equals 4,360,000 shares (the “Share Limit”). In addition, the Share Limit shall automatically increase on the first trading day in January of each calendar year during the term of the Incentive Plan, with the first such increase to occur in January 2024, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) three percent (3%) of the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year or (ii) such number of shares of Common Stock as may be established by the Board.

The Incentive Plan authorizes stock options, stock appreciation rights, and other forms of awards granted or denominated in the Company’s Common Stock or units of the Company’s Common Stock, as well as cash bonus awards. The Incentive Plan retains flexibility to offer competitive incentives and to tailor benefits to specific needs and circumstances. Any award may be structured to be paid or settled in cash. Any awards under the Incentive Plan (including awards of stock options and stock appreciation rights) may be fully-vested at grant or may be subject to time- and/or performance-based vesting requirements.

The Incentive Plan does not limit the authority of the Board or any committee to grant awards or authorize any other compensation, with or without reference to the Company’s Common Stock, under any other plan or authority. The Board may amend or terminate the Incentive Plan at any time and in any manner. Stockholder approval for an amendment will be required only to the extent then required by applicable law or deemed necessary or advisable by the Board. Unless terminated earlier by the Board and subject to any extension that may be approved by stockholders, the authority to grant new awards under the Incentive Plan will terminate on the tenth anniversary of its establishment.

The Company’s stockholders approved and adopted the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) at the Special Meeting. The board of directors approved and adopted the ESPP prior to the Closing of the Business Combination.

The ESPP will be administered by the Board’s Compensation Committee, which may delegate such of its duties, powers and responsibilities as it may determine to one or more of its members, and, to the extent permitted by law, our officers, and may delegate to employees and other persons such ministerial tasks as it deems appropriate. Subject to adjustment, 2,180,000 shares of Common Stock are available for purchase pursuant to the exercise of options under the ESPP. Shares to be delivered upon exercise of options under the ESPP may be authorized but unissued stock, treasury stock, or stock acquired in an open-market transaction. Subject to certain requirements and exceptions, all individuals classified as employees on the payroll records of the Company or its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in any one or more of the offerings under the ESPP.

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of Common Stock during specified offering periods, with such offering periods not to exceed 27 months. During each offering period, eligible employees will be granted an option to purchase shares of Common Stock on the last business day of the offering period. The purchase price of each share of Common Stock issued pursuant to the exercise of an option under the ESPP on an exercise date will be 85% (or such greater percentage as specified by the administrator of the ESPP) of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of Common Stock date the option is granted, which will be the first day of the offering period, and (b) the fair market value of a share of Common Stock on the exercise date, which will the last business day of the offering period.

Our Board has discretion to amend the ESPP to any extent and in any manner it may deem advisable, provided that any amendment that would be treated as the adoption of a new plan for purposes of Section 423 of the Code will require stockholder approval. Our Board may suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time.

Policies and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards Close in Time to the Release of Material Nonpublic Information

The Board and Compensation Committee grant awards without regard to the share price or the timing of the release of material nonpublic information and does not time grants for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation. Accordingly, it is our policy that our management team makes a good faith effort to advise the Board and Compensation Committee whenever it is aware that material nonpublic information is planned to be released to the public in close proximity to the grant of equity awards.

The following individuals served on Aesther’s board of directors in 2022: Suren Ajjarapu, Michael L. Peterson, Venkatesh Srinivasan, Donald G. Fell and Siva Saravanan. No compensation was paid to any director for service in 2022.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, Legacy Ocean did not provide any compensation to its directors for their services on the Legacy Ocean board of directors.

On February 22, 2021, Legacy Ocean entered into an offer letter with Chirinjeev Kathuria (the “Kathuria Offer Letter”), who currently serves as the Company’s Executive Chairman, which was amended in August 2021. The Kathuria Offer Letter provides for Mr. Kathuria’s annual base salary of $250,000, which is payable only upon the Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50 million, subject to his continued employment with Legacy Ocean through such payment date. These amounts will not be paid if this contingency does not occur. Since the payment of obligations under the employment agreements are contingent upon this future event, which is not considered probable as such future events are deemed outside of the Legacy Ocean’s control, Legacy Ocean has not included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements. In addition, the Kathuria Offer Letter provides that Mr. Kathuria is eligible to earn an annual bonus with a target amount equal to 65% of his base salary. In the event that Mr. Kathuria’s employment with Legacy Ocean is terminated by Legacy Ocean without “cause” or Mr. Kathuria resigns from Legacy Ocean for “good reason,” he will be entitled to receive, subject to his execution and delivery of an irrevocable release of claims in favor of Legacy Ocean and its affiliates within 60 days of such termination, (i) 12 months of base salary continuation, payable over Legacy Ocean’s regular payroll cycle, (ii) a prorated amount of his annual target bonus, payable over Legacy Ocean’s regular payroll cycle over 12 months, (iii) full and immediate accelerated vesting of all outstanding and unvested equity awards in Legacy Ocean, and (iv) an extension of the post-termination exercise periods for his then-outstanding options, to the extent vested and exercisable as of the date of such termination, for the remainder of their terms. Mr. Kathuria is also eligible to participate in our benefit plans generally and is subject to our standard confidentiality, assignment and nonsolicitation agreement.

See “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions — Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions of Legacy Ocean — Certain Relationships and Related Transactions — Consulting Agreement with Jonathan Kurtis” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions — Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions of Legacy Ocean — Certain Relationships and Related Transactions — Advisor Agreement with Dr. Jack A. Elias” for a discussion of the consulting relationships with Mr. Kurtis and Dr. Elias, not relating to their services as members of our board of directors.

The Ocean Biomedical board of directors will adopt a non-employee director compensation policy. The policy is designed to enable Ocean Biomedical to attract and retain, on a long-term basis, highly qualified non-employee directors. Under the policy, our non-employee directors will be eligible to receive cash retainers (which will be payable quarterly in arrears and prorated for partial years of service) and equity awards as set forth below:

In addition, the policy will provide that, upon initial election or appointment to the Ocean Biomedical board of directors, each new non-employee director will be granted a one-time grant of a non-statutory stock option to purchase 75,000 shares of Ocean Biomedical Common Stock on the date of such director’s election or appointment to the board of directors (the “Director Initial Grant”). The Director Initial Grant will vest in substantially equal monthly installments over three years, subject to the director’s continued service as a member of our board of directors through each applicable vesting date. The Director Initial Grant is subject to full acceleration vesting upon the sale of our company. On February 15, 2023, the Director Initial Grant was made to each of the non-employee directors.

The aggregate amount of compensation, including both equity compensation and cash compensation, paid to any non-employee director for service as a non-employee director in a calendar year period will not exceed $1,000,000 in the first calendar year such individual becomes a non-employee director and $750,000 in any other calendar year.

Ocean Biomedical will reimburse all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by directors for their attendance at meetings of our board of directors or any committee thereof.

Employee directors will receive no additional compensation for their service as a director.

The following is a summary of transactions since Aesther’s formation on June 17,2021, to which we have been a participant in which the amount involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total assets as of December 31, 2022, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.

On June 30, 2021, our Sponsor purchased 2,875,000 founder shares for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.009 per share. The number of founder shares issued was determined based on the expectation that such founder shares would represent 20% of the outstanding shares upon completion of our IPO (excluding the placement warrants and underlying securities, and the representative’s shares).

Up to 375,000 founder shares held by our Sponsor are subject to forfeiture by our Sponsor depending on the extent to which the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised. The founder shares (including the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise thereof) may not, subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold by the holder. The Sponsor agreed to cancel up to 375,000 of such shares depending on the extent to which the underwriters’ over-allotment option in connection with our IPO was exercised. The underwriters’ exercised a portion (500,000 units) of the underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional 1,500,000 units to cover over-allotments, and such over-allotment option subsequently expired. As such, the Sponsor cancelled 250,000 of the Class B common stock originally issued to the Sponsor on November 3, 2021.

Our Sponsor purchased an aggregate of 5,411,000 private placement warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant for an aggregate purchase price of $5,411,000 in connection with the IPO and the exercise by the underwriters of a portion of the over-allotment option. There will be no redemption rights or liquidating distributions from the trust account with respect to the founder shares or placement warrants, which would have expired worthless if we did not consummate a business combination within 12 months from the closing of the IPO or during any extension period. The private placement warrants are identical to the warrants sold in the IPO except that the private placement warrants, so long as they are held by our Sponsor, the underwriters or their permitted transferees, (i) may not (including the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of these warrants), subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold by the holders until 30 days after the completion of our initial business combination, and (ii) will be entitled to registration rights. The private placement warrants (including the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise thereof) may not, subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold by the holder.

Commencing on the date of the IPO and ending upon consummation of the Business Combination, we agreed to pay our Sponsor $10,000 per month for office space and administrative and support services pursuant to an administrative support agreement entered into with our Sponsor. A total of $155,000 had been paid as of December 31, 2022.

Prior to the closing of the IPO, our Sponsor agreed to loan us up to $300,000 to be used for a portion of the expenses of the IPO. These loans were non-interest bearing, unsecured and were due at the earlier of June 30, 2022 or the closing of the IPO. Prior to the closing of the IPO, the Company had borrowed $190,101 from the Sponsor, which amount was repaid from proceeds from the IPO. The loan was repaid upon the closing of the IPO out of the offering proceeds that were allocated to the payment of offering expenses (other than underwriting commissions).

We had previously entered into agreements with Aesther’s officers and directors to provide contractual indemnification in addition to the indemnification provided for in Aesther’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Aesther’s bylaws also permitted us to secure insurance on behalf of any officer, director or employee for any liability arising out of his or her actions, regardless of whether Delaware law would permit such indemnification.

On September 15, 2022, we entered into a Loan and Transfer Agreement (the “First Extension Loan Agreement”) with the Sponsor and certain individuals (the “First Extension Lenders”), pursuant to which the First Extension Lenders loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor (the “First Sponsor Loan”) and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to us (the “First SPAC Loan”). Amounts loaned from the First Extension Lenders to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to us do not accrue interest. A portion of the First SPAC Loan was paid at the Closing of the Business Combination and the remaining balance was paid in full from the proceeds received from the initial closing under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing. The Company was responsible for the interest on the First Sponsor Loan beginning with the Closing of the Business Combination on February 14, 2023.

On December 13, 2022, we entered into a Loan and Transfer Agreement (the “Second Extension Loan Agreement”) with the Sponsor and NPIC Limited (the “Second Extension Lender” and, together with the First Extension Lenders, the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Second Extension Lender loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor (the “Second Sponsor Loan” and, together with the First Sponsor Loan, the “Sponsor Loans”) and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to us (the “Second SPAC Loan” and together with the First SPAC Loan, the “SPAC Loans”). Amounts loaned from the Second Extension Lender to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to us do not accrue interest. The Company was responsible for the interest on the Second Sponsor Loan beginning with the Closing of the Business Combination on February 14, 2023.

The total amounts advanced by Lenders to the Sponsor in connection with the Sponsor Loans (the “Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the Closing, at the option of the Lenders, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which are deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for the Lenders making the Sponsor Loans available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer between 1 and 2.5 Shares of Class B common stock to Lenders for each $10 multiple of the Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by the Company to the Sponsor. While the SPAC Loans do not have a stated interest rate and do not accrue interest, the SPAC Loans require the issuance of 1,365,000 shares of Class A common stock, with a fair value of $13.65 million, which well exceeds the interest at 8% per annum on the underlying Sponsor Loans paid by the Sponsor.

On March 22, 2023, we entered into a Loan Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) with the Sponsor and the Second Extension Lender, which modifies the terms of the Second Extension Loan Agreement, and a Side Letter Agreement with the Sponsor (the “Side Letter”), which further modifies the Second Extension Loan Agreement. The Modification Agreement modified the Second Extension Loan Agreement to provide that, among other things, (i) the maturity date of the $1,050,000 Second Sponsor Loan is extended to May 22, 2023 (the “Maturity Date”); (ii) the extension will take effect concurrently with, and not until, the Sponsor transfers 1,050,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Initial SPAC Shares”) to the Second Extension Lender; (iii) effective as of the date of the Modification Agreement, the Second Sponsor Loan shall accrue fifteen percent (15%) interest per annum, compounded monthly; (iv) the maturity date of the $1,050,000 Second SPAC Loan is extended to May 19, 2023; (v) the proceeds of any Capital Raise of at least $15,000,000 by the Company shall be first used by the Company to promptly repay the Second SPAC Loan and then Sponsor shall promptly repay the Second Sponsor Loan and all accrued interest; (vi) in exchange for the extension of the Maturity Date, the Company shall issue 50,000 shares of common stock to Second Extension Lender on the date of the Modification Agreement and shall issue an additional 50,000 shares of common stock thereafter on each 30-day anniversary of the Maturity Date to the Second Extension Lender until the Second Sponsor Loan is repaid in full; (vii) in the event Sponsor defaults on its obligations to repay the Second Sponsor Loan by the Maturity Date, the Sponsor shall transfer to the Second Extension Lender 250,000 shares of Company common stock owned by the Sponsor and shall transfer an additional 250,000 such shares each month thereafter until the default is cured; (viii) the Company is obligated to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the shares to be issued to Second Extension Lender within 30 days of the transfer, including the Initial SPAC Shares; and (ix) in the event that the Company defaults on its obligations to the Second Extension Lender set forth in (v), (vi) and (viii), the Company shall issue to Second Extension Lender 250,000 shares of common stock and shall transfer an additional 250,000 shares of common stock each month thereafter until the default is cured. The Side Letter provides that, in the event the Company fails to repay the Second SPAC Loan by May 19, 2023, the Company shall issue to Sponsor 250,000 shares of common stock and shall issue an additional 250,000 such shares to Sponsor each month thereafter until the default is cured. All capitalized terms used in the foregoing descriptions of the Modification Agreement or Side Letter, and not otherwise defined herein, have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Modification Agreement or Side Letter.

The loans made pursuant to the First Extension Loan Agreement and the Second Extension Loan Agreement have been paid in full from the proceeds received from the initial closing under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing.

On December 14, 2022, we entered into a Loan and Transfer Agreement with the Sponsor and Michael L. Peterson (“Mr. Peterson”), pursuant to which Mr. Peterson loaned $50,000 to the Sponsor (the “Third Sponsor Loan”) and the Sponsor loaned $50,000 to us (the “Third SPAC Loan”). Amounts loaned from Mr. Peterson to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to us do not accrue interest. We were only required to repay the Third SPAC Loan upon completion of the Business Combination. The total amounts advanced by Mr. Peterson to the Sponsor in connection with the $50,000 loan (the “Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the Closing of the Business Combination, at the option of Mr. Peterson, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which were deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for Mr. Peterson making the loan available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer 1 share of Class B common stock to Mr. Peterson for each $10 multiple of the Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by the Company to the Sponsor. Furthermore, the letter agreement with the Company’s initial stockholders contains a provision pursuant to which the Sponsor agreed to waive its right to be repaid for such loans out of the funds held in the Trust Account in the event that the Company did not complete a Business Combination. The Third Sponsor Loan and the Third SPAC Loan have been paid in full.

In connection with our IPO, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with our Sponsor and its members (collectively, the “Holders”). The Holders are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form registration demands, that the Company register the Registerable Securities (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement). In addition, the Holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the Company’s completion of the Business Combination and rights to require the Company to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.

In addition to the compensation arrangements, including employment, termination of employment and change in control arrangements, with Legacy Ocean’s directors and executive officers, including those discussed in the sections entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation,” the following is a description of each transaction since Legacy Ocean’s inception and each currently proposed transaction in which:

In December 2020, Chirinjeev Kathuria, the then sole shareholder of Legacy Ocean, contributed 100% of his shares to a then-wholly-owned entity, Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”). In February 2021, Poseidon transferred 342,244 shares back to Chirinjeev Kathuria and Legacy Ocean’s employees and the remaining members of its management team became members of Poseidon. Prior to the Closing, Poseidon’s sole asset was 17,112,298 shares of Legacy Ocean’s common stock, which were exchanged for Company common stock pursuant to the Business Combination, and voting and investment authority over those shares is controlled by Poseidon’s five-member board of managers, which consists of Chirinjeev Kathuria, Elizabeth Ng, Daniel Behr, Dr. Jack A. Elias and Jonathan Kurtis.

On July 31, 2020, Legacy Ocean entered into four separate Exclusive License Agreements (the “Initial Brown License Agreements”) with Elkurt, Inc. (“Elkurt”), a licensee of Brown University. Legacy Ocean amended each of the Initial Brown License Agreements on March 21, 2021, August 31, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022, July 2, 2022 and August 25, 2022. On September 13, 2022, Legacy Ocean entered into another Exclusive License Agreement (the “Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement”) with Elkurt. Elkurt is a company formed by Legacy Ocean’s scientific co-founders and members of our board of directors Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown University. Under the Initial Brown License Agreements and the Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, Elkurt grants to Legacy Ocean exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields.

On January 25, 2021, Legacy Ocean entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “Rhode Island License Agreement”) with Elkurt, a licensee of Rhode Island Hospital. Legacy Ocean amended the Rhode Island License Agreement on April 1, 2021, September 10, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022 and August 26, 2022. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, Elkurt, grants to Legacy Ocean an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field.

For more information regarding the Initial Brown License Agreements, the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement and the Rhode Island License Agreement please see the section entitled “Description of Business – License Agreements.”

In March and April 2021, Legacy Ocean issued 41,828 shares of common stock to certain persons who were accredited investors (consisting of friends and family of Legacy Ocean’s employees), at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million. These shares were exchanged for our common stock in connection with the Business Combination. These transactions were effected without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on the exemption from registration provided under Section 4(2) promulgated thereunder.

For more information, please see Legacy Ocean’s financial statements and the notes thereto included in this prospectus beginning on page F-1.

On February 22, 2021, Legacy Ocean entered into a Consulting Agreement with Jonathan Kurtis, a member of its board of directors, that was amended effective August 2, 2021 and further amended effective December 31, 2021. The Consulting Agreement provides for Mr. Kurtis to provide consulting services as requested by Legacy Ocean in exchange for an annual payment of $200,000 which is payable only upon Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50 million, subject to his continued service relationship with Legacy Ocean through such payment date. In addition, in connection with this consulting arrangement, Poseidon granted Mr. Kurtis 969,000 profits interests. The profits interests are subject to the terms and conditions of Poseidon’s Amended and Restated Operating Agreement and a profits interest agreement. Upon his termination of services for Legacy Ocean, other than by Legacy Ocean for “cause”, Poseidon has the right to purchase any vested profit interests at fair market value as determined by its board. If the termination is by Legacy Ocean for “cause,” vested profits interests are forfeited. The profits interests are fully vested.

On February 22, 2021, Legacy Ocean entered into an Advisor Agreement with Dr. Jack A. Elias, a member of Legacy Ocean’s board of directors. The Advisor Agreement provides for Dr. Elias to work with and advise Legacy Ocean from time to time on matters relating to Legacy Ocean’s actual or potential business, technology and products in exchange for an annual payment of $250,000, beginning on the start date of January 1, 2020, which is payable only upon Legacy Ocean’s first cumulative capital raise equal to at least $50 million, subject to his continued service relationship with Legacy Ocean through such payment date. In addition, in connection with this advising arrangement, Poseidon granted Dr. Elias 1,326,000 profits interests. The profits interests are subject to the terms and conditions of Poseidon’s Amended and Restated Operating Agreement and a profits interest agreement. Upon his termination of services for Legacy Ocean, other than by Legacy Ocean for “cause”, Poseidon has the right to purchase any vested profit interests at fair market value as determined by its board. If the termination is by Legacy Ocean for “cause”, vested profits interests are forfeited. The profits interests are fully vested.

The Company’s Chief Accounting Officer previously provided consulting services to Legacy Ocean with RJS Consulting, LLC, his wholly owned limited liability company, through June 15, 2012, before becoming the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, Legacy Ocean owed RJS Consulting, LLC $142,500.

See the sections entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” for information regarding compensation of our executive officers and directors.

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into new agreements to indemnify our directors and officers. These agreements require us to indemnify these individuals for certain expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and settlement amounts reasonably incurred by such person in any action or proceeding, including any action by or in our right, on account of any services undertaken by such person on behalf of the Company or that person’s status as a member of our Board or as an officer of the Company to the maximum extent allowed under Delaware law.

Simultaneously with the Closing, we entered into lock-up agreements with Poseidon, our controlling stockholder, and Chirinjeev Kathuria providing for a lock-up period commencing on February 14, 2023 and ending on the earlier of (x) six months from the Closing or (y) subsequent to the Closing, the date we consummate a liquidation, merger, share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction with an unaffiliated third party that results in all of our stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of our Common Stock for cash, securities or other property.

Simultaneously with the Closing, Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria entered into non-competition agreement pursuant to which he agreed not to compete with the Company, Legacy Ocean and all subsidiaries of the companies, subject to certain requirements and customary conditions.

Effective as of February 14, 2023, the Board adopted a written related party transactions policy setting forth the policies and procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related person transactions. A related person transaction is a transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which the Company and any related person are, were, or will be participants and in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000. Transactions involving compensation for services provided to the Company as an employee or director are not covered by the policy. A related person is any executive officer, director, or beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, including any of their immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.

Under the policy, if a transaction has been identified as a related person transaction, including any transaction that was not a related person transaction when originally consummated or any transaction that was not initially identified as a related person transaction prior to consummation, our management must present information regarding the related person transaction to the audit committee, or, if audit committee approval would be inappropriate, to another independent body of our board of directors, for review, consideration, and approval or ratification. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the interests, direct and indirect, of the related persons, the benefits to the Company of the transaction, and whether the transaction is on terms that are comparable to the terms available to or from, as the case may be, an unrelated third party or to or from employees generally. Under the policy, we will collect information that we deem reasonably necessary from each director, executive officer, and, to the extent feasible, significant stockholder to enable us to identify any existing or potential related person transactions and to effectuate the terms of the policy.

In addition, under our Code of Conduct, our employees and directors have an affirmative responsibility to disclose any transaction or relationship that reasonably could be expected to give rise to a conflict of interest.

In considering related person transactions, the audit committee, or other independent body of our board of directors, will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:

The policy requires that, in determining whether to approve, ratify, or reject a related person transaction, the audit committee, or other independent body of our board of directors, must consider, in light of known circumstances, whether the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests and those of our stockholders, as the audit committee, or other independent body of our board of directors, determines in the good faith exercise of its discretion.

