This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholders”) of (a) up to an aggregate of 121,801,249 shares of Class A Common Stock, including (i) 19,612,903 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to an affiliate pursuant to the Merger Agreement (as defined below), (ii) 1,470,968 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable to an affiliate as Earn-Out Class A Shares (as defined below) pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (iii) up to 52,475,827 shares of Class A Common Stock issued or issuable upon exchange of Class B Units (as defined below) held by certain of our directors, officers and affiliates that were issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (iv) up to 3,935,687 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable to certain of our directors, officers and affiliates upon exchange of an equivalent number of Class B Units that are issuable as Earn-Out Units (as defined below) pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (v) 12,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the PIPE Investors (as defined below), (vi) 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the New Equity Holders (as defined below), (vii) up to an aggregate of 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of 12,623,125 Private Warrants (as defined below), (viii) up to an aggregate of 6,746,250 shares of Class A Common Stock converted from Founder Class B Shares (as defined below) in connection with the Domestication (as defined below), (ix) up to 233,230 shares of Class A Common Stock upon the settlement of 233,230 deferred stock units (“DSUs”) issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement as consideration to certain Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders who were no longer employed by Rubicon or its subsidiaries at the time of the DSU award, (x) up to 9,957,655 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the settlement of 9,957,655 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) awarded to certain directors and officers of Rubicon pursuant to the Incentive Plan, and (xi) up to 2,485,604 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Cohen Deferred Fee Shares”) issued to J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC (“Cohen”) on December 19, 2022 in satisfaction of outstanding amounts owed to Cohen for financial advisory services provided in connection with the Business Combination (the “Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement”), and (b) up to an aggregate of 12,623,125 Private Warrants.

The shares of Class A Common Stock being offered for resale in this prospectus represent, as of the date of this prospectus, approximately 61.2% of our total outstanding shares of Common Stock assuming the cash exercise of all Private Warrants (referenced in subclause (b) above), issuance and exchange of all Earn-Out Interests for Class A Common Stock (referenced in subclauses (a)(ii) and (a)(iv) above), and vesting of all outstanding DSUs and RSUs (referenced in subclauses (a)(ix) and (a)(x) above, respectively), in each case, as registered for resale in this prospectus). The sale of some or all of the securities being offered in this prospectus, following any applicable vesting, satisfaction of earn-out conditions, exchange or lock-up periods, could have adverse effects on the market for our Class A Common Stock, including increasing volatility, limiting the availability of an active market and/or resulting in a significant decline in the public trading price. Despite any potential adverse effects, the Selling Securityholders may still experience a positive rate of return on the securities they purchased due to the differences in the purchase prices at which they purchased the securities described above. See the sections entitled “Summary—Information Related to Offered Securities” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities.”

This prospectus also relates to the issuance by us of up to an aggregate of 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of the Private Warrants. This prospectus also covers any additional securities that may become issuable by reason of share splits, share dividends or other similar transactions.

The shares of Class A Common Stock registered for resale in this prospectus were acquired at effective purchase prices ranging from $0.00 to $15.52 per share, some of which are considerably below $1.85, the closing price of a share of Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023, and Private Warrants registered for resale in this prospectus were acquired at a purchase price of $1.00 per Private Warrant, in each case as set forth in further detail in the section titled “Summary—Information Related to Offered Securities.” The public offering price in Founder SPAC’s initial public offering was $10.00 per unit, with each unit consisting of one Founder Class A Share and one-third of one Public Warrant.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus.

We may receive up to an aggregate of approximately $345.2 million from the cash exercise of the Warrants. The exercise price of our Warrants is $11.50 per warrant. However, the last reported sales price of our Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023 was $1.85. The likelihood that Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants, and therefore any amount of cash proceeds that we may receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. If the trading price for our Class A Common Stock continues to be less than $11.50 per share, we do not expect Warrant holders to exercise their Warrants. Similarly, the Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and we will not receive any proceeds from such exercise, even if the Private Warrants are in-the-money. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of such securities, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include acquisitions or other strategic investments. We will have broad discretion over the use of any proceeds from the exercise of such securities. Any proceeds from the exercise of such securities would increase our liquidity, but we are not currently budgeting for any cash proceeds from the exercise of Warrants when planning for our operational funding needs. See the section entitled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Securities.” We also may receive proceeds from the issuance and sale of shares of Class A Common Stock that we may elect to make to the Yorkville Investor pursuant to the SEPA (as defined below), from time to time in our discretion, once such shares are registered for resale on an effective registration statement. See “Certain Financing Transactions—SEPA” for a description of how the price we may sell shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor is calculated pursuant to the SEPA.

Each Selling Securityholder will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the Selling Securityholder for brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred by the Selling Securityholder in disposing of its securities; provided, however, that pursuant to the Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement and A&R Registration Rights Agreement (as defined below), we will bear the costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees, New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accounting firm, and certain fees incurred in connection with a Selling Securityholder’s exercise of certain block trade, piggyback and underwritten offering rights.

We are registering the securities for resale pursuant to the Selling Securityholders’ registration rights under certain agreements between us and the Selling Securityholders. Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that either we or the Selling Securityholders will offer or sell any of the shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants. The Selling Securityholders or their permitted transferees may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of their shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Securityholders may sell the Class A Common Stock or Warrants in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

You should read this prospectus, any prospectus supplements and the documents filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part carefully before you invest in our securities.

Our Class A Common Stock and our Public Warrants are listed on the NYSE, under the symbols “RBT” and “RBT WS,” respectively. On January 25, 2023, the closing price of our Class A Common Stock was $1.85 and the closing price of our Public Warrants was $0.0749.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” under federal securities laws and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on

page 14 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before buying our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE REGARDING THE BUSINESS COMBINATION AND CERTAIN OTHER TRANSACTIONS

On August 15, 2022 (the “Closing” and such date, the “Closing Date”), we consummated the business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 15, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Founder SPAC, a Cayman Islands exempted company (together with its successors, including after the Domestication (as defined below), “Founder”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 1, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 1”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 2, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 2”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 3, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 3” and, together with Merger Sub Inc. 1 and Merger Sub Inc. 2, each a “Blocker Merger Sub”), Boom Clover Business Limited, a British Virgin Islands corporation (“Blocker Company 1”), NZSF Frontier Investments Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Blocker Company 2”), PLC Blocker A LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Blocker Company 3” and, together with Blocker Company 1 and Blocker Company 2, each a “Blocker Company” and collectively, the “Blocker Companies”), and Rubicon Technologies, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Holdings LLC”).

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, among other things, (a) Founder deregistered as an exempted company under the Cayman Islands Companies Act (As Revised) and continued and domesticated as a Delaware corporation under Section 388 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “Domestication”), and in connection therewith, changed its name from Founder SPAC to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. (“Rubicon”), (b) Merger Sub merged with and into Holdings LLC (the “Merger”), with Holdings LLC surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rubicon, and (c) in a series of sequential two-step mergers (i) each Blocker Merger Sub merged with and into its corresponding Blocker Company, with each Blocker Company surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rubicon, following which (ii) each surviving Blocker Company merged with and into Rubicon, with Rubicon surviving the merger (collectively the “Blocker Mergers” and, together with the Merger, the “Mergers”). The transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, including the Mergers, are collectively referred to in this prospectus as the “Business Combination”.

As a result of and upon the effective time of the Domestication, (a) each then-issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of Founder (“Founder Class A Shares”) automatically converted into one share of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Rubicon (“Class A Common Stock”), (b) each then-issued and outstanding Class B ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of Founder (“Founder Class B Shares” and, together with Founder Class A Shares, “Founder Ordinary Shares”), converted into one share of Class A Common Stock, pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement, dated December 15, 2021, by and among Founder, Founder SPAC Sponsor LLC (“Sponsor”), Holdings LLC, and certain insiders of Founder (the “Sponsor Agreement”), (c) each then-issued and outstanding public warrant of Founder, each representing a right to acquire one Founder Class A Share for $11.50 (a “Founder Public Warrant”), converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a public warrant of Rubicon (a “Public Warrant”) that represents a right to acquire one share of Class A Common Stock for $11.50 pursuant to Section 4.5 of the Warrant Agreement, dated October 14, 2021, by and between Founder and Continental Stock Transfer and Trust Company (as amended by the Warrant Agreement Amendment (as defined below), the “Warrant Agreement”), (d) each then-issued and outstanding private placement warrant of Founder, each representing a right to acquire one Founder Class A Share for $11.50 (a “Founder Private Placement Warrant”), converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a private placement warrant of Rubicon (the “Private Warrant” and together with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”) that represents a right to acquire one share of Class A Common Stock for $11.50 pursuant to Section 4.5 of the Warrant Agreement, and (e) each then-issued and outstanding unit of Founder, each representing a Founder Class A Share and one-half of a Founder Public Warrant (a “Founder Unit”), that had not been previously separated into the underlying Founder Class A Share and one-half of one Founder Public Warrant upon the request of the holder thereof, was separated and automatically converted into one share of Class A Common Stock and one-half of one Public Warrant. No fractional Public Warrants were issued upon separation of the Founder Units. In addition, the certificate of incorporation of Rubicon (the “Charter”) authorizes Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class V Common Stock” and together with the Class A Common Stock, “Common Stock”). Class A Common Stock is entitled to economic rights and one vote per share and Class V Common Stock is entitled to one vote per share with no economic rights. In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, Continental Stock Transfer and Trust Company and Rubicon amended the Warrant Agreement, to among other things, reflect the change in name and the Domestication (the “Warrant Agreement Amendment”).

Following the Merger, among other things, Rubicon was issued Class A Units in Holdings LLC (“Class A Units”) and all preferred units, common units, and incentive units of Holdings LLC (including such convertible instruments, the “Rubicon Interests”) outstanding as of immediately prior to the Merger were automatically recapitalized into Class A Units and Class B Units of Holdings LLC (“Class B Units”), as authorized by the Eighth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Holdings LLC (“A&R LLCA”) that was adopted at the time of the Merger. Following the Blocker Mergers, (a) holders of Rubicon Interests immediately before the Closing, other than the Blocker Companies (the “Blocked Unitholders”), were issued Class B Units (the “Rubicon Continuing Unitholders”), (b) Rubicon Continuing Unitholders were issued a number of shares of Class V Common Stock equal to the number of Class B Units issued to the Rubicon Continuing Unitholders, (c) Blocked Unitholders were issued shares of Class A Common Stock (as a result of the Blocker Mergers), and (d) following the adoption of the equity incentive award plan of Rubicon adopted at the Closing (the “2022 Plan”) and the effectiveness of a registration statement on Form S-8 filed by Rubicon on October 19, 2022, holders of phantom units of Holdings LLC immediately prior to the Closing (“Rubicon Phantom Unitholders”) and those current and former directors, officers and employees of Holdings LLC entitled to certain cash bonuses (the “Rubicon Management Rollover Holders”) were awarded restricted stock units of Rubicon (“RSUs”) or deferred stock units (“DSUs”) (in each case depending on their employment status at the time of the award), and such RSUs and DSUs will vest into shares of Class A Common Stock on February 11, 2023, the date that is 180 days following the Closing. In addition to the securities issuable at the Closing and pursuant to the 2022 Plan, certain of the Rubicon Management Rollover Holders received one-time cash payments (the “Cash Transaction Bonuses”). In addition, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) Blocked Unitholders immediately before the Closing received a right to receive a pro rata portion of 1,488,519 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Class A Shares”) and (ii) Rubicon Continuing Unitholders immediately before the Closing received a right to receive a pro rata portion of 8,900,840 Class B Units (“Earn-Out Units”) and an equivalent number of shares of Class V Common Stock (“Earn-Out Class V Shares”, and together with Earn-Out Class A Shares and Earn-Out Units, “Earn-Out Interests”), in each case, depending upon the performance of Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing.

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Founder entered into certain Subscription Agreements, dated as of December 15, 2021, by and between Founder, on the one hand, and certain investors (“PIPE Investors”) on the other hand (collectively, the “Subscription Agreements”), pursuant to which, among other things, concurrent with the Closing, Rubicon issued and sold to the PIPE Investors an aggregate of 11,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, at a per share price of $10.00, for an aggregate purchase price of $111,000,000, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. On August 12, 2022, certain of the current PIPE Investors and new PIPE Investors entered into additional Subscription Agreements to purchase an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, at a per share price of $10.00, for an aggregate purchase price of $10,000,000 (together with the original Subscription Agreements, the “PIPE Financing” or “PIPE Investment”).

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Sponsor and certain insiders of Founder (the “Insiders”) entered into the Sponsor Agreement with Founder and Holdings LLC, pursuant to which the Sponsor and the Insiders agreed, among other things, not to transfer any Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants (or any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise thereof) until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing Date on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Class A Common Stock for cash, securities or other property. In the event that Rubicon waives, releases, or terminates a Lock-Up Agreement (as defined below) with respect to any shares or holders, the Sponsor and the Insiders will be granted a similar waiver, release, or termination with respect to a pro rata portion of the securities held by them and subject to the foregoing restrictions.

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain holders of Rubicon Interests entered into lock-up agreements with Founder and Holdings LLC (the “Lock-Up Agreements”). Pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreements, each holder agreed to certain transfer restrictions with respect to the securities such holder received as transaction consideration pursuant to the Merger Agreement, until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their equity holdings for cash, securities or other property. The holders of Rubicon Interests further agreed pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreements not to exchange Class B Units for Class A Common Stock during this restricted period. In the event that Rubicon waives, releases, or terminates the lock-up provision in any other Lock-Up Agreement, then the other holders subject to the Lock-Up Agreements will be granted a similar waiver, release or termination with respect to a pro rata portion of the securities held thereby and subject to the foregoing restrictions. Between entry into the Merger Agreement and Closing, additional holders of Rubicon Interests entered into Lock-Up Agreements on the same terms.

Pursuant to that certain Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement entered into on May 25, 2022 (the “Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement”), by and among Holdings LLC and certain of its equityholders (the “New Equity Holders”) who are affiliated with Andres Chico (a member of our board of directors) and Jose Miguel Enrich (a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Common Stock). Concurrent with the Closing and in satisfaction of the obligations thereunder, (a) Rubicon caused to be issued to the New Equity Holders 880,000 Class B Units pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (b) Rubicon issued 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to the New Equity Holders, and (c) Sponsor forfeited 160,000 Founder Class B Shares.

In connection with the extraordinary general meeting of Founder held on August 2, 2022 to approve the Business Combination and other related matters (the “Founder Special Meeting”), holders of 31,260,777 Founder Class A Shares (or approximately 98.8% of the issued and outstanding Founder Class A Shares on such date) exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of approximately $10.176 per share. On August 4, 2022, Founder, Holdings LLC and ACM ARRT F LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“ACM Seller”, together with such other parties to which obligations of ACM Seller were novated, the “FPA Sellers”), entered into an agreement (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. The primary purpose of entering into the Forward Purchase Agreement was to help ensure that Founder’s initial listing application with the NYSE was approved, increasing the likelihood that the transaction would close. Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, at an average purchase price of $10.15 per share, the FPA Sellers purchased an aggregate of 7,082,616 Founder Class A Shares from certain holders that elected to redeem Founder Class A Shares for cash and reversed such election (the “Redeeming Holders”), of which 666,667 shares were Share Consideration (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement). Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, each of the FPA Sellers waived its redemption rights under the governing documents of Founder in connection with the Closing. As a result of the Forward Purchase Agreement, at the Business Combination, holders of 24,178,161 Founder Class A Shares (or approximately 76.5% of the issued and outstanding Founder Class A Shares on such date) exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of approximately $10.176 per share, resulting in an aggregate redemption payment of approximately $246.0 million from Founder’s trust account. Following these redemptions, at the Closing we received approximately $75.8 million from Founder’s trust account, without accounting for the payment of transaction costs, payments under the Forward Purchase Agreement and Cash Transaction Bonuses. As a result of consummation of the Mergers and accounting for the foregoing redemption payments and receipt of funds from Founder’s trust account, we received approximately $73.8 million in net proceeds from the Business Combination after accounting for our payment of approximately $25.4 million of transaction costs, aggregate payments of $68.7 million by us to the FPA Sellers under the Forward Purchase Agreement, net proceeds of $121.0 million from the PIPE Investment, and the payment by us of an aggregate of $28.9 million in Cash Transaction Bonuses.

On August 15, 2022, prior to the Closing, Founder, Sponsor, and Holdings LLC entered into a forfeiture agreement (the “Sponsor Forfeiture Agreement”), whereby Sponsor forfeited 1,000,000 Founder Class B Shares immediately prior to the Closing.

At the Closing, Rubicon and Holdings LLC entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement” or “TRA”) with Rubicon Continuing Unitholders and Blocked Unitholders (the “TRA Holders”). Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, among other things, Rubicon is required to pay to the TRA Holders 85% of certain of Rubicon’s realized (or in certain cases deemed realized) tax savings as a result of certain tax benefits related to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash.

At the Closing, Founder entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement (the “A&R Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Sponsor, Holdings LLC, and certain holders of Rubicon Interests (the “Rubicon Legacy Holders” and together with the Sponsor and any persons who thereafter become party to the agreement, the “RRA Holders”). Pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, within 30 days of the Closing Date, Rubicon was required to file a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), registering for resale (i) all outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock held by the RRA Holders immediately following the Closing, (ii) all shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any option, warrant or convertible security held directly or indirectly by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iii) any Warrants or shares of Class A Common Stock that may be acquired by the RRA Holders upon the exercise of a Warrant or other right to acquire Class A Common Stock held by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iv) any shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants otherwise acquired or owned by a RRA Holder following the date of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement to the extent that such securities are “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”)) or are otherwise held by an “affiliate” (as defined in Rule 144) of Rubicon, and (v) any other equity security of Rubicon or its subsidiaries issued or issuable with respect to any of the foregoing pursuant to a reorganization, stock split, stock dividend, or like transaction. Rubicon thereafter is required to maintain a registration statement that is continuously effective and to cause the registration statement to regain effectiveness in the event that it ceases to be effective. The RRA Holders have certain “demand” and “piggyback” registration rights under the agreement. Rubicon will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, including the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which registers all shares of Class A Common Stock and Warrants held by or otherwise issuable to the RRA Holders as of the date hereof.

On August 31, 2022, Rubicon entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership (the “Yorkville Investor”), pursuant to which (a) Rubicon issued the Yorkville Investor 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, which represented an initial up-front commitment fee (the “Yorkville Commitment Shares”), and (b) assuming satisfaction of certain conditions and subject to the limitations set forth in the SEPA, Rubicon has the right, from time to time to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor up to $200.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock until the earlier of September 1, 2025 (the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the SEPA) or the date on which the facility has been fully utilized, in each case, with such sales first subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) declaring effective a registration statement covering the resale of such shares of Class A Common Stock (such registration statement, the “SEPA Registration Statement”).

On November 30, 2022, Rubicon and the Yorkville Investor entered into a letter agreement to amend the SEPA (the “SEPA Amendment”). Pursuant to the SEPA Amendment, the parties agreed that Rubicon will not file the SEPA Registration Statement until there is an effective registration statement covering the resale of at least 18,000,000 YA Conversion Shares (as defined below).

On November 30, 2022, Rubicon terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement with the FPA Sellers pursuant to termination agreements with each of ACM Seller and Vellar Opportunity Fund SPV LLC – Series 2 (“Vellar”), an FPA Seller that was assigned and novated a portion of the Forward Purchase Agreement pursuant to that certain Assignment and Novation Agreement, dated August 5, 2022, by and among Rubicon, Holdings LLC, Vellar and ACM Seller. Pursuant to the termination agreement with ACM Seller (the “Atalaya Termination Agreement”), Rubicon, among other things, made a one-time $6.0 million cash payment to ACM Seller and ACM Seller forfeited, for no additional consideration, 2,222,119 shares of Class A Common Stock and further agreed to certain lock-up and transfer restrictions with respect to the remaining 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that it holds pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the termination agreement with Vellar (the “Vellar Termination Agreement” and, together with the Atalaya Termination Agreement, the “FPA Termination Agreements”), Vellar retained 1,640,848 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Previously Owned Shares”) it holds pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement (subject to certain lock-up and transfer restrictions) and Rubicon agreed to make a $2.0 million payment to Vellar which can be settled, at Rubicon’s sole option, in cash or shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments.

On November 30, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “YA SPA”) with the Yorkville Investor, whereby we agreed to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor (i) YA Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, which are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock (as converted, the “YA Conversion Shares”), and (ii) a pre-funded common stock purchase warrant (the “YA Warrant”), which is exercisable into $20.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock (the “YA Warrant Shares”), in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. Upon signing the YA SPA, we (i) issued and sold to the Yorkville Investor (a) a YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million for a purchase price of $7.0 million (the “First YA Convertible Debenture”), and (b) the YA Warrant for a pre-funded purchase price of $6.0 million, and (ii) paid the Yorkville Investor a cash commitment fee equal to $2.04 million, with such amount being deducted from the proceeds of the First YA Convertible Debenture, netting Rubicon approximately $10.96 million in total proceeds. Pursuant to the YA SPA, the parties further agreed that we will issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor and the Yorkville Investor will purchase from us a second YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $10.0 million for a purchase price of $10.0 million (the “Second YA Convertible Debenture”), upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The YA Convertible Debentures have a maturity date of May 30, 2024 and accrue interest at the rate of 4% per annum (provided that the interest rate will increase to 15% per annum in the event of certain defaults). The YA Warrant and YA Convertible Debentures may be exercised or converted, as applicable, into shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case to be issued at a variable rate dependent on the future volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Class A Common Stock, and subject to certain other adjustments as set forth therein. Concurrent with the entry into the YA SPA, we entered into a registration rights agreement with the Yorkville Investor (the “YA Registration Rights Agreement”), whereby, we agreed to, among other things, register for resale all of the YA Conversion Shares and YA Warrant Shares.

On December 16, 2022, Rubicon entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Insider Securities Purchase Agreement”) with various investors comprised of members of Rubicon’s management team and board of directors (the “Insider Investors”). Pursuant to the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, Rubicon agreed to issue and sell to the Insider Investors convertible debentures (the “Insider Convertible Debentures”) in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, net of an original issuance discount of $2.0 million, which are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Insider Conversion Shares”), which Insider Convertible Debentures may be purchased by the Insider Investors over the course of a first closing or second closing. The Insider Securities Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Insider Convertible Debentures.

At the first closing, which closed on December 16, 2022, the Insider Investors purchased Insider Convertible Debentures in an aggregate amount of $10.5 million in United States dollars, net of an original issuance discount of $1.4 million, for a total principal amount of $11.9 million in Insider Convertible Debentures. At the second closing, Rubicon will issue Insider Convertible Debentures with an aggregate value of no less than $4.0 million and no greater than $5.0 million, to certain third-party investors, as designated thereby at the second closing. The Insider Convertible Debentures have a maturity date of June 16, 2024, 18 months after issuance, and accrue interest at the rate of 6% per annum (provided that the interest rate will increase to 12% per annum in the event of certain defaults). The Insider Convertible Debentures may be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock at an initial conversion price equal to the lower of 110% of: (i) the average closing price of Class A Common Stock for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the date of the respective closing or (ii) the closing price of Class A Common Stock immediately preceding the date of the respective closing, subject to adjustments as further specified in the Insider Convertible Debentures. The Insider Convertible Debentures will be fully repayable in cash upon maturity. Concurrent with the entry into the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, we entered into (i) a registration rights agreement (the “Insider Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which Rubicon agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the resale of Insider Conversion Shares within 45 days of the first closing, and to cause any such registration statement to become effective within 120 days after filing, and (ii) a lockup agreement (the “Insider Lockup Agreement”), pursuant to which the Insider Investors agreed to not offer, sell, or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any Insider Conversion Shares. As of the filing of this prospectus, Rubicon has received $3.5 million of proceeds for the Insider Convertible Debentures.

The descriptions of the agreements set forth above are not complete and are subject to and qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the applicable agreements, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference. For additional information regarding the transactions and agreements discussed above, see the sections entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information,” “Certain Financing Transactions,” “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions,” “Description of Securities” and “Securities Eligible for Future Sale.”

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we and the Selling Securityholders may, from time to time, issue, offer and sell, as applicable, any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings from time to time through any means described in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement. More specific terms of any securities that the Selling Securityholders offer and sell may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the Class A Common Stock and/or Warrants being offered and the terms of the offering.

A prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information included in this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in such prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified will be deemed to constitute a part of this prospectus only as so modified, and any statement so superseded will be deemed not to constitute a part of this prospectus. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. We and the Selling Securityholders take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby and only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. This prospectus is not an offer to sell securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy securities, in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement is accurate only as of the date on the front of those documents, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

For investors outside the United States: neither we nor the Selling Securityholders have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Certain information contained in this document relates to or is based on studies, publications, surveys, and other data obtained from third-party sources and Rubicon’s own internal estimates and research. While we believe these third-party sources to be reliable as of the date of this prospectus, we have not independently verified the market and industry data contained in this prospectus or the underlying assumptions relied on therein. Finally, while we believe our own internal research is reliable, such research has not been verified by any independent source. These estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this prospectus.

This prospectus contains references to trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including statements about the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination and the financial condition, results of operations, earnings outlook, and prospects of Rubicon. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this prospectus including, without limitation, in the sections titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those factors described elsewhere in this prospectus, could affect the future results of Rubicon and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements, including Rubicon’s ability to:

These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this prospectus are more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and speak only as of the date hereof. The forward-looking statements are based on the current and reasonable expectations of Rubicon’s management but are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statements. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated or that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations.

All forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In addition, statements of belief and similar statements reflect the beliefs and opinions of the Company on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to the Company as of the date of this prospectus, and while the Company believes such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and statements should not be read to indicate that the Company has conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

SUMMARY

This summary highlights certain significant aspects of our business and the offering and is a summary of information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making your investment decision. You should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information presented under the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information,” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus before making an investment decision. Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms prior to the Closing are intended to refer to Founder SPAC, and after the Closing, to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Business Summary

Overview

Underpinning this marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We provide our waste generator customers with a digital marketplace that delivers pricing transparency, self-service capabilities, and a seamless customer experience while helping them achieve their environmental goals. We enhance our hauling and recycling partners’ economic opportunities by democratizing access to large, national accounts that typically engage suppliers at the corporate level. By providing telematics-based and waste-specific solutions as well as access to group purchasing efficiencies, we help large national accounts optimize their businesses. We help governments provide more advanced waste and recycling services that allow them to serve their local communities more effectively by digitizing their routing and back-office operations and using our computer vision technology to combat recycling material contamination at the source.

Over the past decade, this value proposition has allowed us to scale our platform considerably. Our digital marketplace now services over 8,000 customers, including numerous large, blue-chip customers such as Apple, Dollar General, Starbucks, Walmart, Chipotle, and FedEx, which together are representative of our broader customer base, which encompasses over 8,000 hauling and recycling partners across North America. We have also deployed our technology in over 70 municipalities within the United States and operate in 20 countries. Furthermore, we have secured a robust portfolio of intellectual property, having been awarded more than 50 patents, with over 100 pending, and 20 trademarks.

Strengths and Competitive Advantages

Our business model provides a transparent marketplace that digitizes the waste and recycling sector for private companies and municipalities. We gain, maintain, and grow our customer relationships by providing what we believe are superior solutions that can help waste generators and government entities save money. We believe we have expertise and competitive advantages that will allow us to continue to maintain and grow our market share.

Cloud-Based Model Reduces Costs and Benefits from the Network Effect

Our business model is highly scalable because of its digital, cloud-based nature; it does not depend on owning any physical infrastructure such as trucks or waste facilities. Without any physical infrastructure and the working capital requirements inherent in those operations, we can efficiently and effectively deploy our platform around the world without the capital investment or the exposure that comes along with owning and operating this infrastructure.

Our platform also benefits from significant network effects. As more waste generator customers join our platform, increased waste and recycling volumes improve our ability to negotiate with haulers and recyclers. Increased waste and recycling volumes also create efficiencies within haulers’ and recyclers’ routes and operations, because the marginal cost of servicing additional locations within an existing route is comparatively low, which can improve service and pricing for our customers. Additionally, as the network expands, the amount of data we collect increases, allowing us to learn and further improve our solutions, benefiting all network participants. As our pricing improves with haulers and recyclers and as our expanding data asset improves its ability to deliver new circular solutions, our overall value proposition improves for our waste generator customers.

Business Model and Customer Interests are Aligned Benefiting Us and Providing Greater Value to Customers

Our platform provides service and cost transparency to both our customers and partners along with automated business processes, allowing them to make informed decisions based on their priorities, whether it’s business growth, cost savings, or environmental outcomes.

Our incentives are aligned with our customers, both economically and environmentally. Landfill owners and operators often generate revenues through collection volumes and tipping fees, so they are incentivized to collect bins more frequently than necessary even when they are not full. Because we do not own landfills, we are not motivated by maximizing volumes and / or tipping fees. Therefore, we can work with our customers to optimize service levels for their business needs. In practice, we advise our waste generator customers on the implementation of new source separated recycling programs and educate store-level employees on how to safely and efficiently manage such program implementation and execution. Additionally, we will work upstream with our customers to design and effect reverse supply chain programs to aggregate valuable waste stream materials at central locations, or even to design programs that create internalized, circular solutions or reduce waste at the source.

Further, using our proprietary computer vision-based technology and our team of subject matter experts to examine the contents of a waste stream, we can assess the material composition of the waste stream. This information provides multiple benefits, including providing more detailed information about the contents and allowing customers to identify opportunities to divert certain materials from landfills. Using this information, we and our customers can generate better environmental outcomes, and, to the extent we can sell the materials to recycling and processing facilities, we can also create significant economic benefits.

For RUBICONPro, RUBICONPremier, and RUBICONSmartCity, our SaaS offerings, the core of services is about maximizing the use of scarce resources. We do this by optimizing routes and full fleet operations, by providing data for preventative vehicle maintenance, and by focusing on improving driver safety and behavior, which can improve outcomes for all constituents: drivers, supervisors, governments officials, and residents.

Superior Technology

Our user-friendly platform is vertically integrated and gives us control of all critical operations and transaction elements, which facilitates a fast, simple, and consistent user experience. We believe our ground-breaking technology is what the industry has needed for many years.

Our technology can affect all parties within the waste and recycling ecosystem:

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We service waste generators’ needs through our network of haulers and recyclers and with vendor management, compliance, invoicing, payments, and receipts managed on our digital platform. We service requests through our proprietary customer portal RUBICONConnect or directly from waste generators via FMS / OMS system integrations, with real-time confirmation of service.

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We equip haulers and recyclers with technology to detect location, load, and capacity. Haulers and recyclers digitally receive dispatched orders to be configured into their existing routes.

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Municipal fleets are equipped with telematics and AI cameras to collect data for asset optimization. The resultant operational efficiencies can drive taxpayer savings, turning a garbage truck into a “roaming data center” that can deliver critical infrastructure assessments for governments all while performing its primary functions.

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Our technology also helps implement advanced recycling programs, coordinating multiple vendors, directing the waste feedstock to specific processing facilities, and tracking end-destinations for traceability.

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We enable data-driven waste management for all our partners, and integrated landfill operators process volumes contracted to us.

Depth & Quality of Hauling & Recycling Network Benefits All Constituent Parties

We work with a network of more than 8,000 hauling and recycling partners. The scale of our network means we have access to vastly more hauling and recycling options through our digital platform. Our ability to access this extensive network benefits our customers and enables us to mitigate business risks for our customers associated with sole sourcing, including labor shortages, cost offsets (overages, contamination, etc.), and unaccommodating supplier scheduling.

The stickiness of the supplier side of our marketplace is ensured by the valuable services we provide them. Foremost is that we offer our hauling and recycling partners new business opportunities to service our waste generator customers. Given that many of our customers have a national or even global presence, often the only way a local supplier can get access to these important locations is through us.

We also offer our hauling and recycling partners a digital platform that is simple and efficient and can help them improve their routing, fleet operations, and driver behavior.

Lastly, we offer the benefits of scale to even the smallest hauler/recycler through a buying consortium where haulers and recyclers can save money on items critical to their businesses (fuel, parts, tires, insurance, etc.). We have not yet monetized this buying consortium but have plans to do so in the near term.

Number of Blue-chip Customers Creating Barrier to Entry

Our platform has been validated by a diverse group of over 8,000 customers in businesses and governments, most of which are under long-term contracts. Our typical customer agreement has a term of 3 years, providing confidence in and visibility towards future revenue streams. Our large and national accounts have also attracted many haulers and recyclers to the platform. Some of our blue-chip customers include Apple, Starbucks, Walmart, Dollar General, Chipotle, and FedEx.

Our Growth Strategies

The foundation of our business is our digital marketplace platform where it seamlessly transacts with our customers and hauling and recycling partners. The majority of our revenue is generated via this digital marketplace, which allows us to capture additional revenue streams through solutions designed to modernize hauling and recycling operations. We believe we have multiple proven avenues for future growth, including through increasing our geographic reach and the depth of our customer, hauling, and recycling networks in those markets.

Organic Customer Growth Through New Customer and Contract Wins Based on the Strengths of our Solutions

We have built a first-class sales and marketing organization that has helped build our base of more than 8,000 customers. We combine cutting-edge and sorely needed technology solutions with deep subject matter expertise in a mission-critical sector. Our products are designed to save customers money, provide for a more transparent and seamless customer experience, and help customers achieve positive environmental outcomes. This differentiated proposition creates a strong product-market fit within an industry that is ripe for change.

Additionally, we are uniquely capable of providing a “one-stop-shop” solution for all the waste generator customers’ waste and recycling needs. We offer a tiered solution, beginning with simply auditing and administering an incumbent hauler’s existing program for waste generators, through to the creation and provisioning of a full zero-waste program.

Organic customer growth is expected to continue to be a core driver of growth for us for the foreseeable future as a result of these and other strengths.

Growing Revenues with Existing Customers

We have proven our ability to expand our customer relationships. This is achieved both by expanding our geographic penetration across a customer’s footprint over time as well as by working collaboratively with our customers to identify incremental services that can be offered to further enhance their waste and recycling programs. Our waste generator account managers are empowered and incentivized to expand our existing customer relationships. Underscoring our ability to expand our existing customer relationships, revenue net retention stood at approximately 118% as of September 30, 2022.

Adding More Service Capabilities

We have demonstrated our ability to expand our capabilities in the past. We have expanded our waste marketplace service capabilities to over 150 material types and multiple fleet types, and even beyond waste and recycling. We intend to continue to add service capabilities and invest in product development and have the platform, vision, and data to fuel growth.

From a customer perspective, we currently service national and SMB waste generator accounts, predominately within the U.S. market. Through our SaaS-based offerings, we have already expanded our footprint internationally and expect to continue this expansion – first by leading with technology, then by building out digital marketplace offerings in these markets.

As our business expands in its breadth and depth, we will continue to refine how we monetize our products and relationships. Today we earn money from licensing our technology, from waste and recycling services within our digital marketplace, and by participating in recyclable commodity sales transactions. By servicing all the constituents within the waste and recycling ecosystem, we have gathered valuable datasets that we have begun and will continue to offer on their own as data subscriptions. Further, we expect to be a larger player in establishing recycling and recyclable commodity marketplaces.

International Expansion within Existing Markets and into New Markets

We believe we are a global innovator in the waste and recycling industry and have successfully deployed our solutions in 20 countries though we currently generate the vast majority of our revenue within the United States. We intend to continue selling our solutions globally.

Strategic Acquisitions

We intend to grow by acquiring other businesses and the customers they serve. We have proven our ability to identify and execute on attractive acquisition targets. We have acquired and successfully integrated multiple businesses and have established a repeatable process for identifying and integrating complementary companies. Furthermore, we have spent considerable efforts building relationships across the industry, helping to build a large pipeline of additional acquisition opportunities.

Organizational Structure

The diagram below depicts a simplified version of our equity ownership and organizational structure immediately following the Business Combination, assuming no Warrant exercises and not accounting for (i) any issuances of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Deferred Fee Arrangements, (ii) any issuances of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Insider Convertible Debentures or (iii) any issuances of shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor pursuant to the SEPA, YA Convertible Debentures or YA Warrant. For more information regarding the Business Combination, see “Introductory Note Regarding the Business Combination and Certain Other Transactions.” Percentages set forth below reflect the voting power and implied ownership interest in Rubicon, but do not give effect to the exercise of Warrants or exchange of any Class B Units.

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the following risks as well as the other information included in this prospectus, including “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus, before investing in our securities. See “Risk Factors” for a more detailed discussion of the risk factors listed below.

Risk Related to Our Business and Industry

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We have a history of net losses and project net losses in future periods. We may not appropriately manage our expenses, nor achieve nor maintain profitability in the future.

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We may be unable to manage our growth effectively.

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The waste and recycling industry is highly competitive, and if we cannot successfully compete in the marketplace, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

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Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable investment of time and expense. If our sales cycle lengthens or we invest substantial resources pursuing unsuccessful sales opportunities, our operating results and growth would be harmed.

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Our customers and the third parties with whom we contract, including waste haulers, are participants in the waste and recycling industry and are therefore subject to a number of unique risks specific to this industry, which directly or indirectly subjects our business to many of the same risks to which their respective operations are subject.

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Demand for our solutions is subject to volatility in our accounts’ and our haulers’ underlying businesses.

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Demand for our solutions can be affected by changes in recyclable commodity prices and quantities.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

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Certain existing shareholders purchased securities in Rubicon at a price below the current trading price of such securities, and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price. Future investors in Rubicon may not experience a similar rate of return.

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Substantial future sales of shares of Class A Common Stock could cause the market price of our shares of Class A Common stock to decline.

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The issuances of additional shares of Class A Common Stock under certain of our contracts and arrangements may result in dilution of holders of Class A Common Stock and have a negative impact on the market price of the Class A Common Stock.

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A significant portion of the total outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock (or shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued in the future pursuant to an exchange or redemption of Class B Units) are subject to lock-up restrictions, but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly.

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The Public Warrants may never be in the money and they may expire worthless, and the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

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There can be no assurance that the Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants will continue to be listed on NYSE and that we will continue to comply with the continued listing standards of NYSE.

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The market price and trading volume of Class A Common Stock may be volatile and could decline significantly following the Business Combination.

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Rubicon may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company

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Our management does not have prior experience in operating a public company.

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Rubicon will depend on distributions from Holdings LLC to pay any taxes and other expenses, including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

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Rubicon is required to pay to the TRA Holders most of the tax benefits Rubicon receives from tax basis step-ups (and certain other tax benefits) attributable to its acquisition of Legacy Rubicon Units (as defined below) in connection with the Business Combination and in the future, and the amount of those payments is expected to be substantial.

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In certain circumstances, Holdings LLC will be required to make distributions to us and the continuing members of Holdings LLC, and the distributions that Holdings LLC will be required to make may be substantial.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

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Our current liquidity, including negative cash flows and a lack of existing financial resources, raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

THE OFFERING

Issuer		Rubicon Technologies, Inc.

Shares of Class A Common Stock offered by us		Up to 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of the Private Warrants.

Shares of Class A Common Stock offered by the Selling Securityholders		Up to an aggregate of 121,801,249 shares of Class A Common Stock, including (i) 19,612,903 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to an affiliate pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (ii) 1,470,968 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable to an affiliate as Earn-Out Class A Shares pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (iii) up to 52,475,827 shares of Class A Common Stock issued or issuable upon exchange of Class B Units held by certain of our directors, officers and affiliates that were issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (iv) up to 3,935,687 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable to certain of our directors, officers and affiliates upon exchange of an equivalent number of Class B Units that are issuable as Earn-Out Units pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (v) 12,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the PIPE Investors, (vi) 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the New Equity Holders, (vii) up to an aggregate of 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of 12,623,125 Private Warrants, (viii) up to an aggregate of 6,746,250 shares of Class A Common Stock converted from Founder Class B Shares in connection with the Domestication, (ix) up to 233,230 shares of Class A Common Stock upon the settlement of 233,230 DSUs issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement as consideration to certain Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders who were no longer employed by Rubicon or its subsidiaries at the time of the DSU award, (x) up to 9,957,655 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the settlement of 9,957,655 RSUs awarded to certain directors and officers of Rubicon pursuant to the Incentive Plan, and (xi) up to 2,485,604 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to Cohen pursuant to the Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement.

Warrants Offered by the Selling Securityholders		Up to 12,623,125 Private Warrants.

Exercise Price of Warrants		$11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as described herein.

Shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to exercise of all Warrants		170,773,145 shares of Common Stock, which represents 55,886,692 shares of Class A Common Stock and 114,886,453 shares of Class V Common Stock (as of January 25, 2023).

Shares of Common Stock outstanding assuming exercise of all Warrants		200,789,996 shares of Common Stock, which represents 85,903,543 shares of Class A Common Stock and 114,886,453 shares of Class V Common Stock (based on total shares outstanding as of January 25, 2023).

Use of Proceeds		We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants by the Selling Securityholders. We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $163.4 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Private Warrants for cash (however, Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and we may not receive any proceeds from such exercise, even if the Private Warrants are in-the money). We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Private Warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”

Redemption		The Warrants are redeemable in certain circumstances. See “Description of Securities — Warrants” for further discussion.

Business Combination - Related Lock-Up Agreements		Certain of our securityholders, including certain Selling Securityholders, are subject to certain restrictions on transfer until the termination of applicable lock-up periods. See “Securities Eligible for Future Sale—Lock-Up Agreements” for further discussion.

Market for Common Stock and Warrants		Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently traded on the NYSE under the symbols “RBT” and “RBT WS,” respectively.

Risk Factors		See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before investing in our securities.

INFORMATION RELATED TO OFFERED SECURITIES

The following table includes information relating to the shares of Class A Common Stock and Warrants being registered for resale by the Selling Securityholders, including the average price each Selling Securityholder paid for such securities and the potential profit relating to the sale of such securities. The following table is in part based off the Company’s internal records and is for illustrative purposes only. The table should not be relied upon for any purpose outside of its illustrative nature. Many of the securities registered for resale were acquired as a result of investments in the Company and related awards made by the Company prior to the Closing. Consequently, as seen in the table below, some of the Selling Securityholders may realize a positive rate of return on the sale of their securities covered by this prospectus even if the market price per share of Class A Common Stock is significantly below the $10.00 per share offering at the time of Founder’s IPO, at which price the public shareholders would experience a negative rate of return on their investment. For more information regarding the composition of each Selling Securityholder’s securities registered for resale, see the section entitled “Selling Securityholders”.

Selling Securityholder	Number of Offered Securities		Effective Purchase Price per Offered Security		Potential Profit Per Offered Security ⁽¹⁾
Merger Consideration / Earn-Out Interests⁽²⁾		77,495,385	$	3.45	$	(1.60	)
RSUs and DSUs⁽³⁾		10,190,885	$	0.00	$	1.85
PIPE⁽⁴⁾		13,200,000	$	10.00	$	(8.15	)
Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement⁽⁵⁾		240,000	$	7.69	$	(5.84	)
Founder Shares⁽⁶⁾		6,746,250	$	0.00371	$	1.84629
Private Warrants⁽⁷⁾		12,623,125	$	1.00	$	(0.9251	)
Cohen Deferred Fee Shares⁽⁸⁾		2,485,604	$	2.41	$	(0.56	)

(1)	Based on the closing price of our shares of Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023 of $1.85. For Private Warrants, based on the closing price of our Public Warrants on January 25, 2023 of $0.0749.
(2)	Represents shares of Class A Common Stock issued or issuable to former equity holders of Rubicon Technologies, LLC. Represents the weighted average price per share held by Phil Rodoni, Jevan Anderson, William Meyer, Tom Owston, Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky, RUBCN RUBCN Holdings LP, RUBCN IV LP, RUBCN Holdings V LP, Jose Miguel Enrich, RGH, Inc., Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation, MBI Holdings LP, and Brent Callinicos. Shares of Class A Common Stock represented were acquired at an average range of $0.00 to $15.52 per share; securities acquired for no cash consideration include interests awarded to such person for services rendered to Rubicon Technologies, LLC.
(3)	Represents RSUs and DSUs, each of which upon vesting becomes one share of Class A Common Stock. The awards were issued for no cash consideration to current and former directors, officers, employees and consultants for services rendered to the Company. The underlying Class A Common Stock registered for resale in which these RSUs and DSUs vest are held by Phil Rodoni, Nate Morris, Alexander Naumov, Benjamin Meadows, Charles Zinkowski, Chris Gurley, John Daniel Wilkins, Donald Muller, Jacqueline Beason, Jon Morrison, Kerri Faber, Maui Cheska Orozco, Michael Wilson, Monique Williams, Nate Marquardt, Ryan Kistenfeger, Sarah Sanders, Shawn Nugent, Stephanie Batey, Timothy Lamb, and Victoria Thornton.
(4)	Represents shares of Class A Common Stock acquired as PIPE Investments by Caroc Corporation, David Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza, Felipe Esteve Recolons, Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation, Ignatius Limited Partnership, Jorge Esteve Recolons, MBI Holdings LP, Palantir Technologies Inc., Raul Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza, Sabius Limited Partnership, SCP Opportunity XXXVIII LP, Sergio Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza, Tierra Norte L.P., Wickford Investments LP, Bolis Holdings LP, DGR Holdings LP, Pequeno Holdings LP, and Alex Klinghoffer.
(5)	Represents shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement to David Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza, MBI Holdings LP, Raul Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza, and Sergio Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza.
(6)	Represents shares of Class A Common Stock that converted on a one-to-one basis at the Business Combination from Founder Class B Shares. Sponsor acquired these securities for $25,000 prior to the IPO.
(7)	Represents Private Warrants acquired by Sponsor pursuant to the Private Placement Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into with the Company on October 14, 2021.
(8)	Represents shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement.

SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF RUBICON

The following table sets forth selected historical financial information derived from Holdings LLC’s (i) unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, (ii) unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, (iii) audited consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and (iv) audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, each of which is included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared on a basis consistent with our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are necessary for the fair presentation of the financial statements.

The historical results included below and elsewhere in this prospectus are not necessarily indicative of the future performance of Rubicon. The information presented below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

Selected Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,						For the Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except unit data)	2022 (unaudited)			2021 (unaudited)			2021			2020
Total Revenue	$	509,395		$	419,762		$	583,050		$	539,373
Total Costs and Expenses		747,761			466,265			655,657			590,774
Loss from operations		(238,366	)		(46,503	)		(72,607	)		(51,401	)
Other Income (Expense)
Gain on forgiveness of debt		-			10,900			10,900			-
Other expense		(1,994	)		(730	)		(1,055	)		(427	)
Interest expense, net		(12,264	)		(7,461	)		(11,453	)		(8,209	)
Total Other Income (Expense)		(25,312	)		2,711			(2,214	)		(8,636	)
Loss Before Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		(263,678	)		(43,792	)		(74,821	)		(60,037	)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)		60			(961	)		(1,670	)		(1,454	)
Net Loss	$	(263,738	)	$	(42,831	)	$	(73,151	)	$	(58,583	)

Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:

	As of September 30,						As of December 31,
(in thousands)	2022 (unaudited)			2021 (unaudited)			2021			2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,464		$	7,638		$	10,617		$	6,021
Accounts receivable, net		58,662			47,649			42,660			45,019
Total Assets		191,859			173,555			175,641			159,899
Accounts payable		58,498			53,688			47,531			41,915
Line of credit		30,095			25,000			29,916			29,373
Accrued expenses		162,428			54,685			65,538			48,990
Long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs		69,543			52,291			51,000			47,024
Total Liabilities		346,488			204,596			236,945			181,085
Stockholders’/Members’ (Deficit) Equity		(154,629	)		(31,041	)		(61,304	)		(21,186	)

SUMMARY UNAUDITED CONDENSED COMBINED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following summary unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial data gives effect to the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement described in the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” Founder was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Mergers were treated as the equivalent of Holdings LLC issuing stock for the net assets of Founder, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Founder were stated at their historical value within the pro forma financial statements with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

The summary unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 combines the historical unaudited statement of operations of Founder for the six months ended June 30, 2022 with the historical unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations of Holdings LLC for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The summary unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 combines the historical audited statement of operations of Founder for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through December 31, 2021 with the historical audited consolidated statement of operations of Holdings LLC for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The unaudited pro forma statements of operations give effect to the relevant transactions as if they had been consummated on January 1, 2021.

The summary unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was derived from and should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements of Holdings LLC and Founder and the accompanying notes, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Statement of Operations Data for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Revenue	$	509,395
Net loss attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc.	$	(22,082	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$	(0.45	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		48,670,776

Statement of Operations Data for the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenue	$	583,050
Net loss attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc.	$	(83,609	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted	$	(1.72	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		48,670,776

Investing in our securities involves substantial risks. Before you make a decision to buy our securities, in addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed below you should carefully consider the specific risks and other information set forth in this prospectus, including “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. If any of these risks actually occur, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may become material and adversely affect our business.

We have a history of net losses and project net losses in future periods. We may not appropriately manage our expenses, nor achieve nor maintain profitability in the future.

We have experienced net losses in each year since inception, including net losses of $73.2 million and $58.6 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $263.7 million and $42.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and we may incur net losses in the future. While we project net losses to continue in future periods, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations, and we expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years as we continue to hire additional personnel, expand our operations and infrastructure, integrate completed acquisitions, make and integrate future acquisitions and invest in product development. In addition to the expected costs to grow our business, we also expect to incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company. Our indebtedness also bears interest at rates as high as 15%, which requires us to commit significant amounts to interest expense. If we fail to increase our revenue to offset the increases in our operating expenses, we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

Our growth strategy places significant demands on our financial, operational and management resources. To continue our growth, we may need to add administrative, managerial and other personnel, and may need to make additional investments in operations and systems and this expansion will require us to increase our spending on working capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find and train qualified personnel, or do so on a timely basis, or to expand or otherwise modify our operations and systems to the extent, and in the time, required, or that we will be able to fund this expansion and increased spending on working capital from operating cash flows, debt or equity financing or other sources.

We are eligible to be treated as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, (1) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which we refer to as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or “SOX”, (2) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements and (3) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of any June 30 before that time or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 or, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three-year period before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company immediately. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until the later of our second annual report or the first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls in the future.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected, and expect to continue, to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We are an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company and as such are subject to various risks unique only to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, including but not limited to, no requirement to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) December 31, 2026, the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of Founder’s initial public offering (the “IPO”); (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.0 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under applicable SEC rules.

We expect that we will remain an emerging growth company for the foreseeable future but cannot retain our emerging growth company status indefinitely and will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company on or before December 31, 2026. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from specified disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

Additionally, as an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company our status as such carries various unique risks such as the risk that our financial statements may not be comparable to those of other public companies, and the risk that we will not be required to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting until our second annual report following our initial public offering.

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we expect that we will take advantage of the reduced disclosure obligations available to us as a result of that classification. We have taken advantage of certain of those reduced reporting burdens in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

An emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not be required to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public reporting companies.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and have elected to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosure available for smaller reporting companies.

If we fail to put in place appropriate and effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may suffer harm to our reputation and investor confidence levels.

Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, we were not required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in a manner that meets the standards of publicly traded companies required by Section 404. As a public company, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls.

The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements, and harm our operating results. In addition, we will be required, pursuant to Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in its internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until the later of our second annual report or the first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act.

In connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by SOX for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. In addition, we may encounter problems or delays in completing the remediation of any deficiencies identified by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the issuance of their attestation report. Our testing, or the subsequent testing (if required) by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entity’s financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Any material weaknesses could result in a material misstatement of our annual or quarterly consolidated financial statements or disclosures that may not be prevented or detected. The existence of any material weakness would require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weakness, and management may not be able to remediate any such material weakness in a timely manner.

If we fail to implement the requirements of Section 404 in the required timeframe once we are no longer an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company, we may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and NYSE. Furthermore, if we are unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our securities could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities. Failure to implement or maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures required of public companies could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

Our industry is highly competitive. Competition in the waste and recycling industry is typically based on the quality of services, ease of doing business, and price. We encounter intense competition from governmental, quasi-governmental and private sources in all aspects of our operations. We principally compete with large national waste management companies, counties and municipalities that maintain and manage their own waste collection and disposal operations and regional and local companies of varying sizes and financial resources. Our industry also includes companies that specialize in certain discrete areas of waste management, operators of alternative disposal facilities, companies that seek to use parts of the waste stream as feedstock for renewable energy and other by-products, and other waste brokers that rely upon haulers in local markets to address customer needs. Any shortage of haulers or negative impact on our relationship with haulers in local markets may adversely affect our ability to serve our customers and result in a negative impact to our customer relationships, revenue and growth potential. In recent years, the waste and recycling industry has seen some additional consolidation, which has reduced the number of haulers, though the industry remains intensely competitive.

We compete with national waste management companies who may have significantly greater resources than we do and some of whom have and may internally develop services and solutions similar to ours. Counties and municipalities may have financial competitive advantages to us because of their ability to collect tax revenues and issue tax-exempt financing with the associated governmental underwriting bond ratings. In addition, some of our competitors may have lower costs, debt levels or financial expectations than we do, allowing them to reduce their prices to expand their reach or to win competitively-bid contracts, including large national accounts and exclusive franchise arrangements with municipalities. When this happens, we may lose customers and be unable to execute our pricing strategy, resulting in a negative impact to our revenue growth from yield on base business. Any failure to effectively compete would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Weakness in the U.S. economy may expose us to credit risk for amounts due from governmental entities, large national accounts, industrial customers and others.

Weakness in the U.S. economy, including contractions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, reduces the amount of taxes collected by various governmental entities. We provide services to a number of these entities, including numerous municipalities. These governmental entities may suffer financial difficulties resulting from a decrease in tax revenue and may ultimately be unable or unwilling to pay amounts owed to us. In addition, weakness in the economy may cause other customers, including our large national accounts, or industrial or environmental services clients, to suffer financial difficulties and ultimately to be unable or unwilling to pay amounts owed to us. Purchasers of our recyclable commodities can be particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties in times of commodity price volatility. The inability of our customers to pay us in a timely manner or to pay increased rates, particularly governmental entities and large national accounts, could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected our business and may continue to do so in the future.

During 2021 and continuing into 2022, federal, state and local governments throughout North America, Europe, Asia and other parts of the world have imposed varying degrees of restriction on social, commercial and economic activity to slow the spread of COVID-19. The pandemic and related measures have had a significant adverse impact on many sectors of the economy, including the waste and recycling industry. The resulting business closures, increases in unemployment and loss of consumer financial stability and confidence resulted in waste and recycling volume declines and reductions in customers’ waste service needs, which adversely affected our business as well as those of our customers and others within the waste and recycling industry.

Our business and the waste and recycling industry have been adversely, and may be materially adversely affected, by the COVID-19 pandemic and the global response. Primarily due to the impact of COVID-19, a number of our customers either closed operations for a period of time and/or reduced operations or on-site work, particularly those in the restaurant and foodservice industries, resulting in the production of less waste and recyclable materials and, consequently, less demand for waste brokerage services. Several of our customers ultimately declared bankruptcy due to the impact of the pandemic. Additionally, within the waste and recycling industry, during the early stages of the pandemic, there was a decrease in the availability of haulers and other industry participants, primarily due to labor shortages. We also incurred some costs related to health, safety and financial security of our workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic, including increased automation in connection with transitioning our workforce to work-from-home. Costs increased for others within the waste and recycling industry as well, in part due to increased vendor costs particularly with respect to owners and operators of landfills and hauling services, many of which guaranteed full-time hourly employees compensation for a 40-hour work week regardless of any service decreases or reduced work schedules. It could be necessary for us and others within the waste and recycling industry to incur additional such costs in the future related to pandemic conditions or in connection with transitioning back to an in-office work environment.

We received $10.8 million in loans under the U.S. federal government’s Paycheck Protection Program established under the CARES Act. The receipt and any forgiveness of these loans was dependent on us having initially qualified for the loans and qualifying for forgiveness based on the funds being used for certain expenditures such as payroll costs and rent. We initially elected to repay $2.3 million of the loans during the year ended December 31, 2020, but the full $10.8 million amount of the loans was forgiven in March and June 2021. The SBA and other government communications have however indicated that all loans in excess of $2.0 million will be subject to audit and that those audits could take up to seven years to complete. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” Note 5 – Contingencies and uncertainties/COVID-19 pandemic and Note 19 – Subsequent events in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

A broad-based economic slowdown resulting from prolonged negative effects of COVID-19 or otherwise could have significant adverse consequences for the financial condition of our customers or suppliers. As a result, customers may seek to reduce service levels or terminate contracts, or they may be unable to timely pay outstanding receivables owed to us, each of which would adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, such factors have, at times, made it more challenging to negotiate, renew or expand service contracts with acceptable pricing terms. Volume changes can fluctuate dramatically by line of business and decreases in volumes in higher margin businesses, such as what we have seen with COVID-19, can impact key financial metrics. Additionally, if stay-at-home orders and work from home trends continue or are re-instated, the demand for our services from our commercial and public customers could continue to or further negatively impact us. To the extent the landfills and waste haulers experience a deterioration in financial condition or operational capability as a result of the impacts of COVID-19 or another economic slowdown, we may experience material supply chain disruptions and delays, which could also increase our operating costs. If a large portion of our employee base or our hauler base were to become ill, it could impact our ability to provide timely and reliable service. Additionally, the transition of most of our back-office employees to work-from-home increases various operational risks, including potential exposure to cyber incidents, loss of data, fraud, internal control challenges and other disruptions as a consequence of more employees accessing our systems and information remotely in the course of their ordinary work. Many within the waste and recycling industry were exposed to these same risks as well.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected many industries as well as the economies and financial markets of many countries, initially causing a significant deceleration of economic activity. This slowdown reduced production, decreased demand for a broad variety of goods and services, diminished trade levels and led to widespread corporate downsizing, causing a sharp increase in unemployment. Although many of these impacts have lessened, there are still significant global supply chain issues impacting many different industries. We have also seen significant disruption of and extreme volatility in the global capital markets, which could increase the cost of, or entirely restrict access to, capital. The long-term impact of this outbreak on the United States and world economies is uncertain and these adverse impacts could worsen, impacting all segments of the global economy, and could result in a significant recession or worse, any of which could impact our business.

Considerable uncertainty still surrounds the COVID-19 virus and the new strains identified globally as well as the extent and effectiveness of responses taken on a local, national, and global level, including the roll-out and long-term efficacy of vaccines. While we expect the pandemic and related events will have a negative effect on our business and could accelerate or magnify one or more of the risks described in “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this prospectus, the full extent and scope of the impact on our business and industry as well as on national, regional and global markets and economies is highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Accordingly, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines previously done or presently planned could be adversely affected. Any of the foregoing risks, or other direct or indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that are not currently foreseeable, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have historically incurred significant costs and experienced long sales cycles when selling to customers. The decision to adopt our modules may require the approval of multiple technical and business decision makers, including security, compliance, operations, finance and treasury, marketing, and IT. In addition, before our customers will commit to deploying our modules at scale, they often require extensive education about our modules and significant customer support time or pilot programs, engage in protracted pricing negotiations and seek to secure development resources. In addition, sales cycles for our customers are inherently complex and unpredictable. These complex and resource intensive sales efforts could place additional strain on our development and engineering resources. Further, even after our customers contract to use our platform, they may require extensive integration or deployment resources from us before they become active customers, which has at times extended to multiple quarterly periods following the execution of the agreement. Finally, our customers may choose to develop their own solutions that do not include any or all of our modules. They also may demand reductions in pricing as their usage of our modules increases, which could have an adverse impact on our gross margin. If we are unable to increase the revenue that we derive from these customers, then our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Subject to our obligations under the Term Loan, our management team will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA, if any, and you may not agree with how we use the proceeds and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.

Subject to our obligations under the Term Loan, our management team will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA, if any, and we could use such proceeds for purposes other than those currently contemplated. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management team with regard to the use of those net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity to vote on or otherwise determine how or whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest those net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management team to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We may have environmental liabilities that are not covered by our insurance, regardless of whether we are at fault.

We may incur environmental liabilities arising from our operations or third parties with whom we do business. Even if we obtain legally enforceable representations, warranties and indemnities from the parties with whom we do business, these protections may not fully cover the liabilities or these parties may not have sufficient funds to perform their obligations. Some environmental laws and regulations may impose strict, joint and several liability in connection with releases of regulated substances into the environment, and can impose liability on parties who were not to blame. New or increased regulation of substances, such as PFAS or other emerging contaminants, could also lead to increased or previously unauthorized remediation costs or litigation risk. Therefore, in some situations we could be exposed to liability as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, third parties for which we are not at fault. Further, we maintain insurance with respect to these environmental liabilities, but in certain cases we have determined to do so with high deductibles. If we were to incur substantial liability for environmental damage, our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover such liability. Also, due to the variable condition of the insurance market, we have experienced, and may experience in the future, increased insurance retention levels and increased premiums or unavailability of insurance. As we assume more risk for insurance through higher retention levels, we may experience more variability in our insurance reserves and expense. If we were to incur liability for environmental damage, environmental clean-ups, corrective action or damage not covered by insurance or in excess of the amount of our coverage, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We participate within the waste and recycling industry by providing consulting and management services to our customers for waste removal, waste management, logistics, and recycling solutions. Many of our customers and each of the parties with whom we contract on behalf of our customers, including waste haulers, operate within the waste and recycling industry, some of which may also construct, own and operate landfills, recycling facilities and transfer stations, and own or lease and operate collection and transfer trucks and other equipment used for collection, transfer and disposal of waste. As a result, our future financial performance and success is dependent in large part upon the viability of the waste and recycling industry and the success and survival of industry participants. However, waste and recycling industry participants and their operations are subject to a number of unique risks, including:

If any of the foregoing risks or other risks adversely affects those in the waste and recycling industry, including the waste haulers and landfill operators with whom we contract, it could cause them to raise the prices that they charge us and our customers. Any reduction in the demand for their services could also cause certain haulers and operators to consider offering services and solutions similar to ours, increasing our direct competition. Further, any events that impact the viability of their business as presently conducted or proposed to be conducted in the future or reduce the number of waste and recycling facilities or haulers could have an adverse effect on the demand for certain of our services or increase the cost thereof. Therefore, any of the foregoing risks or others that adversely affect participants in the waste and recycling industry could similarly have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Demand for our solutions is subject to volatility in our accounts’ and our haulers’ underlying businesses.

