UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)



☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-40816

ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

England and Wales

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Eastcastle House

27/28 Eastcastle Street

London W1W 8DH

England

(Address of principal executive offices)

Jim MacCallum, Chief Financial Officer

Eastcastle House

27/28 Eastcastle Street

London W1W 8DH

England

Telephone: +44 20 788 400 3403

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.


Title of each class:	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Ordinary shares, nominal value of £0.001 per share*		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC*
American Depository Shares, each representing ten ordinary shares	ARBK	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
8.75% Senior Notes due 2026	ARBKL	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

* The ordinary shares are not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American depositary shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.


	536,963,471 Ordinary Shares, par value £$0.001 per share, were outstanding as of December 31, 2023

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer	☒	Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


U.S. GAAP	☐	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board	☒	Other	☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 or ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐Yes ☒ No

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND CERTAIN OTHER INFORMATION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this report to the terms “Argo,” “the Company,” “the Group,” “our,” “us,” and “we” refer to Argo Blockchain plc and its subsidiaries.

Our financial statements in this annual report on Form 20-F (this “Annual Report”) were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB (“IFRS”).

Our financial information is presented in U.S. dollars as described in Note 3 of the annual financial statements. All references in this report to “$” mean U.S. dollars, all references to “£” and “GBP” mean pound sterling and all references to “CAD $” mean Canadian dollars.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this Annual Report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

Our fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of the same year.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “will” and “would” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about future operating results, potential risks pertaining to these future operating results, future plans, prospects and our business strategy, anticipated benefits of proposed (or future) acquisitions or investments, new facilities, growth, the capabilities and capacities of business operations, any financial or other guidance, expected capital expenditures and all statements that are not based on historical fact, but rather reflect our current expectations concerning future results and events. This list is not an exhaustive list of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements.

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these and other factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law, applicable regulations or the rules of any stock exchange to which we are subject.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements.

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This report contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and cryptocurrency markets. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from our own internal estimates and research as well as from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry and general publications, government data and similar sources. While we believe our internal company research as to such matters is reliable and the market definitions are appropriate, neither such research nor these definitions have been verified by any independent source.

In addition, assumptions and estimates of our and our industry’s future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause our future performance to differ materially from our assumptions and estimates. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-looking Statements.”

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GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Throughout this report, we use a number of industry terms and concepts which are defined as follows:

●

application-specific integrated circuits or ASICs: Computer microchips designed for a particular use, in this case, mining cryptocurrency. ASICs are considered far superior in terms of performance and efficiency to the central processing units and graphics processing units found inside personal computers.

●

Bitcoin: The first implementation of cryptocurrency, a form of digital money that uses blockchain technology, initially introduced in a white paper titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System by Satoshi Nakamoto. When we reference our Bitcoin production or Bitcoin holdings, we include other digital assets. The conversion rate to Bitcoin is based on the price quoted for such cryptocurrency compared to Bitcoin on CoinGecko.com on the referenced date at 11:59 UTC. With respect to other cryptocurrencies mined, the conversion rate to Bitcoin is based on the price quoted for such cryptocurrency compared to Bitcoin on CoinGecko.com at 11:59 UTC on the date it was mined.

●	block: Synonymous with digital pages in a ledger. Blocks are added to an existing blockchain as transactions occur on the network. Miners are rewarded for “mining” a new block.

●	blockchain: A cryptographically secure digital ledger that maintains a record of all transactions that occur on the network and follows a consensus protocol for confirming new blocks to be added to the blockchain.

●	CBDC: Central bank digital currency, a form of government-backed stablecoin.

●	cold storage: The storage of private keys in any fashion that is disconnected from the internet. Common cold storage examples include offline computers, USB drives, or paper records.

●	consensus: The protocol that allows a blockchain network to be secure by governing how transactions are processed and new blocks are added to the blockchain.

●	cryptocurrency: Digital assets that are designed to work as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and/or store of value.

●

digital asset: A broad term for anything that can be stored and transmitted electronically, and has associated ownership or use rights. As used in this report, the term “digital assets” refers to assets that are created and maintained with software (code), and exist as data on a blockchain network.

●	digital asset ecosystem: The broad ecosystem of individuals, organizations, platforms, networks and other elements that use and support the use of digital assets and related technologies, across any number of industries and use cases.

●

Ethereum: Ethereum is a peer-to-peer blockchain network that was originally described in a 2013 white paper by Vitalik Buterin, a programmer involved with Bitcoin. The Ethereum network allows people to exchange digital assets, called Ether (“ETH”), which can be used to pay for goods and services, including computational power on the Ethereum network. Ethereum also allows users to write and implement smart contracts that are used to create digital assets other than ETH on the Ethereum network, move digital assets in accordance with conditional instructions and create markets, among other things. Smart contract operations are executed on the Ethereum network in exchange for payment of ETH. Ethereum has recently been popularly used for DeFi applications.

●	fork: A fundamental change to the software underlying a blockchain which results in two different blockchains: the original version and the new version. In some instances, the fork results in the creation of a new digital asset.

●

hash: A function that takes an input, and then outputs an alphanumeric string known as the “hash value.” Each block in a blockchain contains the hash value of the block before it followed by its own hash value. Hash functions are used to demonstrate proof-of-work and confirm transactions on a blockchain.

●	hashrate: A measure of the computing power in use on a blockchain network.

●	hashprice: A measure that refers to the expected value of 1 petahash per second of hashing power per day. Hashprice is a function of four inputs: network difficulty, Bitcoin price, block subsidy, and transaction fees.

●	hot wallet: A wallet that is connected to the internet, enabling it to broadcast transactions to a blockchain network.

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●	miner: Individuals or entities who operate a computer or group of computers that add new transactions to blocks, and verify blocks created by other miners. Miners collect transaction fees and are rewarded with new digital assets for their services.

●	mining: The process by which new blocks are created, and thus new transactions are added to the blockchain.

●

mining difficulty: In a proof-of-work network, difficulty is the measure of how difficult it is to mine a new block by solving the hashing algorithm. On the Bitcoin network, the network programmatically adjusts the difficulty every 2,016 blocks so that the average time it takes to add a new block remains approximately 10 minutes.

●	mining machines: Any ASIC- or GPU-based machines that are mining cryptocurrency.

●	mining pools: Mining pools are groups of miners that combine their computing resources over a network to increase the probability they will solve the next block more quickly than any other miner (or other mining pool).

●	network: The collection of all miners that use computing power to maintain the ledger and add new blocks to the blockchain. Most networks are decentralized, reducing the risk of a single point of failure.

●	protocol: A type of algorithm or software that governs how a blockchain network operates.

●

proof-of-work: A protocol for establishing consensus across a system that ties mining capability to computational power. Hashing a block, which is in itself an easy computational process, now requires each miner to solve for a set, difficult variable. In effect, the process of hashing each block becomes a competition. This addition of solving for a target increases the difficulty of successfully hashing each block. For each hashed block, the overall process of hashing will have taken some time and computational effort.

●

proof-of-stake: An alternative consensus protocol, in which a “validator” uses their own digital assets to validate transactions or blocks. Validators “stake” their digital assets on whichever transactions they choose to validate. If a validator validates a block (group of transactions) correctly, it will receive a reward. Typically, if a validator verifies an incorrect transaction, it will lose the digital assets that it staked. Proof-of-stake generally requires a negligible amount of computing power compared to proof-of-work.

●

public key or private key: Each public address on a blockchain network has a corresponding public key and private key that are cryptographically generated. A private key allows the recipient to access any digital assets belonging to the address, similar to a bank account password. A public key helps validate transactions that are broadcast to and from the address. Addresses are shortened versions of public keys, which are derived from private keys.

●

stablecoin: Digital assets designed to minimize price volatility by tracking the price of an underlying asset such as fiat money or an exchange-traded commodity (such as precious metals or industrial metals). Stablecoins may attempt to maintain a stable value by being backed by physical reserves of the underlying asset, or may rely on other methods, such as algorithmically controlled supply.

●	wallet: A place to store public and private keys for digital assets. Wallets are typically software, hardware, or paper-based.

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not Applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not Applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Reserved

B. Capitalization and indebtedness.

Not Applicable.

C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.

Not Applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

Risk Factors Summary

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, which are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and must be read in conjunction with, the detailed information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. The risks and uncertainties described below are those we currently believe to be material, but they are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that we have not yet identified or that we currently consider not to be material, actually occur or become material risks, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. Among these important risks are the following:

●

Due to our limited operating history, it may be difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in any given period.

●

We may be unable to raise additional capital needed to grow our business.

●

We and our auditors have substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain further financing.

●

We have an evolving business model, which is subject to various uncertainties.

●

Our total revenue and cash flow is substantially dependent on the market value of digital assets and the volume of digital assets received from our mining efforts. If such market value or volume declines, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

●

There are risks related to technological obsolescence, the potential disruption of our global supply chain by climate-related issues for cryptocurrency mining hardware, and difficulty in obtaining new mining machines that may have a negative effect on our business.

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●

We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact our business and any such additional regulatory requirements, or changes in how existing requirements are interpreted and applied, may cause us to cease all or certain of our operations or change our business model.

●

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we compete against companies with greater resources and experience.

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We rely on a third-party custodian for the long-term holding of our digital assets, and actual or perceived security threats could result in the loss of our assets.

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Cyberattacks and security breaches of our own or our third-party service providers or partner’s cryptocurrency operations, or those impacting underlying digital asset networks, could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

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The facilities in which our mining operations are conducted and our mining equipment may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.

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We rely on third-party mining pool operators to pay us mining rewards, the failure of which would have a negative impact on our operations.

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There is a possibility of digital asset networks transitioning from proof-of-work mining algorithms to proof-of-stake validation, which could make us less competitive and ultimately adversely affect our business.

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As a result of state and local regulations over electric distribution utilities and retail electricity suppliers, we may not be able to obtain electricity on terms and conditions that are economic and practicable.

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Cryptocurrency regulation, both in the United States and internationally, could adversely affect the price of cryptocurrencies and the cryptocurrency mining industry.

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Our success depends on our ability to retain key management personnel, and to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future.

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ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

●

Our articles of association provide that the courts of England and Wales will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of all shareholder complaints other than complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and that the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any shareholder complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History

Due to our limited operating history, it may be difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in any given period.

We began our operations in December 2017, and since our incorporation our business model has evolved significantly. While our annual net revenue has increased since our formation, there is no assurance that this growth rate will continue in future periods and you should not rely on the revenue growth or otherwise of any given period as an indication of our future performance. We may not generate sufficient revenue to achieve positive cash flow from operations or profitability in any given period, and our limited operating history and the volatile nature of our business and the cryptocurrency industry make it difficult to evaluate our current business and our future prospects. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties, including, but not limited to those described in this section. If we do not manage these risks successfully, our business may be adversely impacted. If our growth rate were to decline significantly or become negative, it could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. If we are not able to achieve or maintain positive cash flow from operations, our business may be adversely impacted and we may require additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all, or which could be dilutive to our ADS holders.

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We may be unable to raise additional capital needed to grow our business.

We may need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements. Our financial condition was materially and adversely affected by the declines in value experienced by digital assets in 2022, and we were required to divest a substantial portion of our fixed assets to meet our operating and debt service needs because other sources of financing were unavailable. In the future, we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could impair our growth and adversely affect our existing operations. If we raise additional equity financing, our ADS holders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and the per ADS value of our ordinary shares could decline. Furthermore, if we incur additional debt financing, the holders of debt likely would have priority over the holders of our ADSs on order of payment preference. We may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness or to take other actions including terms that require us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios that could otherwise not be in the interests of our investors.

We and our auditors have substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain further financing.

Our recurring losses from operations, the pending maturities of and debt service on our outstanding indebtedness, and macro-economic conditions in the cryptocurrency markets, increases in the cost of energy generally as well as the cost to us in particular, among other factors, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. These factors and management’s assessment of our prospects to continue as a going concern are included disclosures in Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Financial Statements”), and our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our Annual Financial Statements with respect to this uncertainty. Our Annual Financial Statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to obtain additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our operations, and our stockholders could lose all, or a significant portion, of their investment in us.

We have an evolving business model, which is subject to various uncertainties.

Our business model has significantly evolved since our incorporation and we expect it to continue to do so in the future. For example, in the past, we operated as a mining-as-a-service (“MaaS”) business. Beginning in 2019, in the face of an industry-wide downturn, we terminated our MaaS contracts and commenced mining for our own account. Additionally, we previously focused on owning and operating mining facilities, but beginning in late 2022 we have shifted to a model that seeks to strike a balance between owning and operating our own mining facilities and utilizing third party facilities with access to reliable, low-cost and renewable energy. As digital assets and blockchain technologies become more widely available, we expect the services and products associated with them to evolve. In order to stay current with the industry, our business model may need to evolve as well. As a result, from time to time, we may modify aspects of our business model relating to our strategy. We cannot offer any assurance that these or any other modifications will be successful or will not result in harm to our business. These modifications may increase the complexity of our business and place significant strain on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, and financial resources. We may not be able to manage growth effectively, which could damage our reputation, limit our growth and negatively affect our operating results. Further, we cannot provide any assurance that we will successfully identify all emerging trends and growth opportunities within the cryptocurrency industry and we may lose out on such opportunities. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Position

Our operating results have fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate significantly due to the highly volatile nature of digital assets.

All of our sources of revenue are dependent on digital assets and the broader blockchain ecosystem. Due to the highly volatile nature of the blockchain ecosystem and the prices of digital assets, our operating results have fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, significantly from period to period in accordance with market sentiments and movements in the broader blockchain ecosystem. In particular, our operating results may continue to fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are unpredictable and in certain instances are outside of our control, including:

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changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, or actions by governments or regulators that impact the cryptocurrency industry generally, or our operations specifically;

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difficulty obtaining new hardware and related installation costs;

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access to cost-effective sources of electrical power;

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evolving cryptographic algorithms and emerging trends in the technology securing blockchains, including proof-of-stake;

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changes in the development, usage, and market preferences for the cryptocurrencies we mine;

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adverse legal proceedings or regulatory enforcement actions, judgments, settlements or other legal proceeding and enforcement-related costs;

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the development and introduction of existing and new products and technology by us or our competitors;

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the availability and popularity of other forms or methods of buying and selling goods and services, including new means of using fiat currencies (such as government-led digital currency projects);

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increases in operating expenses that we expect to incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive;

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system failure or outages, including with respect to our mining hardware, power supply and third-party networks;

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breaches of security or data privacy;

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our ability to protect our intellectual property;

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our ability to attract and retain talent; and

●

our ability to compete.

As a result of these and other factors, it is difficult for us to forecast growth trends accurately and our business and future prospects are difficult to evaluate, particularly in the short term. In addition, as a result of the rapidly evolving nature of our business and the blockchain ecosystem, period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful, and you should not rely upon them as an indication of future performance. Annual expenses reflected in our financial statements may be significantly different from historical rates. Our operating results in one or more future periods may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. As a result, the trading price of our ADSs may increase or decrease significantly.

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We currently generate substantially all of our revenue from cryptocurrency rewards and transaction fees received for successfully proposing a valid “block” of transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain. Similarly, our operating cash flow is substantially dependent on our ability to sell cryptocurrency for fiat currency as needed. As such, any declines in the amount of cryptocurrencies that we successfully mine, the price of such cryptocurrencies or market liquidity for cryptocurrencies and digital assets generally would adversely affect our revenue and ability to fund our operations. For example, our financial condition and results of operations were materially and adversely affected by the declines in value experienced by digital assets in 2022.