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company’s Common Stock as of June 15, 2023 by:

Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if such person possesses, or has the right to acquire within 60 days, sole or shared voting or investment power over that security, including options and warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. The beneficial ownership of the Company’s Common Stock is based on 34,012,724 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of June 15, 2023, unless otherwise indicated. There are currently no shares of Company preferred stock issued and outstanding. Currently, there are warrants to purchase approximately 12,602,195 shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued and outstanding.

In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person or entity and the percentage ownership of that person or entity in the table below, all shares subject to options or warrants held by such person or entity were deemed outstanding if such options or warrants are currently exercisable or are exercisable within 60 days of June 15, 2023. These shares were not deemed outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person or entity.

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned by them.

The shares of Common Stock being offered by the Selling Securityholder are those issuable to the Selling Securityholder upon conversion of the Notes and exercise of the Ayrton Warrant. For additional information regarding the issuance of the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant, see “Ayrton Convertible Note Financing” above. We are registering the shares of Common Stock in order to permit the Selling Securityholder to offer the shares for resale from time to time. Except for the ownership of the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant issued pursuant to the SPA, the Selling Securityholder has not had any material relationship with us within the past three years.

The table below lists the Selling Securityholder and other information regarding the beneficial ownership (as determined under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder) of the shares of Common Stock held by the Selling Securityholder. The second column lists the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Selling Securityholder, based on its ownership of shares of Common Stock, Notes and the Ayrton Warrant, as of June 15, 2023 and upon conversion of the Notes, and exercise of the Ayrton Warrant held by the Selling Securityholder on that date but taking account of any limitations on conversion and exercise set forth therein.

The third column lists the shares of Common Stock being offered by this prospectus by the Selling Securityholder and does not take in account any limitations on (i) conversion of the Notes set forth therein or (ii) exercise of the Ayrton Warrant set forth therein.

In accordance with the terms of a registration rights agreement with the holder of the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant, this prospectus generally covers the resale of 100% of the sum of (i) the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes (assuming for purposes hereof that the Notes are convertible at the Floor Price, as defined in the Notes) as of such time of determination, (y) interest on the Notes shall accrue through the first anniversary of the Initial Closing Date (as defined in the Notes) and will be converted into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price equal to the Floor Price as of such time of determination and (z) any such conversion shall not take into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth in the Notes, and (ii) the maximum number of Warrant Shares initially issuable upon exercise of the Ayrton Warrant (assuming the issuance of each of the Additional Notes issuable pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement and without taking into account any limitations on the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant set forth therein). Because the conversion price and alternate conversion price of the Notes and the exercise price of the Ayrton Warrant may be adjusted, the number of shares that will actually be issued may be more or less than the number of shares being offered by this prospectus. The fourth and fifth columns assume the sale of all of the shares offered by the Selling Securityholder pursuant to this prospectus.

Under the terms of the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant, the Selling Securityholder may not convert the Notes or exercise the Ayrton Warrant to the extent (but only to the extent) the Selling Securityholder or any of its affiliates would beneficially own a number of shares of our Common Stock which would exceed 9.99% of the outstanding shares of the Company. The number of shares in the second column reflects these limitations. The Selling Securityholder may sell all, some or none of its shares in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution.”

Pursuant to the Company’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Amended Certificate”), the authorized capital stock of Ocean Biomedical consists of 300,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value, and 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.0001 par value. The following description summarizes the material terms of the capital stock of Ocean Biomedical. This description is summarized from, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Amended Certificate and the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Ocean Bylaws”), each of which has been publicly filed with the SEC, as well as the relevant provisions of the DGCL.

As of June 15, 2023, Ocean Biomedical has a total of 34,012,724 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.

Common stockholders of record are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters to be voted on by stockholders. Unless specified in the Amended Certificate or Ocean Bylaws, or as required by applicable provisions of the DGCL or applicable stock exchange rules, the affirmative vote of a majority of shares of Common Stock that are voted is required to approve any such matter voted on by stockholders.

The Ocean Biomedical board currently consists of ten members. The board of directors plans to appoint an additional director pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement. In accordance with the Amended Certificate the Ocean Biomedical Board consists of three classes of directors. The initial Class I Directors shall serve for a term expiring at the first annual meeting of stockholders to be held after the filing of the Amended Certificate, the initial Class II Directors shall serve for a term expiring at the second annual meeting of stockholders held after the filing of the Amended Certificate, and the initial Class III Directors shall serve for a term expiring at the third annual meeting of stockholders to be held after the filing of the Amended Certificate. At each meeting of stockholders, directors elected to succeed those directors whose terms expire shall be elected for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting of stockholders after their election. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the directors elected to each class shall hold office until their successors are duly elected and qualified or until their earlier resignation, death or removal. Any increase or decrease in the number of directors shall be apportioned by the Board among the classes so as to maintain the number of directors in each class as nearly equal as possible, but in no case shall a decrease in the number of directors shorten the term of any incumbent director. Directors will not be able to be removed during their term except for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the total voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. There is no cumulative voting with respect to the election of directors, with the result that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voted for the election of directors can elect all of the directors. Ocean Biomedical stockholders are entitled to receive ratable dividends when, as and if declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefor.

All of the outstanding shares of AHAC common stock converted into shares of Ocean Biomedical common stock at the Closing of the Business Combination. With certain limited exceptions, the Founder Shares are not transferable, assignable or salable (except to our officers and directors and other persons or entities affiliated with our initial stockholders, each of whom will be subject to the same transfer restrictions) until the earlier of (x) one year from the Closing or (y) subsequent to the Closing, (i) if the reported last sale price of Ocean Biomedical’s Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, right issuances, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Business Combination and (ii) the date Ocean Biomedical consummates a liquidation, merger, share exchange or other similar transaction with an unaffiliated third party that results in all of Ocean Biomedical’s stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Ocean Biomedical Common Stock for cash, securities or other property.

The Amended Certificate provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Ocean Biomedical Board is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. The Ocean Biomedical Board is able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the Common Stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Ocean Biomedical Board to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of Ocean Biomedical or the removal of existing management. Although Ocean Biomedical does not currently have any preferred stock outstanding and does not currently intend to issue any shares of preferred stock, Ocean Biomedical may issue shares of preferred stock in the future.

The Public Warrants, Private Placement Warrants, Second Street Warrants, McKra Warrant, Special Forces Warrant, and Ayrton Warrant, each described below, are collectively referred to as the “Warrants” in this registration statement.

Public Warrants. Each whole Public Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. However, the Public Warrants are not exercisable for cash unless Ocean Biomedical has an effective and current registration statement covering the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current proxy statement relating to such shares of Common Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants is not effective within a specified period following the consummation of the Business Combination, warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when Ocean Biomedical shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise Public Warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to the exemption provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, provided that such exemption is available. If that exemption, or another exemption, is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis. In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the Public Warrants for that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Common Stock underlying the Public Warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Public Warrants and the “fair market value”(defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose will mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of Common Stock for the five trading days ending on the trading day prior to the date of exercise. The warrants will expire on February 14, 2028 at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Ocean Biomedical may call the Public Warrants for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant,

The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the Public Warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a Public Warrant will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s warrant upon surrender of such warrant.

The redemption criteria for the Public Warrants have been established at a price which is intended to provide warrant holders a reasonable premium to the initial exercise price and provide a sufficient differential between the then-prevailing share price and the warrant exercise price so that if the share price declines as a result of our redemption call, the redemption will not cause the share price to drop below the exercise price of the warrants.

If Ocean Biomedical calls the Public Warrants for redemption as described above, Ocean Biomedical’s management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose shall mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of common stock for the five trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants.

The Public Warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision but requires the approval, by written consent or vote, of the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants in order to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders.

The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable on exercise of the Public Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the Public Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of Common Stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.

The Public Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised. The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of shares of Common Stock and any voting rights until they exercise their warrants and receive shares of Common Stock. After the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Public Warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.

Warrant holders may elect to be subject to a restriction on the exercise of their warrants such that an electing warrant holder would not be able to exercise their warrants to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, such holder would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding.

No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. If, upon exercise of the Public Warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, Ocean Biomedical will, upon exercise, round up to the nearest whole number the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to the warrant holder.

The warrant agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, any action, proceeding or claim against Ocean Biomedical, as the successor or assignor of AHAC, arising out of or relating in any way to the warrant agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding, or claim. See the section entitled “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Securities — The Amended Certificate requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, as applicable, against their respective directors, officers, other employees or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware, which may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, as applicable.” This provision applies to claims under the Securities Act but does not apply to claims under the Exchange Act or any claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum.

Second Street Warrants. We issued warrants to Second Street Capital in connection with the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2, and subsequent amendments, pursuant to which Legacy Ocean borrowed $800,000. We also issued a warrant to Second Street Capital in connection with a Loan Agreement we entered into with Second Street Capital dated as of March 29, 2023, pursuant to which we borrowed $1 million.

In connection with the Second Street Loan, Legacy Ocean issued Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of its common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of our next financing, Second Street Capital has the right to put the warrant to us at a fixed price of $250,000. As consideration for the second extension of the Second Street Loan’s maturity date, Legacy Ocean subsequently issued Second Street Capital an additional warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of its common stock, with an exercise price of $10.20 per share, exercisable until September 30, 2026. In connection with the Closing pursuant to a Warrant Exchange Agreement, on February 14, 2023, we replaced the warrants previously issued by Legacy Ocean to Second Street Capital with new warrants. The warrants issued in connection with the Second Street Loan pursuant to the Warrant Exchange Agreement consist of two warrants for the number of shares of our Common Stock equal to the economic value of the warrants previously issued to Second Street in exchange for the termination of such previously issued warrants. As consideration for the fourth extension of the Second Street Loan’s maturity date, we subsequently issued Second Street Capital an additional warrant to purchase 50,000 shares of our Common Stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until February 15, 2028. As consideration for the fifth extension of the Second Street Loan’s maturity date, we subsequently issued Second Street Capital an additional warrant to purchase 100,000 shares of our Common Stock, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share, exercisable until five years from issuance.

In connection with the Second Street Loan 2, Legacy Ocean issued a warrant to Second Street Capital to purchase 62,500 shares of Legacy Ocean’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this warrant. In connection with the Closing pursuant to a Warrant Exchange Agreement, on February 14, 2023, we replaced the warrants previously issued by Legacy Ocean to Second Street Capital with new warrants. The warrant issued in connection with the Second Street Loan 2 pursuant to the Warrant Exchange Agreement is exercisable for the number of shares of our Common Stock equal to the economic value of the warrants previously issued to Second Street in exchange for the termination of such previously issued warrants. As consideration for the fourth extension of the Second Street Loan 2’s maturity date, we subsequently issued Second Street Capital an additional warrant to purchase 25,000 shares of our Common Stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until February 15, 2028. As consideration for the fifth extension of the Second Street Loan 2’s maturity date, we subsequently issued Second Street Capital an additional warrant to purchase 50,000 shares of our Common Stock, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share, exercisable until five years from issuance.

In connection with the Loan Agreement dated as of March 29, 2023, we issued a warrant to Second Street Capital to purchase 200,000 shares of our Common Stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until five years from issuance.

Second Street Capital can exercise the warrants by payment of the exercise price or through a cashless exercise, receiving only the number of shares which represents the value of the difference between fair market value of the shares and the exercise price. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Second Street Warrants are being registered under the Post-Closing Registration Statement.

McKra Warrant. We issued a warrant to McKra Investments III (the “McKra Warrant”) in connection with a Loan Agreement we entered into with McKra Investments III dated as of March 28, 2023, pursuant to which we borrowed $1 million. The McKra Warrant is exercisable for 200,000 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until five years from issuance. McKra Investments III can exercise the warrant by payment of the exercise price or through a cashless exercise, receiving only the number of shares which represents the value of the difference between fair market value of the shares and the exercise price. The shares of Common Stock underlying the McKra Warrant are being registered under the Post-Closing Registration Statement.

Special Forces Warrant. We issued a warrant to Special Forces F9, LLC (the “Special Forces Warrant”) in connection with a Strategic Advisory Agreement we entered into with Special Forces F9, LLC dated as of March 7, 2023, as amended as of March 16, 2023. The Special Forces Warrant vests over a six month period beginning on March 7, 2023 and is exercisable for 150,000 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Special Forces Warrant are being registered under the Post-Closing Registration Statement.

Ayrton Warrant. We issued a warrant to Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC – Segregated Master Portfolio B (as defined above, the “Ayrton Warrant”) in connection with the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing. The Ayrton Warrant is exercisable for 552,141 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (assuming no-antidilution adjustments), exercisable until May 25, 2028. The warrant can be exercised by payment of the exercise price or through a cashless exercise if, at the time of exercise, a registration statement is not effective (or the prospectus contained therein is not available for use) for the resale by the holder of all of the shares underlying the warrant. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Ayrton Warrant are being registered under this registration statement.

The transfer agent for Ocean Biomedical Common Stock and the warrant agent for the Warrants is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. Ocean Biomedical has agreed to indemnify Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company in its roles as transfer agent and warrant agent, its agents and each of its stockholders, directors, officers and employees against all claims and losses that may arise out of acts performed or omitted for its activities in that capacity, except for any liability due to any gross negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith of the indemnified person or entity.

Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law and the Amended Certificate and the Ocean Bylaws

Ocean Biomedical is subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. This statute prevents certain Delaware corporations, under certain circumstances, from engaging in a “business combination” with:

A “business combination” includes a merger or sale of Ocean Biomedical’s assets with a market value of 10% or more of its aggregate market value of all of its assets or of all of its outstanding stock. However, the above provisions of Section 203 do not apply if:

Under certain circumstances, Section 203 of the DGCL will make it more difficult for a person who would be an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with Ocean Biomedical for a three-year period. This provision may encourage companies interested in acquiring Ocean Biomedical to negotiate in advance with the Ocean Biomedical Board because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if the Ocean Biomedical Board approves either the business combination or the transaction which results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. Section 203 of the DGCL also may have the effect of preventing changes in the Ocean Biomedical Board and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

The Amended Certificate contains a prohibition on Ocean Biomedical engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date a person becomes an interested stockholder unless (i) approved by the Board prior to the person becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) the interested stockholder owning at least 85% of the voting stock of the company at the time the transaction commenced or (ii) approved by the Board and at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding stock of the company not owned by the interested stockholder. An interested stockholder includes persons owning 15% or more of the company’s voting stock. This provision can only be amended with the affirmative vote of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class.

The Amended Certificate provides that the Ocean Biomedical Board is classified into three classes of directors. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of the Ocean Biomedical Board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual meetings.

Ocean Biomedical’s authorized but unissued Common Stock and preferred stock are available for future issuances without stockholder approval (including a specified future issuance) and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions, and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved Common Stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of Ocean Biomedical by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger, or otherwise.

The Amended Certificate requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in Ocean Biomedical’s name, actions against any current or former directors, officers, employees, or stockholders of Ocean Biomedical for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware, or if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court of the State of Delaware. The Amended Certificate also requires, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the federal district courts of the United States to be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act. These provisions can only be amended with the affirmative vote of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class. Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, a court may determine that these provisions are unenforceable, and to the extent they are enforceable, the provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against Ocean Biomedical’s directors and officers, although the Ocean Biomedical stockholders will not be deemed to have waived Ocean Biomedical’s compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The Ocean Bylaws provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by a resolution adopted by the Ocean Biomedical Board and only matters set forth in the notice of a special meeting of stockholders may be considered or acted on at the special meeting.

Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations

The Ocean Bylaws provide that stockholders seeking to bring business before Ocean Biomedical’s annual meeting of stockholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors at Ocean Biomedical’s annual meeting of stockholders, must provide timely notice of their intent in writing. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice will need to be received by the company secretary at Ocean Biomedical’s principal executive offices not later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the opening of business on the 120th day prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders. Pursuant to Rule 14-8 of the Exchange Act, proposals seeking inclusion in Ocean Biomedical’s annual proxy statement must comply with the notice periods contained therein. Pursuant to Rule 14a-19 of the Exchange Act, stockholders seeking to solicit proxies in support of nominees, other than Ocean Biomedical’s nominees must comply with certain notice periods contained therein. The Ocean Bylaws also specify certain requirements as to the form and content of a stockholders’ meeting. These provisions may preclude Ocean Biomedical’s stockholders from bringing matters before Ocean Biomedical’s annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations for directors at Ocean Biomedical’s annual meeting of stockholders.

Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual and special meeting of stockholders may be taken only upon the vote of stockholders at an annual or special meeting duly noticed and called in accordance with the DGCL and may not be taken by written consent of the stockholders without a meeting.

The Amended Certificate provides that directors may only be removed for cause and only by the affirmative vote of holders of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the voting power of all the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote in the election of directors, voting as a single class, subject to the rights of the preferred stock to elect and remove directors. Written notice, including the alleged grounds for removal, must be given to the director at least 45 days prior to the annual or special meeting at which it is proposed to remove a director from office.

The Amended Certificate provides that the Ocean Bylaws may be adopted, amended, altered or repealed by the stockholders of Ocean Biomedical, provided, however, that in addition to any vote of the holder of any class or series of capital stock of Ocean Biomedical required by law or by the Amended Certificate including any Preferred Stock Designations, the affirmative vote of holders of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, is required for stockholders to adopt, amend, alter or repeal the Bylaws.

The Amended Certificate provides that the charter may be amended, altered, changed or repealed as prescribed by the DGCL, which generally requires approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote on the same; provided, however, that the affirmative vote of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class, shall be required to amend, alter, change or repeal certain provisions of the Amended Certificate, including the prohibition on action by stockholders by written consent, the prohibition on stockholders calling special meetings, the provisions described under “Removal of Directors”, “Amendment of Bylaws”, “Charter Amendments”, “Newly Created Directorships and Vacancies” and the provisions limiting the liability of directors as permitted under the DGCL.

The Amended Certificate provides that newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors and any vacancies on the Board can only be filled by majority vote of the remaining directors then in office. This provision can only be amended with the affirmative vote of not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class.

Ocean Biomedical’s Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “OCEA” and “OCEAW” respectively.

In general, a person who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our Common Stock or Public Warrants for at least six months would be entitled to sell their securities provided that (i) such person is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the 90 days preceding, a sale and (ii) we are subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale and we have filed all required reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the 12 months (or such shorter period as we were required to file reports) preceding the sale.

Persons who have beneficially owned restricted shares of our Common Stock or Public Warrants for at least six months but who are our affiliates at the time of, or any time during the 90 days preceding, a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of either of the following:

provided, in each case, that we have been subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale. Such sales both by affiliates and by non-affiliates must also comply with the manner of sale, current public information and notice provisions of Rule 144.

We are registering the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes and exercise of the Ayrton Warrant to permit the resale of these shares of Common Stock by the holder of the Notes and the Ayrton Warrant from time to time after the date of this prospectus. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by the Selling Securityholder of the shares of Common Stock, although we will receive the exercise price of the Ayrton Warrant, if it is not exercised by the Selling Securityholder on a cashless exercise basis. We will bear all fees and expenses incident to our obligation to register the shares of Common Stock.

The Selling Securityholder may sell all or a portion of the shares of Common Stock held by it and offered hereby from time to time directly or through one or more underwriters, broker-dealers or agents. If the shares of Common Stock are sold through underwriters or broker-dealers, the Selling Securityholder will be responsible for underwriting discounts or commissions or agent’s commissions. The shares of Common Stock may be sold in one or more transactions at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, at varying prices determined at the time of sale or at negotiated prices. These sales may be effected in transactions, which may involve crosses or block transactions, pursuant to one or more of the following methods:

The Selling Securityholder may also sell shares of Common Stock under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), if available, rather than under this prospectus. In addition, the Selling Securityholder may transfer the shares of Common Stock by other means not described in this prospectus. If the Selling Securityholder effects such transactions by selling shares of Common Stock to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, such underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may receive commissions in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the Selling Securityholder or commissions from purchasers of the shares of Common Stock for whom they may act as agent or to whom they may sell as principal (which discounts, concessions or commissions as to particular underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may be in excess of those customary in the types of transactions involved). In connection with sales of the shares of Common Stock or otherwise, the Selling Securityholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers, which may in turn engage in short sales of the shares of Common Stock in the course of hedging in positions they assume. The Selling Securityholder may also sell shares of Common Stock short and deliver shares of Common Stock covered by this prospectus to close out short positions and to return borrowed shares in connection with such short sales. The Selling Securityholder may also loan or pledge shares of Common Stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell such shares.

The Selling Securityholder may pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the Notes, the Ayrton Warrant or the shares of Common Stock owned by it and, if it defaults in the performance of its secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the shares of Common Stock from time to time pursuant to this prospectus or any amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision of the Securities Act amending, if necessary, the list of selling securityholders to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as selling securityholders under this prospectus. The Selling Securityholder also may transfer and donate the shares of Common Stock in other circumstances in which case the transferees, donees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.

To the extent required by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, the Selling Securityholder and any broker-dealer participating in the distribution of the shares of Common Stock may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any commission paid, or any discounts or concessions allowed to, any such broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. At the time a particular offering of the shares of Common Stock is made, a prospectus supplement, if required, will be distributed, which will set forth the aggregate amount of shares of Common Stock being offered and the terms of the offering, including the name or names of any broker-dealers or agents, any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation from the Selling Securityholder and any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to broker-dealers.

Under the securities laws of some states, the shares of Common Stock may be sold in such states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the shares of Common Stock may not be sold unless such shares have been registered or qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from registration or qualification is available and is complied with.

There can be no assurance that the Selling Securityholder will sell any or all of the shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.

The Selling Securityholder and any other person participating in such distribution will be subject to applicable provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, without limitation, to the extent applicable, Regulation M of the Exchange Act, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the shares of Common Stock by the Selling Securityholder and any other participating person. To the extent applicable, Regulation M may also restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the shares of Common Stock to engage in market-making activities with respect to the shares of Common Stock. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the shares of Common Stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the shares of Common Stock.

We will pay all expenses of the registration of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to the registration rights agreement, estimated to be $119,895.01 in total, including, without limitation, Securities and Exchange Commission filing fees and expenses of compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws; provided, however, the Selling Securityholder will pay all underwriting discounts and selling commissions, if any. We will indemnify the Selling Securityholder against liabilities, including some liabilities under the Securities Act in accordance with the registration rights agreements or the Selling Securityholder will be entitled to contribution. We may be indemnified by the Selling Securityholder against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from any written information furnished to us by the Selling Securityholder specifically for use in this prospectus, in accordance with the related registration rights agreements or we may be entitled to contribution.