Our sales are based on accounts’ demand for solutions to manage waste and recycling needs. This sector periodically experiences economic declines and may be exacerbated by other economic, environmental and social factors. If participants in this sector reduce spending or allocate future funding in a manner that results in fewer projects, then our accounts’ underlying business may be impacted and demand for our solutions may decrease or our rate of contract renewals may decrease. A prolonged decrease in such spending may harm our results of operations. Our accounts may request discounts or extended payment terms on new arrangements or seek to extend payment terms on existing arrangements due to lower levels of infrastructure spending or for other reasons, all of which may reduce revenue. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of our customers in the restaurant and foodservice industries ceased or significantly scaled back operations, adversely affecting our results. We may not be able to adjust our operating expenses to offset such discounts or other arrangements because a substantial portion of our operating expenses relate to personnel, facilities, and marketing programs. The level of personnel and related expenses may not be able to be adjusted quickly and is based, in significant part, on our expectations for future revenues and demand.

Our sales are also premised on the availability of haulers to transport our accounts’ waste and recyclable materials. If there is volatility within the waste and recycling industry or decreased availability of adequate haulers or other necessary vendors we may not be able to meet our customers’ needs, which would adversely affect our business. Any increase in hauler or vendor costs may also adversely affect our margins or may require us to offset such expenses or to pass these increased expenses on to our customers which may further negatively impact our relationship with our accounts and demand for our solutions.

Demand for our solutions can be affected by changes in recyclable commodity prices and quantities.

Certain of our customers collect and process, purchase or sell recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, aluminum and other metals, and utilize our solutions and services in connection with these activities. The sale prices of and the demand for recyclable commodities are frequently volatile and when they decline, demand for our solutions will be affected. The market demand for recyclable commodities is volatile due to changes in economic conditions and numerous other factors beyond our and our customers’ control. The value of plastics is influenced by the volatility of crude oil prices, and in 2020 there was a resulting decline in the value of plastic recyclables associated with the precipitous drop in the value of crude at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The value of paper products is often influenced by quality concerns, which have resulted in the imposition of restrictions by other countries, including China, on the import of certain recyclables. For instance, in 2017 the Chinese government imposed strict limits on the import of recyclable materials, including by restricting the amount of contaminants allowed in imported recycled paper. These limitations significantly decreased the global demand for recyclable commodities and resulted in lower commodity prices. The war in Ukraine may also adversely affect the commodities markets, including trading prices and volatility. Additionally, future regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or initiatives may result in further reduced demand. Any decrease in recyclable commodity prices or other facts which cause the profitability of recycling operations to decline could adversely affect demand for our solutions and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Charter provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.

Our Charter provides that, unless Rubicon selects or consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law: (a) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting any internal corporate claims, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and subject to applicable jurisdictional requirements, shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have, or declines to accept, jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware); and (b) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, to the fullest extent permitted by law, shall be the federal district courts of the United States of America. For purposes of the foregoing, “internal corporate claims” means claims, including claims in the right of Rubicon that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of Class A Common Stock or Class V Common Stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this provision.

This choice of forum provision may limit a Rubicon stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision. If a court ruled the choice of forum provision was inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, Rubicon may incur additional costs to resolve such action in other jurisdictions. The choice of forum provision is intended to apply to the fullest extent permitted by law to the above-specified types of actions and proceedings, and is intended to require, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any claims arising under the Securities Act be brought in the federal district courts of the United States in accordance with clause (b) of the choice of forum provision, and (ii) any derivative actions, including those brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act be brought in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in accordance with clause (a) of the choice of forum provision. The provision does not apply to any direct claims brought by Rubicon’s stockholders on their own behalf, or on behalf of any class of similarly situated stockholders, under the Exchange Act. Rubicon stockholders will not be deemed, by operation of the choice of forum provision, to have waived Rubicon’s obligation to comply with all applicable federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

If we fail to continue to improve and enhance the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, or scalability of our platform in a manner that responds to our customers’ evolving needs, our business may be adversely affected.

The on-demand commerce and digital ordering markets are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions, and evolving industry standards. Our success has been based on our ability to identify and anticipate the needs of our customers and design and maintain a platform that provides them with the tools they need to operate their businesses in a manner that is productive and meets or exceeds their expectations. Our ability to attract new customers, retain revenue from existing customers, and increase sales to both new and existing customers will depend in large part on our ability to continue to improve and enhance the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, and scalability of our platform. Additionally, to achieve and maintain market acceptance for our platform, we must effectively integrate with new or existing solutions that meet changing customer demands in a timely manner.

As we expand our platform and services, and as the number of our customers with higher volume sales increases, we expect that we will need to offer increased functionality, scalability and support, including to keep our platform, systems, and services secure, which requires us to devote additional resources to such efforts. To the extent we are not able to enhance our platform’s functionality in order to maintain its utility and security, enhance our platform’s scalability in order to maintain its performance and availability, or improve our support functions in order to meet increased customer service demands, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The success of enhancements, new features and services depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the feature, service or enhancement by customers, as well as our ability to seamlessly integrate all of our product and service offerings and develop adequate selling capabilities in new markets. We may make significant investments in new modules or enhancements that may not achieve expected returns. The continual improvement and enhancement of our platform requires significant investment and we may not have the resources to make such investment. Our improvements and enhancements may not result in our ability to recoup our investments in a timely manner, or at all. The improvement and enhancement of the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, and scalability of our platform is expensive and complex, and to the extent we are not able to perform it in a manner that responds to our customers’ evolving needs, our business, operating results, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Quality problems, defects, errors, failures, or vulnerabilities in our solutions or services could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our solutions are, in some cases, highly complex and incorporate advanced technologies that we attempt to make interoperable with the products of other providers. Despite testing prior to release, our solutions may contain undetected defects or errors. Further, the combined use of our solutions with those of other providers may cause errors or failures, or it may expose undetected defects, errors, or failures in our solutions. These defects, errors, or failures could affect performance of the solutions and damage the businesses of our accounts, as well as delay the development or release of new offerings or new versions of solutions. Allegations of unsatisfactory performance in any of these situations could damage our reputation in the market and our relationships with our accounts, cause us to lose revenue or market share, increase our service costs, cause us to incur substantial costs in analyzing, correcting, or redesigning the solutions, cause us to lose accounts, subject us to liability for damages, and divert our resources from other tasks, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We may also be required to provide full replacements or refunds for such defective product. We cannot assure you that such remediation would not harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If our security measures or those of our third-party cloud data hosts, cloud computing platform providers, or third-party service partners, are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to an account’s data, our data or our IT systems our services may be perceived as not being secure, accounts may curtail or stop using our services, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.

As we digitize and use cloud and web-based technologies to leverage account data to deliver a more complete account experience, we are exposed to increased security risks and the potential for unauthorized access to, or improper use of, our and our accounts’ information. Certain of our services involve the storage and transmission of accounts’ proprietary information, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and possible liability. Although we devote resources to maintaining our security and integrity, we may not prevent security incidents.

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These threats, some of which we have experienced, include but are not limited to identity theft, unauthorized access, domain name system attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, ransomware attacks, advanced persistent threat, application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, backdoor trojans, and distributed denial of service attacks. Any of the foregoing could attack our accounts’ data (including their employees’ personal data), our data (including colleagues’ personal data), or our IT systems. It is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Like all solutions, our products are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. For example, in April 2021 we discovered a ransomware event in which an unauthorized third party gained access to our network. Although the April 2021 incident was fully remediated and no incidents to date of which we have knowledge have had a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations, the impact of cyber-attacks could disrupt the proper functioning of our solutions or services, cause errors in the output of our accounts’ work, allow unauthorized access to sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information of ours or our accounts, and other destructive outcomes.

Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce colleagues or accounts into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or other information in order to gain access to our accounts’ data, our data, or our IT systems. Malicious third parties may also conduct attacks designed to temporarily deny accounts access to our services. Any security breach could result in a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services, damage our reputation, negatively impact our future sales, disrupt our business, and lead to regulatory inquiry and legal liability.

Material portions of our business require the Internet infrastructure to be reliable.

Part of our future success continues to depend on the use of the Internet as a means to perform transactions electronically, including, for example, document digitization. This in part requires ongoing maintenance of the Internet infrastructure, especially to prevent interruptions in service, as well as additional development of that infrastructure. This requires a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, security, and timely development of complementary products for providing reliable Internet access and services. If this infrastructure fails to be sufficiently developed or be adequately maintained, our business would be harmed because users may not be able to access our portals.

The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy.

A portion of our historical growth has occurred through acquisitions, and we anticipate continued growth through acquisitions in the future. We are presently evaluating, and we expect to continue to evaluate on an ongoing basis, a variety of possible acquisition transactions. We cannot predict the timing of any contemplated transactions, and there can be no assurances that we will identify suitable acquisition opportunities or, if we do identify such opportunities, that any transaction can be consummated on terms acceptable to us. A significant change in our business or the economy, an unexpected decrease in our cash flows or any restrictions imposed by our debt may limit our ability to obtain the necessary capital for acquisitions or otherwise impede our ability to complete an acquisition. Certain proposed acquisitions or dispositions may also trigger a review by the U.S. Department of Justice, or “DOJ”, and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or “FTC”, under their respective regulatory authority, focusing on the effects on competition, including the size or structure of the relevant markets and the pro-competitive benefits of the transaction. Any delay, prohibition or modification required by regulatory authorities could adversely affect the terms of a proposed acquisition or could require us to modify or abandon an otherwise attractive acquisition opportunity. The failure to identify suitable transaction partners and to consummate transactions on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions also involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform as expected, that our judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of acquired businesses will prove wrong or that we will incur unanticipated costs as a result of a transaction. We may become liable for certain unforeseen pre-acquisition liabilities of an acquired business, including, among others, tax liabilities, environmental liabilities, contingent consideration and liabilities for employment practices. In addition, an acquisition could result in the impairment of client relationships and other acquired assets such as goodwill. We may also incur costs and experience inefficiencies to the extent an acquisition expands the services, markets or geographies in which we operate due to our limited exposure and experience. Acquisitions can also involve post-transaction disputes regarding a number of matters, including a purchase price or working capital adjustment, earn-out or other contingent payments, environmental liabilities, and indemnification or other obligations. Acquisitions also place significant demands on our management’s time, which may divert their attention from our day-to-day business operations, and may lead to significant due diligence and other expenses regardless of whether we pursue or consummate any acquisition. We may also not be able to manage our growth through acquisitions due to the number and the diversity of the businesses we have acquired or for other reasons. Acquisitions may require that we incur additional debt to finance the transaction, which could be substantial and limit our operating flexibility or, alternatively, acquisitions may require that we issue stock as consideration, which could dilute share ownership. If any of these risks were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Any inability to successfully integrate our recent or future acquisitions, or realize their anticipated benefits, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Acquisitions have required, and in the future will require, that we integrate into our existing operations separate companies that historically operated independently or as part of another, larger organization, and had different systems, processes and cultures. Risks involved with the successful integration of an acquired business include, but are not limited to:

We may not be able to successfully integrate any business we have acquired or may acquire, or may not be able to do so in a timely, efficient or cost-effective manner. Our inability to effectively complete the integration of new businesses on schedule and in an orderly manner could increase costs and lower profits. Our inability to manage our growth through acquisitions, including the integration process, and to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A large percentage of our revenue is tied to a small number of customers, such that the loss of any of these customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from two customers. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we derived approximately 30% and 28%, respectively, of our total revenues from these customers. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we derived approximately 27% and 29%, respectively, of our total revenues from these customers. We cannot assure you that these customers will continue to contract with us on terms or at rates currently in effect, or will not elect to contract with our competitors or attempt to perform the services we provide themselves. Further, as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 22%, 23% and 23%, respectively, of our aggregate accounts receivable and contract assets were due from these two customers. The contract term with these two customers ranges from 2 to 3 years, but one of the customers has the right to terminate without penalty with 60 days advance written notice. These contracts do not include any minimum purchase requirements for the customers and were made in the ordinary course of business. As a result, these customers could stop purchasing our services, reduce their purchase levels or request reduced pricing structures at any time. We may therefore need to adapt our pricing and marketing strategies in response to a customer who may seek concessions in return for its continued or increased business. In addition, a macroeconomic downturn or any other cause of consolidation in our industry or among our other customers could significantly increase the market share and bargaining power of a limited number of customers and give them significant additional leverage to negotiate more favorable terms and place greater demands on us. The loss of either of these customers, if not offset by revenues from new or other existing customers, or any inability of either customer to pay amounts as and when due, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on customers using our platform, and any loss of customers or decline in their use of our platform could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our ability to grow and generate incremental revenue depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and grow our relationships with existing customers, to have them increase their deployment and use of our platform, and to increase or maintain transaction volume on our platform. Although our customers generally have multi-year contracts with us, they can typically terminate the agreement without penalty by providing as little as 30 days written notice and may elect not to renew the agreement following the expiration date. In addition, if our customers do not increase their use of our platform or adopt and deploy additional modules, then our revenue may decline and our results of operations may be harmed. Customers may not renew their contracts with us or reduce their use of our platform for any number of reasons, including if they are not satisfied with our platform or modules, the value proposition of our platform or our ability to meet their needs and expectations, security or platform reliability issues, or if they decide to build their own solution internally. Additionally, consumers may change their purchasing habits or reduce their orders from our current customers, which could harm their business and reduce their use of our platform. We cannot accurately predict our customers’ usage levels and the loss of customers or their usage levels of our modules may each have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition and may cause our expansion rate to decline. If a significant number of customers cease using or reduce their usage of our platform, then we may be required to spend significantly more on sales and marketing than we currently plan to spend in order to maintain or increase revenue from our customers. Such additional sales and marketing expenditures could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Clients may elect to terminate our contracts and manage operations internally.

It is possible that our clients may elect to not renew contracts for our solutions. Alternatively, clients may elect to drop maintenance on certain modules that they ultimately decide not to use. This could adversely affect our revenues and profits. Additionally, they may inadvertently allow our intellectual property or other information to fall into the hands of third parties, including our competitors, which could adversely affect our business.

Selling products and services into the public sector poses unique challenges.

We derive a portion of our revenue from sales of software-as-a-service and professional services to state, county, and city governments, other federal or municipal agencies, and other public entities. We expect that sales to public sector clients will continue to account for a portion of our revenue in the future. We face many risks and challenges associated with contracting with governmental entities, including:

Each of these risks is outside our control. If we fail to adequately adapt to these risks and uncertainties, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

If we fail to attract and retain qualified management and skilled technical personnel, our business may be adversely affected.

Our long-term success depends, in significant part, upon the continued service and performance of our senior management and other key personnel. We rely on knowledgeable, experienced and skilled technical personnel, particularly analysts, product developers and service personnel to provide our services, often in a stringent regulatory environment. Certain of our employees, including our senior management and the key employees of the various businesses we have acquired, have exceptionally strong knowledge of our businesses, sectors and clients. Their departure could lead to the loss of know-how and information of value to us, and their departure could pose a risk to key client relationships. Our continued growth will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain additional skilled management and other key employees, including in new markets, whether organically or through acquisitions. For certain positions, there may be a limited number of qualified people to fulfill the roles, whether limited based on scarcity with respect to the particular skillset, within a given geography or otherwise. The loss of the services of one or more members of our management team or of qualified employees and other key personnel, or the inability to identify, hire and retain the key personnel that may be necessary to grow our business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our international operations subject us to additional risks that could adversely affect our business.

We have activities outside of the United States and work with some international third-party providers, including product developers in Europe. Our operations, those of the third parties with which we work as well as those of our customers, are therefore subject to regulatory, economic, political and other events and uncertainties in countries where these operations are located. Further, our growth strategy includes expansion into additional international markets. In addition to the risks discussed elsewhere herein that are common to both our domestic and international operations, we face risks specific to our foreign activities, including but not limited to:

Foreign operations bring increased complexity and the costs of managing or overseeing foreign operations, including adapting and localizing services or systems to specific regions and countries, can be material. Further, international operations carry inherent uncertainties regarding the effect of local or domestic actions, such as the unpredictable impact of the referendum vote in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (Brexit) and the uncertainty regarding the terms that govern its exit, any of which could be material. These and other risks related to our foreign operations, or the associated costs or liabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many of our product and service offerings incorporate proprietary information, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of contracts, patents, copyrights, and trade secret laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. We cannot be certain that we have taken all appropriate steps to deter misappropriation of our intellectual property. There has also been an apparent evolution in the legal standards and regulations courts and the U.S. patent office may apply in favorably evaluating software patent rights. We are not currently involved in any material intellectual property litigation; however, we may be a party to such litigation in the future to protect our proprietary information, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to current or future products. Any claims or litigation, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, costly, and a diversion to management. Any such claims and litigation could also cause delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements. Such royalty or licensing arrangements, if required, may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Therefore, litigation to defend and enforce our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, regardless of the final outcome of such litigation.

We rely on software licensed from, and services rendered by, third parties in order to provide our modules and run our business.

We rely on software licensed from, and services rendered by, third parties in order to provide our modules and run our business. Third-party software and services may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use, or any failures of, third-party software or services could result in delays in our ability to provide our modules or run our business until equivalent software or services are developed by us or, if available, identified, obtained and integrated, which could be costly and time-consuming and may not result in an equivalent module, any of which could cause an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Further, customers could assert claims against us in connection with such service disruption or cease conducting business with us altogether. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us by any of our customers would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and brand, making it harder for us to sell our modules.

Pending or future litigation or governmental proceedings could result in material adverse consequences, including judgments or settlements.

As a large company with international operations, across the U.S. and Canada in particular, we are, and from time to time become, involved in lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, and governmental and other legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of our business, including with respect to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. Additionally, our participation in the waste and recycling industry, even though we are only an indirect market participant that does not own or operate any landfill or hauling operations, subjects us to additional claims that many other companies in other industries are not likely to face. Many of these matters raise complicated factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties and complexities, all of which make the matters costly and often divert management’s attention from day-to-day operations. For example, we may incur costs to defend against litigation brought by government agencies and private parties who allege we are in violation of our permits and applicable environmental laws and regulations, or who assert claims alleging nuisance, environmental damage, personal injury or property damage. Additionally, in recent years, wage and employment laws have changed regularly and become increasingly complex, which has fostered litigation, including purported class actions. The timing of the final resolutions to lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, and governmental and other legal proceedings is uncertain. We may be required to pay fines or judgments, which could be significant, or to implement corrective measures, or we may have our permits and licenses modified or revoked as a result of these actions. We establish accruals for our estimates of the costs associated with lawsuits, regulatory, governmental and other legal proceedings. We could underestimate such accruals. Such shortfalls could result in significant unanticipated charges to income. A significant judgment against us, the loss of a significant permit or license, or the imposition of a significant fine or other expenses in excess of any accrual or reserve could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Note 16 – Commitments and contingencies in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Pursuant to ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements, we are required to and do evaluate at each annual and interim financial statement period whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. Based on the definitions in the relevant accounting standards and our history of operating losses and negative cash flows, we currently project that we will not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity under existing arrangements to meet our projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Although we have taken, and plan to continue to take, proactive measures to enhance our liquidity position and provide additional financial flexibility, including, among other things, negotiation with respect to the New Debt Facilities and receipt of binding commitments for the Financing Commitment, there can be no assurance that these measures, including the timing and terms thereof, will be successful or sufficient. Any new financing may also lead to increased costs, increased interest rates, additional and more restrictive financial covenants and other lender protections, and whether we will be able to successfully complete any such refinancing will depend on market conditions, the negotiations with those lenders and investors, and our financial performance. The Financing Commitment and the New Debt Facilities are also proposed to include potential equity financing, the terms of which could cause substantial dilution to existing stockholders. In addition, we are formulating additional plans to extend cash availability, including modifying our operations to further reduce spending, but these steps may not produce the anticipated results or provide any benefit at all. While management believes that our plan to address the pending debt maturities is probable of being achieved, and our financial statements have accordingly been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, there can be no assurance the necessary financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 19, Liquidity, and Note 20, Subsequent Events, in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

If we are unable to obtain adequate additional capital resources to fund our liquidity needs, we will not be able to continue to operate our business pursuant to our current business plan, which would require us to further modify our operations to reduce spending to a sustainable level by, among other things, delaying, scaling back or eliminating some or all of our ongoing or planned investments in corporate infrastructure, business development, sales and marketing, product development and other activities, selling certain business lines or assets or we may be forced to discontinue our operations entirely and/or liquidate our assets, in which case it is likely that equity investors would lose most or all of their investment. The substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may also affect the price of our common stock and our credit rating, negatively impact relationships with third parties with whom we do business, including customers, vendors, lenders and employees, prevent us from identifying, hiring or retaining the key personnel that may be necessary to operate and grow our business and limit our ability to raise additional capital. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our substantial levels of indebtedness could adversely affect our business.

As of September 30, 2022, we had approximately $99.6 million of indebtedness, consisting of $69.5 million in borrowings under our term loan (including a subordinated term loan in the amount of $20.0 million) and $30.1 million under our revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $103.6 million of indebtedness, consisting of $73.7 million in borrowings under our term loan (including a subordinated term loan in the amount of $20.0 million) and $29.9 million under our revolving credit facility. Our indebtedness could have important consequences for us and our investors, including, but not limited to:

In addition, as our indebtedness matures, or if we are unable to service our high level of indebtedness, we may need to restructure or refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell material assets or operations or raise additional debt or equity capital. We may not be able to effect any of these actions on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and these actions may not be sufficient to meet our capital requirements. Furthermore, we may not be able to invest in our business and as a result, we may not be able to achieve our forecasted results of operations.

The interest rates under our existing indebtedness are significant – LIBOR plus 9.5% for our term loan, 15.0% for our subordinated term loan and SOFR plus 5.6% for our revolving credit facility bears interest. Our ability to make payments on debt (including interest), to repay existing or future indebtedness when due, to fund operations and significant planned capital expenditures and to support our growth strategy will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Our ability to produce cash from operations is, and will be, subject to a number of risks, including those described above in “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Our ability to repay debt will also depend on external factors that are outside of our control, including economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors. If we are unable to make required interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, it would result in an event of default under the agreements governing such indebtedness, which may result in the acceleration of some or all of our outstanding indebtedness and foreclosure on the assets that secure such indebtedness.

Although our debt agreements contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the amount of indebtedness that could be incurred in the future in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial, thereby exacerbating the risks associated with our high level of indebtedness. For example, under our credit facility, we may borrow up to $20.0 million in the form of a term loan and, subject to outstanding letters of credit, up to $60.0 million under our revolving credit facility.

Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information on our indebtedness, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 19, Liquidity, and Note 20, Subsequent Events, in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The terms and covenants in our existing indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in some business and financial transactions, which could adversely affect our business.

Our credit facility has restrictive covenants that limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:

In addition, our credit facility contains financial maintenance covenants that, among other things, require us to maintain minimum qualified billed and unbilled receivables and to not exceed a specified borrowing base or net leverage ratio tested at the end of each quarter. Among other things, we may not be able to borrow money under our credit facility if we are unable to comply with the financial and other covenants included therein. Our credit facility also contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default with acceleration rights (including, among other things, an event of default upon a material adverse change in our business condition (financial or otherwise), operations, properties or prospects, change of management, or change of control). If an event of default occurs, our lenders will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under our credit facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. Our revolving credit facility also includes a lockbox arrangement, which provides for receipts to be swept daily to reduce borrowings outstanding at the discretion of the lender. Our term loan also includes a qualified equity contributions requirement of $50.0 million during the period on or prior to June 30, 2022 and, because the Mergers did not occur prior to this date, we did not satisfy the equity contributions requirement, giving the lender the right to use our available funds under our revolving credit facility as term loan collateral.

The YA SPA contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

The YA Warrant and YA Convertible Debentures also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default with acceleration rights (including, among other things, upon cross-defaults under other loan documents, bankruptcy or insolvency, and delisting of the Class A Common Stock). If an event of default occurs, the Yorkville Investor will be entitled to take various actions, which include the ability to (i) declare the full unpaid principal amount of the YA Convertible Debentures, together with interest and other amounts owing in respect thereof, immediately due and payable in cash and (ii) force Rubicon to purchase the YA Warrant in whole from the Yorkville Investor by paying to the Yorkville Investor a cash amount equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million, multiplied by (b) the quotient of (y) the number of YA Warrant Shares called for by the YA Warrant as of the date such payment is made divided by (z) the original number of YA Warrant Shares underlying the YA Warrant (plus any increase required pursuant to the terms thereof), which amount will be paid within 20 trading days of the date of notice from the Yorkville Investor.

Any future debt that we incur may contain additional and more restrictive negative covenants and financial maintenance covenants. These restrictions could limit our ability to obtain debt financing, repurchase stock, pay dividends, refinance or pay principal on our outstanding debt, complete acquisitions for cash or debt or react to changes in our operating environment or the economy.

Our failure to comply with our obligations or the agreements governing any future indebtedness may result in an event of default under the applicable agreement. A default, if not cured or waived, may permit acceleration of some or all of our other indebtedness and trigger other termination and similar rights under other contracts. We cannot be certain that we will be able to remedy any defaults and, if our indebtedness is accelerated, we cannot be certain that we will have sufficient funds available to pay the accelerated indebtedness or that we will have the ability to refinance the accelerated indebtedness on terms favorable to us or at all, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The required interest payments on our indebtedness under the credit facility may be impacted by reforms related to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The variable interest rates applicable under the credit facility are linked to LIBOR as the benchmark rate for establishing such rates. Recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and reform proposals regarding LIBOR are requiring certain LIBOR tenors to be discontinued or become unavailable by the end of 2021 and LIBOR to be fully discontinued or become unavailable as a benchmark rate by June 2023. Although one or more of our credit facilities includes mechanics to facilitate the adoption by us and our lenders of an alternative benchmark rate for use in place of LIBOR, no assurance can be made that such alternative benchmark rate will perform in a manner similar to LIBOR or result in interest rates that are at least as favorable to us as those that would have resulted had LIBOR remained in effect, which could result in an increase in our interest expense and other debt service obligations. In addition, the overall credit market may be disrupted as a result of the replacement of LIBOR or in the anticipation thereof, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to refinance, reprice, or amend our existing indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness on favorable terms or at all.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 19, Liquidity, and Note 20, Subsequent Events, in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Certain shareholders in Rubicon, including certain Selling Securityholders, acquired shares of Class A Common Stock (or Class B Units) or Private Warrants at prices below, in some cases considerably below, the current trading price of our Class A Common Stock or for no cash consideration at all and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price.

The Selling Securityholders acquired the Class A Common Stock offered for resale at effective purchase prices ranging from $0.00 to $15.52 per share. The Selling Securityholders receiving RSUs and DSUs will acquire Class A Common Stock for no cash consideration. Given the relatively lower purchase prices that some of our shareholders paid to acquire securities and exercise prices that some of our shareholders may pay to exercise Private Warrants to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock compared to the current trading price of our shares of Class A Common Stock, these shareholders, some of whom are Selling Securityholders pursuant to this or other registration statements we are obligated to file to register the resale of shares of Class A Common Stock, in some instances will earn a positive rate of return on their investment, which may be a significant positive rate of return, depending on the market price of our shares of Class A Common Stock at the time that such shareholders choose to sell their shares of Class A Common Stock. Investors who purchased units in Founder SPAC’s initial public offering, who purchased Founder Class A Shares on the NYSE following the IPO or who purchase our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants on the NYSE following the Business Combination may not experience a similar rate of return on the securities they purchase due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price. Based on the last reported sale price of our shares of Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023 of $1.85 and their respective purchase prices, the Selling Securityholders may receive potential profits up to $1.85 per share. See the section titled “Summary—Information Related to Offered Securities” for additional information regarding the prices paid by and potential profits the Selling Securityholders may earn on sales of the securities registered hereunder.

Substantial future sales of shares of Class A Common Stock could cause the market price of our shares of Class A Common stock to decline.

We have agreed, at our expense, to prepare and file this and other registration statements with the SEC providing for the resale of shares of Class A Common Stock. The shares of Class A Common Stock being offered for resale in this prospectus represent approximately 61.2% of our total outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date of this prospectus (after giving effect to the cash exercise of Private Warrants, issuance and exchange of Earn-Out Interests for Class A Common Stock and vesting of RSUs and DSUs, in each case, as registered for resale in this prospectus).

After this registration statement and any others we file in respect of the resale of shares of Class A Common Stock become effective, and until such time that they are no longer effective, these registration statements will permit the resale of the applicable securities.

Potential new issuances of Class A Common Stock include (a) the exercise of all Warrants, (b) the vesting of all RSU and DSU awards, (c) the utilization of the SEPA, (d) conversion of the YA Convertible Debentures, (e) exercise of the YA Warrant, (f) settlement of the Deferred Fee Arrangements in stock, and (g) satisfaction of the Vellar Termination Agreement in stock:

The resale, or expected or potential resale, of a substantial number of our shares of Class A Common Stock in the public market could adversely affect the market price for our shares of Class A Common Stock and make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of Class A Common Stock at times and prices that you feel are appropriate. In particular, as a result of the SEPA, the Yorkville Investor is an “underwriter” as such term is defined in Section 2(a)(11) of Securities Act, and the SEPA contemplates that the Yorkville Investor expects to resell any shares of Class A Common Stock we may issue and sell pursuant thereto. The FPA Sellers may also resell a significant number of shares of Class A Common Stock in the market with respect to the shares that they retained pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements and that may be issued in the future pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement. Furthermore, we expect that, because there will be a large number of shares registered pursuant to this and other registration statements, the applicable selling securityholders will continue to offer such covered securities for a significant period of time, the precise duration of which cannot be predicted. Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from an offering pursuant to a registration statement may continue for an extended period of time.

In addition, because the current market price of our Class A Common Stock is higher than the price certain selling securityholders paid for their securities, there is more likelihood that selling securityholders holding shares of Class A Common Stock will sell their shares as soon as the applicable registration statement is declared effective and any applicable lock-up restrictions expire.

See the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions” for additional information regarding the SEPA, the YA Convertible Debentures, the YA Warrant, the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Termination Agreements, the Insider Convertible Debentures, and the Deferred Fee Arrangements.

Pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement, Rubicon may issue Vellar up to $2.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock (“Settlement Shares”) on the earlier of May 30, 2024 or the six month anniversary of the conversion of 90% or more of the YA Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Vellar Lock-Up Date”) or pay such obligation in cash, in each case on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. The number of Settlement Shares issuable pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement will be determined based on the average daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock over the ten scheduled trading days preceding such share issuance. Without giving effect to the exercise of any other potential future issuance, and assuming that (a) the full $2.0 million obligation set forth above is paid in Class A Common Stock, and (b) the VWAP at which we issue Settlement Shares is $5.00, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 400,000 additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 0.2% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. If the 10 day VWAP price is $2.00, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 1 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 0.6% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices and management’s decision to repay such amount in equity, if at all. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 or Form S-3 (as applicable) registration statement. For more information, see “Certain Financing Transactions—FPA Termination Agreements.”

Pursuant to certain deferred fee arrangements entered into with certain of our advisors in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, we issued 443,341, 4,373,210, and 2,485,604 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Cowen Deferred Fee Arrangement, Moelis Deferred Fee Arrangement, and Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement, respectively, and may issue an aggregate of approximately $7.1 million of additional shares of Class A Common Stock in satisfaction of the outstanding amounts owed under a deferred fee arrangement with another financial advisor pursuant to the terms thereof (together with the Cowen Deferred Fee Arrangement, the Moelis Deferred Fee Arrangement, and the Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement, the “Deferred Fee Arrangements”). Under the unsettled arrangement, at our election, we may pay the $7.1 million obligation in cash and/or equity within six months following the Closing (February 15, 2023). Any shares issued upon such election shall be issued at the ten trading-day VWAP prior to any such election. Without giving effect to any other potential future issuance or the issuance of the Cowen Deferred Fee Shares, Moelis Deferred Fee Shares, and Cohen Deferred Fee Shares and assuming that (a) the full $7.1 million is paid in Class A Common Stock, and (b) the VWAP at which we issue shares is $5.00, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 1.4 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 0.8% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. If the 10 day VWAP price is $2.00, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 3.5 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 2.0% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices and management’s decision to repay such amount in equity, if at all. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to these arrangements will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 registration statement.

Pursuant to the SEPA, we may issue and sell up to $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor. The price at which we may issue and sell shares will be at 97% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three trading days following a notice to sell to the Yorkville Investor, provided that we are subject to certain caps on the amount of shares of Class A Common Stock that we may sell on any single day. The shares of Class A Common Stock issuable under the SEPA will be registered for resale on a different registration statement. Without giving effect to the SEPA Exchange Cap (as defined below) or any other potential future issuance other than pursuant to the SEPA (although the Yorkville Investor may acquire and resell additional shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the YA Convertible Debentures and the YA Warrant, as discussed below), and assuming that (a) we issue and sell the full $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock under the SEPA to the Yorkville Investor, (b) the beneficial ownership limitations set forth in the SEPA are waived, and (c) the issue price for such sales is $5.00 per share, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 40 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 19.0% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. If the per share issue price is $2.00, such additional issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 100 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 36.9% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuance. If the beneficial ownership limitations are not waived, at a $5.00 and $2.00 issue price per share of Class A Common Stock, such issuances would represent approximately 17.9 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock, or approximately 9.99% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at Closing. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices and management’s decision to sell shares of Class A Common Stock, if at all. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to this arrangement will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 registration statement. For more information, see “Certain Financing Transactions—SEPA.”

Pursuant to the YA Convertible Debentures and YA Warrant, we have agreed to issue up to $37.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock upon the conversion of the YA Convertible Debentures or exercise of the YA Warrant, as applicable. Without giving effect to any other potential future issuance other than pursuant to the YA Convertible Debentures and YA Warrant and assuming that (a) the Second YA Convertible Debenture is issued, (b) the full amounts with respect to the conversion or exercise, as applicable, of the YA Convertible Debentures and YA Warrant are paid in Class A Common Stock (without giving effect to the interest and fees accrued thereunder), and (c) the VWAP at which we issue shares is $5.00, such issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 7.4 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 4.2% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuances. If the VWAP price at which we issue shares is $2.00, such issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 18.5 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 9.8% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuances. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices, management’s decision to pay such obligations in cash (if at all) and the Yorkville Investor’s decision to convert the YA Convertible Debentures into, and exercise the YA Warrant for, shares of Class A Common Stock. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the YA Warrant will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 or Form S-3 (as applicable) registration statement. For more information, see “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Convertible Debentures” and “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Warrant.”

Pursuant to the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, Rubicon has agreed to issue and sell to the Insider Investors Insider Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, net of an original issuance discount of $2.0 million, which are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock. Without giving effect to any other potential future issuance other than pursuant to the Insider Convertible Debentures and assuming that (a) the additional Insider Convertible Debentures are issued at the second closing, (b) the full amounts with respect to the conversion of the Insider Convertible Debentures are paid in Class A Common Stock (without giving effect to the interest and fees accrued thereunder), and (c) the VWAP at which we issue shares is $5.00, such issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 3.4 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 2.0% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023 after giving effect to only such issuances. If the VWAP price at which we issue shares is $2.00, such issuances would represent in the aggregate approximately 8.5 million additional shares of Class A Common Stock or approximately 4.7% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of January 25, 2023, after giving effect to only such issuances. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices and the Insider Investors’ decision to convert the Insider Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Insider Convertible Debentures will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 or Form S-3 (as applicable) registration statement. Further, the Insider Convertible Debentures may be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock at an initial conversion price equal to the lower of 110% of: (i) the average closing price of Class A Common Stock for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the date of the respective closing or (ii) the closing price of Class A Common Stock immediately preceding the date of the respective closing, subject to adjustments as further specified in the Insider Convertible Debentures. The Insider Convertible Debentures will be fully repayable in cash upon maturity. The Insider Securities Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Insider Convertible Debentures. For more information, see “Certain Financing Transactions – Insider Convertible Debentures.”

If and when we issue securities, such recipients, upon effectiveness of a Form S-1 or Form S-3 (as applicable) registration statement registering such securities for resale, may resell all, some or none of such shares in their discretion and at different prices subject to the terms of the applicable agreement. As a result, investors who purchase shares from such recipients at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution (and in some cases substantial dilution) and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase as a result of future issuances or issuances and sales made by Rubicon to such aforementioned parties or others at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares. In addition, if we issue a substantial number of shares to such parties, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of an arrangement with such parties may adversely affect the price of our securities or make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a desirable time and price, or at all.

The issuance, if any, of Class A Common Stock would not affect the rights or privileges of Rubicon’s existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting interests of existing stockholders would be diluted, potentially substantially. Although the number of shares of Class A Common Stock that existing stockholders own would not decrease as a result of these additional issuances, the shares of Class A Common Stock owned by existing stockholders would represent a smaller percentage of the total outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock after any such issuance, potentially significantly smaller.

See the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions” for additional information regarding the SEPA, the Insider Convertible Debentures, the YA Convertible Debentures, the YA Warrant, the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Termination Agreements, and the Deferred Fee Arrangements.

The Warrants are exercisable for Class A Common Stock, which may increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

Rubicon has an aggregate of 30,016,851 Warrants issued and outstanding, representing the right to purchase an equivalent number of shares of Class A Common Stock in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement. The exercise price of the Warrants is $11.50 per share. Without giving effect to the issuance of any shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements, the Deferred Fee Arrangements (other than the Cowen Deferred Fee Shares, the Moelis Deferred Fee Shares, and the Cohen Deferred Fee Shares), the Insider Convertible Debentures, the SEPA (other than the Yorkville Commitment Shares), the YA Convertible Debentures or the YA Warrant, assuming full exercise of all Warrants, the shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon such exercises would represent approximately 14.9% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on January 25, 2023, after giving effect to such exercises. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional shares of Class A Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to Rubicon’s existing stockholders and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of Class A Common Stock. However, there is no guarantee that the Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the Warrants may expire worthless.

The Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of such Public Warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

The Public Warrants were issued in registered form pursuant to the Warrant Agreement. The Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any amendment to the terms of the Private Warrants only requires the consent of the Company and the holders of a majority of the Private Warrants.

We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worthless.

Rubicon may redeem outstanding Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby significantly impairing the value of such warrants. Rubicon has the option to redeem not less than all of the outstanding Warrants at any time during the exercise period, at a price of $0.01 per Warrant, upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each Warrant holder, (i) provided that the last reported sale price of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share on each of 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period commencing after the Warrants become exercisable and ending on the third trading day prior to the notice of redemption to Warrant holders, and (ii) provided that there is an effective registration statement with respect to the Class A Common Stock underlying such Warrants, and a current prospectus relating thereto, available throughout the 30-day redemption or Rubicon has elected to require the exercise of the Warrants on a “cashless basis.”

If and when the Warrants become redeemable by Rubicon, it may exercise its redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Warrants could force you (i) to exercise your Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) to sell your Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Warrants, or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time that the outstanding Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your Warrants.

The value received upon exercise of the Warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their Warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the Warrants.

As of January 25, 2023, the last reported sale of price of the Class A Common Stock was $1.85 per share, which is below the threshold required for redemption.

In the event we elect to redeem the outstanding Warrants, we will mail notice of redemption by first class mail, postage prepaid, not less than thirty days prior to the redemption date to the registered holders of the Warrants to be redeemed at their last addresses as they appear on the registration books. Any notice mailed in such manner will be conclusively presumed to have been duly given whether or not the registered holder received such notice. If you do not exercise your Warrants prior to the redemption date, you would only receive the nominal redemption price for your Warrants upon surrender thereof.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to comply with the continued listing standards of NYSE.

Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on NYSE. If NYSE delists Rubicon’s securities for failure to meet the continued listing standards, Rubicon and its stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Since our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the NYSE, they are covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if Rubicon was no longer listed on the NYSE, its securities would not be covered securities and it would be subject to regulation in each state in which it offers its securities.

Under certain circumstances, holders of Rubicon Interests will be entitled to Earn-Out Interests, which will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution of our stockholders.

After the Closing, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the holders of Rubicon Interests (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, Rubicon Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders), as applicable, have a right to receive their pro rata portion of a number of Earn-Out Interests (subject to equitable adjustment for share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and the like after the Closing, including to account for any equity securities into which such shares are exchanged or converted) as additional consideration based on the performance of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing. Blocked Unitholders immediately before the Closing will be entitled to receive a pro rata portion of 1,488,519 Earn-Out Class A Shares and Rubicon Continuing Unitholders immediately before the Closing will be entitled to receive a pro rata portion of 8,900,840 Earn-Out Units and an equivalent number of Earn-Out Class V Shares.

Certain holders of Rubicon Interests will be entitled to a contingent right to receive Earn-Out Interests that is conditioned on specific circumstances, of which the occurrence is uncertain, and the failure of any of such circumstances to occur could create potential negative effects such as an increased risk of litigation.

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the holders of Rubicon Interests (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, Rubicon Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders), as applicable, will be entitled to receive their pro rata portion of a number of Earn-Out Interests (subject to equitable adjustment for share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and the like after the Closing, including to account for any equity securities into which such shares are exchanged or converted) as additional consideration based on the performance of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing (the “Earn-Out Period”), as set forth below upon satisfaction of any of the following conditions (each, an “Earn-Out Condition”):

(1) 50% of the Earn-Out Interests if the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $14.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, and recapitalizations) for twenty (20) of thirty (30) consecutive trading days during the Earn-Out Period;

(2) 50% of the Earn-Out Interests if the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $16.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, and recapitalizations) for twenty (20) of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days during the Earn-Out Period.

Whether the Earn-Out Conditions will be met is uncertain and depends on factors that may be out of Rubicon’s direct control, such as market conditions and its stock price. The failure of either Earn-Out Condition to occur could give rise to potential litigation and other negative effects because of management’s business decisions, which may negatively impact Rubicon’s stock price.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement, the Sponsor and each Insider agreed not to transfer any Founder Class B Shares or Founder Private Placement Warrants (or any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise thereof) until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Class A Common Stock for cash, securities or other property. Sponsor holds 6,746,250 shares of Class A Common Stock (after accounting for the forfeiture of 160,000 Founder Class B Shares pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement and 1,000,000 Founder Class B Shares pursuant to the Sponsor Forfeiture Agreement) and 12,623,125 Private Warrants (exercisable into 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock).

Pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreements, each holder agreed to certain transfer restrictions with respect to its Class A Common Stock and/or Class B Units received as transaction consideration pursuant to the Merger Agreement, until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their equity holdings for cash, securities or other property. The holders of Rubicon Interests further agreed pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreements not to exchange Class B Units for Class A Common Stock during this restricted period. As of the Closing Date, there are approximately 138.5 million shares of Class A Common Stock (or Class B Units otherwise exchangeable for shares of Class A Common Stock) subject to these restrictions.

Pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement, 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock held by the ACM Seller are restricted from transfer until May 30, 2024. Pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement, the 1,640,848 Previously Owned Shares are restricted from transfer until the earlier of May 30, 2024 or the six month anniversary of the conversion of 90% or more of the YA Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock.

Pursuant to the Insider Lockup Agreement, all Insider Conversion Shares are subject to transfer restrictions, whereby the resale of the Insider Conversion Shares is subject to a lock-up period that shall be the earlier of (i) 18 months and (ii) such date as the Yorkville Investor notifies Rubicon that it has sold all shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the YA Convertible Debentures issued pursuant to the YA SPA.

We entered into the following agreements whereby we issued or have agreed to issue unregistered securities that would require an effective registration statement on Form S-1 or Form S-3 (as applicable) for the resale thereof:

Once these shares are registered for resale or in a primary offering, they can be sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates and vesting restrictions.

See the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions” for additional information regarding the SEPA, the YA Convertible Debentures, the YA Warrant, the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Termination Agreements, the Insider Convertible Debentures, and the Deferred Fee Arrangements.

The market price and trading volume of Class A Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and has declined and could further decline significantly following the Business Combination.

Stock markets, including the NYSE, the NYSE Amex and the Nasdaq Capital Market, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market develops and is sustained for our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants, the market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares and warrants at or above the market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants as of the date of the consummation of the Business Combination. We cannot assure you that the market price of Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert Rubicon’s management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on Rubicon.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or cease publishing research about us, our share price and trading volume could decline significantly.

The market for Class A Common Stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about Rubicon or its business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on Rubicon. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of Rubicon, the market price and liquidity for Class A Common Stock could be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover Rubicon downgrade their opinions about Class A Common Stock, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about Rubicon, or cease publishing about Rubicon regularly, demand for Class A Common Stock could decrease, which might cause its share price and trading volume to decline significantly.

Future issuances of debt securities and equity securities may adversely affect us, including the market price of Class A Common Stock, and may be dilutive to existing stockholders.

There is no assurance that Rubicon will not incur debt or issue equity ranking senior to Class A Common Stock such as the YA Convertible Debentures or the Insider Convertible Debentures. Those securities will generally have priority upon liquidation. Such securities also may be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting Rubicon’s operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that Rubicon issues in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of Class A Common Stock. Because Rubicon’s decision to issue debt or equity in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond Rubicon’s control, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of Rubicon’s future capital raising efforts. As a result, future capital raising efforts may reduce the market price of Class A Common Stock and be dilutive to existing stockholders.

Subject to its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon currently intends to retain its future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of its business (including by re-investing such future earnings in Rubicon) and does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement, A&R LLCA, and at the discretion of the board of directors of Rubicon (the “Board”) and will depend on Rubicon’s financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as the Board deems relevant.

Rubicon is a holding company with no material assets other than its interest in Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make distributions to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units such that the total cash distribution from Holdings LLC to the holders is sufficient to enable each holder to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such holder (the “Tax Distributions”). Rubicon will use the Tax Distributions to pay any taxes it owes and satisfy its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, Holdings LLC is expected to reimburse Rubicon for corporate and other overhead expenses.

The A&R LLCA provides that the Tax Distributions will be made to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units (including Rubicon) at the highest combined effective U.S. federal, state, and local marginal rate of tax applicable to an individual resident in the U.S. for the fiscal year. Rubicon anticipates that the Tax Distributions it will receive from Holdings LLC may, in certain periods, exceed Rubicon’s actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on the Class A Common Stock or to re-invest in Holdings LLC. Rubicon will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to its stockholders. We also expect, if necessary, to undertake ameliorative actions, which may include pro rata or non-pro rata reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or adjustments of outstanding Class A Units pursuant to the A&R LLCA, to maintain one-for-one parity between Class A Units held by Rubicon and shares of Class A Common Stock.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of Class A Common Stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Rubicon may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against Rubicon could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm its business.

Our management does not have prior experience in operating a public company.

Our management does not have prior experience in managing a publicly traded company. As such, the management team may encounter difficulties in successfully or effectively managing Rubicon’s transition to a public company and in complying with its reporting and other obligations under federal securities laws and other regulations and in connection with operating as a public company. Their lack of prior experience in dealing with the reporting and other obligations and laws pertaining to public companies could result in the management of Rubicon being required to devote significant time to these activities which may result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of Rubicon. Additionally, Rubicon will be required to hire additional personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies. Rubicon may be required to incur significant expense in connection with these efforts.

Rubicon will depend on distributions from Holdings LLC to pay any taxes and other expenses, including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Rubicon is a holding company and its only business is to act as the managing member of Holdings LLC, and its only material assets are Class A Units representing approximately 32.7% of the membership interests of Holdings LLC. Rubicon does not have any independent means of generating revenue. We anticipate that Holdings LLC will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally will not be subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to the members of Holdings LLC. Accordingly, Rubicon will be required to pay income taxes on its allocable share of any net taxable income of Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make pro rata distributions to each of its members, including Rubicon, in an amount intended to enable each member to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such member and to allow Rubicon to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, Holdings LLC will reimburse Rubicon for corporate and other overhead expenses. If the amount of tax distributions to be made exceeds the amount of funds available for distribution, Rubicon shall receive a tax distribution payment before the other members of Holdings LLC receive any distribution and the balance, if any, of funds available for distribution shall be distributed to the other members of Holdings LLC pro rata in accordance with their assumed tax liabilities. To the extent that Rubicon needs funds, and Holdings LLC is restricted from making such distributions under applicable laws or regulations, or is otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially and adversely affect Rubicon’s ability to pay taxes and other expenses, including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and affect our liquidity and financial condition. Although we do not currently expect to pay dividends, such restrictions could also affect Rubicon’s ability to pay any dividends (if declared) in the future.

Rubicon is required to pay to the TRA Holders most of the tax benefits Rubicon receives from tax basis step-ups (and certain other tax benefits) attributable to its acquisition of Legacy Rubicon Units in connection with the Business Combination and in the future, and the amount of those payments is expected to be substantial.

Rubicon has entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders. The Tax Receivable Agreement provides for payment by Rubicon to the TRA Holders of 85% of the amount of the net cash tax savings, if any, that Rubicon realizes (or, under certain circumstances, is deemed to realize) as a result of (i) increases in tax basis (and utilization of certain other tax benefits) resulting from Rubicon’s acquisition of preferred and common units of Holdings LLC (the “Legacy Rubicon Units”) in connection with the Business Combination and in Class B Unit future exchanges, (ii) certain favorable tax attributes (such as net operating losses attributable to pre-merger tax periods) Rubicon acquired in the Blocker Mergers and (iii) any payments Rubicon makes to the TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including tax benefits related to imputed interest). Rubicon will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash tax savings.

The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement commenced upon the completion of the Business Combination and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or have expired, unless we exercise our right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement (or it is terminated due to a change in control or our breach of a material obligation thereunder), in which case Rubicon will be required to make the termination payment specified in the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be increased by any interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return.

The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, as further set forth in this prospectus. For the sake of illustration, assuming all outstanding Class B Units are exchanged for shares of Class A Common Stock, the estimated tax benefits to Rubicon subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement would be approximately $394.7 million and the related undiscounted payment to the TRA Holders equal to 85% of the benefit would be approximately $335.5 million, assuming (i) exchanges occurred on the same day, (ii) a share price of $10.00 per share of Class A Common Stock, (iii) no material changes in relevant tax law, (iv) a constant combined effective income tax rate of 24.017% and (v) that we have sufficient taxable income in each year to realize on a current basis the increased depreciation, amortization and other tax benefits that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement. The actual future payments to the TRA Holders will vary based on the factors discussed below, and estimating the amount and timing of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. We expect to receive distributions from Holdings LLC in order to make any required payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. However, we may need to incur debt to finance payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent such distributions or our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise.

The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending on a number of factors, including the price of our Class A Common Stock at the time of the exchange; the timing of future exchanges; the extent to which exchanges are taxable; the amount and timing of the utilization of tax attributes; the amount, timing and character of Rubicon’s income; the U.S. federal, state and local tax rates then applicable; the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis; the timing and amount of any earlier payments that Rubicon may have made under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and the portion of Rubicon’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. As a result of the increases in the tax basis (including actual and deemed increases) of the tangible and intangible assets of Holdings LLC attributable to the initial acquisitions and exchanged Holdings LLC interests, the Blocker Mergers, and certain other tax benefits, the payments that Rubicon will be required to make to the beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. There may be a material negative effect on our financial condition and liquidity if, as described below, the payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement exceed the actual benefits Rubicon receives in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement and/or distributions to Rubicon by Holdings LLC are not sufficient to permit Rubicon to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

In certain circumstances, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual tax benefits, if any, that Rubicon actually realizes.

The Tax Receivable Agreement provides that if (i) Rubicon exercises its right to early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement in whole (that is, with respect to all benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement) or in part (that is, with respect to some benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement), (ii) Rubicon experiences certain changes in control, (iii) the Tax Receivable Agreement is rejected in certain bankruptcy proceedings, (iv) Rubicon fails (subject to certain exceptions) to make a payment under the Tax Receivable Agreement within 180 days after the due date, or (v) Rubicon materially breaches its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon will be obligated to make an early termination payment to holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement equal to the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The amount of such payments will be determined on the basis of certain assumptions in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) the assumption that Rubicon would have enough taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefit resulting from the tax assets that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement, (ii) the assumption that any item of loss, deduction, or credit generated by a basis adjustment or imputed interest arising in a taxable year preceding the taxable year that includes an early termination will be used by Rubicon ratably from such taxable year through the earlier of (x) the scheduled expiration of such tax item or (y) 15 years; (iii) the assumption that any non-amortizable assets are deemed to be disposed of in a fully taxable transaction on the fifteenth anniversary of the earlier of the basis adjustment and the early termination date; (iv) the assumption that U.S. federal, state and local tax rates will be the same as in effect on the early termination date, unless scheduled to change; and (v) the assumption that any exchangeable units of Holdings LLC (other than those held by Rubicon) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be exchanged for an amount equal to the market value of the corresponding number of shares of Class A Common Stock on the termination date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the termination payment relates. The amount of the early termination payment is determined by discounting the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement at a rate equal to the lesser of (a) 6.5% and (b) LIBOR (as defined in the Tax Receivable Agreement), plus 400 basis points.

Moreover, as a result of an elective early termination, a change in control or Rubicon’s material breach of its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that exceed its actual cash savings. Thus, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative effect on its financial condition and liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, or other forms of business combinations or changes of control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to finance any early termination payment. It is also possible that the actual benefits ultimately realized by us may be significantly less than were projected in the computation of the early termination payment. We will not be reimbursed if the actual benefits ultimately realized by us are less than were projected in the computation of the early termination payment.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we will determine and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or another tax authority may challenge all or part of the tax basis increases, as well as other related tax positions we take, and a court could sustain such challenge. If any tax benefits that have given rise to payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are subsequently disallowed, Rubicon would be entitled to reduce future amounts otherwise payable to a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent the holder has received excess payments. However, the required final and binding determination that a holder of rights under the applicable Tax Receivable Agreement has received excess payments may not be made for a number of years following commencement of any challenge, and Rubicon will not be permitted to reduce its payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement until there has been a final and binding determination, by which time sufficient subsequent payments under such Tax Receivable Agreement may not be available to offset prior payments for disallowed benefits. Rubicon will not be reimbursed for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if the basis increases described above are successfully challenged by the IRS or another taxing authority. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are significantly in excess of the benefit that Rubicon actually realizes in respect of the increases in tax basis (and utilization of certain other tax benefits) and Rubicon may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect Rubicon’s financial condition and liquidity.

Holdings LLC is expected to continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to its members, including Rubicon. Pursuant to the A&R LLCA, Holdings LLC will make pro rata tax distributions to its members, including Rubicon, which generally will be pro rata based on the ownership of Holdings LLC units, calculated using an assumed tax rate, to enable each of the members to pay taxes on that member’s allocable share of Holdings LLC’s net taxable income. Under applicable tax rules, Holdings LLC is required to allocate net taxable income disproportionately to its members in certain circumstances. Because tax distributions will be determined based on assumptions, including an assumed tax rate that is the highest combined effective marginal tax rate applicable to an individual resident in the U.S. for the taxable year, but will be made pro rata based on ownership of Holdings LLC units, Holdings LLC will be required to make tax distributions that, in the aggregate, will likely exceed the aggregate amount of taxes payable by its members with respect to the allocation of Holdings LLC’s income.

Funds used by Holdings LLC to satisfy its tax distribution obligations will generally not be available for reinvestment in its business and these the tax distributions Holdings LLC will be required to make may be substantial.

As a result of potential differences in the amount of net taxable income allocable to us and to other members of Holdings LLC, as well as the use of an assumed tax rate in calculating Holdings LLC’s Tax Distribution obligations, we may receive distributions significantly in excess of our tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We may choose to manage these excess distributions through a number of different approaches, including through the payment of dividends to our holders of Class A Common Stock or by applying them to other corporate purposes.

The IRS might challenge the tax basis step-ups and other tax benefits we receive in connection with the Business Combination and the related transactions and in connection with future acquisitions of Class B Units.

The Rubicon Continuing Unitholders may exchange Class B Units for shares of our Class A Common Stock in the future or, at the election of Rubicon in its sole discretion, for cash. The Blocker Mergers and exchanges by Rubicon Continuing Unitholders in the future may result in increases in the tax basis of the assets of Holdings LLC that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase, or deemed to increase (for U.S. tax purposes) Rubicon’s depreciation and amortization and, together with other tax benefits, reduce the amount of tax that Rubicon would otherwise be required to pay, although it is possible that the IRS might challenge all or part of these tax basis increases or other tax benefits, and a court might sustain such a challenge. Rubicon’s ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increases or other tax benefits will depend upon a number of factors, as discussed below, including the timing and amount of our future income. We will not be reimbursed for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if the basis increases or other tax benefits described above are successfully challenged by the IRS or another taxing authority (other than by an off-set against future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement). As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of our ultimate cash tax savings.

We may incur tax and other liabilities attributable to Blocked Unitholders as a result of certain reorganization transactions.

In connection with the Blocker Mergers, Rubicon issued Blocked Unitholders shares of Class A Common Stock as merger consideration. As the successor to these merged entities, Rubicon generally will succeed to and be responsible for any outstanding or historical tax or other liabilities of the Blocker Companies, including any liabilities incurred as a result of the Blocker Mergers. Any such liabilities for which Rubicon is responsible could have an adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

Future changes to tax laws or our effective tax rate could materially and adversely affect our company and reduce net returns to our stockholders.

Our tax treatment is subject to the enactment of, or changes in, tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration and the practices of tax authorities in various jurisdictions, all of which could change on a prospective or retroactive basis. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid, or the taxation of partnerships and other passthrough entities. We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices, could affect our financial position and overall or effective tax rates in the future, reduce post-tax returns to our stockholders, and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

Our businesses are subject to income taxation in the United States. Tax rates at the federal, state and local levels in the United States may be subject to significant change. If our effective tax rate increases, our operating results and cash flow could be adversely affected. Our effective income tax rate can vary significantly between periods due to a number of complex factors, including projected levels of taxable income in each jurisdiction, tax audits conducted and settled by various tax authorities, and adjustments to income taxes upon finalization of income tax returns.

We may be required to pay additional taxes because of the U.S. federal partnership audit rules and potentially also state and local tax rules.

Under the U.S. federal partnership audit rules, subject to certain exceptions, audit adjustments to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of an entity (and any holder’s share thereof) are determined, and taxes, interest, and penalties attributable thereto, are assessed and collected at the entity level. Holdings LLC (or any of its applicable subsidiaries or other entities in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) may be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and Rubicon, as a member of Holdings LLC (or such other entities), could be required to indirectly bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment. Audit adjustments for state or local tax purposes similarly could result in Holdings LLC (or any of its applicable subsidiaries or other entities in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests) being required to pay or indirectly bear the economic burden of state or local taxes and associated interest and penalties.

Under certain circumstances, Holdings LLC or an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests may be eligible to make an election to cause members of Holdings LLC (or such other entity) to take into account the amount of any understatement, including any interest and penalties, in accordance with such member’s share in Holdings LLC in the year under audit. We will decide whether or not to cause Holdings LLC to make this election (subject to the terms of the A&R LLCA); however, there are circumstances in which the election may not be available and, in the case of an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests, such decision may be outside of our control. If Holdings LLC or an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests does not make this election, the then-current members of Holdings LLC (including Rubicon) could economically bear the burden of the understatement.

If Holdings LLC were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Rubicon and Holdings LLC might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies, and Rubicon would not be able to recover payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.

We intend to operate such that Holdings LLC does not become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A “publicly traded partnership” is an entity that otherwise would be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the interests of which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. From time to time the U.S. Congress has considered legislation to change the tax treatment of partnerships and there can be no assurance that any such legislation will not be enacted or if enacted will not be adverse to us.

If Holdings LLC were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, significant tax inefficiencies might result for Rubicon and Holdings LLC, including as a result of Rubicon’s inability to file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with Holdings LLC. In addition, Rubicon may not be able to realize tax benefits covered under the Tax Receivable Agreement and would not be able to recover any payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits (including any claimed increase in the tax basis of Holdings LLC’s assets) were subsequently determined to have been unavailable.

All of the Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. The Company will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales. The Company will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $163.4 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Private Warrants for cash.

The exercise price of our Warrants is $11.50 per warrant. However, the last reported sales price of our Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023 was $1.85. The likelihood that Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants, and therefore any amount of cash proceeds that we may receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. If the trading price for our Class A Common Stock continues to be less than $11.50 per share, we do not expect Warrant holders to exercise their Warrants. Similarly, the Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and we will not receive any proceeds from such exercise, even if the Private Warrants are in-the-money. Unless we inform you otherwise in a prospectus supplement, the Company intends to use the net proceeds from the exercise of such Private Warrants for general corporate purposes, which may include acquisitions or other strategic investments or repayment of outstanding indebtedness. Any proceeds from the exercise of Warrants would increase our liquidity, but we are not currently budgeting for any cash proceeds from the exercise of Warrants when planning for our operational funding needs. The Company will have broad discretion over the use of any such proceeds. There is no assurance that the holders of the Private Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Private Warrants.

The Selling Securityholders will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the Selling Securityholders for brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred by the Selling Securityholders in disposing of the securities covered by this prospectus; provided, however, that pursuant to the Cohen Deferred Fee Arrangement and A&R Registration Rights Agreement, we will bear the costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the securities covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees, NYSE listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accounting firm, and certain fees incurred in connection with a Selling Securityholder’s exercise of certain block trade, piggyback and underwritten offering rights. See “Securities Eligible for Future Sale—Registration Rights” for additional information regarding these obligations.

We have not paid any cash dividends on Common Stock to date. The Board may from time to time consider whether or not to institute a dividend policy. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of the Board, subject to restrictions under Delaware law. The Company’s ability to declare dividends will also be limited by restrictive covenants pursuant to existing and any future debt financing.

We are a holding company with no material assets other than our interest in Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make distributions to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units in amounts such that the total cash distributions from Holdings LLC to the holders are sufficient to enable each holder to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such holder and other obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement as well as any cash dividends declared by us.

The A&R LLCA generally provides that pro rata cash Tax Distributions will be made to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units (including Rubicon) at certain assumed tax rates. We anticipate that the distributions we will receive from Holdings LLC may, in certain periods, exceed our actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on the Class A Common Stock. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to our stockholders. We also expect, if necessary, to undertake ameliorative actions, which may include pro rata or non-pro rata reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or adjustments of outstanding Class A Units pursuant to the A&R LLCA, to maintain one-for-one parity between Class A Units held by us and shares of Class A Common Stock.

Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this prospectus.

We are providing the following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information to aid you in your analysis of the financial aspects of the Mergers. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 combines the historical unaudited statement of operations of Founder for the six months ended June 30, 2022 with the historical unaudited consolidated statement of operations of Rubicon for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 combines the historical audited statement of operations of Founder for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through December 31, 2021 with the historical audited consolidated statement of operations of Holdings LLC for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The unaudited pro forma statements of operations give effect to the Mergers as if they had been consummated on January 1, 2021. As the Mergers were consummated on August 15, 2022, Rubicon’s historical unaudited condensed statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes revenues and expenses attributable to Founder for the period August 16, 2022 through September 30, 2022.

The Mergers were consummated on August 15, 2022, and Founder assets and liabilities are included in the historical balance sheet of Rubicon as of September 30, 2022. Therefore, no pro forma adjustments will be presented related to the Mergers. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of September 30, 2022 combines the historical unaudited balance sheet of Rubicon as of September 30, 2022, giving effect to certain material financing activities completed subsequent to the balance sheet date as if they had been consummated on that date.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was derived from and should be read in conjunction with the following historical financial statements and the accompanying notes, which are included elsewhere in and/or incorporated by reference into the prospectus to which this Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information is attached:

The foregoing historical financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information should also be read together with the audited and unaudited historical condensed financial statements of each of Rubicon, Holdings LLC, and Founder and the accompanying notes, as well as the disclosures contained in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, and other financial information included elsewhere in and/or incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

On December 15, 2021, Founder entered into the Merger Agreement with Merger Sub, Holdings LLC, and the other parties thereto, whereby, among other things, (i) Founder, a Cayman Islands exempted company, redomesticated as a Delaware corporation, and in connection therewith was renamed “Rubicon Technologies, Inc.” and (ii) Merger Sub merged with and into Holdings LLC, with Holdings LLC surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rubicon. Immediately prior to the redomestication, Holdings LLC changed its name to “Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC.”

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, in consideration of the transactions set forth above, Holdings LLC equity holders received Class A Common Stock, Class V Common Stock and/or Class B Units, in each case as set forth in the Merger Agreement and as further described elsewhere in this prospectus. The aggregate merger consideration issued to Holdings LLC equity holders at Closing was 19,846,915 shares of Class A Common Stock at a deemed value of $10.00 per share and 118,677,877 contingently redeemable Class B Units (and an equivalent number of Class V Common Stock) at a deemed value of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate merger consideration of $1,385.3 million. Of these, 577,190 contingently redeemable Class B Units (and an equivalent number of Class V Common Stock) are held in reserve by Rubicon to be issued to certain former Holdings LLC equity holders as merger consideration upon completion of the requisite letters of transmittal and related documentation, in each case, as required by the Merger Agreement.

In connection with Closing, Rubicon issued 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to certain investors pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, and 160,000 Founder Class B Shares were forfeited by Sponsor immediately prior to the Closing. In addition, pursuant to the Sponsor Forfeiture Agreement, Sponsor forfeited an additional 1,000,000 Founder Class B Shares immediately prior to the Closing. After giving effect to this forfeiture and the forfeiture under the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, Sponsor held 6,746,250 Founder Class B Shares, which converted to 6,746,250 shares of Class A Common Stock at the time of the Domestication. In connection with the Closing, Rubicon issued to the PIPE Investors an additional 12,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (at a price of $10.00 per share), for a total aggregate purchase price of $121.0 million.

The Mergers will be accounted for akin to a reverse recapitalization, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded, in accordance with GAAP. The Mergers will not be treated as a change in control of Holdings LLC as RGH, Inc. controlled (x) Holdings LLC through its rights to nominate the majority of the members of the board of managers of Holdings LLC under Holdings LLC’s existing operating agreement and (y) Rubicon through its control of the board of managers of Holdings LLC and, pursuant to Section 8.7(a)(i) of the Merger Agreement, such board’s right prior to Closing to nominate seven of the nine initial directors to be appointed to the Board effective upon the Closing (the “Rubicon Nominees”). Pursuant to Section 8.7(a)(i) of the Merger Agreement, effective at the Closing, one of the Rubicon Nominees serves as the chairman of the Board and all Rubicon Nominees continue to control and serve on the Board until at least the 2023 annual shareholder meeting of Rubicon. Under the guidance in ASC 805 for transactions between entities under common control, the assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interests of Holdings LLC and Founder are recognized at their carrying amounts on the date of the Mergers.

Under this method of accounting, Founder will be treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Mergers will be treated as the equivalent of Holdings LLC issuing stock for the net assets of Founder, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Founder will be stated at their historical value within the pro formas with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

The historical financial information has been adjusted to give pro forma effect to the transaction accounting required for the Mergers and the PIPE Financing. The adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an accurate understanding of the combined entity upon the Closing.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect what Rubicon’s financial condition or results of operations would have been had the Mergers occurred on the dates indicated. Further, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information also may not be useful in predicting the future financial condition and results of operations of Rubicon. The actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors. The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the date of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analyses are performed. Founder and Holdings LLC have not had any historical relationship prior to the Mergers. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

The pro forma adjustments have been prepared as if the Mergers had been consummated on January 1, 2021, in the case of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations, as this is the beginning of the earliest period presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared assuming the following methods of accounting in accordance with GAAP.

The Mergers will be accounted for as a common control transaction, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded, in accordance with GAAP. As the Mergers represent a common control transaction from an accounting perspective, the Mergers will be treated similar to a reverse recapitalization. Holdings LLC has been determined to be the predecessor to the combined entity.

The pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the date of this prospectus and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and additional analyses are performed. Management considers this basis of presentation to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not give effect to any tax impacts associated with the pro forma adjustments. There is no expectation that the related tax benefit would be realizable, and Rubicon currently records a full valuation allowance.

2. Adjustments and Assumptions to the Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Combined Balance Sheet

The adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated combined balance sheet as of September 30, 2022 are as follows:

3. Adjustments and Assumptions to the Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

The adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 are related to the Mergers:

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “Holdings LLC”, “we”, “us” or “our” refer to the business and operations of Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC (formerly known as Rubicon Technologies, LLC) and its subsidiaries, including those periods prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to “Rubicon” refer to the business and operations of Rubicon Technologies, Inc., following the consummation of the Business Combination. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Certain statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

We are a digital marketplace for waste and recycling services. Underpinning this marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We provide our waste generator customers with a platform that delivers pricing transparency, self-service capabilities, and a seamless customer experience while helping them achieve their environmental goals; we enhance our hauling and recycling partners’ economic opportunities and help them optimize their businesses; and we help governments provide more advanced waste and recycling services that allow them to serve their local communities more effectively.

Over the past decade, this value proposition has allowed us to scale our platform considerably. Our digital marketplace now services over 8,000 customers, including numerous large, blue-chip customers such as Apple, Dollar General, Starbucks, Walmart, Chipotle, and FedEx, and encompasses over 8,000 hauling and recycling partners across North America. We have also deployed our technology in over 70 municipalities within the United States and operate in 20 countries. Furthermore, we have secured a robust portfolio of intellectual property, having been awarded more than 50 patents, with over 100 pending, and 20 trademarks.

We operate as one segment. See Note 1, Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for our discussion about segments.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus “COVID-19” outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and on March 11, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. COVID-19 and actions taken to mitigate it such as travel bans and restrictions, limitations on business activity, quarantines, work-from-home directives and shelter-in-place orders have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact on certain businesses and industries and the economies and financial markets regionally and globally, including the geographical areas in which we operate. The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant global economic uncertainty, adversely impacted the business of our customers and partners, impacted our business, results of operations and cash flows and could further impact our business, results of operations and our cash flows in the future.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have proactively taken steps to put our employees’, customers’ and partners’ needs first to ensure that we can provide our services safely and efficiently. Since the beginning of the outbreak, we took actions in response to the pandemic that focused on maintaining business continuity, supporting our employees, helping our customers and communities and preparing for the future and the long-term success of our business.

As a result of the pandemic, we experienced customer attrition during the second half of 2020 which caused a decline in service revenue during the first half of 2021 as compared to the same prior-year period; however, our revenues subsequently began to recover and for the second half of 2021, our service revenue increased by $21.7 million as compared to the second half of 2020. This trend has continued into 2022 with our service revenue increasing by $72.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Additionally, our sales and marketing activities and spend decreased during 2021 and 2020 as a result of pandemic-related cost-saving initiatives. Some sales and marketing activities, including hiring in the sales and marketing teams and team members’ attendance at business development conferences and meetings, resumed beginning in the first quarter of 2022, contributing to an additional $2.7 million in sales and marketing cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In addition, several customers filed for bankruptcy during 2020 which resulted in $3.6 million of bad debt expenses related to these customers in 2020. Furthermore, we received loans under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which was established under the CARES Act and is administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), for an amount totaling $10.8 million, the full amount of which, along with associated accumulated interest, was forgiven during 2021.

The ultimate extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance depends on certain developments, including the duration of the pandemic and any resurgences, the severity of the disease, responsive actions taken by public health officials, the development, efficacy, distribution and public acceptance of treatments and vaccines, and the impacts on our customers, employees, partners, sales cycles and industry, all of which are uncertain and currently cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. In addition, the global macroeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts on our customers’ business operations and their demand for our products and services may persist for an indefinite period, even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided. While it is unknown how long pandemic conditions will last and what the complete financial impact will be, we are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business and are unable at this time to predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on our business, financial position, and operating results in future periods due to numerous uncertainties.

On August 15, 2022, we consummated the Mergers. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Holdings LLC, with Holdings LLC surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rubicon. In connection with the Closing, Founder changed its name to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. and Holdings LLC changed its name to Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC.

The Mergers were accounted for akin to a reverse recapitalization. We were deemed the accounting predecessor and Rubicon is the successor SEC registrant to Founder, meaning that our financial statements for previous periods are included in this prospectus and will be disclosed in Rubicon’s future periodic reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Under this method of accounting, Founder is treated as the acquired company for financial statement reporting purposes. As a result of consummation of the Mergers, the most significant changes in our financial position was a net increase in cash of approximately $73.8 million after accounting for transaction and other costs ($25.3 million), payments under the Forward Purchase Agreement ($68.7 million), the PIPE Investment ($121.0 million), Founder shareholder redemptions in connection with the Merger ($246.0 million), and the Cash Transaction Bonuses ($28.9 million). See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information”.

As a result of the Mergers, Rubicon became the successor to Founder as a publicly traded company and is listed on NYSE, which requires us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. We expect to incur additional annual expenses as a public company, particularly as compared to the expenses reflected in our financial statements prior to the Mergers, for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal and administrative resources.

In connection with the Mergers, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with certain of our legacy investors. We may be required to make significant payments in the future under this agreement depending on the extent of certain tax benefits and other factors and these payments could have a material impact on our results of operations and liquidity. See “—Tax Receivable Agreement” below for additional information.

On August 4, 2022, Founder, Holdings LLC and ACM Seller entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement (as novated to the FPA Sellers), pursuant to which, prior to the Closing, the FPA Sellers purchased an aggregate of 7,082,616 Founder Class A Shares from Redeeming Holders, and upon such purchase, the FPA Sellers waived their redemption rights with respect to such securities, resulting in additional net proceeds to Rubicon of approximately $4.0 million at Closing. On November 30, 2022, we terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement and related obligations pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement and Vellar Termination Agreement. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below and “Certain Financing Transactions—Forward Purchase Agreement” for additional information.

On August 31, 2022, we entered into the SEPA with the Yorkville Investor pursuant to which (a) we issued the Yorkville Investor the Yorkville Commitment Shares, which 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock represented an initial up-front commitment fee, and (b) assuming satisfaction of certain conditions and subject to the limitations set forth in the SEPA, we have the right, from time to time to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor up to $200.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock until the earlier of September 1, 2025 (the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the date of the SEPA) or the date on which the facility has been fully utilized, in each case, with such sales first subject to the SEC declaring effective a registration statement covering the resale of such shares of Class A Common Stock. On November 30, 2022, we entered into the SEPA Amendment with the Yorkville Investor, pursuant to which we agreed that we will not file the SEPA Registration Statement until there is an effective registration statement covering the resale of at least 18,000,000 YA Conversion Shares. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below and “Certain Financing Transactions—SEPA” for additional information.

Future resales of our Class A Common Stock being offered in this prospectus by our shareholders

The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is being filed in respect of our obligation to register for resale a number of securities, including shares of Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants, held by certain investors in Founder at or prior to the Closing. See the section entitled “Securities Eligible for Future Sale.” The shares of Class A Common Stock being offered for resale in this prospectus represent, as of the date of this prospectus, approximately 61.2% of our total outstanding shares of our Common Stock as of the date of this prospectus assuming, in each case with respect to the securities registered for resale by this prospectus, the cash exercise of all Private Warrants, issuance and exchange of all Earn-Out Interests and Class B Units for Class A Common Stock, and vesting of all outstanding RSUs and DSUs, in each case, as registered for resale in this prospectus. The sale of some or all of the securities being offered in this prospectus, following any applicable vesting, satisfaction of earn-out conditions, exchange or lock-up periods, could have adverse effects on the market for our Class A Common Stock, including increasing volatility, limiting the availability of an active market and/or resulting in a significant decline in the public trading price. Despite any potential adverse effects, the Selling Securityholders may still experience a positive rate of return on the securities they purchased due to the differences in the purchase prices at which they purchased the securities described above. See the sections entitled “Summary—Information Related to Offered Securities” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities.”

Financial results from our operations and the growth and future success of our business are dependent upon many factors. While each of these factors presents significant opportunities for us, these factors also pose challenges that we must successfully address to sustain and grow our business. See also “—Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a discussion of key business and non-GAAP metrics that we use to help manage and evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

The waste and recycling industry is highly regulated and complex, and public policy is increasingly focused on improving diversion from landfills and reducing emissions. Current policies tend to encourage and reward reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and many major cities in the United States have promulgated climate action plans committing to achieve emissions reductions in line with the Paris Climate Accords. Additionally, the waste generators’ awareness of benefits achieved by improved diversion from landfills has been increasing which we believe is and will continue driving preference for recycling over landfills. We view these trends as an opportunity to accelerate the growth of our business, including our revenue and profitability.

Through our recycling program, we market a variety of materials, including fibers such as old corrugated cardboard, old newsprint, aluminum, glass, pallets and other materials. Currently, old corrugated cardboard is the most significant material in our recycling program. Our recyclable commodity revenue is influenced by fluctuations in prices of the recyclable commodities. Periods of increasing prices generally provide the opportunity for higher revenue while periods of declining prices may result in declines in sales. For the reporting periods, the trend of the recyclable commodity prices was generally upward and contributed to higher recyclable commodity revenue in more recent periods. For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our recyclable commodity revenue was $22.2 million and $22.0 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our recyclable commodity revenue was $71.6 million and $54.3 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our recyclable commodity revenue was $82.1 million and $49.3 million, respectively.

See the sections titled “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this prospectus for further discussion regarding recyclable commodity price risk.

We are actively investing in our business to support future growth and we expect this investment to continue. We have built a leading cloud-based digital marketplace that provides a transformational customer experience through an easy-to-use interface, where customers can manage services, track invoices, and view environmental outcomes. We believe that our platform is highly differentiated, and we expect to continue to invest in product development to further develop and enhance our platform’s features and functionality to further extend the adoption of our platform. For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our product development cost was $9.8 million and $4.8 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our product development cost was $28.3 million and $13.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our product development cost was $22.5 million and $14.9 million, respectively. While we continue to invest in product development, we are focusing on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures, such as rationalizing redundancies across the organization. We expect product development costs to stay consistent as a percentage of total revenue in the next twelve months.

We generate our revenue from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, platform subscriptions, and the purchase and sale of recyclable commodities.

Service revenues are comprised of waste removal and consultation services provided to customers for waste, recycling and logistics solutions. Services include planning, consolidation of billing and administration, cost savings analyses, vendor procurement and performance management, and a suite of solutions providing insights into the customers’ waste streams.

We recognize recyclable commodity revenue through the purchase and sale of old corrugated cardboard, old newsprint, aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials.

Cost of service revenues primarily consist of expenses related to delivering our service and providing support, including third-party hauler costs, costs of data center capacity, certain fees paid to various third parties for the use of their technology, services and data, and employee-related costs such as salaries and benefits.

As part of our services, we work with our customers to locate opportunities to reduce waste volume and service frequency with the intention to reduce costs for the customers which in turn leads to reduced costs for us. We are typically entitled to bill for a portion of such savings the customers realize as a result of our services in accordance with the terms of our customer contracts.

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and other incentives to our sales and marketing personnel, advertising expenses, digital marketing expenses, sales commissions and other promotional expenditures.

Product development expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and other benefits to our product development team, contract labor expenses and fees for software licenses, consulting, legal, and other services.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits related costs, including equity-based compensation expense for our general corporate functions. General and administrative costs also consist of third-party professional service fees for external legal, accounting, and other consulting services, insurance charges, hosting fees and overhead costs.

We expect that general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of total revenues over the next several years as a result of our increased focus on operational efficiencies and planned cost reduction measures across the organization. We plan to eliminate redundancies across the organization, which were a byproduct of our growth and expansion phase the past few years. However, we expect certain incremental costs to incur as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and expenses related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Equity-based compensation expense in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was approximately $91.0 and $95.8 million, respectively, an increase of $90.2 million and $92.4 million compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. At the consummation of the Mergers, we incurred approximately $79.7 million of equity-based compensation expense due to the modification and vesting of the “Legacy Rubicon Incentive Units and Phantom Units,” which are those units we granted pursuant to the Holdings LLC Profits Participation Plan and Unit Appreciation Rights Plan (the “2014 Plan”) and additional $10.9 million for the RSUs granted to certain management members.

At the consummation of the Mergers, we also incurred approximately $47.6 million of one-time compensation costs associated with Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement, which is payable in cash or equity at our discretion. It is expected we will make certain RSU and deferred stock unit (“DSU”) awards as replacement awards for Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement. We expect to issue a variable number of RSUs and DSUs in such an amount equal to $47.6 million based on the fair market value of Class A Common Stock at the time of the awards. These RSUs and DSUs would be subject to certain vesting conditions and will vest into an equivalent number of shares of Class A Common Stock. While the terms of these awards have not yet been finalized, the anticipated equity-based compensation expense for these RSUs and DSUs issued in connection with the replacement awards is expected to be $47.6 million and offset the accrued compensation expenses associated with Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement.

On October 19, 2022, we granted certain RSU and DSU awards pursuant to the Merger Agreement as replacement awards for the Holdings LLC Phantom Units. The number of RSUs and DSUs issuable in exchange of Legacy Rubicon Phantom Units is expected to be approximately 970,389 and 540,032, respectively. These RSUs and DSUs will vest on February 11, 2023 into an equivalent number of Class A Common Stock. The equity-based compensation expense for the RSUs and DSUs issued in exchange for the Legacy Rubicon Phantom Units was approximately $2.2 million and recognized in general and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Accounting rules require immediate recognition of the equity-based compensation expense as a result of the non-substantive vesting period.

Additionally, certain of our employees received a one-time incentive cash payment upon closing of the Mergers. The aggregate Cash Transaction Bonuses paid by us in connection with the Mergers was approximately $28.9 million, as well as additional discretionary bonuses in the amount of $2.8 million paid following the Closing. Historically, we have paid annual cash-based bonuses to our employees. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the annual cash-based bonuses we incurred were $6.8 million and $6.0 million, respectively. We expect that annual cash-based bonuses will continue to be a component of our employee compensation practices to ensure that we are able to attract and retain employee talent; however, we do not expect that additional cash-based bonuses of a size comparable to the Cash Transaction Bonuses will be awarded or payable in the ordinary course, outside of a change of control or similar significant transaction. Accordingly, our general and administrative expenses increased by the payment of the Cash Transaction Bonuses during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 (the periods in which the Mergers were consummated).

Additionally, pursuant to the CEO Transition Agreement, we will make a series of transition payments to Mr. Nate Morris, the Company’s former CEO, in the aggregate amount of $1.9 million through February 10, 2023 and a $0.7 million bonus with respect to his service in 2022 that will be paid by February 10, 2023. In lieu of any obligation to deliver RSUs to Mr. Morris pursuant to his employment agreement, we granted to Mr. Morris an award of 8,378,986 RSUs that will vest on February 10, 2023. See Note 20, Subsequent Events, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended September 30, 2022 included elsewhere in this prospectus for further information.

We expect that equity-based compensation will continue to be a substantial component of employee compensation practices of Rubicon; however, we do not expect that additional equity-based compensation of a size comparable to the grants made in respect of the Legacy Rubicon Incentive Units and Phantom Units or the CEO Transition Agreement will be awarded in the ordinary course, outside of a change of control or similar significant transaction or comparable management transitions. It is anticipated that such equity-based compensation expenses will likely increase our general and administrative expenses, dilute existing Rubicon stockholders, and reduce our earnings per share.

Amortization and depreciation consist of all depreciation and amortization expenses associated with our property and equipment, acquired intangible assets and customer acquisition costs.

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our outstanding debt, including accretion of debt issuance costs.

The following tables show our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Total revenue increased by $35.8 million, or 24.0%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Service revenue increased by $35.5 million, or 27.9%, primarily due to $22.5 million generated from our new customers since the end of the prior year quarter and a $17.1 million increase driven by higher prices charged for the services provided to our existing customers, partially offset by a $3.9 million decrease as a result of lower volume and frequency of the services provided for the existing customers.

Revenues from sales of recyclable commodities increased by $0.2 million, or 1.1%, primarily due to a 64.2% increase in the sales price per unit for pallets compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, which was partially offset by a 14.2% decrease in the price per ton of old corrugated cardboard.

Total cost of revenue increased by $34.6 million, or 24.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Cost of service revenue increased by $34.7 million, or 28.3%, primarily attributable to a $20.8 million increase in connection with servicing our new customers including nonrecurring costs incurred for onboarding a new significant customer, and a $16.2 million increase driven by price increase for the services provided to our existing customers, partially offset by a $2.5 million decrease as a result of lower volume and frequency of the services provided to the existing customers.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenue decreased by $0.1 million, or 0.5%, primarily due to a decrease in prices of certain commodities, including old corrugated cardboard, during the three-month ended September 30, 2022 as compared to prior year quarter.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 27.1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher costs of $0.9 million for sales and marketing activities that we recommenced in 2022 following a temporary suspension as a result of the pandemic, including meetings, conferences and other business development activities.

Product development expenses increased by $5.0 million, or 103.1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher product development support costs of $4.3 million, which was mainly driven by higher software subscription costs to support our product development team, and higher payroll related costs of $0.6 million, which increased primarily due to the headcount increase in our product development team to support our growth.

We expect product development costs to continue to be higher for next twelve months. The increase is expected to be driven by the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services subscription, which provides advanced data analytics capabilities to enhance the data security, visibility, models, and algorithms of our digital platform. See “Contractual Obligations.” However, the increase from the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services agreement is expected to be offset, at least partially, by planned cost reduction measures as a result of our increased focus on operational efficiencies. We also plan to eliminate any redundancies within the organization, including in product development, which were a byproduct of our growth and expansion phase the past few years.

General and administrative of $186.6 million expenses increased by $175.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of stock-based compensation expense by $90.2 million and cash payments and RSU and DSU issuances in connection with Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement increasing expense by $82.1 million. The majority of these stock-based compensation expenses were incurred in connection with vesting of Holdings LLC’s incentive units and phantom units granted under the 2014 Plan as well as bonuses and incentives in connection with the consummation of the Mergers. Additionally, payroll cost increased by $1.3 million due to headcount increases.

Amortization and depreciation expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were relatively unchanged compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Other expense increased by $12.7 million, or 432.1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to a $76.9 million loss from change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative incurred in connection with the Forward Purchase Agreement and a $2.0 million increase in interest expense, partially offset by a $67.1 million gain from change in fair value of earn-out liabilities.

See Note 15, Fair Value Measurements, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended September 30, 2022 included elsewhere in this prospectus for further information regarding the changes in fair value.

Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased by $0.3 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the current state tax expenses.

Total revenue increased by $89.6 million, or 21.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Service revenue increased by $72.2 million, or 19.8%, primarily due to $41.1 million generated from our new customers since the end of the prior year period and an increase of $64.0 million driven by higher prices charged for the services provided to our existing customers, partially offset by a $32.9 million decrease as a result of lower volume and frequency of the services provided to the existing customers.

Revenues from sales of recyclable commodities increased by $17.4 million, or 32.1%, primarily due to an increase in the sales prices for recyclable commodities, especially old corrugated cardboard, which contributed to a $10.3 million increase driven by the higher average price per ton by 26.2%, and pallets, which contributed to a $6.0 million increase as a result of the higher average price per unit by 49.3%, in each case as compared to the average price in the prior year period.

Additionally, our total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $509.4 million and we currently do not project our revenue for the fiscal year 2022 to reach the projected revenues of $736.1 million set forth in the unaudited prospective financial information we prepared and provided to Founder’s board of directors and its certain financial advisors in connection with the evaluation of the Mergers. The discrepancy between such projected revenues and the actual revenues for 2022 primarily arose due to the fact that we did not complete acquisitions that were in our plan prior to the consummation of the Mergers and included in our projected revenues.

Total cost of revenue increased by $86.9 million, or 21.6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Cost of service revenue increased by $72.1 million, or 20.5%, primarily attributable to a $40.9 million increase in connection with servicing our new customers, including nonrecurring costs for onboarding a new significant customer, and a $63.6 million increase driven by price increase from our hauling and recycling partners for servicing our existing customers, partially offset by a $31.4 million decrease as a result of lower volume and frequency of the services provided for the existing customers.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenue increased by $14.8 million, or 28.9%, primarily attributable to cost increases driven by higher prices of recyclable commodities sold, especially old corrugated cardboard by $10.3 million and pallets by $4.8 million.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $2.7 million, or 25.8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher costs for sales and marketing activities that we recommenced in 2022 following a temporary suspension as a result of the pandemic, including meetings, conferences and other business development activities in the amount of $1.5 million and higher payroll related costs of $0.9 million due to headcount increases.

Product development expenses increased by $15.0 million, or 112.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher product development support costs of $12.9 million, which was mainly driven by higher software subscription costs to support our product development team, and higher payroll related costs of $1.9 million, which increased primarily due to the headcount increases in our product development team to support our growth.

We expect product development costs to continue to be higher for next twelve months. The increase is expected to be driven by the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services subscription, which provides advanced data analytics capabilities to enhance the data security, visibility, models, and algorithms of our digital platform. See “Contractual Obligations.” However, the increase from the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services agreement is expected to be offset, at least partially, by planned cost reduction measures as a result of our increased focus on operational efficiencies. We also plan to eliminate any redundancies within the organization, including in product development, which were a byproduct of our growth and expansion phase the past few years.

General and administrative expenses increased by $177.6 million, or 507.8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of stock-based compensation expense by $92.4 million and cash payments and RSU and DSU issuances in connection with Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement increasing expense by $82.3 million. The majority of these stock-based compensation expenses were incurred in connection with vesting of Holdings LLC’s incentive units and phantom units granted under the 2014 Plan as well as bonuses and incentives in connection with the consummation of the Mergers. Additionally, an increase of outside services by $3.0 million including professional service fees to operate as a publicly traded company, an increase of $3.5 million in payroll cost due to the headcount increase, partially offset by a $5.2 million decrease in bad debt expense due to improved cash collection of amounts for which reserves had previously been established.

Amortization and depreciation expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were relatively unchanged compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Other expense of $25.3 million increased by $28.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to a $76.9 million loss on change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative incurred in connection with the Forward Purchase Agreement, a $10.9 million debt forgiveness in 2021 which did not repeat, a $4.8 million increase in interest expense, an $0.8 million loss related to the excess fair value over the consideration received for the SAFE executed in May 2022 and an $0.8 million expense incurred for commitment shares issued in connection of SEPA, partially offset by a $67.1 million gain on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities.

See Note 15, Fair Value Measurements, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information regarding the changes in fair value and “Liquidity and Capital Resources–Other Financing Arrangements” below for further information regarding the SAFE.

Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased by $1.0 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the deferred tax expenses related to book and tax basis difference in goodwill and the current state tax expenses.

Total revenue increased by $43.7 million, or 8.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Service revenue increased by $10.8 million, or 2.2%, primarily due to a combination of sales to new customers in the amount of $6.5 million and increased service levels for existing customers in the amount of $4.3 million. During the first half of 2021, the service revenue decreased by $10.9 million as compared to the same prior-year period primarily due to the impact of decreased service levels from customer attrition in the second half of 2020, including in connection with customer bankruptcies. During the second half of 2021, service revenues began to recover and increased by $21.7 million as compared to the same prior-year period.

Revenues from sales of recyclable commodities increased by $32.9 million, or 66.8%, primarily due to an increase in the sales prices for recyclable commodities, especially old corrugated cardboard, whose average price per ton increased by 91.8%.

Total cost of revenue increased by $41.7 million, or 8.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Cost of service revenue increased by $10.6 million, or 2.3%, primarily due to an increase in hauling-related costs corresponding to the service revenue increase as a result of service level increases to new and existing customers.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenue increased by $31.1 million, or 67.9%, primarily due to an increase in the cost of recyclable commodities sold mainly driven by the increase in the recyclable commodity prices.

Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 were relatively unchanged compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Product development expenses increased by $7.6 million, or 51.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to higher product development support costs of $5.0 million, which was mainly driven by higher software subscription costs to support our product development team, and higher payroll related costs of $2.1 million, which increased primarily due to the headcount increase in our product development team to support our growth.

We expect the product development cost to continue to increase over the next twelve months. The increase is expected to be driven by the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services subscription, which provides advanced data analytics capabilities to enhance the data security, visibility, models, and algorithms of our digital platform. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for further information regarding the Palantir Technologies, Inc. software services subscription.

General and administrative expenses increased by $15.2 million, or 40.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to higher equity compensation costs by $7.0 million, employee-related costs by $3.3 million, professional services costs by $3.0 million, and software license costs by $1.3 million, mainly to support our growth and preparation to operate as a publicly traded company.

Amortization and depreciation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 were relatively unchanged compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Other expense decreased by $6.4 million, or 74.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to forgiveness of the PPP loans in the amount of $10.9 million during 2021 which was partially offset by an $3.2 million increase in interest expense due to higher borrowings under the Term Loan Facility (as defined in the “Debt” section) as compared to the prior year. In March 2021, Holdings LLC amended the Term Loan Facility (as defined below), increasing the principal amount of the facility from $40.0 million to $60.0 million. See Note 4, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021 was relatively unchanged compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business and non-GAAP metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

We believe our ability to retain customers is an indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our customer relationships. We calculate revenue net retention as a year-over-year comparison that measures the percentage of revenue recognized in the current quarter from customers retained from the corresponding quarter in the prior year. We believe that our revenue net retention rate is an important metric to measure overall client satisfaction and the general quality of our service offerings as it is a composition of revenue expansion or contraction within our customer accounts.

Our revenue net retention rate was 118.3% and 109.0% as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, 125.0% and 96.7% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Adjusted gross profit is a non-GAAP financial measure which is calculated by adding back amortization and depreciation for revenue generating activities and platform support costs to GAAP gross profit, the most comparable GAAP measurement. Adjusted gross profit margin is calculated as adjusted gross profit divided by total GAAP revenue.

We believe adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross profit margin are important measures and useful to investors because they show the progress in scaling our digital platform by quantifying the markup and margin we charge our customers that are incremental to our marketplace vendor costs. These measures demonstrate this progress because changes in these measures are driven primarily by our ability to optimize services for our customers, improve our hauling and recycling partners’ efficiency and achieve economies of scale on both sides of the marketplace. Our management team uses these non-GAAP measures as one of the means to evaluate the profitability of our customer accounts, exclusive of certain costs that are generally fixed in nature, and to assess how successful we are in achieving our pricing strategies. However, it is important to note that other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate and use these measures differently or not at all, which may reduce their usefulness as a comparative measure. Further, these measures should not be read in isolation from or without reference to our results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following table shows the calculation of GAAP gross profit and a reconciliation of (i) GAAP gross profit to non-GAAP adjusted gross profit and GAAP gross profit margin to non-GAAP adjusted gross profit margin, (ii) amortization and depreciation for revenue generating activities to total amortization and depreciation and (iii) platform support costs to total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation) for each of the periods presented:

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and GAAP net loss is its most comparable GAAP measurement. We define adjusted EBITDA as GAAP net loss adjusted to exclude interest expense and income, income tax expense and benefit, amortization and depreciation, equity-based compensation, phantom unit expense, gain or loss on change in fair value of warrant liabilities, gain or loss on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities, gain or loss on change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative, excess fair value over the consideration received for SAFE, other non-operating income and expenses, and unique non-recurring income and expenses.

We have included adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses. Further, we believe it is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results because it allows for more consistent comparisons of financial performance between periods by excluding gains and losses that are non-operational in nature or outside the control of management, as well as items that may differ significantly depending on long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and capital investments. It is also often used by analysts, investors and other interested parties in evaluating and comparing our results to other companies within our industry. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of net loss or our other results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:

Liquidity describes the ability of a company to generate sufficient cash flows in the short- and long-term to meet the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, debt service, acquisitions and investments, and other commitments and contractual obligations. We consider liquidity in terms of cash flows from operations and other sources, and their sufficiency to fund our operating and investing activities.

Our principal sources of liquidity have been borrowings under our current and prior credit facilities, proceeds from the issuance of equity and warrant exercises and cash generated by operating activities. More recently, we received cash proceeds from the Mergers and the PIPE Investment, and have entered into the SEPA, YA Convertible Debentures, YA Warrant, and the Insider Convertible Debentures to provide additional liquidity (see “—Other Financing Arrangements” below). Our primary cash needs are for day-to-day operations, to fund working capital requirements, to fund our growth strategy, including investments and acquisitions, to pay interest and principal on our indebtedness and to pay $34.3 million under our software subscription agreement with Palantir Technologies, Inc., through October 2024. See “—Contractual Obligations” below.

Our principal uses of cash in recent periods have been funding operations and paying expenses associated with the Mergers, including amounts paid under the Forward Purchase Agreement. Our long-term future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including revenue growth rate, achieving higher profitability on our revenue contracts, the timing and the amount of cash received from customers, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending to support investments, including research and development efforts and the continuing market adoption of our products, and the terms on which we refinance our existing indebtedness.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and in each fiscal year since the Company’s inception, we have incurred losses from operations and generated negative cash flows from operating activities. We also have negative working capital and stockholders’ deficit as of September 30, 2022. Our total current liabilities as of September 30, 2022 are $258.7 million.

As of September 30, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $4.5 million, accounts receivable totaled $58.7 million and unbilled accounts receivable totaled $62.8 million. Availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, which provides the ability to borrow up to $60.0 million, was $21.2 million. As of November 15, 2022, we had approximately $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $23.8 million available under our Revolving Credit Facility. Our outstanding indebtedness includes the Revolving Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the Subordinated Term Loan, under which the principal of $36.2 million, $51.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, were outstanding as of November 15, 2022 and are scheduled to mature in December 2023. Pursuant to the SEPA, we have the right to sell up to $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA. However, because shares issued under the SEPA are sold at a discount to the then-current market price, in light of the current market price and the NYSE rules limiting the number of shares that can be issued without shareholder approval, the amount that could be raised pursuant to the SEPA is significantly lower than $200.0 million without first obtaining shareholder approval. Furthermore, the amended Term Loan agreement entered into on November 18, 2022 requires us to repay the Term Loan with any net proceeds provided by the SEPA until such time that the Term Loan is repaid in full. Additionally, our total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $509.4 million and we currently do not project our revenue for the fiscal year 2022 to reach the projected revenues of $736.1 million set forth in the unaudited prospective financial information we prepared and provided to Founder’s board of directors and its certain financial advisors in connection with the evaluation of the Mergers. The discrepancy between such projected revenues and the actual revenues for 2022 primarily arose due to the fact that we did not complete acquisitions that were in our plan prior to the consummation of the Mergers and included in our projected revenues.

We currently project that we will not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity under existing arrangements to meet our projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months. In the absence of additional capital, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

To address projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months, we have negotiated and received a binding commitment for $30.0 million of additional financing (the “Financing Commitment”), pursuant to which certain existing investors have agreed to contribute cash up to the $30.0 million commitment amount to the extent other equity capital of an equivalent amount has not been provided to the Company by January 15, 2023. See “—Other Financing Arrangements” below for additional information regarding the Financing Commitment. In addition to the proceeds from the Financing Commitment, we have begun to execute our plan to modify our operations to further reduce spending. Initiatives we have undertaken in the fourth quarter of 2022 include (i) increased focus on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures, (ii) eliminating redundancies that have been the natural byproduct of our recent growth and expansion, (iii) evaluating our portfolio and less profitable accounts to better ensure we are deploying resources efficiently, and (iv) exercising strict capital discipline for future investments, such as requiring investments to meet minimum hurdle rates.

We believe that the extended maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility, the Financing Commitment, cash on hand and available under the Revolving Credit Facility, and other cash flows from operations are expected to provide sufficient liquidity to meet our known liquidity needs for the next 12 months. We believe this plan is probable of being achieved and alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In the longer-term, we intend to refinance all of the indebtedness maturing in 2023 with new, longer-term debt facilities (the “New Debt Facilities”).

We may receive additional capital from the cash exercise of the Public and Private Warrants. However, the exercise price of our Warrants is $11.50 per warrant and the last reported sales price of our Class A Common Stock on January 25, 2023 was $1.85. The likelihood that Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants, and therefore the likelihood of any amount of cash proceeds that we may receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Class A Common Stock and we do not currently expect to receive any cash proceeds from the exercise of Warrants in the short- to medium-term due to the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. If the trading price for our Class A Common Stock continues to be less than $11.50 per share, we do not expect Warrant holders to exercise their Warrants. Similarly, the Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and we will not receive any proceeds from such exercise, even if the Private Warrants are in-the-money. We will have broad discretion over the use of any proceeds from the exercise of such securities. Any proceeds from the exercise of such securities would increase our liquidity, but we are not currently budgeting for any cash proceeds from the exercise of Warrants when planning for our operational funding needs.

If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, including under the SEPA, dilution to stockholders will occur and may be substantial. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of holders of common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, including the convertible notes proposed to be entered into as part of the Financing Commitment and the New Debt Facilities, these debt securities could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of common stockholders. The terms of debt securities or borrowings, including the terms of the Financing Commitment and the New Debt Facilities, could impose significant restrictions on our operations and will increase the cost of capital due to interest payment requirements. The capital markets have been very difficult and expensive to access in recent periods, which could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing under the Financing Commitment, the New Debt Facilities or otherwise. It is possible that we will not enter into all of financing contemplated with respect to the New Debt Facilities and that no additional funding will be available at all in the capital markets. In addition, recent and anticipated future increases in federal fund rates set by the Federal Reserve, which serve as a benchmark for rates on borrowing, will impact the cost and availability of debt financing.

If we are unable to obtain adequate capital resources to fund operations, we will not be able to continue to operate our business pursuant to our current business plan, which would require us to modify our operations to reduce spending to a sustainable level by, among other things, delaying, scaling back or eliminating some or all of our ongoing or planned investments in corporate infrastructure, business development, sales and marketing, product development and other activities, which could have a material adverse impact on our operations and our ability to increase revenues, or we may be forced to discontinue our operations entirely. Similarly, in the longer-term, any inability to repay or refinance our indebtedness maturing in 2023 through the New Debt Facilities or otherwise would have similar effects on our business.

At the Mergers, holders of 24,178,161 Founder Class A Shares (or approximately 76.5% of the issued and outstanding Founder Class A Shares on such date) exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of approximately $10.176 per share, resulting in an aggregate redemption payment of approximately $246.0 million from Founder’s trust account. Following these redemptions, at the Closing we received approximately $75.8 million from Founder’s trust account, without accounting for the payment of transaction costs, payments under the Forward Purchase Agreement and Cash Transaction Bonuses. As a result of consummation of the Mergers and accounting for the foregoing redemption payments and receipt of funds from Founder’s trust account, we received approximately $73.8 million in net proceeds from the Mergers after accounting for our payment of approximately $25.4 million of transaction costs, aggregate payments of $68.7 million by us to the FPA Sellers under the Forward Purchase Agreement, net proceeds of $121.0 million from the PIPE Investment, and the payment by us of an aggregate of $28.9 million in Cash Transaction Bonuses.

In September 2021, we entered into a software subscription agreement with Palantir Technologies, Inc. (“Palantir”), including related support and update services. The agreement was subsequently amended in December 2021. The term of the amended agreement is through December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the agreement, as of September 30, 2022, we are to pay $15.5 million in the next 12 months and $18.8 million thereafter through October 2024, with payments scheduled on a quarterly basis. We expect the Palantir services will support, improve, and strengthen our platform, which increases its value to our customers and partners for the continued growth of our business.

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $67.8 million to $112.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $45.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in cash used in operating activities was driven by:

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $28.4 million to $59.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $31.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in cash used in operating activities was driven by:

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $68.5 million to $69.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by payments made under the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to purchases of technology assets during 2021.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $176.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $48.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 resulted primarily from net proceeds from the Mergers of $175.0 million and proceeds of $8.0 million from the SAFE, offset in part by $4.5 million repayments of long-term debt, and $2.0 million payments of financing costs. Net cash provided by financing activities was $48.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 resulted primarily from proceeds of $32.5 million from warrants exercised and $22.3 million from long-term debt, offset in part by net payment on line of credit of $4.4 million, repayments of long-term debt in the amount of $1.5 million and $0.8 million payments of financing costs.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $68.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $21.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted primarily from proceeds of $42.3 million from long-term debt and proceeds of $32.5 million from exercise of warrants, offset in part by repayments of $3.0 million of long-term debt and payments of $2.8 million of financing costs and $1.1 million of deferred offering costs. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted primarily from proceeds of $30.8 million from long-term debt, offset in part by net payments of $6.6 million of borrowings on the line of credit and repayments of $2.3 million of long-term debt.

In connection with the consummation of the Mergers, Rubicon entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders, whereby Rubicon is obligated to pay to the TRA Holders 85% of certain of Rubicon’s realized (or in certain cases, deemed realized) tax savings as a result of certain tax benefits related to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash. Rubicon will benefit from the remaining 15% of such tax savings.

The actual future payments to the TRA Holders will vary, and estimating the amount of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. The actual future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are dependent on a number of factors, including the price of Class A Common Stock at the time of the exchange; the timing of future exchanges; the extent to which exchanges are taxable; the amount and timing of the utilization of tax attributes; the amount, timing and character of our income; the U.S. federal, state and local tax rates then applicable; the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis; the timing and amount of any earlier payments that we may have made under the TRA; and the portion of our payments under the TRA that constitutes imputed interest or gives rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis.

A significant portion of any potential future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is anticipated to be payable over 15 years, consistent with the period over which the associated tax deductions would be realized by Rubicon, assuming Holdings LLC generates sufficient income to utilize the deductions. If sufficient income is not generated by Holdings LLC, the associated taxable income of Rubicon will be affected and the associated tax benefits to be realized will be limited, thereby similarly reducing the associated Tax Receivable Agreement payments to be made. We may however still need to seek additional sources of financing depending on the given circumstances at the time any payments will be made.

While many of the factors that will determine the amount of payments that Rubicon will make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are outside of its control, Rubicon expects that the payments it will make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Rubicon generally expects to fund such distributions out of available cash of Holdings LLC, and as a result, such payments will reduce the cash provided by the tax savings generated from the relevant transactions that would otherwise have been available to Rubicon and Holdings LLC for other uses, including repayment of debt, funding day-to-day operations, reinvestment in the business or returning capital to holders of Class A Common Stock in the form of dividends or otherwise.

Rubicon may incur significant costs in addition to the due course obligations arising under the Tax Receivable Agreement described above. In particular, in the event that (a) Rubicon undergoes certain change of control events (e.g., certain mergers, dispositions and other similar transactions), (b) there is a material uncured breach under the Tax Receivable Agreement, or (c) Rubicon elects to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early, in each case, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement would accelerate and become payable in a lump sum amount equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax savings calculated based on certain assumptions, as set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, the interest on the payments made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement may significantly exceed Rubicon’s other costs of capital. In certain situations, including upon the occurrence of the events described above, Rubicon could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that exceed its actual cash savings, requiring it to seek funding from other sources, including incurring additional debt. Thus, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative effect on its financial condition and liquidity.

Despite these potential costs, we do not believe that that the Tax Receivable Agreement will be a material detriment to Rubicon’s and Holdings LLC’s future results of operations and liquidity, as any payments required under the Tax Receivable Agreement will arise directly from realized (or in certain cases, deemed realized) tax savings of Rubicon as a result of certain tax benefits related to the Mergers and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash and are expected to be made in lieu of income taxes otherwise payable by Rubicon. Additionally, Rubicon will receive the benefit of 15% of any such tax savings.

On December 14, 2018, we entered into a Revolving Credit Facility, which was subsequently amended, and which provides for borrowings of up to $60.0 million and, as recently amended, matures in December 2023. As of September 30, 2022, we had approximately $30.1 million of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, resulting in an unused borrowing capacity of approximately $21.2 million. We may use the proceeds of future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility to finance our acquisition strategy and for other general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Facility bore interest at LIBOR plus 4.5% until an amended agreement entered on April 26, 2022, and since the amendment, it bore interest at SOFR plus 4.6%. We entered into an amended agreement on November 18, 2022, which extended the maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility and increased the interest rate thereafter to SOFR plus 5.6%. Additionally, pursuant to the amendment, we committed to raise $5.0 million from the Financing Commitment or a similar commitment by November 23, 2022, which was subsequently extended to November 30, 2022, and an additional $25.0 million from the issuance of equity by the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the date our S-1 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022 becomes effective, or (ii) January 31, 2023. Our Revolving Credit Facility also includes a lockbox arrangement, which provides for receipts to be swept daily to reduce borrowings outstanding at the discretion of the lender.

On March 29, 2019, we entered into a Term Loan agreement, which was subsequently amended, and which provides for $60.0 million of term loan secured by a second lien on all of our assets at an interest rate of LIBOR plus 9.5%. The Term Loan matures on the earlier of March 2024 or the maturity date under the Revolving Credit Facility. We did not meet the minimum equity raise requirement of $50.0 million by June 30, 2022, which if not met, the lender could reduce the Term Loan collateral by $20.0 million and require the use of available funds under the Revolving Credit Facility as additional Term Loan collateral. As a result of the $20.0 million reduction in the Term Loan collateral, the availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was reduced by approximately $8.7 million as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, we had loans outstanding under the Term Loan agreement with a total carrying value of $49.9 million. On November 18, 2022 and November 30, 2022, we entered into amendments to the Term Loan agreement, in which the lender consented to the amendments to the Revolving Credit Facility agreement and the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. Additionally, we committed to raise $5.0 million from the Financing Commitment or a similar commitment by November 23, 2022, which was subsequently extended to November 30, 2022, pursuant to the November 30, 2022 amendment, and an additional $25.0 million from the issuance of equity by the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the date our S-1 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022 becomes effective, which was subsequently amended to 5 business days after the date that our S-1 filed with the SEC on December 14, 2022 becomes effective, or (ii) January 31, 2023, and to provide the Term Loan lender, on or before December 19, 2022, with a binding agreement with respect to a portion of such additional raise equal to at least $15.0 million. The amended Term Loan agreement also requires us to cause the Yorkville Investor, subject to the terms and limitations of the SEPA Amendment and YA SPA which the Term Loan lender consented to pursuant to the November 30, 2022 amendment, to purchase the maximum amount of our equity interests available under the SEPA and to utilize the net proceeds from such drawdowns to repay the Term Loan until it is fully repaid. If we do not repay the Term Loan in full by March 27, 2023, we will be liable for additional fees.

We may not use the SEPA to fund the new equity financing commitments we agreed to in the amendments to the Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan, and the financings used to satisfy the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility amendment may be used to also satisfy the commitments under the Term Loan amendment.

On December 22, 2021, we entered into a Subordinated Term Loan agreement which provides for $20.0 million of term loan secured by a third lien on all of our assets at an interest rate of 15.0%. The Subordinated Term Loan, as recently amended, matures on December 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2022, we had term loans outstanding under the Subordinated Term Loan agreement with a total carrying value of $19.6 million. If we do not repay the Subordinated Term Loan on or before its maturity, the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will become exercisable for additional Class A Common Stock until such time that the principal and interest are fully paid in cash. On November 18, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. The amendment extended the Subordinated Term Loan maturity through December 31, 2023. Concurrently, we entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreements, which (i) increased the number of Class A Common Stock the lender has the right to purchase with the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants to such number of Class A Common Stock worth $2.6 million ($2.0 million prior to the amendment), (ii) caused the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants to be immediately exercisable upon execution of the amended Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreements, and (iii) increased the value of Class A Common Stock the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will earn each additional full calendar month after March 22, 2023 to $0.25 million ($0.2 million prior to the amendment) until we repay the Subordinated Term Loan in full.

In addition, we received loans under the PPP, which was established under the CARES Act and is administered by the SBA, for an amount totaling $10.8 million. We elected to repay $2.3 million of the PPP loans during the year ended December 31, 2020. The SBA forgave the PPP loans in the full amount of $10.8 million along with associated accumulated interest during the year ended December 31, 2021, resulting in a refund of the $2.3 million of the PPP loans repaid. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding PPP loan balances. The SBA and other government communications have however indicated that all loans in excess of $2.0 million will be subject to audit and that those audits could take up to seven years to complete.

See Note 4, Debt, to our audited consolidated financial statements and Note 5, Debt, and Note 20, Subsequent Events, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended September 30, 2022 included elsewhere in this prospectus for a more detailed description of our indebtedness.

We do not have any special purpose entities and we do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

On May 25, 2022, we entered into the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement (“Simple Agreement for Future Equity” or “SAFE”) with Founder and certain investors, whereby the investors advanced us $8,000,000 and, in connection with the consummation of the Mergers and in exchange for the advancements, (a) Holdings LLC issued 880,000 Class B Units to such investors, (b) Rubicon issued 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to such investors, and (c) Sponsor forfeited 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. All of the obligations thereunder were satisfied upon the Closing and the exchanges for the advancements discussed above.

On August 4, 2022, Founder entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement with the FPA Sellers. Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, prior to the Closing, the FPA Sellers purchased an aggregate of 7,082,616 shares of Class A Common Stock from Founder shareholders who, pursuant to the governing documents of Founder, elected to redeem such shares in connection with the Closing, and upon such purchase, the FPA Sellers waived their redemption rights with respect to such securities. The Forward Purchase Agreement resulted in an additional $4.0 million of cash at the Closing. On November 30, 2022, we terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement pursuant to those FPA Termination Agreements entered into with each of the FPA Sellers. For more information regarding the Forward Purchase Agreement and the FPA Termination Agreements, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—Forward Purchase Agreement.”

On August 31, 2022, Rubicon entered into the SEPA with the Yorkville Investor. Pursuant to the SEPA, Rubicon has the right to sell to the Yorkville Investor, from time to time, up to $200.0 million of shares of our Class A Common Stock at a discounted per share price until the earlier of the 36 month anniversary of the SEPA or until the date on which the facility has been fully utilized, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth therein. Any issuances and sales of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA, and the timing of any such sales, are at Rubicon’s option, and Rubicon is under no obligation to sell any securities to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA. Pursuant to the SEPA, on August 31, 2022, we issued the Yorkville Investor 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, which represented an initial up-front commitment fee. We have not sold any shares of Class A Common Stock under the SEPA during the period between August 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. For more information regarding the SEPA, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—SEPA.”

On November 14, 2022, we entered into a binding Financing Commitment with certain existing investors, whereby the investors intend to provide us with up to $30.0 million of financing through the issuance by us of debt and/or equity securities (including, without limitation, shares of capital stock, securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock, warrants, options, or other rights for the purchase or acquisition of such shares and other ownership or profit interests of the Company). Any debt issued pursuant to this letter would have a term of at least 12 months and any equity or equity linked securities issued under this letter would have a fixed price such that no other shareholder or other exchange approvals would be required. The amount the investors agreed to contribute under the Financing Commitment will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis by the amount of any other equity capital we receive through January 15, 2023. See Note 20, Subsequent Events, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the period ended September 30, 2022 included elsewhere in this prospectus for more information regarding the Financing Commitment.

On November 30, 2022, we entered into the First YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million and received approximately $4.96 million in net proceeds. The First YA Convertible Debenture is convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock at the option of the Yorkville Investor. It matures on May 30, 2024 and accrues interest at a rate of 4% per annum. For more information regarding the YA Convertible Debentures, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Convertible Debentures.”

On November 30, 2022, we entered into the YA Warrant, which is exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share for a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million divided by (b) the Market Price (as defined below), subject to certain adjustments pursuant to the terms set forth therein. We received approximately $6.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of the YA Warrant. For more information regarding the YA Warrant, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Warrant.”

Our principal commitments consist of obligations under debt agreements and leases for office facilities. We have a substantial level of debt. For more information regarding our debt service obligations and our lease obligations, see Note 5, Debt and Note 16, Commitments and contingencies, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of September 30, 2022, our agreement with Palantir requires us to pay an aggregate of $34.3 million through October 2024, $15.5 million of which is due through September 30, 2023. See Note 17, Related party transactions, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in our prospectus for more information regarding our agreement with Palantir. We could also be required to make certain significant payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement discussed above. Additionally, in connection with the Mergers, as of September 30, 2022, $44.2 million of fees for certain advisors have been recognized as accrued expenses on our unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet included elsewhere in this prospectus. As disclosed in Note 20, Subsequent Events, to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we settled with an advisor on the fees for certain professional services provided in connection with the Mergers on November 4, 2022, which reduced the total transaction costs by $10.7 million. These advisory fees are due on various dates on or before February 15, 2023, most of which are to be paid in cash or Class A Common Stock at our discretion, in accordance with the terms of the agreements with each of the advisors.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

We derive our revenue principally from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, platform subscriptions, and the purchase and sale of recyclable commodities. We recognize service revenue over time, consistent with efforts performed and when the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by our services. We recognize recyclable commodity revenue at the point in time when the ownership, risks and rewards are transferred.

Further, judgment is required in evaluating the presentation of revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether we control the service provided to the end-user and are the principal in the transaction (gross), or we arrange for other parties to provide the service to the end-user and are the agent in the transaction (net). We have concluded that we are the principal in most arrangements as we control the waste removal service and are the primary obligor in the transactions. The assessment of whether we are considered the principal or the agent in a transaction could impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized.

We make certain expenditures related to acquiring contracts for future services. These expenditures are capitalized as customer acquisition costs and amortized in proportion to the expected future revenue from the customer, which in most cases results in straight-line amortization over the life of the customer. Amortization of these customer acquisition costs is presented within amortization and depreciation on our consolidated statements of operations. Subsequent adjustments to customer acquisition costs estimates are possible because actual results may differ from these estimates if conditions dictate the need to enhance or reduce customer acquisition costs.

We account for equity-based compensation under the fair value recognition and measurement provisions, in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which require compensation expense for the grant-date fair value of equity-based awards to be recognized over the requisite service period.

We have issued warrants to purchase shares of our Class A Common Stock. Warrants may be accounted for as either liability or equity instruments depending on the terms of the warrant agreements. We determine whether each of the warrants issued require liability or equity classification at their issuance dates. Warrants classified as equity are recorded at fair value as of the date of the issuance on our consolidated balance sheets and no further adjustments to their valuation are made. Warrants classified as liability are recorded at fair value as of the date of the issuance on our consolidated balance sheets and subsequently remeasured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income (expense) on our consolidated statements of operations.

Following the consummation of the Mergers on August 15, 2022, we have both liability-classified and equity-classified warrants outstanding. See Note 9, Warrants, of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Rubicon Technologies, Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income taxes including the income or loss allocated from its investment in Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC. Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC is taxed as a partnership for which the taxable income or loss is allocated to its members. Certain of the Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC operating subsidiaries are considered taxable Corporations for U.S. income tax purposes. Prior to the Mergers, Holdings LLC was not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities.

Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not expected to be realized based on the weighting of positive and negative evidence. We regularly review the deferred tax assets for recoverability based on historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies. Our judgment regarding future profitability may change due to many factors, including future market conditions and the ability to successfully execute our business plans and tax planning strategies. Should there be a change in the ability to recover deferred tax assets, our income tax provision would increase or decrease in the period in which the assessment is changed.

We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, based on the technical merits. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. Those tax positions failing to qualify for initial recognition are recognized in the first interim period in which they meet the more likely than not standard, or are resolved through negotiation or litigation with the taxing authority, or upon expiration of the statute of limitations. The tax positions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are adjusted as additional facts and information become available, including progress on tax audits, changes in interpretation of tax laws, developments in case law and closing of statutes of limitations. At September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021, we have no tax positions that meet this threshold and, therefore, have not recognized any adjustments. While we believe our tax positions are fully supportable, they may be challenged by various tax authorities. If actual results were to be materially different than estimated, it could result in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods.

The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves as well as the related net interest and penalties. In addition, we are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the tax authorities which may assert assessments against us. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations and assessments to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes.

In the ordinary course of business, we are or may be involved in various legal or regulatory proceedings, claims or purported class actions related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. We record a provision for a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is reasonably possible and the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated, we disclose the possible loss in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

We review the developments in our contingencies that could affect the amount of the provisions that have been previously recorded, and the matters and related reasonably possible losses disclosed. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, estimated settlements, legal rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. Significant judgment is required to determine both the probability and the estimated amount of loss. These estimates have been based on our assessment of the facts and circumstances at each balance sheet date and are subject to change based on new information and future events.

The outcomes of litigation and other disputes are inherently uncertain and subject to significant uncertainties. Therefore, if one or more of these matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period in which any such outcome becomes probable and estimable, could be materially adversely affected.

Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities. Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. As the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable, we utilize the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

For information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements and recently adopted accounting pronouncements, please see Note 2, Recent accounting pronouncements, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following are recently issued accounting pronouncements that would apply to us, but have not been adopted as of September 30, 2022:

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risks, including changes in interest rates, certain commodity prices and foreign currency rates. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about these market risks is described below.

Our exposures to market risk for changes in interest rates relate primarily to our Term Loan Facility and our Revolving Credit Facility. The Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility are floating rate loans and bear interest subject to LIBOR or SOFR. Therefore, fluctuations in interest rates will impact our consolidated financial statements. A rising interest rate environment will increase the amount of interest paid on these loans. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material effect on the results of our operations.

Through our recycling program, we market a variety of materials, including fibers such as old corrugated cardboard, old newsprint, aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials. We may use a number of strategies to mitigate impacts from recyclable commodity price fluctuations including, entering into purchase contracts indexed to the recyclable commodity price such that we mitigate the variability in cash flows generated from the sales of recycled materials at floating prices. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to any leveraged derivatives. As of September 30, 2022, we were not a party to any recyclable commodity hedging agreements. In the event of a decline in recyclable commodity prices, a 10% decrease in average recyclable commodity prices from the average prices in effect would have impacted our revenues by $7.2 million and $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $8.2 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A 10% decrease in average recyclable commodity prices from the average prices in effect would have impacted our operating loss by $0.6 million and $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $0.5 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our consolidated financial statements as the majority of our revenue has been generated in the United States. As we expand our presence in international markets, to the extent we are required to enter into agreements denominated in a currency other than the US dollar, our results of operations and cash flows may increasingly be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in currency rates.

To date, the impact of inflation on our business results has been primarily limited to increases of revenue and cost of revenue, such that the net effect has been immaterial to our gross profit, adjusted gross profit and net loss. We expect this trend to continue as most contracts with our waste generator customers allow us to adjust the applicable prices without any significant advanced notice requirement based on the economic environment where fees charged by our hauling and recycling partners are increasing, and recyclable commodity price fluctuations tend to impact both selling and purchasing sides in a similar manner. However, we may not be able to adjust prices quickly enough or sufficiently to offset the effect of certain other cost increases, such as labor costs, without negatively impacting customer demand.

Founded in 2008, we are a digital marketplace for waste and recycling and provide cloud-based waste and recycling solutions to businesses and governments. As a digital challenger to status quo waste companies, we have developed and commercialized a proven, cutting-edge platform that brings transparency and environmental innovation to the waste and recycling industry, enabling customers and hauling and recycling partners to make data-driven decisions that can lead to more efficient and effective operations and yield more sustainable outcomes. Using proprietary technology in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence (“AI”), computer vision, and Industrial Internet of Things (“IoT”), for which we have secured more than 50 U.S. and international patents, we have built an innovative digital platform aimed at modernizing the outdated, approximately $2.1 trillion global waste and recycling industry. Fast Company named us to its annual list of the “World’s Most Innovative Enterprise Companies” for 2021.

Through our suite of cutting-edge solutions, we have driven innovation in the waste and recycling industry, reimagined the customer experience, and empowered a wide range of customers, from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies, to municipal and city agencies, to better optimize their waste handling and recycling programs. The implementation of our solutions enables customers to find economic value in their physical waste streams by improving business processes, reducing costs, and saving energy while helping those customers execute their sustainability goals.

We are a leading provider of cloud-based waste and recycling solutions for businesses, governments, and organizations worldwide. Our platform brings new transparency to the waste and recycling industry — empowering our customers and hauling and recycling partners to make data-driven decisions that can lead to more efficient and effective operations as well as more sustainable waste outcomes.

We believe we have built one of the world’s largest digital marketplaces for waste and recycling services. Underpinning this marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We provide our waste generator customers with a digital marketplace that delivers pricing transparency, self-service capabilities, and a seamless customer experience while helping them achieve their environmental goals. We enhance our hauling and recycling partners’ economic opportunities by democratizing access to large, national accounts that typically engage suppliers at the corporate level. By providing telematics-based and waste-specific solutions as well as access to group purchasing efficiencies, we help large national accounts optimize their businesses. We help governments provide more advanced waste and recycling services that allow them to serve their local communities more effectively by digitizing their routing and back-office operations and using our computer vision technology to combat recycling material contamination at the source.

Our revenues have grown from approximately $359 million in 2018 to approximately $583 million in 2021.