The price of cryptocurrencies and digital assets and associated demand for buying, selling, and trading cryptocurrencies and digital assets have historically been subject to significant volatility. For example, Bitcoin’s aggregate market value exceeded $320 billion as of January 1, 2023 compared to approximately $840 billion as of January 1, 2024, based on Bitcoin prices quoted on CoinGecko.com. The price and trading volume of any digital asset is subject to significant uncertainty and volatility, depending on a number of factors, including:

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market conditions across the broader blockchain ecosystem;

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trading activities on digital asset platforms worldwide, many of which may be unregulated, and may include manipulative activities;

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investment and trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, miners and investors;

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the speed and rate at which digital assets are able to gain worldwide adoption as a medium of exchange, utility, store of value, consumptive asset, security instrument or other financial asset, if at all;

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changes in user and investor confidence in digital assets and digital asset platforms;

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publicity and events relating to the blockchain ecosystem, including public perception of the impact of the blockchain ecosystem on the environment;

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unpredictable social media coverage or “trending” of digital assets;

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the functionality and utility of digital assets and their associated ecosystems and networks, including digital assets designed for use in various applications;

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consumer preferences and perceived value of digital assets;

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increased competition from other payment services or other digital assets that exhibit better speed, security, scalability or other characteristics;

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the correlation between the prices of digital assets, including the potential that a crash in one digital asset or widespread defaults on one digital asset exchange or trading venue may cause a crash in the price of other digital assets, or a series of defaults by counterparties on digital asset exchanges or trading venues;

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changes in the regulatory or legislative environment, including regulatory enforcement actions, affecting the blockchain industry participants;

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the characterization of digital assets under the laws of various jurisdictions around the world;

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the maintenance, troubleshooting and development of the blockchain networks underlying digital assets, including by miners, validators and developers worldwide;

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the ability for digital asset networks to attract and retain miners or validators to secure and confirm transactions accurately and efficiently;

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ongoing technological viability and security of digital assets and their associated protocols, smart contracts, cryptography, applications and networks, including vulnerabilities against hacks and scalability;

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fees and speed associated with processing digital asset transactions, including on the underlying blockchain networks and on digital asset platforms;

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financial strength of market participants;

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interruptions in service from, or failures of, major digital asset trading platforms;

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availability of an active derivatives market for various digital assets;

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availability of credit, banking and payment services to support digital asset-related projects;

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level of interest rates and inflation; and

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monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions and fiat currency devaluations.

There is no assurance that any digital asset, including Bitcoin, will maintain its value or that there will be meaningful levels of trading activities to support markets in any digital asset. A decline in the market value of digital assets or in the demand for trading digital assets could lead to a corresponding decline in the value of our cryptocurrency assets, the number of transactions on the relevant blockchain network and, as such, the opportunities to earn block rewards and transaction fees, our returns on investments in mining machines, and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Further, to the extent that investors perceive investment in our ADSs as a proxy for exposure to the digital asset industry more generally, volatility in the value of cryptocurrencies could have immediate and substantial effects on the price of our ADSs, irrespective of the actual effect on our business.

Digital assets may be subject to momentum pricing due to speculation regarding future appreciation or depreciation in value, leading to greater volatility. Momentum pricing typically is associated with growth stocks and other assets whose valuation, as determined by the investing public, accounts for future changes in value. It is possible that momentum pricing of digital assets has resulted, and may continue to result, in speculation regarding future changes in the value of digital assets, making digital assets’ prices more volatile. As a result, digital assets may be more likely to fluctuate in value due to changing investor confidence, which could impact future appreciation or depreciation in digital asset prices. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The market value of digital assets may also be affected by the activities of “professionalized” mining operations. Since Bitcoin was launched, digital asset mining operations have evolved from individual users mining with computer processors, graphics processing units and first-generation ASIC mining machines to businesses with sophisticated operations using the latest ASIC technology, particularly operations mining Bitcoin. These professionalized mining operations are of a greater scale than individual and casual miners and have more defined and regular expenses and liabilities. These regular expenses and liabilities require professionalized mining operations to maintain profit margins on the sale of mined digital assets, including Bitcoin. To the extent the price of digital assets decline and such profit margin is constrained, professionalized miners may be incentivized to more immediately sell any digital assets, including Bitcoin, earned from mining operations, whereas it is believed that individual miners in past years were more likely to hold newly mined digital assets for more extended periods. If professional mining operations were to collectively implement strategies to immediately sell newly mined digital assets, including Bitcoin, it would greatly increase the available trading supply of such digital assets, potentially creating downward pressure on the market price.

Digital assets remain subject to an uncertain and evolving regulatory environment. The federal banking agencies have announced they are actively considering if additional regulation or guidance is warranted, and recent actions reflect a conservative approach to permitting regulated entities to engage in digital asset activities. An adverse change in the regulatory environment for participation by the legacy financial industry in digital assets activities may impact the demand for digital assets and related services, access to traditional financial services for digital asset industry participants and/or the market value of digital assets.

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A majority of our revenue is currently derived from mining Bitcoin. If demand for Bitcoin declines and is not replaced by new demand for cryptocurrencies we are able to mine, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

For the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we derived the majority of our net revenue from transaction fees and cryptocurrency rewards generated in connection with mining Bitcoin. As such, in addition to the factors impacting the broader blockchain ecosystem and the prices of digital assets described in this section, our business may be adversely affected if the market for Bitcoin deteriorates or if its price declines, including as a result of the following factors:

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the reduction in mining rewards of Bitcoin, including block reward halving events, which are events that occur after a specific period of time which reduce the block rewards earned by miners;

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disruptions, hacks, splits in the underlying network also known as “forks,” attacks by malicious actors who control a significant portion of the network’s hashrate such as “double-spend” or “51% attacks” or other similar incidents affecting the Bitcoin network;

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hard “forks” resulting in the creation of, and divergence into, multiple separate networks, such as Bitcoin Cash;

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the informal governance of the Bitcoin network, which evolves over time largely based on self-determined participation, which may result in revisions to the underlying source code or inaction, that affects the Bitcoin network’s speed, scalability, security, usability or value;

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the ability for the Bitcoin network to resolve significant scaling challenges and increase the volume and speed of transactions;

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the ability to attract and retain developers to maintain and update the Bitcoin network;

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the ability to attract and retain market participants to use Bitcoin for payment, store of value, unit of accounting and other intended uses;

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transaction congestion and fees associated with processing transactions on the Bitcoin network;

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negative perception of Bitcoin, including with respect to the power consumption of its proof-of-work consensus mechanism;

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developments in mathematics or technology, including in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, that could result in the cryptography being used by Bitcoin becoming insecure or ineffective; and

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laws and regulations affecting the Bitcoin network or access to this network, including a determination that Bitcoin constitutes a security or other regulated financial instrument under the laws of any jurisdiction.

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We may fail to successfully manage or hedge our financial exposure to digital assets, including Bitcoin.

We may at times employ various risk mitigation strategies, such as trading Bitcoin for alternative digital assets or stablecoins or purchasing Bitcoin futures, options, and other derivatives contracts, designed to minimize the impact of volatility in the Bitcoin market and other cryptocurrencies on our balance sheet. Such techniques will not always be possible to implement and when possible will not always be effective in limiting losses and may also result in additional counterparty risk, costs, and potentially losses. Hedging against a decline in the value of a particular cryptocurrency does not eliminate fluctuations in the values of positions we hold or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline, but may moderate the decline in value. However, such hedge transactions also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of the hedged cryptocurrency should increase. Moreover, it may not be possible to hedge against a fluctuation that is so generally anticipated that we are not able to enter into a hedging transaction at a price sufficient to protect from the anticipated decline in value of the cryptocurrency anticipated as a result of such a fluctuation. We may choose not to engage in a hedging transaction for a number of reasons, including if the expense associated with such hedging transaction is perceived as being too costly or other factors. Failure to hedge our exposure to digital currencies or convert digital currencies into fiat when their value is high can lead to liquidity shortages if the value of digital currencies declines precipitously, as happened in 2022. The successes of our hedging transactions are subject to our ability to correctly predict market fluctuations and movements and our ability to monitor any hedging transactions that we enter into. Therefore, while we may enter into such transactions to seek to reduce risks, unanticipated market movements and fluctuations may result in a poorer overall performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions.

Digital assets, the wallets in which they are stored and the networks and exchanges on which they are traded are based on software code which has generally been written, maintained and updated by third parties. Flaws in this software code have been exposed by certain actors, sometimes for malicious ends. Most of our sensitive and valuable data, including digital assets are stored with a third-party custodian, Gemini Custody, a product of the Gemini Trust Company, LLC, a trust company regulated by the New York Department of Financial Services. (the “Custodian”). We also rely on the digital asset community and our third-party service providers to optimize and protect sensitive and valuable data, confidential information and identify vulnerabilities of blockchain networks. The digital asset community will often identify and correct errors and defects in the code underlying digital asset networks, including those that may disable some functionalities of our systems or expose data. For example, in 2018, a vulnerability in the Bitcoin network source code that could in certain circumstances allow miners to double-spend Bitcoin and thereby increase the supply of Bitcoin was discovered. There can be no guarantee that the measures intended to safeguard digital assets and related software, and the work of the digital asset developer community, will identify or resolve all vulnerabilities, errors and defects prior to a malicious actor being able to exploit them. Any actual or perceived data security breach we experience, or of our third-party partners or any underlying digital asset network, may:

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lead to theft or irretrievable loss of our fiat currencies or digital assets;

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harm our reputation and brand;

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result in our systems or services being unavailable and interrupt our operations;

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result in improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws;

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result in significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure;

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cause us to incur significant remediation costs;

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divert the attention of management from the operation of our business; and

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adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

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Further, any actual or perceived data security breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other digital asset companies or underlying digital asset networks, whether or not we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of confidence in the broader blockchain ecosystem or in the use of digital asset networks to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us, including the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures and technology infrastructure.

Attacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including industries related to digital assets, are increasing in frequency, persistence, and sophistication, and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded and organized groups and individuals, including state actors. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities. In particular, unauthorized parties have attempted, and we expect that they will continue to attempt, to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our partners and third-party service providers, through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, phishing and fraud. In the past, hackers have successfully employed a social engineering attack against one of our service providers and misappropriated our digital assets, although, to date, such events have not been material to our financial condition or operating results. If and as our assets grow, we may become a more appealing target for these threats. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, and insiders. In addition, certain types of attacks could harm us even if our systems are left undisturbed. For example, certain threats are designed to remain dormant or undetectable, sometimes for extended periods of time, or until launched against a target and we may not be able to implement adequate preventative measures.

Any future breach of our operations or those of others in the digital asset industry, including third-party services on which we rely, could materially and adversely affect our business, and we expect that our costs and the resources we devote to protecting against these advanced threats and their consequences will continue to increase over time. In addition, some insurers are currently reluctant to provide cybersecurity insurance for cryptocurrency and digital assets. In the event of any attacks, our costs and any impacted assets may not be partially or fully recoverable.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, we compete against companies with greater resources and experience, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected if we are unable to respond to our competitors effectively.

The blockchain ecosystem is highly innovative, rapidly evolving and characterized by intense competition, experimentation and frequent introductions of new products and services, and is subject to uncertain and evolving industry and regulatory requirements. We expect competition to increase in the future as existing and new competitors introduce new products or enhance existing products. We compete against a number of companies operating both within the United States and abroad that focus on digital asset-based services, including mining digital assets.

Our existing competitors have, and our potential competitors are expected to have, various competitive advantages over us, such as:

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greater name recognition, longer operating histories and larger market shares;

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more established marketing, banking and compliance relationships;

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greater mining capabilities and mining software;

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more timely introduction of new technologies;

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preferred relationships with suppliers of mining machines and other equipment;

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access to more competitively priced or subsidized power;

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greater financial resources to make acquisitions;

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lower labor, compliance, risk mitigation and research and development costs;

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larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios;

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greater number of applicable licenses or similar authorizations;

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established core business models outside of the mining or trading of digital assets, allowing them to operate on lesser margins or at a loss;

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operations in certain jurisdictions with lower compliance costs and greater flexibility to explore new product offerings; and

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substantially greater financial, technical and other resources.

If we are unable to compete successfully, or if competing successfully requires us to take costly actions in response to the actions of our competitors, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of Bitcoin and adversely affect our business.

Our business strategy is substantially dependent on the market price of Bitcoin. As of January 1, 2024, Bitcoin was the largest digital asset by market capitalization and had the largest user base and largest combined mining power. Despite this first to market advantage, as of January 1, 2023, there were more than 17,000 alternative digital assets tracked by CoinMarketCap.com, having a total market capitalization of approximately $2.2 trillion (including the approximately $0.32 trillion market cap of Bitcoin), as calculated using market prices and total available supply of each digital asset.

Many entities, including consortiums and financial institutions are also researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms rather than open platforms like the Bitcoin network. At the same time, central banks have introduced digital forms of legal tender (“CBDCs”). China’s CBDC project, known as Digital Currency Electronic Payment, has reportedly been tested in a live pilot program conducted in multiple cities in China. A recent study published by the Bank for International Settlements estimated that at least 36 central banks, including the U.S. Federal Reserve, have published retail or wholesale CBDC work ranging from research to pilot projects. Whether or not they incorporate blockchain or similar technology, CBDCs, as legal tender in the issuing jurisdiction, could have an advantage in competing with, or replace, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange or store of value.

The emergence or growth of alternative digital assets could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, Bitcoin. If we are unable to transition our mining operations to a replacement digital asset, the reduction in the popularity of Bitcoin could have an adverse impact on our operations and thereby adversely affect an investment in our ADSs.

We may be subject to material litigation, including individual and class action lawsuits, as well as investigations and enforcement actions by regulators and governmental authorities.

We may from time to time become subject to claims, arbitrations, individual and class action lawsuits, government and regulatory investigations, inquiries, actions or requests, including with respect to both consumer and employment matters, and other proceedings alleging violations of laws, rules and regulations, both foreign and domestic. The scope, determination and impact of claims, lawsuits, government and regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, disputes and proceedings to which we are subject cannot be predicted with certainty, and may result in:

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substantial payments to satisfy judgments, fines or penalties;

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substantial outside counsel legal fees and costs;

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additional compliance and licensure requirements;

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loss or non-renewal of existing licenses or authorizations, or prohibition from or delays in obtaining additional licenses or authorizations, required for our business;

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loss of productivity and high demands on employee time;

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criminal sanctions or consent decrees;

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termination of certain employees, including members of our executive team;

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barring of certain employees from participating in our business in whole or in part;

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orders that restrict our business or prevent us from offering certain products or services;

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changes to our business model and practices;

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delays to planned transactions, product launches or improvements; and

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damage to our brand and reputation.

Any such matters can have an adverse impact, which may be material, on our business, operating results or financial condition because of legal costs, diversion of management resources, reputational damage and other factors.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our securities may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm its business. We are currently subject to a class action lawsuit. The case, Murphy vs Argo Blockchain plc et al, was filed in the Eastern District of New York on January 26, 2023. We filed a motion to dismiss the case on February 7, 2024, and are still awaiting the judge's ruling on the motion to dismiss at the time of this filing.

We plan to continue to make acquisitions and investments, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, result in dilution to our ADS holders, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expenses and adversely affect our financial results.

We are actively considering strategic opportunities with the support of our external advisors. However, we cannot offer any assurance that acquisitions of businesses, assets and/or entering into strategic alliances or joint ventures will be made or, if made, will be successful. We may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition candidates and may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into the existing business and could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions also could result in liabilities or future write-offs of intangible assets or goodwill, any of which could have a negative impact on our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Integration of an acquired company may also disrupt ongoing operations and require management resources that otherwise would be focused on developing and expanding our existing business. We may experience losses related to potential investments in other companies, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Further, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, strategic alliance or joint venture if such investments do not materialize. To finance any acquisitions or joint ventures, we may choose to issue ordinary shares, preferred shares or a combination of debt and equity as consideration, which could significantly dilute the ownership of our existing ADS holders or provide rights to such preferred shareholders in priority over our ADS holders. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. If the price of our ADSs is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies or fund a joint venture project using ordinary shares as consideration.

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We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by disasters, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster. Any interruption in the operations of our or our suppliers’ manufacturing or other facilities may have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Severe weather, natural disasters and other calamities, such as pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes, fires and explosions, accidents, mechanical failures, unscheduled downtimes, civil unrest, strikes, transportation interruptions, unpermitted discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances, other environmental risks, sabotage or terrorist attacks, could severely disrupt our operations, or our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurs that prevents us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters or other facilities, or those of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers, that damages critical infrastructure, such as one of the facilities in which our mining operations are conducted, or that otherwise disrupts operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. The potential impact of any disruption would depend on the nature and extent of the damage caused by a disaster. There can be no assurance that alternative production capacity will be available in the future in the event of a major disruption or, if it is available, that it could be obtained on favorable terms. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, particularly when taken together with our lack of earthquake insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, integral parties in our supply chain are similarly vulnerable to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Digital Assets

Acceptance and/or widespread use of digital assets is uncertain.