Once sold under the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, the shares of Common Stock will be freely tradable in the hands of persons other than our affiliates.

The following discussion is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to non-U.S. holders (as defined below) with respect to their ownership and disposition of shares of our Common Stock issued pursuant to this offering. For purposes of this discussion, a non-U.S. holder means a beneficial owner of our Common Stock that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

This discussion does not address the tax treatment of partnerships or other entities that are pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes or persons that hold their Common Stock through partnerships or other pass-through entities. A partner in a partnership or other pass-through entity that will hold our Common Stock should consult his, her or its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of holding and disposing of our Common Stock through a partnership or other pass-through entity, as applicable.

This discussion is based on current provisions of the Code, existing and proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, current administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date of this prospectus and, all of which are subject to change or to differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change or differing interpretation could alter the tax consequences to non-U.S. holders described in this prospectus. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, which we refer to as the IRS, will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described herein. We assume in this discussion that a non-U.S. holder holds shares of our Common Stock as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code, generally property held for investment.

This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular non-U.S. holder in light of that non-U.S. holder’s individual circumstances including the alternative minimum tax, or the Medicare tax on net investment income, the rules regarding qualified small business stock within the meaning of Section 1202 of the Code and any election to apply Section 1400Z-2 of the Code to gains recognized with respect to shares of our Common Stock. This discussion also does not address any U.S. state, local or non-U.S. taxes or any other aspect of any U.S. federal tax other than the income tax. This discussion also does not consider any specific facts or circumstances that may apply to a non-U.S. holder and does not address the special tax rules applicable to particular non-U.S. holders, such as:

This discussion is for general information only and is not tax advice. Accordingly, all prospective non-U.S. holders of our Common Stock should consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Common Stock.

Distributions, if any, on our Common Stock will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. If a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a tax-free return of the non-U.S. holder’s investment, up to such holder’s tax basis in the Common Stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as capital gain, subject to the tax treatment described below in “Gain on sale or other taxable disposition of our Common Stock.” Any such distributions will also be subject to the discussions below under the sections titled “Backup withholding and information reporting” and “Withholding and information reporting requirements—FATCA.”

Subject to the discussion in the following two paragraphs in this section, dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence. If we or another withholding agent apply over-withholding or if a non-U.S. holder does not timely provide us with the required certification, the non-U.S. holder may be entitled to a refund or credit of any excess tax withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim with the IRS.

Dividends that are treated as effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by a non-U.S. holder within the United States and, if an applicable income tax treaty so provides, that are attributable to a permanent establishment or a fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. holder within the United States, are generally exempt from the 30% withholding tax if the non-U.S. holder satisfies applicable certification and disclosure requirements. However, such U.S. effectively connected income, net of specified deductions and credits, is taxed at the same graduated U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to U.S. persons (as defined in the Code). Any U.S. effectively connected income received by a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence.

A non-U.S. holder of our Common Stock who claims the benefit of an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence generally will be required to provide a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or successor form) to the applicable withholding agent and satisfy applicable certification and other requirements. Non-U.S. holders are urged to consult

Subject to the discussions below under “Backup withholding and information reporting” and “Withholding and information reporting requirements—FATCA,” a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to any U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized upon such holder’s sale or other taxable disposition of shares of our Common Stock unless:

We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. holder the gross amount of the distributions on our Common Stock paid to such holder and the tax withheld, if any, with respect to such distributions. Non-U.S. holders may have to comply with specific certification procedures to establish that the holder is not a U.S. person (as defined in the Code) in order to avoid backup withholding at the applicable rate with respect to dividends on our Common Stock. Dividends paid to non-U.S. holders subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax, as described above in “Distributions on Our Common Stock,” generally will be exempt from U.S. backup withholding. Information reporting and backup withholding will generally apply to the proceeds of a disposition of our Common Stock by a non-U.S. holder effected by or through the U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or foreign, unless the holder certifies its status as a non-U.S. holder and satisfies certain other requirements, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a non-U.S. holder where the transaction is effected outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, for information reporting purposes, dispositions effected through a non-U.S. office of a broker with substantial U.S. ownership or operations generally will be treated in a manner similar to dispositions effected through a U.S. office of a broker. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules to them. Copies of information returns may be made available to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is incorporated under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules from a payment to a non-U.S. holder can be refunded or credited against the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that an appropriate claim is filed with the IRS in a timely manner.

Provisions of the Code commonly referred to as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, generally imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax at a rate of 30% on payments of dividends on our Common Stock paid to a foreign entity unless (i) if the foreign entity is a “foreign financial institution,” such foreign entity undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) if the foreign entity is not a “foreign financial institution,” such foreign entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors, if any, or (iii) the foreign entity is otherwise exempt under FATCA. Under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, withholding under FATCA currently applies to payments of dividends on our Common Stock. Currently proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations provide that FATCA withholding does not apply to gross proceeds from the disposition of property of a type that can produce U.S. source dividends or interest; however, prior versions of the rules would have made such gross proceeds subject to FATCA withholding. Taxpayers (including withholding agents) can currently rely on the proposed Treasury Regulations. Under certain circumstances, a non-U.S. holder may be eligible for refunds or credits of this withholding tax. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify the requirements described in this paragraph. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this legislation on their investment in our Common Stock and the entities through which they hold our Common Stock, including, without limitation, the process and deadlines for meeting the applicable requirements to prevent the imposition of the 30% withholding tax under FATCA.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this registration statement, we were not a party to any material legal matters or claims. In the future, we may become party to legal matters and claims in the ordinary course of business, the resolution of which we do not anticipate would have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus will be passed upon by Dykema Gossett PLLC.

The financial statements of Ocean Biomedical, Inc. (Legacy Ocean) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, included in this prospectus have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such financial statements are included in reliance on the report of such firm given their authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

No expert named in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part as having prepared or certified any part thereof (or is named as having prepared or certified a report or valuation for use in connection with such registration statement) or counsel named in this prospectus as having given an opinion upon the validity of the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus, or upon other legal matters in connection with the registration or offering such securities was employed for such purpose on a contingency basis. Also, at the time of such preparation, certification, or opinion or at any time thereafter, through the date of effectiveness of such registration statement or that part of such registration statement to which such preparation, certification or opinion relates, no such person had, or is to receive, in connection with the offering, a substantial interest, as defined in Item 509 of Regulation SK, in our company or any of its parents or subsidiaries. Nor was any such person connected with our company or any of its parents or subsidiaries as a promoter, managing or principal underwriter or voting trustee.

On February 14, 2023, the Audit Committee of the Board approved the engagement of Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm to audit the consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2023. The engagement is effective on the date of the Company’s Form 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2022.

MaloneBailey LLP (“Malone”) served as the independent registered public accounting firm of Aesther prior to the completion of the Business Combination. Accordingly, Malone was informed that the Board approved Malone’s dismissal as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm once it completes the audit of Aesther’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. Malone’s report on Aesther’s financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, nor was the report qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.

Prior to the appointment of Deloitte, (a) Aesther had no disagreements with Malone, whether or not resolved, on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Malone, would have caused Malone to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with its reports; (b) no such disagreement was discussed with our Board as a whole; and (c) there have been no “reportable events” as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

The Company has provided Malone with a copy of the foregoing disclosure and has requested that Malone furnish the Company with a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether or not it agrees with the statements made herein, each as required by applicable SEC rules. A copy of Malone’s letter to the SEC is filed as Exhibit 16.1 to this registration statement.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and the subsequent interim period through February 14, 2023, Aesther did not consult with Deloitte regarding any of the matters or events set forth in Item 304(a)(2)(i) and (ii) of Regulation S-K.

We have filed with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the Shares being offered by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to us and the Shares offered by the Selling Securityholder, we refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.

We are subject to the information requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and, in accordance therewith, file annual, quarterly, and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the Commission. The Commission maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the Commission. The periodic reports, proxy statements and other information we file with the Commission are available for inspection on the Commission’s website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Commission. We maintain a website at www.oceanbiomedical.com where you may also access these materials free of charge. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only and the information contained in, and that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated into and is not part of this prospectus.

I. Ocean Biomedical, Inc. Unaudited Financial Statements for the Three Months Ended March 31, 20223

II. Legacy Ocean’s Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2022

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

OCEAN BIOMEDICAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

OCEAN BIOMEDICAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity/(Deficit)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

OCEAN BIOMEDICAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

OCEAN BIOMEDICAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Ocean Biomedical, Inc. (f/k/a Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.) (the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, was a blank check company formed in June 2021, for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. As described below, the Company closed a business combination with Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Ocean Biomedical, Inc.) (“Legacy Ocean”) (the “Business Combination”).

Following the Business Combination, the Company is a biopharmaceutical company that is focused on discovering and developing therapeutic products in oncology, fibrosis, and infectious diseases.

The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Ocean is treated as the accounting acquirer. (References to “AHAC” refer to Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp. prior to the Closing of the Business Combination.) Legacy Ocean has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, risks related to the successful development and commercialization of product candidates, fluctuations in operating results and financial risks, the ability to successfully raise additional funds when needed, protection of proprietary rights and patent risks, patent litigation, compliance with government regulations, dependence on key personnel and prospective collaborative partners, and competition from competing products in the marketplace.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company had no cash inflows from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had cash of $306 thousand and a working capital deficiency of $23.1 million. The Company’s current operating plan indicates it will incur losses from operations and generate negative cash flows from operating activities, given anticipated expenditures related to research and development activities and its lack of revenue generating ability at this point in the Company’s lifecycle. These events and conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate its research and development programs, which could adversely affect its business prospects and its ability to continue operations.

We have been actively monitoring the COVID-19 situation and its impact globally. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company was not significantly impacted by COVID-19. Further, disruption of global financial markets and a recession or market correction, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions imposed against Russia, and other global macroeconomic factors such as inflation, could reduce the Company’s ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect the Company’s liquidity and could materially affect the Company’s business and the value of its common stock.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP and stated in U.S. dollars. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification and Accounting Standards Updates of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. A description of the Company’s significant accounting policies is included in the Company’s audited consolidated financial consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023, and Form 8-K, as amended, originally filed with the SEC on February 15, 2023.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions. The subsidiaries were formed to organize the Company’s therapeutic programs in order to optimize multiple commercialization options and to maximize each program’s value.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, as applicable, including those related to accrued expenses, the fair values of the Company’s common stock, and the valuation of deferred tax assets. The Company bases its estimates using Company forecasts and future plans, current economic conditions, and information from third-party professionals that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and recorded amounts of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate.

The Company’s results can also be affected by economic, political, legislative, regulatory or legal actions. Economic conditions, such as recessionary trends, inflation, interest, changes in regulatory laws and monetary exchange rates, and government fiscal policies, can have a significant effect on operations. The Company could also be affected by civil, criminal, regulatory or administrative actions, claims, or proceedings.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value and may include money market funds, U.S. Treasury and U.S. government-sponsored agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit. The Company had minimal cash or cash equivalents as of March 31, 2023.

The Company has held minimal cash and cash equivalents since its inception and certain of its expenses have been paid for by the proceeds from the issuance of common stock and debt, and by the Company’s Founder and Executive Chairman.

The Company has no significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company’s future results of operations involve several other risks and uncertainties. Factors that affect the Company’s future operating results and cause actual results to vary materially from expectations could include, but are not limited to, uncertainty of results of clinical trials and reaching milestones, uncertainty of regulatory approval of the Company’s product candidates, uncertainty of market acceptance of the Company’s product candidates, competition from other products, securing and protecting intellectual property, strategic relationships and dependence on key employees and research partners. The Company’s product candidates require Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and other non-U.S. regulatory agencies approval prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that any product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company was denied approval, if approval was delayed, or if approval was unable to be maintained, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.

The Company has not generated any revenue from any sources since its inception, including from product sales. The Company does not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. If the Company’s development efforts for its product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, or license agreements with third parties, the Company may generate revenue in the future from product sales. However, there can be no assurance as to when revenue will be generated, if at all.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for research activities, including the development of product candidates. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, research and development expenses consist of expenses recognized for stock-based compensation and incurred for initial license fees, annual maintenance license fees, and services agreements. Payments associated with licensing agreements to acquire exclusive licenses to develop, use, manufacture and commercialize products that have not reached technological feasibility and do not have alternate commercial use are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse, and net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and research and development tax credit (“R&D Credit”) carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance to reduce its net deferred income tax assets to zero. There is no provision for income taxes because the Company has incurred operating loss and capitalized certain items for income tax purposes since its inception and maintains a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. In the event the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize some or all its deferred income tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no liability for income tax associated with uncertain tax positions.

Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributed to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive, the weighted-average number of potential shares of common stock.

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company has had no comprehensive income or loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 permits an “emerging growth company” to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The Company has elected to not “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, the Company will adopt new or revised accounting standards at the time private companies adopt the new or revised accounting standard and will do so until such time that the Company either (i) irrevocably elects to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company.

The Company is also a “smaller reporting company” meaning that the market value of its stock held by non- affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to the Company as a result of this offering is expected to be less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. The Company may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of the stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If the Company is a smaller reporting company at the time that it ceases to be an emerging growth company, the Company may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, the Company may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in its Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

The Company does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Certain assets of the Company are carried at fair value under U.S. GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

The Company’s Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement and Earnout Shares are carried at fair value, determined according to Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy described above (see Note 4 - Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities). The carrying values of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and short-term loans approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these liabilities.

As discussed in Note 1, on February 14, 2023, the Company consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Ocean, with Legacy Ocean continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the registrant. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.”

On January 11, 2023, the record date for the Special Meeting (defined below), there were 13,225,000 shares of AHAC’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding, consisting of (i) 10,600,000 public shares of Class A common stock and (ii) 2,625,000 shares of Class B common stock held by the Sponsor. In addition, AHAC had issued 5,250,000 public warrants to purchase Class A common stock (originally sold as part of the units issued in AHAC’s initial public offering (“IPO”)) (the “Public Warrants”), along with 5,411,000 warrants issued to the Sponsor in a private placement (the “Private Placement Warrants”) on the IPO closing date. Prior to the Special Meeting, holders of 5,570,965 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock included in the units issued in AHAC’s IPO exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of $10.56 per share, for an aggregate of $58,847,564. The per share redemption price was paid out of AHAC’s trust account, which, after taking into account the redemptions but before any transaction expenses, had a balance immediately prior to the Closing of $52,070,404.

● AHAC issued to the holders of Legacy Ocean’s securities as of immediately prior to the Closing approximately 23,355,432 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock (with a per-share value of $10.00) with an aggregate value equal to $233,554,320, as adjusted as required by the Business Combination Agreement to take into account net working capital, closing net debt and Legacy Ocean transaction expenses, in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Legacy Ocean;

● the Sponsor’s 2,625,000 shares of AHAC’s Class B common stock converted on a one-for-one basis into 2,625,000 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock pursuant to the Company’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Amended Certificate”);

● AHAC issued to the Sponsor 1,365,000 additional shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock in connection with the Sponsor obtaining two (2) three-month extensions beyond the September 16, 2022 deadline to complete an initial business combination;

● the Backstop Parties purchased 3,535,466 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock prior to the Closing that were not redeemed and are subject to the forward purchase provisions of the Backstop Agreement (the “Recycled Shares”);

● the Backstop Parties purchased 1,200,000 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price of $12,675,912 prior to the Closing that were not redeemed (the “Share Consideration Shares”);

● 5,570,965 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock were redeemed immediately prior to Closing of the Business Combination, as described above;

● the Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC (“Second Street Capital”), Legacy Ocean’s lender, three (3) warrants (the “Converted Ocean Warrants”) for the number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the economic value of the Legacy Ocean warrants previously issued to Second Street in exchange for the termination of the Legacy Ocean warrants. The Converted Ocean Warrants are exercisable for a total of 511,712 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share and 102,342 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share;

● the Company issued to Polar (as defined below) 1,350,000 newly issued shares of its common stock that are subject to the forward purchase provisions of the Backstop Agreement, described in “Note 6 Equity”; and

● all shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock were reclassified as common stock pursuant to the Company’s Amended Certificate.

The following table reconciles the elements of the Business Combination to the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity/(deficit) and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

In addition, pursuant to Business Combination Agreement, Legacy Ocean’s stockholders prior to the Closing (the “Legacy Ocean Stockholders”) shall be entitled to receive from the Company, in the aggregate, up to an additional 19,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) as follows: (a) in the event that the volume-weighted average price (the “VWAP”) of the Company’s common stock exceeds $15.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the Legacy Ocean Stockholders shall be entitled to receive an additional 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, (b) in the event that the VWAP of the Company’s common stock exceeds $17.50 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the Legacy Ocean Stockholders shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and (c) in the event that the VWAP of the Company’s common stock exceeds $20.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the Closing Date until the 36-month anniversary of the Closing Date, the Legacy Ocean Stockholders shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. In addition, for each issuance of Earnout Shares, the Company will also issue to Sponsor an additional 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.

Both the number of Earnout Shares and the price per share is subject to adjustment to reflect the effect of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, combination, exchange of shares or other like change with respect to the common stock (i.e., dilutive activities).

The accounting for the Earnout Shares was first evaluated under the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Section 718 (“ASC 718”) to determine if the arrangement represents a share-based payment arrangement. Because the Earnout Shares are issued to all the Legacy Ocean Stockholders and the Sponsor and there are no service conditions nor any requirement of the participants to provide goods or services, the Company determined that the Earnout Shares are not within the scope of ASC 718. In reaching this conclusion, the Company focused on the fact that the Earnout Shares are not provided to any holder of options or unvested stock but rather the arrangement is provided only to vested equity holders.

Next, the Company determined that the Earnout Shares represent a freestanding equity-linked financial instrument to be evaluated under ASC Section 480 (“ASC 480”) and ASC Section 815-40 (“ASC 815-40”). Based upon the analysis, the Company concluded that the Earnout Shares should not be classified as a liability under ASC 480.

Under ASC 815-40, an entity must first evaluate whether an equity-linked instrument is considered indexed to the reporting entity’s stock. This analysis, which is performed under ASC 815-40-15, is a two-step test that includes evaluation of both exercise contingencies and settlement provisions. The Earnout Share arrangement contains contingencies – the daily volume weighted average stock price on the basis of a specific price per share. The contingency is based on an observable market or an observable index other than one based on the Company’s common stock. With respect to settlement provisions, the number of Earnout Shares is adjusted only for dilutive activities, which are an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on equity shares under ASC 815-40-15-7E(c). It is important to note that, in absence of dilutive activities, there will be either zero or 19 million shares issuable under the Earnout Share arrangement; therefore, the triggering events for issuance of shares is only an exercise contingency to be evaluated under step 1 of ASC 815-40-15.

As the Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization the Earnout Share arrangement as of the Closing Date is accounted for as an equity transaction (as a deemed dividend) as of the Closing Date of the Business Combination in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

On August 31, 2022, in connection with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, AHAC and Legacy Ocean entered into an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction with Vellar Opportunity Fund SPV LLC– Series 3 (“Vellar”) (as amended, the “Backstop Agreement” or “Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement”). The Backstop Agreement is intended to provide the Company with additional issued and outstanding shares and cash (in the short-term) following the closing of the Business Combination because it evidences Vellar’s intent to purchase shares from AHAC stockholders that elected to redeem their shares, and thus eliminates the need for AHAC to redeem and pay redeeming AHAC stockholders for their shares. This is intended to help AHAC obtain sufficient cash at the Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to meet the minimum cash condition therein, reduce redemption related risks and generally facilitate the consummation of the Business Combination. This agreement is considered a forward purchase transaction.

Pursuant to the Backstop Agreement, Vellar agreed to support the transactions relating to the Business Combination by purchasing up to 4,000,000 shares of AHAC Class A common stock in the open market (which, approximately, would be valued at $40,000,000) during the period in which AHAC stockholders could elect to redeem their shares (i.e., the period commencing upon the filing of the definitive proxy statement and ending two (2) business days prior to the Special Meeting of Stockholders to approve the Business Combination (the “Special Meeting”)) pursuant to AHAC’s redemption offer and subsequently revoke their elections to redeem their shares. None of the shares of AHAC Class A common stock purchased by Vellar could be voted in the Business Combination. The Company has agreed to purchase those shares from Vellar on a forward basis at maturity (as further described below), but the Company will not be required to purchase any shares of its common stock from Vellar at a price higher than the redemption price offered to redeeming public stockholders before, during or after the redemption period. The purchase price payable by the Company will include a prepayment in the amount of the redemption price per share payable from the proceeds released from the trust account related to those shares. The prepayment date is the earlier of: (i) one business day after the Closing of the Business Combination or (ii) the date any assets from the trust account are disbursed following the Closing of the Business Combination. Vellar may but is not obligated to sell some or all of the shares subject to the forward transaction following the expiration of the redemption period (i.e., two (2) business days prior to the Special Meeting), after which those shares will no longer be subject to the forward transaction, and in such event Vellar will repay the Company a portion of the prepayment amount relating to those shares from the sale proceeds equal to the number of shares sold by Vellar multiplied by the forward price (i.e., the lower of the redemption price, the then current forward price and the VWAP price for the last 10 trading days of the prior calendar month, but not lower than $5.00).

The original maturity date of the Backstop Agreement was the earlier to occur of (a) 3 years after the closing of the Business Combination Agreement or (b) the date specified by Vellar in a written notice delivered at Vellar’s discretion if the VWAP of the shares during 20 out of 30 consecutive trading days was less than $3 per share. On the maturity date, Vellar may require that the Company repurchase all of the shares then being held by Vellar at a price equal to the redemption price (as determined in accordance with AHAC’s certificate of incorporation prior to the effectiveness of the Amended Certificate (the “AHAC Charter”)). Vellar will also be entitled to an additional $2.50 per share purchased with such amount being payable in shares of the Company common stock. The maturity date is significant because following the maturity date the Company is under no obligation to repurchase shares then being held by Vellar. Shares sold by Vellar to third parties prior to the maturity date shall cease to be subject to the forward transaction. Any such sale will trigger an obligation by Vellar to pay the Company an amount equal to the product of (a) the number of shares sold by Vellar and (b) the forward price, which is defined in the Backstop Agreement as the lower of the redemption price (as determined in accordance with the AHAC Charter) and the VWAP price of the last ten trading days (but not lower than $5.00). The Company is also be obligated to pay a structuring fee in the amount of $5,000 on the first trading day of each calendar quarter to Vellar following the Business Combination until the maturity date. Vellar has agreed that it does not possess and/or has agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to the shares of AHAC Class A common stock that it acquired in accordance with the Backstop Agreement.