The global waste and recycling industry is massive. Every human on the planet generates waste, and proper waste disposal is a key public service across the globe. In 2019, the waste and recycling market represented approximately $2.1 trillion on a global basis and was projected to grow at an approximately 5.3% compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) between 2020 and 2027 in North America, according to Allied Market Research. The waste and recycling market in North America, our core operating territory, was approximately $208 billion in 2019 according to Allied Market Research.

(1) Allied Market Research, Statista ‘Waste Management Market Value Worldwide (2019-2027)’, July 2021; Technavio ‘Global Smart City Market’ report; World Bank Group ‘What a Waste 2.0’; (2) Allied Market Research; (3) FactSet as of 7/19/2022 (4) Waste Management, Republic Services, and Waste Connections

The waste and recycling industry is comprised of multiple segments, and there are many parties with different priorities operating across these segments, which we believe creates friction and inefficiencies for the broader ecosystem. Key segments within the industry include:

The waste and recycling industry in the United States is also highly fragmented. While Waste Management, Republic Services, and Waste Connections (the “Big 3”) are large, publicly traded players with substantial market share in the United States, approximately 85% of the North America waste and recycling market is comprised of non-Big 3 haulers. Furthermore, the Big 3 haulers have historically pursued acquisitions to drive some of their growth, but we believe this strategy will be less viable for them going forward due to increased regulatory scrutiny over large acquisitions.

In addition to being a massive industry, the waste and recycling services market is also incredibly stable and resilient. The disposal of waste is considered a mission-critical service in communities across the world. The United States has long been one of the largest waste-producing countries per capita. The United States ranks third highest in the world, with each person producing approximately 25.8 tons of waste per year according to the World Bank “What a Waste” global database.

These dynamics have also made the industry resilient against economic downturns. Over the past two U.S. recessions in 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, the contraction of U.S. GDP has been approximately 3.4 times greater than the contraction seen in the waste and recycling industry, based on data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Further, the industry has historically been very profitable, as evidenced by the reported EBITDA margins of the Big 3, which ranged from approximately 26-32% between 2002 and 2021 based on data from FactSet.

While the waste and recycling market is massive and stable, several dynamics are driving significant changes in the industry and are creating opportunities to disintermediate the legacy business model.

Concurrently, traditional waste infrastructure is approaching capacity, and we believe large landfill owners are facing more and more hurdles to get regulatory approval to expand their sites or break ground on new sites. Without prospects for expansion, the average remaining life of landfill capacity is declining rapidly. A study conducted by Environmental Research & Education Foundation in 2015 stated at that time that seven states would likely run out of landfill space in the following five years, one state would reach capacity in five to 10 years, and three states had only 11 to 20 years of remaining capacity.

Historically, the United States has mitigated this infrastructure capacity issue in part by sending waste abroad. However, foreign countries that have historically accepted waste or recycling have recently begun to reduce or otherwise restrict their imports. For instance, China, which handled nearly half of the global recyclable waste for the past quarter-century according to Yale Environment360, recently instituted its National Sword policy, which bans the import of most plastics and other materials, making exportation into China extremely difficult.

In addition to the logistical problems associated with handling waste, today’s digital-first world has highlighted the industry’s historical under-investment in technology, which has plagued both customers and operators alike. While the large legacy players have been able to rely on their scale and incumbent position, independent operators have been particularly impacted by their inability to make technology investments that could help them optimize their operations and scale more profitably. Meanwhile, given most operators’ lack of technological infrastructure to collect data, customers have historically lacked visibility into pricing and their waste and recycling outcomes, compounding the antiquated, analog customer experience typical of the industry.

The preferences and demands of waste generators, who are the customers of the waste cycle, are shifting. They increasingly expect seamless digital customer experiences that provide ease of use and transparency, like those they are experiencing in many other industries and in their personal lives. Corporate consumers are also increasingly making environmentally conscious purchasing and operating decisions, and more and more are looking for greater information to manage and track their operations and hold their service providers accountable for their environmental impact.

Incumbent service offerings in the waste and recycling industry have long been outdated and misaligned with the needs and shifting preferences of their customers. We do not believe legacy players have embraced technology, limiting their ability to provide modern customer experiences that deliver efficiency, convenience, and transparency. Furthermore, we believe these players have made substantial investments in landfills, transfer stations, and other infrastructure, incentivizing them to fill and monetize landfills rather than to think creatively and identify alternative solutions, such as diverting waste streams elsewhere or creating circular solutions.

Independent waste haulers and recyclers face numerous competitive challenges. Given their limited operating footprint, they struggle to win large, enterprise-class hauling contracts. Without these contracts, the smaller independent players struggle to achieve economies of scale with respect to operating costs and cannot generate sufficient capital to make the substantial investments necessary to modernize their businesses, including the technology upgrades to optimize their operations or improve their customer service experience.

Governments have long identified the impact waste disposal and recycling has on the environment, on climate change, and on community quality of life. There has never been a greater focus on eliminating waste as a means of slowing the rapid advance of climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the importance of public health and, consequently, waste management’s crucial supporting role. Sound waste management helps to keep communities healthy while, at the same time, helping to ensure that these communities can thrive, businesses can flourish, and families can live safely. For those communities that are taking tangible steps to make a difference, having credible data is essential for them to take actionable steps to improve the vital service of waste and recycling pick and disposal. With good data, public works departments can better determine where and when to direct human and financial resources to ensure equitable and adequate public services, drive meaningful positive outcomes, and then measure their progress towards limiting waste and achieving the reduction goals promulgated by government leaders.

Outside of waste management, municipalities have also struggled to manage budget constraints while still providing vital adequate public services and maintaining critical infrastructure.

Without owning any hauling, recycling or landfill infrastructure, our digital marketplace allows us to manage the full spectrum of waste and recycling services through an extensive network of more than 8,000 vendor and hauling and recycling partners. Our programs span cardboard (“OCC”), plastic, paper, metal, glass, pallets, electronics recycling, construction, and demolition (“C&D”), organics recycling (including food waste and composting services), grease and oil recycling, and single-stream recycling (“SSR”), among other adjacent services. Our subject matter experts manage recyclable commodity markets, zero-waste programs, and other sustainability offerings across our portfolio.

Underpinning our digital marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular, digital platform that allows us to deliver value, transparency, and seamless digital experiences to our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We leverage our technology to audit hauler invoices and match to landfill weight tickets or recyclable commodity bills of lading. We provide customers with dashboards and digital tools to manage and monitor their waste services, and we provide our hauling and recycling partners with technology tools that help them optimize their operations.

This platform has been packaged into solutions that we offer to various parties in the waste and recycling value chain. RUBICONSmartCity, an advanced smart city solution, helps municipalities achieve and maintain more efficient, effective, and sustainable waste and recycling operations. RUBICONPremier, an enterprise SaaS solution, allows haulers and recyclers to scale their operations into new geographies more efficiently.

Our cloud-based digital marketplace provides an innovative customer experience through an easy-to-use interface, where customers can order new services and manage existing services, track invoices, and view environmental outcomes. We provide commercial waste generators—such as commercial property owners, the hospitality and restaurant industries, retail services and logistics companies—an all-in-one waste and recycling solution that allows for enhanced visibility into our customers’ waste management services. This means deeper insights into their waste streams, informed decision making, and increasingly efficient action taken across locations. These features are designed to save time and minimize waste throughout the organization by reducing administrative support costs in managing complex waste and recycling programs, identifying waste reduction and landfill diversion opportunities, and designing and implementing solutions to deliver on them. We also empower customers to report on their environmental goals through data visibility and by aggregating waste diversion activities and generating custom reports on carbon emission reductions. These data and reports are then reviewed and substantiated by a third party.

We work with a network of more than 8,000 hauling and recycling partners. Through our extensive network, we provide our hauling and recycling partners with access to large, often national multi-location accounts that they can service within their local markets or with their narrower service capabilities. We have also developed products that enable haulers and recyclers to better scale their businesses and optimize their operations through several programs.

The RUBICONPro App sits on the truck dashboard, providing drivers with route details, navigation, and alerts while collecting real-time service information as well as vehicle tracking and safety metrics. Drivers can safely interact with the app to record weight tickets, verify instances of service confirmation, report issues, and more in real time. Without our product, most, if not all, of this work would be done manually and on or through multiple disparate services. Our products can reduce truck repair costs with vehicle maintenance insights, which alert haulers and recyclers regarding everything from routine service needs to severe mechanical issues, creating opportunities to improve performance and operate more efficient fleets.

The RUBICONPro Pod plugs into the existing diagnostics port inside the truck’s cab to automate service confirmations, recording the date and time of services and proactively communicating them to the waste generators. Our hardware and digital platform are compatible with virtually any truck with the requisite port, making this a useful solution for residential, commercial, cart, and roll-off services. Once the pod is installed, no further driver interaction is required.

RUBICONSelect is a buying consortium program in which we have negotiated preferred rates with certain third-party customers specifically for the benefit of our partners that provide waste and recycling services on our behalf. The program empowers haulers and recyclers across the country with new business opportunities, savings, and tools they would otherwise not have access to, all through a user-friendly interface. Foremost is that we offer our hauling and recycling partners new business opportunities to service their own waste generator customers. Given that many of our customers have a national presence (if not international), we believe the only way a local supplier can get access to these important locations is often through us.

In addition to helping scale small and medium size business (“SMB”) haulers and recyclers, we leverage the scale of our business to negotiate better, “big-business” pricing and terms for our hauling and recycling partners. Leveraging our scale, which can provide the same buying power as some of the largest waste services companies, the haulers and recyclers in our network are better positioned to successfully compete by reducing their operating costs, thereby freeing up capital that they can invest in their businesses. We have numerous buying program partners, including Commercial Credit Group (CCG), ACE Equipment, Concorde Inc., Wastequip, and more. RUBICONSelect is recruiting new program partners daily to provide a wide breadth of offerings including financing, equipment purchase, rentals, insurance, maintenance, fuel, tires, and more.

We have not yet monetized RUBICONSelect but have plans to do so in the near term.

In addition to working with commercial waste generators and commercial waste and recycling service providers, we have deployed our technology in more than 70 cities to help them manage their waste and recycling infrastructure and reach their sustainability goals. We use our proprietary technology to digitize trash and recycling routes, allowing collection crews to cover routes more effectively and efficiently while automating many reporting processes.

RUBICONSmartCity is a smart city technology suite that helps city governments everywhere run more efficient, effective, and sustainable operations. A software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) offering originally designed for waste and recycling fleets, this full-service solution can be deployed across virtually any fleet to help reduce costs, improve service, and contribute to an enhanced quality of life for citizens.

RUBICONSmartCity can help governments save tax dollars by transforming existing government-owned fleets into roaming data collection centers, delivering insights about specific conditions throughout the community. Waste-specific insights include recycling participation and overflowing containers, as well as insights about material contamination directly at the source. Examples of general city infrastructure assessment insights include identifying and indexing instances of road potholes, broken curbs, vacant homes, and graffiti. Our technology helps improve neighborhood streetscapes by monitoring vehicle health, improving driver behavior, and improving material collection efficiency, which can result in more sustainable, resilient, and equitable neighborhoods.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our revenue generated from sales to government entities is less than 5% of our total revenue.

Our various SaaS offerings help waste and recycling companies around the world to digitize their operations while equipping municipalities and businesses of all sizes to initiate or grow their waste collection capabilities with a digital cloud-based model. Our solutions allow companies to replicate our innovative, asset-light model by providing a third-party logistics technology backbone and by allowing services to be provided across a wider geographic coverage area than what may otherwise be covered by a vertically integrated asset footprint. Features within the product enable users to provide an enhanced experience for their own waste generator customers, the opportunity to restructure the cost of their collection operations, and the ability to enter new markets without massive investment.

Business Model and Customer Interests are Aligned Benefiting Us and Providing Greater Value to Customers

Depth & Quality of Hauling & Recycling Network Benefits All Constituent Parties

We also offer our hauling and recycling partners a digital platform that is simple and efficient and can help them improve their routing, fleet operations, and driver behavior.

Organic Customer Growth Through New Customer and Contract Wins Based on the Strengths of our Solutions

Organic customer growth is expected to continue to be a core driver of growth for us for the foreseeable future as a result of these and other strengths.

We are passionate about our people, and work hard to attract, develop, and retain employees who share our core values and are committed to achieving our mission to end waste. As of September 30, 2022, we had 514 employees, 510 of whom were based in the United States. None of our employees is represented by a labor union, and we consider our relations with our employees to be very good. A strong commitment to diversity and inclusion is central to our core values in all that we do. We also support the following employee affinity groups: African American Affinity Group, Latin American and Caribbean Heritage Affinity Group, Asian and Pacific Islander Affinity Group, Veterans Affinity Group, LQBTQ+ Affinity Group, and Women in Leadership Affinity Group. The groups meet routinely to discuss matters important to them, host social events and volunteer opportunities, and make presentations at our All Hands meetings to share topics of interest with all our employees.

Our commitment to our employees and culture is reflected in the fact that we have earned a certification from Great Place to Work for five consecutive years (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022). We believe that this certification is one of the most definitive “employer-of-choice” recognitions that companies aspire to achieve. It is the only recognition based entirely on what employees anonymously report about their workplace experience – specifically, how consistently they experience a high-trust workplace.

As part of our measures to reduce spending and preserve cash available for the operations, on November 17, 2022, the Board of Directors committed to a reduction in force plan (the “Plan”). The Plan involves a reduction of 55 employees, which is approximately 11% of our workforce.

We are proud to offer an employee benefits package that aligns with our commitment to being a Great Place to Work. This includes benefits such as 100% employer paid health insurance for the family unit, an employee assistance program for mental wellbeing, paid maternity and paternity leave, and unlimited vacation for exempt employees. We also focus on the financial wellbeing of our employees with competitive compensation, a 401(k) plan with employer match, and financial education programs.

We currently maintain four offices: a headquarters in Lexington, Kentucky; and offices in Atlanta, Georgia, New York, New York and Tinton Falls, New Jersey. In light of the ongoing challenges and risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the remainder of our employees continue to work remotely.

The health and safety of our employees are of the utmost importance. Thus, we are committed to allowing our employees to “work from home” and are committed to providing them with a one-time home office stipend to ensure they have a comfortable and productive remote working environment.

The Commercial Sales organization is responsible for initiatives to drive growth, retention, and overall client satisfaction through new opportunity development, pipeline execution, account planning, and client service.

We established a “land and expand” strategy within our existing book of business which we believe has delivered more reliable and substantial revenue growth on a year-over-year basis. This strategy means that we may initially acquire a small footprint of a customer account and over time expand the product offering through the RUBICONConnect platform.

In order to market our services effectively, acquire new customers, and build brand awareness in key geographies, we deploy a multi-channel marketing strategy designed to reach prospects and expand our relationships with existing customers – a “land and expand” strategy – by communicating the operational benefits and value of our solutions. Our paid marketing campaigns, discussed in more detail below, are augmented by other unpaid/organic activities including regular social media updates and press/media placements. We also use a range of brand assets to further drive awareness of our products and services in high-value and high-visibility placements.

Digital – Digital advertising, which includes website display ads, geo-targeted mobile advertising, pay-per-click, and paid search advertising such as Google and Bing, is a central component of our marketing strategy. Given this channel’s precise targeting capabilities, we can effectively and efficiently reach our ideal buyers wherever they are.

Social Media – Our social channels are a key part of our marketing efforts. Using both paid and organic programs, we advertise on a number of different social media feeds and channels, including Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook.

Offline Media – We run offline advertising campaigns in markets where such opportunities are available and of demonstrable value, including billboards/out-of-home placements, and transit advertising.

Events – We participate in many industry and industry-adjacent events identified by our marketing team in close consultation with our Commercial Sales Organization. We also have an enterprise webinar platform which is used to develop and co-host webinars with customers, prospects, thought-leaders, and officials on important waste and recycling industry topics such as food waste and labeling, plastic pollution, and environmental innovation.

Special Projects – Each year, we run special projects intended to further our mission and build our profile in our industry and beyond. Two notable examples are: Trick or Trash – our annual Halloween campaign targeted at schools and small businesses, which is designed to mitigate the waste that builds up over the course of the Halloween season, and Project Clear Constellation – a program devised to confront the growing problem of space waste, in which U.S. colleges and universities are invited to submit design concepts for solutions to help clean up space debris.

Communications Programs – We pursue media placements with industry and non-industry publications and actively pitches stories to journalists and media outlets to garner additional coverage.

Our industry is highly competitive, and we encounter intense competition from governmental, quasi-governmental and private sources in all aspects of our operations. Our platform and solutions address the needs of a variety of industry participants, including waste generators, haulers/recyclers, and varying levels of government, meaning we compete in a number of segments with a wide array of competitors, including some of our own customers. We principally compete with large national waste management companies such as Waste Management and Republic Services, counties and municipalities that maintain and manage their own waste collection and disposal operations, and regional and local companies of varying sizes and financial resources. Our industry also includes companies that specialize in certain discrete areas of waste management, operators of alternative disposal facilities, companies that seek to use parts of the waste stream as feedstock for renewable energy and other by-products, and other waste brokers that rely upon haulers in local markets to address customer needs.

We compete on a variety of factors, including quality of services, ease of doing business and price.

We continue to make substantial investments in product development because we believe it is essential to improve and optimize our platform and underpins our goal to drive innovation in the waste and recycling industry. Our product development roadmap balances technology advances and new offerings with regular enhancements to existing solutions. We are continuously looking for ways to improve our proprietary platform and solutions, following a roadmap to build and deliver additional functionalities to our customers. Our allocation of product development resources is guided by management-established priorities, input from team members, and user and sales force feedback.

As of September 30, 2022, we had 57 employees focused on our product development activities. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our product development spending was $22.5 million and $14.9 million, respectively, and, as a percentage of total revenues, was 3.9% and 2.8%, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our product development spending was $28.3 million and $13.4 million, respectively, and, as a percentage of total revenues, was 5.6% and 3.2%, respectively. We intend to continue to invest in our product development capabilities to extend our platform.

Intellectual property rights are critical to our success. We rely on a combination of patents, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, and other contractual protections, to protect our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary platform, software, know-how, and brand. As of September 30, 2022, we had more than 50 patents granted and over 100 patents pending in the United States and internationally. Among other things, our patents and published patent applications address hauler and vendor facing innovations that enable monitoring and management of waste hauling vehicles including service confirmation, load monitoring, vehicle weight determination, bin overflow detection, route determination, intelligent dispatching, unscheduled stop detection, and remote waste auditing; customer-facing innovations that allow customers to make on-demand service requests, remotely manage waste services, request bulk material removal, and track waste receptacles; innovations related to intelligent dispatching, remote auditing, route generation, and residential waste management systems; and smart cities innovations including systems for monitoring waste service regulation and compliance data, road condition detection, smart bins and sensors offering use-based incentives, and air quality-based waste management. In addition, from time to time we enter into collaboration arrangements and in-bound licensing agreements with third parties, including certain of our competitors, in order to expand the functionality and interoperability of our solutions. We are not substantially dependent upon any one of these arrangements, and we are not obligated to pay any material royalty or license fees with respect to them.

Our names, logos, website names, and addresses are owned by us or licensed by us. We reference herein trademarks, trade names, and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to herein may appear without the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but the lack of those references is not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names, and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names, or service marks to imply - and such use or display should not be construed to imply - endorsement or sponsorship of us by these other parties.

While most of our employee base operates remotely, we maintain four facilities for operations: our corporate headquarters are in Lexington, Kentucky and we maintain offices in Atlanta, Georgia, New York, New York, and Tinton Falls, New Jersey. We lease all our facilities. We believe that our current office space and facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.

In the ordinary course of business, we are or may be involved in various legal or regulatory proceedings, claims or purported class actions related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. In management’s opinion, resolution of all current matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

The waste and recycling industry is highly regulated with a complex array of laws, rules, orders and interpretations governing environmental protection, health, safety, land use, zoning, transportation and related matters. These regulations and related enforcement actions can significantly restrict operations of landfill operators and haulers by imposing: limitations on siting and constructing new or expanding existing waste disposal, transfer, recycling or processing facilities; limitations or levies on collection and disposal prices, rates and volumes; limitations or bans on disposal or transportation of out-of-state waste or certain categories of waste; mandates regarding management of solid waste, including requirements to recycle, divert or otherwise process certain waste, recycling and other streams; or limitations or restrictions on the recycling, processing or transformation of waste, recycling and other streams. Additionally, landfill operations emit anthropogenic methane, identified as a greenhouse gas, and vehicle fleets emit, among other things, carbon dioxide, which also is a greenhouse gas, and efforts to curtail the emission of these and other greenhouse gases and to ameliorate the effects of climate change continue to progress. Although passage of comprehensive, federal climate change legislation may not occur in the near term, any such legislation, if enacted, could significantly restrict and impose significant costs on the waste industry. Although we do not own or operate landfills or transfer stations nor do we operate as a hauler, many of our customers and third parties with whom we contract are in one or more of these categories, and therefore subject to the foregoing regulations.

The following table sets forth, as of January 25, 2023, certain information regarding our directors and executive officers who are responsible for overseeing the management of our business.

Nate Morris. Mr. Morris is our Founder, Chairman and Strategic Advisor. Mr. Morris served as our CEO until October 2022, founded Holdings LLC in 2008, and previously served as the CEO since 2010 and as the Chairman of Holdings LLC from December 2016 to the Closing in August 2022, and since the Closing, as our Chairman. In 2021, Holdings LLC was recognized as “One of the World’s Most Innovative Enterprise Companies” by Fast Company. Mr. Morris currently serves a member of Business Executives for National Security (BENS.org) since February 2021, the Trilateral Commission since February 2021, and the Council on Foreign Relations since March 2022. Mr. Morris has served on the Deans Advisory Council since October 2012 and as the Entrepreneur in Residence at the Gatton College of Business and Economics at the University of Kentucky since November 2016. Mr. Morris was inducted into the Kentucky Entrepreneur Hall of Fame in November 2019. Mr. Morris was recognized by Fortune Magazine on their “Fortune 40 Under 40” list in October 2014, and he served as a Young Global Leader at the World Economic Forum from February 2014 to February 2019. Mr. Morris graduated from George Washington University, with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, as a Scottish Rite Scholar, and was elected Phi Beta Kappa.

Phil Rodoni. Mr. Rodoni is our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board. Until October 2022, Mr. Rodoni served as our Chief Technology Officer and in this role at Holdings LLC since 2015, where he leads all of Rubicon’s technology innovation, product development, business intelligence, and research and development. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of Software Development at Esurance, where he enabled the company to expand its offerings and geographic footprint. From 2010 to 2011, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of Software Development at Travelzoo (Nasdaq: TZOO). Prior to that, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of eBusiness at Charles Schwab (NYSE: SCHW) from 1997 to 2009 and Senior Consultant at SEER Technologies from 1994 to 1997. Mr. Rodoni received a B.A in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley and an M.B.A. from the Haas School of Business.

Kevin Schubert. Mr. Schubert is our President as of November 2022 and previously served as our Chief Development Officer and Head of Investor Relations since August 2022. Prior to joining Rubicon, Mr. Schubert served as an executive/advisor to multiple companies, including as Chief Financial Officer of the Ocean Park Group, an early stage company focused on experiential hospitality, from August 2020 to August 2022, as a Consultant to Founder SPAC, the Company’s predecessor, from December 2021 to May 2022 and as Chief Operating Officer of Altitude Acquisition Corp. from December 2020 to August 2022. In addition, Mr. Schubert served as the Senior Vice President of Corporate Development and Strategy at Red Rock Resorts, Inc. from August 2017 to July 2020, where he led key initiatives in mergers and acquisitions, contract negotiation, and strategic planning, and as Vice President of Strategy and Operations and Associate General Counsel at Las Vegas Sands Corp. Mr. Schubert started his career as a consultant at Accenture and was trained as an attorney at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, where he was a Corporate Finance Associate. Mr. Schubert received both a J.D. and an M.B.A. from The University of California, Los Angeles and a Bachelor of Science in Management Information Systems from The University of Arizona.

Michael Heller. Mr. Heller is our Chief Administrative Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC since 2020, helping to lead strategic acquisitions and partnerships, as well as overseeing Rubicon’s Human Resources department and professional development. Additionally, Mr. Heller advises Rubicon’s management team in key areas, including risk and financing. From 2017 to 2020, Mr. Heller served as Holdings LLC’s Chief Risk & Corporate Development Officer. With more than 25 years of experience, including a background as a certified public accountant (CPA) and corporate and tax attorney, Mr. Heller brings a holistic view to relationships with Rubicon’s business partners. Prior to joining Rubicon, Mr. Heller was Director of Venture Capital Relations at Deloitte, associate attorney at Edwards & Angell, and associate attorney at Holland & Knight. In these roles, Mr. Heller worked in venture financing, buy and sell side transactions (venture/private equity), and strategic business partnership structuring. Mr. Heller earned a Bachelor of Science Management degree in Accounting from Tulane University, a Juris Doctor degree from American University Washington College of Law, and a Master of Laws in Taxation from New York University School of Law.

Jevan Anderson. Mr. Anderson is our Chief Financial Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC since October 2021. Previously, Mr. Anderson was Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Finjan Holdings, Inc. (Nasdaq: FNJN), a company that focuses on the licensing of cybersecurity intellectual property, from June 2019-October 2021. At Finjan, Mr. Anderson was responsible for all financial and related operations of the company, including financial reporting, SEC filings, corporate development and investor relations. From May 2017-June 2019, Mr. Anderson was Senior Vice President of Corporate and Venture Relationships at Jones Lang LaSalle (NYSE: JLL), a commercial real estate brokerage, where he was responsible for leading strategic corporate and venture relationship development for the firm’s top commercial real estate brokerage office. Since 2016, Mr. Anderson has served as an advisory board member for HighGear Ventures, a venture capital secondary firm that provides liquidity to entrepreneurs, shareholders, limited partners, and venture capital firms. Mr. Anderson received a BS in Electrical Engineering from Lehigh University and a Masters of Business Administration from New York University’s Stern School of Business.

Renaud de Viel Castel. Mr. de Viel Castel is our Chief Operating Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC since 2020, where his operational responsibilities include leading the Innovations and Vendor Relations department, overseeing the Customer Account department, Business Analytics and the Procurement teams, driving product use and adoption, as well as process automation and digitization of the company. Prior to his appointment as Chief Operating Officer, Mr. de Viel Castel served as Holdings LLC’s Senior Vice President for Global Expansion from 2019 to present, where he is presently also responsible for building international relationships with environmental solutions companies and developing innovative partnerships with commercial and government customers across the globe. Mr. de Viel Castel brings more than fifteen years of experience in leading operational teams. Before joining Rubicon, from 2005 to 2015, Mr. de Viel Castel was General Manager at Transdev North America, a leader in the transportation industry and the largest private sector provider of multiple modes of transportation in North America, and General Manager at Veolia Environment, a leading provider of environmental solutions. Mr. de Viel Castel received his bachelor at EDC Paris Business School with a major in Economics and a Master of Science in global management from Neoma Business School of Rouen.

David Rachelson. Since 2020, Mr. Rachelson has served as Rubicon’s Chief Sustainability Officer, spearheading the company’s sustainability efforts focused on achieving the company’s mission to end waste through increased landfill diversion and innovative circular economy solutions. Prior to this role, Mr. Rachelson served as Holdings LLC’s Vice President of Sustainability from 2017 to 2020 and Holdings LLC’s Director of Sustainability from 2015 to 2017. Mr. Rachelson serves on the Advisory Board of the Ray C. Anderson Center for Sustainable Business at Georgia Tech’s Scheller College of Business. Mr. Rachelson earned a B.A. from George Washington University and an M.B.A. from Emory University’s Goizueta Business School.

Dan Sampson. Mr. Sampson is our Chief Marketing & Communications Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC, where he manages Rubicon’s enterprise marketing and communications programs, including digital and traditional marketing campaigns, social media, events, press and media, and all other external marketing and communications initiatives. Prior to joining Rubicon, Mr. Sampson was Director of Global Marketing Campaigns at IPSoft Inc. from March 2018 until August 2019, where he supported the sales, engineering and cognitive teams through enterprise and industry-focused marketing programs and led member engagement, event programming and communications for the AI Pioneers Forum, a global gathering of AI practitioners and thought leaders. Prior to IPSoft Inc., Mr. Sampson was Director of Marketing & Communications at the New York Stock Exchange from September 2014 until March 2018, where he devised and managed global integrated marketing programs for NYSE-listed companies and led external communications for the sales, client management and regulatory teams. Mr. Sampson received a B.A. in Communications and Information Technology from the University of East London School of Arts and Digital Industries.

Tom Owston. Mr. Owston is our interim Chief Commercial Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC since June 2021, overseeing all U.S. accounts with a focus on retention, customer satisfaction, and growth. From September 2020-June 2021, Mr. Owston was Holdings LLC’s Vice President of Sales and Customer Relations. He rejoined Holdings LLC in September 2020, after two years at ADP (Nasdaq: ADP), where he served as District Manager for TotalSource and consulted with companies on HR solutions. Prior to ADP, Mr. Owston was Holdings LLC’s Director of Retail Business from 2015-2018. Previously, Mr. Owston worked as an Account Executive at Mercatus, a vertical SaaS platform built specifically for the renewable energy industry, and as a Strategic Account Director at Big Belly Solar, an Internet of Things trashcan hardware/software company. Mr. Owston received a B.S. in History with a minor in Business Administration from Northeastern University and currently serves as a member of the board of directors for Northeastern University’s Rowing Program.

Osman Ahmed. Mr. Ahmed has served as a member of our Board since August 2022 and previously served as the CEO and as a director of Founder. Mr. Ahmed has significant principal investment experience from origination through exit in B2C and B2B platforms. Mr. Ahmed is currently an investor at KCK Group, a position he has held since 2015. Mr. Ahmed was previously the CFO at Beehive3D, a KCK Group Portfolio company, and has held roles at Volition Capital, Scale Venture Partners, and Stifel Financial (NYSE: SF). Mr. Ahmed currently serves on the Board of Directors of Harvest Sherwood Food Distributors and KCK Frontier Investments Ltd. From 2018 to 2020, Mr. Ahmed served on the Board of Directors of Kaidee and, from 2015 to 2016, was a Board Observer at Hibernia Networks. Previously, Mr. Ahmed was a Board Observer at Yield Engineering Systems and Emerging Markets Property Group. Mr. Ahmed has led and participated in investment rounds for companies such as Axcient (acquired), Hibernia Networks (acquired), RingCentral (NYSE: RNG), TraceLink (active), and Kaidee (acquired). Mr. Ahmed holds a BS in Computer Science from the University of Southern California and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Mr. Ahmed was selected to serve on the board due to his experience in the technology industry.

Jack Selby. Mr. Selby has served as a member of our Board since August 2022 and previously served as a director of Founder. Mr. Selby is a technology and finance executive who brings more than 20 years of experience. Currently, Mr. Selby is a Managing Director at Thiel Capital, the family office of Peter Thiel. As a “PayPal Mafia” member, Mr. Selby co-founded Clarium Capital Management after selling PayPal (Nasdaq: PYPL) to eBay (Nasdaq: EBAY) in October 2002 for $1.5 billion. At PayPal, Mr. Selby joined as an early employee and later served as a Senior Vice President, overseeing the company’s international and corporate operations. Mr. Selby is an active technology investor and adviser. He was an early investor in Affirm (Nasdaq: AFRM), Bird (NYSE: BRDS), Myeloid Therapeutics, and SpaceX, and facilitated several investments in Palantir (NYSE: PLTR) over the company’s lifespan. Mr. Selby was also a formal member of the advisory boards of Blend (NYSE: BLND) and Offerpad (NYSE: OPAD). In addition to his responsibilities at Thiel Capital, Mr. Selby is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the Arizona Commerce Authority, a co-host/founder of the Arizona Technology Innovation Summit with Governor Doug Ducey, Chairman of invisionAZ, and Co-founder and member of the Board of Directors for the Wyoming Global Technology Partnership with Governor Mark Gordon. He received a BA in Economics from Hamilton College where he is a member of the Board of Trustees. Mr. Selby was selected to serve on the board due to his experience in managing and investing in companies in the technology industry.

Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky. Ambassador Dobriansky has served as a member of our Board and as chair of the Compensation Committee since August 2022. Ambassador Dobriansky is a Senior Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs since 2009 and is Vice Chair of the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security. She has also served as Vice Chair of the U.S. Water Partnership’s National Executive Committee since 2015 and as an Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service since 2013. From 2018-2021, Ambassador Dobriansky served as a Strategic Adviser to Global Water 2020, providing strategic advice on international water and health issues, specifically, water, sanitation, and hygiene in health care facilities. From 2014-2017, she was a Senior International Affairs & Energy Policy Advisor to Southern Company (NYSE: SO), where she focused on projects involving cutting-edge energy technologies including improvements in energy efficiency and new combustion methods. Previously, Ambassador Dobriansky served as Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs from 2001-2009, and as the President’s Envoy to Northern Ireland from 2007-2009, for which she received the Distinguished Service Medal (the Secretary of State’s highest honor). Ambassador Dobriansky has served on Holdings LLC’s board of directors since 2020 and also serves on the boards of several non-profits and private institutions, including the Atlantic Council, the Middle East Institute, the Naval War College Foundation, and Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. She received a B.S.F.S. in International Politics from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, an M.A. in International Relations from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in U.S.-Soviet Foreign Policy & Strategic Studies from Harvard University.

Brent Callinicos. Mr. Callinicos has served as a member of our Board and as the chair of the Audit Committee since August 2022. Mr. Callinicos served as the chief operating officer and the chief financial officer of Virgin Hyperloop One from January 2017 to January 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Callinicos served as the chief financial officer of Uber Technologies Inc. (NYSE: UBER) from September 2013 to March 2015, and then as an advisor for 18 additional months. Prior to joining Uber, he worked at Google (Nasdaq: GOOG) from January 2007 to September 2013, where he last served as vice president, treasurer and chief accountant. He also led green energy investments and financial services at Google Inc. From 1992 to 2007, he served in a variety of increasingly senior roles at Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq: MSFT), where he last served as corporate vice-president and divisional chief financial officer of the Platforms and Services Division, and oversaw Microsoft’s Worldwide Licensing and Pricing and Microsoft Financing. He currently serves on the board of directors of Holdings LLC, where he is chairman of the audit committee; Baidu (Nasdaq: BIDU), where he is the chairman of the audit committee; and PVH Corp. (NYSE: PVH), where he is a member of the Corporate Responsibility committee. Mr. Callinicos is on the Board of Trustees of Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena, CA, where he is the Chairman of the Finance Committee. Mr. Callinicos is a certified public accountant. Mr. Callinicos received a bachelor’s degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an M.B.A. degree from the Kenan-Flagler School of Business at Chapel Hill.

Barry H. Caldwell. Mr. Caldwell has served as a member of our Board since August 2022. Mr. Caldwell has been Principal of Wroxton Civic Ventures LLC, an advisory services business, since 2018, through which he provides strategic advice, direction and support to nonprofit organizations in energy and education. Prior to Wroxton, Mr. Caldwell spent 16 years at Waste Management (NYSE: WM), a Fortune 200 company and leading provider of comprehensive waste, recycling, and environmental solutions in North America. From 2017-2018, Mr. Caldwell served as Waste Management’s Senior Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Chief People Officer and had primary responsibility for human resources, state and federal policy, corporate communications and community relations. He previously served as the company’s Senior Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Chief Legal Officer from September 2014-December 2016, and as Senior Vice President of Public Affairs and Communications from September 2002-September 2014. Mr. Caldwell serves as chair of the board of directors of the Discovery Green Conservancy in Houston, TX, and vice chair of the board of directors of KIPP DC Public Schools. He also serves on the boards of the Washington Latin Public Charter School, the DC Public Defender Service, CityBridge Education, and the Electrification Coalition. He previously served on the boards of Keep America Beautiful (2004-2018), the National Waste & Recycling Association (2002-2018), and the National Association of Manufacturers (2005-2018), and on the Dartmouth Alumni Council (2013-2017). Mr. Caldwell received an A.B. in History from Dartmouth College and a J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center.

Coddy Johnson. Mr. Johnson has served as a member of our Board and as chair of the Corporate Citizenship Committee since August 2022. Mr. Johnson also is an advisor to TPG (Nasdaq: TPG), a private equity firm, and Goodwater Capital, a venture capital firm that focuses on consumer technology. From June 2017-June 2020, Mr. Johnson served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Activision Blizzard (Nasdaq: ATVI), a leading technology and entertainment company, where he was responsible for companywide profits and losses and all business units and product lines. From April 2016-June 2017, Mr. Johnson was co-founder and Chief Operating Officer for Altschool, a Silicon Valley education technology company focused on developing personalized, whole-child learning platforms for students and classrooms. Prior to Altschool, Mr. Johnson held numerous roles in executive strategy, operations, and planning at Activision, including Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Finance and Operations (2012-2016), Chief Operating Officer for Activision Worldwide Studios (2010-2012) and Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff to the CEO (2008-2010). Mr. Johnson serves on the boards of multiple technology companies, including Scopely, an interactive entertainment and mobile game company, and Photomath, an EdTech company, and is a member of the board of the Environmental Defense Action Fund. He received a B.A. in Ethics, Politics, and Economics from Yale University and a MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business, where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar.

Andres Chico. Mr. Chico has served as a member of our Board since August 2022 and previously served as a director of Holdings LLC since 2017. In 2016, Mr. Chico founded Rodina, an investment firm focused on real estate, technology, hotels and resorts, and infrastructure investments, where he serves as its Managing Partner. Mr. Chico is the co-founder of Tortuga Resorts, a diversified hotel platform based in Mexico, and has served as its Chief Executive Officer since 2017. Previous to Rodina and Tortuga Resorts, Mr. Chico worked at Riverwood Capital, a New York based private equity fund focused on investing in growth equity in the technology sector, and started his investment career at Promecap where he acted as an investment professional for over three years. Mr. Chico has been the Co-Chairman of the board of Tortuga Resorts since 2017 and RLH Properties (RLHA:MM) since 2020, and has served on the board of SSA Marine Inc., a marine terminal and rail yard operator in more than 250 strategic locations around the world, since 2019. Mr. Chico holds a BA in Finance from Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City, and an MBA from Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.

Paula Henderson. Ms. Henderson has served as a member of our Board since August 2022. Ms. Henderson also serves as Executive Vice President and Chief Sales Officer for the Americas for SAS, a global leader in analytics software, where she is a member of the SAS Executive Leadership Team. Prior to her current role, Ms. Henderson served as Senior Vice President of US Commercial and Public Sector at SAS from January 2019-January 2021 and Vice President of US State & Local Government from May 2002-January 2019. Since joining SAS in 2002, Ms. Henderson has led teams and operations, partnering to create transformational digital solutions for commercial --private and public sector organizations across the life science, financial, manufacturing and consumer industries. Ms. Henderson serves as a board member for the First Flight Venture Center, American Heart Association, Prevent Child Abuse for NC and the Executive Roundtable for the NC Chamber of Commerce. She received a BS in Business Administration from North Carolina State University, where she serves on the National Advisory Board Member for the Institute of Emerging Issues, and an MBA from Meredith College.

There are no family relationships between the Board and any of its executive officers.

The Board currently has nine (9) directors. Under the terms of the Charter, the Board is divided into three classes designated as Class I, Class II and Class III. Class I directors will initially serve for a term expiring at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders (the first annual meeting of stockholders following the Closing Date). Class II and Class III directors will initially serve for a term expiring at the 2024 and 2025 annual meeting of stockholders (the second and third annual meeting of stockholders following the Closing Date), respectively. At each annual meeting of stockholders, directors will be elected for a full term of three years to succeed the directors of the class whose terms expire at such annual meeting of the stockholders. There is no limit on the number of terms a director may serve on the Board.

Under the Charter, directors are elected by a plurality voting standard, whereby each of our stockholders may not give more than one vote per share towards any one director nominee. There are no cumulative voting rights.

NYSE listing rules require that a majority of the board of directors of a company listed on NYSE be composed of “independent directors,” which is defined generally as a person other than an officer or employee of the company or its subsidiaries or any other individual having a relationship, which, in the opinion of the company’s board of directors, would interfere with the director’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. The NYSE listing rules also include certain bright line independence requirements. The Board has determined that each of Ms. Henderson, Mr. Johnson, Ambassador Dobriansky, Mr. Caldwell, Mr. Callinicos, Mr. Ahmed, and Mr. Selby is an independent director under NYSE listing rules. In making these determinations, the Board considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director had with Holdings LLC and has with Rubicon and all other facts and circumstances the Board deemed relevant in determining independence, including the beneficial ownership of our Common Stock by each non-employee director, and the transactions involving them described in the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

The NYSE and SEC also have certain specific independence requirements applicable to members of committees of a listed company’s board of directors. The NYSE listing rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees be comprised entirely of independent directors. In order to be considered to be independent for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

The standing committees of the Board consist of an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, and a Corporate Citizenship Committee. The composition of each committee is set forth below.

Our Audit Committee consists of Brent Callinicos, Osman Ahmed, and Barry Caldwell, each of whom are independent directors under NYSE listing standards and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and are “financially literate” as defined under NYSE listing standards and interpreted by the Board using its business judgment. Mr. Callinicos serves as chairman of the Audit Committee. Our Board has determined that Mr. Callinicos qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined under rules and regulations of the SEC.

The primary role of the Audit Committee is to exercise primary financial oversight on behalf of the Board. Rubicon’s management team is responsible for preparing financial statements, and Rubicon’s independent registered public accounting firm is responsible for auditing those financial statements. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the selection, engagement, compensation, retention and oversight of Rubicon’s independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee is also responsible for the review of any proposed related persons transactions. The Audit Committee has established a procedure whereby complaints or concerns regarding accounting, internal controls or auditing matters may be submitted anonymously to the Audit Committee by email.

Our Compensation Committee consists of Brent Callinicos, Paula Dobriansky, and Paula Henderson, each of whom is an independent director under NYSE listing standards and SEC rules. Ambassador Dobriansky serves as chairman of the Compensation Committee.

The Compensation Committee is responsible for approving the compensation payable to the executive officers of Rubicon, and administering the 2022 Plan. The Compensation Committee acts on behalf of the Board to establish the compensation of the chief executive officer and works in conjunction with the Board to establish the compensation of executive officers of Rubicon (other than the chief executive officer) and to provide oversight of Rubicon’s overall compensation programs and philosophy.

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Paula Dobriansky, Coddy Johnson, and Paula Henderson, each of whom is an independent director under NYSE’s listing standards. Ms. Henderson serves as the chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee assists the Board by identifying and recommending individuals qualified to become members of the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for evaluating the composition, size and governance of the Board and its committees and making recommendations regarding future planning and the appointment of directors to the committees; establishing a policy for considering stockholder nominees to the Board; reviewing the corporate governance principles and making recommendations to the Board regarding possible changes; and reviewing and monitoring compliance with Rubicon’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

Our Corporate Citizenship Committee consists of Coddy Johnson, Barry Caldwell, and Jack Selby, each of whom is an independent director under NYSE’s listing standards. Mr. Johnson serves as the chair of the Corporate Citizenship Committee. The Corporate Citizenship Committee assists the Board in its oversight of Rubicon’s policies, programs and related risks that concern key sustainability initiatives and engagement, and public policy matters, including public issues of significance to Rubicon and its stakeholders that may affect Rubicon’s business, strategy, operations, performance or reputation, including charitable contributions, maintaining safe and secure communities, and corporate social responsibility.

Our Compensation Committee is composed of Brent Callinicos, Paula Dobriansky, and Paula Henderson. None of our executive officers currently serves, or has served during the last completed fiscal year, as a member of the board of directors, or as a member of the compensation or similar committee, of any entity that has one or more executive officers who served on our board of directors.

Rubicon has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our directors, officers, employees and certain affiliates in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, a copy of which is available on Rubicon’s website. Rubicon will make a printed copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics available to any stockholder who so requests. Requests for a printed copy may be directed to: Rubicon, 100 W Main Street, Suite 610, Lexington, Kentucky 40507, Attention: Investor Relations.

In the event we make any amendment to, or grants any waiver from, a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer that requires disclosure under applicable SEC or NYSE rules, we will disclose such amendment or waiver and the reasons therefor on our website at www.rubicon.com. The information contained in or accessible from our website does not constitute part of and is not incorporated into this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part, and you should not consider it part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

None of Founder’s executive officers or directors have received any cash compensation for services rendered to Founder. The Sponsor and Founder’s executive officers and directors, or their respective affiliates, were reimbursed for any out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with activities on Founder’s behalf such as identifying potential target businesses and performing due diligence on suitable business combinations. Prior to the Closing, Founder’s audit committee reviewed on a quarterly basis all payments that were made by Founder to the Sponsor and Founder’s executive officers or directors, or their affiliates. Any such payments prior to the Closing were made using funds held outside Founder’s trust account. Other than quarterly audit committee review of such reimbursements, Founder did not have any additional controls in place governing Founder’s reimbursement payments to its directors and executive officers for their out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with activities on Founder’s behalf in connection with identifying and consummating an initial business combination. Other than these payments and reimbursements, no compensation of any kind, including finder’s and consulting fees, was paid by Founder to the Sponsor or Founder officers, or their respective affiliates, prior to the Closing. Founder was not party to any agreements with its executive officers and directors that provide for benefits upon termination of employment.

As an emerging growth company, Rubicon has opted to comply with the executive compensation rules applicable to “smaller reporting companies,” as such term is defined under the Exchange Act, when detailing the executive compensation of Rubicon’s executives. This section discusses the material elements of compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to the principal executive officers of Rubicon and the two next most highly compensated executive officers of Rubicon for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These individuals are referred to as Rubicon’s “Named Executive Officers” or “NEOs.”

The compensation reported in this summary compensation table below for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 is not necessarily indicative of how Rubicon will compensate its Named Executive Officers in the future. Rubicon expects that it will continue to review, evaluate and modify its compensation framework as a result of becoming a publicly-traded company and Rubicon’s compensation program could vary significantly from its historical practices.

Principal Objectives of Rubicon’s Compensation Program for Named Executive Officers

Rubicon’s executive compensation program reflects its growth and development-oriented corporate culture. To support this culture, the following objectives have guided Rubicon’s decisions with respect to the compensation provided to its NEOs:

Mr. Rodoni entered into an employment agreement with Holdings LLC, dated as of November 17, 2016 (as amended from time to time, the “Rodoni Employment Agreement”). Mr. Morris entered into an amended and restated employment agreement with Holdings LLC (formerly known as Rubicon Global Holdings, LLC) effective as of February 9, 2021, which was further amended as of April 21, 2022 and August 10, 2022 (as amended from time to time, the “Morris Employment Agreement”). Mr. Heller entered into an employment agreement with Holdings LLC, dated as of November 17, 2016 (as amended from time to time, the “Heller Employment Agreement”). Mr. de Viel Castel entered into an employment agreement with Holdings LLC, dated as of December 14, 2017 (as amended from time to time, the “de Viel Castel Employment Agreement and, together with the Rodoni Employment Agreement, Morris Employment Agreement and Heller Employment Agreement, the “Employment Agreements”).

In addition to standard terms relating to base salary, annual cash bonus, and benefits eligibility, the Employment Agreements provide for severance in the event of certain terminations of employment, as described under “Additional Narrative Disclosure—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control—Severance Under Employment Agreements” below. The Employment Agreements also contain special performance bonuses and other benefits in connection with certain sale or other transactions, which are described under “Additional Narrative Disclosure—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control—Sale and IPO Events under Employment Agreements” below.

Pursuant to the Employment Agreements, each NEO is subject to customary confidentiality, intellectual property, non-competition and non-solicitation covenants. The non-competition and non-solicitation covenants extend for 24 months following the NEO’s termination of employment.

In connection with the CEO Transition, Rubicon entered into a CEO Transition Agreement (the “Transition Agreement”) with Mr. Morris, which superseded the Morris Employment Agreement, pursuant to which Mr. Morris ceased to serve as Chief Executive Officer and continued to serve as Chairman of the Board through February 10, 2023 (the “End Date”). Pursuant to the Transition Agreement, Mr. Morris will also continue to serve as a member of the Board and be compensated as a non-executive director until the earlier of (i) October 13, 2023, (ii) the date of the Company’s annual shareholder meeting in 2023, and (iii) the 10th day following notice by Mr. Morris that he intends to resign from the Board. Rubicon also provided and will provide Mr. Morris with the following benefits under the Transition Agreement:

Mr. Morris also has the option to purchase all rights to the book about Rubicon by paying Rubicon a price equivalent to the costs incurred to date in connection with the creation of the book, which price may not exceed $150,000 in the aggregate. Rubicon further agreed to reimburse Mr. Morris for his reasonable attorneys’ fee incurred in the negotiation of the Transition Agreement, up to a maximum amount of $75,000.

Each NEO receives a base salary to compensate them for the satisfactory performance of services rendered to Rubicon. The base salary payable to each NEO is intended to provide a fixed component of compensation reflecting the executive’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities. Base salaries for the NEOs have generally been set at levels deemed necessary to attract and retain individuals with superior talent and were originally established in the Employment Agreements. Pursuant to the Employment Agreements, each of Messrs. Rodoni and Heller is entitled to at least a 15% increase in base salary each year, which may be further adjusted upward by the Compensation Committee from time to time. As of December 31, 2022 (or, for Mr. Morris, as the date of the Transition Date), the NEO’s base salaries were as follows: (i) Mr. Rodoni, $670,000, (ii) Mr. Morris, $810,000 (iii) Mr. Heller, $542,192, and (iv) Mr. de Viel Castel, $475,000.

Pursuant to the Employment Agreements, the NEOs have the opportunity to earn discretionary annual performance-based cash bonuses, based upon the achievement of key performance indicators, as determined by the Compensation Committee, and other pre-established factors, such as leadership and adherence to Rubicon’s mission and values, capital fundraising, recruiting talent, managing Rubicon’s business, and Rubicon’s achievement of adjusted gross profit goals established by the Compensation Committee. Each of Messrs. Rodoni and Heller has an annual target bonus of 50% of their respective base salary, and Mr. de Viel Castel has an annual target bonus of 35% of his base salary. Prior to the CEO Transition, Mr. Morris’s annual target bonus was 100% of his base salary

The Compensation Committee retains ultimate discretion over all bonus payouts, and no annual bonuses are paid unless approved by the Compensation Committee. 2022 annual bonuses were not determinable as of the date of this registration statement. Once determinable, we will provide details on 2022 annual bonuses in a subsequent filing.

Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, Holdings LLC maintained a Profits Participation Plan (the “Incentive Unit Plan”) and a Unit Appreciation Rights Plan (the “Phantom Unit Plan”). Each of the NEOs, other than Mr. Morris, previously received grants of profits interests (“denominated as “incentive units”) under the Incentive Unit Plan in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020; however, no NEO has received a grant of unit appreciation rights (denominated as “phantom units”) under the Phantom Unit Plan. No incentive units were granted to NEOs during 2021 or 2022. As of the consummation of the Business Combination, the Phantom Unit Plan and Incentive Unit Plan were no longer in effect.

The incentive units generally vested over a four-year period, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% vesting in equal monthly installments over the next 36 months. However, in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, all outstanding incentive units were fully accelerated and converted into Class B Units and Class V Common Stock issuable pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

In connection with the Business Combination, Rubicon adopted the 2022 Plan to promote and closely align the interests of employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers of Rubicon and its stockholders, to attract and retain the best available employees for positions of substantial responsibility, and to motivate participants to optimize the profitability and growth of Rubicon.

Under his employment agreement, Mr. Morris was entitled to grants of 4,821,357 time-based RSUs and 2,410,679 performance-based RSUs. However, in connection with the CEO Transition and in lieu of these RSU grants, Mr. Morris received the Transition Agreement RSUs pursuant to the Transition Agreement, as described under “CEO Transition Agreement” above. The Transition Agreement RSUs will vest on the End Date and are subject to accelerated vesting or cancellation in lieu of a cash payment upon certain events, as described under “Additional Narrative Disclosure—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control—CEO Transition Agreement” below.

Each of the NEOs received bonuses under the Employment Agreements in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination. For purposes of the Employment Agreements, the Business Combination constituted a Sale Event.

Under the Rodoni Employment Agreement, Mr. Rodoni was eligible for three bonuses: (a) a special performance bonus of $6,500,000 (or $7,475,000 if paid in equity rather than cash) upon a Sale Event or IPO, grossed up for any state, federal and payroll taxes that may be due as a result of such bonus, (b) a retention bonus of 100% of his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($582,495) upon a Sale Event, and (c) a post-sale retention bonus of two times his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($1,164,990) if Mr. Rodoni remained employed following a Sale Event or IPO.

In connection with the Business Combination and in satisfaction of the special performance bonus, the retention bonus and the post-sale retention bonus, Mr. Rodoni (i) received approximately $1.75 million in cash and (ii) on October 21, 2022, received 1,578,669 RSUs, which were fully vested on the date of grant and will be settled after February 11, 2023 but no later than March 15, 2023.

Under the prior Morris Employment Agreement, Mr. Morris was eligible for two bonuses: (a) a special performance bonus equal to 2% of the transaction value upon a “Sale Event” or “IPO” prior to February 9, 2023 that has a transaction value in excess of $1.2 billion (which increases to 4% if the transaction value exceeds $1.5 billion and to 6% if the transaction value exceeds $1.85 billion) and (b) a retention bonus equal to 100% of his base salary upon a Sale Event. In connection with the Business Combination and in satisfaction of the special performance bonus and the retention bonus, in accordance with the August 2022 amendment to the Morris Employment Agreement, Mr. Morris received $20.0 million in cash.

In connection with the Business Combination, Mr. Morris was also eligible to receive (A) 3,561,469 restricted shares plus (B) a number of restricted shares having a grant date value $5.0 million, in each case, to vest on February 10, 2023 (the “Prior Morris Transaction Award”). However, in connection with the CEO Transition, Mr. Morris entered into the Transition Agreement with Rubicon, as described under “Narrative Disclosure to the Summary Compensation Table—CEO Transition Agreement” above, which replaced his Employment Agreement and pursuant to which he received the Transition Agreement RSUs in lieu of the Prior Morris Transaction Award.

Under the Heller Employment Agreement, Mr. Heller was eligible for four bonuses: (a) a special performance bonus of $2,725,000 upon a Sale Event or IPO with an enterprise value of $1.0 billion (which is increased to $4,725,000 if the enterprise value exceeds $1.5 billion), grossed up for any state, federal and payroll taxes that may be due as a result of such bonus, (b) a retention bonus of 100% of his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($471,471) upon a Sale Event, (c) a post-sale retention bonus of two times his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($942,943) if Mr. Heller remained employed following a Sale Event or IPO, and (d) an additional bonus of $1,719,284 upon a Sale Event or IPO, grossed up for any state, federal and payroll taxes that may be due as a result of such bonus.

In connection with the Business Combination and in satisfaction of the special performance bonus, the retention bonus, the post-sale retention bonus and the additional bonus, Mr. Heller (i) received approximately $1.41 million in cash and (ii) on October 21, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 1,173,822 fully vested RSUs to be settled after February 11, 2023 but no later than March 15, 2023; however Mr. Heller declined the grant of these RSUs.

Under the de Viel Castel Employment Agreement, Mr. de Viel Castel was eligible for three bonuses: (a) a special performance bonus of $1,875,000 upon a Sale Event or IPO with an enterprise value greater than $1 billion or a special performance bonus of $4,725,000 upon a Sale Event or IPO with an enterprise value greater than $1.5 billion, (b) a retention bonus of 100% of his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($425,000) upon a Sale Event, and (c) a post-sale retention bonus of two times his base salary as of December 31, 2021 ($850,000) if Mr. de Viel Castel remained employed following a Sale Event or IPO.

In connection with the Business Combination and in satisfaction of the special performance bonus, the retention bonus and the post-sale retention bonus, Mr. de Viel Castel (i) received approximately $1.275 million in cash and (ii) on October 21, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 749,275 fully vested RSUs to be settled after February 11, 2023 but no later than March 15, 2023; however Mr. de Viel Castel declined the grant of these RSUs.

The following table shows all outstanding equity awards held by the NEOs as of December 31, 2022, which consisted solely of RSUs.

Each NEO is eligible to participate in employee benefit plans and programs, including medical and dental benefits, flexible spending accounts, long-term care benefits, and short- and long-term disability and life insurance, to the same extent as Rubicon’s other full-time employees, subject to the terms and eligibility requirements of those plans. The NEOs are also eligible to participate in a 401(k) defined contribution plan, subject to limits imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), to the same extent as Rubicon’s other full-time employees. Rubicon matches up to 50% of the first 4% of contributions made by participants in the 401(k).

Under the Rodoni Employment Agreement and the Heller Employment Agreement, if Mr. Rodoni or Mr. Heller is terminated without “Cause,” if he resigns with “Good Reason” or if his termination is as a result of his disability, he is eligible to receive: (a) 1.5 times the sum of his base salary and target bonus, payable in installments over 18 months and (b) COBRA continuation coverage for up to 18 months. In addition, if Mr. Rodoni’s or Mr. Heller’s termination without Cause or resignation with Good Reason occurs within 24 months following a Sale Event or IPO, he will also receive a lump sum equal to his base salary and his annual performance bonus at 50% of base salary, in each case, for the remainder of the 24-month period.

Under the de Viel Castel Employment Agreement, if Mr. de Viel Castel is terminated as a result of his disability, he is eligible to receive 0.5 times his base salary payable in installments over six months. If Mr. de Viel Castel is terminated without “Cause” or if he resigns with “Good Reason,” he is eligible to receive: (a) a lump sum severance payable equal to his base salary, (b) a prorated bonus amount for the year in which such termination occurs based on actual performance, assuming full achievement of any individual performance goals, (c) COBRA continuation coverage for up to 6 months, grossed up for taxes, and (d) outplacement services of up to $7,500 through the earlier to occur of 6 months or the date full time employment is secured.

Under the Transition Agreement, if the Board removes Mr. Morris as Chairman prior to the End Date, the Transition Agreement RSUs will be cancelled and Rubicon will pay to Mr. Morris, within 10 days following such removal, a lump sum calculated as (A) $5.0 million, plus the product of (B) 6,534,639 multiplied by (C) the greater of (i) the volume-weighted average price of Rubicon’s shares during the period from August 16, 2022, through the date on which the Board removes Mr. Morris as Chairman and (ii) the volume-weighted average price of Rubicon’s shares on the trading date immediately prior to Mr. Morris’ removal as Chairman. The Transition Agreement RSUs will accelerate upon a change of control (as defined in the 2022 Plan) and upon Mr. Morris’s death or disability.

The table set forth below details the compensation paid to (i) Rubicon’s directors (including directors of Holdings LLC) and (ii) the Founder’s directors, in each case, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Mr. Morris, prior to the Transition Date, and Mr. Rodoni did not receive any additional compensation for their service on the Board. See “2022 Summary Compensation Table” above for information regarding the compensation they received for 2022.

Prior to the Business Combination, no compensation was provided by Founder or Holdings LLC to its non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2022. Holdings LLC has historically reimbursed its non-employee directors’ travel expenses to and from board meetings.

Following the Business Combination, the Board adopted a director compensation policy, pursuant to which Rubicon’s non-employee directors receive the following:

The director compensation policy also provides each director with reimbursement for reasonable travel and miscellaneous expenses incurred in attending meetings and activities of the Board and its committees. In accordance with the director compensation policy, each non-employee director received their initial RSU grant under the 2022 Plan on January 6, 2023 of 125,628 RSUs, which will vest annually over two years.

The following table sets forth information known to Rubicon regarding beneficial ownership of shares of Common Stock as of January 25, 2023 by:

Beneficial ownership is determined under the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power over securities. Except in cases where community property laws apply or as indicated in the footnotes to this table, we believe that the persons and entities identified in the table below possess sole voting and investment power over all securities shown as beneficially owned by them. Shares of Class A Common Stock subject to options, Warrants and other convertible or exchangeable securities (including Class B Units) that are exercisable or may be converted or will be exercisable or convertible within 60 days of January 25, 2023 are considered outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding those options, Warrants or other securities for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The beneficial ownership percentages set forth in the table below are based on 55,886,692 shares of Class A Common Stock and 114,886,453 shares of Class V Common Stock issued and outstanding as of January 25, 2023.

The following table sets forth information known to Rubicon regarding the beneficial ownership of shares of Class A Common Stock (including shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of Warrants and exchange of Class B Units) and Warrants as of January 25, 2023 that may be offered from time to time by the Selling Securityholders. When we refer to the “Selling Securityholders” in this prospectus, we refer to the persons listed in the table below, and the pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees, successors and other permitted transferees that hold any of the Selling Securityholders’ interest in the shares of Class A Common Stock or the Warrants after the date of this prospectus.

The Selling Securityholders listed in the table below may from time to time offer and sell any or all of the shares of Class A Common Stock and Warrants set forth below pursuant to this prospectus. We cannot advise you as to whether the Selling Securityholders will in fact sell any or all of such shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants. In particular, the Selling Securityholders identified below may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of all or a portion of their securities after the date on which they provided us with information regarding their securities. Any changed or new information given to us by the Selling Securityholders, including regarding the identity of, and the securities held by, each Selling Securityholder, will be set forth in a prospectus supplement or amendments to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, if and when necessary.

Our registration for resale of the shares of Class A Common Stock (including shares of Class A Common Stock issuable (a) upon exercise of Warrants, (b) upon exchange Class B Units, (c) as Earn-Out Class A Shares, (d) upon exchange of Earn-Out Units, and (e) vesting of RSUs and DSUs) and Warrants does not necessarily mean that the Selling Securityholders will sell all or any of such Class A Common Stock or Warrants. The following table sets forth certain information provided by or on behalf of the Selling Securityholders concerning the beneficial ownership of Class A Common Stock and Warrants that may be offered from time to time by each Selling Securityholder with this prospectus and the beneficial ownership of the Selling Securityholders both before and after the offering of the securities covered by this prospectus. A Selling Securityholder may sell all, some or none of such securities in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution.”