Currently, there is a relatively limited use for digital assets in retail and commercial marketplaces, which we believe has contributed to price volatility and could therefore adversely affect an investment in our ADSs. Banks and other established financial institutions may, and do, refuse to process funds for digital asset transactions, process wire transfers to or from digital asset trading platforms, cryptocurrency-related companies or service providers, and maintain accounts for persons or entities transacting in digital assets. Actions by U.S. banking regulators have made it more difficult for digital asset companies to obtain and maintain banking relationships needed in their businesses. Conversely, a significant portion of digital asset demand is generated by investors seeking a long-term store of value or speculators seeking to profit from the short- or long-term holding of the asset. Price volatility undermines digital assets’ role as a medium of exchange, as retailers are much less likely to accept it as a form of payment. Use of digital assets as a medium of exchange and payment method may never achieve widespread adoption. Any such failure or a decline in acceptance and adoption could have an adverse effect on the value of Bitcoin or any other digital assets we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

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The future development and growth of digital assets is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to predict and evaluate. If the adoption and development of digital assets does not grow as we expect, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Digital assets built on blockchain technology were only introduced in 2008 and remain in the early stages of development. In addition, different digital assets are designed for different purposes. Bitcoin, for instance, was designed to serve as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Many other digital asset networks with other intended purposes — ranging from cloud computing to tokenized securities networks — have only recently been established. The further growth and development of any digital assets and their underlying networks and other cryptographic and algorithmic protocols governing the creation, transfer, and usage of digital assets represents a new and evolving paradigm that is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate, including:

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Many digital asset networks have limited operating histories, have not been validated in production, and are still in the process of developing and making significant decisions that will affect the design, supply, issuance, functionality and governance of their respective digital assets and underlying blockchain networks, any of which could adversely affect their respective digital assets and underlying networks.

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Digital asset networks may implement software upgrades and other changes to their protocols, which could introduce bugs or security risks, or otherwise adversely affect the respective digital assets and underlying networks.

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Several large networks are developing new features to address fundamental speed, scalability and power usage issues. If these issues are not successfully addressed, or such new features are unable to achieve widespread adoption, it could adversely affect the underlying digital assets.

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Security issues, bugs and software errors have been identified with many digital assets and their underlying blockchain networks, some of which have been exploited by malicious actors. There are also inherent security weaknesses in some digital assets, such as when creators of certain digital asset networks use procedures that could allow hackers to counterfeit the respective digital asset. Any weaknesses identified with a digital asset or its underlying network could adversely affect its price, security, liquidity and adoption. If a malicious actor or botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) obtains a majority of the computing or staking power on a digital asset network, as has happened in the past, it may be able to manipulate transactions, which could cause financial losses to holders, damage the network’s reputation and security and adversely affect the value of the relevant digital asset.

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The development of new technologies for mining digital assets, such as improved application-specific integrated circuits (commonly referred to as ASICs), or changes in industry patterns, such as the consolidation and concentration of mining power in a small number of large mining farms or mining pools, could reduce the security of digital asset networks, lead to increased liquid supply of digital assets and reduce the value and appeal of digital assets.

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If rewards and transaction fees for miners or validators on any particular digital asset network are not sufficiently high to attract and retain miners or validators, a digital asset network’s security and speed may be adversely affected, increasing the likelihood of a malicious attack that could adversely affect the value of the digital asset, or digital assets broadly.

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Certain digital assets have concentrated ownership or an “admin key,” allowing a small group of holders to have significant unilateral control and influence over key decisions relating to their underlying networks, such as governance decisions and protocol changes, as well as the market price of such digital assets. The governance of many decentralized digital asset networks is by voluntary consensus and open competition with no clear leadership structure or authority, and many developers are not directly compensated for their contributions. As a result, there may be a lack of consensus or clarity on the governance of any particular digital asset network, a lack of incentives for developers to maintain or develop the network and other unforeseen issues, any of which could result in unexpected or undesirable errors, bugs or changes, or stymie such network’s utility and ability to respond to challenges and grow. Additionally, the decentralized nature of the governance of digital asset networks may lead to ineffective decision-making that slows development or prevents a network from overcoming emergent obstacles. The lack of clarity in governance of digital asset networks may lead to ineffective decision-making that slows development and growth of such digital assets.

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Many digital asset networks are in the early stages of developing partnerships and collaborations, all of which may not succeed. Such lack of success could adversely affect the usability and adoption of the respective digital assets.

Various other technical issues with blockchain networks have also been uncovered from time to time that resulted in disabled functionality, exposure of certain users’ personal data, theft of users’ assets, and other negative consequences, and which required resolution with the attention and efforts of their global miner, user and development communities. If any such risks or other risks materialize, and are not resolved, the development and growth of digital assets may be significantly affected and, as a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The loss or destruction of any private keys required to access our digital assets may be irreversible. If we or our Custodian are unable to access our private keys (whether due to a security incident or otherwise), it could cause direct financial loss, regulatory scrutiny, and reputational harm.

Digital assets are generally controllable only by the possessor of the unique private key relating to the digital wallet in which the digital assets are held. While blockchain protocols typically require public addresses to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the digital assets held in such a wallet. To the extent that any of the private keys relating to any hot or cold wallets containing our digital assets is lost, destroyed, or otherwise compromised or unavailable, and no backup of the private key is accessible, we will be unable to access the digital assets held in the related wallet and, in most cases, the private key will not be capable of being restored. The loss or destruction of a private key required to access digital assets may be irreversible. Further, we cannot provide assurance that any wallet holding our digital assets, either maintained directly by us or by our Custodian on our behalf, will not be hacked or compromised. Digital assets, related technologies, and digital asset service providers such as custodians and trading platforms have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, hacking, or other malicious activities. As such, any loss or misappropriation of the private keys used to control our digital assets due to a hack, employee or service provider misconduct or error, or other compromise by third parties could result in significant losses, hurt our brand and reputation, and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other digital assets we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and adversely impact our business.

Incorrect or fraudulent digital asset transactions may be irreversible.

Digital asset transactions are not, from an administrative perspective, reversible without the consent and active participation of the recipient of the digital assets from the transaction. In theory, digital asset transactions may be reversible with the control or consent of a majority of the processing power on the network, however, we do not now, nor is it feasible that we could in the future, possess sufficient processing power to effect this reversal, nor is it likely that sufficient consensus on the relevant network could or would be achieved to enable such a reversal. Once a transaction has been verified and recorded in a block that is added to a blockchain, an incorrect transfer of digital assets or a theft thereof generally will not be reversible, and we may not have sufficient recourse to recover our losses from any such transfer or theft. It is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, our digital assets could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties, or to uncontrolled accounts. In the past, hackers have successfully employed a social engineering attack against one of our service providers and misappropriated our digital assets, although, to date, such events have not been material to our financial condition or operating results. To the extent that we are unable to recover our losses from such action, error or theft, such events could result in significant losses, hurt our brand and reputation, and adversely impact our business.

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Digital asset networks, including those underlying cryptocurrencies, face significant scaling obstacles that can lead to high fees or slow transaction settlement times.

Digital asset networks face significant scaling obstacles that can lead to high fees or slow transaction settlement times, and attempts to increase the volume of transactions may not be effective. Scaling digital asset networks is essential to the widespread adoption and acceptance of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, which, in turn, is necessary to the continued growth and development of our business. Many digital asset networks face significant scaling challenges. For example, digital asset networks are limited with respect to how many transactions can occur per second. There is no guarantee that any of the mechanisms currently in place, or being explored, for increasing the scale of processing and settling cryptocurrency transactions will be effective, or how long they will take to become effective. In addition, as corresponding increases in throughput lag behind growth in the use of digital asset networks, average fees and settlement times may increase considerably. For example, the Bitcoin network has been, at times, at capacity, which has led to increased transaction fees. While it is possible that increased transaction fees could result in more revenue for our business, increased fees and decreased settlement speeds could preclude certain uses for cryptocurrencies (e.g., micropayments), and could reduce demand for, and the price of, cryptocurrencies, which could adversely affect an investment in our ADSs.

Open source digital asset networks, including Bitcoin, may adopt changes to their protocols and software over time which could negatively impact our business and operations.

The governance of decentralized digital asset networks, such as the Bitcoin network, is by voluntary consensus and open competition. As a result, there may be a lack of consensus or clarity on the governance of any particular decentralized digital asset network, which may stymie such network’s utility and ability to grow and face challenges. For example, as an open source project, Bitcoin is not represented by an official organization or authority. Since its introduction, Bitcoin has been under active development by a group of uncompensated engineers known as core developers, who work on the reference implementation, Bitcoin Core. The role of core developers may evolve over time, largely based on self-determined participation. These contributors can propose refinements or improvements to the Bitcoin network’s source code through one or more software upgrades that alter the protocols and software that govern the Bitcoin network and the properties of Bitcoin. If a significant majority of users and miners adopt amendments to a decentralized network based on the proposals of such core developers, such network will be subject to new protocols. Certain modifications may have an adverse effect on a digital asset network or the value of a digital asset, or may have unintended consequences. For example, development of the Bitcoin software has increasingly focused on modifications of the Bitcoin protocol to enhance speed and scalability. Such projects may have the effect of increasing the data flow on the Bitcoin network and could either “bloat” the size of the blockchain or result in slower confirmation times. To the extent modifications to digital assets that we mine are adopted that reduce the value of or demand for the digital asset, it would have an adverse effect on our business and investment in our ADSs.

The decentralized governance and open-source nature of digital asset networks may cause them to be slow to react to challenges, which could adversely affect the value of the digital asset, and in turn, adversely affect our business.

The networks underlying several digital assets, such as Bitcoin, operate based on an open-source protocol maintained by a group of uncompensated volunteer developers. Consequently, there may be a lack of financial incentive for developers to maintain or develop the network, and the developers may lack the resources to adequately address emerging issues with the relevant digital asset protocol. There can be no assurance that the core developers of a digital asset network will continue to be involved in the network, or that new volunteer developers will emerge to replace them. To the extent that material issues arise with a digital asset protocol and the developers are unable or unwilling to address the issues adequately or in a timely manner, the digital asset may diminish in value or become worthless. In addition, several digital assets, including Bitcoin and other digital assets we may mine or hold, rely on decentralized participants to operate the digital asset network through verifying transactions in digital assets on an ongoing basis. The failure of decentralized participants to continue to maintain a network by verifying digital asset transactions may result in the relevant digital asset losing value or becoming worthless. The occurrence of any failures or malfunctions above could lead to substantial losses for us and, accordingly, adversely impact an investment in our ADSs.

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Proof-of-work digital asset networks rely on decentralized miners for the network to function, and a reduction in the support of miners could adversely affect the value of the digital asset, and in turn, adversely affect our business.

Cryptocurrency mining for proof-of-work networks involves substantial commitments of physical resources, such as space and purpose-built hardware, and involves substantial ongoing commitments in power to run the network that is performing the mining. If at any time the rewards provided for mining become less valuable than the costs and expenses of running a mining operation, it can be expected that mining of such digital asset would greatly decline or even cease. For example, around the time of the Bitcoin reward halving in May 2020, the total network hashrate on the Bitcoin network declined by approximately 30%. Other external factors, such as a government taking action to prohibit or otherwise regulate mining activity could also result in a reduction in miners, as seen in China during June and July 2021. The cessation of mining operations would materially harm, if not shut down completely, the ability of the distributed network to verify transactions in such digital asset. A significant reduction in the number of miners may expose a digital asset network’s verification process to deliberate manipulation by malicious actors that come to control the verification process.

If the awards and fees paid for maintenance of a digital asset network are not sufficiently high to incentivize miners, miners may respond in a way that reduces confidence in the network. For example, Bitcoin miners collect fees for each transaction they confirm. Miners validate unconfirmed transactions by adding the previously unconfirmed transactions to new blocks in the blockchain. Miners are not forced to confirm any specific transaction, but they are economically incentivized to confirm valid transactions as a means of collecting fees. To the extent that any miners cease to record transactions in solved blocks, such transactions will not be recorded on the blockchain. Historically, miners have accepted relatively low transaction fees and have not typically elected to exclude the recording of transactions in solved blocks; however, to the extent that any such incentives arise (e.g., a collective movement among miners or one or more mining pools to reject low transaction fees), actions of miners solving a significant number of blocks could delay the recording and confirmation of transactions on the blockchain.

Any systemic delays in the recording and confirmation of transactions on a digital asset network could result in greater exposure to double-spending transactions and a loss of confidence in certain or all digital asset networks, or conversely, higher transaction fees on such digital asset networks, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Growth in the popularity and use of proof-of-stake blockchain networks may adversely affect our business.

Currently, proof-of-work digital asset networks, such as Bitcoin, enjoy a first-to-market advantage over proof-of-stake networks and dominate the cryptocurrency markets. As the digital asset community continues to develop and advance proof-of-stake technologies, proof-of-stake networks may offer actual or perceived advantages over proof-of-work networks. If preferences in the cryptocurrency markets shift away from proof-of work networks and proof-of-stake networks achieve widespread adoption, it could attract users away from Bitcoin and the other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies we mine, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, our prospects or operations and potentially the value of cryptocurrencies we may mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

A temporary or permanent blockchain “fork” to any digital asset which we mine or otherwise hold could adversely affect our business.

Many digital asset networks, including Bitcoin, are open source. Anyone can download the network software, modify it, and then propose that users and miners adopt the modification. When a modification is introduced and a substantial majority of users and miners consent to the modification, the change is implemented and such digital asset networks may continue to function without disruption. However, if less than a substantial majority of users and miners consent to the proposed modification, and the modification is not compatible with the software prior to its modification, the consequence would be what is known as a “fork” (i.e., a “split”) of the impacted digital asset network and respective blockchain, with one prong running the pre-modified software and the other prong running the modified software. The effect of such a fork would be the existence of two parallel versions of the Bitcoin or other digital asset network, as applicable, running simultaneously, but with each split network’s digital asset lacking interchangeability.

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The Bitcoin protocol has been subject to “forks” that resulted in the creation of new networks, including Bitcoin Cash ABC, Bitcoin Cash SV, Bitcoin Diamond, Bitcoin Gold and others. Some of these forks have caused fragmentation among trading platforms as to the correct naming convention for the forked digital assets.

Due to the lack of a central registry or rulemaking body, no single entity has the ability to dictate the nomenclature of forked digital assets, causing disagreements and a lack of uniformity among platforms on the nomenclature of forked digital assets, and which results in further confusion to individuals as to the nature of assets they hold on digital asset trading platforms. In addition, several of these forks were contentious and as a result, participants in certain digital asset user and developer communities may harbor ill will toward other communities. As a result, certain community members may take actions that adversely impact the use, adoption, and price of Bitcoin.

Furthermore, hard forks can lead to new security concerns. For instance, when the Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Cash SV network split in November 2018, “replay” attacks, in which transactions from one network were rebroadcast on the other network to achieve “double-spending,” plagued platforms that traded Bitcoin, resulting in significant losses to some digital asset trading platforms. Another possible result of a hard fork is an inherent decrease in the level of security due to the splitting of some mining power across networks, making it easier for a malicious actor to exceed 50% of the mining power of that network, thereby making digital asset networks that rely on proof-of-work more susceptible to attack in the wake of a fork.

Multiple recent developments in the digital asset market have had, and may continue to have, negative impacts on the price of digital assets generally, and have caused, and may continue to cause, reputational harm to the digital asset industry as a whole.

In the past years, multiple digital asset platforms have commenced bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, including Voyager Digital Holdings, Inc., Celsius Network, Ltd. (“Celsius”), FTX Trading Ltd., BlockFi Inc., and Genesis Global Holdco, LLC. These digital asset platforms commenced bankruptcy proceedings under Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), in large part because the platforms did not have sufficient funds or digital assets available to satisfy the claims and entitlements of their customers and account holders. The bankruptcy proceedings for each of these platforms remain ongoing, and the treatment and recoveries of account holders and creditors of these digital asset platforms is largely undetermined.

In a custodian or exchange insolvency proceeding, withdrawals or transfers of assets out of the insolvent custodian or exchange within the applicable periods under the insolvency laws may, subject to potential defenses, be subject to being avoided and “clawed” back (i.e., the recipient may be required to turnover the withdrawn assets) and may instead receive a claim for such assets against the insolvent custodian or exchange which may receive a distribution from such insolvent entity pursuant to the applicable priorities which would may be pro rata with all general unsecured creditors.

These events negatively affected the price of digital assets generally and caused reputational harm to the digital asset industry as a whole. To the extent that similar developments occur in the future, the price of our ADSs could be adversely affected.

Digital asset trading platforms may be subject to varying levels of regulation, which exposes our digital asset holdings to risks.

While certain digital assets may be traded through one or more exchanges or trading platforms of varying quality, digital assets as a class do not have a central marketplace for exchange. Digital asset platforms on which digital assets may trade pose special risks, as these platforms are generally new and the rules governing their activities are unsettled and their activities may be largely unregulated or under-regulated, and may therefore be more exposed to theft, fraud, and failure than established, regulated exchanges for other products. Digital asset platforms may be start-up businesses with limited institutional backing, limited operating history, and no publicly available financial information.