On February 10, 2023 AHAC and Legacy Ocean entered into an amended and restated OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction with Vellar. Pursuant to the amended Backstop Agreement, Vellar agreed to support the Business Combination by purchasing up to 6,000,000 shares of the Class A common stock in the open market for up to $60,000,000, including from other stockholders that elected to redeem and subsequently revoked their prior elections to redeem their shares, following the expiration of the Company’s redemption offer. The Company has agreed to purchase those shares from Vellar on a forward basis. The purchase price payable by the Company includes a prepayment in the amount of the redemption price per share. As amended, the Backstop Agreement matures on the earlier to occur of (a) three years after the closing of the Business Combination (February 14, 2026) or (b) the date specified by Vellar in a written notice delivered at Vellar’s discretion if the VWAP of the shares during 30 out of 45 consecutive trading days is less than $4 per share. Pursuant to the Backstop Agreement, the Company provided the Backstop Parties with an additional $12,675,912, paid from the trust account holding the net proceeds from the sale of units in the AHAC’s IPO to compensate them for their purchase of 1,200,000 additional shares of Class A common stock in the open market (the “Share Consideration Shares”). Under the Backstop Agreement, the Share Consideration Shares are not subject to the terms applicable to the Recycled Shares, including with regard to repayment and repurchase as described below. The Company has the option to repurchase the Share Consideration Shares from the Backstop Parties at an aggregate price of $3,000,000 at any time during the first nine months after February 15, 2023.

If an event occurs causing the VWAP per share to be at or above $20.00 per share for any 30 trading days during a 45 consecutive trading day-period and the aggregate trading volume in respect of such shares during the same 30-day period is at least the product of (a) three and (b) the difference of (x) the Number of Shares and (y) the Terminated Shares (each as defined in the Backstop Agreement), then the Company can notify Vellar of such event and cause the Backstop Agreement to mature.

The Backstop Agreement calls for the adjustment of the Reset Price (as defined in the Backstop Agreement) on the first scheduled trading day of each month commencing on the first calendar month following the closing of the Business Combination to be the lowest of (a) the then-current Reset Price, (b) the initial price per shares paid by Vellar for the shares and (c) the VWAP price per share of the last ten trading days of the prior calendar month, but not lower than $10.34. The Reset Price may be reduced further in connection with a dilutive offering undertaken by the Company. The Reset Price is relevant to the provision entitling the Company to terminate the Backstop Agreement early (in whole or in part) and require Vellar to pay the Company an amount equal to the product of (x) the number of shares the Company elects to terminate from the forward transaction and (y) the Reset Price as of the termination date.

At maturity, any remaining shares subject to the Backstop Agreement will be finally purchased by the Company for an additional $2.50 per share. During the term of the Backstop Agreement, Vellar may elect to sell some or all of the shares subject to the Backstop Agreement after which those shares will no longer be subject to the Backstop Agreement, and in such event Vellar will repay the Company with a portion of the sale proceeds.

On February 12, 2023, AHAC, Legacy Ocean, and Vellar again amended and restated the original Backstop Agreement to increase from up to 6,000,000 shares to up to 8,000,000 shares of AHAC’s common stock to be purchased in the open market for up to $80,000,000, including from other stockholders that elected to redeem and subsequently revoked their prior elections to redeem their shares, following the expiration of AHAC’s redemption offer.

On February 13, 2023, AHAC, Vellar and Legacy Ocean entered into an assignment and novation agreement with Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP, Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP and Meteora Capital Partners, LP (collectively “Meteora”) (the “Meteora Agreement”), pursuant to which Vellar assigned its obligation as to 2,666,667 shares of common stock of the Company to be purchased under the Backstop Agreement to Meteora. In addition, on February 13, 2023, AHAC, Vellar and Legacy Ocean entered into an assignment and novation agreement with Polar Multi-Strategy Master Fund (“Polar” and, collectively with Vellar and Meteora, the “Backstop Parties”) (the “Polar Agreement”) pursuant to which Vellar assigned its obligations as to 2,000,000 shares of common stock of the Company to be purchased under the Backstop Agreement to Polar.

On February 14, 2023, AHAC, Legacy Ocean and Polar entered into a subscription agreement in which Polar agreed to purchase 1,350,000 newly-issued shares of the Company’s common stock at a per share purchase price of $10.56 and an aggregate purchase price of $14,260,404 (the “Polar Subscription”). The Polar Subscription was the method by which Polar exercised its right to purchase “Additional Shares” pursuant to the Backstop Agreement to which Polar acquired a portion of the rights from Vellar pursuant to the Polar Agreement. The shares acquired by Polar as part of the Polar Subscription are subject to the restrictions for “Additional Shares” set forth in the Backstop Agreement.

On February 14, 2023, pursuant to the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement, the Company paid to the Backstop Parties $37,345,985, or $10.56 per share, from AHAC’s trust account as a prepayment for the forward purchase of 3,535,466 shares of AHAC’s common stock purchased by the Backstop Parties in the open market and $14,260,404 from AHAC’s trust account as a prepayment for the forward purchase of the 1,350,000 Additional Shares for a total purchase price of $51,606,460. The Company measures the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset at fair value on a recurring basis (See Note 4-Fair Value of Financial Assets).

Following the Business Combination, the Company is subject to the terms and conditions of (i) a Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated September 7, 2022 (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), that AHAC entered into with White Lion Capital LLC (“White Lion”) and (ii) a Registration Rights Agreement, dated September 7, 2022 (the “White Lion Registration Rights Agreement”), that AHAC entered into with White Lion. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $75,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

The Company is obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion Registration Rights Agreement to file a registration statement with the SEC to register for the resale by White Lion, shares of common stock that the Company may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “White Lion Registration Statement”).

Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions, the Company’s right to sell shares to White Lion will commence on the effective date of the White Lion Registration Statement and extend for a period of two years. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company may notify White Lion when the Company exercises its right to sell shares (the effective date of such notice, a “Notice Date”). The number of shares sold pursuant to any such notice may not exceed (i) $2,000,000, divided by the closing price of the Company common stock on Nasdaq preceding the Notice Date and (ii) a number of shares of common stock equal to the average daily trading volume multiplied by 67%.

The Company may not sell, and White Lion may not purchase, shares of the Company common stock that would result in White Lion owning more than 9.99% of the outstanding common stock of the Company.

On January 11, 2023, the record date for the Special Meeting, there were 13,225,000 shares of AHAC’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding, consisting of (i) 10,600,000 public shares of Class A common stock and (ii) 2,625,000 shares of Class B common stock held by the Sponsor. In addition, AHAC had issued 5,250,000 public warrants to purchase Class A common stock (originally sold as part of the units issued in AHAC’s initial public offering (“IPO”) (the “Public Warrants”), along with 5,411,000 warrants issued to the Sponsor in a private placement (the “Private Placement Warrants”) on the IPO closing date. Prior to the Special Meeting, holders of 5,570,965 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock included in the units issued in AHAC’s IPO exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of $10.56 per share, for an aggregate of $58,847,564. The per share redemption price was paid out of AHAC’s trust account, which, after taking into account the redemptions but before any transaction expenses, had a balance immediately prior to the Closing of $52,070,404.

In September 2022, AHAC entered into Loan and Transfer Agreements between AHAC, the Sponsor, and other parties (the “Lenders”), pursuant to which the Lenders loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to AHAC (the “Sponsor Extension Loan”). Amounts loaned from the Lenders to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to AHAC do not accrue interest until the Closing of the Business Combination, after which time, the Company has agreed to pay the interest due to the Lender. The total amounts advanced by Lenders to the Sponsor in connection with the $1,050,000 loan (the “Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the closing of the Business Combination, at the option of the Lenders, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which are deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for the Lenders making the loan available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer between 1 and 2.5 shares of Class B common stock to Lenders for each $10 multiple of the Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by AHAC to the Sponsor, and, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, 2.5 shares of the Company’s common stock per $10.00 of the Funded Amounts at Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to Sponsor, as described below. Sponsor transferred a total of 178,500 shares to the Lenders following the Closing of the Business Combination Agreement from shares of the Company’s common stock owned by the Sponsor as a result of the conversion of its AHAC Class B common stock into the Company’s common stock.

The Sponsor Extension Loan was paid down at Closing of the Business Combination to $500,000, all of which remained outstanding at March 31, 2023. The maturity date of the Sponsor Extension Loan has been extended to the funding of the Backstop Agreement, Common Stock Purchase Agreement or a convertible note financing but not more than 90 days from the closing of the Business Combination.

On December 13, 2022, AHAC entered into a Loan and Transfer Agreement between AHAC, the Sponsor, and NPIC Limited (the “NPIC Lender”), pursuant to which the Lender loaned $1,050,000 to the Sponsor and the Sponsor loaned $1,050,000 to AHAC (the “NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan”). Amounts loaned from the NPIC Lender to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to AHAC do not accrue interest until the Closing of the Business Combination, after which time, the Company has agreed to pay the interest due to the NPIC Lender. The total amounts advanced by NPIC Lender to the Sponsor in connection with the $1,050,000 loan (the “NPIC Funded Amounts”) were required to be repaid, together with all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, within five days of the closing of the initial Business Combination, at the option of the NPIC Lender, in either (a) cash; or (b) shares of Class A common stock held by the Sponsor which are deemed to have a value of $10 per share for such repayment right. As additional consideration for the NPIC Lender making the loan available to Sponsor, Sponsor agreed to transfer 10 Shares of Class B common stock to NPIC Lender for each $10 multiple of the NPIC Funded Amounts, which included the registration rights previously provided by AHAC to the Sponsor, and, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the parties agreed that the Company would issue 1.05 shares of Company’s common stock per $1.00 of the NPIC Funded Amounts at Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to Sponsor, as described below. Sponsor transferred a total of 1,050,000 shares to the NPIC Lender.

On March 22, 2023 the Company entered into a Loan Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) by and among the Company, the Sponsor, and NPIC Lender, and a Side Letter Agreement between the Company and the Sponsor (the “Side Letter”), which modifies the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan.

The Modification Agreement modified the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan to provide that, among other things, (i) the maturity date of the loan from NPIC Lender to Sponsor (the “NPIC Sponsor Loan”) is extended to May 22, 2023 (the “Maturity Date”); (ii) the extension will take effect concurrently with, and not until, the Sponsor transfers 1,050,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Initial SPAC Shares”) to the NPIC Lender; (iii) effective as of the date of the Modification Agreement, the NPIC Sponsor Loan shall accrue fifteen percent (15%) interest per annum, compounded monthly; (iv) the maturity date of the $1,050,000 loan by Sponsor to the Company (the “SPAC Loan”) is extended to May 19, 2023; (v) the proceeds of any capital raise of at least $15,000,000 by the Company shall be first used by the Company to promptly repay the SPAC Loan and then Sponsor shall promptly repay the NPIC Sponsor Loan and all accrued interest; (vi) in exchange for the extension of the Maturity Date, the Company shall issue 50,000 shares of common stock to the NPIC Lender on the date of the Modification Agreement and shall issue an additional 50,000 shares of common stock thereafter on each 30-day anniversary of the Maturity Date to the NPIC Lender until the NPIC Sponsor Loan is repaid in full; (vii) in the event Sponsor defaults on its obligations to repay the NPIC Sponsor Loan by the Maturity Date, the Sponsor shall transfer to the NPIC Lender 250,000 shares of Company common stock owned by the Sponsor and shall transfer an additional 250,000 such shares each month thereafter until the default is cured; (viii) the Company is obligated to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the shares to be issued to the NPIC Lender within 30 days of the transfer, including the Initial SPAC shares; and (ix) in the event that the Company defaults on its obligations to the NPIC Lender set forth in (v), (vi) and (viii), the Company shall issue to NPIC Lender 250,000 shares of common stock and shall transfer an additional 250,000 shares of common stock each month thereafter until the default is cured. The Side Letter provides that, in the event the Company fails to repay the SPAC Loan by May 19, 2023, the Company shall issue to Sponsor 250,000 shares of common stock and shall issue an additional 250,000 such shares to Sponsor each month thereafter until the default is cured.

The maturity dates of the loans pursuant to the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan have each been extended to May 25, 2023.

Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement described above, the Sponsor was issued 1,365,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as consideration for providing the extension loans to the Company (the “Sponsor extension shares”). At the Closing Date, the fair value was the Company’s closing stock price on the date granted. The Company recognized a loss of $13.6 million as loss on extinguishment in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-month ended March 31, 2023.

On March 22, 2023, NPIC Lender was issued 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as consideration for the Modification Agreement. The fair value was the Company’s closing stock price on the date granted. The Company recognized a loss of $358,000 as interest expense. In addition, the Company recorded interest expense in the amount of $12,577 on the outstanding balance in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-month ended March 31, 2023.

At Closing of the Business Combination, the underwriters for AHAC’s initial public offering agreed to defer payment of $3.2 million of deferred underwriting discounts otherwise due to them until November 14, 2023, pursuant to the terms of a promissory note. The deferred amounts bear interest at 9% per annum and 24% per annum following an event of default under the promissory note. The amount is recorded as a short-term loan in the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company recorded $36,225 of interest expense on the outstanding balance in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023.

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.

The Company utilizes a binomial lattice option pricing model to value the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset at inception and at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a binomial options pricing model are assumptions related to expected share-price, volatility, strike price, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company estimates the volatility of its shares of common stock based on historical volatility of similar publicly held companies. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve. The expected life is assumed to be equivalent to the remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates to remain at zero.

The following table summarizes significant unobservable inputs that are included in the valuation of the backstop forward purchase asset as of March 31, 2023:

The following table provides a roll forward of the aggregate fair values of the Company’s Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement asset, for which fair value is determined using Level 3 inputs (in thousands):

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

2022 Loans. In February 2022, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital (the “Second Street Loan”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $600,000. The Second Street Loan accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. The Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of the Company’s next financing, Second Street Capital has the right to put the warrants to the Company in exchange for a payment of $250,000. The Company was originally required to repay the Second Street Loan on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the Company’s next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. The Company recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $250,000 for the put option in the first quarter of 2022.

In April 2022, the Company entered into a second Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital (the “Second Street Loan 2”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $200,000. The Second Street Loan 2 accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. The Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this loan. The Company was originally required to repay the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the Company’s next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. The Company recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $388,938 in the second quarter of 2022 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from November 18, 2022 to December 30, 2022. The Company was required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or closing of the Business Combination or (ii) December 30, 2022. In consideration of the extension, the Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.20 per share exercisable until September 30, 2026. The Company recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $435,075 in the third quarter of 2022 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On December 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity dates to February 15, 2023. No additional warrants were issued to Second Street Capital in connection with the extension. A loan fee of $25,000 was recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company was required to repay the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or (ii) February 15, 2023.

2023 Loans and Extensions. On January 10, 2023, the Second Street Loan 2 was amended whereas increasing the loan amount from $200,000 to $400,000. A loan fee of $15,000 and a minimum return assessment fee of $35,000 were charged and paid from the $200,000 loan advance for net proceeds of $150,000. The Company was originally required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or closing of the Business Combination or (ii) February 15, 2023.

Effective February 15, 2023, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were further amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from February 15, 2023 to March 31, 2023. The Company was required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or (ii) March 31, 2023. In consideration of the extension, the Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.34 per share exercisable until March 31, 2028. An extension fee of $75,000 was recorded and $239,025 was recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023.

Effective March 29, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital (the “March Second Street Loan”) pursuant to which the Company could borrow up to $1 million to pay certain accrued expenses. Of this amount, the Company borrowed $700,000. The loan bears interest at 15% per annum and is due within three business days of the Company’s next financing or receipt of proceeds from the Backstop Agreement or, if earlier, 45 days from the date of the advance (May 15, 2023). The Company issued a warrant to Second Street Capital for 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $10.34 and will pay up to $150,000 in loan fees at maturity. Since the Company only advanced $700,000, the loan fee due is $105,000 at maturity. The estimated fair value of the warrant was $748,200 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized $49,880 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. The March Second Street Loan is past due.

Effective March 31, 2023, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity dates to May 31, 2023, and the Company is currently required to repay the loans on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the Company’s next financing or (ii) May 31, 2023. In addition, an additional warrant was issued to purchase 150,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $11.50 and a loan fee of $95,000 was charged. The Company recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $524,400 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023.

Effective March 28, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement (the “McKra Loan”) with McKra Investments III (“McKra”) pursuant to which the Company borrowed $1,000,000. The Company issued a warrant to purchase 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until March 27, 2028. The Company will pay a $150,000 loan and convenience fee due upon repayment of the loan. The loan bears interest at 15% per annum and is due within three business days of the Company’s next financing or receipt of proceeds from the Backstop Agreement or, if earlier, 45 days from the date of the advance (May 12, 2023). The estimated fair value of the warrant was $789,400 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized as interest expense in Other income/(loss) $70,169 in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. The McKra Loan is past due.

The Company recognized a total expense in the amount of $883,474 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) for the warrants issued to Second Street Capital and McKra in the first quarter of 2023 based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Approximately $1,417,551 of the estimated fair value of the warrants were unrecognized and will be amortized over the life of the loan.

For a discussion of the outstanding Sponsor Extension Loan and NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan see “Note 3 Business Combination and Backstop Agreement.”

For a discussion of an outstanding note due to the underwriters in AHAC’s IPO, see “Note 3 Business Combination and Backstop Agreement.”

The Company is not a party to any pending material legal proceedings. From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities.

The Company entered into license agreements with its academic research institution partners. Under these license agreements, the Company is required to make annual fixed license maintenance fee payments. The Company is also required to make payments upon successful completion and achievement of certain milestones as well as royalty payments upon sales of products covered by such licenses. The payment obligations under the license and collaboration agreements are contingent upon future events such as achievement of specified development, clinical, regulatory, and commercial milestones. As the timing of these future milestone payments are not known, the Company has not included these fees in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The initial license fees of $67,000 for each of the four Initial Brown License Agreements (defined in “Note 9 License Agreements”) in the amount of $268,000 and for the Rhode Island License Agreement (defined in “Note 9 License Agreements”) of $110,000 are no longer contingent and are currently due. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, initial license fees in the amount of $378,000 were recorded as a research and development expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Starting January 1, 2022, annual license maintenance fees in the amount of $3,000 are due for each of the four Initial Brown License Agreement. Starting January 1, 2023, an annual license maintenance fee in the amount of $3,000 is due for the Rhode Island License Agreement. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, maintenance fees in the amount of $15,000 and $12,000, respectively, were recorded as a research and development expense in the Company’s financial statements. See Note 9, License Agreements.

The contingent payments of approximately $13.7 million are contingently payable based only upon the Company’s first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million and consists of $12.0 million of contingent compensation and bonuses to certain members of senior management, $1.6 million of contingent vendor payments, and $0.1 million of related party expense.

These amounts will not be paid if the contingencies do not occur. Since the payment of obligations under the employment agreements are contingent upon these future events, which are not considered probable as such future events are deemed outside of the Company’s control, the Company has not included these amounts in its condensed consolidated balance sheets.

On February 14, 2023, the Company obtained directors and officers liability (“D&O”) insurance that includes (i) a one-year Run-Off policy for AHAC’s directors and officers that provides coverage for claims that arise out of wrongful acts that allegedly occurred prior to the date of the Business Combination and (ii) a standard one-year policy for the Company’s directors and officers that provides coverage for claims made by stockholders or third parties for alleged wrongdoing. The total annual premiums for the policies are approximately $1.2 million paid over twelve months. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has paid $142,433 of the premiums that is recorded as general and administrative expenses in its condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s Amended Certificate provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) will be authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. The Company’s Board will be able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Company’s Board to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the Company or the removal of existing management. As of March 31, 2023, the Company does not currently have any preferred stock outstanding and does not currently intend to issue any shares of preferred stock.

The holders of common stock of the Company are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Company’s Board. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. As March 31, 2023, the Company had 300,000,000 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. At March 31, 2022, the Company had 180,564,262 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.

Legacy Ocean’s founder and sole stockholder was issued 17,454,542 shares of Legacy Ocean’s common stock (“Founders Shares”) upon the formation of Legacy Ocean on January 2, 2019.

In December 2020, the sole stockholder of Legacy Ocean contributed 100% of his Founders Shares to Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”), which became the sole stockholder of Legacy Ocean. In February 2021, Poseidon transferred 342,244 shares of Legacy Ocean’s common stock back to Legacy Ocean’s founder.

In February 2021, Poseidon amended and restated its operating agreement to allow additional members into Poseidon by issuing Class A units and Class B units in which Legacy Ocean’s founder is the sole Class A unit holder who holds 100% of the voting power of Poseidon. In addition, certain executives and employees of the Company were granted Class B unit profit interests in Poseidon. These profit interests grants in the Company’s controlling shareholder were deemed to be transactions incurred by the shareholder and within the scope of FASB ASC 718, Stock Compensation. As a result, the related transactions by the shareholder were pushed down into the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. As of March 31, 2023, Legacy Ocean’s founder held 100% of the voting power and 68% of the equity interests in Poseidon. See Stock-Based Compensation for Profit Interests in Poseidon section below.

In March 2021, Legacy Ocean authorized the issuance of common stock in Legacy Ocean to certain persons who were accredited investors (consisting of friends and family of Legacy Ocean’s employees) at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million.

On January 19, 2022, Legacy Ocean implemented an 8-for-11 reverse stock split of its common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

On February 1, 2022, Legacy Ocean implemented a 6-for-7 reverse stock split of its common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

On February 2, 2022, Legacy Ocean implemented a 28-for-29 reverse stock split of its common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

As mentioned in Note 1, the Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Ocean is treated as the accounting acquirer. Legacy Ocean has been determined to be the accounting acquirer. The effects of the Business Combination require a retroactive recapitalization of the Company.

For a discussion of shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with the Closing of the Business Combination, see “Note 3 Business Combination and Backstop Agreement.”

In connection with the Closing of the Company’s Business Combination on February 14, 2023, the Company, Legacy Ocean and Polar entered into a subscription agreement in which Polar agreed to purchase 1,350,000 newly-issued shares of our common stock at a per share purchase price of $10.56 and an aggregate purchase price of $14,260,404.

In connection with the Modification Agreement, dated March 22, 2023, with the NPIC Lender, on March 22, 2023, the Company issued to the NPIC Lender 50,000 shares of common stock in exchange for the extension of the maturity date of the NPIC Sponsor Loan. The estimated fair value of the issued stock was $7.16 per share and was determined using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on March 22, 2023. The Company recognized an expense of $358,000.