On August 4, 2022, ACM Seller (together with the FPA Sellers to which obligations of ACM Seller were novated) entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement as a hedging strategy with Founder and Holdings LLC. The FPA Sellers purchased an aggregate of 7,082,616 Founder Class A Shares from Redeeming Holders prior to the Closing, comprising 6,082,616 Founder Class A Shares from Redeeming Holders (the “Recycled Shares”) and 1,000,000 Founder Class A Shares from Redeeming Holders (“Separate Shares”), each at an average price per share of $10.15. Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, each of the FPA Sellers waived its redemption rights triggered by the Business Combination under the governing documents of Founder with respect to the Founder Class A Shares purchased from Redeeming Holders under the Forward Purchase Agreement in connection with the Closing. Each FPA Seller’s obligations to us under the Forward Purchase Agreement were secured by perfected liens on (i) the proceeds of any sale or other disposition of the Recycled Shares and (ii) the deposit accounts into which such proceeds were required to be deposited, with such accounts subject to a customary control agreement in our favor. On November 30, 2022, the parties terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement and related obligations pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement and the Vellar Termination Agreement. For more information, see the section below entitled “—FPA Termination Agreements.”

Among the reasons that Founder entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement was to reduce the number of redemptions in connection with the Business Combination to help ensure that, following completion of the Business Combination, Founder’s stockholder base would comply with NYSE listing standards, including with respect to the minimum number and aggregate market value of publicly held shares. In connection with the Founder Special Meeting, holders of 31,260,777 Founder Class A Shares (or approximately 98.8% of the issued and outstanding Founder Class A Shares on such date) exercised their right to redeem those shares for cash at a price of approximately $10.176 per share. As a result of the Forward Purchase Agreement, at the Business Combination, the number of shares that elected to redeem was reduced to 24,178,161 Founder Class A Shares (or approximately 76.5% of the issued and outstanding Founder Class A Shares). Without the Forward Purchase Agreement, we would have had approximately 364,233 Founder Class A Shares outstanding at the Closing (without giving effect to the Business Combination). At a price of $9.81 per share of Founder Class A Shares, the closing price of the Founder Class A Shares on August 15, 2022, Founder would have had a public float of approximately $3.6 million (without giving effect to the Business Combination).

At the Closing, we paid to the FPA Sellers approximately $68.7 million from the funds held in our trust account and we retained approximately $3.4 million in proceeds from the trust account (proceeds which would have otherwise been paid to redeeming shareholders but for the Forward Purchase Agreement). The $68.7 million payment to the FPA Sellers was comprised of (a) approximately $57.8 million (the “Prepayment Amount”), an amount equal to (x) the redemption price of approximately $10.176 per share (the “Per-Share Redemption Price”) multiplied by the number of Recycled Shares on the date of such prepayment (which amount equaling the price per Founder Class A Share we would have paid to the prior holder of shares had such shares been redeemed, resulting in an average profit to the FPA Sellers of approximately $0.026 per Founder Class A Share were such shares to be held to the Maturity Date (as defined below)), less (y) 50% of the product of the Recycled Shares multiplied by $1.33 (the “Prepayment Shortfall”), (b) approximately $10.2 million, an amount equal to the product of the number of Separate Shares multiplied by the Per-Share Redemption Price (which amount equaling the price per Founder Class A Share we would have paid to the prior holder of shares had such shares been redeemed, resulting in an average profit to the FPA Sellers of approximately $10.176 per Founder Class A Share as such shares were intended to be treated as consideration for the Forward Purchase Agreement), and (c) approximately $0.7 million in respect of the FPA Sellers’ transaction fees and expenses. As a result of consummation of the Business Combination and completion of the other transactions entered into in connection with the Business Combination, we received approximately $73.8 million in net proceeds after accounting for our payment of approximately $25.4 million of transaction costs, these aggregate payments by us to the FPA Sellers under the Forward Purchase Agreement of $68.7 million, net proceeds of $121.0 million from the PIPE Investment, and the payment by us of an aggregate of $28.9 million in Cash Transaction Bonuses.

Set forth below are summaries of certain additional payments and share issuances that we may have been required to make under the Forward Purchase Agreement, including upon maturity. Following these summaries is a table summarizing certain information with respect to these payments and share issuances, including hypothetical examples of how each provision might have worked, minimum and maximum benefits to Rubicon and to the FPA Sellers in respect of each provision and the ultimate result of what payments or share issuances were made, if any, prior to or in connection with the termination of the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Following the consummation of the Business Combination, the FPA Sellers were able to sell the securities they purchased pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. Depending on how the FPA Sellers sold Recycled Shares, if at all, we were entitled to certain payments from the FPA Sellers. This right of the FPA Sellers was terminated pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements.

The maturity date of the Forward Purchase Agreement (the “Maturity Date”) was August 15, 2025 (the third anniversary of the Closing). However, in the event that the VWAP of our Class A Common Stock (a) from August 15, 2022 through November 13, 2022 (within the first 90 days following Closing), was less than $3.00 per share for 20 trading days during any 30 trading day period or (b) from November 14, 2022 (the 91st day following the Closing), was less than $5.00 per share for 20 trading days during any 30 trading day period, then each of the FPA Sellers had the right to accelerate the Maturity Date. The FPA Maturity Consideration was equal to the sum of (a) $30 million less (b) any Terminated Shares multiplied by $2.00. The FPA Maturity Consideration was payable by us as equity, issued in Class A Common Stock, with a per share issue price based on the average daily VWAP price over 30 scheduled trading days commencing on (i) the Maturity Date if the shares used to pay the FPA Maturity Consideration were freely tradeable by the FPA Sellers, or (ii) if the shares were not freely tradeable by the FPA Sellers, the date on which the shares were registered under the Securities Act. The number of shares issuable as FPA Maturity Consideration, if any, would be payable on a net basis with the number of Recycled Shares the FPA Sellers continued to hold at the Maturity Date. Separate Shares would be retained by the FPA Sellers and would not offset any FPA Maturity Consideration due to the FPA Sellers. Newly issued shares to satisfy FPA Maturity Consideration and Reissued Shares obligations would have been registered under the Securities Act pursuant to terms to be mutually agreed to between us and the applicable FPA Sellers.

At the close of market on October 20, 2022, the VWAP price of Class A Common Stock was less than $3.00 per share for 20 consecutive trading days, giving the FPA Sellers the right to accelerate the Maturity Date; however, the FPA Sellers did not elect to accelerate the Maturity Date, and following discussions with the FPA Sellers, we entered into the FPA Termination Agreements in lieu of paying the FPA Maturity Consideration.

The following table sets forth additional information regarding the rights and obligations of the parties under the various provisions of the Forward Purchase Agreement summarized above, including examples of how the provision may have worked, “best case scenarios” and “worst case scenarios” with respect to the various rights and obligations that were due thereunder, and a summary of the outcome of these obligations as a result of the FPA Termination Agreements. Each scenario, other than the outcome as a result of termination, is illustrative only and subject to the assumptions referenced in the table.

The proceeds that Rubicon could have received pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement were dependent on whether the FPA Sellers elected to make Shortfall Sales or sell Terminated Shares, which were primarily driven by the market price for our securities. As discussed in the table above, if shares of Class A Common Stock traded above the Forward Price, there was a higher probability that the FPA Sellers would have made Shortfall Sales or sales of Terminated Shares; however, the ultimate decision to sell securities was with the FPA Sellers. In addition to the market price of Class A Common Stock, FPA Sellers likely considered the potential effects of sales of Terminated Shares on the potential amount of FPA Maturity Consideration that would be due to them on the Maturity Date. Consequently, the FPA Sellers may have been discouraged from making sales of Terminated Shares as such amounts would have offset the FPA Maturity Consideration due to them, as described further above.

The description of the Forward Purchase Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Forward Purchase Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference, as well as the resulting FPA Termination Agreements, as discussed further below.

On November 30, 2022, Rubicon terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement and related obligations pursuant to those certain termination agreements with each of ACM Seller and Vellar.

Pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement, Rubicon and ACM Seller agreed to terminate their respective obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement. In consideration thereof, (a) Rubicon made a one-time cash payment to ACM Seller of $6.0 million, (b) ACM Seller forfeited, for no additional consideration, 2,222,119 shares of Class A Common Stock that it held pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and (c) ACM Seller retained (i) 666,667 shares, constituting Separate Shares, (ii) proceeds from the open-market sales of 593,830 shares constituting Shortfall Sales, and (iii) 500,000 Recycled Shares. Pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement, the 500,000 Recycled Shares retained by the ACM Seller are restricted from transfer until May 30, 2024. In particular, ACM Seller may not (a) sell, offer to sell, contract or agree to sell, assign, transfer (including by operation of law), gift, hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of or agree to dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidation with respect to or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, with respect to the Class A Common Stock, (b) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the shares of Class A Common Stock, whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of such securities, in cash or otherwise, or (c) make any public announcement of any intention to effect any transaction specified in clause (a) or (b). If the ACM Seller instead accelerated the Maturity Date, it would have (a) received $20 million in FPA Maturity Consideration (net of the Recycled Shares it held at the Maturity Date), (b) retained proceeds from the open-market sales of 593,830 shares constituting Shortfall Sales, and (c) retained 666,667 shares constituting Separate Shares.

Pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement, Rubicon and Vellar agreed to terminate their respective obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement. In consideration thereof, Rubicon agreed to, at its sole option, either pay Vellar $2.0 million in cash or issue to Vellar $2.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock (such shares, if issued, “Settlement Shares”), in each case on or shortly following the Vellar Lock-Up Date in accordance with the terms of the Vellar Termination Agreement. Vellar retained (a) 333,333 shares, constituting Separate Shares, (b) approximately $1.7 million in net proceeds from the open-market sales of 1,125,819 shares constituting Shortfall Sales, and (c) 1,640,848 Recycled Shares (“Previously Owned Shares”). Under the Vellar Termination Agreement, Rubicon further agreed that (a) if Rubicon issues Settlement Shares and within the first 360 calendar days from the date that the Settlement Shares are first registered for resale under an effective registration statement, Vellar sells all of the Settlement Shares in open market sales to unaffiliated third parties and realizes gross proceeds of less than $2.0 million, Rubicon will pay to Vellar a cash amount equal to the difference between $2.0 million and the realized gross proceeds from such sales of Settlement Shares, and (b) if Settlement Shares are issued, Rubicon will provide Vellar with customary registration rights with respect to the Settlement Shares and the Previously Owned Shares; provided that if a registration statement registering the resale of such shares is not declared effective by the 45th calendar day (or 90th calendar day if the SEC notifies Rubicon that it will review such registration statement) following the filing date thereof, or the registration statement is declared effective and subsequently ceases to be continuously effective, Rubicon shall pay Vellar a cash penalty fee of $5.0 million (the “Cash Penalty”). The Cash Penalty is also payable in the event that Rubicon breaches, violates, or otherwise defaults under the Vellar Termination Agreement (subject to certain cure periods set forth therein). Pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement, the 1,640,848 Previously Owned Shares are restricted from transfer until the earlier of May 30, 2024 or the six month anniversary of the conversion of 90% or more of the YA Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock. In particular, Vellar may not, among other things, sell, exchange, assign, distribute, encumber, hypothecate, gift, pledge, or transfer the Previously Owned Shares or make any other disposition or alienation (whether voluntarily, involuntarily or by operation of law) thereof to any person other than to an affiliate of Vellar, who prior to such transfer, shall execute a joinder agreement to be bound by the same restrictions in a form reasonably acceptable to Rubicon. If Vellar instead accelerated the Maturity Date, it would have (a) received $10 million in FPA Maturity Consideration (net of the Previously Owned Shares), (b) retained proceeds from the open-market sales of 1,125,819 shares constituting Shortfall Sales, and (c) retained 333,333 shares constituting Separate Shares.

The descriptions of the Atalaya Termination Agreement and the Vellar Termination Agreement do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text thereof, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference.

On August 31, 2022, we entered into the SEPA with the Yorkville Investor. Pursuant to the SEPA, we have the right to sell to the Yorkville Investor, from time to time, up to $200.0 million of shares of our Class A Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth therein. Sales of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA, and the timing of any such sales, are at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA.

Upon the satisfaction of the conditions to the Yorkville Investor’s purchase obligation set forth in the SEPA, including the registration of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable pursuant to the SEPA, we will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our discretion until the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the date of the SEPA, to require the Yorkville Investor to purchase a specified amount of shares of Class A Common Stock (each such sale, an “Advance”) by delivering written notice to the Yorkville Investor (each, an “Advance Notice” and the date on which we are deemed to have delivered an Advance Notice, the “Advance Notice Date”). We will, in our sole discretion, select the amount of the Advance that we desire to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor in each Advance Notice, not to exceed the greater of (i) an amount equal to the average Daily Traded Value of our Class A Common Stock on the NYSE on the five trading days immediately preceding an Advance Notice, or (ii) $10.0 million (the “Maximum Advance Amount”). For purposes of determining the Maximum Advance Amount, “Daily Traded Value” shall mean the product obtained by multiplying the daily trading volume of our Class A Common Stock during regular trading hours as reported by Bloomberg L.P., by the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock for such trading day. There shall be no mandatory minimum of Advances under the SEPA.

The per share purchase price for the shares of Class A Common Stock, if any, that we elect to sell to the Yorkville Investor in an Advance pursuant to the SEPA will be equal to 97% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three consecutive trading days commencing on an Advance Notice Date; provided, however, that we may establish a minimum acceptable price in each Advance Notice below which we shall not be obligated to make any sales to the Yorkville Investor.

There is no upper limit on the price per share that the Yorkville Investor could be obligated to pay for the Class A Common Stock that we may elect to sell to it in any Advance.

We will control the timing and amount of any sales of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor. Actual sales of shares of our Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, which may include, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Class A Common Stock and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for our business and its operations.

We may not issue or sell any shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA which, when aggregated with all other shares of Class A Common Stock then beneficially owned by the Yorkville Investor and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in the Yorkville Investor and its affiliates beneficially owning more than 9.99% of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). The Beneficial Ownership Limitation may be waived by the Yorkville Investor as to itself and its affiliates upon not less than 65 days’ prior notice to us, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the SEPA. In addition to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, we may not issue and sell more than 32,069,019 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the SEPA (19.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Stock immediately prior to the signing of the SEPA) unless we first obtain stockholder approval pursuant to NYSE Listing Rule 312.03 (the “SEPA Exchange Cap”).

The net proceeds to us under the SEPA will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor. Upon an effective registration statement registering the resale of the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable pursuant to the SEPA, we expect that any proceeds received by us from such sales to the Yorkville Investor will be used to repay the Term Loan and for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Yorkville Investor has agreed that, except as otherwise expressly provided in the SEPA, it and its affiliates will not engage in any short sales of the Class A Common Stock during the term of the SEPA.

The SEPA will automatically terminate on the earliest to occur of (i) September 1, 2025 (the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the date of the SEPA) or (ii) the date on which the Yorkville Investor shall have purchased from us under the SEPA $200.0 million of shares of our Class A Common Stock. We have the right to terminate the SEPA upon five (5) trading days’ prior written notice to the Yorkville Investor, provided that there are no outstanding Advance Notices under which we are yet to issue Class A Common Stock and provided that we have paid all amounts owed to the Yorkville Investor pursuant to the SEPA. We and the Yorkville Investor may also agree to terminate the SEPA by mutual written consent. Neither we nor the Yorkville Investor may assign or transfer our respective rights and obligations under the SEPA, and no provision of the SEPA may be modified or waived by us or the Yorkville Investor other than by an instrument in writing signed by both parties.

As consideration for the Yorkville Investor’s commitment to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock at our direction upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the SEPA, upon execution of the SEPA, we issued 200,000 Yorkville Commitment Shares to the Yorkville Investor and paid a structuring fee of $10,000 to an affiliate of the Yorkville Investor.

The SEPA contains customary representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations of the parties. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the SEPA were made only for purposes of such agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties.

On November 30, 2022, we entered into the SEPA Amendment with the Yorkville Investor, pursuant to which we agreed that we will not file the SEPA Registration Statement until there is an effective registration statement covering the resale of at least 18,000,000 YA Conversion Shares. We and the Yorkville Investor further agreed to amend the definition of “Maximum Advance Amount” (as such term is defined in the SEPA and as described above) to mean an amount equal to the average Daily Traded Value of the Class A Common Stock on the five trading days immediately preceding an Advance Notice.

The descriptions of the SEPA and the SEPA Amendment do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the SEPA and the SEPA Amendment, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference.

On November 30, 2022, we entered into the YA SPA with the Yorkville Investor, whereby we agreed to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor (i) the YA Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, which are convertible into YA Conversion Shares, and (ii) the YA Warrant, which is exercisable for $20.0 million of YA Warrant Shares, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein.

On November 30, 2022, upon signing the YA SPA, we (i) issued and sold to the Yorkville Investor (a) the First YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million for a purchase price of $7.0 million and (b) the YA Warrant for a prefunded purchase price of $6.0 million, and (ii) paid the Yorkville Investor a commitment fee equal to $2.04 million, with such amount being deducted from the proceeds of the First YA Convertible Debenture. Pursuant to the YA SPA, the parties further agreed that we will issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor and the Yorkville Investor will purchase from us the Second YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $10.0 million for a purchase price of $10.0 million, upon the satisfaction of, among other things, (a) the Initial Registration Statement (as defined below) being declared effective by the SEC and (b) our consummation of a securities offering consisting of equity or debt securities that are convertible into Class A Common Stock, provided that such offering is not a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the YA SPA), the holders of such securities are subject to a customary lock-up until January 1, 2024 and we receive gross proceeds of at least $15.0 million (the “Required Offering”).

Each YA Convertible Debenture matures on May 30, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”), unless extended by the Yorkville Investor in its sole discretion, and accrues interest at the rate of 4% per annum, provided that the interest rate will increase to 15% per annum upon the occurrence of certain events of default or other specified events. Principal, interest and any other payments due under the YA Convertible Debentures shall be paid in cash, unless converted by the Yorkville Investor or redeemed by us. Except as specifically permitted by the terms of a YA Convertible Debenture, we may not prepay or redeem any portion of the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest thereunder.

Subject to certain limitations set forth in the YA Convertible Debentures, at any time on or after their respective issuance dates and so long as the YA Convertible Debentures remain outstanding, the Yorkville Investor may convert all or part of the YA Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock at the following conversion rate: the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of any portion of the outstanding principal and accrued interest under a YA Convertible Debenture (the “Conversion Amount”) will be determined by dividing (x) such Conversion Amount by (y) the Conversion Price (the “Conversion Rate”). The “Conversion Price” means, as of any conversion date or other date of determination, the lower of (i) 110% of the lowest daily VWAP during the three trading days prior to the issuance date of such YA Convertible Debenture (the “Fixed Conversion Price”), or (ii) 90% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the seven consecutive trading days immediately preceding the conversion date (the “Variable Conversion Price”), but in no event lower than $0.25 per share (the “Floor Price”). The Fixed Conversion Price for the First YA Convertible Debenture is $2.4157. The Conversion Price will be adjusted from time to time pursuant to the terms and conditions of the YA Convertible Debentures. Outside of an event of default under the YA Convertible Debentures, if the Conversion Price is set by using the Variable Conversion Price, the Yorkville Investor may not convert in any calendar month more than the greater of (a) 25% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during such calendar month, or (b) $3,000,000.

If, at any time after the issuance of the YA Convertible Debentures, and from time to time thereafter, (i) the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock is less than the Floor Price for five trading days during a period of seven consecutive trading days (a “Floor Price Trigger”), or (ii) we issue in excess of 95% of the Class A Common Stock that we may issue to the Yorkville Investor without violating the rules or regulations of NYSE (the “YA Exchange Cap Trigger” and the number of shares which may be issued without violating such rules or regulations, the “YA Exchange Cap”) (the last such day of each such occurrence, a “Triggering Date”), we will be required to make monthly payments to the Yorkville Investor beginning on the 20th trading day after the Triggering Date and continuing on the same day of each successive calendar month. Each monthly payment will be in an amount equal to the sum of (i) $3.0 million in the aggregate among all YA Convertible Debentures issued pursuant to the YA SPA (or the outstanding principal amount under the YA Convertible Debenture if less than such amount) (the “Triggered Principal Amount”), (ii) a 7% redemption premium in respect of such Triggered Principal Amount, and (iii) accrued and unpaid interest under the YA Convertible Debenture as of each payment date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, each Triggered Principal Amount will be reduced by any principal and/or accrued and unpaid interest converted by the Yorkville Investor in the 30 days prior to such monthly prepayment date. Our obligation to make monthly prepayments will cease (with respect to any payment that has not yet come due) if at any time after the Triggering Date (A) the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock is greater than 110% of the Floor Price for a period of five consecutive trading days in the event of a Floor Price Trigger, or (B) the date on which we obtain stockholder approval to increase the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable under the YA Exchange Cap and/or the YA Exchange Cap no longer applies, in the event of a YA Exchange Cap Trigger, unless a subsequent Triggering Date occurs.

The YA Convertible Debentures provide us, subject to certain conditions, with the right, but not the obligation, to redeem early a portion or all amounts outstanding under the YA Convertible Debentures, provided that (i) the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock is less than the Fixed Conversion Price on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the Redemption Notice and (ii) we provide the Yorkville Investor with at least ten business days’ prior written notice (each, a “Redemption Notice”) of our desire to exercise such redemption right. Each Redemption Notice will be irrevocable and will specify the outstanding balance of the YA Convertible Debentures to be redeemed and the 10% redemption premium of such amount. With respect to any Redemption Notice, the “Redemption Amount” will equal the outstanding principal balance being redeemed by us, plus (x) a 10% redemption premium and (y) all accrued and unpaid interest. After receipt of a Redemption Notice, the Yorkville Investor will have ten business days to elect to convert all or any portion of the YA Convertible Debentures. On the 11th business day after a Redemption Notice, we will deliver to the Yorkville Investor the Redemption Amount with respect to the principal amount redeemed after giving effect to conversions effected during the ten business day period.

The Yorkville Investor may declare the full unpaid principal amount of the YA Convertible Debentures, together with accrued interest and other amounts owing in respect thereof, immediately due and payable in cash upon the occurrence of certain specified events of default, including, for example, our failure to perform our obligations under, or certain material breaches of, the YA Convertible Debentures, YA SPA, YA Warrant, YA Registration Rights Agreement, or certain related agreements; the commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings; certain defaults by us under our other debt facilities; the delisting of our Class A Common Stock for a ten consecutive trading day period; and the occurrence of certain change of control transactions. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of any event of default, interest will accrue on the outstanding principal balance of the YA Convertible Debentures at a rate of 15% per annum. In addition to any other remedies, to the extent that the YA Convertible Debentures remain outstanding following an event of default or the Maturity Date, the Yorkville Investor will continue to have the right, but not the obligation, to convert the YA Convertible Debentures at the Conversion Price at any time after (x) an event of default (provided that such event of default is continuing) or (y) the Maturity Date.

Pursuant to the YA SPA, until all YA Convertible Debentures have been repaid, we are required to obtain the prior written consent of the holders of at least 75% in principal amount of the then-outstanding YA Convertible Debentures in order to (i) amend our governing documents in any manner that materially and adversely affects any rights of the holders of the YA Convertible Debentures, (ii) make any payments with respect to indebtedness owed to affiliates, (iii) amend, supplement, restate, withdraw, terminate or otherwise modify certain of our existing loan facilities or extensions thereof in a manner that would be materially adverse to the Yorkville Investor’s interests, (iv) amend, supplement, restate, withdraw, terminate or otherwise modify our termination of the Forward Purchase Agreement and related obligations pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements in a manner that would be materially adverse to the Yorkville Investor’s interests, (v) effect Advances pursuant to the SEPA in certain circumstances, or (vi) enter into certain Variable Rate Transactions (as defined in the YA SPA).

In connection with the YA SPA, Rubicon and Yorkville Investor entered into the YA Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to which we are required to register for resale all of the YA Conversion Shares and YA Warrant Shares. We are required to file an initial registration statement (the “Initial Registration Statement”) covering the resale of at least 19,800,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, consisting of YA Conversion Shares, by no later than the 15th calendar day following execution of the YA Registration Rights Agreement. We are required to file additional registration statements covering the resale by the Yorkville Investor of the YA Conversion Shares not covered by the Initial Registration Statement, or YA Warrant Shares, if applicable, on or prior to the 30th calendar day following receipt of a demand notice from the Yorkville Investor.

The descriptions of the YA SPA, YA Convertible Debentures, and YA Registration Rights Agreement do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the YA SPA, the YA Convertible Debentures, and the YA Registration Rights Agreement, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference.

Concurrent with the entry into the YA SPA (the “YA Warrant Issue Date”), we issued to the Yorkville Investor the YA Warrant, pursuant to which the Yorkville Investor or its permitted assigns is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions set forth therein, to subscribe for and purchase from us up to such number of YA Warrant Shares as is equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million divided by (b) the Market Price (as such number may be adjusted pursuant to the YA Warrant). The Yorkville Investor may subscribe for and purchase YA Warrant Shares at a price of $0.0001 per share at any time on or after the earlier of (i) nine months after the YA Warrant Issue Date, or (ii) the date on which all of the YA Convertible Debentures to be issued pursuant to the YA SPA have been fully repaid or fully converted into shares of Class A Common Stock (such earlier date, the “Market Price Set Date”), until the YA Warrant has been exercised in full (the “Termination Date”). For purposes of determining the number of YA Warrant Shares issuable pursuant to the YA Warrant, “Market Price” means 100% of the average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three consecutive trading days immediately following the Market Price Set Date.

The number of YA Warrant Shares issuable pursuant to the YA Warrant is subject to two adjustments. If the average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three consecutive trading days immediately following the 3-month anniversary of the Market Price Set Date (the “3-Month Reset Price”) is lower than the Market Price, then the number of YA Warrant Shares exercisable shall be increased by multiplying (i) the number of then-unpurchased YA Warrant Shares by (ii) a ratio equal to the product of the Market Price divided by the 3-Month Reset Price. If the average of the daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three consecutive trading days immediately following the 6-month anniversary of the Market Price Set Date (the “6-Month Reset Price”) is lower than the lower of the Market Price and the 3-Month Reset Price, then the number of YA Warrant Shares exercisable shall be increased by multiplying (i) the number of then-unpurchased YA Warrant Shares by (ii) a ratio equal to the product of the lower of (x) the Market Price and (y) the 3-Month Reset Price divided by the 6-Month Reset Price.

Pursuant to the YA Warrant, the exercise price per share of Class A Common Stock is $0.0001, subject to adjustment thereunder (the “Exercise Price”). The YA Warrant may also be exercised by means of cashless exercise, in which the Yorkville Investor will be entitled to receive a number of YA Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (a) the product of (i) the difference between (x) the VWAP price on the trading day immediately prior to or on the date of the Notice of Exercise (as defined below), in each case as determined in accordance with the YA Warrant, and (y) the Exercise Price, and (ii) the number of YA Warrant Shares that would be issuable in a cash exercise, by (b) the amount determined in clause (a)(i)(x). The Yorkville Investor may exercise its purchase rights under the YA Warrant at any time on or after the Market Price Set Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivering a duly executed notice of exercise (each, a “Notice of Exercise”) to us and timely delivering the aggregate Exercise Price for the YA Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise (unless cashless exercise is specified in such notice). No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon exercise of the YA Warrant. With respect to any fraction of a share which the Yorkville Investor would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon exercise of the YA Warrant, we will, at our election, either pay a cash adjustment in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

If at any time after the YA Warrant Issue Date, (i) any of certain specified events of default under the YA Convertible Debentures occurs, (ii) we fail to cause our transfer agent to transmit to the Yorkville Investor any applicable portion of the YA Warrant Shares in accordance with, and as and when required by, the YA Warrant (provided that such failure may be cured by delivery of the applicable portion of the YA Warrant Shares to the Yorkville Investor), or (iii) we commit certain material breaches of or defaults under the YA Warrant, the YA SPA, the YA Registration Rights Agreement, the YA Convertible Debentures and certain related agreements (subject to certain cure periods), we will, at the Yorkville Investor’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or after, the occurrence of an event described in clauses (i)-(iii) purchase the YA Warrant in whole from the Yorkville Investor by paying to the Yorkville Investor a cash amount equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million, multiplied by (b) the quotient of (y) the number of YA Warrant Shares called for by the YA Warrant as of the date such payment is made divided by (z) the original number of YA Warrant Shares underlying the YA Warrant (plus any increase required pursuant to the terms thereof), which amount will be paid within 20 trading days of the date of notice from the Yorkville Investor.

The Yorkville Investor shall be entitled to participate in any distribution to the holders of shares of Class A Common Stock based on the then-current Exercise Price immediately before the record date for such distribution.

The description of the YA Warrant does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the YA Warrant, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference.

On December 16, 2022, Rubicon entered into the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement with various Insider Investors comprised of members of Rubicon’s management team and board of directors. Pursuant to the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, Rubicon agreed to issue and sell to the Insider Investors Insider Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, net of an original issuance discount of $2.0 million, which are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock, which Insider Convertible Debentures may be purchased by the Insider Investors over the course of a first closing or second closing. The Insider Securities Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Insider Convertible Debentures.

At the first closing, which closed on December 16, 2022, the Insider Investors purchased Insider Convertible Debentures in an aggregate amount of $10.5 million in United States dollars, net of an original issuance discount of $1.4 million, for a total principal amount of $11.9 million in Insider Convertible Debentures. As of the filing of this prospectus, Rubicon has received $3.5 million of proceeds for the Insider Convertible Debentures. At the second closing, Rubicon will issue Insider Convertible Debentures with an aggregate value of no less than $4.0 million and no greater than $5.0 million, to certain third-party investors, as designated thereby at the second closing. The Insider Convertible Debentures have a maturity date of June 16, 2024, 18 months after issuance, and accrue interest at the rate of 6% per annum (provided that the interest rate will increase to 12% per annum in the event of certain defaults). The Insider Convertible Debentures may be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock at an initial conversion price equal to the lower of 110% of: (i) the average closing price of Class A Common Stock for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the date of the respective closing or (ii) the closing price of Class A Common Stock immediately preceding the date of the respective closing, subject to adjustments as further specified in the Insider Convertible Debentures. The Insider Convertible Debentures will be fully repayable in cash upon maturity. Concurrent with the entry into the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, we entered into (i) the Insider Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to which Rubicon agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC registering the resale of Insider Conversion Shares within 45 days of the first closing, and to cause any such registration statement to become effective within 120 days after filing, and (ii) the Insider Lockup Agreement, pursuant to which the investors agreed to not offer, sell, or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any Insider Conversion Shares.

The descriptions of the Insider Convertible Debentures, Insider Registration Rights Agreement and Insider Lockup Agreement do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the Insider Convertible Debentures, Insider Registration Rights Agreement and Insider Lockup Agreement, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference.

The following is a description of certain relationships and transactions since January 1, 2019, involving our directors, executive officers, beneficial holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or entities affiliated with them (each a “Related Party”).

The descriptions of the various agreements and arrangements are not complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the complete text of the agreements, copies of which are filed or incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

On April 27, 2021, the Sponsor made a capital contribution of $25,000, or approximately $0.003 per share, to cover certain of Founder’s expenses, for which Founder issued 7,906,250 Founder Class B Shares to the Sponsor. On August 15, 2022, (a) pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement, the Founder Class B Shares converted on a one-to-one basis into Class A Common Stock in connection with the Domestication, (b) pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, Founder forfeited for no consideration 160,000 Founder Class B Shares, and (c) pursuant to the Sponsor Forfeiture Agreement, Sponsor forfeited for no consideration 1,000,000 Founder Class B Shares immediately prior to the Closing. Class A Common Stock held by the Sponsor is subject to certain transfer restrictions set forth in the Sponsor Agreement described below.

On April 27, 2021, the Sponsor agreed to loan Founder an aggregate of up to $300,000 to cover expenses related to Founder’s initial public offering (the “IPO”) pursuant to a promissory note. This note was non-interest bearing and any amounts drawn on the note were payable on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2022 or (ii) the consummation of the IPO. Founder had not drawn on this note and it was terminated in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination.

Simultaneously with the closing of the IPO, in a private placement, Founder sold 12,623,125 Founder Private Placement Warrants to the Sponsor, and 1,581,250 Founder Private Placement Warrants to Jefferies LLC, in each case at a purchase price of $1.00 per Founder Private Placement Warrant, generating gross proceeds to the Company of $14,204,375. In connection with the Domestication, each Founder Private Placement Warrant converted into a Private Warrant, representing a right to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at $11.50 per share. See “Description of Securities—Warrants.”

In connection with the Closing, the RRA Holders entered into the A&R Registration Rights Agreement with Rubicon. Pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, within 30 days of the Closing Date, Rubicon is required to file a registration statement registering for resale (i) all outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock held by the RRA Holders immediately following the Closing, (ii) all shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any option, warrant or convertible security held directly or indirectly by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iii) any Warrants or shares of Class A Common Stock that may be acquired by the RRA Holders upon the exercise of a Warrant or other right to acquire Class A Common Stock held by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iv) any shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants otherwise acquired or owned by a RRA Holder following the date of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement to the extent that such securities are “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) or are otherwise held by an “affiliate” (as defined in Rule 144) of Rubicon, and (v) any other equity security of Rubicon or its subsidiaries issued or issuable with respect to any of the foregoing pursuant to a reorganization, stock split, stock dividend, or like transaction. Rubicon thereafter is required to maintain a registration statement that is continuously effective and to cause the registration statement to regain effectiveness in the event that it ceases to be effective. The parties to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement have certain “demand” and “piggyback” registration rights under the agreement. Rubicon will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, including the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which registers all shares of Class A Common Stock and Warrants held by or otherwise issuable to the RRA Holders as of the date hereof. See “Securities Eligible for Future Sale—Registration Rights.” Related Parties to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement include Sponsor (greater than 5% beneficial owner), RGH, Inc. (greater than 5% beneficial owner), MBI Holdings LP (greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN Holdings LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN IV LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN Holdings V LP (controlled by a greater than 5% beneficial owner), GFAPCH FO, S.C. (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), Jose Miguel Enrich (a greater than 5% beneficial owner), Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation (a greater than 5% beneficial owner), and Messrs. Morris (Chairman and former Chief Executive Officer), Rodoni (Chief Technology Officer), Heller (Chief Administrative Officer), Anderson (Chief Financial Officer), de Viel Castel (Chief Operations Officer), Meyer (former General Counsel), Rachelson (Chief Sustainability Officer), Sampson (Chief Marketing & Communications Officer), Owston (Interim Chief Commercial Officer), and Chico (Director).

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Sponsor and the Insiders entered into the Sponsor Agreement, pursuant to which the Sponsor and the Insiders agreed, among other things, not to transfer any Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants (or any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise thereof) until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing Date on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Class A Common Stock for cash, securities or other property. In the event that Rubicon waives, releases, or terminates a Lock-Up Agreement (discussed below) with respect to any shares or holders, then the Sponsor and the Insiders will be granted a similar waiver, release, or termination with respect to a pro rata portion of the securities held thereby and subject to the foregoing restrictions.

Concurrent with the Closing, Rubicon and Holdings LLC entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders and a designated TRA representative. Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, among other things, Rubicon is required to pay to the TRA Holders 85% of the amount of the net cash tax savings, if any, that Rubicon realizes (or, under certain circumstances, is deemed to realize) as a result of (i) increases in tax basis (and utilization of certain other tax benefits) resulting from Class B Unit future exchanges, (ii) certain favorable tax attributes (such as net operating losses attributable to pre-merger tax periods) Rubicon acquired in the Blocker Mergers and (iii) any payments Rubicon makes to the TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including tax benefits related to imputed interest).

Rubicon will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash tax savings. The obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are Rubicon’s obligations and not obligations of Holdings LLC. For purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement, the benefit deemed realized by Rubicon generally will be computed by comparing Rubicon’s U.S. federal, state and local income tax liability to the amount of such U.S. federal, state and local taxes that Rubicon would have been required to pay had it not been able to utilize any of the benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The actual tax benefits realized by Rubicon may differ from tax benefits calculated under the Tax Receivable Agreement as a result of the use of certain assumptions in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including the use of an assumed weighted-average state and local income tax rate to calculate tax benefits.

The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or have expired, unless Rubicon exercises its right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement (or the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated due to a change in control or our breach of a material obligation thereunder), in which case Rubicon will be required to make the termination payment specified in the Tax Receivable Agreement, as described below. We expect that all of the intangible assets, including goodwill, of Holdings LLC allocable to Holdings LLC units acquired or deemed acquired by Rubicon from a holder of exchangeable units and in taxable exchanges following transactions contemplated by the Business Combination will be amortizable for tax purposes.

Estimating the amount and timing of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. The actual increase in tax basis and utilization of tax attributes, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including:

In addition, the amount of certain favorable tax attributes we acquired in the Blocker Mergers (such as net operating losses and tax refunds), the amount of each continuing member’s tax basis in its Holdings LLC units at the time of the exchange, the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis, the timing and amount of any earlier payments that Rubicon may have made under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and the portion of Rubicon’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis are also relevant factors.

Rubicon has the right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement, in whole or in part, at any time. The Tax Receivable Agreement provides that if (i) Rubicon exercises its right to early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement in whole (that is, with respect to all benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement) or in part (that is, with respect to some benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement), (ii) Rubicon experiences certain changes in control, (iii) the Tax Receivable Agreement is rejected in certain bankruptcy proceedings (and Rubicon does not cure the rejection in 90 days), (iv) Rubicon fails (subject to certain exceptions) to make a payment under the Tax Receivable Agreement within 180 days after the due date, or (v) Rubicon materially breaches its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement (and does not cure such breach in 90 days), Rubicon will be obligated to make an early termination payment to the beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement equal to the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The amount of such payments will be determined on the basis of certain assumptions in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) the assumption that Rubicon would have enough taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefit resulting from the tax assets that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement, (ii) the assumption that any item of loss, deduction or credit generated by a basis adjustment or imputed interest arising in a taxable year preceding the taxable year that includes an early termination will be used by Rubicon ratably from such taxable year through the earlier of (x) the scheduled expiration of such tax item or (y) 15 years; (iii) the assumption that any non-amortizable assets are deemed to be disposed of in a fully taxable transaction on the fifteenth anniversary of the earlier of the basis adjustment and the early termination date; (iv) the assumption that U.S. federal, state and local tax rates will be the same as in effect on the early termination date, unless scheduled to change; and (v) the assumption that any exchangeable units (other than those held by Rubicon) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be exchanged for an amount equal to the market value of the corresponding number of shares of Class A Common Stock on the termination date. The amount of the early termination payment is determined by discounting the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement at a rate equal to the lesser of (a) 6.5% and (b) LIBOR (or a replacement rate) plus 400 basis points.

The payments that we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are expected to be substantial. If all of the continuing members of Holdings LLC were to exchange their Class B Units, the estimated tax benefits to Rubicon subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement would be approximately $394.6 million and the related undiscounted payment to the TRA Holders equal to 85% of the benefit would be approximately $335.5 million, assuming (i) exchanges occurred on the same day, (ii) a share price of $10.00 per share of Class A Common Stock, (iii) no material changes in relevant tax law, (iv) a constant combined effective income tax rate of 24.017% and (v) that we have sufficient taxable income in each year to realize on a current basis the increased depreciation, amortization and other tax benefits that are the subject of each Tax Receivable Agreement.

The actual future payments to the TRA Holders will vary based on the factors discussed above, and estimating the amount of payments that may be made under each Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. See “Risk Factors—Other Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company—In certain circumstances, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual tax benefits, if any, that Rubicon actually realizes.”

Decisions made in the course of running our business, such as with respect to mergers and other forms of business combinations that constitute changes in control, may influence the timing and amount of payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement in a manner that does not correspond to our use of the corresponding tax benefits. In these situations, our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control.

Payments are generally due under the Tax Receivable Agreement within a specified period of time following the filing of Rubicon’s tax return for the taxable year with respect to which the payment obligation arises, although interest on such payments will begin to accrue at a rate of LIBOR (or a replacement rate) plus 300 basis points from the due date (without extensions) of such tax return. Late payments generally accrue interest at a rate of LIBOR (or a replacement rate) plus 500 basis points commencing from the date on which such payment was due and payable. Because of our structure, our ability to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is dependent on the ability of Holdings LLC to make pro rata distributions to us. The ability of Holdings LLC to make such distributions will be subject to, among other things, restrictions of law or in the agreements governing our debt. If we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, such payments will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid.

Additionally, Rubicon is required to indemnify and reimburse the “TRA Representative” who represents the TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement, for all costs and expenses, including legal and accounting fees and any other costs arising from claims in connection with the TRA Representative’s duties under the Tax Receivable Agreement, provided, the TRA Representative has acted reasonably and in good faith in incurring such expenses and costs. Michael Heller, in his capacity as Chief Administrative Officer of Rubicon, serves as the TRA Representative.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine. Although we are not aware of any material issue that would cause the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, Rubicon will not, in the event of a successful challenge, be reimbursed for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement (although Rubicon would reduce future amounts otherwise payable to a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent such holder has received excess payments). No assurance can be given that the IRS will agree with our tax reporting positions, including the allocation of value among our assets. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement significantly in excess of the benefit that Rubicon actually realizes. Rubicon may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect Rubicon’s financial condition and liquidity.

Generally, holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including the right to receive payments) may not transfer their rights to another person without the written consent of Rubicon, except that all such rights may be transferred to another person to the extent that the corresponding Class B Units are transferred in accordance with the A&R LLCA.

Related Parties to the TRA include Messrs. Rodoni (Chief Executive Officer), Anderson (Chief Financial Officer), Meyer (former General Counsel), Callinicos (Director) and Owston (Interim Chief Commercial Officer), Amb. Dobriansky (Director), RGH, Inc. (greater than 5% beneficial owner), MBI Holdings LP (greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN Holdings LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN IV LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), and RUBCN Holdings V LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner).

Certain Related Parties entered into Subscription Agreements upon the signing of the Merger Agreement, whereby at Closing, Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation (a greater than 5% beneficial owner of Common Stock) was issued 3,300,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at a per share purchase price of $10.00 per share, and MBI Holdings LP, an entity beneficially owned by Jose Miguel Enrich (a greater than 5% beneficial owner of Common Stock), was issued 660,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at a per share purchase price of $10.00 per share. On August 12, 2022, Bolis Holdings LP, DRG Holdings LP, and Pequeno Holdings LP, entities controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, entered into Subscription Agreements for $1.4 million, $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for the purchase of Class A Common Stock at a per share price of $10.00 on substantially similar terms as the other PIPE Investors. At the Closing, Bolis Holdings LP, DRG Holdings LP, and Pequeno Holdings LP were issued 140,000, 150,000, and 150,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, respectively.

In connection with the Closing, Rubicon and the Rubicon Continuing Unitholders entered into the A&R LLCA. See “Summary—Organizational Structure” for more detailed information regarding our corporate structure.

Equity. Rubicon holds a number of Class A Units equal to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding. Rubicon Continuing Unitholders hold all of the Class B Units and an equal number of shares of Class V Common Stock.

Redemption Right. Beginning on the date on which the aggregate interest of holders of Class B Units (other than the Class A Units and Class B Units held directly or indirectly by Rubicon) is less than 15%, Holdings LLC shall have the right, but not the obligation, to redeem all (but not less than all) outstanding Class B Units. Class B Units may be redeemed, at Holdings LLC’s election, for either shares of Class A Common Stock, cash of an equivalent value, or a combination thereof, in each case subject to certain adjustments made pursuant to and in accordance with the terms of the A&R LLCA.

Exchange Right. Class B Unit holders will have the right, from time to time, to elect to surrender Class B Units (an “Elective Exchange”) in exchange for (a) shares of Class A Common Stock, (b) cash, or (c) a combination of cash and Class A Common Stock, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the A&R LLCA and the Policy Regarding Exchanges set forth as Annex E thereto. Upon the exchange of a Class B Unit, one share of Class V Common Stock held by such holder of Class B Units will be automatically cancelled. Holders may make an Elective Exchange on a quarterly exchange date set by Holdings LLC, or prior to (i) certain extraordinary transactions (e.g., merger, consolidation) involving Rubicon or Holdings LLC or (ii) an Applicable Sale or Termination Transaction (each as defined in the A&R LLCA). At least two business days before an exchange date, Rubicon will give written notice of its intended form of exchange consideration; if it does not timely deliver such notice, Rubicon will be deemed to have elected to settle the exchange with shares of Class A Common Stock.

Adjustments. Holdings LLC shall have the authority, if necessary, to undertake ameliorative actions, which may include pro rata or non-pro rata reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or adjustments of outstanding Class A Units pursuant to the A&R LLCA, to maintain one-for-one parity between Class A Units held by Rubicon and issued and outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock.

Management. Rubicon is the managing member of Holdings LLC. As the sole manager, Rubicon generally controls the day-to-day business affairs and decision-making of Holdings LLC, without the approval of any other member. As such, Rubicon, through its officers and directors, is responsible for all operational and administrative decisions of Holdings LLC and daily management of Holdings LLC’s business. Pursuant to the terms of the A&R LLCA, Rubicon cannot be removed or replaced as the sole manager of Holdings LLC except by its resignation, which may be given at any time by written notice to the other members. Holders of Class B Units will have no participation rights other than as set forth in the A&R LLCA.

Compensation, Expenses. Rubicon is not be entitled to compensation for its services as the manager of Holdings LLC except as expressly provided for in the A&R LLCA. Rubicon is entitled to reimbursement by Holdings LLC for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred on behalf of Holdings LLC, including all expenses associated with being a public company and maintaining its corporate existence.

Distributions. The A&R LLCA requires Tax Distributions to be made by Holdings LLC to its members on a pro rata basis, except to the extent such distributions would render Holdings LLC insolvent or are otherwise prohibited by law. Tax Distributions will be made on a quarterly basis, to each member of Holdings LLC, including Rubicon, based on such member’s allocable share of the taxable income of Holdings LLC and an assumed tax rate that will be determined by Rubicon, as described below. For this purpose, each member’s allocable share of Holdings LLC’s taxable income shall be net of its share of taxable losses of Holdings LLC. The assumed tax rate for purposes of determining tax distributions from Holdings LLC to its members will be the highest combined federal, state, and local tax rate that may potentially apply to an individual resident in the U.S. (as reasonably determined by Holdings LLC). The A&R LLCA will also allow for cash distributions to be made by Holdings LLC (subject to Rubicon’s sole discretion as the sole manager of Holdings LLC) to its members on a pro rata basis out of Available Cash (as defined in the A&R LLCA). We expect Holdings LLC may make distributions out of Available Cash periodically and as necessary to enable us to cover Rubicon’s operating expenses and other obligations, including tax liabilities and other obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, except to the extent such distributions would render Holdings LLC insolvent or are otherwise prohibited by law.

Transfer Restrictions. The A&R LLCA generally does not permit transfers of Class A Units or Class B Units, except for transfers to permitted transferees, transfers pursuant to the participation right described below and other limited exceptions. The A&R LLCA also imposes additional restrictions on transfers (including redemptions described below with respect to each Class B Unit) so that the transfers would not cause a material risk of Holdings LLC being treated as a “publicly traded partnership” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the event of a permitted transfer under the A&R LLCA, such transferring member will be required to simultaneously transfer shares of Class V Common Stock held by such transferring member to such transferee equal to the number of Class B Units that were transferred to such transferee in such permitted transfer. Except for certain exceptions, any transferee of Class A Units or Class B Units must assume, by executing a joinder to the A&R LLCA, all of the obligations of a transferring member with respect to the transferred Class A Units or Class B Units, and such transferee shall be bound by any limitations and obligations under the A&R LLCA (without relieving the transferring member from any applicable limitations and obligations). A member shall retain all duties, liabilities and obligations of a member until the transferee is accepted as a substitute member in accordance with the A&R LLCA and Rubicon, as manager, may, in its sole discretion, reinstate all or any portion of the rights and privileges of such member with respect to such transferred Class A Units or Class B Units for any period of time prior to the admission date of the substitute member.

Dissolution. The A&R LLCA requires the consent of Rubicon, as the managing member of Holdings LLC, and members holding a majority of the Class B Units then outstanding (excluding Class A Units and Class B Units held directly or indirectly by Rubicon) to voluntarily dissolve Holdings LLC. In addition to a voluntary dissolution, Holdings LLC will be dissolved upon the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution or other circumstances in accordance with Delaware law. Upon a dissolution event, the proceeds of a liquidation will be distributed in the following order: (1) first, to pay debts, liabilities and obligations owed to creditors of Holdings LLC; (2) second, to pay debts, liabilities and obligations owed to the members; and (3) third, to the members pro-rata in accordance with their respective percentage ownership interests in Holdings LLC (as determined based on the number of Class A Units and/or Class B Units held by a member relative to the aggregate number of all outstanding Class A Units and Class B Units).

Indemnification. The A&R LLCA provides for indemnification of the manager, members and officers of Holdings LLC and their respective subsidiaries or affiliates, as well as the Tax Representative and Designated Person (each as defined in the A&R LLCA).

Amendments. In addition to certain other requirements, Rubicon’s prior written consent, as manager, and the prior written consent of members holding a majority of the Class B Units then outstanding and entitled to vote (excluding Class A Units and Class B Units held directly or indirectly by Rubicon) is generally be required to amend or modify the A&R LLCA.

Related Parties to the A&R LLCA and TRA include Messrs. Rodoni (Chief Executive Officer), Anderson (Chief Financial Officer), Meyer (former General Counsel), Callinicos (Director) and Owston (Interim Chief Commercial Officer), Amb. Dobriansky (Director), RGH, Inc. (greater than 5% beneficial owner), MBI Holdings LP (greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN Holdings LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), RUBCN IV LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner), and RUBCN Holdings V LP (controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a greater than 5% beneficial owner).

On May 25, 2022, Holdings LLC and Sponsor entered into the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement with the New Equity Holders who are affiliated with Andres Chico (a member of the Board) and Jose Miguel Enrich (greater than 5% beneficial owner). Pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, the New Equity Holders advanced to Holdings LLC an aggregate of $8,000,000 and, on the Closing Date, and in full satisfaction of the advancements, (a) Rubicon caused to be issued to the New Equity Holders 880,000 Class B Units pursuant to the Merger Agreement and 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and (b) Sponsor forfeited 160,000 Founder Class B Shares. No interest accrued on any amounts advanced by the New Equity Holders.

On July 19, 2022, the board of directors of Holdings LLC unanimously approved term loans from certain of its members, affiliates and officers in the aggregate of $4,650,000 (each an “Insider Loan”). The Insider Loans had a maturity date of the earlier of the Closing Date or August 15, 2022. In addition to a 10% interest rate, each Insider Loan had a loan fee (the “Loan Fee”) equal to 15% of the principal amount of the loan, less all accrued interest thereunder. Phil Rodoni (at the time, the Chief Technology Officer of Rubicon) entered into an Insider Loan with Holdings LLC for $1,100,000, which, inclusive of all interest and the Loan Fee, was repaid at Closing by Rubicon for $1,265,000. Michael Heller, the Chief Administrative Officer of Rubicon, entered into an Insider Loan with Holdings LLC for $400,000, which, inclusive of all interest and the Loan Fee, was repaid at Closing by Rubicon for $460,000. David Rachelson, the Chief Sustainability Officer of Rubicon, entered into an Insider Loan with Holdings LLC for $150,000, which, inclusive of all interest and the Loan Fee, was repaid at Closing by Rubicon for $172,500. DGR Compound Inc., an entity controlled by Andres Chico, a director of Rubicon, entered into an Insider Loan with Holdings LLC for $1,000,000, which, inclusive of all interest and the Loan Fee, was repaid at Closing by Rubicon for $1,150,000. Bolis Holdings LP and Pequeno Compound Inc., entities controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich (a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock of Rubicon), entered into Insider Loans with Holdings LLC for an aggregate amount of $2,000,000, which, inclusive of all interest and the Loan Fee, were repaid at Closing by Rubicon for $2,300,000.

On December 16, 2022, Rubicon entered into the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement with various Insider Investors comprised of members of Rubicon’s management team and board of directors. Pursuant to the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, Rubicon agreed to issue and sell to the Insider Investors the Insider Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, net of an original issuance discount of $2.0 million, which are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock, which Insider Convertible Debentures may be purchased by the Insider Investors over the course of a first closing or second closing. The Insider Securities Purchase Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Insider Convertible Debentures.

At the first closing, which closed on December 16, 2022, the following Insider Investors constituting related parties of Rubicon purchased, directly or indirectly, Insider Convertible Debentures in an aggregate amount of $8.6 million in United States dollars, net of an original issuance discount of $1.1 million, for a total principal amount of $9.7 million in Insider Convertible Debentures: (1) Brent Callinicos, director, purchased $250,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (2) Kevin Schubert, president of Rubicon, purchased $50,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (3) Collister Johnson, director, purchased $50,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (4) Osman Ahmed, director, purchased $200,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (5) Paula J. Dobriansky, director, purchased $10,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (6) Philip Rodoni, chief executive officer of Rubicon, purchased $750,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (7) Paula Henderson, director, purchased $20,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (8) Nathaniel R. Morris, director, purchased $250,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (9) DGR Holdings LP (an entity controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock), purchased $2,500,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, (10) Pequeno Holdings LP (an entity controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock) purchased $2,500,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures, and (11) Bolis Holdings LP (an entity controlled by Jose Miguel Enrich, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock) purchased $2,000,000 of Insider Convertible Debentures.

At the second closing, Rubicon will issue Insider Convertible Debentures with an aggregate value of no less than $4.0 million and no greater than $5.0 million, to certain third-party investors, as designated thereby at the second closing. The Insider Convertible Debentures have a maturity date of June 16, 2024, 18 months after issuance, and accrue interest at the rate of 6% per annum (provided that the interest rate will increase to 12% per annum in the event of certain defaults). The Insider Convertible Debentures may be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock at an initial conversion price equal to the lower of 110% of: (i) the average closing price of Class A Common Stock for the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the date of the respective closing or (ii) the closing price of Class A Common Stock immediately preceding the date of the respective closing, subject to adjustments as further specified in the Insider Convertible Debentures. The Insider Convertible Debentures will be fully repayable in cash upon maturity.

In connection with the Insider Securities Purchase Agreement, the Insider Investors entered into the Insider Registration Rights Agreement with Rubicon. Pursuant to the Insider Registration Rights Agreement, within 45 days of the first closing, Rubicon is required to file a registration statement covering the resale by the Insider Investors of (i) the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Insider Convertible Debentures, (ii) the shares of Class A Common Stock issued and held by the Insider Investors from conversions of the Insider Convertible Debentures, (iii) the additional shares issuable in connection with any anti-dilution provisions of the Insider Convertible Debentures (without giving effect to any limitations on exercise set forth in the Insider Convertible Debentures, as applicable) and (iv) any shares of Class A Common Stock issued or issuable with respect to any shares described in subsections (i) and (ii) above by way of any stock split, stock dividend or other distribution, recapitalization or similar event or otherwise (in each case without giving effect to any limitations on exercise set forth in the Insider Convertible Debentures, as applicable). The parties to the Insider Registration Rights Agreement have certain “piggyback” registration rights under the agreement. Rubicon will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to the Insider Registration Rights Agreement. See “Securities Eligible for Future Sale—Registration Rights.” Related Parties to the Insider Registration Rights Agreement include (i) Jose Miguel Enrich (a greater than 10% beneficial owner) on behalf of DGR Holdings LP, Pequeno Holdings LP, and Bolis Holdings LP, (ii) Philip Rodoni (Chief Executive Officer), (iii) Brent Callinicos (Director), (iv) Kevin Schubert (President), (v) Collister Johnson (Director), (vi) Osman Ahmed (Director), (vii) Paula J. Dobrianksy (Director), (viii) Paula Henderson (Director), and (ix) Nathaniel R. Morris (Director).

Rubicon has adopted a related person transaction policy that sets forth its procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related person transactions. The policy became effective at the Closing.

Under the policy, if a transaction has been identified as a related person transaction, including any transaction that was not a related person transaction when originally consummated or any transaction that was not initially identified as a related person transaction prior to consummation, Rubicon’s management must present information regarding the related person transaction to the Audit Committee, or, if Audit Committee approval would be inappropriate, to another independent body of the Board, for review, consideration and approval or ratification. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the interests, direct and indirect, of the related persons, the benefits to Rubicon of the transaction and whether the transaction is on terms that are comparable to the terms available to or from, as the case may be, an unrelated third party or to or from employees generally. Under the policy, Rubicon will collect information that Rubicon deems reasonably necessary from each director, executive officer and, to the extent feasible, significant stockholder to enable Rubicon to identify any existing or potential related-person transactions and to effectuate the terms of the policy. In addition, under Rubicon’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Rubicon’s employees and directors have an affirmative responsibility to disclose any transaction or relationship that reasonably could be expected to give rise to a conflict of interest. In considering related person transactions, the Audit Committee, or other independent body of the Board, will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:

The policy requires that, in determining whether to approve, ratify or reject a related person transaction, the Audit Committee, or other independent body of the Board, must consider, in light of known circumstances, whether the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, Rubicon’s best interests and those of Rubicon’s stockholders, as the Audit Committee, or other independent body of the Board, determines in the good faith exercise of its discretion. Each of the transactions summarized above was effected prior to the adoption of this policy.

For additional information regarding related party transactions not otherwise reportable pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K, see Note 15 to Rubicon’s audited consolidated financial statements and Note 14 to Rubicon’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, each as included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following summary of the material terms of our securities is not intended to be a complete summary of the rights and preferences of such securities. Your rights as Rubicon stockholders are governed by Delaware law and the Charter and our Bylaws (the “Bylaws”). Your rights as a Rubicon warrantholder are governed by the Warrant Agreement, as amended by the Warrant Agreement Amendment. We urge you to read the applicable provisions of Delaware law, the Charter and Bylaws, and the Warrant Agreement and the Warrant Agreement Amendment carefully and in their entirety because they describe your rights as a holder of shares of Common Stock. The descriptions of the Charter, Bylaws and Warrant Agreement are not complete and are subject to and qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the Charter, Bylaws and Warrant Agreement, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and are incorporated herein by reference.

The Charter authorizes the issuance of 975,000,000 shares of capital stock, consisting of (i) 690,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, (ii) 275,000,000 shares of Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

The Charter authorizes two classes of common stock, Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, each with a par value of $0.0001. As of January 25, 2023, there were 55,886,692 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and 114,886,453 shares of Class V Common Stock issued and outstanding.

Pursuant to the A&R LLCA, Class B Units are exchangeable into an equivalent number of Class A Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and adjustments, at the election of the holder thereof or pursuant to a mandatory redemption at the election of Rubicon (as managing member of Holdings LLC). Upon the exchange of any Class B Units, Rubicon will retire an equivalent number of shares of Class V Common Stock held by such holder of exchanged Class B Units.

The Charter provides that up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Board is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional, special and other rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. The Board is able, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Board to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us or the removal of existing management. We have no preferred stock outstanding at the date hereof. Although we do not currently intend to issue any shares of preferred stock, we cannot assure you that we will not do so in the future.

Under the Charter, holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to receive ratable dividends, if any, as may be declared from time-to-time by our Board out of legally available assets or funds. There are no current plans to pay cash dividends on Class A Common Stock for the foreseeable future. See the section entitled “Dividend Policy.” In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our Class A Common stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of or provision for any liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. Class V Common Stock has no economic rights and shares of Class V Common Stock are not entitled to receive any assets upon dissolution, liquidation or winding up of Rubicon, nor can such shares participate in any dividends or distributions of Rubicon.

We are a holding company with no material assets other than our interest in Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make distributions to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units in amounts such that the total cash distribution from Holdings LLC to the holders are sufficient to enable each holder to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such holder and other obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement as well as any cash dividends declared by us.

The A&R LLCA generally provides that pro rata cash Tax Distributions will be made to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units (including Rubicon) at certain assumed tax rates. We anticipate that the distributions we will receive from Holdings LLC may, in certain periods, exceed our actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on the Class A Common Stock. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to stockholders. We also expect, if necessary, to undertake ameliorative actions, which may include pro rata or non-pro rata reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or adjustments of outstanding Class A Units pursuant to the A&R LLCA, to maintain one-for-one parity between Class A Units held by us and shares of Class A Common Stock.

Except as otherwise required by law or as otherwise provided in any certificate of designation for any series of preferred stock, under the Charter, the holders of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock possess all voting power for the election of our directors and all other matters requiring stockholder action and are entitled to one vote per share on matters to be voted on by stockholders. Holders of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock shall at all times vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock under the Charter. Under the Charter, directors are elected by a plurality voting standard, whereby each of our stockholders may not give more than one vote per share towards any one director nominee. There are no cumulative voting rights.

The Charter and Bylaws limit the liability of our directors, and provide for the indemnification of our current and former officers and directors, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

We have entered into agreements with our officers and directors to provide contractual indemnification in addition to the indemnification provided for in our Charter and Bylaws. The Charter and Bylaws also permit us to secure insurance on behalf of any officer, director or employee for any liability arising out of his or her actions.

In connection with the Closing, Founder purchased a tail policy with respect to liability coverage for the benefit of former Founder officers and directors. We will maintain such tail policy for a period of no less than six (6) years following the Closing.

These provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions also may have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against officers and directors, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against officers and directors pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

We believe that these provisions, the directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and the indemnity agreements are necessary to attract and retain talented and experienced officers and directors.

The Charter provides that, unless Rubicon selects or consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable law: (a) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting any internal corporate claims, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and subject to applicable jurisdictional requirements, shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have, or declines to accept, jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware); and (b) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, to the fullest extent permitted by law, shall be the federal district courts of the United States of America. For purposes of the foregoing, “internal corporate claims” means claims, including claims in the right of Rubicon that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of Class A Common Stock or Class V Common Stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this provision.

Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law; Rubicon’s Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

The Charter and Bylaws contain, and the DGCL contains, provisions, as summarized in the following paragraphs, that are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of the Board. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, reduce our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the Board’s ability to maximize stockholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire Rubicon. However, these provisions may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, deter or prevent a merger or acquisition of Rubicon by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or other takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the prevailing market price for the shares of Class A Common Stock held by stockholders.

Rubicon is governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. Section 203 generally prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with any “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Generally, an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own) 15% or more of a corporation’s voting stock. These provisions may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing changes in control of Rubicon not approved in advance by the Board.

The Charter provides that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by or at the direction of the Board, the Chairman of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer. The Bylaws prohibit the conduct of any business at a special meeting other than as specified in the notice for such meeting. These provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers or changes in control or management of our company.