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Digital assets traded on a blockchain do not rely on a trusted intermediary or depository institution. The participation in trading platforms requires users to take on credit risk by transferring digital assets from a personal account to a third party’s account. Accordingly, we are exposed to credit risk with respect to our counterparties in each transaction, including transactions directly with a counterparty sourced through an exchange or over the counter trading desk, as well as transactions directly with such an exchange. Digital asset exchanges may impose daily, weekly, monthly, or customer-specific transaction or distribution limits or suspend withdrawals entirely, rendering the exchange of digital assets for fiat currency difficult or impossible. Additionally, digital asset prices and valuations on exchanges have been volatile and subject to influence by many factors, including the levels of liquidity on particular platforms and operational interruptions and disruptions. The prices and valuation of digital assets remain subject to any volatility experienced by trading platforms, and any such volatility can adversely affect our digital asset holdings and the value of the digital assets we mine. It is possible that while engaging in transactions with various digital asset platforms located throughout the world, any such platform may cease operations voluntarily or involuntarily due to theft, fraud, security breach, liquidity issues, or government investigation without any recourse available to us.

Digital asset platforms are appealing targets for cybercrime, hackers, and malware and have been shut down or experienced losses of assets placed on the exchange as a result of cybercrime, and any such event is likely to result in the complete loss of assets placed on such a platform. Any governmental or regulatory action against such a digital asset trading platform may cause assets on such exchange to become frozen for a substantial period of time or forfeited, and could result in material opportunity costs or even in the total loss of such assets. In addition, banks may refuse to process or support wire transfers to or from digital asset trading platforms.

There are a limited number of digital asset trading platforms in operation, and many operate in jurisdictions outside of the United States. Trading on digital asset platforms outside of the United States may involve certain risks not applicable to trading on digital asset exchanges that operate in the United States. Foreign markets may be subject to instability, temporary closures due to fraud, business failure, local capital requirements or government-mandated regulations. Digital asset platforms located outside the United States may not be subject to regulatory, investigative, or prosecutorial authority through which an action or complaint regarding missing or stolen digital assets may be brought. Additionally, due to lack of globally consistent treatment and regulation of digital assets, certain platforms located outside the United States may not be currently available to, or may in the future become unavailable to, certain persons or entities based on their country of domicile, including the United States. While we perform diligence on our counterparties and any digital asset trading platforms that we may use, it may be difficult, or even impossible, to sufficiently verify the ultimate ownership and control of a digital asset trading platform and other information for evaluating the risks associated with such counterparty or platform. Any of our digital assets that reside on a trading platform that shuts down may be permanently unrecoverable, misapplied or otherwise lost. Additionally, to the extent that the digital asset platforms representing a substantial portion of the trading volume in particular digital asset are involved in fraud or experience security failures or other operational issues, such failures may result in loss or less favorable prices of the digital assets and may adversely affect our business and our operations, and consequently, an investment in our ADSs.

There may be a lack of liquid markets for digital assets, including Bitcoin, and such markets may be subject to manipulation.

Digital assets may not necessarily benefit from viable trading markets. Traditional securities and derivatives exchanges have listing requirements and vet issuers, requiring them to be subjected to rigorous listing standards and rules and monitoring investors transacting on such platform for fraud and other improprieties. These conditions may not be replicated on a digital asset trading platforms with less regulatory oversight than a traditional exchange’s controls and other policies. Digital asset trading platforms that do not maintain high standards and controls for vetting users that transact on the platform may be exposed to higher risk of fraud or manipulation. These factors may decrease liquidity or volume or may otherwise increase volatility of digital assets on such platforms, which may adversely affect us. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other digital assets we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and harm our investors.

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We may face risks of internet disruptions, which could have an adverse effect on both the price of digital assets and our ability to operate our business.

Digital asset networks, and our business of mining cryptocurrencies, are dependent upon the internet. A significant disruption in internet connectivity could disrupt a digital asset network’s operations until the disruption is resolved and have an adverse effect on the price of cryptocurrencies and our ability to mine cryptocurrencies. A broadly accepted and widely adopted decentralized network is necessary for most digital assets networks to function as intended. Features of digital asset networks, such as decentralization, open source protocol, and reliance on peer-to-peer connectivity, are essential to preserve the stability of the network and decrease the risk of fraud or cyber-attacks. A disruption of the internet or a digital asset network would affect the ability to transfer digital assets, and consequently, their value, as well as our ability to mine digital assets. A significant disruption of internet connectivity (e.g., affecting large numbers of users or geographic regions) could prevent a digital asset network’s functionality and operations until the internet disruption is resolved.

A disruption of the internet may affect the functioning of digital asset networks and the use of digital assets and subsequently the value of our ADSs.

The impact of geopolitical and economic events on the supply and demand for digital assets is uncertain.

Geopolitical crises may motivate large-scale purchases of Bitcoin and other digital assets, which could increase the price of Bitcoin and other digital assets rapidly. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of our inventory following such downward adjustment. Such risks are similar to the risks of purchasing commodities in general in uncertain times, such as the risk of purchasing, holding or selling gold. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in digital assets as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.

As an alternative to fiat currencies or CBDCs that are backed by central governments, most digital assets, which are a relatively new type of asset, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our ADSs. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of digital assets either globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or any other digital assets we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account.

Our operations, investment strategies and profitability may be adversely affected by competition from other methods of investing in digital assets or tracking digital asset markets.

We compete with other users and/or companies that are mining digital assets and other potential financial vehicles that seek to provide exposure to digital asset prices, including securities backed by, or linked to, digital assets. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond our control, may make it more attractive to invest in certain financial vehicles, or to invest in digital assets directly, which could limit the market for our ADSs and reduce their liquidity. In addition, the emergence of other financial vehicles and exchange-traded funds that provide exposure to digital asset prices have been scrutinized by regulators and such scrutiny and the negative impressions or conclusions resulting from such scrutiny could be applied to our business and impact our ability to successfully pursue our strategy or operate at all, or to establish or maintain a public market for our ADSs.

The global market for digital assets is generally characterized by supply constraints that may differ from those present in the markets for commodities or other assets such as gold and silver. The mathematical protocols under which certain digital assets are mined permit the creation of a limited, predetermined amount of currency, while others have no limit established on total supply. To the extent that other vehicles investing in digital assets or tracking digital asset markets form and come to represent a significant proportion of the demand for digital assets, large redemptions of the securities of those vehicles and the subsequent sale of digital assets by such vehicles could negatively affect digital assets prices and therefore affect the value of the digital asset inventory we hold.

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There has also been a growing number of attempts to list on national securities exchanges the shares of funds that hold Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies or that have exposures to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies through derivatives, such as Bitcoin-based exchange traded funds (“ETFs”). These investment vehicles attempt to provide institutional and retail investors exposure to markets for cryptocurrencies and related products. On January 10, 2024, the SEC approved the listing and trading of ETFs to track the spot price of Bitcoin. As of March 31, 2024, net inflows to the spot Bitcoin ETFs are estimated to exceed $12 billion, and the price of Bitcoin has increased by 53% since the SEC approval of the ETFs. In March 2024, the aggregate market value of Bitcoin exceeded $1 trillion, based on Bitcoin prices quoted on CoinGecko.com. While we expect the value of Bitcoin to remain volatile, we believe the approval of the spot Bitcoin ETF and the increase in aggregate market value signal institutionalization and wider adoption of Bitcoin.

Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and harm investors in our ADSs.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex financial accounting rules, and there is limited guidance from accounting standard setting bodies. If financial accounting standards undergo significant changes, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The accounting rules and regulations that we must comply with are complex and subject to interpretation by the IFRS Foundation, International Accounting Standards Board, or the IASB, the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and may even affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement or effectiveness of a change. Recent actions and public comments from the IASB and the SEC have focused on the integrity of financial reporting and internal controls. In addition, many companies’ accounting policies are being subject to heightened scrutiny by regulators and the public. Further, there has been limited precedents for the financial accounting of cryptocurrencies and related valuation and revenue recognition, and no official guidance has been provided by the IASB or the SEC. As such, there remains significant uncertainty on how companies can account for cryptocurrencies transactions, cryptocurrencies, and related revenue. Uncertainties in or changes to regulatory or financial accounting standards could result in the need to change our accounting methods and restate our financial statements and impair our ability to provide timely and accurate financial information, which could adversely affect our financial statements, result in a loss of investor confidence, and more generally impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Third Parties

We rely on our Custodian for the long-term holding of our digital assets, and actual or perceived security threats could result in the loss of our assets, which would have an adverse impact on our ADSs.

We rely on third parties to safeguard our digital assets from theft, loss, destruction or other issues relating to hackers and technological attack, including the Custodian for our long-term Bitcoin holdings. Such parties are responsible for taking such steps as they determine, in their sole judgment, to be required to maintain access to the private keys controlling our digital assets and prevent their exposure from hacking, malware and general security threats, including the use of “cold storage,” of our long-term holdings. These safeguards may be breached due to the actions of outside parties, our third-party service providers or partners, error or malfeasance of an employee of ours, the Custodian or otherwise, and, as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our assets held with the Custodian, our private keys (and therefore the digital assets) or other data. Additionally, threat actors may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or those of the Custodian to disclose sensitive information (including personal data) in order to gain access to our or the Custodian’s infrastructure. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, or may be designed to remain dormant until a predetermined event and often are not recognized until launched against a target, either or both of the Company and the Custodian or other service providers may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, these third parties, including the Custodian, may become insolvent, in which case we may have difficulty accessing digital assets held by those third parties and may even lose all or a portion of the digital assets held by such parties. Financial difficulty, fraud or misrepresentation at one of these institutions could also impair our operational capabilities or capital position. An actual or perceived security breach (including data, cyber and physical) at the Custodian could harm our ability to operate, result in loss of our assets, damage our reputation and negatively affect the market perception of our effectiveness, all of which could in turn adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

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The limited rights of legal recourse against our Custodian of our digital assets available to us and our lack of insurance protection for risk of loss of our digital assets exposes us to the risk of loss of our digital assets for which no person may ultimately be held liable and we may not be able to recover our losses.

We do not insure the digital assets that we hold against loss, including losses due to theft, destruction, inability to access digital assets or loss in value. While the Custodian holding our long-term digital asset holdings has indicated to us that it has insurance coverage of up to $200 million that covers losses of the digital assets it custodies on behalf of its clients, including our digital assets, resulting from theft, we cannot be assured that the Custodian will maintain adequate insurance or that such coverage will cover all theft-related losses with respect to our digital assets. For example, if the Custodian suffered a theft resulting in losses greater than $200 million, claims would be distributed pro rata among affected clients. Furthermore, under the custodian agreement, the Custodian is not liable to us for any lost profits or any direct, special, incidental, indirect, intangible, or consequential damages, whether based in contract, tort, or negligence, and whether or not the Custodian has been advised of such losses or the Custodian knew or should have known of the possibility of such damages. In addition, our digital assets held by the Custodian and the digital asset trading platforms we use are not deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and are not protected by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. In the UK, the digital assets held by the Custodian and the digital asset trading platforms we use are not protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. In Canada, our digital assets held by the Custodian and the digital asset trading platforms we use are not insured by the Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation and are not protected by the Canadian Investor Protection Fund. Therefore, a theft-related loss may be suffered with respect to our digital assets which is not covered by insurance and we may not be able to recover any of the value in these digital assets if they are lost or stolen. If we are not otherwise able to recover losses and damages arising from the loss or theft of our digital assets, our business and results of operations may suffer, which may have a material negative impact on our ADS price.

We may store our digital assets on digital asset trading platforms that are less secure than that of our Custodian, which could subject our digital assets to the risk of loss or access.

Although we rely on the Custodian to secure our long-term digital asset holdings, we also store our digital assets on various digital asset trading platforms, including through “hot” wallets, which requires us to rely on the security protocols of these trading platforms to safeguard our digital assets. No security system is perfect and other trading platforms have been subject to hacks resulting in the loss of businesses’ and customers’ digital assets in the past. Such trading platforms may not be as well capitalized as the Custodian and (i) may have different or less adequate security procedures and operational infrastructure than the Custodian, (ii) may not have insurance to a level necessary to cover any loss or (iii) may not recompensate for loss where permitted under the laws of the relevant jurisdiction. In addition, malicious actors may be able to intercept our digital assets when we transact in or otherwise transfer our digital assets, such as moving our digital assets from long-term cold storage with the Custodian to our accounts at a trading platform or other “hot” wallets. Malicious actors may also be able to intercept our digital assets while we are in the process of selling them via such trading platforms. Digital asset trading platforms have been an appealing target for malicious actors in the past, and given the growth in their size and their relatively unregulated nature, we believe these trading platforms will become a more appealing target for malicious actors. An actual or perceived security breach at the digital asset trading platforms with which we have accounts could harm our ability to operate, result in loss of our assets, damage our reputation and negatively affect the market perception of our effectiveness, all of which could adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

Disruptions at over-the-counter (“OTC”) trading desks and potential consequences of an OTC trading desk’s failure could adversely affect our business.

There are a limited number of over-the-counter (i.e., non-exchange) traders with which we intend to transact in digital assets to convert our digital assets to fiat currencies. A disruption at or withdrawal from the market by any such OTC trading desk may adversely affect our ability to purchase or sell digital assets, which may negatively impact our business and operations. A disruption at one or more OTC trading desks will reduce liquidity in the market and may negatively impact our ability to value our Bitcoin. If our preferred OTC trading desks are unavailable to us, we may not be able to liquidate our Bitcoin at favorable prices, or we may be subject to unfavorable trading fees and associated costs.

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Banks and financial institutions may not provide banking services, or may cut off services, to businesses that engage in digital asset-related activities or that accept digital assets as payment, including financial institutions of investors in our ADSs.

In the future, we may be unable to find banks or financial institutions that are willing to provide us with bank accounts and other services or such service may be interrupted by government action, as has happened to other companies in our industry. This could occur as a result of compliance risk, cost, government regulation or public pressure. The risk applies to securities firms, clearance and settlement firms, national stock and derivatives on commodities exchanges, the over-the-counter market, and the Depository Trust Company. A decision by any such entity to adopt or implement such policies, rules or regulations, could negatively affect our relationships with such financial institutions and impede our ability to convert digital assets to fiat currencies. Such factors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and harm investors. Several recent actions by U.S. banking regulators are already impacting access to banking services within the digital assets sector, including (i) a February 23, 2023 “Interagency Liquidity Risk Statement” by the Federal banking agencies cautioning banks on contagion risks posed by providing services to digital assets customers, (ii) the Federal Reserve Board’s denial of Custodia Bank’s application of a Federal Reserve account, (iii) crypto-related divestiture orders in other banking transaction approvals, and (iv) the winddown of support for digital asset customers at the failed institutions of Silvergate Bank and Signature Bank.

We are exposed to risk of nonperformance by counterparties in our power supply arrangements, including our counterparties under the planned power arrangements.

We are exposed to risk of nonperformance by counterparties in our power supply arrangements, whether contractual or otherwise. Risk of nonperformance includes inability or refusal of a counterparty to perform because of a counterparty’s financial condition and liquidity or for any other reason. For example, our counterparties under the planned power arrangements may be unable to deliver the required amount of power for a variety of technical or economic reasons. Furthermore, there is a risk that during a period of power price fluctuations or prolonged or sharp power price increases on the market, our counterparties may find it economically preferable to refuse to supply power to us, despite the contractual arrangements. Any significant nonperformance by counterparties could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Risks Related to Cryptocurrency Mining

There are risks related to technological obsolescence, the vulnerability of the global supply chain for cryptocurrency mining hardware to disruption, and difficulty in obtaining new hardware which may have a negative effect on our business.

Our mining operations can only be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including hardware and electricity costs, associated with mining cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, are lower than the revenue we are able earn from mining such cryptocurrencies. Over the course of our mining operations, our mining machines experience ordinary wear and tear, and may also face more significant malfunctions caused by a number of extraneous factors beyond our control. In addition, advances in mining technology will require us to, over time, replace those mining machines which are no longer profitable. These repair and upgrading processes require substantial and continuous capital investment, and we may face challenges in doing so on a timely and cost-effective basis. In addition, there is no guarantee that our mining machines will be free from defect or failure, and any such failures or defects could require us to seek replacements for newly acquired mining machines.

As new technological innovations occur, including in quantum computing, there are no assurances that we will be able to adopt or effect such new innovations, or that we will be able to acquire new and improved equipment to stay competitive or that our existing software or other equipment will not become obsolete, uncompetitive or inefficient. Disruption to our supply chain could prevent us from acquiring this software and any other equipment required to operate our business and remain competitive, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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We face competition in acquiring mining machines from major manufacturers, and at a given time, mining machines may only be available for pre-order months in advance. For example, the lead time for new mining hardware from our manufacturers varies from three to twelve months depending on a number of factors, including: the manufacturer, type of hardware and technology, and market conditions. When mining conditions are favorable, the lead time usually increases from all suppliers and manufacturers in the industry and tends to be between six to 12 months. If we are unable to acquire new mining machines, or if our cost for new mining machines is excessively high, we may not be able to keep up with our competitors, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In some periods, the industry has experienced, and we expect may experience again in the future, a scarcity of advanced mining machines, as few manufacturers are capable of producing a sufficient number of mining machines of adequate quality to meet demand. We have acquired, and may continue to acquire in the future, mining machines through our third-party hosting providers that have relationships with equipment suppliers. Such orders are typically in “bulk” and therefore there is no guarantee that we will receive our full allocation of mining machines if the supplier does not deliver the full order. Furthermore, as we transition to operating our own facilities, we will be required to establish and maintain relationships with mining machine manufacturers directly, and we may face competition from larger or other preferred customer relationships. As a result of intense competition for the latest generation mining machines, or if we unexpectedly need to replace our mining machines due to a faulty shipment or other failure, we may not be able to secure replacement machines at reasonable costs on a timely basis.