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, the common stock of the Company issued and outstanding consisted of the following:

The Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement shares, Share Consideration Shares, and the Sponsor Shares were included in the effects of the Business Combination in the condensed consolidated statements of equity/(deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Board’s Compensation Committee will administer the Incentive Plan. Persons eligible to receive awards under the Incentive Plan include officers or employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, directors of the Company, and certain consultants and advisors to the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued or transferred pursuant to awards under the Incentive Plan equals 4,360,000 shares (the “Share Limit”). In addition, the Share Limit shall automatically increase on the first trading day in January of each calendar year during the term of the Incentive Plan, with the first such increase to occur in January 2024, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) three percent (3%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year or (ii) such number of shares of common stock as may be established by the Board.

The Incentive Plan authorizes stock options, stock appreciation rights, and other forms of awards granted or denominated in the Company’s common stock or units of the Company’s common stock, as well as cash bonus awards. The Incentive Plan retains flexibility to offer competitive incentives and to tailor benefits to specific needs and circumstances. Any award may be structured to be paid or settled in cash. Any awards under the Incentive Plan (including awards of stock options and stock appreciation rights) may be fully-vested at grant or may be subject to time- and/or performance-based vesting requirements.

The Incentive Plan does not limit the authority of the Board or any committee to grant awards or authorize any other compensation, with or without reference to the Company’s common stock, under any other plan or authority. The Board may amend or terminate the Incentive Plan at any time and in any manner. Stockholder approval for an amendment will be required only to the extent then required by applicable law or deemed necessary or advisable by the Board. Unless terminated earlier by the Board and subject to any extension that may be approved by stockholders, the authority to grant new awards under the Incentive Plan will terminate on the tenth anniversary of its establishment.

The Company’s stockholders approved and adopted the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) at the Special Meeting. The Board approved and adopted the ESPP prior to the Closing of the Business Combination.

The ESPP will be administered by the Board’s Compensation Committee, which may delegate such of its duties, powers and responsibilities as it may determine to one or more of its members, and, to the extent permitted by law, our officers, and may delegate to employees and other persons such ministerial tasks as it deems appropriate. Subject to adjustment, 2,180,000 shares of common stock are available for purchase pursuant to the exercise of options under the ESPP. Shares to be delivered upon exercise of options under the ESPP may be authorized but unissued stock, treasury stock, or stock acquired in an open-market transaction. Subject to certain requirements and exceptions, all individuals classified as employees on the payroll records of the Company or its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in anyone or more of the offerings under the ESPP.

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock during specified offering periods, with such offering periods not to exceed 27 months. During each offering period, eligible employees will be granted an option to purchase shares of common stock on the last business day of the offering period. The purchase price of each share of common stock issued pursuant to the exercise of an option under the ESPP on an exercise date will be 85% (or such greater percentage as specified by the administrator of the ESPP) of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of common stock date the option is granted, which will be the first day of the offering period, and (b) the fair market value of a share of common stock on the exercise date, which will the last business day of the offering period.

Our Board has discretion to amend the ESPP to any extent and in any manner it may deem advisable, provided that any amendment that would be treated as the adoption of a new plan for purposes of Section 423 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) will require stockholder approval. Our Board may suspend or terminate the ESPP at any time.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs related to all types of equity-based compensation awards granted to employees, nonemployees, and directors in accordance with GAAP. The Company estimates the fair value and the resulting amounts using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods but accelerated to the extent that grants vest sooner than on a straight-line basis. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur and requires management to make a number of other assumptions, the volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical share volatility of a set of comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the grant or option.

On February 22, 2021, 3,080,000 Class B profit interests in Poseidon were granted. The estimated fair value of a Class B profit interest in Poseidon at February 22, 2021, the grant date of the profit interests, was $22.26 per interest and was determined using an option-pricing model under which interests are valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and conversion terms of each equity class, adjusted for a discount for the lack of marketability to account for a lack of access to an active public market.

On April 20, 2022, an additional 25,500 fully vested Class B profit interests were granted to an executive. The estimated fair value of a Class B profit interest in Poseidon on the grant date was $7.03 per interest and was determined using an option-pricing model under which interests are valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and conversion terms of each equity class, adjusted for a discount for the lack of marketability to account for a lack of access to an active public market.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the profits interests that were granted on February 22, 2021:

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the profits interests that were granted on April 20, 2022:

As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $68.9 million and $61.1 million, respectively, of recognized compensation costs related to the Class B profit interest in Poseidon. As of March 31, 2023, the profit interests were fully amortized. As of March 31, 2022, there was $7.5 million, of unrecognized compensation costs relating to the profit interests.

Under the Non-employee Director Compensation Policy, upon initial election or appointment to the Company’s Board, each new non-employee director will be granted under the Incentive Plan a one-time grant of a non-statutory stock option to purchase 75,000 shares of its common stock on the date of such director’s election or appointment to the Board (the “Director Initial Grant”). The Director Initial Grant will vest in substantially equal monthly installments over three years, subject to the director’s continued service as a member of our Board through each applicable vesting date. The Director Initial Grant is subject to full acceleration vesting upon the sale of the Company.

On February 15, 2023, a Director Initial Grant was made to each of the non-employee directors elected to the Board at the Special Meeting. The exercise price was $10.00 per share.

The estimated fair value of a non-statutory stock option to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.73 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The stock-based compensation amount was included in the total amount recorded in the condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2023.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the non-statutory stock options that were granted on February 15, 2023:

As of March 31, 2023, there was $62 thousand of recognized compensation costs and the total unrecognized compensation related to unvested stock option awards granted was $2.2 million which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.9 years. No stock options were exercised during the period.

In connection with the Strategic Advisory Agreement, dated March 19, 2023, between the Company and Special Forces F9, LLC (“Special Forces”), the Company issued to Special Forces a warrant to purchase 150,000 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $11.50 per share exercisable until March 7, 2028. Warrants issued to advisors and consultants are also considered stock-based compensation. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.89 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on March 19, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate		4.0	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	7.17
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		5
Expected volatility		75	%

As of March 31, 2023, there was $583,500 of recognized compensation costs relating to the warrant and since the warrant was fully vested upon issuance, there were no unrecognized compensation costs. No warrants were exercised during the period. As of March 31, 2022, there were no stock-based compensation costs since no warrants were issued to consultants.

As of March 31, 2023, there was a total of $645,623 of recognized compensation costs related to the stock option and warrant grants. The total unrecognized compensation related to unvested stock option awards granted was $2.2 million which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.9 years. There were no unrecognized compensation costs related to the warrants. No stock options or warrants were exercised during the period.

As of March 31, 2022, there were no stock-based compensation costs related to stock options and warrants. The stock-based compensation costs during this period related to the profit interests in Poseidon discussed above.

The stock-based compensation pertaining to the non-employee directors non-statutory stock options, consultants’ warrants to purchase common stock, and Class B profit interests in Poseidon were expensed as a general and administrative expense and Class B profit interests in Poseidon were expensed as research and development expense. The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation for the stock options, warrants, and for the Class B profit interests in Poseidon for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Under SEC guidelines, the Company is required to record the issuance of warrants based on the “fair value” of the warrant. Under ASC 820-10-35-2, “Fair Value” has a very technical definition and is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability or equity in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” ASC 480 provides guidance for determining whether an instrument must be classified as a liability or equity. For a warrant that is fully vested with a fixed life term, the instrument is classified as equity. The Company recognizes the expense amount of the estimated fair value of the warrant and records in an APIC account on the date of grant.

The Company estimates the fair value and the resulting amounts using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods but accelerated to the extent that grants vest sooner than on a straight-line basis. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur and requires management to make a number of other assumptions, the volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical share volatility of a set of comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the grant or option.

The Company accounts for warrants issued based on their respective grant dates fair values. Prior to September 2022, the value of the Second Street Warrants was estimated considering, among other things, contemporaneous valuations for the Company’s common stock prepared by unrelated third-party valuation firms and prices set forth in the Company’s previous filings with the SEC for a proposed IPO of its common stock that was not pursued by the Company (“Legacy Ocean IPO filings”). The Company used the mid-range price per share based upon the Legacy Ocean IPO filings. Starting in September 2022, following the execution of the Business Combination Agreement with AHAC, the value of the Second Street Warrants was based on the closing price of AHAC’s Class A common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on the grant date. The Company estimates the fair value, based upon these values, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is affected principally by the life of the warrant, the volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical share volatility of a set of comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the warrant for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the warrant. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company records the amount in Other expenses.

In February 2022, the Company entered into the Second Street Loan, pursuant to which the Company borrowed $600,000. The Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of the Company’s next financing, Second Street Capital has the right to put the warrants to the Company in exchange for a payment of $250,000.

The Company recognized interest expense in the amount of $250,000 for the put option and recorded the liability in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022.

In April 2022, the Company entered into the Second Street Loan 2, pursuant to which the Company borrowed $200,000. The Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this warrant. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $6.22 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognized interest expense of $388,938 in the second quarter of 2022 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on April 22, 2022:

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from November 18, 2022 to December 30, 2022. In consideration of the extensions, the Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.20 per share exercisable until September 30, 2026. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $5.80 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognized interest expense of $435,075 in the third quarter of 2022 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on September 30, 2022:

Risk-free interest rate		2.5	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	10.20
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		4
Expected volatility		75	%

In connection with the Closing, pursuant to a Warrant Exchange Agreement, on February 14, 2023, the Company replaced the three original warrants issued to Second Street Capital with new warrants, which consist of three warrants for the number of shares of our common stock equal to the economic value of the warrants previously issued to Second Street Capital. The new warrants are exercisable for a total of 511,712 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share and 102,342 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share. The new warrants expire four years from their date of issuance.

Effective February 15, 2023, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were further amended whereas the maturity dates were extended from February 15, 2023 to March 31, 2023. In consideration of the extensions, the Company issued to Second Street Capital a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.34 per share exercisable until March 31, 2028. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.19 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognized interest expense in the amount of $239,025 in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on February 15, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate		4.0	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	6.03
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		5
Expected volatility		75	%

Effective March 29, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital pursuant to which the Company could borrow up to $1 million to pay certain accrued expenses. Of this amount, the Company borrowed $700,000. The Company issued a warrant to the lender for 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $10.34. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.74 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The estimated fair value of the warrant was $748,200 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized $49,880 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. The balance of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $698,320 will be amortized over the term of the loan.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on March 29, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate		4.0	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	6.77
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		5
Expected volatility		75	%

Effective March 31, 2023, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity dates to May 31, 2023. In addition, an additional warrant was issued to purchase 150,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $11.50. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.50 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognized interest expense of $524,400 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the profits interests that were granted on March 31, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate		4.0	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	6.64
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		5
Expected volatility		75	%

The Company recognized total interest expense in the amount of $813,305 for the Second Street warrants issued in the three months ended March 31, 2023 based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The balance of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $698,320 will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan.

Effective March 28, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with McKra pursuant to which the Company borrowed $1,000,000. The Company issued a warrant to purchase 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until March 27, 2028. The estimated fair value of the warrant to purchase common stock on the grant date was $3.95 per share and was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The estimated fair value of the warrant was $789,400 that is amortized over the term of the loan. The Company recognized $70,169 as interest expense in Other income/(loss) in its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three-months ended March 31, 2023. The balance of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $719,231 will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the warrants that were granted on March 28, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate		4.0	%
Fair value of common stock of the Company	$	7.04
Expected dividend yield		—
Expected terms in years		5
Expected volatility		75	%

The Company recognized total interest expense in the amount of $883,474 for the warrants issued for the three months ended March 31, 2023 based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant in its condensed consolidated financial statements. The balance of the estimated fair value of the warrants of $1,417,551 will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan.

At March 31, 2023, there were warrants outstanding to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock issued in connection with AHAC’s initial public offering (the “IPO Warrants”). The IPO Warrants consist of (i) warrants to purchase up to 5,411,000 shares of the Company’s common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of 5,411,000 warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”), originally issued in a private placement at a price of $1.00 per Private Placement Warrant in connection with the initial public offering of AHAC, and (ii) up to 5,250,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of 5,250,000 warrants (the “Public Warrants”), originally issued in AHAC’s initial public offering as part of the AHAC units at a price of $10.00 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of the Company’s common stock and one-half of one Public Warrant. Each whole IPO Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. However, the IPO Warrants are not exercisable for cash unless the Company has an effective and current registration statement covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the IPO Warrants. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the IPO Warrants is not effective within a specified period following the consummation of the Business Combination, warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when the Company shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise IPO Warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to the exemption provided by Section 3(a)(9)of the Securities Act, provided that such exemption is available. If that exemption, or another exemption, is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their IPO Warrants on a cashless basis. In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the IPO Warrants for that number of shares of Company’s common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Company’s common stock underlying the IPO Warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the IPO Warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose will mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of Company’s common stock for the five trading days ending on the trading day prior to the date of exercise. The warrants will expire on February 14, 2028 at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Company may call the Public Warrants for redemption, in whole and not In part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant,

The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the IPO Warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a Public Warrant will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s warrant upon surrender of such warrant.

The redemption criteria for the IPO Warrants have been established at a price which is intended to provide warrant holders a reasonable premium to the initial exercise price and provide a sufficient differential between the then-prevailing share price and the warrant exercise price so that if the share price declines as a result of our redemption call, the redemption will not cause the share price to drop below the exercise price of the warrants.

If the Company calls the IPO Warrants for redemption as described above, it’s management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing(x) the product of the number of shares of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose shall mean the average reported last sale price of the shares of common stock for the five trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants.

The IPO Warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision but requires the approval, by written consent or vote, of the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding IPO Warrants in order to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders.

The exercise price and number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable on exercise of the IPO Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the IPO Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of the Company’s common stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.

For accounting purposes, the Company accounts for the Public Warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 480-10-25-8 and ASC 815-40 and are classified as an equity instrument.

The Company computes basic loss per share using net loss attributable to stockholders and the weighted-average number of the Company’s common stock shares outstanding during each period, less shares subject to repurchase under the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement. Diluted earnings per share include shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and stock-based awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive. The Company’s potentially dilutive securities, which include stock options, earnout shares, and warrants to purchase shares of common stock, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to the Company’s stockholders’ is the same.

The net loss per share for the basic and diluted earnings calculations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data):

On July 31, 2020, the Company entered into four separate Exclusive License Agreements (the “Initial Brown License Agreements”) with Elkurt, Inc.(“Elkurt”), a licensee of Brown University. On March 21, 2021, the Company and Elkurt amended each of the Initial Brown License Agreements. Elkurt is a company formed by our scientific co-founders and members of our Board, Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown University. Under the Initial Brown License Agreements, Elkurt grants us exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields. On August 31, 2021, the Initial Brown License Agreements were further amended to extend the date after which Elkurt can terminate the license agreements if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by April 1, 2022. On March 25, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were further amended to extend those termination dates to May 1, 2022. On July 1, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were further amended to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2022 and acknowledge the accounts payable due and terms of payment.

On July 2, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were further amended to extend the termination dates of the Commercialization Plan of the license agreements to an additional two years. On August 25, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were further amended to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2023 and to extend the termination dates of the commercialization plan of the license agreements from an additional two years to three years. For each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, as amended, the Company is required to pay Elkurt a maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid. In addition, beginning on January 1, 2022 and each year thereafter until January 1, 2027, the Company is required to pay an annual license maintenance fee of $3,000. Beginning on January 1, 2028, and every year thereafter the annual license maintenance fee shall become $4,000 per year. Upon successful commercialization, the Company is required to pay Elkurt between 0.5% to 1.5% of net sales based on the terms of each Initial Brown License Agreement. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt, under each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. As of March 31, 2023, the Company recorded annual license maintenance fees of $12,000, and license fees of $268,000.

The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”), or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. Ocean Biomedical is also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs. The Company recorded reimbursement of patent costs as general and administrative costs in the statements of operations as incurred. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred reimbursed patent costs expenses to Brown University in the amount of $345,437, of which $297,700 has been paid.

The contract term for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, as amended, continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate each of the Initial Brown License Agreements in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Initial Brown License Agreements at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then. For the oncology programs, three of the license agreements have been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean ChitoRx Inc, and for the fibrosis program, one license agreement has been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean ChitofibroRx Inc.

On September 13, 2022, the Company entered into an additional Exclusive License Agreement (the “Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement”) with Elkurt. Under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, Elkurt grants the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in the field of malaria research.

For the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, the Company is required to pay Elkurt an initial license fee of $70,000, payable in two installments of $35,000 each on April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Beginning September 13, 2023, the Company is obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee equal to (a) $3,000 until September 13, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. Upon successful commercialization, the Company is required to pay Elkurt 1.25% of net sales based on the terms under the Brown Anti- PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. The Company also is required to pay Elkurt $100,000 in the event that the Company or one of its sublicensees sublicenses this technology to a major pharmaceutical company or if the license agreement or any sublicense agreement for this technology is acquired by a major pharmaceutical company. A major pharmaceutical company is one that is publicly traded, with market capitalization of at least $5 billion and has been engaged in drug discovery, development, production and marketing for no less than 5 years. As of March 31, 2023, for this Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, no license fees have been recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments pursuant to the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. The Company is also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs.

The contract term for the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then.

On January 25, 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “Rhode Island License Agreement”) with Elkurt, a licensee of Rhode Island Hospital. On April 1, 2021, September 10, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022 and August 26, 2022, the Company and Elkurt amended the Rhode Island License Agreement. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, as amended, Elkurt grants the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field.

For the Rhode Island License Agreement, the Company is required to pay Elkurt $110,000, due within 45 days of an equity financing of at least $10 million or November 1, 2023, whichever comes first, and beginning on January 1, 2022, an additional $3,000 annual maintenance fee thereafter, until January 1, 2028, at which point the annual maintenance fee will become $4,000 per year. The Company is also required to pay Elkurt 1.5% of net sales under the Rhode Island License Agreement. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt 25% of all nonroyalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments under the Rhode Island License Agreement, ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. To date, the Company has incurred total reimbursed patent costs expenses to Rhode Island Hospital in the amount of $432,393 of which $131,986 has been paid. As of March 31, 2023, the Company recorded an expense for the annual license maintenance fee of $3,000, and the initial license fee of $110,000.

On December 31, 2020, the Company executed a Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement with Lonza AG and affiliate Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”). The Company engaged Lonza pursuant to the development and manufacture of certain products and services along with the assistance in developing the product OCX-253. The agreement outlines the pricing for services and raw materials as incurred and payment terms. Through March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred an aggregate of $544,592 in expenses under this agreement since its inception, all of which is included in accounts payable at March 31, 2023.

The Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement will terminate on December 31, 2025. Either party may terminate the agreement within 60 days after it becomes apparent to either party that it will not be possible to complete the services for a scientific or technical reason after a good faith effort is made to resolve such problems. The agreement may be terminated by either party, immediately for any uncured material breach, insolvency, or liquidation. In the event of termination, the Company will pay Lonza all costs incurred through the termination date.

The Company is party to the four Initial Brown License Agreements with Elkurt. Elkurt is a company formed by the Company’s scientific co-founders Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown University. Dr. Elias and Dr. Kurtis are members of the Company’s Board. Under the Initial Brown License Agreements, Elkurt grants to the Company exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields. License fees are expensed as incurred as research and development expenses. Patent reimbursement fees are expensed as incurred as general and administrative expenses. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred a total amount of $345,437 for patent reimbursement expenses to Brown University, of which $297,700 has been paid. As of March 31, 2023, the amount due to Elkurt for the Initial Brown License Agreements that is currently due to Brown University is $327,737 consisting of (i) patent reimbursement expenses of $47,737 recorded as general and administrative costs, (ii) license maintenance fees in the amount of $12,000, and (iii) initial license fees in the amount of $268,000 recorded as research and development costs. In addition, $42,727 is currently due for patent reimbursement expenses that Elkurt has previously paid on behalf of the Company. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is party to the Rhode Island License Agreement, with Elkurt. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, Elkurt grants to the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has incurred $432,393 for patent reimbursement expenses, of which $131,986 has been paid. The amount due to Elkurt in the amount of $300,407 is included in accounts payable-related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2021, Legacy Ocean’s Founder and Executive Chairman had paid for certain general and administrative expenses totaling $93,769 on behalf of the Company. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related parties on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2023, the amount due was $92,919. The reduction of $850 was actually paid by the Company for state taxes in 2022. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s Chief Accounting Officer previously provided consulting services to Legacy Ocean through RJS Consulting, LLC, his wholly owned limited liability company, through June 15, 2021, before becoming the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company owed RJS Consulting, LLC $117,500 and $142,500, respectively. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and were expensed as accounting fees in general and administrative expenses in 2021.

On September 15, 2022 and December 13, 2022, the Company entered into the Sponsor Extension Loan and the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan, respectively, between the Company, the Sponsor, various lenders, pursuant to which the lenders loaned an aggregate of $2,100,000 to the Sponsor and the Sponsor loaned an aggregate of $2,100,000 to us. Amounts loaned from the lenders to the Sponsor accrue interest at 8% per annum and amounts loaned from the Sponsor to the Company do not accrue interest. As of March 31, 2023, $1,550,000 remains unpaid to the Sponsor, $500,000 which was due no later than May 15, 2023 and $1,050,000 which was due no later than May 25, 2023. The Company intends to pay the Sponsor Extension and the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan in full from the proceeds received from the initial issuance of Notes under the Ayrton Convertible Note Financing (see Note 12 - Subsequent Events - Ayrton Convertible Note Financing).

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through May 24, 2023, the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued. Except for the matters disclosed below, no additional subsequent events had occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Backstop Parties sold 105,572 Recycled Shares of the Company’s common stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, resulting in net proceeds paid to the Company in April 2023 of $1.1 million.

Under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion Registration Rights Agreement, the Company is required to file a registration statement with the SEC to register for the resale by White Lion shares of common stock and to issue to White Lion at that time shares of its common stock based upon a formula contained in those agreements. Effective April 18, 2023, the Company and White Lion agreed that the Company would issue 75,000 shares of its common stock to White Lion in satisfaction of this obligation.

On April 19, 2023, as required by the Modification Agreement, the Company issued to the NPIC Lender 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. Further, as required by the Modification Agreement, the Company issued to the NPIC Lender 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock on May 12, 2023, and 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock on May 19, 2023. The maturity dates of the loans made pursuant to the NPIC Sponsor Extension Loan have each been extended to May 25, 2023.

In connection with the Marketing Services Agreement, dated March 7, 2023, between the Company and Outside The Box Capital (“OTBC”), the Company issued to OTBC 13,257 shares of its common stock as consideration, pursuant to the Marketing Services Agreement, in the second quarter of 2023.