The Bylaws state that in order for a stockholder to propose nominations of candidates to be elected as directors or any other proper business to be considered by stockholders at the annual meeting, such stockholder must, among other things, provide notice thereof in writing to the secretary at the principal executive offices of Rubicon within the time periods set forth in the Bylaws. Such notice must contain, among other things, certain information about the stockholder giving the notice (and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made) and certain information about any nominee or other proposed business. Stockholder proposals of business other than director nominations cannot be submitted in connection with special meetings of stockholders.

The Bylaws allow the presiding officer at a meeting of stockholders to adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of meetings which may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if such rules and regulations are not followed. These provisions may also defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to influence or obtain control of our company.

Certain amendments to the Charter require the affirmative vote of at least 66⅔% of the voting power of all shares of our Common Stock then outstanding. The Charter provides that the Board is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws and that our stockholders may amend certain provision of the Bylaws only with the approval of at least 66⅔% of the voting power of all shares of our Common Stock then outstanding. These provisions make it more difficult for stockholders to change the Charter or Bylaws and may, therefore, defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to amend the Charter or Bylaws or otherwise attempting to influence or obtain control of our company.

The DGCL provides that a stockholder’s right to vote cumulatively in the election of directors does not exist unless the certificate of incorporation specifically provides otherwise. The Charter does not provide for cumulative voting. The prohibition on cumulative voting has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of the Board.

The Charter provides that the Board is divided into three classes of directors, with the classes to be as nearly equal in number as possible, designated Class I, Class II and Class III. The terms of Class I, Class II and Class III directors end at our 2023, 2024 and 2025 annual meetings of stockholders, respectively. Directors of each class the term of which shall then expire shall be elected to hold office for a three-year term. The classification of directors has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our Board and require a longer time period to do so. The Charter provides that the number of directors will be fixed from time to time exclusively pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board. The classification of directors has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our Board. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of the Board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more meetings of stockholders at which directors are elected.

The Charter and Bylaws provide that, so long as the Board is classified, directors may be removed only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66⅔% of the voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. Therefore, because stockholders cannot call a special meeting of stockholders, as discussed above, stockholders may only submit a stockholder proposal for the purpose of removing a director at an annual meeting. The Charter and Bylaws provide that vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors shall be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office or by a sole remaining director. Therefore, while stockholders may remove a director, stockholders are not able to elect new directors to fill any resulting vacancies that may be created as a result of such removal.

The DGCL permits any action required to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders to be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares of stock entitled to vote thereon were present and voted, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. The Charter and Bylaws preclude stockholder action by written consent. This prohibition, combined with the fact stockholders cannot call a special meeting, as discussed above, means that stockholders are limited in the manner in which they can bring proposals and nominations for stockholder consideration, making it more difficult to effect change in our governing documents and the Board.

As of January 25, 2023, there were 30,016,851 Warrants outstanding, consisting of 15,812,476 Public Warrants and 14,204,375 Private Warrants. Each whole Warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Warrant Agreement.

A Warrant does not entitle the registered holder thereof to any of the rights of a stockholder of Rubicon, including, without limitation, the right to receive dividends or any voting rights, until such Warrant is exercised for shares of Class A Common Stock. Rubicon will at all times reserve and keep available a sufficient number of authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock to permit the exercise in full of all outstanding Warrants.

The Warrants became exercisable on September 14, 2022 (30 days after the consummation of the Business Combination) and will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time on August 15, 2027 (the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Business Combination) or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Warrants may be exercised on or before the expiration date upon surrender of the warrant certificate at the office of the warrant agent, with the subscription form duly executed, and by paying in full the exercise price and all applicable taxes due for the number of Warrants being exercised. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Warrants. If, by reason of any adjustment made pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, a holder would be entitled, upon the exercise of a Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon such exercise, round up to the nearest whole number of shares of Class A Common Stock to be issued to the Warrant holder.

No Warrant will be exercisable for cash, and we will not be obligated to issue Class A Common Stock upon exercise of a Warrant unless the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such Warrant have been registered, qualified, or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the registered holder of the Warrant. In the event that the foregoing condition is not met, the holder of such Warrant will not be entitled to exercise such Warrant for cash and such Warrant may have no value and expire worthless. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event will we be required to net cash settle any Warrant.

We have agreed that as soon as practicable, but in no event later than September 6, 2022 (15 business days after the Closing), we will use our best efforts to file with the SEC a registration statement for the registration, under the Securities Act, of the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, and to use our best efforts to take such action as is necessary to register or qualify such shares for sale under applicable blue sky laws to the extent an exemption is not available. We have agreed to use best efforts to cause such registration statement to become effective and to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement until the expiration of the Warrants. If such registration statement has not been declared effective by November 9, 2022 (the 60^th business day following the Closing), Warrant holders will have the right, until such time as such registration statement is declared effective by the SEC, and during any other period when we fail to maintain an effective registration statement covering the Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, to exercise such Warrants on a “cashless basis” pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part registers all shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of the Warrants.

A holder of a Warrant may notify us in writing in the event it elects to be subject to a requirement that such holder will not have the right to exercise such Warrant, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, such person (together with such person’s affiliates), to the warrant agent’s actual knowledge, would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% (the “maximum percentage”) of the shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The holder of a Warrant may by written notice increase or decrease the maximum percentage applicable to such holder, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Warrant Agreement.

Rubicon may, at its option, redeem not less than all of the outstanding Warrants at any time during the exercise period, at a price of $0.01 per Warrant:

In accordance with the Warrant Agreement, in the event that we elect to redeem the outstanding Warrants as set forth above, we will fix a date for the redemption (the “Redemption Date”). Notice of redemption will be mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 days prior to the Redemption Date to the registered holders of the Warrants to be redeemed at their last addresses as they appear on the registration books. Any notice mailed in the manner provided above will be conclusively presumed to have been duly given whether or not the registered holder received such notice.

The Warrants may be exercised for cash at any time after notice of redemption is given by Rubicon and prior to the Redemption Date. On and after the Redemption Date, the record holder of the Warrants will have no further rights, except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s Warrants upon surrender thereof.

If we call the Warrants for redemption as described above, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the Warrants for that number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Warrants and the “fair market value” by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the volume-weighted average trading price of the Class A Common Stock for the 10 trading days immediately following the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the Warrant holders.

The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants in all material respects, except that (i) the Private Warrants issued to Jefferies will not be exercisable more than five years after October 19, 2021 in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8), and (ii) the Private Warrants held by Sponsor and certain insiders of Founder are subject to certain additional transfer restrictions set forth in the Sponsor Agreement. See the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

On November 30, 2022, we issued to the Yorkville Investor the YA Warrant, pursuant to which the Yorkville Investor or its permitted assigns is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions set forth therein, to subscribe for and purchase from us up to such number of YA Warrant Shares as is equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million divided by (b) the Market Price (as such number may be adjusted pursuant to the YA Warrant). The Yorkville Investor may subscribe for and purchase YA Warrant Shares at a price of $0.0001 per share at any time on or after the Market Price Set Date and on or before the Termination Date. For more information, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Warrant.”

Neither the YA Warrant nor any shares of Class A Common Stock issuable thereunder upon exercise thereof are being registered pursuant to this registration statement.

On November 30, 2022, we issued and sold to the Yorkville Investor the First YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million. Pursuant to the YA SPA, the parties further agreed that we will issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor and the Yorkville Investor will purchase from us the Second YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $10.0 million, upon the satisfaction of, among other things, (a) the Initial Registration Statement being declared effective by the SEC and (b) consummation of the Required Offering. Each YA Convertible Debenture matures on May 30, 2024, unless extended by the Yorkville Investor, and accrues interest at the rate of 4% per annum, provided that the interest rate will increase to 15% per annum upon the occurrence of certain events of default or other specified events. Principal, interest and any other payments due under the YA Convertible Debentures shall be paid in cash, unless converted by the Yorkville Investor or redeemed by us. Except as specifically permitted by the terms of a YA Convertible Debenture, we may not prepay or redeem any portion of the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest thereunder. For more information, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—YA Convertible Debentures.”

The transfer agent for our Common Stock and warrant agent for our Warrants is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, 1 State Street, New York, New York 10004.

Our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on NYSE under the symbols “RBT” and “RBT WS”.

As of January 25, 2023, we had 55,886,692 outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock (excluding shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exchange of Class B Units) and 30,016,851 Warrants, all of which are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, subject to the expiration or, if earlier, the waiver of the lock-up periods and transfer restrictions provided for in the agreements described below in respect of resales by the parties thereto. Any shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon exercise of outstanding Warrants or exchange of Class B Units have also been registered and are or will be, as applicable, freely tradeable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. Certain of our stockholders may be considered affiliates (as defined in Rule 144), which can impose some limitations on their resale of our securities. Any resales of restricted securities (as defined in Rule 144) will be subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act, including the provisions of Rule 144 discussed below. We have also agreed to register the resale of certain other shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue in the future, as discussed below in “—Registration Rights.”

We cannot predict what effect, if any, sales of shares of our Class A Common Stock or Warrants from time to time or the availability of shares of our Class A Common Stock and Warrants for future sale may have on the market price of our securities. Sales of substantial amounts of Class A Common Stock or Warrants, including pursuant to the offering covered by this prospectus, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect prevailing market prices for our securities and could impair our future ability to raise capital through an offering of equity securities or otherwise. See the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

Subject to the limitations discussed below with respect to securities initially issued by shell companies, pursuant to Rule 144, a person who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock or our Warrants for at least six months would be entitled to sell their securities provided that (1) such person is not deemed to have been an affiliate of us at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale and (2) we are subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least three months before the sale and have filed all required reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the 12 months (or such shorter period as we were required to file reports) preceding the sale. A non-affiliate can also include the holding period of any prior owner who was not an affiliate of ours.

Subject to the limitations discussed below with respect to securities initially issued by shell companies, persons who have beneficially owned restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock or our Warrants for at least six months but who are affiliates of us at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of:

Sales by our affiliates under Rule 144 are also limited by manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.

Rule 144 is not available for the resale of securities initially issued by shell companies (other than business combination-related shell companies) or issuers that have been at any time previously a shell company. However, Rule 144 also includes an important exception to this prohibition if the following conditions are met:

Following the Closing on August 15, 2022, we were no longer a shell company. As a result, with respect to any securities they may hold which are restricted, (i) Sponsor and any other holder of Class A Common Stock issued upon conversion of Founder Class B Shares, or Private Warrants, as applicable, (ii) affiliates of the Company, (iii) holders of shares of Class A Common Stock received pursuant to the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, and (iv) PIPE Investors would be able to sell their private placement securities, in each case pursuant to Rule 144 without registration on August 19, 2023 (one year after the date on which we filed current Form 10 information with the SEC reflecting our status as an entity that is not a shell company), assuming we otherwise comply with the conditions set forth above. In addition to Rule 144 restrictions, certain holders of Class A Common Stock and/or Warrants and their permitted transferees are subject to certain transfer restrictions described below.

Pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, the Warrants became exercisable on September 14, 2022 (30 days after the Closing Date).

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, certain holders of Rubicon Interests entered into the Lock-Up Agreements. Pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreements, each holder agreed to certain transfer restrictions with respect to the securities such holder received as transaction consideration pursuant to the Merger Agreement, until the earlier of (i) February 11, 2023 (180 days after the Closing Date) and (ii) the date after the Closing on which Rubicon completes a liquidation, merger, or similar transaction that results in all of Rubicon’s stockholders having the right to exchange their equity holdings for cash, securities or other property. Holders further agreed not to exchange Class B Units for Class A Common Stock during this period. In the event that Rubicon waives, releases, or terminates the lock-up provision in another Lock-Up Agreement, then the other holders subject to the Lock-Up Agreements will be granted a similar waiver, release or termination with respect to a pro rata portion of the securities held by them and subject to the foregoing restrictions. Following the entry into the Merger Agreement, additional holders of Rubicon Interests and entered into Lock-Up Agreements on the same terms.

Pursuant to the Atalaya Termination Agreement, 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock held by the ACM Seller are restricted from transfer until May 30, 2024. In particular, ACM Seller may not (a) sell, offer to sell, contract or agree to sell, assign, transfer (including by operation of law), gift, hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of or agree to dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidation with respect to or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, with respect to the Class A Common Stock, (b) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the shares of Class A Common Stock, whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of such securities, in cash or otherwise, or (c) publicly announce any intention to effect any transaction specified in clause (a) or (b).

Pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement, the Previously Owned Shares are restricted from transfer until the earlier of May 30, 2024 or the six month anniversary of the conversion of 90% or more of the YA Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock. In particular, Vellar may not, among other things, sell, exchange, assign, distribute, encumber, hypothecate, gift, pledge, or transfer the Previously Owned Shares or make any other disposition or alienation (whether voluntarily, involuntarily or by operation of law) thereof to any person other than to an affiliate of Vellar, who prior to such transfer, shall execute a joinder agreement to be bound by the same restrictions in a form reasonably acceptable to Rubicon.

Pursuant to the Insider Lockup Agreement, all Insider Conversion Shares are subject to transfer restrictions, whereby the resale of Insider Conversion Shares are subject to a lock-up period that is the earlier of (i) 18 months and (ii) such date as the Yorkville Investor notifies Rubicon that it has sold all shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the YA Convertible Debentures issued pursuant to the YA SPA.

Concurrent with the consummation of the IPO, Founder and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company entered into the Warrant Agreement. Pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, Rubicon is required to, among other things, as soon as practicable after Closing, but in no event later than September 6, 2022 (15 business days after Closing), use its best efforts to file a registration statement for (i) the resale of the Private Warrants and (ii) the shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Warrants, and to use its best efforts to have such registration statement declared effective no later than November 9, 2022 (60 business days after Closing). Rubicon has agreed to keep such registration statement effective until the expiration of the Warrants. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part was filed pursuant to these registration rights. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part registers all shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of the Warrants.

Concurrent with the signing of the Merger Agreement, Founder entered into Subscription Agreements with the PIPE Investors. The PIPE Investors have certain customary registration rights pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, whereby Rubicon is required to, among other things, file a registration statement for the resale of the shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements as promptly as practicable after Closing and in any event by August 25, 2022 (the first business day to occur 10 calendar days after Closing) and to use commercially reasonable efforts to have such registration statement declared effective no later than October 14, 2022 (60 days after such filing) unless the SEC reviews and has written comments to such registration statement, in which case the deadline is November 13, 2022 (90 days after such filing). Rubicon has agreed to keep such registration statement effective until the earliest of (i) the second anniversary of the effectiveness date, (ii) the date on which all PIPE Investors cease to hold any Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, or (iii) the first date on which the PIPE Investors can sell all of their Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements (or shares received in exchange therefor) under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part registers all shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements.

The foregoing descriptions of the Subscription Agreements and the PIPE Financing are not complete and are subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the form of Subscription Agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference.

In connection with the Closing, the RRA Holders entered into the A&R Registration Rights Agreement with us. Pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, no later than September 14, 2022 (30 days of the Closing Date), we were required to file a registration statement registering for resale (i) all outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock held by the RRA Holders immediately following the Closing, (ii) all shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any option, warrant or convertible security held directly or indirectly by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iii) any Warrants or shares of Class A Common Stock that may be acquired by the RRA Holders upon the exercise of a Warrant or other right to acquire Class A Common Stock held by a RRA Holder immediately following the Closing, (iv) any shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants otherwise acquired or owned by a RRA Holder following the date of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement to the extent that such securities are “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) or are otherwise held by an “affiliate” (as defined in Rule 144) of Rubicon, and (v) any other equity security of Rubicon or its subsidiaries issued or issuable with respect to any of the foregoing pursuant to a reorganization, stock split, stock dividend, or like transaction. We are thereafter required to maintain a registration statement that is continuously effective, subject to limited exceptions, and to cause the registration statement to regain effectiveness in the event that it ceases to be effective. At any time that the registration statement is effective, any one or more RRA Holders may request to sell all or a portion of its registrable securities in an underwritten offering pursuant to the registration statement; provided in each case that we are only be obligated to effect an underwritten offering if such offering will include registrable securities proposed to be sold by the demanding holders with a total offering price reasonably expected to exceed, in the aggregate, $35.0 million. In addition, the RRA Holders have certain “demand” and “piggyback” registration rights under the agreement. Rubicon will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, including the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which registers all shares of Class A Common Stock and Warrants held by or otherwise issuable to the RRA Holders as of the date hereof.

The foregoing description of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the form of A&R Registration Rights Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference.

In the event that we issue Settlement Shares to Vellar in satisfaction of our obligations under the Vellar Termination Agreement, we agreed to provide Vellar with certain registration rights with respect to the Previously Owned Shares and Settlement Shares. If triggered, we are obligated to file a registration statement for the resale of such securities on or shortly following the Vellar Lock-Up Date in accordance with the terms of the Vellar Termination Agreement. We have covenanted to have the registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable after the filing thereof, but no later than the earliest of (i) the 45th calendar day (or 90th calendar day if the SEC notifies Rubicon that it will review such registration statement) following the filing date thereof and (ii) the fifth business day after the date that Rubicon is notified by the SEC that such registration statement will not be reviewed or will not be subject to further review. Upon notification by the SEC that the registration has been declared effective, within three business days thereafter, we are required to file the final prospectus for such registration statement. Once effective, we have agreed to use our best efforts to keep such registration statement effective (except for certain customary blackout periods not to exceed 15 calendar days per year and not more than 10 calendar days in any occurrence) until all of the Previously Owned Shares and Settlement Shares have been sold or may be transferred without any restrictions.

Rubicon will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any registration statements pursuant to these registration rights.

For more information regarding the securities to be registered thereunder, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions—FPA Termination Agreements.”

Pursuant to the YA Registration Rights Agreement, we are required to register for resale all of the YA Conversion Shares and YA Warrant Shares. We are required to file the Initial Registration Statement covering the resale of at least 19,800,000 YA Conversion Shares by no later than the 15th calendar day following execution of the YA Registration Rights Agreement. We are further required to file additional registration statements covering the resale by the Yorkville Investor of the YA Conversion Shares not covered by the Initial Registration Statement, or YA Warrant Shares, if applicable, on or prior to the 30th calendar day following receipt of a demand notice from the Yorkville Investor.

The foregoing description of the YA Registration Rights Agreement is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the YA Registration Rights Agreement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference. For more information regarding the securities to be registered thereunder, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions.”

Pursuant to the SEPA, we are required to file a Form S-1 registration statement for the resale of the $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock that may be sold to the Yorkville Investor, which includes the Yorkville Commitment Shares. Upon its effectiveness, the SEPA Registration Statement will register all shares of Class A Common Stock issued or otherwise issuable to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA (subject to the SEPA Exchange Cap). The Yorkville Commitment Shares are the only shares of Class A Common Stock we have issued pursuant to the SEPA as of the date hereof. On November 30, 2022, we entered into the SEPA Amendment with the Yorkville Investor, pursuant to which we agreed that we will not file the SEPA Registration Statement until there is an effective registration statement covering the resale of at least 18,000,000 YA Conversion Shares.

Pursuant to the Deferred Fee Arrangements entered into with certain of our advisors in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, we issued 7,302,155 shares of Class A Common Stock, and may issue an aggregate of approximately $7.1 million of shares of Class A Common Stock in satisfaction of the outstanding amounts owed under another Deferred Fee Arrangement pursuant to the terms thereof. Under the unsettled arrangement, at our election, we may pay such amounts in cash and/or equity within six months following the Closing. We could not elect to pay such obligations in equity until October 14, 2022 (60 days following Closing), and any shares issued upon such election shall be issued at the ten trading-day VWAP prior to any such election. The timing, frequency, and the price at which we issue shares of Class A Common Stock are subject to market prices and management’s decision to repay such amount in equity, if at all. The Cohen Deferred Fee Shares are being registered on the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Any additional shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to these arrangements will need to be registered for resale on a Form S-1 registration statement.

For more information regarding the SEPA and the Deferred Fee Arrangements, see the section entitled “Certain Financing Transactions.”

We intend to file one or more registration statements on Form S-1 under the Securities Act to register the shares of Class A Common Stock issued or issuable under the SEPA, certain of the Deferred Fee Arrangements, the Vellar Termination Agreement, the Insider Convertible Debentures, and the YA Warrant. We expect that these initial registration statements on Form S-1 will cover approximately $246.1 million shares of Class A Common Stock, each to be issued at a variable rate dependent on the future VWAP price of shares of Class A Common Stock. Once these shares are registered for resale, they can be sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates and vesting restrictions.

We are registering (i) up to 121,801,249 shares of Class A Common Stock for possible sale by the Selling Securityholders from time to time (inclusive of up to 12,623,125 shares of Class A Common Stock that are issuable by us upon the exercise of the Private Warrants by the holders thereof), (ii) up to 12,623,125 Private Warrants for possible sale by the Selling Securityholders from time to time. We are required to pay all fees and expenses incident to the registration of the shares of our Class A Common Stock and Warrants to be offered and sold pursuant to this prospectus. The Selling Securityholders will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to their sale of shares of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants.

We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the securities by the Selling Securityholders. We will receive proceeds from Warrants exercised in the event that such Warrants are exercised for cash. The aggregate proceeds to the Selling Securityholders will be the purchase price of the securities less any discounts and commissions borne by the Selling Securityholders.

The shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by the Selling Securityholders covered by this prospectus may be offered and sold from time to time by the Selling Securityholders. The term “Selling Securityholders” includes any donee, pledgee, transferee or other successor in interest selling securities received after the date of this prospectus from a Selling Securityholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer. Each Selling Securityholder will act independently of us in making decisions with respect to the timing, manner and size of any sale. Such sales may be made on one or more exchanges or in the over-the-counter market or otherwise, at prices and under terms then prevailing or at prices related to the then current market price or in negotiated transactions. The Selling Securityholders may sell or otherwise dispose of their shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants by one or more of, or a combination of, the following methods:

In addition, a Selling Securityholder that is an entity may elect to make a pro rata in-kind distribution of securities to its members, partners or stockholders pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part by delivering a prospectus with a plan of distribution. Such members, partners or stockholders would thereby receive freely tradeable securities pursuant to the distribution through a registration statement. To the extent a distributee is an affiliate of ours (or to the extent otherwise required by law), we may file a prospectus supplement in order to permit the distributees to use the prospectus to resell the securities acquired in the distribution.

In addition, any securities that qualify for sale pursuant to Rule 144 may be sold under Rule 144 rather than pursuant to this prospectus.

To the extent required, this prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time to describe a specific plan of distribution. In connection with distributions of the shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants or otherwise, the Selling Securityholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions. In connection with such transactions, broker-dealers or other financial institutions may engage in short sales of shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants in the course of hedging the positions they assume with Selling Securityholders. The Selling Securityholders may also sell shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants short and redeliver the securities to close out such short positions. The Selling Securityholders may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction). The Selling Securityholders may also pledge shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants to a broker-dealer or other financial institution, and, upon a default, such broker-dealer or other financial institution, may effect sales of the pledged securities pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).

A Selling Securityholder may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable prospectus supplement indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by any Selling Securityholder or borrowed from any Selling Securityholder or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants, and may use securities received from any Selling Securityholder in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of securities. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter and will be identified in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective amendment). In addition, any Selling Securityholder may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell the securities short using this prospectus. Such financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.

In effecting sales, broker-dealers or agents engaged by the Selling Securityholders may arrange for other broker-dealers to participate. Broker-dealers or agents may receive commissions, discounts or concessions from the Selling Securityholders in amounts to be negotiated immediately prior to the sale.

In offering the securities covered by this prospectus, the Selling Securityholders and any broker-dealers who execute sales for the Selling Securityholders may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales.

In order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the securities must be sold in such jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states the securities may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.

The Selling Securityholders are subject to the applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act, including Regulation M. This regulation may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the securities offered in this prospectus by the Selling Securityholders. The anti-manipulation rules under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of the securities in the market and to the activities of the Selling Securityholders and their affiliates. Furthermore, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the securities to engage in market-making activities for the particular securities being distributed for a period of up to five business days before the distribution. The restrictions may affect the marketability of the securities and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities for the securities. We will make copies of this prospectus available to the Selling Securityholders for the purpose of satisfying the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The Selling Securityholders may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the shares against certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.

At the time a particular offer of shares of Class A Common Stock or Warrants is made, if required, a prospectus supplement will be distributed that will set forth the number of securities being offered and the terms of the offering, including the name of any underwriter, dealer or agent, the purchase price paid by any underwriter, any discount, commission and other item constituting compensation, any discount, commission or concession allowed or reallowed or paid to any dealer, and the proposed selling price to the public.

A holder of Warrants may exercise its Warrants in accordance with the Warrant Agreement on or before the expiration date set forth therein by surrendering, at the office of the warrant agent, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the certificate evidencing such Warrant, with the form of election to purchase set forth thereon, properly completed and duly executed, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price and any and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise of the Warrant, subject to any applicable provisions relating to cashless exercises in accordance with the Warrant Agreement.

We have agreed to indemnify the Selling Securityholders against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and state securities laws, relating to the registration of the Class A Common Stock or Warrants offered by this prospectus.

Certain holders of Class A Common Stock, Warrants and securities and/or rights to acquire Class A Common Stock agreed to certain restrictions on transfer with respect to their securities pursuant to the agreements described in the section entitled “Securities Eligible for Future Sale — Lock-Up Agreements.”

The following discussion is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants. This discussion is a summary only and does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to particular holder in light of their special circumstances or to holders subject to special tax rules (including a “controlled foreign corporation,” “passive foreign investment company,” company that accumulates earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, tax-exempt organization, financial institution, broker or dealer in securities or former U.S. citizen or resident). Except as specifically provided herein, this discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal taxation other than U.S. federal income taxation and does not address any aspect of state, local or non-U.S. taxation. In addition, this discussion deals only with U.S. federal income tax consequences to a holder that acquires our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants in this offering and holds our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants as a capital asset.

This discussion is based on the Code and administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary, and proposed Treasury regulations as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and changes to any of which subsequent to the date of this prospectus may affect the tax consequences described herein.

We have not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the IRS as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the discussion herein, and its position may be upheld by a court. Moreover, there can be no assurance that future legislation, regulations, administrative rulings or court decisions will not adversely affect the accuracy of the statements in this discussion. Each prospective purchaser of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants is urged to consult its tax advisor with respect to U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax consequences of holding and disposing of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants applicable to its particular situation.

If an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a beneficial owner of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of its partners generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and their partners holding our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax consequences of holding and disposing of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants.

This summary is included herein as general information only. Accordingly, each prospective purchaser of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants is urged to consult its tax advisor with respect to U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax consequences of holding and disposing of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants.

This section applies to you if you are a “U.S. Holder.” A U.S. Holder is a beneficial owner of shares of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants who or that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

Taxation of Distributions. If we pay distributions in cash or other property (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to U.S. Holders of shares of our Class A Common Stock, such distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our Class A Common Stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the Class A Common Stock and will be treated as described under “U.S. Holders—Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants” below.

Dividends we pay to a U.S. Holder that is a taxable corporation generally will qualify for the dividends received deduction if the requisite holding period is satisfied. With certain exceptions (including, but not limited to, dividends treated as investment income for purposes of investment interest deduction limitations), and provided certain holding period requirements are met, dividends we pay to a U.S. Holder that is not a taxable corporation may constitute “qualified dividends” that would be subject to tax at the maximum tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains. If the applicable holding period requirements are not satisfied, then a U.S. Holder that is a taxable corporation may not be able to qualify for the dividends received deduction and would have taxable income equal to the entire dividend amount, and a U.S. Holder that is not a taxable corporation may be subject to tax on such dividend at regular ordinary income tax rates instead of the preferential rate that applies to qualified dividend income.

Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock or Private Warrant. Upon a sale, taxable exchange or other taxable disposition of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants. A U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants generally will equal the U.S. Holder’s acquisition cost for the Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants less, in the case of a share of Class A Common Stock, any prior distributions treated as a return of capital.

Any capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants so disposed of exceeds one year. If the holding period requirements are not satisfied, any gain on a sale or taxable disposition of the Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants would be subject to short-term capital gain treatment and would be taxed at regular ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains recognized by U.S. holders that are not taxable as a corporation will be eligible to be taxed at reduced rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Exercise, Redemption or Lapse of a Private Warrant. Except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of a Private Warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize taxable gain or loss on the acquisition of our Class A Common Stock upon exercise of a Private Warrant for cash. The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the share of our Class A Common Stock received upon exercise of the Private Warrant generally will be an amount equal to the sum of the purchase price of the Private Warrant by the U.S. Holder and the exercise price. It is unclear whether the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Common Stock received upon exercise of the Private Warrants will begin on the day the Private Warrants are exercised or the day immediately after such day; in either case, the holding period for the Class A Common Stock will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Private Warrants. If a Private Warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such holder’s tax basis in the Private Warrant.

The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a Private Warrant are not clear under current tax law. A cashless exercise may be tax-free, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either case, a U.S. Holder’s basis in the Class A Common Stock received would equal the holder’s basis in the Private Warrants exercised therefor. If the cashless exercise were treated as not being a realization event, it is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period in the Class A Common Stock received upon exercise of the Private Warrants will begin on the day the Private Warrants are exercised or the day immediately after such day; in either case, the holding period for the Class A Common Stock will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Private Warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the Class A Common Stock would include the holding period of the Private Warrants exercised therefor.

It is also possible that a cashless exercise could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized. In such event, a U.S. Holder could be deemed to have surrendered Private Warrants equal to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock having a value equal to the exercise price for the total number of Private Warrants to be exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of the Class A Common Stock received in respect of the Private Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Private Warrants deemed surrendered. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class A Common Stock received would equal the sum of the fair market value of the Class A Common Stock received in respect of the Private Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Private Warrants exercised. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Common Stock received upon exercise of the Private Warrants will begin on the day the Private Warrants are exercised or the day immediately after such day; in either case, the holding period for the Class A Common Stock will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Private Warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, including when a U.S. Holder’s holding period would commence with respect to the Class A Common Stock received, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax consequences of a cashless exercise.

If we redeem Private Warrants for cash pursuant to the redemption provisions described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Securities—Warrants—Private Warrants” or if we purchase Private Warrants in an open market transaction, such redemption or purchase generally will be treated as a taxable disposition to a U.S. Holder, taxed as described above under “U.S. Holders—Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants.”

Possible Constructive Distributions. The exercise price and number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. Adjustments that have the effect of preventing dilution generally are not taxable, but may cause holders of Private Warrants to be treated as receiving a constructive distribution. Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described under “U.S. Holders—Taxation of Distributions” in the same manner as if the U.S. Holders of the Private Warrants received a cash distribution from us equal to the fair market value of such increased interest.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. In general, information reporting requirements may apply to dividends paid to a U.S. Holder and to the proceeds of the sale, taxable exchange or other taxable disposition of our shares of Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants, unless the U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient. Backup withholding may apply to such payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide a taxpayer identification number, a certification of exempt status or has been notified by the IRS that it is subject to backup withholding (and such notification has not been withdrawn).

Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules generally will be allowed as a refund or a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

This section applies to you if you are a “Non-U.S. Holder.” A “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of shares of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants who or that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, an individual, corporation, trust or estate that is not a U.S. Holder.

Distributions. If we pay distributions in cash or other property (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to Non-U.S. Holders of shares of our Class A Common Stock, such distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the Non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our Class A Common Stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the Class A Common Stock and will be treated as described under “Non-U.S. Holders—Sale, Exchange, or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants” below.

Dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder of our Class A Common Stock that are not effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States generally will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, provided the Non-U.S. Holder furnishes a duly completed and properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or other applicable documentation) certifying qualification for the lower treaty rate. These certifications must be provided to the applicable withholding agent prior to the payment of dividends and must be updated periodically. A Non-U.S. Holder that does not timely furnish the required documentation, but is eligible for a reduced rate of withholding tax under an income tax treaty may obtain a refund or credit of any excess amounts withheld by filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding their entitlement to benefits under an applicable income tax treaty and the manner of claiming the benefits of such treaty.

Dividends that are effectively connected with a Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States and, if such Non-U.S. Holder is entitled to claim treaty benefits (and the Non-U.S. Holder complies with applicable certification and other requirements), that are attributable to a permanent establishment (or, for an individual, a fixed base) maintained by such Non-U.S. Holder within the United States are not subject to the withholding tax described above but instead are subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at applicable graduated U.S. federal income tax rates. In order for its effectively connected dividends to be exempt from the withholding tax described above, a Non-U.S. Holder will be required to provide a duly completed and properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI, certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Dividends received by a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation that are effectively connected with its conduct of a trade or business within the United States may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

Exercise, Redemption or Lapse of a Private Warrant. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a Non-U.S. holder’s exercise, redemption, or lapse of a Private Warrant held by a Non-U.S. holder, generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the exercise or lapse of a Private Warrant by a U.S. Holder, as described under “U.S. Holders—Exercise, Redemption or Lapse of a Private Warrant” above, except to the extent a cashless exercise or a redemption results in a taxable exchange, in which case the consequences would be similar to those described below in “Non-U.S. Holders—Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants.”

Sale, Exchange, or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Common Stock and Private Warrants. A Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on any gain recognized upon the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of shares of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants, unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with the conduct by such Non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business within the United States and, if the Non-U.S. Holder is entitled to claim treaty benefits (and the Non-U.S. Holder complies with applicable certification and other requirements), is attributable to a permanent establishment (or, for an individual, a fixed based) maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder within the United States; (ii) such Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of disposition and certain other conditions are met; or (iii) we are or have been a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time within the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or the period that such Non-U.S. Holder held shares of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants.

If the gain recognized on the disposition of our Class A Common Stock is effectively connected with the conduct by such Non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business within the United States and, if the Non-U.S. Holder is entitled to claim treaty benefits (and the Non-U.S. Holder complies with applicable certification and other requirements), is attributable to a permanent establishment (or, for an individual, a fixed base) maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder within the United States generally will be taxed on any such gain on a net income basis at applicable graduated U.S. federal income tax rates and, in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a non-U.S. corporation, an additional branch profits tax may apply at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

An individual Non-U.S. Holder who is subject to U.S. federal income tax because the Non-U.S. Holder was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the year of disposition and meets certain other conditions is taxed on its gains (including gains from the disposition of our Class A Common Stock and net of applicable U.S. source losses from dispositions of other capital assets recognized during the year) at a flat rate of 30% or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.

We do not believe that we have been, currently are, or will become, a United States real property holding corporation. If we were or were to become a United States real property holding corporation at any time during the applicable period, however, any gain recognized on a disposition of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants by a Non-U.S. Holder that did not own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) more than 5% of our Class A Common Stock during the applicable period would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, provided that our common stock is “regularly traded on an established securities market” (within the meaning of Section 897(c)(3) of the Code).

Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding. The amount of dividends or proceeds paid to a Non-U.S. Holder, the name and address of the Non-U.S. Holder and the amount of tax, if any, withheld generally will be reported to the IRS. Copies of these information returns may also be made available under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement to the tax authorities of the country in which the Non-U.S. Holder resides. A Non-U.S. Holder generally will be required to provide proper certification (usually on a Form W-8BEN or Form W-8BEN-E, as applicable) to establish that the Non-U.S. Holder is not a U.S. person or otherwise qualifies for an exemption in order to avoid backup withholding tax with respect to our payment of dividends on, or the proceeds from the disposition of, our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against that Non-U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Each Non-U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of the information reporting rules and backup withholding to it.

Additional Withholding Tax on Payments Made to Foreign Accounts. Under Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code (“FATCA”), payments of dividends on and the gross proceeds of dispositions of our Class A Common Stock paid to (i) a “foreign financial institution” (as specifically defined in the Code) or (ii) a “non-financial foreign entity” (as specifically defined in the Code) will be subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 30%, unless various U.S. information reporting and due diligence requirements (generally relating to ownership by U.S. persons of interests in or accounts with those entities) have been satisfied or an exemption from these rules applies. Under proposed U.S. Treasury regulations, the preamble to which states that taxpayers may rely on the proposed U.S. Treasury regulations until final U.S. Treasury regulations are issued, this withholding tax will not apply to the gross proceeds from the sale or disposition of our Class A Common Stock or Private Warrants. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements.

As discussed above under “Non-U.S. Holders —Distributions,” a dividend payment may be subject to a 30% withholding tax. While a payment with respect to our Class A Common Stock could be subject to both FATCA withholding and the withholding tax discussed above under “Non-U.S. Holders —Distributions,” the maximum rate of U.S. withholding on such payment would not exceed 30%. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of FATCA withholding tax on their investment in our Class A Common Stock (including the possibility of FATCA withholding on payments made to financial intermediaries through which the Non-U.S. Holders hold their Class A Common Stock).

The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus has been passed upon for us by Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP. Certain legal matters in connection with the securities offered hereby may be passed upon for any underwriters, dealers or agents by counsel that will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement.

The audited financial statements of Founder SPAC as of December 31, 2021 and for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) to December 31, 2021, included in this prospectus and elsewhere in this registration statement have been so included in reliance upon the report of Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accountants, upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The financial statements of Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC (formerly, Rubicon Technologies, LLC) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the years then ended included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of Cherry Bekaert LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act, including exhibits, with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which forms a part of such registration statement, does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement and the exhibits thereto. For further information pertaining to us and our securities, you should refer to the registration statement and to its exhibits. The registration statement has been filed electronically and may be obtained in any manner listed below. Whenever we make reference in this prospectus to any of our contracts, agreements or other documents, the references are summaries and are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or a report we file under the Exchange Act, you should refer to the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a contract or document filed as an exhibit to a registration statement or report is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit.

We are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with this law, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings, including the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and the exhibits thereto, are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on our website, free of charge, at www.rubicon.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information found on, or that can be accessed from or that is hyperlinked to, our website is not part of this prospectus. You may inspect a copy of the registration statement through the SEC’s website, as provided herein.

Founder SPAC (the “Company”) is a blank check company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 26, 2021. The Company was formed for the purpose of effectuating a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses (the “Business Combination”). The Company is an early stage and emerging growth company and, as such, the Company is subject to all of the risks associated with early stage and emerging growth companies.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had not yet commenced any operations. All activity for the period April 26, 2021 (inception) through December 31, 2021, relates to the Company’s formation and the initial public offering (the “Initial Public Offering”). The Company will not generate any operating revenues until after the completion of its initial Business Combination, at the earliest. The Company will generate non-operating income in the form of interest income from the proceeds derived from the Initial Public Offering. The Company has selected December 31 as its fiscal year end.

The Company’s sponsor is Founder SPAC Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”) and Jefferies LLC simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering. The registration statement for the Company’s Initial Public Offering was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on October 14, 2021. On October 19, 2021, the Company consummated the Initial Public Offering of 31,625,000 units (the “Units” and, with respect to the shares of Class A ordinary shares included in the Units sold, the “Public Shares”), at $10.00 per Unit, generating gross proceeds of $316,250,000. The total Units offered on IPO date consisted of 27,500,000 Class A shares and exercise of over-allotment option by the underwriters of 4,125,000 additional Class A ordinary shares (Note 3).

Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, the Company consummated the sale of 14,204,375 units (the “Private Placement Units”) at a price of $1.00 per Private Placement Unit in a private placement to Sponsor and the underwriters of the Initial Public Offering, generating gross proceeds of $14,204,375, which is described in Note 4.

Transaction costs amounted to $18,158,033, consisting of $6,325,000 of underwriting fees, $11,068,750 of deferred underwriting fees and $764,283 of other offering costs. In addition, at October 19, 2021, cash of $2,603,980 was held outside of the Trust Account (as defined below) and is available for working capital purposes.

Following the closing of the Initial Public Offering on October 19, 2021, an amount of $320,993,750 ($10.15 per Unit) from the net proceeds of the sale of the Units in the Initial Public Offering and the sale of the Private Placement Units was placed in a trust account (the “Trust Account”) located in the United States and will be invested only in U.S. government securities, within the meaning set forth in Section 2(a)(16) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), with a maturity of 185 days or less or in any open-ended investment company that holds itself out as a money market fund selected by the Company meeting the conditions of paragraphs (d)(2), (d)(3) and (d)(4) of Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act, as determined by the Company, until the earlier of: (i) the completion of a Business Combination and (ii) the distribution of the Trust Account, as described below.

The Company’s management has broad discretion with respect to the specific application of the net proceeds of the Initial Public Offering and the sale of the Private Placement Warrants, although substantially all of the net proceeds are intended to be applied generally toward consummating a Business Combination. NASDAQ rules provide that the Business Combination must be with one or more target businesses that together have a fair market value equal to at least 80% of the balance in the Trust Account (as defined below) (less any deferred underwriting commissions and taxes payable on interest earned on the Trust Account) at the time of the signing a definitive agreement to enter a Business Combination. The Company will only complete a Business Combination if the post-Business Combination company owns or acquires 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the target or otherwise acquires a controlling interest in the target sufficient for it not to be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). There is no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully effect a Business Combination.

The Company will provide its holders of the outstanding Public Shares (the “public shareholders”) with the opportunity to redeem all or a portion of their Public Shares upon the completion of a Business Combination either (i) in connection with a shareholder meeting called to approve the Business Combination or (ii) by means of a tender offer. In connection with a proposed Business Combination, the Company may seek shareholder approval of a Business Combination at a meeting called for such purpose at which shareholder may seek to redeem their shares, regardless of whether they vote for or against a Business Combination. The Company will proceed with a Business Combination only if the Company has net tangible assets of at least $5,000,001 either immediately prior to or upon such consummation of a Business Combination and, if the Company seeks shareholder approval, a majority of the outstanding shares voted are voted in favor of the Business Combination.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (the “Articles”) provide that, a Public Shareholder, together with any affiliate of such shareholder or any other person with whom such shareholder is acting in concert or as a “group” (as defined under Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), will be restricted from seeking redemption rights with respect to 15% or more of the Public Shares without the Company’s prior written consent.

The Public Shareholders will be entitled to redeem their shares for a pro rata portion of the amount then in the Trust Account (initially $10.15 per share, plus any pro rata interest earned on the funds held in the Trust Account and not previously released to the Company to pay its tax obligations). The per-share amount to be distributed to shareholders who redeem their shares will not be reduced by the deferred underwriting commissions the Company will pay to the underwriters. There will be no redemption rights upon the completion of a Business Combination with respect to the Company’s warrants. These Public Shares are recorded at a redemption value and classified as temporary equity upon the completion of the Initial Public Offering, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.”

If the Company is not required to conduct redemptions pursuant to the proxy solicitation rules as described above, the Company will, pursuant to its Articles, offer such redemption pursuant to the tender offer rules of the SEC, and file tender offer documents containing substantially the same information as would be included in a proxy statement with the SEC prior to completing a Business Combination.

The Company’s Sponsor, officers, directors and advisors have agreed (a) to vote their Founder Shares (as defined in Note 5) and any Public Shares purchased during or after the Initial Public Offering in favor of a Business Combination, (b) not to redeem any shares (including the Founder Shares) into the right to receive cash from the Trust Account in connection with a shareholder vote to approve a Business Combination or a vote to amend the provisions of the Articles relating to shareholder’s rights of pre-Business Combination activity and (c) that the Founder Shares shall not participate in any liquidating distributions upon winding up if a Business Combination is not consummated. However, the Sponsor and the Company’s officers, directors and advisors will be entitled to liquidating distributions from the Trust Account with respect to any Public Shares purchased during or after the Initial Public Offering if the Company fails to complete its Business Combination.

If the Company is unable to complete a Business Combination within 15 months (or up to 18 months if we extend the period of time to consummate a business combination) from the closing of the Initial Public Offering (the “Combination Period”), the Company will (i) cease all operations except for the purpose of winding up, (ii) as promptly as reasonably possible but no more than ten business days thereafter, redeem the public shares, at a per-share price, payable in cash, equal to the aggregate amount then on deposit in the Trust Account, including interest earned on the funds held in the Trust Account and not previously released to us to pay taxes (less up to $100,000 of interest to pay dissolution expenses), divided by the number of then outstanding public shares, which redemption will completely extinguish public shareholder’s rights as shareholders (including the right to receive further liquidation distributions, if any), subject to applicable law, and (iii) as promptly as reasonably possible following such redemption, subject to the approval of the remaining shareholders and the Company’s board of directors, proceed to commence a voluntary liquidation and thereby a formal dissolution of the Company, subject in each case to its obligations under Delaware law to provide for claims of creditors and the requirements of applicable law. The underwriter has agreed to waive its rights to the deferred underwriting commission held in the Trust Account in the event the Company does not complete a Business Combination within the Combination Period and, in such event, such amounts will be included with the funds held in the Trust Account that will be available to fund the redemption of the Public Shares. In the event of such distribution, it is possible that the per share value of the assets remaining available for distribution will be less than the Initial Public Offering price per Unit $10.15.

The Sponsor has agreed that it will be liable to the Company if and to the extent any claims by a third party for services rendered or products sold to the Company, or a prospective target business with which the Company has entered into a written letter of intent, confidentiality or similar agreement or Business Combination agreement, reduce the amount of funds in the Trust Account to below the lesser of (i) $10.15 per Public Share and (ii) the actual amount per Public Share held in the Trust Account as of the day of liquidation of the Trust Account, if less than $10.15 per share due to reductions in the value of the trust assets, less taxes payable, provided that such liability will not apply to any claims by a third party or prospective target business who executed a waiver of any and all rights to monies held in the Trust Account (whether or not such waiver is enforceable) nor will it apply to any claims under the Company’s indemnity of the underwriter of Initial Public Offering against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). However, the Company has not asked the Sponsor to reserve for such indemnification obligations, nor has the Company independently verified whether the Sponsor has sufficient funds to satisfy its indemnity obligations and believe that the Sponsor’s only assets are securities of the Company. Therefore, the Company cannot assure its shareholders that the Sponsor would be able to satisfy those obligations. None of the Company’s officers or directors will indemnify the Company for claims by third parties including, without limitation, claims by vendors and prospective target businesses. The Company will seek to reduce the possibility that the Sponsor will have to indemnify the Trust Account due to claims of creditors by endeavoring to have all vendors, service providers, prospective target businesses or other entities with which the Company does business, execute agreements with the Company waiving any right, title, interest or claim of any kind in or to monies held in the Trust Account.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $761,605 in its operating bank account, and working capital of $1,074,447.

The Company’s liquidity needs up to December 31, 2021 had been satisfied through a payment from the Sponsor of $25,000 (Note 5) for the Founder Shares to cover certain offering costs. In addition, in order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, the Company’s Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor or certain of the Company’s officers and directors may, but are not obligated to, provide the Company Working Capital Loans, as defined below (Note 5). As of December 31, 2021, there were no amounts outstanding under any Working Capital Loans.

Prior to the completion of the Initial Public Offering, the Company lacked the liquidity it needed to sustain operations for a reasonable period of time, which is considered to be one year from the issuance date of the financial statements. The Company has since competed its Initial Public Offering at which time capital in excess of the funds deposited in the Trust Account and/or used to fund offering expenses was released to the Company for general working capital purposes totaling $2,603,980. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $761,605 remains available to use for general working capital purposes. Management has since reevaluated the Company’s liquidity and financial condition and determined that it may not be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligation over the period of twelve months from the issuance date of the financial statements. The Company’s sponsor has agreed to provide support to enable the Company to continue its operations and meet its potential obligations over a period of one year from the issuance date of these financial statements. Management believes current working capital, and the support from its Sponsor, provides sufficient capital to sustain operations for a reasonable period of time, which is considered to be one year from the issuance date of the financial statements and therefore substantial doubt has been alleviated.

Based on the foregoing, management believes that the Company will have sufficient working capital and borrowing capacity to meet its needs through the earlier of the consummation of a Business Combination or one year from this filing. Over this time period, the Company will be using these funds for paying existing accounts payable, identifying and evaluating prospective initial Business Combination candidates, performing due diligence on prospective target businesses, paying for travel expenditures, selecting the target business to merge with or acquire, and structuring, negotiating and consummating the Business Combination.

Management continues to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry and has concluded that while it is reasonably possible that the virus could have a negative effect on the Company’s financial position, results of its operations and/or search for a target company, the specific impact is not readily determinable as of the date of the financial statements. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has sufficient cash to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statement is issued.

The accompanying financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The Company had $761,605 of cash and no cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2021, the Company has $321,015,932 in cash held in the trust account.

The Company complies with accounting and disclosure requirements of FASB ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” The Company has two classes of shares, which are referred to as Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Income and losses are shared pro rata between the two classes of shares. Net (loss)/income per ordinary share is calculated by dividing the net (loss)/income by the weighted average of ordinary shares outstanding for the respective period. The Company did not consider the effect of the warrants issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering and the Private Placement in the calculation of diluted (loss)/income per share because their exercise is contingent upon future events and since their inclusion would be antidilutive under the treasury stock method.

The following table reflects presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to compute basic and diluted net (loss)/income per share for each class of ordinary shares:

The Company complies with the accounting and reporting requirements of ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in future taxable or deductible amounts, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC Topic 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as income tax expense. There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2021. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position.

There is currently no taxation imposed on income by the Government of the Cayman Islands. In accordance with Cayman income tax regulations, income taxes are not levied on the Company. Consequently, income taxes are not reflected in the Company’s financial statements. The Company’s management does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the next twelve months.

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own ordinary shares, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations.

The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value on the grant date and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the statements of operations. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement or conversion of the instrument could be required within 12 months of the balance sheet date.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of a cash account in a financial institution, which at times may exceed the Federal Depository Insurance Corporation coverage limit of $250,000. The Company has not experienced losses on this account and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such account.

All of the 31,625,000 shares of Class A ordinary shares sold as part of the Units in the Initial Public Offering contain a redemption feature which allows for the redemption of such shares of Class A ordinary shares in connection with the Company’s liquidation, if there is a shareholder vote or tender offer in connection with our business combination and in connection with certain amendments to the Company’s second amended and restated certificate of incorporation. In accordance with SEC and its staff’s guidance on redeemable equity instruments, which has been codified in ASC 480-10-S99, redemption provisions not solely within the control of the Company require ordinary shares subject to redemption to be classified outside of permanent equity. Therefore, all Class A ordinary shares have been classified outside of permanent equity.

The Company recognizes changes in redemption value immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying value of redeemable ordinary shares to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Increases or decreases in the carrying amount of redeemable ordinary shares are affected by charges against additional paid in capital and accumulated deficit.

The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, (“ASC 820”) approximates the carrying amounts represented in the accompanying balance sheet, primarily due to their short-term nature.

The Company applies ASC 820, which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and clarifies the definition of fair value within that framework. ASC 820 defines fair value as an exit price, which is the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the Company’s principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy established in ASC 820 generally requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the entity’s own assumptions based on market data and the entity’s judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are to be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

Level 1 – Assets and liabilities with unadjusted, quoted prices listed on active market exchanges. Inputs to the fair value measurement are observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Inputs to the fair value measurement are determined using prices for recently traded assets and liabilities with similar underlying terms, as well as direct or indirect observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 – Inputs to the fair value measurement are unobservable inputs, such as estimates, assumptions, and valuation techniques when little or no market data exists for the assets or liabilities.

The investment in Trust account is measured at Level 1 because the amount is invested in US Treasury securities.

The Company complies with the requirements of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 340-10-S99-1 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) Topic 5A - “Expenses of Offering”. Offering costs consist principally of professional and registration fees incurred through the balance sheet date that are related to the IPO and were charged to shareholders’ equity upon the completion of the IPO. Offering costs that were charged to stockholders’ equity upon the completion of the IPO amounted to $18,158,033, of which $17,393,750 related to underwriting costs and $764,283 of other offering costs.

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2020-06”) to simplify accounting for certain financial instruments. ASU 2020-06 eliminates the current models that require separation of beneficial conversion and cash conversion features from convertible instruments and simplifies the derivative scope exception guidance pertaining to equity classification of contracts in an entity’s own equity. The new standard also introduces additional disclosures for convertible debt and freestanding instruments that are indexed to and settled in an entity’s own equity. ASU 2020-06 amends the diluted earnings per share guidance, including the requirement to use the if-converted method for all convertible instruments. ASU 2020-06 is effective January 1, 2022 and should be applied on a full or modified retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted beginning on January 1, 2021. The Company is currently assessing the impact, if any, that ASU 2020-06 would have on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting pronouncements, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

On August 17, 2021, the Company sold 31,625,000 Units at $10.00 per Unit, generating gross proceeds of $316,250,000. Each Unit consists of one of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, and one-half of one redeemable warrant (“Public Warrant”). Each whole Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one Class A ordinary shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per whole share (see Note 7).

Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, the Sponsor and Jefferies have purchased an aggregate of 14,204,375 Private Placement Warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant, generating total proceeds of $14,204,375 to the Company.

Each Private Placement Warrant is identical to the warrants offered in the Initial Public Offering, except there will be no redemption rights or liquidating distributions from the trust account with respect to Private Placement Warrants, which will expire worthless if the Company does not consummate a Business Combination within the Combination Period.

On April 27, 2021, the Sponsor made a capital contribution of $25,000, or approximately $0.003 per share, to cover certain of the Company’s expenses, for which the Company issued founder shares to the Sponsor such that they currently hold an aggregate of 7,906,250 founder shares.

The Sponsor has agreed not to transfer, assign or sell any of its Founder Shares until the earlier to occur of: (A) one year after the completion of a Business Combination or (B) the date on which the Company completes a liquidation, merger, capital stock exchange or similar transaction that results in the Company’s shareholders having the right to exchange their shares of ordinary shares for cash, securities or other property. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the last sale price of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Business Combination, the Founder Shares will be released from the lock-up.

On April 27, 2021, the Sponsor agreed to loan the Company an aggregate of up to $300,000 to cover expenses related to the Initial Public Offering pursuant to a promissory note (the “Note”). The Note is non-interest bearing and is payable on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2022 or (ii) the consummation of the Initial Public Offering. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had not drawn on the Note.

In order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, the Company’s Sponsor, an affiliate of the Sponsor, or the Company’s officers and directors have agreed to loan the Company funds as may be required (the “Working Capital Loans”). Such Working Capital Loans would be evidenced by promissory notes. The notes would either be repaid upon consummation of a Business Combination, without interest, or, at the lender’s discretion, up to $1,500,000 of notes may be converted upon consummation of a Business Combination into warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. The warrants will be identical to the Private Placement Warrants. In the event that a Business Combination does not close, the Company may use a portion of proceeds held outside the Trust Account to repay the Working Capital Loans but no proceeds held in the Trust Account would be used to repay the Working Capital Loans. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no such related party loans outstanding.

There are expenses that are paid by the Sponsor on behalf of the Company. As of December 31, 2021, the Sponsor spent $102,667, which are presented on the balance sheet as a Due to Sponsor.

The holders of the Founder Shares, Private Placement Warrants and any warrants that may be issued upon conversion of the Working Capital Loans (and in each case holders of their component securities, as applicable) will be entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement to be signed prior to or on the effective date of the Initial Public Offering, requiring the Company to register such securities for resale (in the case of the Founder Shares, only after conversion to the Company’s Class A ordinary shares). The holders of the majority of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that the Company register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the consummation of a Business Combination and rights to require the Company to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.

The Company granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to 4,125,000 additional Units to cover over-allotments at the Initial Public Offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. Concurrently with the consummation of the IPO, the underwriters exercised the over-allotment option to purchase an additional 4,125,000 units.

The underwriter was paid a cash underwriting discount of 2.00% of the gross proceeds of the Initial Public Offering, or $6,325,000, in connection with the Initial Public Offering. In addition, the underwriter is entitled to a deferred fee of three and half percent (3.50%) of the gross proceeds of the Initial Public Offering, or $11,068,750. The deferred fee will become payable to the underwriter from the amounts held in the Trust Account solely in the event that the Company completes a Business Combination, subject to the terms of the underwriting agreement.

On December 15, 2021, Founder SPAC, a Cayman Islands exempted company (together with its successors, the “Acquiror”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Acquiror (“Merger Sub”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 1, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Acquiror (“Merger Sub Inc. 1”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 2, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Acquiror (“Merger Sub Inc. 2”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 3, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Acquiror (“Merger Sub Inc. 3” and, together with Merger Sub Inc. 1 and Merger Sub Inc. 2, each a “Blocker Merger Sub”), Boom Clover Business Limited, a British Virgin Islands corporation (“Blocker Company 1”), NZSF Frontier Investments Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Blocker Company 2”), PLC Blocker A LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Blocker Company 3” and, together with Blocker Company 1 and Blocker Company 2, each a “Blocker Company” and collectively, the “Blocker Companies”), entered into an agreement and plan of merger (“Merger Agreement”) with Rubicon Technologies, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

The Merger agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants by the parties thereto and is subject to certain conditions as further described in the Merger Agreement.

The Company has accounted for the 30,016,875 warrants in connection with the Initial Public Offering (15,812,500 Public Warrants and 14,204,375 Private Placement Warrants) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40. Such guidance provides that the warrants described above are not precluded from equity classification. Equity-classified contracts are initially measured at fair value (or allocated value). Subsequent changes in fair value are not recognized as long as the contracts continue to be classified in equity.

Public Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. The Public Warrants will become exercisable 30 days after the consummation of a Business Combination. The Public Warrants will expire five years from the consummation of a Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Company will not be obligated to deliver any Class A ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of a Public Warrant and will have no obligation to settle such Public Warrant exercise unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants is then effective and a prospectus relating thereto is current, subject to the Company satisfying its obligations with respect to registration. No Public Warrant will be exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis, and the Company will not be obligated to issue any shares to holders seeking to exercise their Public Warrants, unless the issuance of the shares upon such exercise is registered or qualified under the securities laws of the state of the exercising holder, or an exemption from registration is available.

The Company has registered our Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants because the warrants will become exercisable 30 days after the completion of our initial business combination, which may be within one year of this offering. However, because the warrants will be exercisable until their expiration date of up to five years after the completion of our initial business combination, in order to comply with the requirements of Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act following the consummation of our initial business combination, the Company has agreed that as soon as practicable, but in no event later than 15 business days after the closing of its initial business combination, the Company will use its best efforts to file with the SEC a registration statement for the registration, under the Securities Act, of the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants. The Company will use its best efforts to cause the same to become effective and to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement, and a current prospectus relating thereto, until the expiration of the warrants in accordance with the provisions of the warrant agreement. If a registration statement covering the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants is not effective by the 60th business day after the closing of the Company’s initial business combination, warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when the Company will have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise warrants on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act or another exemption. Notwithstanding the above, if our Class A ordinary shares are at the time of any exercise of a warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of a “covered security” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act, the Company may, at its option, require holders of public warrants who exercise their warrants to do so on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act and, in the event the Company so elects, it will not be required to file or maintain in effect a registration statement, and in the event the Company does not so elect, it will use our best efforts to register or qualify the shares under applicable blue sky laws to the extent an exemption is not available. In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number or Class A ordinary shares equal to the lesser of (A) the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of Class A ordinary shares underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the “fair market value” (defined below) less the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the fair market value and (B) 0.361. The “fair market value” as used in this paragraph shall mean the volume weighted average trading price of the Class A ordinary shares for the 10 trading days immediately following the date on which the notice of exercise is received by the warrant agent.

Redemption of public warrants when the price per Class A ordinary shares equals or exceeds $18.00. Once the public warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the Public Warrants for redemption:

The Company will not redeem the warrants as described above unless an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants is then effective and a current prospectus relating to those Class A ordinary shares is available throughout the 30-day redemption period. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, the Company may exercise its redemption right even if the Company is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by the Company, the Company may not exercise its redemption right if the issuance of shares of ordinary shares upon exercise of the warrants is not exempt from registration or qualification under applicable state blue sky laws or the Company is unable to effect such registration or qualification.

The exercise price and number of shares of Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the Public Warrants. If the Company is unable to complete a Business Combination within the Combination Period and the Company liquidates the funds held in the Trust Account, holders of warrants will not receive any of such funds with respect to their warrants, nor will they receive any distribution from the Company’s assets held outside of the Trust Account with the respect to such warrants. Accordingly, the warrants may expire worthless. If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement. The exercise price and number of shares of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. If the Company is unable to complete a Business Combination within the Combination Period and the Company liquidates the funds held in the Trust Account, holders of warrants will not receive any of such funds with respect to their warrants, nor will they receive any distribution from the Company’s assets held outside of the Trust Account with respect to such warrants. Accordingly, the warrants may expire worthless.

The Company accounts for its Class A ordinary shares subject to possible redemption in accordance with the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.” Class A ordinary shares subject to mandatory redemption are classified as a liability instrument and are measured at fair value. Conditionally redeemable ordinary shares (including ordinary shares that feature redemption rights that are either within the control of the holder or subject to redemption upon the occurrence of uncertain events not solely within the Company’s control) are classified as temporary equity. At all other times, ordinary shares are classified as shareholders’ equity. The Company’s Class A ordinary shares feature certain redemption rights that are considered to be outside of the Company’s control and subject to occurrence of uncertain future events. Accordingly, Class A ordinary shares subject to possible redemption are presented at redemption value as temporary equity, outside of the shareholders’ equity section of the Company’s balance sheet.

At December 31, 2021, the Class A ordinary shares subject to possible redemption reflected in the balance sheet is reconciled in the following table:

Preferred stock –The Company is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value preference shares. At December 31, 2021, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding.

Class A ordinary shares – The Company is authorized to issue up to 479,000,000 shares of Class A, $0.0001 par value ordinary shares. Holders of the Company’s ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share. At December 31, 2021, there were no shares of Class A ordinary shares issued or outstanding (excluding 31,625,000 shares subject to possible redemption).

Class B ordinary shares – The Company is authorized to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of Class B, $0.0001 par value ordinary shares. Holders of the Company’s ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share. At December 31, 2021, there were 7,906,250 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

The shares of Class B ordinary shares will automatically convert into shares of Class A ordinary shares at the time of the Business Combination on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like. In the case that additional shares of Class A ordinary shares, or equity linked securities, are issued or deemed issued in excess of the amounts offered in the Initial Public Offering and related to the closing of a Business Combination, the ratio at which shares of Class B ordinary shares shall convert into shares of Class A ordinary shares will be adjusted (unless the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B ordinary shares agree to waive such adjustment with respect to any such issuance or deemed issuance) so that the number of shares of Class A ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of all shares of Class B ordinary shares will equal, in the aggregate, on an as converted basis, 20% of the sum of the total number of all shares of ordinary shares outstanding upon the completion of the Initial Public Offering plus all shares of Class A ordinary shares and equity linked securities issued or deemed issued in connection with a Business Combination (excluding any shares or equity linked securities issued, or to be issued, to any seller in a Business Combination, and any private placement-equivalent warrants issued to the Sponsor or its affiliates upon conversion of loans made to the Company). Holders of Founder Shares may also elect to convert their shares of Class B ordinary shares into an equal number of shares of Class A ordinary shares, subject to adjustment as provided above, at any time.