The facilities in which our mining operations are conducted and our mining equipment may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.

The facilities in which our mining operations are conducted in Canada and the United States are, and any future mining facilities we establish or which we mine from will be, subject to a variety of risks relating to physical condition and operation, including:

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the presence of construction or repair defects or other structural or building damage;

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any noncompliance with, or liabilities under, applicable environmental, health or safety regulations or requirements or building permit requirements;

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any damage resulting from natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and windstorms; and

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claims by employees and others for injuries sustained at our properties.

For example, our facilities could be rendered inoperable, temporarily or permanently, as a result of a fire or other natural disaster or by a terrorist or other attack on the facility or infrastructure on which it relies. The security and other measures we take to protect against these risks may not be sufficient or may be outside of our control. Additionally, our hosted and owned facilities could be materially adversely affected by local or regional failures in infrastructure, a power outage or loss of access to the electrical grid or loss by the grid of cost-effective sources of electrical power generating capacity (including but not limited to increased charges or costs applicable to specific sectors in line with national or regional policies). Given the power requirement, it would not be feasible to run our mining machines on back-up power generators in the event of a power outage. We cannot control the supply of electricity used by its operations nor do we have alternate sources of off-grid supply.

The potential physical impacts of climate change on our operations are highly uncertain and would be particular to the geographic circumstances in areas in which we operate. These may include changes in rainfall and storm patterns and intensities, flooding, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, water shortages, changing sea levels and changing temperatures. The impacts of climate change may materially and adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of our operations. Further, any impacts to our business and financial condition as a result of climate change are likely to occur over a sustained period of time and are therefore difficult to quantify with any degree of specificity. For example, extreme weather events may result in adverse physical effects on portions of our infrastructure, which could disrupt our supply chain and ultimately our business operations. Insufficiently prepared facilities could be unable to deal with more frequent and intense occurrences of such events. In addition, disruption of transportation and distribution systems could result in reduced operational efficiency. Climate related events have the potential to disrupt our business and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to resume operations.

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The performance and reliability of our mining technology will also be critical to our reputation and our operations. If there are any technological issues with our mining equipment, our entire fleet could be affected. In particular, any error or failure may significantly delay response times or even cause our mining operations to fail. Any disruption in our ability to continue mining could result in lower yields and harm our reputation and business. Any exploitable weakness, flaw, or error common to our mining equipment may affect our ability to mine, and if a defect other flaw is exploited, our entire mining operation could go offline simultaneously. Any interruption, delay or system failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

In the event of an uninsured loss, including a loss in excess of insured limits, at any of the hosted or owned facilities in our network, such mining machines may not be adequately repaired in a timely manner or at all and we may lose some or all of the future revenues anticipated to be derived from such mining machines.

We rely on third-party mining pool operators to pay us mining rewards, the failure of which would have a negative impact on our operations.

We currently participate in mining pools organized by third parties to receive our mining rewards. Mining pools allow miners to combine their processing power, increasing their chances of solving a block and getting paid by the network, as well as provide ancillary services such as dashboard and other monitoring software. The rewards are collected by the pool operator and then distributed by the pool operator to each miner in the pool, proportionally to a miner’s contribution to the pool’s overall mining power, used to generate each block.

If the pool operator’s system suffers downtime due to a cyberattack, software malfunction or other similar issue, it will negatively impact our ability to mine and receive revenue. Furthermore, we are dependent on the accuracy of the mining pool operator’s record keeping to accurately record the total processing power provided to the pool for a given Bitcoin or other cryptocurrency mining application in order to assess the proportion of that total processing power we provided. While we have internal methods of tracking both our power provided and the total power used by the pool, the mining pool operator uses its own record-keeping to determine our proportion of a given reward. We may have little means of recourse against the mining pool operator if we fail to receive a payout or determine the proportion of the reward paid out to us by the mining pool operator is incorrect, other than leaving the pool. If we are unable to consistently obtain accurate proportionate rewards from our mining pool operators, we may experience reduced reward for these efforts, which would have an adverse effect on our business and operations. In addition, our proportion of mining rewards are temporarily held by the operator of the pool until they are distributed to us. During this time, our cryptocurrency may be subject to risk of loss due to theft or loss, among other things, and distributions of our cryptocurrency from the pool operator to our Custodian or other wallets may be intercepted by malicious actors.

If the pool operator ceases to provide services (whether related to a cyberattack, software malfunction or other similar issue) or discovers a shortfall in the digital assets held by the pool, the revenue generated by us from the pool may never be paid to us, and we may have little means of recourse against the mining pool operator.

The cryptocurrency for which we currently mine, Bitcoin, is subject to halving; the cryptocurrency reward for successfully uncovering a block will halve several times in the future and the cryptocurrency’s value may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.

Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in cryptocurrencies using a proof-of-work consensus algorithm. At a predetermined block, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” For Bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 Bitcoin currency rewards per block and this was cut in half to 25 on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000, again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000 and again to 6.25 on May 11, 2020 at block 630,000. The most recent halving for Bitcoin occurred on April 19, 2024 at block 840,000, when the reward was reduced to 3.125. This process will reoccur until the total amount of Bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million, which is expected around 2140. As of December 31, 2023, the total number of Bitcoin currency rewards issued was approximately 19.6 million. While Bitcoin has had a history of price fluctuations around the halving of its block reward, there is no guarantee that the price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the trading price of Bitcoin does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue we earn from our mining operations would see a corresponding decrease, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

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We may not be able to secure access to electricity on a sufficiently firm and unrestricted basis or at a price that we are willing to pay.

Cryptocurrency mining is dependent on access to stable and reliable electricity supply. There has been a substantial increase in the demand for electricity for cryptocurrency mining, and this has had varying impacts on local electricity supply. Additionally, we currently rely on renewable sources of power and plan to increase our reliance on renewable sources of power in the future. Renewable power is generally an intermittent and variable source of electricity, which may not always be available. Because the electrical grid has very little storage capacity, the balance between electricity supply and demand must be maintained at all times to avoid a blackout or other cascading problem. Intermittent sources of renewable power are challenging because they disrupt the conventional methods for planning the daily operation of the electrical grid. Their power fluctuates over multiple time horizons, forcing the grid operator to adjust its day-ahead, hour-ahead, and real-time operating procedures.

Should our operations require more electricity than can be supplied in the areas where the facilities in which our mining operations are conducted are located or should the electrical transmission grid and distribution systems be unable to provide the continuous, steady supply of electricity required, we may have to limit or suspend activities or reduce the speed of our proposed expansion, either voluntarily or as a result of either quotas imposed by energy companies or governments, or increased prices for certain users (such as us). If we are unable to procure electricity at a suitable price, we may have to shut down our operations in that particular jurisdiction either temporarily or permanently. Additionally, our cryptocurrency mining machines would be materially adversely affected by a power outage. Given the power requirement, it would not be feasible to run mining machines on back-up power generators in the event of a government restriction on electricity or a power outage, which may be caused by weather, acts of God, wildfires, pandemics, falling trees, falling distribution poles and transmission towers, transmission and distribution cable cuts, other force majeure events in the electricity and natural gas markets and/or the negligence or malfeasance of others. If we are unable to receive adequate power supply and are forced to reduce or shut down our operations due to the availability or cost of electrical power, our business would experience materially negative impacts, including a material adverse effect on the Company’s revenue.

If we are unable to receive adequate power supply and are forced to reduce our operations due to the availability or cost of electrical power, our business would experience materially negative impacts.

As a result of the Federal Power Act and the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s regulations over public utilities and reliability of the interstate transmission grid, suppliers of electricity that are required for our operation may be required to curtail or discontinue the supply of electricity to our cryptocurrency mining operations, including regulations seeking to limit carbon dioxide emissions from power generation.

Under the Federal Power Act (the “FPA”), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) has jurisdiction over certain facilities used in the generation and transmission of electricity, including transmission facilities, certain generation interconnection facilities, power plant change in control, operation of the transmission grid, and various “paper” facilities, such as wholesale power sales contracts and market-based rate tariffs. The FPA requires FERC to establish and maintain reliability standards, and FERC has designated the National Electric Reliability Coordinator to effectuate this obligation. Operation of the transmission grid in several regions in which we may locate a cryptocurrency mining facility are governed by Independent System Operators (“ISO”) or Regional Transmission Organizations (“RTO”), all which are public utilities subject to FERC jurisdiction. To effectuate the continuous, firm supply electricity necessary for productive operation of our crypto-mining operation, it may be necessary to co-locate our facilities with power generation facilities and have such power generation facilities obtain approval from relevant ISO/RTO and other authorities to derate their generation resource for ISO/RTO purposes in favor of supplying electricity to our mining operations.

Such approvals may not be forthcoming on terms that are economic or practicable. Federal authorities may also pursue and implement legislation and regulation that seeks to limit the amount of carbon dioxide produced from electric generation, which would affect the availability and price of electricity sourced from power grids that are dependent upon fossil fuel-fired sources of power generation. Where we purchase electricity from the grid, this could impact us in a potentially material adverse manner. The bankruptcy or insolvency of any power generator or wholesale market supplier from whom we expect to obtain supply for our mining operations could also result in a curtailment or loss of supply, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue mining operations.

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We may be affected by price fluctuations in the wholesale and retail power markets.

While we anticipate that the majority of our power arrangements will contain fixed power prices, we expect that they may contain certain price adjustment mechanisms in case of certain events. Furthermore, some portion of our power arrangements is expected to be priced by reference to published index prices and, thus, reflect market movements.

Market prices for power, generation capacity and ancillary services, are unpredictable. Depending upon the effectiveness of any price risk management activity undertaken by us, an increase in market prices for power, generation capacity, and ancillary services may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. Long- and short-term power prices may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

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changes in power transmission or fuel transportation capacity constraints or inefficiencies;

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volatile weather conditions, particularly unusually hot or mild summers or unusually cold or warm winters;

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technological shifts resulting in changes in the demand for power or in patterns of power usage, including the potential development of demand-side management tools, expansion and technological advancements in power storage capability and the development of new fuels or new technologies for the production or storage of power;

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federal and state power, market and environmental regulation and legislation; and

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changes in capacity prices and capacity markets.

If we are unable to secure power supply at prices or on terms acceptable to us, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

To the extent that our consumption of electricity is viewed as a retail sale of electricity, then state and local authorities will have jurisdiction over such retail sale and the distribution of electricity to our retail use. Such regulation and costs as required by state and local authorities may not be economic or practicable for our mining operations. State and local authorities may also pursue and implement legislation and regulation that seeks to limit the amount of carbon dioxide produced from electric generation, which would affect our ability to source electricity from fossil fuel-fired electric generation in a potentially material adverse manner. There may also be other utility services required for the productive, efficient operation of the facilities in which our mining operations are conducted, such as use of water. Obtaining the regulatory approvals and terms of service for any needed supply of water may not be forthcoming on terms that are economic and practicable to our mining operations. The bankruptcy or insolvency of any electric distribution utility or retail electric supplier from whom we expect to obtain supply for our mining operations could also result in a curtailment or loss of supply, which would have a material adverse effect on ability to continue mining operations.

We may have difficulty finding suitable mining facilities.

We currently operate our cryptocurrency mining machines from one owned facility in Canada and one hosted facility in the United States. On December 28, 2022, in connection with the sale of our Helios facility to Galaxy Digital Holdings, Ltd ("Galaxy"), we entered into a two - year hosting services agreement allowing our approximately 23,619 Bitmain S19J Pro mining machines that were operating at the Helios Facility to remain in operation at that facility.

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Our hosting agreements are subject to renegotiation and cost volatility. In the future, we may not be able to renew our hosting agreements on acceptable terms, in which case we would need to relocate our established mining operations. Relocating any mining operation will require incurrence of costs to transition to a new facility including, but not limited to, transportation expenses and insurance, downtime while we are unable to mine, legal fees to negotiate the new hosting agreements, de-installation at our current facility and, ultimately, installation at any new facility we identify. These costs may be substantial, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in transitioning our mining machines to a new facility. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, we may have difficulty locating sites which satisfy our requirements at a cost we are willing to pay. If we are unable to find suitable mining facility locations this may have a material impact on our financial position, opportunities and prospects, and by extension, on our share price.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

We are subject to an extensive and rapidly-evolving regulatory landscape and any adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations could adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

Our business may be or may become subject to extensive laws, rules, regulations, policies, orders, determinations, directives, treaties, and legal and regulatory interpretations and guidance in the markets in which we operate or in the United Kingdom, the jurisdiction of our incorporation, including those typically applied to financial services and banking, securities, commodities, the exchange, and transfer of digital assets, cross-border and domestic money and cryptocurrency transmission businesses, as well as those governing data privacy, data governance, data protection, cybersecurity, fraud detection, payment services (including payment processing and settlement services), consumer protection, antitrust and competition, bankruptcy, tax, anti-bribery, economic and trade sanctions, anti-money laundering, and counter-terrorist financing. Many of these legal and regulatory regimes were adopted prior to the advent of the internet, mobile technologies, digital assets, and related technologies. As a result, they often do not contemplate or address unique issues associated with digital assets, are subject to significant uncertainty, and vary widely across U.S. federal, state, and local and international jurisdictions. These legal and regulatory regimes, including the laws, rules, and regulations thereunder, evolve frequently and may be modified, interpreted, and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another. Moreover, the relative novelty and evolving nature of our business and the significant uncertainty surrounding the regulation of digital assets requires us to exercise our judgment as to whether certain laws, rules, and regulations apply to us, and it is possible that governmental bodies and regulators may disagree with our conclusions. To the extent we have not complied with such laws, rules, and regulations, we could be subject to significant fines, limitations on our business, reputational harm, and other regulatory consequences, as well as criminal penalties, each of which may be significant and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our activities are not currently regulated in the United Kingdom as we do not engage in any regulated activities for the purposes of the UK Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and we are not subject to any registration requirement with the UK Financial Conduct Authority in relation to anti-money laundering rules under The Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 as we are not a crypto asset exchange or custodian wallet provider. We do not offer crypto asset derivatives nor do we engage with or advertise to retail consumers. Our business is to mine crypto assets as principal, and we bear the risks and rewards of such endeavors. We have no current plans to engage in the offering of crypto asset derivatives or engage with retail consumers.

In addition to existing laws and regulations, various governmental and regulatory bodies, including legislative and executive bodies, in the United States and in other countries may adopt new laws and regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations may be issued by such bodies or the judiciary, which may adversely impact the development and use of digital assets as a whole, cryptocurrency mining operations, and our legal and regulatory status in particular by changing how we operate our business, how our operations are regulated, and what products or services we and our competitors can offer, requiring changes to our compliance and risk mitigation measures, imposing new licensing requirements or new costs of doing business, or imposing a total ban on certain activities or transactions with respect to digital assets, as has occurred in certain jurisdictions in the past.

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Due to our business activities, if laws or regulations or their respective interpretation change, we may become subject to ongoing examinations, oversight, and reviews by U.S. federal and state regulators and foreign financial service regulators, including the UK Financial Conduct Authority, which would have broad discretion to audit and examine our business if we become subject to their oversight. Adverse changes to, or our failure to comply with, any laws and regulations have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our reputation and brand and our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to data privacy, data protection and information security. If we are unable to comply with these, we may be subject to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity.

We collect and process data, including personal, financial and confidential information about individuals, including our employees and business partners. The collection, use and processing of such data about individuals are governed by data privacy laws and regulations enacted in the UK, EU, U.S. (federal and state), and other jurisdictions around the world. These data privacy laws and regulations are complex, continue to evolve, and on occasion may be inconsistent between jurisdictions leading to uncertainty in interpreting such laws and it is possible that these laws, regulations and requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing information processing practices, and many of these laws are significantly litigated and/or subject to regulatory enforcement. The implication of this includes that various federal, state and foreign legislative or regulatory bodies may enact or adopt new or additional laws and regulations concerning data privacy, data retention, data transfer, and data protection. Such laws may continue to restrict or dictate how we collect, maintain, combine and disseminate information and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In the United States, there are numerous federal and state laws and regulations that could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners, including data breach notification laws, financial information and other data privacy laws, and consumer protection laws and regulations (e.g., Section 5 of the FTC Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of personal information.