On May 15, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with an accredited investor (the “Investor”) for the sale of up to three Senior Secured Convertible Notes (each, a “Note” and collectively, the “Notes”), which Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $27 million, in a private placement (the “Ayrton Convertible Note Financing”). The Company expects to consummate the closing for the sale of (i) the initial Note in the principal amount of $7.56 million and (ii) a warrant to initially acquire up to 552,141 additional shares of the Company’s common stock with an initial exercise price of $11.50 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment, exercisable immediately and expiring five years from the date of issuance (the “Warrant”), which is subject to customary closing conditions, on or about May 24, 2023 (the “Initial Closing”). The Notes will be sold at an original issue discount of eight percent (8%). Future issuances of Notes (“Additional Closings”) are subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The SPA contains certain representations and warranties, covenants and indemnities customary for similar transactions. At the closing of the first Additional Closing, $8.64 million of Notes will be issued (the “First Additional Closing Date”) and $10.8 million of Notes will be issued at the closing of the second Additional Closing. So long as any Notes remain outstanding, the Company and each of its subsidiaries are prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any subsequent placement involving a Variable Rate Transaction, other than pursuant to the White Lion Common Stock Purchase Agreement. “Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries (i) issues or sells any convertible securities either (A) at a price that is based upon with the trading prices of the Company’s common stock, or (B) with a price that is subject to being reset at some future date or upon the occurrence of specified events related to the business of the Company or the market for its common stock, other than pursuant to a customary “weighted average” anti-dilution provision or (ii) enters into any agreement whereby the Company or any of its subsidiaries may sell securities at a future determined price (other than standard and customary “preemptive” or “participation” rights).

The Company is required to obtain stockholder approval authorizing the issuance of the Company’s common stock under the Notes and Warrant in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) (without regard to any limitations on conversion or exercise set forth in the Notes or Warrant, respectively), including, shares of the Company’s common stock to be issued in connection with any Additional Closing. Unless the Company obtains the approval of its stockholders as required by Nasdaq, the Company will be prohibited from issuing any shares of common stock upon conversion of the Notes or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Notes or Warrant, if the issuance of such shares of common stock would exceed 19.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock as of the date of the SPA or otherwise exceed the aggregate number of shares of common stock which the Company may issue without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules and regulations of Nasdaq.

The interest rate applicable to each Note is, as of any date of determination, the lesser of (I) eight percent (8%) per annum and (II) the greater of (x) five percent (5%) per annum and (y) the sum of (A) the “secured overnight financing rate,” which from time to time is published in the “Money Rates” column of The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition, New York Metro), in effect as of such date of determination and (B) two percent (2%) per annum; provided, further, that each of the forgoing rates shall be subject to adjustment from time to time in accordance with the SPA. Each Note will mature on the first anniversary of its issuance (the “Maturity Date”). Additionally, each Note is required to be senior to all the Company’s other indebtedness, other than certain permitted indebtedness. The Notes will be secured by all the Company’s existing and future assets (including those of the Company’s significant subsidiaries). Upon the occurrence of certain events, the Notes will be payable in monthly installments. A noteholder may, at its election, defer the payment of all or any portion of the installment amount due on any installment date to another installment payment date.

All or any portion of the principal amount of each Note, plus accrued and unpaid interest, any late charges thereon and any other unpaid amounts (the “Conversion Amount”), is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the noteholder’s option, into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial fixed conversion price of $10.34 per share, subject to certain adjustments. At any time during certain events of default under the Note, a noteholder may alternatively (the “Alternate Conversion”) elect to convert all or any portion of the Conversion Amount into shares of the Company’s common stock at an Alternate Conversion Price set forth in the SPA. A noteholder will not have the right to convert any portion of a Note, to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion, the noteholder (together with certain of its affiliates and other related parties) would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

Upon a change of control of the Company (the “Change of Control”), noteholders may require the Company to redeem all, or any portion, of the Notes at a price equal to the greater of: (i) the product of (w) 115% multiplied by (y) the Conversion Amount being redeemed, (ii) the product of (x) 115% multiplied by (y) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient determined by dividing (I) the greatest closing sale price of the shares of the Company’s common stock during the period beginning on the date immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of the applicable Change of Control and (2) the public announcement of such Change of Control and ending on the date the holder delivers the Change of Control redemption notice by (II) the Alternate Conversion Price then in effect and (iii) the product of (y) 115% multiplied by (z) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount being redeemed multiplied by (B) the quotient of (I) the aggregate cash consideration and the aggregate cash value of any non-cash consideration per share of the Company’s common stock to be paid to the Company’s stockholders upon consummation of such Change of Control divided by (II) the Conversion Price then in effect.

The Notes provide for certain events of default, including, among other things, any breach of the covenants described below and any failure of Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria to be the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. In connection with an event of default, the noteholders may require the Company to redeem all or any portion of the Notes, at a price equal to the greater of (i) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount to be redeemed multiplied by (B) 115% and (ii) the product of (X) the Conversion Rate (using the Alternate Conversion Price then in effect) with respect to the Conversion Amount in effect at such time as the holder delivers an event of default redemption notice multiplied by (Y) the product of (1) 115% multiplied by (2) the greatest closing sale price of the Company’s common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such event of default and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required to be made.

The Company is subject to certain customary affirmative and negative covenants regarding the rank of the Notes, the incurrence of indebtedness, the existence of liens, the repayment of indebtedness and the making of investments, the payment of cash in respect of dividends, distributions or redemptions, the transfer of assets, the maturity of other indebtedness, and transactions with affiliates, among other customary matters. The Company also will be subject to financial covenants requiring that (i) the amount of the Company’s available cash equal or exceed (x) prior to the First Additional Closing Date, $1.0 million or (y) after the First Additional Closing Date, $2.5 million; (ii) the ratio of (a) the outstanding principal amount of the Notes, accrued and unpaid interest thereon and accrued and unpaid late charges to (b) the Company’s average market capitalization over the prior ten trading days, not exceed 35%; and (iii) at any time any Notes remain outstanding, with respect to any given calendar month (each, a “Current Calendar Month”) (x) the available cash on the last calendar day in such Current Calendar Month shall be greater than or equal to the available cash on the last calendar day of the month prior to such Current Calendar Month less $1.5 million.

On May 23, 2023 the Company received an Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction - Valuation Date Notice (“Notice”) from Vellar which designates May 23, 2023 as the Maturity Date under the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement stating that due to the Company’s failure to timely register the shares held by Vellar, Vellar has the right to terminate the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement as to their portion of the shares and are claiming that they are entitled to receive Maturity Consideration (as defined in the Backstop Forward Purchase Agreement) equal to $6,667,667. As of the date of this filing, management is actively reviewing this Notice and takes issue with multiple aspects of the Notice including, but not limited to, Vellar’s Maturity Consideration calculation. As such, the Company is consulting with advisors and regulators and intends to actively and aggressively defend itself should Vellar continue on its present course of action.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ocean Biomedical, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company’s working capital deficiency and anticipated losses from operations and its need to obtain additional capital raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

March 31, 2023 (June 1, 2023, as to the effects of the reverse recapitalization described in Note 1)

Following the Business Combination, the Company is a biopharmaceutical company that is focused on discovering and developing therapeutic products in oncology, fibrosis, and infectious diseases.

On February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the previously announced Business Combination, pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 31, 2022, as amended on December 5, 2022 by Amendment No. 1, by and among the registrant, AHAC Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC, in its capacity as purchaser representative (the “Sponsor”), Legacy Ocean, and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as seller representative (the “Business Combination Agreement”). Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Ocean, with Legacy Ocean continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the registrant. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), the Company changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, AHAC, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Ocean is treated as the accounting acquirer. The Business Combination is accounted for as the equivalent of a capital transaction in which the Company has issued stock for the net assets of AHAC. The net assets of AHAC are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are Legacy Ocean. Reported shares and earnings per share available to common stockholders, prior to the Business Combination, have been retroactively restated based on the exchange ratio established in the Merger Agreement. See Note 14 – Subsequent Events for terms and conditions of the Business Combination.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company had no cash inflows from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had cash of $34 thousand and a working capital deficiency of $10.6 million. The Company’s current operating plan indicates it will incur losses from operations and generate negative cash flows from operating activities, given anticipated expenditures related to research and development activities and its lack of revenue generating ability at this point in the Company’s lifecycle. These events and conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

The Company will need to raise additional funds in order to advance its research and development programs, operate its business, and meet its future obligations as they come due. Based on the Company’s current operational plans and assumptions, the Company expects to use the net proceeds from the Backstop Agreement and future debt and equity financings, including possibly under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, as well as further deferrals of certain of its accrued expenses and contingency payments due upon the closing of future financings to fund operations. Under the terms of the Backstop Agreement, the Company will receive proceeds from any sales by the backstop providers of shares of its common stock sold by them quarterly, after the end of each quarter. The Company expects to receive the first reports from the backstop providers in April, reporting the amount of shares they sold in the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and, if they sold any shares, corresponding payments of the proceeds of those repurchases. The Backstop Agreement prohibits the backstop providers from selling the Company’s shares of common stock that are subject to the restrictions set forth in the Backstop Agreement unless the Company’s common stock is trading above $10.34 per share, which means that no cash will be returned to the Company pursuant to any sales under the Backstop Agreement unless and until its common stock is trading above $10.34 and the backstop providers are otherwise able to sell their shares. The Company has based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could utilize its available capital resources sooner than expected, in which case, the Company would need to raise more capital and sooner than expected. The Company cannot guarantee that it will be able to raise additional capital on reasonable terms or at all, that its common stock will trade above $10.34, permitting the backstop providers to sell shares under the Backstop Agreement, or that the backstop providers will sell any shares of the Company’s common stock held by them.

There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate its research and development programs, which could adversely affect its business prospects and its ability to continue operations.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We have been actively monitoring the COVID-19 situation and its impact globally. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company was not significantly impacted by COVID-19. Further, disruption of global financial markets and a recession or market correction, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions imposed against Russia, and other global macroeconomic factors such as inflation, could reduce the Company’s ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect the Company’s liquidity and could materially affect the Company’s business and the value of its common stock.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and stated in U.S. dollars. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification and Accounting Standards Updates of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions. The subsidiaries were formed to organize the Company’s therapeutic programs in order to optimize multiple commercialization options and to maximize each program’s value.

The Company has no significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company’s future results of operations involve several other risks and uncertainties. Factors that could affect the Company’s future operating results and cause actual results to vary materially from expectations. Such factors include, but are not limited to, uncertainty of results of clinical trials and reaching milestones, uncertainty of regulatory approval of the Company’s product candidates, uncertainty of market acceptance of the Company’s product candidates, competition from other products, securing and protecting intellectual property, strategic relationships and dependence on key employees and research partners. The Company’s product candidates require Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and other non-U.S. regulatory agencies approval prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that any product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company was denied approval, if approval was delayed, if approval was unable to be maintained, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for research activities, including the development of product candidates. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, research and development expenses consist of expenses recognized for stock-based compensation and incurred for services agreements. Payments associated with licensing agreements to acquire exclusive licenses to develop, use, manufacture and commercialize products that have not reached technological feasibility and do not have alternate commercial use are expensed as incurred.

In October 2021, the Company expensed $3.4 million in deferred offering costs due to delays in timing of the Company’s proposed IPO. The amount was recorded as general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company deferred $19 thousand and $1.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively, which is recorded as current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additional deferred offering costs were incurred up to the Business Combination.

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse, and net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and research and development tax credit (“R&D Credit”) carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance to reduce its net deferred income tax assets to zero. In the event the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize some or all its deferred income tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company had no liability for income tax associated with uncertain tax positions. The Company would recognize any corresponding interest and penalties associated with its income tax positions in income tax expense. There was no income tax interest or penalties incurred for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.

Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributed to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and, if dilutive, the weighted-average number of potential shares of common stock.

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company has had no unrealized gains or losses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022.

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company, or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

The Company does not believe that any recently issued, but not effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2022, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $600,000. The Second Street Loan accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. The Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of the Company’s next financing, Second Street Capital, LLC has the right to put the warrants to the Company in exchange for a payment of $250,000. The Company was originally required to repay the Second Street Loan on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the Company’s next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. The Company recognized an expense of $250,000 for the put option.

In May 2022, the Company entered into a second Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan 2”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $200,000. The Second Street Loan 2 accrues interest at the rate of 15% per annum, with principal and interest due at maturity. The Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this loan. The Company was originally required to repay the Second Street Loan 2 on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the Company’s next financing or (ii) November 18, 2022. The Company recognized an expense of $388,938 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity date was extended from November 18, 2022 to December 30, 2022. The Company was required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or closing of the business combination or (ii) December 30, 2022. In consideration of the extension, the Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.20 per share exercisable until September 30, 2026. The Company recognized an expense of $435,075 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company recognized a total expense in the amount of $1,074,013 of which $250,000 was for the put option and $824,013 was for the warrants issued for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On December 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were further amended to extend the maturity date to February 15, 2023. No additional warrants were issued to Second Street Capital, LLC in connection with the extension. The Second Street Loan and the Second Street Loan 2 were amended again and the Company is currently required to repay the loans on the earlier of (i) 5 business days after Ocean Biomedical’s next financing or (ii) March 31, 2023. In addition, an additional warrant was issued to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and a loan fee of $75,000 was charged.

The Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any pending or threatened claims. From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities.

The Company entered into license agreements with its academic research institution partners. Under these license agreements, the Company is required to make annual fixed license maintenance fee payments. The Company is also required to make payments upon successful completion and achievement of certain milestones as well as royalty payments upon sales of products covered by such licenses. The payment obligations under the license and collaboration agreements are contingent upon future events such as achievement of specified development, clinical, regulatory, and commercial milestones. As the timing of these future milestone payments are not known, the Company has not included these fees in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022. Starting January 1, 2022, annual license maintenance fees in the amount of $3,000 are due for each of the four Elkurt/Brown licenses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, $12,000 was recorded as an expense in the Company’s financial statements. See Note 9, License Agreements.

Under the amended management employment agreements, as of December 31, 2022, the Company has salaries and bonuses, collectively called contingent compensation, that are contingently payable based only upon the Company’s first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million in the amount of $11.3 million.

The contingent payments of approximately $12.8 million are contingently payable based only upon the Company’s first cumulative capital raise of at least $50 million and consists of $11.3 million of contingent compensation and bonuses to certain members of senior management previously mentioned, $1.4 million of contingent vendor payments, and $0.1 million of related party expense.

The holders of common stock of the Company are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the board of directors. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company had 180.6 million authorized shares with a par value of $0.000001 per share. The Company’s founder and sole stockholder was issued 17,454,542 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Founders Shares”) upon the formation of the Company on January 2, 2019.

In December 2020, the sole stockholder of the Company contributed 100% of his Founders Shares to Poseidon Bio, LLC (“Poseidon”), which became the sole stockholder of the Company. In February 2021, Poseidon transferred 342,244 shares of the Company’s common stock back to the Company’s founder.

In February 2021, Poseidon amended and restated its operating agreement to allow additional members into Poseidon by issuing Class A units and Class B units in which the Company’s founder is the sole Class A unit holder who holds 100% of the voting power of Poseidon. In addition, certain executives and employees of the Company were granted Class B unit profit interests in Poseidon. These profit interests grants in the Company’s controlling shareholder were deemed to be transactions incurred by the shareholder and within the scope of FASB ASC 718, Stock Compensation. As a result, the related transactions by the shareholder were pushed down into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s founder held 100% of the voting power and 68% of the equity interests in Poseidon. See Stock-Based Compensation for Profit Interests in Poseidon section below.

In March 2021, the Company authorized the issuance of 42,176 shares of common stock in the Company to certain persons who were accredited investors (consisting of friends and family of the Company’s employees) at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has issued 41,828 shares of common stock at an aggregate offering price of $1.0 million of the total amounts approved. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 17,496,370 shares of common stock of the Company have been issued and Poseidon held 98% of the voting power of the Company.

On July 13, 2021, the Company implemented a 1-for-4 stock split of the Company’s common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

On January 19, 2022, the Company implemented an 8-for-11 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

On February 1, 2022, the Company implemented a 6-for-7 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

On February 2, 2022, the Company implemented a 28-for-29 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. All share and per share data shown in the accompanying financial statements and related notes have been retroactively revised to reflect the reverse stock split.

The Company recognizes compensation costs related to profit interests granted to employees, nonemployees and directors based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company estimates the grant date fair value and the resulting stock-based compensation expense using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of the profit interests in Poseidon are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods but accelerated to the extent that grants vest sooner than on a straight-line basis. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

On February 22, 2021, 3,080,000 Class B profit interests were granted. The estimated fair value of a Class B profit interest in Poseidon at February 22, 2021, the grant date of the profit interests, was $22.26 per interest and was determined using an option-pricing model under which interests are valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and conversion terms of each equity class, adjusted for a discount for the lack of marketability to account for a lack of access to an active public market. As of December 31, 2022, the profit interests were fully vested.

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the profits interests that were granted on February 22, 2021:

The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the profits interests that were granted on April 20, 2022:

As of December 31, 2022, there was $68.9 million of recognized compensation costs that has been fully amortized and there was no unrecognized compensation costs.

The stock-based compensation allocation was based upon the grantees vested interests and the amount of time spent in their respective operating department. The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation for the Profit Interests in Poseidon for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022:

In February 2021, the Company’s board of directors approved the Ocean Biomedical, Inc. 2021 Stock Option and Grant Plan (“2021 Stock Option and Grant Plan”) that reserves approximately 10% of unissued but authorized common stock shares. The 2021 Stock Option and Grant Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards, and restricted stock units to employees, directors, officers, and consultants. As of December 31, 2022, no such options, awards or units have been granted.

In February 2022, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $600,000. The Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 312,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. For a period of 180 days from the closing of the Company’s next financing, Second Street Capital, LLC has the right to put the warrants to the Company in exchange for a payment of $250,000. The Company recognized an expense in the amount of $250,000 for the put option and recorded the liability for the period ended December 31, 2022.

In May 2022, the Company entered into a second Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC (the “Second Street Loan 2”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $200,000. The Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 62,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $11.00 per share, exercisable until February 22, 2026. There is no put option associated with this warrant. The Company recognized an expense of $388,938 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.

On September 30, 2022, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity date was extended from November 18, 2022 to December 30, 2022. In consideration of the extension, the Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.20 per share exercisable until September 30, 2026. The Company recognized an expense of $435,075 for the warrants issued based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company recognized a total expense in the amount of $1,074,013 of which $250,000 was for the put option and $824,013 was for the warrants issued for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, there were approximately $0.5 million of non-vested profit interests grants outstanding of potentially dilutive (anti-dilutive) securities that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share. For the year ended December 31, 2022, there were approximately $0.8 million of outstanding warrants that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share.

There is no provision for income taxes because the Company has incurred operating losses and capitalized certain items for income tax purposes since its inception and maintains a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. The reported amount of income tax expense for the period differs from the amount that would result from applying the federal statutory tax rate to net loss before taxes primarily because of the change in valuation allowance.

Deferred tax assets reflect the tax effects of net operating losses, tax credit carryovers, and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. At December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company’s deferred tax assets are the tax effects of amortization of organization and start-up costs, U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards, and stock-based compensation.

The significant components of the net deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

The Company may be entitled to claim federal and state income tax credits for its 2020, 2021, and 2022 R&D activities, but these amounts have not yet been determined. Any R&D Credits generated by the Company in 2020, 2021, and 2022 would result in an additional deferred tax asset that would be subject to a full valuation allowance. Future changes in ownership may limit the utilization of R&D Credits due to Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar provisions.

Interest expense includes interest expense of $170,255 related to the Second Street Capital LLC debt, loss on the put option right of $250,000, an expense on the issuance of warrants of $824,013 net of interest income of approximately $1,000.

On June 25, 2020, the Company entered into a Nonexclusive License Agreement for COVID-19 Related Technology, or the Stanford Agreement, with Stanford University, or Stanford. Under the Stanford Agreement, Stanford granted to the Company a nonexclusive license to Stanford’s rights in a licensed patent related to therapeutic applications for COVID-19 to make, have made, use, import, offer to sell, and sell licensed product. Under the Stanford Agreement, the Company was responsible for reimbursement of patent costs. To date, the Company incurred reimbursed patent costs expense in the amount of $23,247 of which $18,527 has been paid. There were no license or royalty fees under the Stanford Agreement, unless the Company exceeds a gross margin of 40% on the sale of licensed product in one or more Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, countries. At such time as the gross margin on the sale of licensed product in any OECD country exceeds 40% in a single calendar quarter, the parties will meet and determine appropriate additional financial consideration for Stanford, as well as the terms associated with such consideration. The Company may not sublicense under the Stanford Agreement.

The contract term was one year from March 3, 2021, with a potential one-year extension with Stanford’s consent, not to be unreasonably withheld, if the Company is meeting its milestone commitments. Milestone commitments include the Company diligently developing, manufacturing, and selling licensed product, diligently developing markets for licensed product, and initiating a Phase 2/3 or Phase 3 clinical trial for angiotensin 1-7 by March 3, 2022. Either party may terminate the Stanford Agreement in certain situations, including Stanford being able to terminate the Stanford Agreement if the Company is not diligently developing and commercializing licensed product or misses a milestone commitment. In addition, in the event of a change of control to that part of the Company’s business that exercises all of the rights granted under the Stanford Agreement, or if the Stanford Agreement is assigned to a third party, the Company will pay Stanford $100,000. On March 3, 2021, the Stanford Agreement was amended and restated so that Company’s subsidiary, Ocean Promise, Inc., became party to the license agreement, or the Restated Stanford Agreement. The Restated Stanford Agreement expired in accordance with its terms on March 3, 2022.

On April 14, 2022, The Company and Stanford entered into an Option whereas, Stanford grants Ocean a time-limited Option to acquire a nonexclusive license under the Licensed Patent in the Licensed Field of Use to make, have made, use, import, offer to sell and sell Licensed Product in the Licensed Territory. This Option does not give Ocean any right to sell or offer to sell Licensed Product prior to entering into a definitive License Agreement. The Option also specifically excludes use of any Licensed Product in humans. The Option expired on October 14, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Agreement is terminated.