The Company may issue additional ordinary shares or preference shares to complete its Business Combination or under an employee incentive plan after completion of its Business Combination.

Management of the Company evaluated events that have occurred after the balance sheet date through the date the financial statements were issued. Based upon the review, management did not identify any recognized or non-recognized subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had not yet commenced any operations. All activity for the period April 26, 2021 (inception) through June 30, 2022, relates to the Company’s formation and the initial public offering (the “Initial Public Offering”). The Company will not generate any operating revenues until after the completion of its initial Business Combination, at the earliest. The Company will generate non-operating income in the form of interest income from the proceeds derived from the Initial Public Offering. The Company has selected December 31 as its fiscal year end.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had $8,999 in its operating bank account and working capital of $271,333.

The Company’s liquidity needs up to June 30, 2022 had been satisfied through a payment from the Sponsor of $25,000 (Note 5) for the Founder Shares to cover certain offering costs. In addition, in order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, the Company’s Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor or certain of the Company’s officers and directors may, but are not obligated to, provide the Company Working Capital Loans, as defined below (Note 5). As of June 30, 2022, there were no amounts outstanding under any Working Capital Loans.

Prior to the completion of the Initial Public Offering, the Company lacked the liquidity it needed to sustain operations for a reasonable period of time, which is considered to be one year from the issuance date of the financial statements. The Company has since competed its Initial Public Offering at which time capital in excess of the funds deposited in the Trust Account and/or used to fund offering expenses was released to the Company for general working capital purposes totaling $ 2,603,980. As of June 30, 2022, approximately $8,999 remains available to use for general working capital purposes. Management has since reevaluated the Company’s liquidity and financial condition and determined that it may not be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligation over the period of twelve months from the issuance date of the financial statements. The Company’s sponsor has agreed to provide support to enable the Company to continue its operations and meet its potential obligations over a period of one year from the issuance date of these financial statements. Management believes current working capital, and the support from its Sponsor, provides sufficient capital to sustain operations for a reasonable period of time, which is considered to be one year from the issuance date of the financial statements and therefore substantial doubt has been alleviated.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company has sufficient cash in hand and the ability to obtain a working capital loan, to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statement is issued.

The Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The Company had $8,999 and $761,605 of cash and no cash equivalents as of June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

On June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company has $321,264,378 and $321,015,932 in cash held in the trust account, respectively.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to compute basic and diluted net (loss)/income per share for each class of ordinary shares:

ASC Topic 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as income tax expense. There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of June 30, 2022. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position.

The equity-linked warrants, both Public and Private warrants, and rights are considered freestanding and outside the scope of ASC 480 as they are not mandatorily redeemable, are exchanged on a fixed 1:1 ratio and do not obligate the Company to repurchase equity shares. The Company concluded that the warrants are equity classified under ASC 815 as the warrants and rights are indexed in the Company’s Class A common stock.

Level 1 - Assets and liabilities with unadjusted, quoted prices listed on active market exchanges. Inputs to the fair value measurement are observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs to the fair value measurement are determined using prices for recently traded assets and liabilities with similar underlying terms, as well as direct or indirect observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 - Inputs to the fair value measurement are unobservable inputs, such as estimates, assumptions, and valuation techniques when little or no market data exists for the assets or liabilities.

The investment in Trust account is measured at Level 1 because the amount is invested in US Treasury securities.

On April 27, 2021, the Sponsor agreed to loan the Company an aggregate of up to $300,000 to cover expenses related to the Initial Public Offering pursuant to a promissory note (the “Note”). The Note is non-interest bearing and is payable on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2022, or (ii) the consummation of the Initial Public Offering. As of June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company had not drawn on the Note.

In order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, the Company’s Sponsor, an affiliate of the Sponsor, or the Company’s officers and directors have agreed to loan the Company funds as may be required (the “Working Capital Loans”). Such Working Capital Loans would be evidenced by promissory notes. The notes would either be repaid upon consummation of a Business Combination, without interest, or, at the lender’s discretion, up to $1,500,000 of notes may be converted upon consummation of a Business Combination into warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. The warrants will be identical to the Private Placement Warrants. In the event that a Business Combination does not close, the Company may use a portion of proceeds held outside the Trust Account to repay the Working Capital Loans, but no proceeds held in the Trust Account would be used to repay the Working Capital Loans. As of June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Company had no such related party loans outstanding.

There are expenses that are paid by the Sponsor on behalf of the Company. As of June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Sponsor spent $102,667, which are presented on the balance sheet as a Due to Sponsor.

The Merger agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants by the parties thereto and is subject to certain conditions as further described in the Merger Agreement. In connection with the foregoing and concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, Rubicon Technologies and Founder SPAC entered into subscription agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “PIPE Investors”) pursuant to which the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and Founder SPAC agreed to issue and sell to such PIPE Investors. As of the date of this subscription agreement, the authorized share capital of the Company consists of (i) 479,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, (ii) 20,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share and (iii) 1,000,000 preference shares, par value $0.0001 per share. As of the date of this Subscription Agreement, (A) 31,625,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company are issued and outstanding, (B) 7,906,250 Class B ordinary shares of the Company are issued and outstanding, (C) 15,812,500 redeemable public warrants to purchase Class A ordinary shares are issued and outstanding, (D) 14,204,375 private placement warrants to purchase Class A ordinary shares of the Company are issued and outstanding and (E) no preference shares are issued and outstanding. The Founder SPAC Ordinary Shares to be issued under the Subscription Agreements are being issued in private placement transactions pursuant to an exemption from registration requirements of the Securities Act and have not been, and will not be, registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Founder SPAC will grant the PIPE Investors certain registration rights in connection with the PIPE Financing. The PIPE Financing is contingent upon, among other things, the closing of the Business Combination.

At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021 the Class A ordinary shares subject to possible redemption reflected in the balance sheet is reconciled in the following table:

Preferred stock - The Company is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value preference shares. At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding.

Class A ordinary shares - The Company is authorized to issue up to 479,000,000 shares of Class A, $0.0001 par value ordinary shares. Holders of the Company’s ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share. At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, there were no shares of Class A ordinary shares issued or outstanding (excluding 31,625,000 shares subject to possible redemption).

Class B ordinary shares - The Company is authorized to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of Class B, $0.0001 par value ordinary shares. Holders of the Company’s ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share. At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, there were 7,906,250 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

The Company may issue additional ordinary shares or preference shares to complete its Business Combination or under an employee incentive plan after completion of its Business Combination.

On August 2, 2022, the Company held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (the “Meeting”). At the Meeting, the Company’s shareholders approved the proposals (collectively, the “Proposals”) including a proposal to approve by ordinary resolution the business combination between Founder and Rubicon (the “Business Combination” and such proposal, the “Business Combination Proposal”).

On August 4, 2022, Founder SPAC (the “FOUN”) and ACM ARRT F LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Seller”), entered into an agreement (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction (the “Forward Purchase Transaction”). Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Seller intends, but is not obligated, to purchase (a) Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of FOUN (the “Shares”) after the date of the Forward Purchase Agreement from holders of Shares (other than FOUN or affiliates of FOUN) who have elected to redeem Shares (such purchased Shares, the “Recycled Shares”) pursuant to the redemption rights set forth in FOUN’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (the “Governing Documents”) in connection with the Business Combination (such holders, “Redeeming Holders”) and (b) Shares in an issuance from FOUN at a price per Share equal to the Per-Share Redemption Price (as set forth in Section 1.1 of the Governing Documents) (such Shares, the “Additional Shares” and, together with the Recycled Shares, the “Subject Shares”). In addition, Seller has agreed to purchase 1,000,000 Shares from Redeeming Holders (the “Separate Shares”). The aggregate total Subject Shares will be 15,000,000 (the “Maximum Number of Shares”). Seller also may not beneficially own greater than 9.9% of the Shares on a post-combination pro forma basis. Seller has agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to any Subject Shares and Separate Shares in connection with the Business Combination. Such waiver may reduce the number of Shares redeemed in connection with the Business Combination, which reduction could alter the perception of the potential strength of the Business Combination.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rubicon Technologies, LLC and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, members’ (deficit) equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities and has a negative working capital and is in member’s deficit. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 17. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

The accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Note 1—Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies

Description of Business – Rubicon Technologies, LLC is a digital marketplace for waste and recycling services and provides cloud-based waste and recycling solutions to businesses and governments. Rubicon’s sustainable waste and recycling solutions provide comprehensive management of customers’ waste streams through a platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for the customers and hauling and recycling partners.

Rubicon provides consultation and management services to customers for waste removal, waste management, logistics, and recycling solutions. Consultation and management services include planning, consolidation of billing and administration, cost savings analyses, and vendor performance monitoring and management. The combination of Rubicon’s technology and services provides a holistic audit of customer waste streams. Rubicon also provides logistics services and markets and resells recyclable commodities.

The operations presented in these consolidated financial statements include the operations of Rubicon Technologies, LLC and subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were primarily through Rubicon Global, LLC.

Rubicon Technologies, LLC and all subsidiaries are hereafter referred to as “Rubicon” or the “Company.”

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rubicon Technologies, LLC; Rubicon Global, LLC; Charter Waste Management, Inc.; RiverRoad Waste Solutions, Inc.; Rubicon Technologies International, Inc. and Rubicon Technologies Germany UG; and one inactive subsidiary. All significant intercompany and related accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Segments – The Company operates in one operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM role is fulfilled by the Executive Leadership Team (“ELT”), who allocates resources and assesses performance based upon consolidated financial information.

Basis of Accounting – The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has established the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) as the single source of authoritative U.S. GAAP.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition – In accordance with the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), the Company recognizes revenue when it transfers control of the promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 defines a five-step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, estimates may be required, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price, and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation.

The Company recognizes service revenue over time, consistent with efforts performed and when the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s services. The Company recognizes recyclable commodity revenue point in time when the ownership, risks and rewards transfer. The Company derives its revenue from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, software subscriptions, and the purchase and sale of recyclable commodities.

Service revenues are primarily derived from long-term contracts with waste generator customers including multiple promises delivered through the Company’s digital marketplace platform. The promises include waste removal, consultation services, billing administration and consolidation, cost savings analyses, and vendor procurement and performance management, each of which constitutes an input to the combined service managed through the digital platform. The digital platform and services are highly interdependent, and accordingly, each contractual promise is not considered a distinct performance obligation in the context of the contract and is combined into a single performance obligation. In general, fees are invoiced, and revenue is recognized over time as control is transferred. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing the service. The Company invoices for certain services prior to performance. These advance invoices are included in contract liabilities and recognized as revenue in the period service is provided.

Service revenues also include software-as-a-service subscription, maintenance, equipment and other professional services, which represent separate performance obligations. Once the performance obligations and the transaction price are determined, including an estimate of any variable consideration, the Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract using a relative standalone selling price method. The Company determines standalone selling price based on the price at which the good or service is sold separately.

The Company recognizes recyclable commodity revenue through the purchase and sale of old corrugated cardboard (OCC), old newsprint (ONP), aluminum, glass, pallets, and other recyclable materials at market prices. The Company purchases recyclable commodities from certain waste generator customers and sells the recyclable materials to recycling and processing facilities. Revenue recognized under these agreements is variable in nature based on the market, type and volume or weight of the materials sold. The amount of revenue recognized is based on commodity prices at the time of sale, which are unknown at contract inception. Fees are billed, and revenue is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the recycling and processing facilities.

Management reviews contracts and agreements the Company has with its waste generator customers and hauling and recycling partners and performs an evaluation to consider the most appropriate manner in accordance with ASC 606-10, Revenue Recognition: Principal Agent Considerations, by which revenue is presented within the consolidated statements of operations.

Judgment is required in evaluating the presentation of revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether the Company controls the service provided to the end-user and are the principal in the transaction (gross), or the Company arranges for other parties to provide the service to the end-user and are the agent in the transaction (net). Management concluded that Rubicon is the principal in most arrangements as the Company controls the waste removal service and are the primary obligor in the transactions.

Cost of Revenue, exclusive of amortization and depreciation – Cost of service revenues primarily consists of expenses related to delivering the Company’s service and providing support, including third-party hauler costs, costs of data center capacity, certain fees paid to various third parties for the use of their technology, services and data, and employee-related costs such as salaries and benefits.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenues primarily consists of expenses related to purchase of old corrugated cardboard (OCC), old newsprint (ONP), aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials, and any associated transportation fees.

The Company recognizes the cost of revenue exclusive of any amortization or depreciation expenses, which are recognized in operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents – The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts, which at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company has not experienced losses in such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risk.

Accounts Receivable – Accounts receivable consists of trade accounts receivable for services provided to customers. Accounts receivable is stated at the amount the Company expects to collect. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. Management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer credit-worthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. Past-due balances and other higher-risk amounts are reviewed individually for collectability. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, adversely affecting their ability to make payments, additional allowances would be required.

Based on management’s assessment, the Company provides for estimated uncollectible amounts through a charge to operations and a credit to an allowance for doubtful accounts. Balances that remain outstanding after the Company has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the allowance and a credit to accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $8.6 million and $7.1 million, respectively.

Contract Balances – The Company recognizes revenue when services are performed, and corresponding performance obligations are satisfied. Timing of invoicing to customers may differ from the timing of revenue recognition and these timing differences result in contract assets (unbilled accounts receivables) or contract liabilities (deferred revenue) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Contract assets represent the Company’s right to consideration based on satisfied performance obligations from contracts with customers but have not yet been billed to the customer. Accounting for contract assets requires estimates and assumptions regarding the quantity of waste collected by their vendors. The Company estimates quantities using historical transaction and market data based on the waste stream composition, equipment type, and equipment size.

The changes in contract assets during 2021 and 2020 were follows (in thousands):

Contract liabilities consists of amounts collected prior to having satisfied the performance obligation. The Company periodically invoices customers for recurring front load services in advance on a monthly basis. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $4.0 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized $2.9 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2019.

Accrued Hauler Expenses – The Company recognizes hauler costs and the cost of recyclable products when services are performed. Accounting for accrued hauler costs and the cost of recyclable products requires estimates and assumptions regarding the quantity of waste collected by their vendors. The Company estimates quantities using historical transaction and market data based on the waste stream composition, equipment type, and equipment size. Accrued hauler expenses are presented within accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets.

The changes in accrued hauler expenses during 2021 and 2020 were follows (in thousands):

Fair Value Measurements – In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the financial assets and financial liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1 – Valuations for financial assets and financial liabilities traded in active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange.

Level 2 – Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources via independent providers for market transactions involving similar financial assets and financial liabilities.

Level 3 – Valuations for financial assets and financial liabilities that are derived from other valuation methodologies, including option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques and not based on market exchange, dealer, or broker traded transactions. Level 3 valuations incorporate certain assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such financial assets or financial liabilities.

The compensation costs recorded in conjunction with phantom units issued under the terms of the Company’s Unit Appreciation Rights Plan are recorded at fair value and remeasured periodically based on the then assessed fair value and adjusted if necessary. The increases or decreases in the fair value of phantom units are based on the number of units granted, forfeited, and vested during the period along with changes in the Company’s fair market value. As the fair value measure is based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market, it is categorized as Level 3.

The contingent consideration and earnout liabilities related to business combinations are recorded at fair value and remeasured periodically based on the then assessed fair value and adjusted if necessary. The increases or decreases in the fair value are based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and are categorized as Level 3.

Property and Equipment – Property and equipment are stated at cost; additions and major improvements are capitalized, while regular maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets.

Leases – The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classifies its leases at commencement. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and current and noncurrent operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. The corresponding lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less for any asset classes.

Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement, net of any future tenant incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Periods beyond the noncancelable term of the lease are included in the measurement of the lease liability when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the associated extension option or waive the termination option. The Company reassesses the lease term if and when a significant event or change in circumstances occurs within the control of the Company. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the net present value of future minimum lease payments is determined using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate is an estimate of the interest rate the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments.

The lease ROU asset is recognized based on the lease liability, adjusted for any rent payments or initial direct costs incurred or tenant incentives received prior to commencement. Lease expenses for minimum lease payments for operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has entered into subleases or has made decisions and taken actions to exit and sublease certain unoccupied leased office space. Similar to the Company’s other long-lived assets, management tests ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. For leased assets, such circumstances would include the decision to leave a leased facility prior to the end of the minimum lease term or subleases for which estimated cash flow do not fully cover the costs of the associated lease.

Deferred Offering Costs – Offering costs, consisting of legal, accounting, printer and filing fees related to the Mergers (as defined in Note 17), are deferred and will be offset against proceeds from the Mergers upon consummation of the transactions. In the event the transactions are terminated, all deferred offering costs would be expensed at that time. Deferred offering costs capitalized as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were $1.1 million and $-0-, respectively, and included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Advertising – Advertising expenses are charged to income as incurred. The total advertising costs were $1.5 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Advertising costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets – Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets determined to have an indefinite useful life at acquisition are not amortized, but instead tested for impairment at least annually. Any intangible assets with estimated useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their residual values and reviewed for impairment in accordance with accounting standards. The customer and hauler relationship assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over a period ranging from two to eight years.

The Company evaluates and tests the recoverability of its goodwill for impairment at least annually during its fourth quarter of each fiscal year or more often if and when circumstances indicate that goodwill may not be recoverable.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company considered the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic as qualitative factors in the annual goodwill impairment test. Based on the cumulative evidence, management concluded the qualitative indicators did not meet the more likely than not threshold; thus, no impairment losses were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets – In accordance with U.S. GAAP, long-lived assets such as property and equipment, including intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company determined there were no impairment charges during 2021 or 2020.

Debt Issuance Costs – Debt issuance costs related to term loans are capitalized and reported net of the current and long-term debt. The Company amortizes debt issuance costs to interest expense on the term loan using the effective interest method over the life of the debt agreement. Debt issuance costs related to lines of credit are capitalized and reported as a prepaid asset and are amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the life of the debt agreement.

Customer Acquisition Costs – The Company makes certain expenditures related to acquiring contracts for future services. These expenditures are capitalized and amortized in proportion to the expected future revenue from the customer, which in most cases results in straight-line amortization over the life of the customer. Amortization of these customer incentive costs is presented within amortization and depreciation on the consolidated statements of operations. Total customer acquisition costs capitalized for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $-0- and $0.5 million, respectively, and are included in other current assets and other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Total amortization of these capitalized costs was $2.5 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Net loss per common unit – The Company calculates its basic and diluted net loss per common unit in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. All series of convertible preferred units are considered to be participating securities as the holders of the preferred units are entitled to receive distributions on a pro rata pari passu basis. Under the two-class method, in periods when the Company has net income, net income attributable to common unit holders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings, calculated as net income less current period convertible preferred unit non-cumulative dividends, between common units and the preferred units. In computing diluted net income attributable to common unit holders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. The Company’s basic net loss per unit attributable to common unit holders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common unit holders by the weighted-average number of common units outstanding for the period.

The diluted net loss per unit attributable to common unit holders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common unit equivalents outstanding for the period. The dilutive effect of these potential common units is reflected in diluted earnings per unit by application of the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of outstanding warrants is reflected in diluted earnings per unit by application of the if-converted method. For purposes of this calculation, unvested incentive units and any outstanding warrants have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common unit as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Income Taxes – As a limited liability company, Rubicon Technologies, LLC is a non-taxpaying entity for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, its taxable income or losses are allocated to members based on the provisions of the operating agreement and are included in the members’ income tax returns. Similar provisions apply for state income tax purposes.

The consolidated financial statements include a provision for income taxes related to the RiverRoad Waste Solutions, Inc. (“RiverRoad”), one of Rubicon Technologies, LLC’s subsidiaries which is organized as a C-Corporation. RiverRoad is subject to both state and federal income tax, and both the state and federal tax obligations associated with RiverRoad are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as a component of accrued liabilities.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The Company has adopted guidance issued by the FASB that clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return and provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if, based on its merits, the position is more likely than not to be sustained on audit by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters, including those related to uncertain tax positions, in income tax expense.

Under the guidance, the Company first determines whether it would more likely than not sustain its position if it were analyzed with full knowledge of all the relevant facts and other information. For those tax positions that meet this threshold, the Company measures the amount of tax benefit based on the largest amount of tax benefit that the Company has a greater than 50% chance of realizing in a final settlement with the relevant authority. Those tax positions failing to qualify for initial recognition are recognized in the first interim period in which they meet the more likely than not standard, or are resolved through negotiation or litigation with the taxing authority, or upon expiration of the statute of limitations. At December 31, 2021 or 2020, the Company has no tax positions that meet this threshold and, therefore, has not recognized any adjustments.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017- 04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, simplifying the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under current guidance, Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test requires entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The carrying value in excess of the implied fair value is recognized as goodwill impairment. Under the new standard, goodwill impairment is recognized based on Step 1 of the current guidance, which calculates the carrying value in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which simplified the accounting for income taxes. The new accounting guidance removes (i) the exception to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocations when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or gain from other items such as discontinued operation or other comprehensive income, (ii) the exception to the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for equity method investments when a foreign subsidiary becomes an equity method investment, (iii) the exception to the ability not to recognize a deferred tax liability for a foreign subsidiary when a foreign equity method investment becomes a subsidiary, and (iv) the exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year.

The new accounting guidance also simplifies the accounting for income taxes by (i) requiring an entity to recognize franchise tax that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax, (ii) requiring that an entity evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction, (iii) specifying that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements, (iv) requiring that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date, and (v) making minor Codification improvements for income taxes related to employee stock ownership plans and investments in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for using the equity method. The Company adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 addresses the risks from the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and provides optional expedients and exceptions to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR if certain criteria are met. This ASU is effective and may be applied beginning March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted this ASU as of October 15, 2021, in connection with the amendments of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan agreement (see Note 4). The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires an entity to utilize a new impairment model known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model to estimate its lifetime “expected credit loss” and record an allowance that, when deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, presents the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. ASU 2016-13 also requires new disclosures for financial assets measured at amortized cost, loans, and available-for-sale debt securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company at the beginning of 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combination (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2021-08 will be effective for the Company at the beginning of 2024 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Property and equipment, net is comprised of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

Property and equipment amortization and depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $1.6 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility – On December 14, 2018, the Company entered into a $60.0 million “Revolving Credit Facility” secured by all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property, and general intangibles. The loan’s original maturity was December 31, 2021 and bears an interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.50% (6.00% and 6.00% at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively). On February 27, 2020, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility extending the maturity date to December 31, 2022. On March 24, 2021, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility which modified the calculation of qualified billed and unbilled receivables. The amendment incrementally increased the qualified unbilled receivables resulting in additional availability on the Revolving Credit Facility. On October 15, 2021, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility, adding terms permitting the Company to enter into additional subordinated loan agreements. The borrowing capacity is calculated based on qualified billed and unbilled receivables. The fee on the average daily balance of unused loan commitments is 0.70%. Interest and fees are payable monthly with principal due upon maturity. In accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments, it was determined that the Revolving Credit Facility amendments were considered a debt modification.

The Revolving Credit Facility requires a lockbox arrangement, which provides for receipts to be swept daily to reduce borrowings outstanding at the discretion of the lender. This arrangement, combined with the existence of the subjective acceleration clause in the “Line of Credit” agreement, necessitates the Line of Credit be classified as a current liability on the consolidated balance sheets. The acceleration clause allows for amounts due under the facility to become immediately due in the event of a material adverse change in the Company’s business condition (financial or otherwise), operations, properties or prospects, change of management, or change in control. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s total outstanding borrowings under the Line of Credit were $29.9 million and $23.0 million remained available to draw. As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s total outstanding borrowings under the Line of Credit were $29.4 million and $21.3 million remained available to draw. The Revolving Credit Facility is subject to certain financial covenants. As of December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with these financial covenants.

The Company capitalized a total of $1.9 million in deferred debt charges related to the Revolving Credit Facility for its origination and subsequent amendments, which have been recorded to prepaid expenses in the consolidated balance sheet and are expensed over the term of the Revolving Credit Facility. Amortization of deferred debt charges were $0.5 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Term Loan Facilities – On March 29, 2019, the Company entered into a $20.0 million “Term Loan” agreement secured by a second lien on all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property and general intangibles. The Term Loan bore an interest rate of LIBOR plus 9.00% with the maturity date of the earlier of March 29, 2024 or the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company capitalized $1.2 million in deferred debt charges related to the Term Loan agreement.

On February 27, 2020, the Company amended the Term Loan agreement, increasing the principal amount of the facility to $40.0 million. The amended term loan bears an interest rate of LIBOR plus 9.50% and includes covenants for minimum qualified billed and unbilled receivables. In accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments, it was determined that this Term Loan amendment was considered a debt modification. The Company capitalized an additional $0.6 million in deferred debt charges related to the amendment.

On March 24, 2021, the Company amended the Term Loan agreement, increasing the principal amount of the facility to $60.0 million and deferring principal payments to July 2021. The Company committed to minimum equity raise of $100.0 million, which if not completed by July 31, 2021, could require the use of available funds under the Line of Credit as term loan collateral by an amount up to $20.0 million. In accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments, it was determined that this Term Loan amendment was considered a debt modification. The Company capitalized an additional $0.8 million in deferred debt charges related to the amendment.

On October 15, 2021, the Company amended the Term Loan agreement, adding terms permitting the Company to enter into additional subordinated loan agreements. The amendment also modified the qualified equity contributions requirement of $100.0 million by July 31, 2021 to $50.0 million during the period after October 15, 2021 and on or prior to February 28, 2022. Since the Mergers (see Note 17) had not consummated on or prior to February 28, 2022, the Company did not meet the amended qualified equity contributions requirement. The lender has temporarily waived the requirement to use the available funds under the Line of Credit as term loan collateral through June 30, 2022 while the Company and the lender negotiate a term loan amendment. The Company does not believe that any term loan collateral reduction corresponding to the qualified equity contribution would impact the Company’s ability to meet its liquidity requirements over the next twelve months. Pursuant to the amended Term Loan agreement, on October 15, 2021, the Company entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants (see Note 9). In accordance with ASC 470-50, Debt – Modifications and Extinguishments, it was determined that this Term Loan amendment was considered a debt modification. The Company capitalized an additional $1.3 million in deferred debt charges related to the amendment.

Amortization of deferred debt charges related to the Term Loan agreement was $1.0 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

On December 22, 2021, the Company entered into a $20.0 million “Subordinated Term Loan” agreement secured by a third lien on all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property and general intangibles. The Subordinated Term Loan matures on December 22, 2022 and bears an interest rate of 15.00%. Pursuant to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement, the Company entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants (see Note 9). The Company capitalized $1.5 million in deferred debt charges that are expensed over the term of the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. Amortization of deferred debt charges related to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $-0- for the years ended December 31, 2020.

At December 31, 2021, the future aggregate maturities of long-term debt are as follows (in thousands):

PPP Loans – In 2020, the Company received loans under the Paycheck Protection Program for an amount totaling $10.8 million, which was established under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The PPP Loans had a maturity date of 2 years from the initial disbursement and carry an interest rate of 1% per year. The application for the PPP Loan required the Company to, in good faith, certify that the current economic uncertainty made the loan request necessary to support the ongoing operation of the Company. This certification further required the Company to consider current business activity and ability to access other sources of liquidity sufficient to support the ongoing operations in a manner that was not significantly detrimental to the business. The receipt of the funds from the PPP Loans and the forgiveness of the PPP Loans were dependent on the Company having initially qualified for the PPP Loans and qualifying for the forgiveness of such PPP Loans based on funds being used for certain expenditures such as payroll costs and rent, as required by the terms of the PPP Loans.

The Company elected to repay $2.3 million of the PPP Loans during the year ended December 31, 2020. The SBA forgave the PPP loans in the full amount of $10.8 million along with associated accumulated interest during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in a refund of $2.3 million the Company had repaid in 2020. The Company recognized $10.9 million to gain on forgiveness of debt on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The PPP Loan balances totaled $-0- and $8.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are presented in long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. Presently, the SBA and other government communications have indicated that all loans in excess of $2.0 million will be subject to audit and that those audits could take up to seven years to complete. If the SBA determines that the PPP Loans were not properly obtained and/or expenditures supporting forgiveness were not appropriate, the Company would be required to repay some or all of the PPP Loans and record additional expense which could have a material adverse effect on the Company business, financial condition and results of operations in a future period.

Interest expense related to the Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan Facilities, and PPP Loans was $11.5 million and $8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company holds certain intangible assets recorded in accordance with the accounting policies disclosed in Note 1. Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Amortization of these intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $3.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and future amortization expense is as follows (in thousands):

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill amounts are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter. The carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):

The Company leases its office facilities under operating lease agreements expiring through 2031. While each of the leases includes renewal options, the Company has only included the base lease term in its calculation of lease assets and liabilities as it is not reasonably certain to utilize the renewal options. The Company does not have any finance leases.

Balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

Lease expense information related to operating leases is as follows (in thousands):

Lease expenses are included in “General and administrative” expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The impact of the Company’s leases on the consolidated statement of cash flows is presented in the operating activities section, which mainly consisted of cash paid for operating lease liabilities of approximately $2.0 million and $1.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, operating leases had weighted-average remaining lease terms of approximately 4.6 years and 3.5 years, respectively, and a weighted-average discount rate of 11.43% and 11.50%, respectively, to measure operating lease liabilities.

The following table presents information regarding the maturities of the undiscounted remaining operating lease payments, with a reconciliation to the amount of the liabilities representing such payments as presented on the December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet (in thousands).

Operating lease amounts above do not include sublease income. The Company has entered into a sublease agreement with a third party. Under the agreement, the Company expects to receive sublease income of approximately $1.9 million over the next three years.

During 2021, the Company received $32.5 million from warrant holders in exchange for 1,083,008 Series E preferred units.

Under the terms of the LLC Operating Agreement (“Agreement”), allocations of profits, losses, capital gains, and distributions are in the following priorities:

Profits and Losses – After giving effect to any required regulatory allocations, net profits and net losses (and to the extent necessary, individual items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit) of the Company shall be allocated to and among the members in a manner such that, as of the end of each allocation period, the sum of (i) the capital account of each member, (ii) each member’s share of partnership minimum gain (as determined in accordance with Treasury Regulations Section 1.704-2(g)), and (iii) each member’s partner nonrecourse debt minimum gain, shall be equal, as nearly as possible, to the respective net amounts that would be distributed to such member if the Company were dissolved, its affairs wound up and its assets sold for cash equal to their book value, all Company liabilities were satisfied (limited with respect to each nonrecourse liability to the book value of the assets securing such liability), and the net assets of the Company were distributed in accordance with the Agreement to the members immediately after making such allocations.

Distributions – Distributable cash from operations shall be distributed to the members as follows:

First, to members for tax distributions based on the highest applicable individual income tax rate applied to the allocation of net taxable income.

Second, to preferred unit holders on a pro rata basis until each preferred unit holder has received aggregate distributions in full repayment of their capital contributions.

Last, to preferred and common unit holders pro rata according to the number of units held by each member.

The Agreement also contains provisions governing the sale of the founding member’s interest in certain circumstances. The Agreement also provides for certain limitations of liability of operating managers upon good faith distributions of funds in accordance with the Agreement and limits each member’s liability to their respective capital contribution.

Series E Warrants – As part of the pre-funding Series E raise during 2018, the Company issued to the Series E unit holders a total of 844,000 Series E warrants, providing a right to purchase one unit each of Series E units at a price of $30.00 per unit any time prior to the third anniversary of the grant date. Grant dates ranged from April 30, 2018 to October 29, 2018. The Series E warrants were evaluated at issuance and were determined to be equity classified.

During 2019, the Company issued to the Series E unit holders a total of 240,725 Series E warrants, providing a right to purchase one unit each of Series E units at a price of $30.00 per unit any time prior to the second anniversary of the grant date. Grant dates ranged from July 9, 2019 to August 30, 2019. The Series E warrants were evaluated at issuance and were determined to be equity classified.

During 2021, the Company received $32.5 million from warrant holders in exchange for 1,083,008 Series E preferred units.

The following table summarizes equity-classified warrant activity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

Warrant Liabilities – Pursuant to the amended Term Loan agreement entered on October 15, 2021 (see Note 4), the Company concurrently entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants, which granted the lender the right to purchase up to 62,003 units of the Company’s common units at the exercise price of $0.01 any time prior to the earlier of the tenth anniversary of the issuance date of October 15, 2021, or certain triggering events, including a sale of the Company, the Company’s initial public offering and a merger between the Company and a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”), where the warrants are fully redeemed or exchanged. The Company determined that the warrants required liability classification pursuant to ASC 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As such, the outstanding warrants are recognized as warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and were measured at their inception date fair value and subsequently re-measured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income (expense) on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company measured the fair value of the warrants at issuance and December 31, 2021, and recognized $0.7 million and $1.3 million of warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively, with the difference of $0.6 million recorded as other expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, none of the warrants issued to the lender of the Term Loan were exercised.

Pursuant to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement entered on December 22, 2021 (see Note 4), the Company concurrently entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants under the condition that if the Company does not repay the term loans on or prior to the maturity date, the lender receives right to purchase up to (i) the number of the Company’s common units worth $2.0 million if the Company consummates a SPAC transaction on or before the maturity date or (ii) 54,600 units of the Company’s common units in case the SPAC transaction is not consummated on or before the maturity date, at the exercise price of $0.01 any time after the maturity date prior to the earlier of the date principal and interest on all outstanding term loans under this Subordinated Term Loan agreement are repaid or the tenth anniversary of the issuance date. If the Company repays the Subordinated Term Loan on or prior to the maturity date, the warrants will automatically terminate and be voided and no warrant will be exercisable. The Company determined that the warrants required liability classification pursuant to ASC 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The Company measured the fair value of the warrants at issuance and December 31, 2021, and recognized $0.1 million and $0.1 million of warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively. The impact to the consolidated statement of operations from the changes in the fair value of the warrants was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, none of the warrants issued to the lender of the Subordinated Term Loan were exercisable.

The 2014 Profits Participation Plan and Unit Appreciation Rights Plan (“2014 Plan”) is a board-approved plan. Under the 2014 Plan, the Company has the authority to grant incentive and phantom units to acquire common units. Unit awards generally vest at 25% of the units on the one year anniversary of continued employment, with the remaining 75% vesting in equal monthly installments over the next three years, unless otherwise specified.

Incentive Units – Calculating incentive unit compensation expense requires the input of highly subjective assumptions pertaining to the fair value of its units. The Company utilized an independent valuation specialist to assist with the Company’s determination of the fair value per unit. The methods used to determine the fair value per unit included discounted cash flow analysis, comparable public company analysis, and comparable acquisition analysis. Starting in the beginning of 2021, the probability-weighted expected return method was used and considered multiple exit scenarios. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of incentive unit awards represent the Company’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company estimates volatility based on a comparable market index and has calculated the historical volatility for the index for a period of time that corresponds to the expected term of the option. The expected term is calculated based on the estimated time for which the option will be held by the awardee. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant.

Management used the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of units issued during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Incentive units granted in 2021 had a weighted average value of $13.40 per unit, resulting in an aggregate fair value of $2.9 million. Incentive units granted in 2020 had a weighted average value of $4.08 per unit, resulting in an aggregate fair value of $0.7 million. Compensation expense for all options awarded to date is recognized over the vesting term of the underlying options. The Company recognized $0.5 million and $0.5 million in equity compensation costs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The assumptions used to calculate fair value of incentive units granted for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

The following represents a summary of the Company’s incentive unit activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

A summary of nonvested incentive units and changes for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

As of December 31, 2021, there was $2.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to incentive unit arrangements granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.84 years.

Additionally, the Company is authorized to issue phantom units to eligible employees under the terms of the Company’s Unit Appreciation Rights Plan. The Company estimates the fair value of the phantom units as of the end of each reporting period and expenses the vested fair market value of each award. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company awarded -0- and 203,750 units, respectively. Compensation cost recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $7.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Employees are offered the opportunity to participate in the Company’s 401(k) Plan, which is intended to be a tax-qualified defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Code. Eligible employees may contribute up to $19,500 of their salary to the 401(k) Plan annually during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company’s contributions to the 401(k) Plan were $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per common unit during the periods presented:

Incentive units described in Note 10 do not participate in losses and have been excluded from the net loss per common unit.

Due to their anti-dilutive effect, the warrants described in Note 9 have been excluded from diluted net loss per common unit.

Deferred tax attributes resulting from differences between financial accounting amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities follow (in thousands):

The reconciliation between the federal statutory rate and the effective income tax rate is as follows:

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits NOL carryovers and carrybacks to offset taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has evaluated the new tax provisions of the CARES Act and is planning to utilize the reinstated NOL carryback provisions for its subsidiary, RiverRoad. All other CARES Act provisions are determined to have an immaterial impact to the Company.

Pursuant to the provisions of the CARES Act above, the RiverRoad subsidiary carried back its Federal 2020 tax loss to tax year 2018. The estimated tax benefit for this carryback claim is approximately $0.4 million and is recorded as a current tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020. The corresponding $0.4 million tax receivable is presented within other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount that would result from applying statutory rates because of differences in the deductibility of certain book and tax expenses. Significant book to tax temporary differences that result in taxable income to the Company for the year ended December 31, 2021 include accrued bonuses and accounts receivable allowances not deductible for tax purposes and variations between both amortization and depreciation methods.

Goodwill related to the Company’s business combinations in prior years is tax deductible and amortized over 15 years for tax purposes, but generally not amortized for book purposes. As such, a deferred tax liability is created from this indefinite-lived asset. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the net deferred tax liability on such indefinite-lived assets was $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has a federal net operating loss carryforward of $9.7 million, and a state net operating loss carryforward of $7.4 million, fully attributable to its RiverRoad corporate subsidiary purchased in 2018. The federal operating loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2032. Pursuant to Section 382, RiverRoad, prior to acquisition, underwent a substantial ownership change during 2017, which triggered a limitation to the Company’s future net operating loss deductions. The annual limitation of the deduction will be approximately $0.2 million, computed as the approximate fair value of the Company (at the time of ownership change in 2017) multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate. Any amount of the NOL deduction limitation not used in any given year carries over to the following year. Depending on a variety of factors, this limitation, if applicable, could cause a portion or all the NOLs to expire before utilization occurs. No Section 382 limitation, if any, has been determined in connection with Rubicon’s purchase of RiverRoad in 2018; however, a second change in ownership can only potentially further limit annual limitations on utilization, and any such reduction would be immaterial to the consolidated financial statements.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is or may be involved in various legal or regulatory proceedings, claims or purported class actions related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims.

The Company makes a provision for a liability relating to legal matters when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, estimated settlements, legal rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The outcomes of legal proceedings and other contingencies are, however, inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. At this time, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the amount or range of possible losses in excess of any amounts accrued, including losses that could arise as a result of application of non-monetary remedies, with respect to the contingencies it faces, and the Company’s estimates may not prove to be accurate.

In management’s opinion, resolution of all current matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position. However, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute or other contingency, an unfavorable resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s current or future results of operations or cash flows, or both.

The Company entered into a certain software subscription agreement with Palantir Technologies, Inc., including related support and update services on September 22, 2021. The Company subsequently amended the agreement on December 15, 2021. The term of the amended agreement is through December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the agreement, as of December 31, 2021, $17.0 million will become due in the next 12 months and $30.0 million thereafter through October 2024, unless the Company exercises its right to terminate the agreement prior to the closing of the Mergers (as defined in Note 17).

Sales to related party investors in the amount of $1.6 million and $1.9 million were included in revenues on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The corresponding billed and unbilled accounts receivable balance was $0.3 million and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. All outstanding balances with the related party were priced on an arms-length basis and are to be settled in cash. None of the balances is secured. No expense has been recognized in the current year or prior year for bad or doubtful debts in respect of amounts owed by related parties.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had two significant customers that accounted for approximately 30% and 28% of total revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 23% and 23%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable and contract assets were due from these two customers.

During 2021, and in each fiscal year since the Company’s inception, it has incurred losses from operations and generated negative cash flows from operating activities. The Company also has negative working capital and member’s deficit as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and debt that is maturing in 2022. Management believes that additional capital will be needed to support the Company’s debt and growth. Management plans to refinance its existing debt obligations and fund its future operations, product development, and acquisitions by raising additional capital through debt and equity financing.

On December 15, 2021, the Company entered into a Merger Agreement with Founder SPAC (“FOUN”), a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (the “Mergers”). The Mergers are subject to approval by stockholders of the Company and FOUN. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the newly-formed Ravenclaw Merger Sub LLC (“Merger Sub”), as a wholly-owned subsidiary of FOUN, will merge with and into Rubicon, with Rubicon surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of FOUN. As a result of the Mergers, the Company may receive up to $352.7 million of additional cash on its balance sheet assuming no redemptions and $36.7 million in a maximum redemption scenario.

In management’s opinion, additional debt or equity financing, combined with extending the Company’s line of credit, will provide liquidity for the Company for at least one year. However, it is possible additional funding, if needed, may have terms that are less favorable to the Company than its existing terms.

Subsequent events have been evaluated through April 8, 2022, the date these financial statements were available to be issued.

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

As a result of the Mergers, the capital structure has changed and loss per share information is only presented for the period after the Closing Date of the Mergers. See Notes 3 and 14.

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

The accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Note 1—Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies

Description of Business – Rubicon Technologies, Inc. is a digital marketplace for waste and recycling services and provides cloud-based waste and recycling solutions to businesses and governments. Rubicon’s sustainable waste and recycling solutions provide comprehensive management of customers’ waste streams through a platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for the customers and hauling and recycling partners.

Rubicon Technologies, Inc. and all subsidiaries are hereafter referred to as “Rubicon” or the “Company.”

Mergers – Rubicon Technologies, Inc. was initially incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 26, 2021 as a special purposes acquisition company under the name “Founder SPAC” (“Founder”). Founder was formed for the purpose of effectuating a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses. On August 15, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), Founder consummated the mergers described below (collectively the “Mergers”), pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 15, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Founder, Ravenclaw Merger Sub LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned direct subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 1, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 1”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 2, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 2”), Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 3, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Founder (“Merger Sub Inc. 3” and, together with Merger Sub Inc. 1 and Merger Sub Inc. 2, each a “Blocker Merger Sub”), Boom Clover Business Limited, a British Virgin Islands corporation (“Blocker Company 1”), NZSF Frontier Investments Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Blocker Company 2”), PLC Blocker A LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Blocker Company 3” and, together with Blocker Company 1 and Blocker Company 2, each a “Blocker Company” and collectively, the “Blocker Companies”), and Rubicon Technologies, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Holdings LLC”). On the Closing Date, and in connection with the closing of the Mergers (the “Closing”), pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (a) Founder was domesticated and continues as a Delaware corporation, changing its name to Rubicon Technologies, Inc., (b) Merger Sub merged with and into Holdings LLC (the “Merger”), with Holdings LLC surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rubicon, and (c) in a series of sequential two-step mergers (i) each Blocker Merger Sub merged with and into its corresponding Blocker Company, with each Blocker Company surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Rubicon, following which (ii) each surviving Blocker Company merged with and into Rubicon, with Rubicon surviving the merger (collectively the “Blocker Mergers”).

In connection with the Mergers, the Company was reorganized into an Up-C structure, in which substantially all of the assets and business of the Company are held by Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC and continue to operate through Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, and Rubicon Technologies, Inc.’s material assets are the equity interests of Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC indirectly held by it. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Mergers were accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) (the “Reverse Recapitalization”). Under this method of accounting, Founder was treated as the acquired company and Holdings LLC was treated as the acquirer for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Reverse Recapitalization was treated as the equivalent of Holdings LLC issuing stock for the net assets of Founder, accompanied by a recapitalization. Thus, these condensed consolidated financial statements reflect (i) the historical operating results of Holdings LLC prior to the Mergers; (ii) the results of Rubicon Technologies, Inc. following the Mergers; and (iii) the acquired assets and liabilities of Founder stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation – The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to U.S. GAAP and reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods presented, under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results of the interim periods presented. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rubicon Technologies, Inc., and subsidiaries. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the elimination of all significant inter-company accounts and transactions. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent quarter or for the entire year ending December 31, 2022. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed in, or omitted from, these interim financial statements. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Emerging Growth Company – The Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company did not opt out of such extended transition period which means that when an accounting standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an EGC, will be required to adopt the new or revised standard at the time the new or revised standard becomes applicable to private companies. The effective dates shown in Note 2 below reflect the election to use the extended transition period.

Revenue Recognition – The Company recognizes service revenue over time, consistent with efforts performed and when the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s services. The Company recognizes recyclable commodity revenue at the point in time when the ownership, risks, and rewards transfer. The Company derives its revenue from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, software subscriptions, and the purchase and sale of recyclable commodities.

The Company recognizes recyclable commodity revenue through the purchase and sale of old corrugated cardboard (“OCC”), old newsprint (“ONP”), aluminum, glass, pallets, and other recyclable materials at market prices. The Company purchases recyclable commodities from certain waste generator customers and sells the recyclable materials to recycling and processing facilities. Revenue recognized under these agreements is variable in nature based on the market, type and volume or weight of the materials sold. The amount of revenue recognized is based on commodity prices at the time of sale, which are unknown at contract inception. Fees are billed, and revenue is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the recycling and processing facilities.

Management reviews contracts and agreements the Company has with its waste generator customers and hauling and recycling partners, and performs an evaluation to consider the most appropriate manner in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606-10, Revenue Recognition: Principal Agent Considerations, by which revenue is presented within the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Judgment is required in evaluating the presentation of revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether the Company controls the service provided to the end-user and are the principal in the transaction (gross), or the Company arranges for other parties to provide the service to the end-user and are the agent in the transaction (net). Management has concluded that the Company is the principal in most arrangements as it controls the waste removal service and is the primary obligor in the transactions.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenues primarily consists of expenses related to purchase of OCC, ONP, aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials, and any associated transportation fees.

The Company recognizes the cost of revenue exclusive of any amortization or depreciation expenses, which are recognized in operating expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Accounts Receivable – Accounts receivable consists of trade accounts receivable for services provided to customers. Accounts receivable are stated at the amount the Company expects to collect. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. Management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer credit-worthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. Past-due balances and other higher-risk amounts are reviewed individually for collectability. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, adversely affecting their ability to make payments, additional allowances would be required.

Contract Balances – In cases where our customers pay for services in arrears, the Company accrues for revenue in advance of billings as long as the criteria for revenue recognition are met, thus creating a contract asset (unbilled receivable). As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had unbilled receivables of $62.8 million and $57.0 million, respectively. These unbilled balances were the result of services provided in period, but not yet billed to the customer. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company invoiced its customers $50.0 million pertaining to contract assets for services delivered prior to December 31, 2021.

Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) consists of amounts collected prior to having satisfied the performance obligation. The Company periodically invoices customers for recurring front load services in advance on a monthly basis. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had deferred revenue balances of $4.5 million and $4.6 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $4.1 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2021.

Fair Value Measurements – U.S. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy which has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs to determine the fair value. These levels include: Level 1, defined as inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for use when little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. See Note 15.

Offering Costs – Offering costs, consisting of legal, accounting, printer and filing fees related to the Mergers, were deferred and offset against proceeds from the Mergers and additional paid-in capital upon consummation of the Mergers. Deferred offering costs capitalized as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $-0- and $1.1 million, respectively, and included in other noncurrent assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The total amount of the offering costs recognized as offset against additional paid-in capital on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022 was $67.3 million, $23.1 million of which has been paid while remaining $44.2 million is included in accrued expenses as of September 30, 2022.

Warrants – The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded in liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the liability-classified warrants are recognized in other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company has both liability-classified and equity-classified warrants outstanding. See Note 9 for further information.

Earn-out Liabilities – Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) Blocked Unitholders (as defined in Note 3) immediately before the Closing received a right to receive a pro rata portion of 1,488,519 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Class A Shares”) and (ii) Rubicon Continuing Unitholders (as defined in Note 3) immediately before the Closing received a right to receive a pro rata portion of 8,900,840 Class B Units (as defined in Note 3) (“Earn-Out Units”) and an equivalent number of shares of the Company’s Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 (“Class V Common Stock”) (“Earn-Out Class V Shares”, and together with Earn-Out Class A Shares and Earn-Out Units, “Earn-Out Interests”), in each case, depending upon the performance of Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing (the “Earn-Out Period”), as set forth below upon satisfaction of any of the following conditions (each, an “Earn-Out Condition”).

Earn-Out Interests are classified as liability transactions at initial issuance which offset against additional paid-in capital as of the Closing. At each period end, Earn-Out Interests are remeasured to their fair value with the changes during that period recognized in other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations. Upon issuance and release of the shares after each Earn-Out Condition is met, the related Earn-Out Interests will be remeasured to their fair value at that time with the changes recognized in other income (expense), and such Earn-Out Interests will be reclassed to stockholders’ equity (deficit) on the consolidated balance sheet. As of the Closing Date, the Earn-Out Interests had a fair value of $74.1 million. As of September 30, 2022, the Earn-out Interests had a fair value of $7.0 million, with the changes in the fair value between the Closing Date and September 30, 2022 of $67.1 million recognized as a gain in fair value of earn-out liabilities under other income (expense) within accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Noncontrolling Interest – Noncontrolling interest represents the Company’s noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiaries which are not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the controlling Class A Common Stock ownership of the Company.

Upon completion of the Mergers, Rubicon Technologies, Inc. issued an aggregate 118,667,880 shares of Class V Common Stock, each of which is exchangeable into an equal number of Class A Common Stock. Shares of Class V Common Stock are non-economic voting shares in Rubicon Technologies, Inc. where shares of Class V Common Stock each have one vote per share.

The financial results of Holdings LLC were consolidated into Rubicon Technologies, Inc. and 70.5% of Holdings LLC’s net loss during the period of August 15, 2022, the Closing Date, through September 30, 2022 was allocated to noncontrolling interests (“NCI”).

Income Taxes – Rubicon Technologies, Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income tax including the income or loss allocated from its investment in Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC. Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC is taxed as a partnership for which the taxable income or loss is allocated to its members. Certain of the Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC operating subsidiaries are considered taxable Corporations for U.S. income tax purposes. Prior to the Mergers, Holdings LLC was not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level.

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”), which requires the recognition of tax benefits or expenses on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of its assets and liabilities by applying the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Such net tax effects on temporary differences are reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when the Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company calculates the interim tax provision in accordance with the provisions of ASC Subtopic 740-270, Income Taxes; Interim Reporting. For interim periods, the Company estimates the annual effective income tax rate (“AETR”) and applies the estimated rate to the year-to-date income or loss before income taxes.

ASC Topic 740 prescribes a two-step approach for the recognition and measurement of tax benefits associated with the positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return that affect amounts reported in the financial statements. The Company has reviewed and will continue to review the conclusions reached regarding uncertain tax positions, which may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on ongoing analyses of tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. To the extent that the Company’s assessment of the conclusions reached regarding uncertain tax positions changes as a result of the evaluation of new information, such change in estimate will be recorded in the period in which such determination is made. The Company reports income tax-related interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions, if applicable, as a component of income tax expense.

The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) was $-0- million and $(0.3) million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with an effective tax rate of (0.0)% and 1.4%, respectively. The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) was $0.1 million and $(1.0) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with an effective tax rate of (0.0)% and 2.2%, respectively. The provision for income taxes differs from the amount that would result from applying statutory rates because of differences in the deductibility of certain book and tax expenses. Significant book to tax temporary differences that result in taxable income to the Company for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 include accounts receivable allowances not deductible for tax purposes and variations between both amortization and depreciation methods.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company intends to maintain this position until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the allowance. The Company also has certain assets with indefinite lives for which the basis is different for book and tax. In accordance with ASC 740-10-30-18, the deferred tax liability related to these intangible assets cannot be used to offset deferred tax assets when determining the amount of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets which are not more-likely-than-not to be realized. As a result, the Company is in a net deferred tax liability position of $0.2 million as of September 30, 2022.

Tax Receivable Agreement Obligation – The Company and Holdings LLC entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the “Tax Receivable Agreement” or “TRA”) with Rubicon Continuing Unitholders (as defined in Note 3) and Blocked Unitholders (as defined in Note 3) (together, the “TRA Holders”). Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, among other things, the Company is required to pay to the TRA Holders 85% of certain of the Company’s realized (or in certain cases deemed realized) tax savings as a result of certain tax benefits related to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash. The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the TRA, will vary depending on a number of factors, including the price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at the time of the exchange; the timing of future exchanges; the extent to which exchanges are taxable; the amount and timing of the utilization of tax attributes; the amount, timing and character of the Company’s income; the U.S. federal, state and local tax rates then applicable; the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis; the timing and amount of any earlier payments that the Company may have made under the TRA; and the portion of the Company’s payments under the TRA that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis.

The Company accounts for the effects of these increases in tax basis and associated payments under the TRAs if and when exchanges occur as follows:

As of September 30, 2022, no TRA liability was recorded based on current projections of the Company’s future taxable income taking into consideration the Company’s full valuation allowance against its deferred tax asset.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share (“EPS”) – Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the period.

Diluted income (loss) per share is computed giving effect to all potential weighted-average dilutive shares for the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards or financial instruments, if any, is reflected in diluted income (loss) per share by application of the treasury stock method or if converted method, as applicable. Stock awards are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS in the event they are antidilutive or subject to performance conditions for which the necessary conditions have not been satisfied by the end of the reporting period. See Note 14 for additional information on dilutive securities.

Prior to the Mergers, the membership structure of Holdings LLC included units which had liquidation preferences. The Company analyzed the calculation of loss per unit for periods prior to the Mergers and determined that it resulted in values that would not be meaningful to the users of these condensed consolidated financial statements. As a result, loss per share information has not been presented for periods prior to the Mergers on August 15, 2022.

Derivative Financial Instruments – From time to time, the Company utilizes instruments which may contain embedded derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy. The Company’s derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. These derivative instruments have not been designated as hedges; therefore, both realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in earnings. For the purposes of cash flow presentation, realized and unrealized gains or losses are included within cash flows from operating activities. Upfront cash payments received upon the issuance of derivative instruments are included within cash flows from financing activities, while the prepayments made upon the issuance of derivative instruments are included within cash flows from investing activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Stock-Based Compensation – The Company measures fair value of employee stock-based compensation awards on the date of grant and allocates the related expense over the requisite service period. The fair value of equity-classified restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units is equal to the market price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. The liability-classified restricted stock units are recognized at their fair value that is equal to the market price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the date of grant and remeasured to the market price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at each period-end with related changes in the fair value recognized in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

The Company accounts for nonemployee stock-based transactions using the fair value of the consideration received (i.e., the value of the goods or services) or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which reduced the number of models used to account for convertible instruments, amends the accounting for certain contracts in an entity’s own equity that would have been previously been accounted for as derivatives and modifies the diluted per share calculations for convertible instruments. The Company adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

As further discussed in Note 1, on August 15, 2022, the Mergers were consummated pursuant to the Merger Agreement. In connection with the Closing, the following occurred in addition to the disclosures in Note 1:

Property and equipment, net is comprised of the following as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense reflected in operating expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Revolving Credit Facility – On December 14, 2018, the Company entered into a $60.0 million “Revolving Credit Facility” secured by all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property, and general intangibles. The Revolving Credit Facility was subsequently amended, and bore SOFR plus 4.6% (7.6% at September 30, 2022) with the maturity date of December 14, 2022. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Revolving Credit Facility, extending the maturity date to December 14, 2023 and modifying the interest rate the Revolving Credit Facility bears to SOFR plus 5.6% (see Note 20). The borrowing capacity of the Revolving Credit Facility is calculated based on qualified billed and unbilled receivables. Interest and fees are payable monthly with principal due upon maturity.

The Revolving Credit Facility requires a lockbox arrangement, which provides for receipts to be swept daily to reduce borrowings outstanding at the discretion of the lender. This arrangement, combined with the existence of the subjective acceleration clause, necessitates the Revolving Credit Facility be classified as a current liability on the consolidated balance sheets. The acceleration clause allows for amounts due under the facility to become immediately due in the event of a material adverse change in the Company’s business condition (financial or otherwise), operations, properties or prospects, change of management, or change in control. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s total outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were $30.1 million and $21.2 million remained available to draw. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s total outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were $29.9 million and $23.0 million remained available to draw. The Revolving Credit Facility is subject to certain financial covenants. As of September 30, 2022, the Company was in compliance with these financial covenants.

Term Loan Facilities – On March 29, 2019, the Company entered into a $20.0 million “Term Loan” agreement secured by a second lien on all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property and general intangibles. The Term Loan agreement was subsequently amended, and currently has the principal amount of $60.0 million, bears an interest rate of LIBOR plus 9.5% (13.1% at September 30, 2022) with the maturity date of the earlier of March 29, 2024 or the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility. The Term Loan was amended on November 18, 2022 to, among other things, require the Company to repay the Term Loan with any net proceeds provided by the SEPA until such time that the Term Loan is repaid in full. (see Note 20).

The Term Loan also includes a qualified equity contributions requirement, requiring the Company to raise $50.0 million in equity contribution on or prior to February 28, 2022. The lender had previously waived the requirement through June 30, 2022, but the Company did not meet the minimum equity raise requirement of $50.0 million by June 30, 2022, allowing the lender to reduce the Term Loan collateral by $20.0 million and requiring the use of available funds under the Revolving Credit Facility as additional Term Loan collateral. As a result of the $20.0 million reduction in the Term Loan collateral, the availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was reduced by approximately $8.7 million as of September 30, 2022.

Pursuant to the amended Term Loan agreement, on October 15, 2021, the Company entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants (the “Term Loan Warrants”). The Term Loan Warrants were converted into Class A Common Stock and Class B Units upon the consummation of the Mergers.

On December 22, 2021, the Company entered into a $20.0 million “Subordinated Term Loan” agreement secured by a third lien on all assets of the Company including accounts receivable, intellectual property and general intangibles. The Subordinated Term Loan was scheduled to mature on December 22, 2022 and bears an interest rate of 15.0%. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement, extending its maturity date to December 31, 2023 (see Note 20). Pursuant to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement, the Company entered into warrant agreements and issued common unit purchase warrants (the “Subordinated Term Loan Warrants”). If the Company does not repay the Subordinated Term Loan on or before its maturity, the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will be exercisable for additional Class A Common Stock until the Company fully pays the principal and interest in cash.

See Note 9 for further information regarding the Term Loan Warrants and the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants. See Note 20 for further information regarding the amended agreements entered into for the Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan, and Subordinated Term Loan on November 18, 2022.

Amortization of deferred debt charges were $0.8 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization of deferred debt charges were $2.5 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

At September 30,2022, the aggregate maturities of long-term debt for the remainder of 2022 and subsequent years are as follows (in thousands):

PPP Loans – In 2020, the Company received loans under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) for an amount totaling $10.8 million, which was established under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act approved by the U.S. Congress on March 27, 2020 (the “CARES Act”) and administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The PPP Loans had a maturity date of 2 years from the initial disbursement and carried an interest rate of 1% per year. The application for the PPP Loan required the Company to, in good faith, certify that the current economic uncertainty made the loan request necessary to support the ongoing operation of the Company. This certification further required the Company to consider current business activity and ability to access other sources of liquidity sufficient to support the ongoing operations in a manner that was not significantly detrimental to the business. The receipt of the funds from the PPP Loans and the forgiveness of the PPP Loans were dependent on the Company having initially qualified for the PPP Loans and qualifying for the forgiveness of such PPP Loans based on funds being used for certain expenditures such as payroll costs and rent, as required by the terms of the PPP Loans.

The PPP Loans were eligible for forgiveness as part of the CARES Act, if certain requirements were met. The Company applied for forgiveness with the SBA in December 2020. On March 30, 2021, the SBA forgave the principal balance and associated accumulated interest of one of the two PPP Loans in full. On June 10, 2021, the SBA forgave the principal balance and associated accumulated interest of the second PPP Loans in full. As a result, the Company recognized $10.9 million to gain on forgiveness of debt in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Presently, the SBA and other government communications have indicated that all loans in excess of $2.0 million will be subject to audit and that those audits could take up to seven years to complete. If the SBA determines that the PPP Loan was not properly obtained and/or expenditures supporting forgiveness were not appropriate, the Company would be required to repay some or all of the PPP Loan and record additional expense which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations in a future period.

The Company elected to repay $2.3 million of the PPP Loans during 2020, which the SBA paid back to the Company upon forgiveness of the PPP loan on June 10, 2021. The PPP Loan balances were $-0- as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Interest expense related to the Revolving Credit Facility, the Term Loan, the Subordinated Term Loan, and PPP Loan, as applicable, was $4.6 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense for the applicable borrowings was $12.3 million and $7.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Accrued expenses consist of the following as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

There were no additions to goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2021 or the nine months ended September 30, 2022. No impairment of goodwill was identified for the year ended December 31, 2021 or the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $2.5 million and $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Future amortization expense for the remainder of fiscal year 2022 and subsequent years is as follows (in thousands):

Upon closing of the Mergers on August 15, 2022, as discussed in Note 3, the Company’s capital stock consisted of (i) shares of Class A Common Stock issued as a result of the automatic conversion of Founder Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis, (ii) shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the PIPE Investors, (iii) shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the Blocked Unitholders and (iv) shares of Class V Common Stock issued to the Rubicon Continuing Unitholders.

The table set forth below reflects information about the Company’s equity, as of September 30, 2022. The Earn-Out Interests are considered contingently issuable shares and therefore excluded from the number of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock issued and outstanding in the table below.

Each share of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock entitles the holder one vote per share. Only holders of Class A Common Stock have the right to receive dividend distributions. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company, only holders of Class A Common Stock have the right to receive liquidation proceeds, while the holders of Class V Common Stock are entitled to only the par value of their shares. The holders of Class V Common Stock have the right to exchange Class V Common Stock for an equal number of shares of Class A Common Stock. The Company’s board of directors has discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock.