The General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which went into effect in the European Union on May 25, 2018, applies to the collection, use, retention, security, processing, and transfer of personal data of individuals in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) and the United Kingdom, which could further add to our compliance costs and limit how we process information. It is possible that the GDPR may be interpreted or applied in a manner that is adverse to us or otherwise inconsistent with our practices; or that the European Union or national supervisory authorities may hold that we are not in full compliance with the GDPR’s requirements. In addition, the GDPR increases the scrutiny of transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United States and other jurisdictions that the European Commission does not recognize as having “adequate” data protection laws; in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union limited how organizations could lawfully transfer personal data from the EEA to the United States by invalidating the EU-US Privacy Shield and imposing further restrictions on use of the standard contractual clauses, which could increase our costs and our ability to efficiently process personal data from the EEA. Following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and the expiry of the transition period, from January 1, 2021, we have to comply with the GDPR and separately the GDPR as implemented in the United Kingdom, each regime having the ability to fine up to the greater of €20 million/£17 million or 4% of global turnover. The relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, including how data transfers between European Union member states and the United Kingdom will be treated. These changes may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the applicable national data protection laws of the EEA member states may result in fines and other administrative penalties. Government enforcement actions can be costly and interrupt the regular operation of our business, and data breaches or violations of data privacy laws can result in fines, reputational damage and civil lawsuits, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Also, like many websites, we use cookies and other tracking technologies on our website. In recent years, European lawmakers and regulators have expressed concern over electronic marketing and the use of nonessential cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising, or tracking technologies, leading to an effort to replace the current rules on e-marketing (currently set out in the ePrivacy Directive and national implementing laws) with a new ePrivacy Regulation. When implemented, the new ePrivacy Regulation is expected to alter rules on tracking technologies and significantly increase fining powers to the same levels as the GDPR.

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We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities for penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance.

Our operations and properties are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in the United Kingdom, the United States and every other country and locality in which we operate. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that can be released into the environment; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands; imposing specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by noise or the release of hazardous substances into the environment.

The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to impact the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental regulation compliance or remediation. New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change, may materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating legislative and regulatory changes in response to various climate change interest groups and the potential impact of climate change. Given the very significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency mining machines, as well the environmental impact of mining for the rare earth metals used in the production of mining servers, the cryptocurrency mining industry may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. For example, in June and July of 2021, the Chinese government prohibited the operation of mining machines and supply of energy to mining businesses, citing concerns regarding high levels of energy consumption, which resulted in a large scale shut down of mining operations. Legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Specifically, imposition of a carbon tax or other regulatory fee in a jurisdiction where we operate or on electricity that we purchase could result in substantially higher energy costs, and due to the significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency mining machines, could in turn put our facilities at a competitive disadvantage. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Furthermore, even without such regulation, increased awareness and any adverse publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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Our transactions in digital assets may expose us to countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals that are subject to sanctions and other restrictive laws and regulations.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”) and the U.S. Department of State administer and enforce economic sanctions programs based on foreign policy and national security goals against targeted countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals. In the UK: the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office is responsible for the UK’s international sanctions policy, including all international sanctions regimes and designations; the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (“OFSI”), which is a part of HM Treasury, is responsible for ensuring that financial sanctions are properly understood, implemented and enforced (as well as maintaining OFSI’s Consolidated List of Financial Sanctions Targets); the Department for International Trade is responsible for implementing trade sanctions and embargoes, HM Revenue & Customs is responsible for enforcing breaches of trade sanctions; and the National Crime Agency is responsible for investigating and enforcing breaches of financial sanctions. In Canada, Global Affairs Canada, Public Safety Canada and the Department of Justice administer and enforce Canada’s sanctions regime.

These laws and regulations may be implicated by a number of activities, including investing or trading. For example, in October 2021, OFAC published updated sanctions compliance guidance for the virtual currency industry. Since that time, OFAC has designated a number of actors and entities in the virtual currency industry to its list of Specially Designated Nationals (“SDNs”), including, in August 2022, a virtual currency mixer for alleged activities linked to money laundering and sanctioned jurisdictions. Because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions, we may not be able to determine the ultimate identity of the individuals with whom we transact with respect to buying or selling digital assets or of other members in mining pools in which we participate. We participate in mining pools that operate in jurisdictions that are not subject to the same regulatory regimes as we are, which creates the risk that we may inadvertently engage in transactions with, or contribute processing power to, a mining pool which involves persons, entities, or territories that are the target of sanctions or other restrictions. Moreover, U.S. federal law prohibits any U.S. person from knowingly or unknowingly possessing any visual depiction commonly known as child pornography. Recent media reports have suggested that persons have imbedded such depictions on one or more blockchains. Because our business requires us to download and retain one or more blockchains to effectuate our ongoing business, it is possible that such blockchains contain prohibited depictions without our knowledge or consent. To the extent government enforcement authorities enforce these and other laws and regulations that are impacted by blockchain technology, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties, all of which could harm our reputation and affect the value of our ADSs.

Failure to comply with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws, including the FCPA and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We operate an international business and may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We are subject to the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act, and other applicable anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in certain countries in which we conduct activities. The FCPA prohibits providing, offering, promising, or authorizing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to government officials, political parties, or political candidates for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. The provisions of the UK Bribery Act extend beyond bribery of government officials and create offenses in relation to commercial bribery including private sector recipients. The provisions of the UK Bribery Act also create offenses for accepting bribes in addition to bribing another person. In addition, U.S. public companies are required to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions and have an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

In many foreign countries, including countries in which we may conduct business, it may be a local custom that businesses engage in practices that are prohibited by the FCPA, UK Bribery Act, or other applicable laws and regulations. We face significant risks if we or any of our directors, officers, employees, contractors, agents or other partners or representatives fail to comply with these laws and governmental authorities in the United States, UK and elsewhere could seek to impose substantial civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, operating results, prospects and financial condition.

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Any violation of the FCPA, UK Bribery Act, other applicable anti-corruption laws, or anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results, prospects and financial condition. In addition, responding to any enforcement action or internal investigation related to alleged misconduct may result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

If regulatory changes or interpretations of our activities require our registration or licensure as a money services business (“MSB”) under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, or otherwise under state laws, we may incur significant penalties and on-going compliance costs, which could be substantial or cost-prohibitive. If we become subject to these regulations, our costs in complying with them may have a material negative effect on our business and the results of our operations.

To the extent that our activities cause us to be deemed an MSB under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, we may be required to comply with FinCEN regulations, including those that would mandate us to implement an effective anti-money laundering program, make certain reports to FinCEN and maintain certain records. To the extent that our activities cause us to be deemed a money transmitter under applicable state laws, we may be required to comply with state licensure requirements, including those that would mandate us to implement varying degrees of safety and soundness, consumer protection and law enforcement requirements.

We are not presently registered as an MSB with FinCEN or licensed as a money transmitter or similar business in any state. If an applicable governmental agency determines that we have failed to register or obtain a license, we could be subject to substantial financial penalties and may be ordered to suspend or terminate operations with respect to the affected jurisdictions.

As we continue to expand and localize our international activities, our obligations to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, and policies of a variety of jurisdictions will increase and we may be subject to investigations and enforcement actions by U.S. and non-U.S. regulators and governmental authorities.

As we expand and localize our international activities, we have become increasingly obligated to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, policies, and legal interpretations both of the jurisdictions in which we operate and those into which we offer services on a cross-border basis. Laws regulating financial services, the internet, mobile technologies, digital assets, and related technologies in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States and other jurisdictions often impose different, more specific, or even conflicting obligations on us, as well as broader liability. For example, we are subject to laws and regulations related to sanctions and export controls enforced by OFAC and the Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security, and may in the future be required to comply with U.S. anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations, enforced by FinCEN and certain state financial services regulators.

Regulators worldwide frequently study each other’s approaches to the regulation of the digital assets. Consequently, developments in any jurisdiction may influence other jurisdictions. New developments in one jurisdiction may be extended to additional services and other jurisdictions. As a result, the risks created by any new law or regulation in one jurisdiction are magnified by the potential that they may be replicated, affecting our business in another place or involving another service. Conversely, if regulations diverge worldwide, we may face difficulty adjusting our products, services, and other aspects of our business with the same effect. These risks are heightened as we face increased competitive pressure from other similarly situated businesses that engage in regulatory arbitrage to avoid the compliance costs associated with regulatory changes.

The complexity of U.S. federal and state, UK, Canadian and other international regulatory and enforcement regimes, coupled with the global scope of our operations and the evolving global regulatory environment, could result in a single event prompting a large number of overlapping investigations and legal and regulatory proceedings by multiple government authorities in different jurisdictions. Any of the foregoing could, individually or in the aggregate, harm our reputation and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Due to the uncertain application of existing laws and regulations, it may be that, despite our regulatory and legal analysis concluding that certain products and services are currently unregulated, such products or services may indeed be subject to financial regulation, licensing, or authorization obligations that we have not obtained or with which we have not complied. As a result, we are at a heightened risk of enforcement action, litigation, regulatory, and legal scrutiny which could lead to sanctions, cease, and desist orders, or other penalties and censures which could significantly and adversely affect our continued operations and financial condition.

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A particular digital asset’s status as a “security” in any relevant jurisdiction is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and if a regulator disagrees with our characterization of a digital asset, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, and other penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, a determination that Bitcoin or any other digital asset that we own or mine is a “security” may adversely affect the value of Bitcoin and our business.

The SEC and its staff have taken the position that certain digital assets fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws. The legal test for determining whether any given digital asset is a security is a highly complex, fact-driven analysis that may evolve over time, and the outcome is difficult to predict. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular digital asset as a security. Furthermore, the SEC’s views in this area have evolved over time and it is difficult to predict the direction or timing of any continuing evolution. It is also possible that a change in the governing administration or the appointment of new SEC commissioners could substantially impact the views of the SEC and its staff. Public statements made by senior officials at the SEC indicate that the SEC does not intend to take the position that Bitcoin and Ethereum are securities (as currently offered and sold). However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other digital asset. As of the date of this report, with the exception of certain centrally issued digital assets that have received “no-action” letters from the SEC staff, Bitcoin and Ethereum are the only digital assets which senior officials at the SEC have publicly stated are unlikely to be considered securities. With respect to all other digital assets, there is no certainty under the applicable legal test that such assets are not securities, notwithstanding the conclusions we may draw based on our risk-based assessment regarding the likelihood that a particular digital asset could be deemed a “security” under applicable laws.

The SEC has brought enforcement actions against the promoters of several digital assets on the basis that the digital assets in question are securities. Such an enforcement action by the SEC or a state securities regulator, or a similar court decision, with respect to Bitcoin and the other digital assets we mine or trade would be expected to have an immediate material adverse impact on the trading value of such digital assets. This is because the business models behind most digital assets are incompatible with regulations applying to transactions in securities. If a digital asset is determined or asserted to be a security, it is likely to become difficult or impossible for the digital asset to be traded, cleared or custodied in the United States through the same channels used by non-security digital assets, which in addition to materially and adversely affecting the trading value of the digital asset is likely to significantly impact its liquidity and market participants’ ability to convert the digital asset into U.S. dollars. For example, in 2020 the SEC filed a complaint against the promoters of XRP alleging that they raised more than $1.3 billion through XRP sales that should have been registered under U.S. federal securities laws, but were not. In the years prior to the SEC’s action, XRP’s market capitalization at times exceeded $140 billion. However, in the weeks following the SEC’s complaint, XRP’s market capitalization fell to less than $10 billion, which was less than half of its market capitalization in the days prior to the complaint. The SEC’s action against XRP’s promoters underscores the continuing uncertainty around which digital assets are securities, and demonstrates that factors such as how long a digital asset has been in existence, how widely held it is, how large its market capitalization is and that it has actual usefulness in commercial transactions, ultimately may have no bearing on whether the SEC or a court will find it to be a security.

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), a company may fall within the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(1)(A) thereof if it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or under section 3(a)(1)(C) thereof if it is engaged or proposes to engage in business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” (as defined) having a value exceeding 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. There is no authoritative law, rule or binding guidance published by the SEC regarding the status of digital assets as “securities” or “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act. Although we believe that we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in investment securities, and we do not hold ourselves out as being primarily engaged, or proposing to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, to the extent the digital assets which we mine, own, or otherwise acquire may be deemed “securities” or “ investment securities” by the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction, we may meet the definition of an investment company. If we fall within the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act, as a technical matter we would be required to register with the SEC to the extent that we could not rely on an exception or exemption from the definition of investment company. As a practical matter, non-U.S. issuers cannot register as an investment company with the SEC. Further, given the nature and extent of the Investment Company Act’s restrictions on affiliated transactions, incurrence of leverage and certain types of portfolio transactions, it would be impractical for us to register as an investment company. If an investment company fails to register, it likely would have to stop doing almost all business, and its contracts could become voidable.

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Several foreign jurisdictions have taken a broad-based approach to classifying digital assets as “securities,” while other foreign jurisdictions, such as Switzerland, Malta, and Singapore, have adopted a narrower approach. As a result, certain digital assets may be deemed to be a “security” under the laws of some jurisdictions but not others. Various foreign jurisdictions may, in the future, adopt additional laws, regulations, or directives that affect the characterization of digital assets as “securities.” The classification of a digital asset as a security under applicable law has wide-ranging implications for the regulatory obligations that flow from the mining, sale and trading of such assets. For example, a digital asset that is a security in the United States may generally only be offered or sold in the United States pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC or in an offering that qualifies for an exemption from registration. Persons that effect transactions in digital assets that are securities in the United States may be subject to registration with the SEC as a “broker” or “dealer.” Foreign jurisdictions may have similar licensing, registration, and qualification requirements.

There can be no assurances that we will properly characterize any given digital asset as a security or non-security for purposes of determining which digital assets to mine, hold and trade, or that the SEC, foreign regulatory authority, or a court, if the question was presented to it, would agree with our assessment. We could be subject to judicial or administrative sanctions for failing to offer or sell digital assets in compliance with the registration requirements, or for acting as a broker or dealer without appropriate registration. Such an action could result in injunctions, cease and desist orders, as well as civil monetary penalties, fines, and disgorgement, criminal liability, and reputational harm. Further, if Bitcoin or any other digital asset that we mine, hold and trade is deemed to be a security under the laws of any U.S. federal, state, or foreign jurisdiction, or in a proceeding in a court of law or otherwise, it may have adverse consequences for such cryptocurrency. For instance, all transactions in such supported digital asset would have to be registered with the SEC or other foreign authority, or conducted in accordance with an exemption from registration, which could severely limit its liquidity, usability and transactability. Further, it could draw negative publicity and a decline in the general acceptance of the digital asset. Also, it may make it difficult for such cryptocurrency to be traded, cleared, and custodied as compared to other cryptocurrencies that are not considered to be securities.

Future developments regarding the treatment of cryptocurrencies for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes could adversely impact our business.

Due to the new and evolving nature of cryptocurrencies and the absence of comprehensive legal guidance with respect to cryptocurrency products and transactions, many significant aspects of the U.S. federal income and foreign tax treatment of transactions involving cryptocurrencies are uncertain, and it is unclear what guidance may be issued in the future on the treatment of cryptocurrency transactions for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes.

In 2014, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) released a notice, or “IRS Notice,” discussing certain aspects of “convertible virtual currency” (that is, digital currency that has an equivalent value in fiat currency or that acts as a substitute for fiat currency) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, in particular, stating that such digital currency (i) is “property” (ii) is not “currency” for purposes of the rules relating to foreign currency gain or loss and (iii) may be held as a capital asset. In 2019, the IRS released a revenue ruling and a set of “Frequently Asked Questions”, or the “Ruling & FAQs,” that provide some additional guidance, including guidance to the effect that, under certain circumstances, hard forks of digital currencies are taxable events giving rise to ordinary income and guidance with respect to the determination of the tax basis of digital currency. However, the IRS Notice and the Ruling & FAQs do not address other significant aspects of the U.S. federal income tax treatment of cryptocurrencies and related transactions.

The UK tax authorities have issued published guidance which covers similar issues to those covered in the IRS guidance mentioned above. Some guidance has also been provided on other topics including, in particular, regarding the Value Added Tax (“VAT”) treatment of transactions involving cryptocurrencies, and the availability of certain exemptions from VAT.