On July 31, 2020, the Company entered into four separate Exclusive License Agreements, or the Initial Brown License Agreements, with Elkurt, Inc., or Elkurt, a licensee of Brown University. On March 21, 2021, the Company and Elkurt amended each of the Initial Brown License Agreements. Elkurt is a company formed by our scientific co-founders and members of our Board of directors, Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown. Under the Initial Brown License Agreements, Elkurt grants us exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields. On August 31, 2021, the Initial Brown License Agreements were amended to extend the date after which Elkurt can terminate the license agreements if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by April 1, 2022. On March 25, 2022, the Initial Brown License Agreements were amended to extend those termination dates to May 1, 2022. On July 1, 2022, the Company amended the Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2022 and acknowledge the accounts payable due and terms of payment.

On July 2, 2022, the Company amended the Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates of the Commercialization Plan of the license agreements to an additional two years. On August 25, 2022, the Company amended the four Initial Brown License Agreements to extend the termination dates to November 1, 2023 and to extend the termination dates of the Commercialization Plan of the license agreements from an additional two years to three years. For each of the Initial Brown License Agreements and amendments, the Company is required to pay Elkurt a maintenance fee of $67,000 increased by interest at the rate of 1% per month from October 15, 2021 until paid. In addition, beginning on January 1, 2022 and each year thereafter until January 1, 2027, the Company is required to pay an annual License Maintenance Fee of $3,000. Beginning on January 1, 2028, and every year thereafter the annual License Maintenance Fee shall become $4,000 per year. Upon successful commercialization, the Company is required to pay Elkurt between 0.5% to 1.5% of net sales based on the terms under the Initial Brown License Agreements. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt, under each of the Initial Brown License Agreements, 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company recorded annual License Maintenance fees of $12,000.

The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. Ocean Biomedical is also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs. The Company recorded reimbursement of patent costs as general and administrative costs in the statements of operations as incurred. To date, the Company has incurred reimbursed patent costs expenses to Brown University in the amount of $340,190 of which $297,700 has been paid.

The contract term for each of the Initial Brown License Agreements and amendments continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate each of the Initial Brown License Agreements in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Initial Brown License Agreements at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then. For the oncology programs, three of the license agreements have been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean Chitorx, Inc., and for the Fibrosis program, one license agreement has been sublicensed to our subsidiary, Ocean Chitofibrorx, Inc.

On September 13, 2022, the Company entered into an additional Exclusive License Agreement, or the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, with Elkurt, Inc., or Elkurt, a licensee of Brown University. Under the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, Elkurt grants the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in the field of malaria research.

For the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement, the Company is required to pay Elkurt an initial license fee of $70,000, payable in two installments of $35,000 each on April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Beginning September 13, 2023, the Company is obligated to pay Elkurt an annual license maintenance fee equal to (a) $3,000 until September 13, 2027, and (b) thereafter, an annual license maintenance fee of $4,000. Upon successful commercialization, the Company is required to pay Elkurt 1.25% of net sales based on the terms under the Brown Anti- PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt 25% of all non-royalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. We also are required to pay Elkurt $100,000 in the event that we or one of sublicensees sublicenses this technology to a major pharmaceutical company or if the license agreement or any sublicense agreement for this technology is acquired by a major pharmaceutical company. A major pharmaceutical company is one that is publicly traded, with market capitalization of at least $5 billion and has been engaged in drug discovery, development, production and marketing for no less than 5 years. As of December 31, 2022, for this Small Molecules License Agreement, no license fees have been recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments pursuant to the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. Ocean Biomedical is also responsible for reimbursement of patent costs.

The contract term for the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement continues until the later of the date on which the last valid claim expires or ten years. Either party may terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement in certain situations, including Elkurt being able to terminate the Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement at any time and for any reason after November 1, 2023 if the Company has not raised at least $10 million in equity financing by then.

On January 25, 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement, or the Rhode Island License Agreement, with Elkurt, Inc., or Elkurt, a licensee of Rhode Island Hospital. On April 1, 2021, September 10, 2021, March 25, 2022, July 1, 2022 and August 26, 2022, the Company and Elkurt amended the Rhode Island License Agreement. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, as amended, Elkurt grants the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field. The termination date is November 1, 2023.

For the Rhode Island License Agreement, the Company is required to pay Elkurt $110,000, due within 45 days of an equity financing of at least $10 million or November 1, 2023, whichever comes first, and beginning on January 1, 2022, an additional $3,000 annual maintenance fee thereafter, until January 1, 2028, at which point the annual maintenance fee will become $4,000 per year. The Company is also required to pay Elkurt 1.5% of net sales under the Rhode Island License Agreement. In addition, the Company must pay Elkurt 25% of all nonroyalty sublicense income prior to the first commercial sale, and 10% of non-royalty sublicense income thereafter, in the event that the Company enters into sublicenses for the subject intellectual property. If net sales or non-royalty sublicense income are generated from know-how products, the amounts otherwise due (royalty or non-royalty sublicense income) shall be reduced by 50%. The Company will also pay Elkurt developmental and commercialization milestone payments under the Rhode Island Agreement, ranging from $50,000 for the filing of an IND, or the equivalent outside of the United States, to $250,000 for enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial in the United States or the equivalent outside of the United States. To date, the Company has incurred total reimbursed patent costs expenses to Rhode Island Hospital in the amount of $386,598 of which $131,986 has been paid.

On April 15, 2020, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “Teton License Agreement”) with Teton Therapeutics, Inc. (“Teton”). In February 25, 2021, the Company amended and restated this agreement in order to assign the program to a new subsidiary in the future. Pursuant to the Teton License Agreement, the Company obtained from Teton an exclusive license under certain patent rights, or the Teton Patents, and under certain data, expression and purification methods, information and other know-how, or the Teton Know-How, in each case relating to therapies for neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2 and schwannomatosis. Under such licenses that the Company obtained from Teton, or the Teton Licenses, the Company has the right to make, has made, market, offer for sale, use and sell in the field of therapeutics for each of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2 and schwannomatosis on a worldwide basis any products or services that are either covered by the Teton Patents or incorporates or otherwise utilizes any Teton Know-How, or any materials that are sold in conjunction with any such products or services, in each such case, a Teton Product. The Company intends to form a subsidiary that will house this program, or the Ocean Teton Subsidiary.

Under the Teton License Agreement, after the date the Company forms the Ocean Teton Subsidiary, or the Ocean Teton Assignment Date, the Ocean Teton Subsidiary will develop and commercialize Teton Products in accordance with the development and commercialization plan, which will be mutually agreed upon with Teton.

In consideration for the rights conveyed by Teton under the Teton License Agreement, after the Ocean Teton Assignment Date, the Ocean Teton Subsidiary is obligated to reimburse Teton for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Teton before the Teton Assignment Date, which expenses are $42,000. If the Company or the Ocean Teton Subsidiary, as applicable, grant any sublicenses under the Teton Licenses, the Company or the Ocean Teton Subsidiary, as applicable, are obligated to pay to Teton sublicense fees that are calculated on a tiered basis as a percentage of sublicense income including royalties and non-cash consideration, which percentage will differ based on whether the sublicense is executed prior to the fifth anniversary, between the fifth and eighth anniversary, or after the eighth anniversary of the effective date of the Teton License, with the percentage in each case in the low-double digits. The Ocean Teton Subsidiary is also required to issue to each of Teton and a certain group of its research personnel a number of shares of its stock representing ten percent (10%) of its outstanding capital stock on a fully diluted basis.

Under the Teton License Agreement, Teton retains control of the preparation, filing, prosecution and maintenance of the Teton Patents. The Ocean Teton Subsidiary is responsible for reimbursing Teton for all documented, out-of-pocket expenses incurred in performing such patent-related activities after the Teton Assignment Date but during the term of the Teton License Agreement.

Unless earlier terminated, the Teton License Agreement will terminate in its entirety upon the later of (a) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of the Teton Patents covering any Teton Product, or (b) 20 years. The Company or the Ocean Teton Subsidiary, as applicable, may terminate the Teton License Agreement in its entirety at any time for convenience. Either party may terminate the Teton License Agreement in its entirety for the other party’s uncured material breach after an opportunity for the other party to cure such material breach. Teton may terminate the Teton License Agreement in its entirety immediately upon notice if the Company or the Ocean Teton Subsidiary notifies Teton that it has not elected to pursue development of the licensed rights or upon 30 days’ notice if the Ocean Teton Subsidiary fails to commence certain studies within a certain number of years after the assignment date to the Ocean Teton Subsidiary. Teton may also terminate the Teton License Agreement for the Company’s or the Ocean Teton Entity’s insolvency. If the Teton License Agreement is terminated by either party for any reason, the Teton Licenses will terminate and all rights thereunder will revert to Teton.

On December 31, 2020, the Company executed a Development and Manufacturing Services Agreement with Lonza AG and affiliate Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”). The Company engaged Lonza pursuant to the development and manufacture of certain products and services along with the assistance in developing the product OCX-253. The agreement outlines the pricing for services and raw materials as incurred and payment terms. As of December 31, 2022, $543,691 has been incurred.

In July, 2020, the Company entered into four separate Exclusive License Agreements, or the Brown License Agreements, with Elkurt, Inc., a licensee of Brown University. The Company amended each of the Brown License Agreements on March 21, 2021. Elkurt, Inc., is a company formed by the Company’s scientific co-founders Jack A. Elias, M.D., former Dean of Medicine and current Special Advisor for Health Affairs to Brown University, and Jonathan Kurtis, M.D., PhD, Chair of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Brown. Under the Brown License Agreements, Elkurt, Inc. grants to the Company exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to patent rights and nonexclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in certain fields. License fees are expensed as incurred as research and development expenses. Patent reimbursement fees are expensed as incurred as general and administrative expenses. On August 24, 2022 the Agreements were amended, thereby extending the termination date of each to November 24, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has incurred a total amount of $340,190 for patent reimbursement expenses to Brown that Elkurt, Inc., of which $297,700 has been paid on behalf of the Company. As of December 31, 2022, the amount due to Elkurt for the Brown License that is currently due to Brown is $54,490 consisting of (i) patent reimbursement expenses of $42,490 recorded as general and administrative costs and (ii) license maintenance fees in the amount of $12,000 recorded as research and development costs. In addition, $42,727 is currently due for patent reimbursement expenses that Elkurt has previously paid on behalf of the Company. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related party on the consolidated balance sheets.

In January 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement, or the Rhode Island License Agreement, with Elkurt, Inc., a licensee of Rhode Island Hospital. The Company amended the Rhode Island License Agreement on August 24, 2022 that extended the termination date to November 1, 2023. Under the Rhode Island License Agreement, Elkurt, Inc. grants to the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to patent rights and a nonexclusive, royalty-bearing license to know-how, solely to make, have made, market, offer for sale, use, and sell licensed products for use in a certain field. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has incurred $386,598 for patent reimbursement expenses of which $131,986 has been paid. The amount due to Elkurt in the amount of $254,612 is included in accounts payable-related party on the consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s Founder and Executive Chairman had paid for certain general and administrative expenses totaling $93,769 on behalf of the Company. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related parties on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2022, the amount was $92,919. The reduction of $850 was actually paid by the Company for state taxes in 2022. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable-related party on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s Chief Accounting Officer previously provided consulting services to the Company with RJS Consulting, LLC, his wholly owned limited liability company through June 15, 2021, before becoming the Company’s Chief Accounting Officer. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company owed RJS Consulting, LLC $142,500. The amounts were recorded as accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheets and were expensed as accounting fees in general and administrative expenses in 2021.

12. Business Combination Agreement with Aesther Health Care Acquisition Corp. (“AHAC”)

On August 31, 2022, the Company and Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corporation (“AHAC”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among AHAC Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC (“Merger Sub”), Ocean Biomedical, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Ocean Biomedical”), Aesther Healthcare Sponsor, LLC, (“Sponsor”) in its capacity as Purchaser Representative, and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, in his capacity as Seller Representative, that was amended on December 5, 2022, pursuant to which at the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement (the “Closing”), Merger Sub will merge with and into Ocean Biomedical (the “Merger”), with Ocean Biomedical continuing as the surviving corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC. AHAC will change its name to Ocean Biomedical, Inc. at the Closing (collectively, the “Business Combination”). The Business Combination will be accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. See Note 14-Subsequent Events for terms and conditions of the Business Combination.

As consideration for the Merger, the holders of the Company’s securities collectively shall be entitled to receive from AHAC, in the aggregate, a number of shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock (with a per-share value of $10.00) with an aggregate value equal to (a) $240 Million U.S. Dollars ($240,000,000) minus (b) the amount, if any, by which the net working capital is less than negative $500,000, plus (c) the amount, if any, by which the net working capital exceeds $500,000 (but not less than zero), minus (d) the amount, if any, by which the closing net debt exceeds $1,500,000, minus (e) the amount, if any, by which The Company’s transaction expenses exceed $6,000,000. “New Ocean Biomedical” refers to AHAC post-closing of the Business Combination of AHAC and Ocean Biomedical. In addition, post-closing holders of the Company’s securities shall also be entitled to receive from New Ocean Biomedical, in the aggregate, an additional 19,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock (the “Earnout Shares”) as follows: (a) in the event that the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $15.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the closing date of the Business Combination until the 36-month anniversary of the closing date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 5,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock, (b) in the event that the VWAP of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $17.50 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the closing date of the Business Combination until the 36-month anniversary of the closing date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock and (c) in the event that the VWAP of New Ocean Biomedical exceeds $20.00 per share for twenty (20) out of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days beginning on the closing date of the Business Combination until the 36-month anniversary of the closing date, the holders of Ocean Biomedical securities pre-Closing shall be entitled to receive an additional 7,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock. In addition, for each issuance of Earnout Shares, New Ocean Biomedical will also issue to Sponsor an additional 1,000,000 shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock.

The Company’s lender, Second Street Capital, LLC, has warrants for 450,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Ocean Warrants”). As a condition to closing the Business Combination, AHAC shall issue Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant for a number of shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock equal to the economic value of the Ocean Warrants in exchange for the termination of the Ocean Warrants.

On August 31, 2022, in connection with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, AHAC and Ocean Biomedical entered into the Vellar Backstop Agreement. The Vellar Backstop Agreement is intended to provide AHAC with additional issued and outstanding shares and cash (in the short-term) following the closing of the Business Combination because it evidences Vellar’s intent to purchase shares from AHAC stockholders that elected to redeem their shares, and thus eliminates the need for AHAC to redeem and pay redeeming AHAC stockholders for their shares. This is intended to help AHAC obtain sufficient cash at the Closing of the Business Combination Agreement to meet the minimum cash condition therein, reduce redemption related risks and generally facilitate the consummation of the Business Combination.

Pursuant to the Vellar Backstop Agreement, Vellar has agreed to support the Transactions by purchasing up to 4,000,000 shares of AHAC Class A common stock in the open market (which, approximately, would be valued at $40,000,000) during the period in which AHAC stockholders can elect to redeem their shares, including from other AHAC stockholders who in the future elect to redeem their shares of AHAC Class A common stock during the redemption period (i.e., the period commencing upon the filing of the definitive proxy statement and ending two (2) business days prior to the Special Meeting) pursuant to AHAC’s redemption offer and subsequently revoke their elections to redeem their shares. None of the shares of AHAC Class A common stock purchased by Vellar may be voted in the Business Combination. AHAC has agreed to purchase those shares from Vellar on a forward basis at maturity (as further described below), but AHAC will not be required to purchase any shares of its Class A common stock from Vellar at a price higher than the redemption price offered to redeeming Public Stockholders before, during or after the redemption period. The purchase price payable by the Company will include a prepayment in the amount of the redemption price per share payable from the proceeds released from the Trust Account related to those shares. The prepayment date is the earlier of: (i) one business day after the Closing of the Business Combination or (ii) the date any assets from the Trust Account are disbursed following the Closing of the Business Combination. Vellar may but is not obligated to sell some or all of the shares subject to the forward transaction following the expiration of the redemption period (i.e., two (2) business days prior to the Special Meeting), after which those shares will no longer be subject to the forward transaction, and in such event Vellar will repay AHAC a portion of the prepayment amount relating to those shares from the sale proceeds equal to the number of shares sold by Vellar multiplied by the forward price (i.e., the lower of the redemption price, the then current forward price and the VWAP price for the last 10 trading days of the prior calendar month, but not lower than $5.00).

The Vellar Backstop Agreement matures on the earlier to occur of (a) 3 years after the closing of the Business Combination Agreement or (b) the date specified by Vellar in a written notice delivered at Vellar’s discretion if the VWAP of the shares during 20 out of 30 consecutive trading days is less than $3 per share. On the maturity date, Vellar may require that New Ocean Biomedical repurchase all of the shares then being held by Vellar at a price equal to the redemption price (as determined in accordance with the AHAC Charter). Vellar will also be entitled to an additional $2.50 per share purchased with such amount being payable in shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock. The maturity date is significant because following the maturity date AHAC is under no obligation to repurchase shares then being held by Vellar. Shares sold by Vellar to third parties prior to the maturity date shall cease to be subject to the forward transaction. Any such sale will trigger an obligation by Vellar to pay AHAC an amount equal to the product of (a) the number of shares sold by Vellar and (b) the forward price, which is defined in the Vellar Backstop Agreement as the lower of the redemption price (as determined in accordance with the AHAC Charter) and the VWAP price of the last ten trading days (but not lower than $5.00). If the Vellar Backstop Agreement is terminated after the Business Combination fails to close, except due to regulatory items or a material breach by Vellar, AHAC will be obligated to pay Vellar a break-up fee equal to $1 million and certain fees and expenses. AHAC will also be obligated to pay a structuring fee in the amount of $5,000 on the first trading day of each calendar quarter to Vellar after the Business Combination is complete until the maturity date. Vellar has agreed that it does not possess and/or has agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to the shares of AHAC Class A common stock that it may acquire in accordance with the Vellar Backstop Agreement.

The Company expects to receive the first reports from the backstop providers in April 2023, reporting the amount of shares they sold for the period ended March 31, 2023 and, if they sold any shares, corresponding payments of the proceeds to those repurchased.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through March 31, 2023, the date that these consolidated financial statements were issued. Except for the matters disclosed below, no additional subsequent events had occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements.

On January 10, 2023, the Second Street Loan 2 was amended whereas increasing the loan amount from $200,000 to $400,000. A loan fee of $15,000 and a minimum return assessment fee of $35,000 were charged and paid from the $200,000 loan advance for net proceeds of $150,000. The Company was originally required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or closing of the business combination or earlier of (i) 5 business days after Ocean Biomedical’s next financing or (ii) February 15, 2023.

On March 1, 2023, but effective February 15, 2023, the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 were amended whereas the maturity date was extended from February 15, 2023 to March 31, 2023. The Company is required to repay the principal and accrued interest of the Second Street Loan and Second Street Loan 2 the earlier of (i) 5 business days after its next financing or closing of the business combination or (ii) March 31, 2023. In consideration of the extension, the Company issued to Second Street Capital, LLC a warrant to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $10.34 per share exercisable until March 31, 2028. An extension fee of $75,000 was recorded in the Company’s financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023. Currently, the Company and Second Street Capital, LLC are working on another amendment to extend the date.

Dated as of March 28, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with McKra Investments III pursuant to which the Company borrowed $1,000,000. The Company issued a warrant to purchase 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $10.34 per share, exercisable until March 27, 2028. The Company will pay a $150,000 loan and convenience fee due upon repayment of the loan. Repayment of the loan is due the earlier (i) from the proceeds of the Convertible Debt instrument to be offered in April 2023 or (ii) 45 days from the date of the advance.

Dated as of March 29, 2023, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement with Second Street Capital, LLC pursuant to which the Company borrowed $1 million to pay certain accrued expenses. The loan bears interest at 15% per annum and is due within three business days of our next financing or receipt of proceeds from the Backstop Agreement or, if earlier, 45 days from the date of the advance. We issued warrants to the lender for 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $10.34 and will pay $150,000 in loan fees at maturity.

On February 10, 2023 AHAC and Legacy Ocean entered into an amended and restated Vellar Backstop Agreement with Vellar. Pursuant to the Backstop Agreement, Vellar agreed to support the Business Combination by purchasing up to 6,000,000 shares of the Class A common stock in the open market for up to $60,000,000, including from other stockholders that elected to redeem and subsequently revoked their prior elections to redeem their shares, following the expiration of the Company’s redemption offer. The Company has agreed to purchase those shares from Vellar on a forward basis. The purchase price payable by the Company included a prepayment in the amount of the redemption price per share. The Vellar Backstop Agreement matures on the earlier to occur of (a) three years after the closing of the Merger Agreement (February 14, 2026) or (b) the date specified by Vellar in a written notice delivered at Vellar’s discretion if the VWAP of the shares during 30 out of 45 consecutive trading days is less than $4 per share. In addition, Vellar received $12,408,000 from the trust account holding the net proceeds from the sale of the units in the Aesther IPO (the “Trust Account’) and used it to purchase shares of the Class A common stock (the “Share Consideration Shares”) that otherwise would have been redeemed using funds from the Trust Account. These shares are not subject to the Vellar Backstop Agreement repurchase obligations. New Ocean Biomedical has the option to repurchase the Share Consideration Shares from Vellar at an aggregate price of $3,000,000 at any time during the first nine months after the earlier of (a) one business day after the closing of the Business Combination and (b) the date any assets from the Trust Account are disbursed in connection with the Business Combination.

If an event occurs causing the VWAP per shares to be at or above $20.00 per share for any 30 trading days during a 45 consecutive trading day-period and the aggregate trading volume in respect of such shares during the same 30-day period is at least the product of (a) three and (b) the difference of (x) the Number of Shares and (y) the Terminated Shares (each as defined in the Vellar Backstop Agreement), then New Ocean Biomedical can notify Vellar of such event and cause the Vellar Backstop Agreement to mature.

The Vellar Backstop Agreement calls for the adjustment of the Reset Price (as defined in the Vellar Backstop Agreement) on the first scheduled trading day of each month commencing on the first calendar month following the closing of the Business Combination to be the lowest of (a) the then-current Reset Price, (b) the initial price per shares paid by Vellar for the shares and (c) the VWAP price per share of the last ten trading days of the prior calendar month, but not lower than $10.34. The Reset Price may be reduced further in connection with a dilutive offering undertaken by the New Ocean Biomedical. The Reset Price is relevant to the provision entitling New Ocean Biomedical to terminate the Vellar Backstop Agreement early (in whole or in part) and require Vellar to pay New Ocean Biomedical an amount equal to the product of (x) the number of shares the New Ocean Biomedical elects to terminate from the forward transaction and (y) the Reset Price as of the termination date.