Public Warrants and Private Warrants – In connection with the Closing, on August 15, 2022, the Company assumed a total of 30,016,875 outstanding Warrants to purchase one share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock with an exercise price of $11.50 per share. Of these Warrants, the 15,812,500 Public Warrants were originally issued in Founder’s initial public offering (the “IPO”) and 14,204,375 Private Warrants were originally issued in a private placement in connection with the IPO. The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except the Private Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis, at the holder’s option, and are non-redeemable by the Company so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

In accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, the Company concluded that the Warrants are not precluded from equity classification. Equity-classified contracts are initially measured at fair value (or allocated value). Subsequent changes in fair value are not recognized as long as the contracts continue to be classified in equity.

The Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Warrants. The Warrants became exercisable on September 14, 2022, 30 days after the Closing and no Warrant has been exercised through September 30, 2022. The Warrants will expire five years from the Closing or earlier upon redemption.

The Company may redeem the Public Warrants and any Private Warrants no longer held by the initial purchaser thereof or its permitted transferee:

The Company determined the initial fair value of its Public Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price as of the valuation date. Accordingly, the Public Warrants are classified as Level 1 financial instruments. As the terms of the Private Warrants are identical to those of the Public Warrants except as otherwise stated above, the Company determined the initial fair value of its Private Warrants based on the publicly listed trading price of the Public Warrants as of the valuation date and have classified the Private Warrants as Level 2 financial instruments.

Warrant Liabilities – Pursuant to the amended Term Loan agreement entered on October 15, 2021 (see Note 5), the Company concurrently entered into warrant agreements and issued the Term Loan Warrants, which granted the lender the right to purchase up to 62,003 of Holdings LLC’s common units at the exercise price of $0.01 any time prior to the earlier of the tenth anniversary of the issuance date of October 15, 2021, or certain triggering events, including a sale of Holdings LLC, Holdings LLC’s initial public offering and a merger between Holdings LLC and a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”), where the warrants are fully redeemed or exchanged. The Company determined that the Term Loan Warrants required liability classification pursuant to ASC 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As such, the outstanding Term Loan Warrants were recognized as warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and were measured at their inception date fair value and subsequently re-measured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income (expense) on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company measured the fair value of the Term Loan Warrants as of the Closing Date and December 31, 2021, and recognized $1.8 million and $1.3 million of warrant liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of such dates, respectively, with the difference of $0.5 million recorded as other expense on the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The impact to the condensed consolidated statements of operations from the changes in the fair value of the Term Loan Warrants was insignificant for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Term Loan Warrants were converted into Class A Common Stock and Class B Units and reclassified from liability to the stockholders’ deficit upon the consummation of the Mergers.

Pursuant to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement entered on December 22, 2021 (see Note 5), the Company concurrently entered into warrant agreements and issued the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants under the condition that if the Company does not repay the Subordinated Term Loan on or prior to the maturity date, the lender receives right to purchase up to the number of Class A Common Stock worth $2.0 million, at the exercise price of $0.01 any time after the maturity date prior to the earlier of the date principal and interest on all outstanding term loans under this Subordinated Term Loan agreement are repaid or the tenth anniversary of the issuance date. Additionally, if the Company does not repay the Subordinated Term Loan on or prior to the maturity date, the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will be exercisable for additional $0.2 million of Class A Common Stock each additional full calendar month after the maturity date until the Company fully repays the principal and interest in cash. If the Company repays the Subordinated Term Loan on or prior to the maturity date, the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will automatically terminate and be voided and no Subordinated Term Loan Warrant will be exercisable. The Company determined that the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants required liability classification pursuant to ASC 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The Company measured the fair value of the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and recognized $0.1 million and $0.1 million of warrant liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, respectively. The impact to the condensed consolidated statements of operations from the changes in the fair value of the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants was insignificant for the three months and the nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021, none of the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants were exercisable.

See Note 20 regarding the amendment to Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreements the Company entered into on November 18, 2022.

On May 25, 2022, the Company entered into the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement with certain investors, whereby, the investors have agreed to advance to the Company up to $8,000,000 and, upon consummation of the Mergers, and in exchange for the advancements, (a) the Company will cause to be issued up to 880,000 Class B Units of the Company and 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to the investors and (b) Sponsor will forfeit up to 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, in each case subject to actual amounts advanced by the investors. In accordance with the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement, on May 25, 2022, the Company received $8,000,000 of cash from the investors. The Company determined that the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement required liability classification pursuant to ASC 480 Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As such, the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement was recognized as simple agreement for future equity (SAFE) under current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, measured at the agreement execution date fair value and subsequently remeasured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income (expense) on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company measured its fair value as of the agreement execution and recognized $8.8 million of simple agreement for future equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, with the $0.8 million difference between the fair value and the amount of cash received recorded as other expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Between the agreement execution date and the Closing Date, there was no change in the fair value of the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement. On August 15, 2022, the Mergers closed, and the Company issued 880,000 Class B Units and 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to the investors and Sponsor forfeited 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock.

On August 4, 2022, the Company and ACM Seller entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction (the “Forward Purchase Transaction”). Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Sellers intended, but were not obligated, to purchase (a) Founder Class A Shares after the date of the Forward Purchase Agreement from holders of the Founder Class A Shares (other than Founder or affiliates of Founder) who elected to redeem Founder Class A Shares (such purchased Founder Class A Shares, the “Recycled Shares”) pursuant to redemption rights set forth in Founder’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (the “Governing Documents”) in connection with the Mergers (such holders, “Redeeming Holders”) and (b) Founder Class A Shares in an issuance from Founder at a price per Founder Class A Share equal to approximately $10.17 per share, the per-share redemption price as set forth in the Governing Documents (such Founder Class A Shares, the “Additional Shares” and, together with the Recycled Shares, the “Subject Shares”). Pursuant to the terms of the FPA Agreement, the aggregate number of Subject Shares could not exceed 15 million shares (the “Maximum Number of Shares”). In addition, the FPA Sellers purchased an additional 1 million Founder Class A Shares from other Redeeming Holders (the “Separate Shares”). The FPA Sellers may not beneficially own greater than 9.9% of the Common Stock on a post-Mergers pro forma basis.

Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, the FPA Sellers purchased 7,082,616 Founder Class A Shares, which included 6,082,616 Subject Shares and 1,000,000 Separate Shares, at the per-share redemption price prior to the closing of the Mergers, in exchange for the prepayment by Founder of $68.7 million out of the funds in Founder’s trust account that were to be received by the Company at the Closing. The prepayment amount was calculated as (a) the per-share redemption price multiplied by the 6,082,616 Subject Shares, less (b) 50% of the product of the 6,082,616 Subject Shares multiplied by $1.33 (the “Prepayment Shortfall”) and (c) an amount equal to the product of Separate Shares multiplied by the per-share redemption price. The FPA Sellers did not purchase any Additional Shares.

From time to time following the Closing, the FPA Sellers, in their discretion, may sell the Subject Shares, the effect of which is to terminate the Forward Purchase Agreement in respect of such Subject Shares sold (the “Terminated Shares”) and repay to the Company a portion of the forward price, in amounts corresponding to the number of shares sold. The Forward Purchase Agreement is to mature on the earlier of (a) the third anniversary of the Closing and (b) the date specified by the FPA Sellers at the FPA Sellers’ discretion after the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event (the “FPA Maturity Date”). A VWAP Triggering Event occurs if (i) during the first 90 days following the Closing, the VWAP for 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period is less than $3.00 per share and (ii) from the 91^st day following the Closing, the VWAP for 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period is less than $5.00 per share. At maturity, the Company is obligated to pay to the FPA Sellers an amount equal to the product of (a) (x) the Maximum Number of Shares, less (y) the number of the Terminated Shares, plus (z) the number of the Subject Shares sold whereby the proceeds of such sales were applied as a Prepayment Shortfall, multiplied by (b) $2.00 (the “Maturity Consideration”). The Company is obligated to pay the Maturity Consideration in shares of Class A Common Stock, with the price per share equal to the average daily VWAP for the 30 trading days following the FPA Maturity Date. As of September 30, 2022, the FPA Sellers sold 93,310 shares of Class A Common Stock that were Subject Shares covered by the Forward Purchase Agreement.

In accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, the Company has determined that the forward option within the Forward Purchase Agreement is (i) a freestanding financial instrument and (ii) a derivative. This derivative, referred to throughout as the “forward purchase option derivative” is recorded as a liability on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022. The Company has performed fair value measurements for this derivative as of the Closing and as of September 30, 2022, which is described in Note 15. The Company will remeasure the fair value of the forward purchase option derivative each reporting period.

See Note 20 regarding certain subsequent event related to the Forward Purchase Agreement specific to the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event.

On August 31, 2022, the Company entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (“SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd. (the “Yorkville Investor”). Pursuant to the SEPA, the Company has the right to sell to the Yorkville Investor, from time to time, up to $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock until the earlier of the 36-month anniversary of the SEPA or until the date on which the facility has been fully utilized, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA, including the requirement that there be an effective registration statement registering such shares and limitations on the volume of shares that may be sold. Shares will be sold to the Yorkville Investor at a price equal to 97% of the lowest daily VWAP of the Class A Common Stock during the three consecutive trading days immediately prior to any notice to sell such securities provided by the Company. The Yorkville Investor may not beneficially own greater than 9.99% of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. Sales of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA, and the timing of any such sales, are at the Company’s option, and the Company is under no obligation to sell any securities to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA. Pursuant to the SEPA, on August 31, 2022, the Company issued the Yorkville Investor 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, which represented an initial up-front commitment fee and was recognized in other income (expense) within the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company did not sell any shares of Class A Common Stock under the SEPA during the period between August 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.

The 2014 Profits Participation Plan and Unit Appreciation Rights Plan (the “2014 Plan”) was a Board-approved plan of Holdings LLC. Under the 2014 Plan, Holdings LLC had the authority to grant incentive and phantom units to acquire common units. Unit awards generally vest at 25% of the units on the one year anniversary of continued employment, with the remaining 75% vesting in equal monthly installments over the next three years, unless otherwise specified.

As further described in Note 3, upon consummation of the Mergers, all incentive units granted under the 2014 Plan vested and converted into the Class V Common Stock and all phantom units granted under the 2014 Plan converted into RSUs and DSUs which will vest into shares of Class A Common Stock on February 11, 2023. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the 2014 Plan that was remaining at the Closing was recognized as expense as of upon consummation of the Mergers.

Incentive Units – Calculating incentive unit compensation expense required the input of highly subjective assumptions pertaining to the fair value of its units. The Company utilized an independent valuation specialist to assist with the Company’s determination of the fair value per unit. The methods used to determine the fair value per unit included discounted cash flow analysis, comparable public company analysis, and comparable acquisition analysis. In addition, the probability-weighted expected return method was used and multiple exit scenarios were considered. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of incentive unit awards represented the Company’s best estimates, but these estimates involved inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company estimated volatility based on a comparable market index and calculated the historical volatility for the index for a period of time that corresponded to the expected term of the incentive unit. The expected term was calculated based on the estimated time for which the incentive unit would be held by the awardee. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the incentive unit was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant.

Management utilized the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of units issued. There were no incentive units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Compensation expense for all incentive units awarded to date was recognized over the vesting term of the underlying incentive units.

The following represents a summary of the Company’s incentive unit activity and related information during 2022 immediately prior to the consummation of the Mergers:

A summary of nonvested incentive units and changes during 2022 immediately prior to the consummation of the Mergers follows:

Holdings LLC was authorized to issue phantom units to eligible employees under the terms of the Unit Appreciation Rights Plan. The Company estimated the fair value of the phantom units as of the end of each reporting period and expensed the vested fair market value of each award. The fair value of the phantom units was measured using the same independent valuation assessment as the incentive units.

The Company did not award any phantom units during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. At the Closing of the Mergers, all vested and unvested phantom units were exchanged for 970,389 vested RSUs and 540,032 vested DSUs.

The 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”), which became effective on August 15, 2022 in connection with the Closing, provides for the grant to certain employees, officers, non-employee directors and other services providers of options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, restricted stock and other stock-based awards, any of which may be performance-based, and for incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash, Common Stock or a combination thereof, as determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee. Under the 2022 Plan, 29,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock are authorized to be issued. Subject to Board approval, an additional 2,485,711 shares of Class A Common Stock will be available for issuance on January 1, 2023 under the 2022 Plan as a result of the plan’s evergreen provision.

The following represents a summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information during 2022 immediately after the consummation of the Mergers:

The RSUs exchanged for phantom units vested upon the Closing of the Mergers. The remaining RSUs will vest over the requisite services periods ranging from six to thirty-six months from the grant date.

The Company recognized $90.6 million and $0.8 million in total equity compensation costs during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company recognized $95.3 million and $3.4 million in total equity compensation costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Pursuant to an Employment Agreement with Mr. Nate Morris, the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, dated February 9, 2021 and amended on April 26, 2022 and August 10, 2022, the Company is obligated to grant Mr. Morris an additional RSU award with a value equal to $5.0 million based on the fair market value of Class A Common Stock on the grant date. Such RSUs shall become fully vested and non-forfeitable on the six-month anniversary of the Closing. The associated liability is presented as deferred compensation expense on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022. See Note 20 for further information.

Deferred compensation cost recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $1.3 million and $-0- million, respectively. Deferred compensation cost recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $1.3 million and $-0- million, respectively.

Basic net loss per share of Class A Common Stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to the Company by the weighted average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the period from August 15, 2022 (the Closing Date) to September 30, 2022. Diluted net loss per share of Class A Common Stock is computed dividing net loss attributable to the Company, adjusted for the assumed exchange of all potentially dilutive securities, by weighted average number of shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive shares.

Prior to the Mergers, the membership structure of Holdings LLC included units which had profit interests. The Company analyzed the calculation of loss per unit for periods prior to the Mergers and determined that it resulted in values that would not be meaningful to the users of these condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, net loss per share information has not been presented for periods prior to August 15, 2022. The basic and diluted loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 represent only the period from August 15, 2022 to September 30, 2022. Furthermore, shares of the Company’s Class V Common Stock do not participate in the earnings or losses of the Company and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class V Common Stock under the two-class method has not been presented.

The computation of net loss per share attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. and weighted-average shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock outstanding for period from August 15, 2022 (the Closing Date) to September 30, 2022 are as follows (amounts in thousands, except for share and per share amounts):

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities below were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive:

The following tables summarize the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and contract assets and liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities and are excluded from the fair value table above.

The fair value of the forward purchase option derivative was estimated using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework. Specifically, the future stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion (“GBM”). For each simulated path, the forward purchase value is calculated based on the contractual terms and then discounted at the term-matched risk-free rate. Finally, the value of the forward is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. The Company measured the fair value of the forward purchase option derivative as of the Closing Date and September 30, 2022, with the respective fair value adjustments recorded within the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations.

For the contingent consideration related to the Earn-Out Interests, the fair value was estimated using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in which the fair value was based on the simulated stock price of the Company over the maturity date of the contingent consideration. The key inputs used in the determination of the fair value included current stock price, volatility, and expected term. The Company measured the fair value of the Earn-Out Interests as of the Closing Date and September 30, 2022, with the respective fair value adjustments recorded within the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations.

In management’s opinion, resolution of all current matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position. However, depending on the nature and timing of any such dispute or other contingency, an unfavorable resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s current or future results of operations or cash flows, or both.

The following table presents information regarding the maturities of the undiscounted remaining operating lease payments, with a reconciliation to the amount of the liabilities representing such payments as presented on the September 30, 2022 condensed consolidated balance sheet (in thousands).

The Company entered into a certain software subscription agreement with Palantir Technologies, Inc., including related support and update services on September 22, 2021. The Company subsequently amended the agreement on December 15, 2021. The term of the agreement is through December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the agreement, as of September 30, 2022, the Company is committed to pay $15.5 million in the next 12 months and $18.8 million thereafter through October 2024. Palantir Technologies, Inc. was a PIPE Investor and purchased $35.0 million of Class A Common Stock at $10.00 per share on the Closing Date.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company had two significant customers that accounted for approximately 24% and 31% of total revenues, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company had two significant customers that accounted for approximately 27% and 29% of total revenues, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, approximately 22% and 23%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable and contract assets were due from these two customers.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and in each fiscal year since the Company’s inception, it has incurred losses from operations and generated negative cash flows from operating activities. The Company also has negative working capital and stockholders’ deficit as of September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $4.5 million, accounts receivable totaled $58.7 million and unbilled accounts receivable totaled $62.8 million. Availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, which provides the ability to borrow up to $60.0 million, was $21.2 million. Pursuant to the SEPA, the Company has the right to sell up to $200.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA, including the requirement that there be an effective registration statement registering such shares for resale and limitations on the volume of shares that may be sold. Additionally, because shares issued under the SEPA are sold at a discount to the then-current market price, in light of the current market price and the NYSE rules limiting the number of shares that can be issued without the approval of the Company’s shareholders, the amount that could currently be raised pursuant to the SEPA is significantly lower than $200.0 million. Furthermore, the amended Term Loan agreement entered into on November 18, 2022 requires the Company to repay the Term Loan with any net proceeds provided by the SEPA until such time that the Term Loan is repaid in full (see Note 20). The Company’s outstanding indebtedness includes the Revolving Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the Subordinated Term Loan, under which the principal of $36.2 million, $51.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, were outstanding as of November 15, 2022 and are scheduled to mature in December 2023.

The Company currently projects that it will not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity under existing arrangements to meet the Company’s projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months. In the absence of additional capital, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

To address the Company’s projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months, the Company has negotiated and received a binding commitment for $30.0 million of additional financing (the “Financing Commitment”), pursuant to which certain existing investors agreed to contribute cash up to the $30.0 million commitment amount to the extent other equity capital of an equivalent amount has not been provided to the Company by January 15, 2023 (see Note 20). In addition to the proceeds from the Financing Commitment, the Company has begun to execute its plans to modify its operations to further reduce spending. Initiatives the Company has undertaken in the fourth quarter of 2022 include (i) increased focus on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures, (ii) eliminating redundancies that have been the byproduct of the Company’s recent growth and expansion, (iii) evaluating the Company’s portfolio and less profitable accounts to better ensure the Company is deploying resources efficiently, and (iv) exercising strict capital discipline for future investments, such as requiring investments to meet minimum hurdle rates.

The Company believes that the extended maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility and the Financing Commitment along with cash on hand and available under the Revolving Credit Facility, and other cash flows from operations are expected to provide sufficient liquidity to meet the Company’s known liquidity needs for the next 12 months. The Company believes this plan is probable of being achieved and alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

On October 13, 2022 (the “Transition Date”), the Company entered into a CEO Transition Agreement with Mr. Nate Morris, the former Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) of the Company. Pursuant to the CEO Transition Agreement, Mr. Morris ceased serving as the Company’s CEO, but continued his role as Chairman of the Board of the Directors of the Company (the “Board”) and was given the title of Founder, Chairman and Strategic Advisor through February 10, 2023 (the “End Date”). Mr. Morris will also continue to serve as a member of the Board until the earlier of (a) the first anniversary of the Transition Date, (b) the date of the Company’s annual shareholder meeting in 2023, and (c) the 10^th day following notice by Mr. Morris that he intends to resign from the Board. The Company will make a series of transition payments to Mr. Morris in the aggregate amount of $1.9 million between the Transition Date and the End Date and pay Mr. Morris a $0.7 million bonus on the End Date with respect to his service in 2022. Additionally, in lieu of any obligation to deliver RSUs to Mr. Morris pursuant to his Employment Agreement described in Note 13, the Company granted Mr. Morris 8,378,986 RSUs on October 19, 2022 pursuant to the CEO Transition Agreement.

In October 2022, a VWAP Trigger Event occurred and the Forward Purchase Agreement could mature on the date specified by the FPA Sellers at the FPA Sellers’ discretion. The FPA Sellers have not specified the Maturity Date of the Forward Purchase Agreement as of the issuance of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

On November 4, 2022, the Company entered into an amended agreement for certain professional services provided in connection with the Mergers. Pursuant to the amended agreement, the Company agreed to settle the unpaid fees with $1.0 million paid in cash upon execution of the amendment, plus the Company will issue the advisor a variable number of shares of Class A Common Stock by November 18, 2022, in such an amount equal to $1.0 million based on the fair market value of Class A Common Stock. The Company had previously recognized $12.7 million for the related professional services within its accrued expenses as of September 30, 2022 on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The difference of $10.7 million between the amount recognized in the accrued expense as of September 30, 2022 and the settlement amount in the amended agreement was recognized as other income on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations on the execution date of the amended agreement.

On November 14, 2022, the Company entered into a binding Financing Commitment with certain existing investors, whereby the investors intend to provide $30.0 million of financing to the Company through the issuance by the Company of debt and/or equity securities including, without limitation, shares of capital stock, securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock, warrants, options, or other rights for the purchase or acquisition of such shares and other ownership or profit interests of the Company. Any debt issued pursuant to this letter would have a term of at least 12 months and any equity or equity linked securities issued under this letter would have a fixed price such that no other shareholder or other exchange approvals would be required. The amount the investors agreed to contribute under the Financing Commitment will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis by the amount of any other equity capital the Company receives through January 15, 2023.

On November 17, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors committed to a reduction in force plan (the “Plan”) as part of the Company’s measures to reduce spending and preserve cash available for the Company’s operations. The Plan involves a reduction of 55 employees, which is approximately 11% of the Company’s workforce. The Company currently estimates that it will incur one-time cash charges of approximately $0.6 million, primarily consisting of an estimated $0.5 million in severance payments, and $0.1 million in related costs. The Company expects that most of these charges will be incurred in the fourth quarter of 2022, and that the reduction in force will be substantially complete by the end of 2022. In aggregate, over the next twelve months, the reduction in force is expected to result in approximately $5.5 million in annual cash savings for the Company. The Company may incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to unanticipated events that may occur as a result of or in connection with the implementation of the Plan.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Revolving Credit Facility agreement, in which the lender consented to the amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. The amendment also extended its term through December 14, 2023 and modified the interest rate the Revolving Credit Facility bears to SOFR plus 5.6%. Additionally, the Company committed to raise $5.0 million from the Financing Commitment or a similar Additionally, the Company committed to raise $5.0 million from the Financing Commitment or a similar commitment by November 23, 2022, and an additional $25.0 million from the issuance of equity by the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the date the Company’s S-1 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022 becomes effective, or (ii) January 31, 2023.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Term Loan agreement, in which the lender consented to the amendments to the Revolving Credit Facility agreement and the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. Additionally, the Company committed to raise $5.0 million from the Financing Commitment or a similar commitment by November 23, 2022, and an additional $25.0 million from the issuance of equity by the earlier of (i) 5 business days after the date the Company’s S-1 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022 becomes effective, or (ii) January 31, 2023. The amended Term Loan agreement also requires the Company to cause the Yorkville Investor to purchase the maximum amount of the Company’s equity interests available under the SEPA and to utilize the net proceeds from such drawdowns to repay the Term Loan until it is fully repaid. If the Company does not repay the Term Loan in full by March 27, 2023, the Company will be liable for an additional fee in the amount of $2.0 million, out of which $1.0 million will be due in cash on March 27, 2023, and the other $1.0 million will accrue to the principal balance of the Term Loan. Furthermore, beginning on March 27, 2023, an additional $0.15 million fee will accrue to the principal balance of the Term Loan each week thereafter until the Term Loan is fully repaid.

The Company may not use the SEPA to fund the new equity financing commitments it agreed to in the amendments to the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan, and the financings used to satisfy the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility amendment may be used to also satisfy the commitments under the Term Loan amendment.

On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement. The amendment extended the Subordinated Term Loan maturity through December 31, 2023. Concurrently, the Company entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreements, which (i) increased the number of Class A Common Stock the lender has the right to purchase with the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants to such number of Class A Common Stock worth $2.6 million ($2.0 million prior to the amendment), (ii) caused the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants to be immediately exercisable upon execution of the amended Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreements, and (iii) increased the value of Class A Common Stock the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants will earn each additional full calendar month after March 22, 2023 to $0.25 million ($0.2 million prior to the amendment) until the Company repays the Subordinated Term Loan in full.

Obligation	When Issuable⁽¹⁾	Class A Common Stock Issuable^(2), (3)		Percentage of Total Shares of Common Stock⁽⁴⁾
Warrants ⁽⁵⁾	Currently exercisable at the discretion of the holder		30,016,851		14.9	%
RSUs and DSUs ⁽⁶⁾	February 10-11, 2023		10,174,128		5.6	%
SEPA^{(7), (9)}	Upon an effective registration statement for the resale of securities issuable thereunder		100,000,000		36.9	%
YA Convertible Debentures ^{(8), (9)}	Any time after issuance		8,500,000		4.7	%
YA Warrant ^{(8), (9)}	Earlier of (a) nine months after the issuance date or (b) the full conversion or repayment of the YA Convertible Debentures		10,000,000		5.5	%
Deferred Fee Arrangements ^{(8), (9)}	February 15, 2023		3,534,375		2.0	%
Vellar Termination Agreement ^{(8), (9)}	Earlier of May 30, 2024 or six months following the conversion of 90% or more of the YA Convertible Debentures		1,000,000		0.6	%
Insider Convertible Debentures ^{(8), (9)}	Currently exercisable at the discretion of the holder		8,500,000		4.7	%

	Rubicon Technologies, Inc. (as reported)			Transaction Adjustments			Pro Forma Combined
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		4,464			(6,000	)(a)		9,424
					4,960	(b)
					6,000	(c)
Accounts receivable, net		58,662						58,662
Contract assets		62,805						62,805
Prepaid expenses		11,755						11,755
Other current assets		1,835						1,835
Total current assets		139,521			4,960			144,481

Property and Equipment, net		2,741						2,741

Other Assets
Operating right-of-use assets		3,119						3,119
Other noncurrent assets		2,661			2,040	(b)		4,701
Goodwill		32,132						32,132
Intangible assets, net		11,685						11,685
Total assets		191,859			7,000			198,859

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		58,498						58,498
Line of credit		30,095						30,095
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		162,428						162,428
Deferred compensation		1,250						1,250
Contract liabilities		4,461						4,461
Operating lease liabilities, current		1,832						1,832
Warrant liabilities		100			20,000	(c)		20,100
Total current liabilities		258,664			20,000			278,664

Long-Term Liabilities
Deferred income taxes		219						219
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent		2,340						2,340
Long-term debt, net of issuance costs		69,543			7,000	(b)		76,543
Forward option derivative		8,205			(8,205	)(a)		-
Earn-out liabilities		7,000						7,000
Other long-term liabilities		517			2,000	(a)		2,517
Total Long-Term Liabilities		87,824			795			88,619
Total Liabilities		346,488			20,795			367,283

Commitments and Contingencies

Members / Shareholders’ equity:
Class A common stock		5						5

Class V Common Stock, $0.0001 par value; 118,593,980 issued and outstanding		12						12
Treasury stock		-			(8,112	)(a)		(8,112	)
Additional Paid-in capital		11,805			9,912	(d)		21,717
Accumulated deficit		(327,216	)		8,317	(a)		(332,899	)
					(14,000	)(c)
Total members / shareholders’ equity attributable to Rubicon Technologies, LLC / Rubicon Technologies, Inc.		(315,394	)		(3,883	)		(319,277	)
Non-Controlling Interests		160,765			(9,912	)(d)		150,853
Total members’ / stockholders’ equity		(154,629	)		(13,795	)		(168,424	)

Total liabilities, preferred units, and shareholders’ equity		191,859			7,000			198,859

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Founder SPAC (as reported)			Rubicon Technologies, Inc. (as reported)			Transaction Adjustments			Pro Forma Combined
Revenue
Service		-			437,755			-			437,755
Recyclable commodity		-			71,640			-			71,640
Total Revenue		-			509,395			-			509,395

Costs and Expenses
Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)
Service		-			423,382			-			423,382
Recyclable commodity		-			65,856			-			65,856
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)		-			489,238			-			489,238
Sales and marketing		-			13,336			-			13,336
Product development		-			28,336			-			28,336
General and administrative		-			212,520			12,053	(ii)		224,573
Amortization and depreciation		-			4,331			-			4,331
Formation and operating costs		1,059			-			-			1,059
Total Costs and Expenses		1,059			747,761			12,053			760,873
Loss from operations		(1,059	)		(238,366	)		(12,053	)		(251,478	)

Other Income (Expense):
Interest earned		248			1			(248	)(gg)		1
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of warrant liabilities		-			(436	)		-			(436	)
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		-			67,100			-			67,100
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative		-			(76,919	)		-			(76,919	)
Excess fair value over the consideration received for SAFE		-			(800	)		-			(800	)
Other expense		-			(1,994	)		-			(1,994	)
Interest expense		-			(12,264	)		-			(12,264	)
Total Other Income (Expense)		248			(25,312	)		(248	)		(25,312	)

Income before income taxes		(811	)		(263,678	)		(12,301	)		(276,790	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		-			60						60
Net income (loss)		(811	)		(263,738	)		(12,301	)		(276,850	)
Net loss attributable to Holdings LLC unitholders prior to the Mergers		-			(228,997	)		-			(228,997	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		-			(16,933	)		(8,838	)(dd)		(25,771	)
Net Income attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc.		(811	)		(17,808	)		(3,463	)		(22,082	)
Basic and diluted loss per share - Class A redeemable common stock		(0.02	)
Weighted average shares outstanding of Class A redeemable common stock		31,625,000
Basic and diluted loss per share - Class B common stock		(0.02	)
Weighted average shares outstanding of Class B common stock		7,906,250
Basic and diluted loss per share, non-redeemable Class A common stock					(0.37	)					(0.45	)(kk)
Weighted average shares outstanding, Class A common stock					48,670,776						48,670,776	(kk)

	Founder SPAC			Rubicon Technologies, LLC (as reported)			Transaction Adjustments			Pro Forma Combined
Revenue
Service		-			500,911						500,911
Recyclable commodity		-			82,139						82,139
Total Revenue		-			583,050			-			583,050

Costs and Expenses
Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)
Service		-			481,642						481,642
Recyclable commodity		-			77,030						77,030
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)		-			558,672			-			558,672
Sales and marketing		-			14,457						14,457
Product development		-			22,485						22,485
General and administrative		-			52,915			2,283	(aa)		270,065
								77,524	(ee)
								1,124	(ee)
								31,892	(ff)
								88,256	(hh)
								16,071	(ii)
Amortization and depreciation		-			7,128						7,128
Formation and operating costs		938			-						938
Total Costs and Expenses		938			655,657			217,150			873,745
Loss from operations		(938	)		(72,607	)		(217,150	)		(290,695	)

Other Income (Expense):
Interest earned		22			2			(22	)(gg)		2
Gain on forgiveness of debt		-			10,900						10,900
Change in fair value of warrants		-			(606	)					(606	)
Other expense		-			(1,055	)		8,317	(cc)		(6,738	)
								(14,000	)(jj)
Interest expense		-			(11,455	)					(11,455	)
Total Other Expense		22			(2,214	)		(5,705	)		(7,897	)

Income before income taxes		(916	)		(74,821	)		(222,855	)		(298,592	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		-			(1,670	)		76	(bb)		(1,594	)
Net income (loss)		(916	)		(73,151	)		(222,931	)		(296,998	)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, net of tax		-			-			(213,389	)(dd)		(213,389	)
Net Income attributable to Rubicon Technologies, Inc.		(916	)		(73,151	)		(9,542	)		(83,609	)
Basic and diluted loss per share - Class A redeemable common stock		0.02
Weighted average shares outstanding of Class A redeemable common stock		9,271,586
Basic and diluted loss per share - Class B common stock		(0.14	)
Weighted average shares outstanding of Class B common stock		7,906,250
Basic and diluted loss per share, non-redeemable Class A common stock					(2.21	)					(1.72	)(kk)
Weighted average shares outstanding, Class A common stock					33,048,809						48,670,776	(kk)

	(aa)	Reflects the pro forma adjustment to record nonrecurring stock based compensation expense related to Legacy Rubicon Phantom Units that were held by Holdings LLC employees immediately prior to the Mergers and were exchanged for RSUs following the Closing and will vest on February 11, 2023.

	(bb)	Reflects the adjustment for the income tax provision related to the year ended December 31, 2021 of $0.1 million expense, for the combined entities on a pro forma basis. The proforma effective tax rate of 0.66% differs from the statutory rate due primarily to the full valuation allowance at Rubicon, the allocation of income taxes to the noncontrolling interest, and additional entity level state taxes at the Holdings LLC partnership level. Any adjustment to the tax provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was determined to be immaterial. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2021, a majority of the proforma adjustments related to additional compensation did not result in a tax benefit due to the limitation under IRC section 162(m).

		Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS		i
INTRODUCTORY NOTE REGARDING THE BUSINESS COMBINATION AND CERTAIN OTHER TRANSACTIONS		ii
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS		vii
MARKET, RANKING AND OTHER INDUSTRY DATA		viii
TRADEMARKS		viii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		ix
SUMMARY		1
THE OFFERING		9
SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF RUBICON		12
SUMMARY UNAUDITED CONDENSED COMBINED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION		13
RISK FACTORS		14
USE OF PROCEEDS		48
DIVIDEND POLICY		49
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION		50
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		57
BUSINESS		86
MANAGEMENT		100
EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION		106
PRINCIPAL SECURITYHOLDERS		114
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS		116
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		133
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES		142
SECURITIES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE		149
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		154
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES		157
LEGAL MATTERS		162
EXPERTS		162
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		162
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

	●	amend, supplement, restate, withdraw, terminate or otherwise modify our termination of the Forward Purchase Agreement and related obligations pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements in a manner that would be materially adverse to the Yorkville Investor’s interests;

	●	effect Advances (as defined in the SEPA) pursuant to the SEPA in certain circumstances; or

	●	Pursuant to the Deferred Fee Arrangements, Rubicon has issued 7,302,155 shares of Class A Common Stock and may issue up to $7.1 million of additional shares of Class A Common Stock.

	●	Pursuant to the SEPA, Rubicon issued 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor as an initial commitment fee and may issue up to $200.0 million of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor pursuant to the terms thereof.

	●	Pursuant to the DSUs, Rubicon will issue 815,032 shares of Class A Common Stock to certain Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders who were no longer employed by Rubicon or its subsidiaries at the time of the DSU award.

	●	Pursuant to the YA Warrant, Rubicon may issue up to $20.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor, subject to certain adjustments thereunder.

	●	Pursuant to the Insider Convertible Debentures, Rubicon may issue up to $17.0 million, net of an original issuance discount of $2.0 million, of shares of Class A Common Stock to the investors party thereto.

	●	general economic and political conditions, such as the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, recessions, interest rates, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism, including the outbreak of war in Ukraine; and

	●	future issuances of Class A Common Stock at or below then-current trading prices, including pursuant to the YA Convertible Debentures, the Insider Convertible Debentures, YA Warrant, and SEPA.

	●	The historical unaudited financial statements of Founder as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022, and the historical audited consolidated financial statements of Founder as of and for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through December 31, 2021; and

	●	The historical unaudited condensed financial statements of Rubicon as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and the historical audited condensed financial statements of Holdings LLC as of and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

	(a)	Represents the extinguishment of the forward purchase option recorded pursuant to terminating the Forward Purchase Agreement. The gain on extinguishment was recorded via adjustment (cc). The recognition of the extinguishment of the forward purchase option was preliminary as of the filing of this prospectus.

	(b)	Reflects the issuance of convertible notes to the Yorkville Investor on November 30, 2022. As part of this issuance, the redemption option associated with the convertible notes was determined to represent an embedded derivative, which was valued at $0.9 million and is included in other assets, along with a commitment asset associated with the convertible notes. The valuation of the derivative was preliminary as of the filing of this prospectus.

	(c)	Reflects the issuance of prepaid warrants to the Yorkville Investor on November 30, 2022. The nonrecurring loss associated with this issuance was expensed via adjustment (jj).

	(d)	Immediately following the Mergers, the economic interests held by the noncontrolling interest (comprising the Class B Units issued at Closing) were approximately 71.8%. This percentage was applied to the impact of all other pro forma balance sheet adjustments on net assets to arrive at an incremental adjustment to the noncontrolling interest of ($9.9) million.

	(cc)	Reflects the nonrecurring gain on extinguishment associated with the elimination of the forward purchase option recorded pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. The recognition of the extinguishment of the forward purchase option was preliminary as of the filing of this prospectus.

	(dd)	Immediately following the Mergers, the economic interests held by the noncontrolling interest (comprising the Class B Units issued at Closing) were approximately 71.8%. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the pro forma adjustment related to net losses attributable to the contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest were $8.8 million (i.e., 71.8% of the pro forma adjustment to net loss of ($12.3) million). For the year ended December 31, 2021, net losses attributable to the contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest were $213.4 million (i.e., 71.8% of net losses of $297.0 million).
	(ee)	Reflects the pro forma adjustment to record nonrecurring stock based compensation expense as of Closing related to Legacy Rubicon Incentive Units that are vested as of the Mergers. Compensation related to these awards will be recognized over a period beginning at the grant date and extending through Closing.

	(ff)	Reflects the pro forma adjustment to record nonrecurring management incentive compensation expense as of Closing related to the transaction.

	(gg)	Reflects the elimination of interest income earned on the Founder trust account.

	(hh)	Reflects the pro forma adjustment to record nonrecurring stock based compensation expense related to new RSU and DSU awards granted to both current and former employees of Rubicon following the Closing, which will vest on February 11, 2023.

	(ii)	Reflects the pro forma adjustment to record recurring stock based compensation expense related to a new RSU award to be granted to Nate Morris, which will vest on February 10, 2023.

	(jj)	Reflects the nonrecurring loss on issuance of prepaid warrants issued to the Yorkville Investor on November 30, 2022.

	(kk)	Pro forma basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) available to holders of Class A Common Stock by the weighted-average shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during the period. Shares of our Class V Common Stock do not share in the earnings or losses of Rubicon and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class V Common Stock under the two-class method has not been presented. Potentially dilutive shares have been excluded from the computations of diluted earnings per share of Class A Common Stock because the effect would have been anti-dilutive under the if-converted method.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			Change $			Change %
	(in thousands, except changes in percentage)
Revenue
Service	$	162,789		$	127,256		$	35,533			27.9	%
Recyclable commodity		22,194			21,952			242			1.1	%
Total revenue		184,983			149,208			35,775			24.0	%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)
Service		157,504			122,771			34,733			28.3	%
Recyclable commodity		20,234			20,340			(106	)		(0.5	)%
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)		177,738			143,111			34,627			24.2	%
Sales and marketing		4,840			3,808			1,032			27.1	%
Product development		9,803			4,827			4,976			103.1	%
General and administrative		186,640			11,561			175,079			NM	%
Amortization and depreciation		1,439			1,344			95			7.1	%
Total costs and expenses		380,460			164,651			215,809			131.1	%
Loss from operations		(195,477	)		(15,443	)		(180,034	)		NM	%
Other income (expense):
Interest earned		1			-			1			NM	%
Gain on change in fair value of warrants		74			-			74			NM	%
Gain on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		67,100			-			67,100			NM	%
Loss on change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative		(76,919	)		-			(76,919	)		NM	%
Excess fair value over the consideration received for SAFE		-			-			-			NM	%
Other expense		(1,307	)		(326	)		(981	)		300.9	%
Interest expense		(4,578	)		(2,611	)		(1,967	)		75.3	%
Total other income (expense)		(15,629	)		(2,937	)		(12,692	)		432.1	%
Loss before income taxes		(211,106	)		(18,380	)		(192,726	)		NM	%
Income tax expense (benefit)		19			(252	)		271			(107.5	)%
Net loss		(211,125	)		(18,128	)		(192,997	)		NM	%
Net loss attributable to Holdings LLC unitholders prior to the Mergers		(176,384	)		(18,128	)		(158,256	)		873.0	%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(16,933	)		-			(16,933	)		NM	%
Net Loss Attributable to Class A Common Stockholders		(17,808	)		-			(17,808	)		NM	%

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			Change $			Change %
	(in thousands, except changes in percentage)
Revenue
Service	$	437,755		$	365,511		$	72,244			19.8	%
Recyclable commodity		71,640			54,251			17,389			32.1	%
Total revenue		509,395			419,762			89,633			21.4	%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)
Service		423,382			351,287			72,095			20.5	%
Recyclable commodity		65,856			51,098			14,758			28.9	%
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)		489,238			402,385			86,853			21.6	%
Sales and marketing		13,336			10,604			2,732			25.8	%
Product development		28,336			13,350			14,986			112.3	%
General and administrative		212,520			34,968			177,552			507.8	%
Amortization and depreciation		4,331			4,958			(627	)		(12.6	)%
Total costs and expenses		747,761			466,265			281,496			60.4	%
Loss from operations		(238,366	)		(46,503	)		(191,863	)		412.6	%
Other income (expense):
Interest earned		1			2			(1	)		(50.0	)%
Gain on forgiveness of debt		-			10,900			10,900			(100.0	)%
Loss on change in fair value of warrants		(436	)		-			(436	)		NM	%
Gain on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities		67,100			-			67,100			NM	%
Loss on change in fair value of forward purchase option derivative		(76,919	)		-			(76,919	)		NM	%
Excess fair value over the consideration received for SAFE		(800	)		-			(800	)		NM	%
Other expense		(1,994	)		(730	)		(1,264	)		173.2	%
Interest expense		(12,264	)		(7,461	)		(4,803	)		64.4	%
Total other income (expense)		(25,312	)		2,711			(28,023	)		NM	%
Loss before income taxes		(263,678	)		(43,792	)		(219,886	)		502.1	%
Income tax expense (benefit)		60			(961	)		1,021			(106.2	)%
Net loss		(263,738	)		(42,831	)		(220,907	)		515.8	%
Net loss attributable to Holdings LLC unitholders prior to the Mergers		(228,997	)		(42,831	)		(186,166	)		434.7	%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(16,933	)		-			(16,933	)		NM	%
Net Loss Attributable to Class A Common Stockholders		(17,808	)		-			(17,808	)		NM	%

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			Change $			Change %

	(in thousands, except changes in percentage)
Revenue
Service	$	500,911		$	490,122		$	10,789			2.2	%
Recyclable commodity		82,139			49,251			32,888			66.8	%
Total revenue		583,050			539,373			43,677			8.1	%
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)
Service		481,642			471,039			10,603			2.3	%
Recyclable commodity		77,030			45,892			31,138			67.9	%
Total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation)		558,672			516,931			41,741			8.1	%
Sales and marketing		14,457			14,782			(325	)		(2.2	)%
Product development		22,485			14,857			7,628			51.3	%
General and administrative		52,915			37,754			15,161			40.2	%
Amortization and depreciation		7,128			6,450			678			10.5	%
Total costs and expenses		655,657			590,774			64,883			11.0	%
Loss from operations		(72,607	)		(51,401	)		(21,206	)		41.3	%
Other income (expense):
Interest earned		2			8			(6	)		(75.0	)%
Gain on forgiveness of debt		10,900			-			10,900			NM	%
Loss on change in fair value of warrants		(606	)		-			(606	)		NM	%
Other expense		(1,055	)		(427	)		(628	)		147.1	%
Interest expense		(11,455	)		(8,217	)		(3,238	)		39.4	%
Total other income (expense)		(2,214	)		(8,636	)		6,422			(74.4	)%
Loss before income taxes		(74,821	)		(60,037	)		(14,784	)		24.6	%
Income tax expense (benefit)		(1,670	)		(1,454	)		(216	)		14.9	%
Net loss		(73,151	)		(58,583	)		(14,568	)		24.9	%

⁽³⁾	Nonrecurring merger transaction expenses primarily consist of management bonus payments of $31.7 million, including $2.8 million bonuses paid subsequent to the Closing Date, accrual for Rubicon management rollover consideration under the Merger Agreement of $47.6 million, and related payroll tax expense of $1.2 million in connection with the Mergers.
⁽⁴⁾	Other expenses primarily consist of foreign currency exchange gains and losses, taxes, penalties, commitment fee for SEPA, and gains and losses on sale of property and equipment.

	●	Mid-Market Sales: Responsible for sales development and closing new multi-location customer accounts with annual revenues below certain thresholds

	●	SMB Sales: Responsible for leading a highly digitized sales process for primarily single-location new customer accounts for small and medium size businesses

	●	Launch and Implementation: Responsible for overseeing new account setup and expansion projects, irrespective of new customer account size

	●	Partnerships: Responsible for building an eco-system of referral partners and channel sales

	●	Key Account Management: Responsible for managing and growing our existing key account customers

Name	Age	Position
Nate Morris	42	Founder, Chairman and Strategic Advisor
Phil Rodoni	50	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Kevin Schubert	45	President
Michael Heller	60	Chief Administrative Officer
Jevan Anderson	53	Chief Financial Officer
Renaud de Viel Castel	44	Chief Operations Officer
David Rachelson	41	Chief Sustainability Officer
Dan Sampson	46	Chief Marketing & Communications Officer
Tom Owston	36	Interim Chief Commercial Officer
Osman Ahmed	36	Director
Jack Selby	48	Director
Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky	67	Director
Brent Callinicos	57	Director
Barry Caldwell	62	Director
Coddy Johnson	46	Director
Andres Chico	36	Director
Paula Henderson	50	Director

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Bonus ($)(1)		Stock Awards ($)(2)		All Other Compensation ($)(3)			Total ($)
Philip Rodoni	2022	$	670,000	$	1,747,485	$	3,031,044	$	19,575		$	5,468,104
Chief Executive Officer; Former Chief Technology Officer (4)	2021	$	582,495	$	305,810		—	$	8,930		$	897,235
Nate Morris	2022	$	810,000	$	20,000,000	$	16,590,392	$	3,556,177	(5)	$	40,956,569
Former Chief Executive Officer	2021	$	686,159	$	390,332		—	$	15,913		$	1,092,404
Michael Heller	2022	$	542,192	$	1,414,414		—	$	8,636		$	1,965,242
Chief Administrative Officer	2021	$	471,471	$	247,522		—	$	21,221		$	740,214
Renaud de Viel Castel	2022	$	475,000	$	1,275,000		—	$	5,705		$	1,755,705
Chief Operating Officer

	Stock Awards
Name	Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)			Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)(1)
Philip Rodoni		—			—
Nate Morris		8,378,986	(2)	$	14,914,595
Michael Heller		—			—
Renaud de Viel Castel		—			—

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)		Total ($)
Hassan Ahmed (1)		—		—
Osman Ahmed	$	37,500	$	37,500
Barry Caldwell	$	46,875	$	46,875
Brent Callinicos	$	56,250	$	56,250
Andres Chico	$	28,125	$	28,125
Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky	$	56,250	$	56,250
Stephen Goldsmith (2)		—		—
Paula Henderson	$	56,250	$	56,250
Coddy Johnson	$	56,250	$	56,250
Steve Koonin (2)		—		—
Elizabeth Montoya (2)		—		—
Michael A. Nutter (2)		—		—
Steve Papa (1)		—		—
Oscar Salazar (2)		—		—
Allen Salmasi (1)		—		—
Jack Selby	$	37,500	$	37,500
Rob Theis (1)		—		—
Nicholas Walrod (2)		—		—
Bob Wickham (2)		—		—

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner⁽¹⁾	Class A Common Stock		Class V Common Stock		Voting Power and Implied Ownership⁽²⁾
Directors and Named Executive Officers
Nate Morris⁽³⁾		8,378,986		-		4.7	%
Michael Heller⁽⁴⁾		1,173,822		-		*	%
Phil Rodoni⁽⁵⁾		2,370,402		545,036		1.7	%
Osman Ahmed		-		-		0.0	%
Jack Selby		-		-		0.0	%
Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky		-		24,493		*	%
Brent Callinicos		-		314,597		*	%
Barry Caldwell		-		-		0.0	%
Coddy Johnson		-		-		0.0	%
Andres Chico⁽⁶⁾		-		-		0.0	%
Paula Henderson		-		-		0.0	%
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (17 Individuals)		13,237,968		1,007,496		7.9	%

Five Percent Holders
Founder SPAC Sponsor LLC⁽⁷⁾		19,369,375		-		10.6	%
MBI Holdings LP⁽⁸⁾		740,000		10,513,171		6.6	%
GFAPCH FO, S.C.⁽⁹⁾		-		17,084,267		10.0	%
Jose Miguel Enrich⁽¹⁰⁾		1,180,000		27,597,438		16.9	%
Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation⁽¹¹⁾		22,912,903		-		13.4	%
RGH, Inc.⁽¹²⁾		-		22,917,675		13.4	%

		Class A Common Stock								Warrants
		Beneficial Ownership Before the Offering		Shares to be Sold in the Offering		Beneficial Ownership After the Offering				Beneficial Ownership Before the Offering		Warrants to be Sold in the Offering		Beneficial Ownership After the Offering
Name of Selling Securityholder		Number of Shares		Number of Shares		Number of Shares		%⁽¹⁾		Number of Warrants		Number of Warrants		Number of Warrants		%
Nate Morris	(2)		8,378,986		8,378,986		-		-		-		-		-		-
Phil Rodoni	(3)		3,015,696		3,015,696		-		-		-		-		-		-
Jevan Anderson	(4)		106,293		106,293		-		-		-		-		-		-
William Meyer	(5)		173,596		173,596		-		-		-		-		-		-
Tom Owston	(6)		26,330		26,330		-		-						-		-
Ambassador Paula J. Dobriansky	(7)		26,330		26,330		-		-		-		-		-		-
Founder SPAC Sponsor LLC	(8)		19,369,375		19,369,375		-		-		12,623,125		12,623,125		-		-
RUBCN Holdings LP	(9)		6,339,451		6,339,451		-		-		-		-		-		-
RUBCN IV LP	(10)		4,359,760		4,359,760		-		-		-		-		-		-
RUBCN Holdings V LP	(11)		7,666,375		7,666,375		-		-		-		-		-		-
Jose Miguel Enrich	(9), (10), (11), (18), (26), (27), (28)		30,847,245		30,847,245		-		-		-		-		-		-
RGH, Inc.	(30)		24,636,501		24,636,501		-		-		-		-		-		-
Caroc Corporation	(12)		120,000		120,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
David Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza	(13)		1,542,400		1,164,000		378,400		*		-		-		-		-
Felipe Esteve Recolons	(14)		60,000		60,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation	(15)		24,383,871		24,383,871		-		-		-		-		-		-
Ignatius Limited Partnership	(16)		200,000		200,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Jorge Esteve Recolons	(17)		20,000		20,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
MBI Holdings LP	(18)		12,041,659		12,041,659		-		-		-		-		-		-
Palantir Technologies Inc.	(19)		3,500,000		3,500,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Raul Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza	(20)		255,300		208,000		47,300		*		-		-		-		-
Sabius Limited Partnership	(21)		800,000		800,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
SCP Opportunity XXXVIII LP	(22)		1,000,000		1,000,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Sergio Manuel Gutierrez Muguerza	(23)		255,300		208,000		47,300		*		-		-		-		-
Tierra Norte L.P.	(24)		100,000		100,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Wickford Investments LP	(25)		400,000		400,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Bolis Holdings LP	(26)		140,000		140,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
DGR Holdings LP	(27)		150,000		150,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Pequeno Holdings LP	(28)		150,000		150,000		-		-		-		-		-		-
Brent Callinicos	(29)		338,192		338,192		-		-		-		-		-		-
Alex Klinghoffer	(31)		3,025		3,025		-		-		-		-		-		-
Alexander Naumov	(32)		15,668		15,668		-		-		-		-		-		-
Benjamin Meadows	(33)		23,739		23,739		-		-		-		-		-		-
Charles Zinkowski	(34)		22,405		22,405		-		-		-		-		-		-
Chris Gurley	(35)		1,983		1,983		-		-		-		-		-		-
John Daniel Wilkins	(36)		3,999		3,999		-		-		-		-		-		-
Donald Muller	(37)		2,793		2,793		-		-		-		-		-		-
Jacqueline Beason	(38)		23,240		23,240		-		-		-		-		-		-
Jon Morrison	(39)		344		344		-		-		-		-		-		-
Kerri Faber	(40)		43,105		43,105		-		-		-		-		-		-
Maui Cheska Orozco	(41)		5,195		5,195		-		-		-		-		-		-
Michael Wilson	(42)		413		413		-		-		-		-		-		-
Monique Williams	(43)		16,757		16,757
Nate Marquardt	(44)		10,293		10,293		-		-		-		-		-		-
Ryan Kistenfeger	(45)		3,351		3,351		-		-		-		-		-		-
Sarah Sanders	(46)		11,981		11,981		-		-		-		-		-		-
Shawn Nugent	(47)		3,131		3,131		-		-		-		-		-		-
Stephanie Batey	(48)		8,378		8,378		-		-		-		-		-		-
Timothy Lamb	(49)		19,466		19,466		-		-		-		-		-		-
Victoria Thornton	(50)		13,964		13,964		-		-		-		-		-		-
J.V.B. Financial Group, LLC	(51)		2,485,604		2,485,604		-		-		-		-		-		-

	1.	Shortfall Sales. The FPA Sellers were permitted to sell up to $8,089,879.28 of Class A Common Stock without any payment obligation to us (“Shortfall Sales”). Upon making a sale of Class A Common Stock in excess of such amount, the FPA Sellers were required to make an aggregate one-time payment to us of $4,044,939.64. Immediately prior to entry into the FPA Termination Agreements, the aggregate Shortfall Sales by the FPA Sellers did not exceed the threshold amount and we did not receive any payment from the FPA Sellers in respect of this provision.

	2.	Terminated Shares. The FPA Sellers were also required to pay us a percentage of the proceeds from any sale by the FPA Sellers of Recycled Shares (“Terminated Shares”), whereby such shares would be deducted from the number of shares used to calculate the FPA Maturity Consideration (as discussed further below). Specifically, we were entitled to proceeds from such sales of Terminated Shares equal to the product of (x) the number of Terminated Shares multiplied by (y) the Forward Price, which was, at the time we entered into the FPA Termination Agreements, $6.00. More generally, the “Forward Price” was initially the Per-Share Redemption Price of approximately $10.176, but was adjusted on a monthly basis to the lower of (a) the then-current Forward Price, (b) the Per-Share Redemption Price, and (c) the VWAP of the last trading day of the prior month, but not lower than $6.00; provided, however, that if we offered and sold Class A Common Stock, or then-outstanding or future issued securities were exercised or converted, at a price lower than the then-current Forward Price (the “Offering Price”), but excluding certain issuances, then the Forward Price would be adjusted to the Offering Price. Consequently, it was unlikely that we would have received proceeds from the sale of Terminated Shares unless and until the Forward Price was lower than the current market price for our securities.

	3.	Reissued Shares. In connection with all Shortfall Sales, we were obligated to issue, for no additional consideration, a number of additional shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock sold pursuant to Shortfall Sales (the “Reissued Shares”). No Reissued Shares were issued to the FPA Sellers prior to the FPA Termination Agreements.

	Illustrative Example	Rubicon Best Case Scenario / FPA Sellers Worst Case Scenario	Rubicon Worst Case Scenario / FPA Sellers Best Case Scenario	Outcome as a result of FPA Termination Agreements
Shortfall Sales	If FPA Sellers elected to make Shortfall Sales constituting $5,000,000, we would have not received any proceeds.	FPA Sellers make Shortfall Sales in excess of $8,089,879.28 threshold, triggering a one-time payment from the FPA Sellers equal to $4,044,939.64.	FPA Sellers make Shortfall Sales with aggregate proceeds $1.00 less than the $8,089,879.28 threshold, thus no one-time payment by the FPA Sellers is required.	FPA Sellers did not make Shortfall Sales in excess of $8,089,879.28, thus no one-time payment of $4,044,939.64 to us by the FPA Sellers was required. Obligation terminated pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements.
Reissued Shares	If the FPA Sellers elected to make Shortfall Sales constituting 5,000,000 shares, we would have issued to the FPA Sellers 5,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock.	No Shortfall Sales are made and Rubicon does not issue any Reissued Shares.⁽¹⁾	Rubicon issues a number of Reissued Shares equal to 6,082,616, the aggregate number of Recycled Shares, sold as Shortfall Sales.	No Reissued Shares were issued. Obligation terminated pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements.
Terminated Shares	If the FPA Sellers sold 1,000 shares of Class A Common Stock on November 1, 2022, because the VWAP of the last trading day of October was less than $6.00, we would have received a $6,000 payment from the FPA Sellers and FPA Sellers would have retained any proceeds in excess of $6,000.	Share price is in excess of the Forward Price (i.e., lower of Per-Share Redemption Price of $10.176 or VWAP of last trading day of prior month) and all 6,082,616 Recycled Shares held by the FPA Sellers are sold. Assuming a per share sale price of $15 and a Forward Price equal to the Per-Share Redemption Price, FPA Sellers would have been required to pay Rubicon approximately $61.9 million.^{(2) (3)}	Share price is in excess of the Forward Price (i.e., lower of Per-Share Redemption Price of $10.176 or VWAP of last trading day of prior month) and all 6,082,616 Recycled Shares held by the FPA Sellers are sold. Assuming a per share sale price of $15 and a Forward Price equal to the Per-Share Redemption Price, FPA Sellers would receive net proceeds of approximately $29.3 million.⁽²⁾⁽³⁾	The share price never exceeded the Forward Price and no Recycled Shares were sold as Terminated Shares. Obligation terminated pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements.

		PAGE
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021		F-3
Statement of Operations for the Period from April 26, 2021 (Inception) through December 31, 2021		F-4
Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Deficit for the Period from April 26, 2021 (Inception) through December 31, 2021		F-5
Statement of Cash Flows for the Period from April 26, 2021 (Inception) through December 31, 2021		F-6
Notes to Financial Statements		F-7 – F-19

UNAUDITED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2022 (unaudited) and December 31, 2021		F-20
Unaudited Condensed Statement of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through June 30, 2021		F-21
Unaudited Condensed Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through June 30, 2021		F-22
Unaudited Condensed Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the period from April 26, 2021 (inception) through June 30, 2021		F-23
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements		F-24 – F-35

RUBICON TECHNOLOGIES, LLC

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Report of Independent Registered Accounting Firm		F-36
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020		F-37
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020		F-38
Consolidated Statements of Members’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020		F-39
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020		F-40
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-41 – F-61

UNAUDITED Condensed CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 (unaudited) and December 31, 2021		F-62
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021		F-63
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Members’ (Deficit) Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021		F-64
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021		F-65
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		F-66 – F-89


ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash	$	761,605
Prepaid insurance		511,509
Total current assets		1,273,114
Long-term prepaid insurance		401,507
Investments held in Trust Account		321,015,932
Total Assets	$	322,690,553

LIABILITIES, CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES SUBJECT TO POSSIBLE REDEMPTION AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current Liabilities
Accrued offering expenses	$	96,000
Due to Sponsor		102,667
Total current liabilities		198,667
Deferred underwriting fee payable		11,068,750
Total Liabilities		11,267,417

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 6)
Class A ordinary shares; 31,625,000 shares subject to possible redemption at $10.15 per share		320,993,750

Stockholders’ Deficit
Preferred Stock - $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding		-
Class A Ordinary Shares - $0.0001 par value; 479,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding (excluding 31,625,000 shares subject to possible redemption)		-
Class B Ordinary Shares - $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; 7,906,250 shares issued and outstanding		791
Additional paid-in capital		-
Accumulated deficit		(9,571,405	)
Total Stockholders’ Deficit		(9,570,614	)
Total Liabilities, Class A Ordinary Shares subject to Possible Redemption and Stockholders’ Deficit	$	322,690,553


Formation costs and other operating expenses	$	937,887
Loss from operations		(937,887	)

Other Income:
Income earned on investments in Trust Account		22,182
Net loss	$	(915,705	)
Weighted average Class A ordinary shares outstanding, basic and diluted		9,271,586
Basic and diluted net loss per share, Class A	$	0.02
Weighted average Class B ordinary shares outstanding, basic and diluted		7,906,250
Basic and diluted net loss per share, Class B	$	(0.14	)


	Class B Ordinary Shares				Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Deficit
Balances at April 26, 2021 (inception)		-	$	-	$	-		$	-		$	-
Issuance of Class B ordinary shares to Sponsor		7,906,250		791		24,209			-			25,000
Underwriter’s fees						(6,325,000	)					(6,325,000	)
Deferred underwriter fees						(11,068,750	)					(11,068,750	)
Offering costs						(746,784	)					(746,784	)
Sale of private placement warrants to Sponsor						14,204,375						14,204,375
Deemed dividend to Class A Shareholders’ to state the Trust Account at Redemption value						3,911,950			(8,655,700	)		(4,743,750	)
Net loss									(915,705	)		(915,705	)
Balances at December 31, 2021		7,906,250	$	791	$	-		$	(9,571,405	)	$	(9,570,614	)


Cash Flow from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(915,705	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Income earned on investments in Trust Account		(22,182	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Prepaid insurance		(913,017	)
Accrued expenses		(290,616	)
Accrued offering costs		(250,000	)
Net Cash used in Operating Activities		(2,391,520	)

Cash Flow from Investing Activities:
Investments held in Trust Account		(320,993,750	)
Net Cash used in Investing Activities		(320,993,750	)

Cash Flow from Financing Activities:
Proceeds received from initial public offering, gross	$	316,250,000
Proceeds from private warrants		14,204,375
Payment of offering costs		(6,307,500	)
Net Cash provided by Financing Activities		324,146,875

Net change in cash		761,605
Cash at the beginning of the period		-
Cash at the end of the period	$	761,605

Supplement Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities:
Offering costs paid by Sponsor	$	352,667
Deferred underwriting commissions	$	11,068,750
Offering costs paid by Sponsor in exchange for issuance of Class B ordinary shares	$	25,000
Offering costs included in accrued offering costs	$	286,145

	For the Period from April 26, 2021 (inception) to December 31, 2021
Class B shares outstanding		7,906,250
Class A shares Issued upon IPO		31,625,000
Proceeds allocated to Class A	$	316,250,000
Class A redemption amount	$	320,993,750

EPS
Net (loss)/income	$	(915,705	)
Class A accretion to redemption amount	$	(4,743,750	)
Net (loss)/ income available to shareholders	$	(5,659,455	)