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There can be no assurance that the IRS or other foreign tax authority will not alter its existing position with respect to cryptocurrencies in the future or that a court would uphold the treatment set forth in the IRS Notice and the Ruling & FAQs, or in the UK published guidance. It is also unclear what additional guidance may be issued in the future on the treatment of existing cryptocurrency transactions and future cryptocurrency innovations for purposes of U.S. federal income tax or other foreign tax regulations. Any such alteration of existing IRS and foreign tax authority positions or additional guidance regarding cryptocurrency products and transactions could result in adverse tax consequences for our business and could have an adverse effect on the value of cryptocurrencies and the broader cryptocurrencies markets. Future technological and operational developments that may arise with respect to digital currencies may increase the uncertainty with respect to the treatment of digital currencies for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes. The uncertainty regarding tax treatment of cryptocurrency transactions could impact our business, both in the U.S. and abroad. It is likely that new rules for reporting crypto assets under the “common reporting standard” will be implemented on our international operations, creating new obligations and a need to invest in new onboarding and reporting infrastructure.

The application of the Commodity Exchange Act to our business is unclear and may be subject to change and therefore difficult to predict; to the extent we become subject to regulation by the CFTC in connection with our business activities, we may incur additional compliance costs, which may be significant.

The Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”), does not currently impose any direct obligations on us related to the mining or exchange of digital assets. However, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the federal agency that administers the CEA, generally regards Bitcoin and other digital assets as commodities. This position has been supported by decisions of federal courts.

The CEA imposes requirements relative to certain transactions involving Bitcoin and other digital assets that constitute a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or an option on such a contract), a swap, or a transaction involving margin, financing or leverage that does not result in actual delivery of the commodity within 28 days to persons not defined as “eligible contract participants” or “eligible commercial entities” under the CEA (e.g., retail persons). Changes in the CEA or the regulations promulgated by the CFTC thereunder, as well as interpretations thereof and official statements by the CFTC may impact the classification of digital assets and subject them to additional regulatory oversight by the CFTC. Although the CFTC to date has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or non-financed, margined or leveraged transactions in Bitcoin and other digital assets, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who violate certain prohibitions under the CEA related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including digital assets, in interstate commerce (e.g., manipulation and engaging in certain deceptive practices).

While no provision of the CEA, or CFTC rules, orders or rulings (except as noted herein) appears to be currently applicable to our business, this is subject to change. We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of digital assets under the law. Any requirements imposed by the CFTC related to our mining activities or our transactions in Bitcoin and digital assets would cause us to incur additional extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our ADSs.

Moreover, if our mining activities or transactions in Bitcoin and other digital assets were deemed by the CFTC to constitute a collective investment in derivatives for our shareholders, we may be required to register as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC through the National Futures Association. Such additional registrations may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our ADSs. If we determine not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may seek to cease certain of our operations. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in us.

Regulatory actions in one or more countries could severely affect the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use certain cryptocurrencies or to exchange them for fiat currency.

One or more countries, such as China or Russia, may take regulatory actions in the future that could severely restrict the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrencies or to exchange them for fiat currency. In some nations, it is illegal to accept payment in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for consumer transactions and banking institutions are barred from accepting deposits of cryptocurrencies. Such restrictions may adversely affect us as the large-scale use of cryptocurrencies as a means of exchange is presently confined to certain regions.

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Furthermore, in the future, foreign governments may decide to subsidize or in some other way support certain large-scale cryptocurrency mining projects, thus adding hashrate to the overall network. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on the amount of Bitcoin we may be able to mine, the value of Bitcoin and any other cryptocurrencies we may potentially acquire or hold in the future and, consequently, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our compliance and risk management methods might not be effective and may result in outcomes that could adversely affect our reputation, operating results and financial condition.

Our ability to comply with applicable complex and evolving laws, regulations, and rules is largely dependent on the establishment and maintenance of our compliance, audit, and reporting systems, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance and other risk management personnel. We cannot assure you that our policies and procedures will be effective or that we will be successful in monitoring or evaluating the risks to which we are or may be exposed in all market environments or against all types of risks, including unidentified or unanticipated risks. Our risk management policies and procedures rely on a combination of technical and human controls and supervision that are subject to error and failure. Some of our methods for managing risk are discretionary by nature and are based on internally developed controls and observed historical market behavior, and also involve reliance on standard industry practices. These methods may not adequately prevent losses, particularly as they relate to extreme market movements, which may be significantly greater than historical fluctuations in the market. Our risk management policies and procedures also may not adequately prevent losses due to technical errors if our testing and quality control practices are not effective in preventing failures. In addition, we may elect to adjust our risk management policies and procedures to allow for an increase in risk tolerance, which could expose us to the risk of greater losses.

We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, and other digital assets under the law. For example, if regulatory changes or interpretations require the regulation of Bitcoin or other digital assets under certain laws and regulatory regimes in the United States such as those administered by the SEC, the CFTC, the IRS, Department of Treasury or other agencies or authorities or similar laws and regulations of other jurisdictions, including if our digital asset activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation under U.S. federal law, the law of any U.S. state, or foreign jurisdiction in which the Company operates, we may be required to register, seek licensure and comply with such regulations, including at a federal, state or local level, and implement an anti-money laundering program, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, consumer protective safeguards, and other operational requirements. To the extent that we decide to continue operations, the required registrations and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses or burdens to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ADSs or our net income in a material and adverse manner. We may also decide to cease some or all operations. Any termination or disruption of our operations in response to the changed regulatory circumstances may be at a time that is disadvantageous to investors. Furthermore, we and our service providers may not be capable of complying with certain federal or state regulatory obligations applicable to money services businesses or state money transmitters. If we are deemed to be subject to and determine not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may act to dissolve and liquidate the Company. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in us.

If we fail to comply with such additional regulatory, licensure and registration compliance requirements, we may seek to cease all or certain of our operations or be subjected to fines, penalties and other governmental action. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business model at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies or digital assets we plan to hold or expect to acquire for our own account.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Our ability to conduct our business in a profitable manner relies on our proprietary mining methods, which we protect as a trade secret. We rely upon trade secret laws, physical and technological security measures and contractual commitments to protect our trade secrets, including entering into non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants and third parties with access to our trade secrets. However, such measures may not provide adequate protection and the value of our trade secrets could be lost through misappropriation or breach of our confidentiality agreements. For example, an employee with authorized access may misappropriate our trade secrets and provide them to a competitor, and the recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully, because enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Thus, if any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed or misappropriated our competitive position could be harmed. In addition to the risk of misappropriation and unauthorized disclosure, our competitors may develop similar or better methods independently in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. Thus, there can be no assurance that our trade secrets will be sufficient to protect against competitors operating their business in a manner that is substantially similar to ours.

Third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, which may prevent or inhibit our operations and cause us to suffer significant litigation expense even if these claims have no merit.

Our commercial success depends on our ability to operate without undue cost and distraction of claims that we are infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, third parties, may own patents (or have pending patent applications that later result in patents) that our operations may infringe. In addition, third parties may purchase patents for the purpose of asserting claims of infringement and attempting to extract license fees via settlements from us. There also could be patents that we believe we do not infringe, but that we may ultimately be found to infringe. Further, because patents can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our operations infringe.

Finally, third parties could accuse us of misappropriating their trade secrets. Any claims of patent infringement or trade secret misappropriation, even claims without merit, could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could require us to divert resources away from operations. In addition, if any third party has a meritorious or successful claim that we are infringing, we may be forced to redesign our operations or secure a license from such third parties, which may be costly or impractical. We also may be subject to significant damages or injunctions that may cause a material adverse effect to our business and operations, if we cannot license or develop an alternative for any infringing aspect of our business, and may result in a material loss in revenue, which could adversely affect the trading price of our ADSs and harm our investors.

Risks Related to Our Employees and Other Service Providers

The loss of one or more of our key management personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We operate in a relatively new industry that is not widely understood and requires highly skilled and technical personnel. We believe that our future success is highly dependent on the talents and contributions of a small number of key management personnel. We recently experienced turnover in the positions of Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and certain executive and non-executive directors in connection with substantial disruption and transition of our business. Our future success depends on our ability to attract, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified and skilled employees and on the performance of our new senior executive team in working together to operate our business. Furthermore, if we fail to execute an effective contingency or succession plan with the loss of any member of management, the loss of such management personnel may significantly disrupt our business. Due to the nascent nature of the blockchain ecosystem, the pool of qualified talent is extremely limited, particularly with respect to executive talent, engineering, risk management, and financial regulatory expertise. We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous software and other technology companies. To attract and retain key personnel, we incur significant costs, including salaries and benefits and equity incentives. These costs may be further exacerbated by inflation. Even so, these measures may not be enough to attract and retain the personnel we require to operate our business effectively. The loss of even a few qualified employees, or an inability to attract, retain and motivate additional highly skilled employees required for the planned expansion of our business could adversely impact our operating results and impair our ability to grow.

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Our culture emphasizes innovation, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, our business and operating results could be adversely impacted.

We believe that our entrepreneurial and innovative corporate culture has been a key contributor to our success. We encourage and empower our employees to develop and launch new and innovative products and services, which we believe is essential to attracting high quality talent, partners, and developers, as well as serving the best, long-term interests of our company. If we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, we could lose the innovation, creativity and teamwork that has been integral to our business, in which case our products and services may suffer and our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Our officers, directors, employees, and large shareholders may encounter potential conflicts of interests with respect to their positions or interests in certain digital assets, entities, and other initiatives, which could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We frequently engage in a wide variety of transactions and maintain relationships with a significant number of digital asset projects, their developers, members of their ecosystem, and investors. These transactions and relationships could create potential conflicts of interests in management decisions that we make. For instance, certain of our officers, directors, and employees are active investors in digital asset projects and technologies themselves and may make investment decisions that favor projects that they have personally invested in.

In addition, certain of our officers, directors and employees may become aware of business opportunities that may be appropriate for presentation to us. In such instances they may decide to present these business opportunities to other entities with which they are or may be affiliated, in addition to, or instead of, presenting them to us. Due to these existing or future affiliations, these officers, directors and employees may have fiduciary obligations to present potential acquisition opportunities to those entities prior to presenting them to us which could cause additional conflicts of interest.

Similarly, certain of our directors, officers, employees, and large shareholders may hold cryptocurrencies that we are considering mining and may be more supportive of such mining notwithstanding legal, regulatory, and other issues associated with such cryptocurrencies. While we have instituted policies and procedures to limit and mitigate such risks, there is no assurance that such policies and procedures will be effective, or that we will be able to manage such conflicts of interests adequately. If we fail to manage these conflicts of interests, our business may be harmed and the brand, reputation and credibility of our company may be adversely affected.

General Risk Factors

We may be subject to foreign investment and exchange risks.

Our functional and presentational currency is sterling. As a result, our consolidated financial statements will carry our assets in sterling. Any business we carry out may require the conduct of operations or make sales in currencies other than sterling. Due to the foregoing, changes in exchange rates between sterling and other currencies could lead to significant changes in our reported financial results from period to period. Among the factors that may affect currency values are trade balances, levels of short-term interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation and political or regulatory developments. Although we may seek to manage our foreign exchange exposure, including by active use of hedging and derivative instruments, there is no assurance that such arrangements will be entered into or available at all times when we wish to use them or that they will be sufficient to cover the risk. If there was a material adverse movement in such currency, it may have adverse consequences on our financial condition.

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Risks Related to Our ADSs and Ordinary Shares

The market price of our ADSs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations, many of which are beyond our control.

The market price of our ADSs has been and is likely to continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations similar to ours as well as the fluctuation in the market price of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. In addition, technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The market price for our ADSs may be influenced by many factors, including:

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial and operating results;

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the trading price of cryptocurrencies, in particular Bitcoin;

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changes in the market valuations of our competitors;

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rumors, publicity, and market speculation involving us, our management, our competitors, or our industry;

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announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, capital commitments, integrations or capabilities, technologies, or innovations by us or our competitors;

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changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

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changes in laws or regulations applicable to us or our industry;

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the perception of our industry by the public, legislatures, regulators and the investment community;

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additions or departures of key personnel;

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potential litigation or regulatory investigations;

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general economic, industry, political and market conditions and overall market volatility in the United States or the United Kingdom, including resulting from COVID-19, war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events;

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sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares by us, our directors and officers, holders of our ADSs or our shareholders in the future or the anticipation that such sales may occur in the future; and

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the trading volume of our ADSs on the Nasdaq.

Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Further, a decline in the financial markets and related factors beyond our control may cause the price of our ADSs to decline rapidly and unexpectedly.

Investing in our ADSs could be subject to greater volatility than investing directly in Bitcoin or other digital assets.

The price of our securities and our competitors securities are generally correlated to the price of Bitcoin and other digital assets. However, our business is subject to capital costs, which also affect the price of our securities, such as hardware expenses, power expenses and other factors that are not directly reflected in the prices of digital assets we mine. For example, when the price of Bitcoin rises, mining machines may become scarce and more costly to acquire, making our existing operations more attractive. However, when the price of Bitcoin declines, our mining revenues may not exceed our operating costs. As a result, the price of our ADSs could be subject to greater volatility than direct investments in digital assets and an investment in our ADSs may result in losses.

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The volatility in the trading price of our ordinary shares and the large proportion held by retail investors may make our ordinary shares and ADSs a target of online campaigns to artificially influence their trading price, which may trigger markets or trading platforms to impose restrictions on the trading of our securities; as a result, investors in our ordinary shares and ADSs may incur substantial losses.

The trading price of our ordinary shares has experienced, and may continue to experience, significant volatility and trading volume. Further, a significant majority of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are held by individual, non-institutional investors (i.e. “retail investors”). We are aware of reports surrounding social media sites and online forums influencing the trading price of certain publicly traded securities. Some of these reports indicated that the organizers of these campaigns selected specific securities as a result of, among other factors, significant volatility in their trading price and volume, as well as a perception that their trading prices were undervalued or subject to significant short positions. We are also aware of reports that a number of significant trading platforms catering to retail investors allegedly halted or otherwise restricted trading of a number of securities on their platforms following these reports.

As a significant proportion of our outstanding ordinary shares are held by retail investors who may make use of these trading platforms, if these trading platforms take similar action with respect to shares of our ordinary shares or ADSs, those of our investors who make use of these platforms may be unable to transact in our securities in response to changes in the trading price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. As a result, we cannot guarantee that we have not become subject to such a campaign or that we will not become subject to such a campaign in the future. If we do become subject to such a campaign, we can give no assurances that we will be able to respond to the campaign and the trading price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may, therefore, not be tied to our business or industry. As a result, the trading price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may suffer and investors in our securities may lose part or all of their investment.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, our ADS price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will likely be influenced by research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, or adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. In addition, if no or only a few analysts commence research coverage of us, or if one or more of the analysts who cover us cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume to decline.

Holders of our ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares.

Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares, unless they withdraw the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement and applicable laws and regulations. The depositary is the holder of the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs. Holders of ADSs therefore do not have any rights as holders of our ordinary shares, other than the rights that they have pursuant to the deposit agreement.

Holders of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on the transfer of their ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.

ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems it necessary or advisable by it in good faith in connection with the performance of its duties or at our reasonable written request, subject in all cases to compliance with applicable U.S. securities laws. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement, subject to the right of ADS holders to cancel their ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the cancellation of your ADSs and withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares or similar corporate actions. In addition, ADS holders may not be able to cancel their ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares when they owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. As a result, you may not be able to transfer your ADSs or withdraw the underlying ordinary shares at certain times, which may have an adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

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The depositary for our ADSs is entitled to charge holders fees for various services, including annual service fees.

The depositary for our ADSs is entitled to charge holders fees for various services, including for the issuance of ADSs upon deposit of ordinary shares, cancellation of ADSs, distributions of cash dividends or other cash distributions, distributions of ADSs pursuant to share dividends or other free share distributions, distributions of securities other than ADSs and annual service fees. In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary into The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, the fees will be charged by the DTC participant to the account of the applicable beneficial owner in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participant as in effect at the time. The depositary for our ADSs will not generally be responsible for any United Kingdom stamp duty or stamp duty reserve tax arising upon the issuance or transfer of ADSs.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, or to terminate the deposit agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. We and the depositary may agree to amend the deposit agreement in any way we decide is necessary or advantageous to us or to the depositary. Amendments may reflect, among other things, operational changes in the ADS program, legal developments affecting ADSs or changes in the terms of our business relationship with the depositary. In the event that the terms of an amendment imposes or increases any fees or charges on a per ADS basis (other than stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges, transfer or registration fees, SWIFT, cable, telex or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses) or otherwise prejudices any substantial existing right of the ADS holders or beneficial owners of the ADSs, ADS holders will only receive 30 days’ advance notice of the amendment, and no prior consent of the ADS holders is required under the deposit agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any amendments or supplements which are reasonably necessary (as agreed by us and the depositary) in order for the ADSs to be registered on Form F-6 under the Securities Act or the ADSs or shares to be traded solely in electronic book-entry form and do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by ADS holders, such amendments shall be deemed not to prejudice any substantial rights of ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs.