At maturity, any remaining shares subject to the Backstop Agreement will be finally purchased by New Ocean Biomedical at maturity for an additional $2.50 per share. During the term of the Vellar Backstop Agreement, Vellar may elect to sell some or all of the shares subject to the Backstop Agreement after which those shares will no longer be subject to the Vellar Backstop Agreement, and in such event Vellar will repay the Company with a portion of the sale proceeds.

On February 12, 2023, AHAC, Legacy Ocean, and Vellar again amended and restated the original Vellar Backstop Agreement (the “Definitive A&R Backstop Agreement”). The Company clarifies that the change between the Definitive A&R Backstop Agreement and the original Vellar Backstop Agreement is that the maximum number of shares Vellar may purchase was increased from 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 in the Definitive A&R Backstop Agreement. Pursuant to the Backstop Agreement, Vellar agreed to purchase up to 8,000,000 shares of AHAC’s common stock in the open market for up to $80,000,000, including from other stockholders that elected to redeem and subsequently revoked their prior elections to redeem their shares, following the expiration of AHAC’s s redemption offer.

On February 13, 2023, AHAC, Vellar and Legacy Ocean entered into an assignment and novation agreement with Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP, Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP and Meteora Capital Partners, LP (collectively “Meteora”) (the “Meteora Agreement”), pursuant to which Vellar assigned its obligation as to 2,666,667 shares of common stock of the Company to be purchased under the Vellar Backstop Agreement to Meteora. In addition, on February 13, 2023, AHAC, Vellar and Legacy Ocean entered into an assignment and novation agreement with Polar Multi-Strategy Master Fund (“Polar”) (the “Polar Agreement”) pursuant to which Vellar assigned its obligations as to 2,000,000 shares of common stock of the Company to be purchased under the Vellar Backstop Agreement to Polar.

On February 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), AHAC consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement as amended. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, as amended on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into Ocean Biomedical, Inc., with Ocean Biomedical, Inc., continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly-owned subsidiary of AHAC (the “Merger,” and, together with the other transactions and ancillary agreements contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), AHAC changed its name from “Aesther Healthcare Acquisition Corp.” to “Ocean Biomedical, Inc, and Ocean Biomedical, Inc., changed its name to “Ocean Biomedical Holdings, Inc.

● AHAC issued to the holders of Ocean Biomedical’s securities as of immediately prior to the Closing approximately 23,355,432 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (with a per-share value of $10.00) with an aggregate value equal to $233,554,320, as adjusted as required by the Business Combination Agreement to take into account net working capital, closing net debt and Ocean Biomedical, Inc., transaction expenses, in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Ocean Biomedical, Inc.;

● the Sponsor’s 2,625,000 shares of AHAC’s Class B common stock converted on a one-for-one basis into 2,625,000 shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Amended Certificate”);

● all shares of AHAC’s Class A common stock were reclassified as common stock pursuant to the Company’s Amended Certificate; and

● New Ocean Biomedical issued to Second Street Capital, LLC (“Second Street”), Ocean Biomedical’s lender, three (3) warrants (the “Converted Ocean Warrants”) for the number of shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock equal to the economic value of the Legacy Ocean warrants previously issued to Second Street in exchange for the termination of the Ocean Biomedical, Inc., warrants. The Converted Ocean Warrants are exercisable for a total of 511,712 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $8.06 per share and 102,342 shares of New Ocean Biomedical’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.47 per share.

Following the Business Combination Agreement, New Ocean Biomedical is subject to the terms and conditions of a Common Stock Purchase Agreement AHAC entered into with White Lion. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, AHAC has the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time, up to $75,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

New Ocean Biomedical is obligated under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and the White Lion Registration Rights Agreement to file a registration statement with the SEC to register for the resale by White Lion, shares of common stock that New Ocean Biomedical may issue to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions, New Ocean Biomedical’s right to sell shares to White Lion will commence on the effective date of the registration statement and extend for a period of two years. During such term, subject to the terms and conditions of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, New Ocean Biomedical may notify White Lion when New Ocean Biomedical exercises its right to sell shares (the effective date of such notice, a “Notice Date”). The number of shares sold pursuant to any such notice may not exceed (i) $2,000,000, divided by the closing price of the New Ocean Biomedical common stock on Nasdaq preceding the Notice Date and (ii) a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the average daily trading volume multiplied by 67%.

New Ocean Biomedical may not sell, and White Lion may not purchase, shares of New Ocean Biomedical common stock that would result in White Lion Owning more than 9.99% of the outstanding common stock of New Ocean Biomedical.

UP TO 26,196,162 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON CONVERSION OF SENIOR SECURED CONVERTIBLE PROMISSORY NOTES

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	4
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	5
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	8
THE OFFERING	13
RISK FACTORS	14
USE OF PROCEEDS	88
DIVIDEND POLICY	88
DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE	88
MARKET INFORMATION	88
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS	89
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA COMBINED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	157
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	166
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	192
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	197
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS	198
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES	204
SELLING SECURITYHOLDER	207
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES	208
SECURITIES ACT RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF OUR SECURITIES	214
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	215
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	220
EXPERTS	220
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	221
INDEX TO FINANCIAL INFORMATION	F-1

Common Stock Offered by the Selling Securityholder		Up to an aggregate of 28,168,096 shares of Common Stock.

Common Stock Outstanding Before the Offering		34,012,724 shares of Common Stock as of June 15, 2023.

Use of Proceeds		We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Shares by the Selling Securityholder, except with respect to amounts received by us upon the Selling Securityholder’s exercise of the Ayrton Warrant to the extent the Ayrton Warrant is exercised for cash. We may receive up to an aggregate of approximately $6,349,621.50 from the exercise of the Ayrton Warrant (assuming no anti-dilution adjustments or other adjustments as set forth in the Ayrton Warrant).

Risk Factors		You should carefully read the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 14 and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our Common Stock or Public Warrants.

Nasdaq Symbol for Our Common Stock		OCEA

Nasdaq Symbol for Our Public Warrants		OCEAW

	●	Legacy Ocean’s existing stockholders have the largest portion of voting interest in the Company;

	●	Legacy Ocean’s senior management comprises the senior management of the Company;

	●	the members of the Board of Directors of the Company nominated by Legacy Ocean represent the majority of the Board of Directors of the Company;

	●	Legacy Ocean’s operations comprise the ongoing operations of the Company; and

	●	“Ocean Biomedical, Inc.” is the name being used by the Company.

●	benefits from the Business Combination;

●	our future financial performance;

●	estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

●	the success, cost and timing of product development activities and clinical trials of product candidates, including the progress of, and results from, planned clinical trials;

●	the success, cost and timing of completing IND-enabling studies of preclinical product candidates, and the timing of planned Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, submissions for such candidates;

●	plans to initiate, recruit and enroll patients in, and conduct planned clinical trials at the projected pace;

●	the intended benefits of our business model;

●	our ability to acquire licenses or otherwise obtain new product candidates to add to our portfolio for clinical development;

●	plans and strategy to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals of product candidates;

●	plans and strategy to obtain funding for operations, including funding necessary to complete further development and, upon successful development, if approved, commercialize any product candidates;

●	the potential benefit of any future orphan drug designations for product candidates;

●	our ability to compete with companies currently marketing or engaged in the development of treatments for fibrosis;

●	plans and strategy regarding obtaining and maintaining intellectual property protection for product candidates and the duration of such protection;

●	plans and strategy regarding the manufacture of product candidates for clinical trials and for commercial use, if approved;

●	plans and strategy regarding the commercialization of any products that are approved for marketing;

●	the size and growth potential of the markets for product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets, either alone or in combination with others;

●	expectations regarding government and third-party payor coverage and reimbursement;

●	success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, officers, key employees or directors;

●	officers and directors allocating their time to other businesses and potentially having conflicts of interest with our business, as a result of which they would then receive expense reimbursements;

●	public securities’ potential liquidity and trading;

●	impact from the outcome of any known and unknown litigation;

●	future financial performance, including financial projections and business metrics and any underlying assumptions thereunder;

●	future business or product expansion, including estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects and plans;

●	trends in the healthcare industry;

●	ability to scale in a cost-effective manner;

●	ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection;

●	future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash; and

●	impact of competition and developments and projections relating to competitors and industry.

●	the risk of not being able to continue to meet Nasdaq listing standards;

●	the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us or others;

●	the risk of changes in applicable laws or regulations;

●	the risk of the need and ability to raise additional capital and the terms on which such capital is received;

●	the risk of our inability to succeed in clinical development or obtain FDA approval of lead pipeline indications;

●	increased regulatory costs and compliance requirements in connection with drug development;

●	the risk of our potential inability to comply with FDA post-approval requirements;

●	the risk of failure to comply with manufacturing regulations or unexpected increases in manufacturing costs;

●	the risk of the inability of our products to achieve broad market acceptance of existing or planned products and services and achieving sufficient production volumes at acceptable quality levels and prices;

●	the risk of increased competition from other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies, and other research organizations;

●	new FDA approved drugs that compete with us in targeted indications;

●	the risk of failure of third party service providers to comply with contractual duties;

●	the risk of failure to comply with international, federal and state healthcare;

●	the impact of COVID-19 on operations including its preclinical studies and clinical trials;

●	risks related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and response, including supply chain disruptions;

●	the possibility that we may be adversely impacted by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors;

●	changes in the markets in which we compete, including with respect to our competitive landscape, technology evolution, or regulatory changes;

●	the risk that we may fail to keep pace with rapid technological developments to provide new and innovative products and services or make substantial investments in unsuccessful new products and services;

●	the risk that the addressable market we intend to target does not grow as expected;

●	the risk of our inability to expand and diversify our manufacturing customer base;

●	changes in domestic and global general economic conditions;

●	the risk of loss of any key executives;

●	the risk of loss of any relationships with key partners;

●	the risk of loss of any relationships with key suppliers;

●	the risk of our inability to protect patents and other intellectual property;

●	the risk of lower than expected adoption rates;

●	the risk of the inability to develop, license or acquire new therapeutics;

●	the risk of the inability to initiate and increase engagement with distributors;

●	the risk of fluctuations in results of our major manufacturing customers;

●	the risk of our inability to execute our business plans and strategies, including growth strategies;

●	the risk that we experience difficulties in managing growth and expanding operations;

●	the risk that we may not be able to develop and maintain effective internal controls;

●	the risk of our inability to maintain sufficient inventory and capacity to meet customer demand;

●	the risk of our inability to deliver expected cost and manufacturing efficiencies;

●	the risk that we will need to raise additional capital to execute our business plan, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;

●	the risk of product liability or regulatory lawsuits or proceedings relating to our business;

●	the risk of cyber security or foreign exchange losses;

●	general economic conditions and geopolitical uncertainty;

●	future exchange and interest rates; and

●	other risks and uncertainties indicated in this registration statement, including those in the section entitled “Risk Factors”, and other documents filed or to be filed with the SEC by the Company.

	●	We have incurred significant net losses since inception and we are expected to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

	●	We may not be successful in our efforts to use our differentiated business model to build a pipeline of product candidates with commercial value.

	●	We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations. If we are unable to raise such capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce and/or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs, future commercialization efforts and/or other operations.

	●	We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history, and many of our development programs are in early stages of development. This may make it difficult to evaluate our prospects and likelihood of success.

	●	Our underlying technology is unproven and may not result in marketable products.

	●	Because we rely on third-party manufacturing and supply vendors, our supply of research and development, preclinical and clinical development materials may become limited or interrupted or may not be of satisfactory quantity or quality.

	●	Even if a product candidate we develop receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

	●	The market opportunities for our product candidates may be relatively small since the patients who may potentially be treated with our product candidates are those who are ineligible for or have failed prior treatments, and our estimates of the prevalence of our target patient populations may be inaccurate.

	●	We rely on third parties to conduct all or certain aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of or commercialize any potential product candidates.

	●	The intellectual property that we have in-licensed has been discovered through government funded programs and thus may be subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S.-based companies. Compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights, and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

	●	being permitted to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this prospectus;

	●	not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting;

	●	not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

	●	reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements; and

	●	exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

	●	advance the development of our current product candidates (OCX-253, OCX-410, OCX-909, OCF-203, ODA-570, ODA-611, and ODA-579) through preclinical and clinical development, and, if successful, later-stage clinical trials;

	●	identify, in-license, invest in, or discover and develop new product candidates;

	●	advance our preclinical development programs into clinical development;

	●	experience delays or interruptions with our preclinical studies or clinical trials, our receipt of services from our third-party service providers on whom we rely, our supply chain or other regulatory challenges, including those due to the COVID-19 pandemic or to other unforeseen global events;

	●	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

	●	commercialize any one or more of our product candidates and any future product candidates, if approved;

	●	increase the amount of research and development activities to identify and develop product candidates;

	●	hire additional clinical development, quality control, scientific and management personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development and manufacturing efforts and our operations as a public company;

	●	expand our operational, financial and management systems and establish office, research and manufacturing space;

	●	establish a business development, partnering, sales, marketing, medical affairs and/or distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly with third parties; and

	●	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.

	●	the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of discovery, laboratory testing, manufacturing, preclinical studies and clinical trials for our current and future product candidates, including whether and when to advance our diverse portfolio of product candidates;

	●	the development requirements of other product candidates that we may pursue;

	●	the clinical development plans we establish for our product candidates;

	●	the timelines of our clinical trials and the overall costs to finish the clinical trials;

	●	the impact on timelines and costs due to the COVID-19 pandemic or other unforeseen events;

	●	the number and characteristics of product candidates that we develop;

	●	the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;

	●	the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

	●	the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us or our product candidates;

	●	the extent to which we enter into additional collaboration agreements with regard to product discovery or acquire or in-license products or technologies;

	●	the effect of competing technological and market developments;

	●	the cost and timing of completion of commercial-scale outsourced manufacturing activities;

	●	the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own;

	●	the timing and amounts of any milestone or royalty payments we may be required to make or may be entitled to receive under license agreements;

	●	the costs of building out our infrastructure including hiring additional clinical, quality control and manufacturing personnel;

	●	the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

	●	the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

	●	the costs of operating as a public company; and

	●	the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies.

	●	limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;

	●	requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which will reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;

	●	limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business; and

	●	diluting the interests of our existing stockholders as a result of issuing shares of our Common Stock upon conversion of the Notes.

	●	our ability to complete preclinical studies and successfully submit Investigational New Drug (“IND”), applications or comparable applications for our product candidates;

	●	the timing and success or failure of preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;

	●	whether we are required by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies beyond those planned to support the approval and commercialization of our product candidates or any future product candidates;

	●	our ability to successfully recruit and retain subjects for clinical trials, and any delays caused by difficulties in such efforts, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

	●	our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, and the timing and scope of any such approvals we may receive;

	●	the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our product candidates, which may change from time to time;

	●	the cost of manufacturing our product candidates, which may vary depending on the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with manufacturers;

	●	our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel;

	●	expenditures that we will or may incur to develop additional product candidates;

	●	the level of demand for our product candidates should they receive approval, which may vary significantly;

	●	the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our product candidates, if approved, and existing and potential future therapeutics that compete with our product candidates;

	●	general market conditions or extraordinary external events, such as recessions, natural disasters, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and/or the COVID-19 pandemic;

	●	the changing and volatile U.S. and global socio-economic and political environments; and

	●	future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies or changes in tax laws.

	●	timely completion of our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

	●	negative or inconclusive results from our preclinical studies or clinical trials or the clinical trials of others for product candidates similar to ours, leading to a decision or requirement to conduct additional preclinical testing or clinical trials or abandon a program;

	●	the prevalence, duration and severity of potential product-related side effects experienced by subjects receiving our product candidates in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs or therapeutics similar to our product candidates;

	●	delays in submitting INDs or comparable foreign applications or delays or failure in obtaining the necessary approvals from regulators to commence a clinical trial, or a suspension or termination of a clinical trial once commenced;

	●	conditions imposed by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

	●	delays in enrolling subjects in clinical trials;

	●	high drop-out rates of subjects from clinical trials;

	●	inadequate supply or quality of product candidates or other materials necessary for the conduct of our clinical trials;

	●	greater than anticipated clinical trial costs;

	●	inability to compete with other therapies;

	●	poor efficacy of our product candidates during clinical trials;

	●	unfavorable FDA or other regulatory agency inspection and review of a clinical trial site;

	●	failure of our third-party contractors or investigators to comply with regulatory requirements or otherwise meet their contractual obligations in a timely manner, or at all;

	●	delays related to the impact of recessions, man-made and/or natural disasters, pandemics, and/or any other such events;

	●	delays and changes in regulatory requirements, policy and guidelines, including the imposition of additional regulatory oversight around clinical testing generally or with respect to our technology in particular; or

	●	varying interpretations of data by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory agencies.

	●	preclinical studies or clinical trials may show the product candidates to be less effective than expected (e.g., a clinical trial could fail to meet its primary and/or secondary endpoint(s)) or to have unacceptable side effects or toxicities, or unexpected adverse drug-drug interactions;

	●	failure to establish clinical endpoints that applicable regulatory authorities would consider clinically meaningful;

	●	failure to execute the clinical trials caused by slow enrollment or subjects dropping out;

	●	failure to receive the necessary regulatory approvals;

	●	manufacturing costs, formulation issues, pricing or reimbursement issues, or other factors that make a product candidate uneconomical; and

	●	the proprietary rights of others and their competing products and technologies that may prevent one of our product candidates from being commercialized.

	●	the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design, including with respect to dosing levels administered in our planned clinical trials, which may delay or prevent us from initiating our clinical trials with our originally intended trial design;

	●	we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

	●	the number of subjects required for clinical trials of any product candidates may be larger than we anticipate or subjects may drop out of these clinical trials or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate;

	●	our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;

	●	we may need to address any subject safety concerns that arise during the course of a clinical trial;

	●	we may experience delays and interruptions to our manufacturing supply chain, or we could suffer delays in reaching, or we may fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with third-party service providers on whom we rely;

	●	the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

	●	logistical issues relating to any future clinical trials we may operate in developing countries;

	●	we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs, Data Safety Monitoring Boards, or DSMBs, or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

	●	we may not have the financial resources available to begin and complete the planned trials, or the cost of clinical trials of any product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

	●	the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate to initiate or complete a given clinical trial; and

	●	the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data such as long-term toxicology studies, or impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial.

	●	the patient eligibility and exclusion criteria defined in the protocol;

	●	the size of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints and the process for identifying patients;

	●	the willingness or availability of patients to participate in our trials;

	●	the proximity of patients to trial sites;

	●	the design of the trial;

	●	our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

	●	clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages and risks of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new products that may be approved for the indications we are investigating;

	●	reporting of the preliminary results of any of our clinical trials;

	●	the availability of competing commercially available therapies and other competing product candidates’ clinical trials;

	●	our ability to obtain and maintain patient informed consents;

	●	the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the trials before completion; and

	●	factors we may not be able to control, such as current or potential pandemics that may limit patients, principal investigators or staff or clinical site availability (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic).

	●	inability to bring a product candidate to the market;

	●	decreased demand for our products;

	●	injury to our reputation;

	●	withdrawal of clinical trial participants and inability to continue clinical trials;

	●	initiation of investigations by regulators;

	●	fines, injunctions or criminal penalties;

	●	costs to defend the related litigation;

	●	diversion of management’s time and our resources;

	●	substantial monetary awards to trial participants;

	●	product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

	●	loss of revenue;

	●	exhaustion of any available insurance and our capital resources;

	●	the inability to commercialize any product candidate, if approved; and

	●	decline in our share price.

	●	an inability to initiate or continue clinical trials of product candidates under development;

	●	delay in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for product candidates;

	●	loss of the cooperation of an existing or future collaborator;

	●	subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities or our manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

	●	requirements to cease distribution or to recall batches of our product candidates; and

	●	in the event of approval to market and commercialize a product candidate, an inability to meet commercial demands for our products.

	●	the efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;

	●	the ability to offer our products, if approved, for sale at competitive prices;

	●	the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

	●	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

	●	the price we pay or any of our future collaborators charge for our products;

	●	the recommendations with respect to our product candidates in guidelines published by various scientific organizations applicable to us and our product candidates;

	●	the strength of marketing and distribution support;

	●	the ability to obtain sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement;

	●	the prevalence and severity of any side effects; and

	●	the size and effectiveness of our sales, marketing and distribution support.

	●	The PfGARP/PfSEA License Agreement (RIH #154): the filing of an IND within two years after commencing IND-enabling studies; the completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial within one and a half years following the filing of an IND; and the completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial within three years following completion of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial.

	●	The Brown Anti-PfGARP Small Molecules License Agreement (BROWN ID 3085J): the filing of an IND in 2027; the commencement of Phase 1/2 clinical trials in 2027; and the commencement of a Phase 3 clinical trial in 2029.

	●	if a collaborator of ours is involved in a business combination, the collaborator might deemphasize or terminate the development or commercialization of any product candidate licensed to it by us; and

	●	collaborations may be terminated by the collaborator, and, if terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.

	●	the commencement, enrollment or results of any clinical trials of any of our programs;

	●	any delay in identifying and advancing a clinical candidate for our other development programs;

	●	any delay in our regulatory filings of our product candidates and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the applicable regulatory authority’s review of such filings, including without limitation the FDA’s issuance of a “refusal to file” letter or a request for additional information;

	●	adverse results or delays in our clinical trials;

	●	our decision to initiate a clinical trial, not to initiate a clinical trial or to terminate an existing clinical trial;

	●	adverse regulatory decisions, including failure to receive regulatory approval of any product candidate;

	●	changes in laws or regulations applicable to any product candidate, including but not limited to clinical trial requirements for approvals;

	●	adverse developments concerning our manufacturers;

	●	our inability to obtain adequate product supply for any approved product or inability to do so at acceptable prices;

	●	our inability to establish collaborations, if needed;

	●	our failure to commercialize our product candidates, if approved;

	●	additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;

	●	unanticipated serious safety concerns related to the use any of our product candidates;

	●	introduction of new products or services offered by us or our competitors;

	●	announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

	●	our ability to effectively manage our growth;

	●	actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;

	●	our cash position;

	●	our failure to meet the estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may otherwise provide to the public;

	●	publication of research reports about us or our industry, or product candidates in particular, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;

	●	changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

	●	changes in the structure of the healthcare payment systems;

	●	overall performance of the equity markets;

	●	sales of our common stock and Public Warrants by us or our stockholders in the future;

	●	trading volume of our common stock and Public Warrants;

	●	changes in accounting practices;

	●	ineffectiveness of our internal controls;