We may decide to direct the depositary to terminate the ADS facility at any time for any reason. For example, termination of the ADS facility may occur when we become the subject of a takeover or a going-private transaction. ADS holders will receive at least 30 days’ prior notice of the ADS facility terminating, but no prior consent is required from them.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing our ADSs provides that owners and holders of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. Although we are not aware of a specific federal decision that addresses the enforceability of a jury trial waiver in the context of U.S. federal securities laws, it is our understanding that jury trial waivers are generally enforceable. Moreover, insofar as the deposit agreement is governed by the laws of the State of New York, New York laws similarly recognize the validity of jury trial waivers in appropriate circumstances. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs.

In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim of fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute). No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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If any owner or holder of our ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, such owner or holder may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different results than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

ADSs holders do not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your right to vote.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders who hold our ordinary shares directly and may only exercise their voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Holders of the ADSs will appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs.

When a general meeting is convened, if you hold ADSs, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. We will use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.

The depositary will not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as you request. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

You may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares represented by the ADSs or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to holders of ADSs.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the Custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it may be unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any offering of ADSs, ordinary shares or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit distribution on the ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of the ADSs. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to you. These restrictions may have an adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ADSs in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains and you may never receive a return on your investment.

Under current English law, a company’s accumulated realized profits must exceed its accumulated realized losses (on a non-consolidated basis) before dividends can be declared and paid. Therefore, we must have distributable profits before declaring and paying a dividend. In addition, as a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales, we will only be able to make a distribution if the amount of our net assets is not less than the aggregate of our called-up share capital and undistributable reserves and if, and to the extent that, the distribution does not reduce the amount of those assets to less than that aggregate.

We have not paid dividends in the past on our ordinary shares. We intend to retain earnings, if any, for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ADSs will be your sole source of gains for the foreseeable future, and you will suffer a loss on your investment if you are unable to sell your ADSs at or above the initial public offering price.

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Risks Related to Investing in a Foreign Private Issuer or an English Company

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than U.S. public companies.

As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from a number of requirements under U.S. securities law and, consequently, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized in the United States. In particular, we will be exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as public companies organized in the United States. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning our company than there is for public companies organized in the United States.

As a foreign private issuer, we will file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the close of each fiscal year ended December 31 and reports on Form 6-K relating to certain material events promptly after we publicly announce these events. However, because of the above exemptions for foreign private issuers, our shareholders will not be afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors holding shares in public companies organized in the United States.

As a foreign private issuer and as permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we may follow UK corporate governance rules instead of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

As a foreign private issuer, we may follow our home country corporate governance rules instead of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. For example, we are exempt from Nasdaq regulations that require a listed U.S. company to:

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have a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

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require non-management directors to meet on a regular basis without management present;

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promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers that should address certain specified items;

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have an independent nominating committee;

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solicit proxies and provide proxy statements for all shareholder meetings; and

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seek shareholder approval for the implementation of certain equity compensation plans and issuances of ordinary shares.

For an overview of our corporate governance principles, including those which comply with certain of the requirements above, see Item 10. B. “Articles of Association.”

In accordance with our Nasdaq listing, our Audit Committee is required to comply with the provisions of Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, both of which also are applicable to Nasdaq-listed U.S. companies.

To the extent we determine to follow UK corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq governance requirements, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these Nasdaq requirements.

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We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to public companies organized in the United States. If we were to lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to public companies organized in the United States. In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) a majority of our ordinary shares must be either directly or indirectly held of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our executive officers or directors cannot be U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets must be located outside the United States, and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting requirements and other requirements applicable to public companies organized in the United States, including the requirement to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to public companies organized in the United States may be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities extremely time consuming and costly. If we lose foreign private issuer status and are unable to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to public companies organized in the United States by the applicable deadlines, we would not be in compliance with applicable SEC rules or the rules of the Nasdaq, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our public reports and could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies organized in the United States, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors and other key management personnel.

We have not yet determined whether our existing internal controls over financial reporting systems are compliant with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and we cannot provide any assurance that there are no material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our existing internal controls.

As an English public company traded on the London Stock Exchange (“LSE”), we were not required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in a manner that meets the standards applicable to publicly traded companies required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

As a public company in the United States, we must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in order to report in an accurate and timely manner the results of our operations and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will require, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year. This process requires the investment of substantial time and resources, including by our Chief Financial Officer and other members of our management. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls over financial reporting is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and harm our results of operations. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. In addition, it is currently anticipated that our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to issue an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the fifth annual report following the completion of our U.S. initial public offering or the fiscal year following the date upon which we are no longer an emerging growth company, whichever is the sooner.

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In connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404(a). In addition, we may encounter problems or delays in completing the remediation of any deficiencies identified by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the issuance of their audit report. The determination and any remedial actions required could result in us incurring additional costs that we did not anticipate.

We may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404(a) or our independent registered public accounting firm may not issue an unqualified opinion. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404(a), any failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. As a result, we may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses, as well as higher independent auditor fees during and after the implementation of these changes. If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified opinion, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

Claims of U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.

We are incorporated under English law and have our registered office in England. Certain members of our board of directors and senior management are non-residents of the United States, and a portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to serve process on such persons or us in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them or us based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States.

The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty providing for recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for payment given by a court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or enforceable in the United Kingdom. In addition, uncertainty exists as to whether UK courts would entertain original actions brought in the United Kingdom against us or our directors or senior management predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Any final and conclusive monetary judgment for a definite sum obtained against us in U.S. courts would be treated by the courts of the United Kingdom as a cause of action in itself and sued upon as a debt at common law so that no retrial of the issues would be necessary; provided that certain requirements are met. Whether these requirements are met in respect of a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws, including whether the award of monetary damages under such laws would constitute a penalty, is an issue for the court making such decision. If an English court gives judgment for the sum payable under a U.S. judgment, the English judgment will be enforceable by methods generally available for this purpose. These methods generally permit the English court discretion to prescribe the manner of enforcement.

As a result, U.S. investors may not be able to enforce against us or our senior management, board of directors or certain experts named herein who are residents of the United Kingdom or countries other than the United States any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the U.S. federal securities laws.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

Under English law, shareholders usually have preemptive rights to subscribe on a pro rata basis in the issuance of new shares for cash. The exercise of preemptive rights by certain shareholders not resident in the United Kingdom may be restricted by applicable law or practice in the United Kingdom and overseas jurisdictions. We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to you unless either both the rights and any related securities are registered under the Securities Act, or the distribution of them to ADS holders is exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. If the depositary does not distribute the rights, it may, under the deposit agreement, either sell them, if possible, or allow them to lapse. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings. We are also permitted under English law to disapply preemptive rights (subject to the approval of our shareholders by special resolution or the inclusion in our articles of association of a power to disapply such rights) and thereby exclude certain shareholders, such as overseas shareholders, from participating in a rights offering (usually to avoid a breach of local securities laws).

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The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

We are incorporated under English law. The rights of holders of ordinary shares and, therefore, certain of the rights of holders of ADSs, are governed by English law, including the provisions of the UK Companies Act 2006 (the “Companies Act”), and by our articles of association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. See Item 10. B. “Differences in Corporate Law” in this report for a description of the principal differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and, for example, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware relating to shareholders’ rights and protections.

The principal differences include the following:

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under our articles of association, any resolution put to the vote of a general meeting must be decided exclusively on a poll. Under English law, it would be possible for our articles of association to be amended such that each shareholder present at a general meeting has only one vote unless demand is made for a vote on a poll, in which case each holder gets one vote per share owned. Under U.S. law, each shareholder typically is entitled to one vote per share at all meetings;

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under English law, subject to certain exceptions and disapplications, each shareholder generally has preemptive rights to subscribe on a proportionate basis to any issuance of ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for, or to convert securities into, ordinary shares for cash. Under U.S. law, shareholders generally do not have preemptive rights unless specifically granted in the certificate of incorporation or otherwise;

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under English law and our articles of association, certain matters require the approval of 75% of the shareholders who vote (in person or by proxy) on the relevant resolution (or on a poll of shareholders representing 75% of the ordinary shares voting (in person or by proxy)), including amendments to the articles of association. This may make it more difficult for us to complete corporate transactions deemed advisable by our board of directors. Under U.S. law, generally only majority shareholder approval is required to amend the certificate of incorporation or to approve other significant transactions;

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in the United Kingdom, takeovers may be structured as takeover offers or as schemes of arrangement. Under English law, a bidder seeking to acquire us by means of a takeover offer would need to make an offer for all of our outstanding ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs). If acceptances are not received for 90% or more of the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) under the offer, under English law, the bidder cannot complete a “squeeze out” to obtain 100% control of us. Accordingly, acceptances of 90% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) will likely be a condition in any takeover offer to acquire us, not 50% as is more common in tender offers for corporations organized under Delaware law. By contrast, a scheme of arrangement, the successful completion of which would result in a bidder obtaining 100% control of us, requires the approval of a majority of shareholders voting at the meeting and representing 75% of the ordinary shares voting for approval;

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under English law and our articles of association, shareholders and other persons, appearing to be interested in our shares may be required to disclose information regarding their interests in our shares upon our request, and the failure to provide the required information could result in the loss or restriction of rights attaching to the shares, including prohibitions on certain transfers of the shares, withholding of dividends and loss of voting rights. Comparable provisions generally do not exist under U.S. law; and

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the quorum requirement for a shareholders’ meeting is a minimum of two shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting and present in person or by proxy or, in the case of a shareholder which is a corporation, represented by a duly authorized representative. Under U.S. law, a majority of the shares eligible to vote must generally be present (in person or by proxy) at a shareholders’ meeting in order to constitute a quorum. The minimum number of shares required for a quorum can be reduced pursuant to a provision in a company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, but typically not below one-third of the shares entitled to vote at the meeting.

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As an English public limited company, certain capital structure decisions will require shareholder approval, which may limit our flexibility to manage our capital structure.

English law provides that a board of directors may only allot shares (or rights to subscribe for or convert any security into shares) with the prior authorization of shareholders, such authorization stating the aggregate nominal amount of shares that it covers and being valid for a maximum period of five years, each as specified in the articles of association or relevant shareholder resolution.

English law also generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash. However, it is possible for the articles of association, or for shareholders to pass a special resolution at a general meeting, being a resolution passed by at least 75% of the votes cast, to disapply preemptive rights. Such a disapplication of preemptive rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years from the date of adoption of the articles of association, if the disapplication is contained in the articles of association, or from the date of the shareholder special resolution, if the disapplication is by shareholder special resolution but not longer than the duration of the authority to allot shares to which the disapplication relates. In either case, this disapplication would need to be renewed by our shareholders upon its expiration (i.e., at least every five years).

English law also generally prohibits a public company from repurchasing its own shares without the prior approval of shareholders by ordinary resolution, being a resolution passed by a simple majority of votes cast, and other formalities. Such approval may be for a maximum period of up to five years, though is customarily granted and renewed on a yearly basis. See Item 10. B. “Articles of Association.”

Our articles of association provide that the courts of England and Wales will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of all shareholder complaints other than complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, and that the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any shareholder complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Our articles of association provide that the courts of England and Wales will be the exclusive forum for resolving all shareholder complaints (i.e., any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees, any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising out of any provision of the Companies Act or our articles of association or any action or proceeding asserting a claim or otherwise related to the affairs of our company) other than shareholder complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and that the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York will be the exclusive forum for resolving any shareholder complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. In addition, our articles of association provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our shares is deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the exclusive forum provision does not apply to any claim to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or the Securities Act and for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. The enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions (including exclusive federal forum provisions for actions, suits or proceedings asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act) in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and there is uncertainty as to whether courts would enforce the exclusive forum provisions in our articles of association. Additionally, our shareholders cannot waive compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Risks Related to Investing in an Emerging Growth Company

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our ADSs less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the aggregate market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 (the end of our second fiscal quarter) before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 (our fiscal year-end). We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and the price of our ADSs may be more volatile.

Risks Related to U.S., Canadian and UK Tax Regimes

There can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), we will be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), for any taxable year in which (a) 75% or more of our gross income consists of passive income or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a weighted quarterly average) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of these tests, passive income includes dividends, interest, certain gains from the sale or exchange of property and certain rents and royalties. Cash, cash-equivalents and cryptocurrencies generally are passive assets for these purposes. Goodwill is active to the extent attributable to activities that produce or are intended to produce active income. In addition, for purposes of the above calculations, we will be treated as if we hold our proportionate share of the assets of, and receive directly our proportionate share of the income of, any other corporation in which we directly or indirectly own at least 25%, by value, of the shares. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds our shares, the U.S. investor may be subject to adverse tax consequences regardless of whether we continue to qualify as a PFIC, including ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred and additional reporting requirements.Based on our analysis of our activities and current estimates of the composition of our income and assets (including goodwill), we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, because PFIC status is determined on an annual basis, and therefore our PFIC status for the current taxable year and any future taxable year will depend upon the future composition of our income and assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. In particular, the application of the PFIC rules to cryptocurrencies is subject to uncertainty. In addition, the total value of our assets (including goodwill) for PFIC testing purposes may be determined in part by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs from time to time, which may fluctuate considerably. Even if we determine that we are not a PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will agree with our conclusion and that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position.

For further discussion of the PFIC rules and the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in the event we are classified as a PFIC, see Item 10. E. “Material Income Tax Considerations —Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

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It is unlikely we will be able to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments or benefit from favorable UK tax legislation.

As a UK incorporated and tax resident entity, we are subject to UK corporate taxation on tax-adjusted trading profits. As of December 31, 2022, we had cumulative carryforward tax losses of $17.6 million. Given we do not, and are not currently expected to, generate significant taxable profit in the UK, it is unlikely that these carryforward tax losses will be utilized against future profits to reduce future tax payments or otherwise benefit from favorable UK tax legislation.

Changes and uncertainties in the tax system in the countries in which we have operations, could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and reduce net returns to our shareholders.

Our consolidated effective income tax rate, and the tax treatment of our ADSs and ordinary shares, could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including: changing tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof; tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration (such as those related to the ongoing Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s, or OECD, Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or BEPS, Project, the European Commission’s state aid investigations and other initiatives); the practices of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we operate (such as in the UK and in Canada); and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid, or the stamp duty or stamp duty reserve tax treatment of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase the estimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our statement of financial position, and otherwise affect our financial position, future results of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our shareholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance. For example, in February 2022, without advance notice to the cryptocurrency industry, the Department of Finance Canada proposed an amendment to the Excise Tax Act – GST/HST (and QST in Quebec) legislation that declares that digital (crypto) asset mining is not a “commercial activity” in Canada. Under the proposal, companies engaged in digital asset mining activities, including Canadian data centers that supply high performance computing services to those engaged in digital asset mining, are no longer eligible to receive Input Tax Credits (ITCs) for the value added taxes (GST, HST, QST) paid on business inputs (such as computer and information technology, energy costs, professional, and consulting fees).

Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an unforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs (“HMRC”), the IRS or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

A tax authority may also take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, for example where there has been a technical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in which case we expect that we might contest such assessment. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax

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Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

We were originally incorporated as GoSun Blockchain Limited, a private limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales on December 5, 2017, with company registration number 11097258. On December 21, 2017, GoSun Blockchain Limited changed its name to Argo Blockchain Limited and re-registered as a public limited company, becoming Argo Blockchain plc. We are known commercially as Argo Blockchain plc.

Argo Blockchain plc is the parent holding company of the Group. The Group consists of Argo Blockchain plc and the following subsidiaries of Argo Blockchain plc:

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Argo Innovation Labs Inc. (previously Argo Blockchain Canada Holdings Inc.), a wholly owned direct subsidiary incorporated and registered in British Columbia, Canada. Argo Blockchain Canada Holdings Inc. was acquired upon its incorporation on January 12, 2018. On January 8, 2019, it changed its name to Argo Innovation Labs Inc.;

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Argo Holdings US Inc., a wholly owned direct subsidiary, incorporated in Delaware on November 22, 2022

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Argo Operating US LLC, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incorporated in Delaware on November 22, 2022; and

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9377-2556 Quebec Inc., a wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incorporated and registered in Quebec, Canada.

Our registered office is located at Eastcastle House, 27/28 Eastcastle Street, London, England, W1W 8DH. Our principal executive offices are located at Eastcastle House, 27/28 Eastcastle Street, London, England, W1W 8DH. Our website address is https://argoblockchain.com and the inclusion of our website address in this Annual Report is an inactive textual reference. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware, 19711.

Our existing ordinary shares (excluding ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are listed on the LSE under ticker symbol “ARB.” Our existing ordinary shares began trading on the LSE on August 3, 2018. Our existing ordinary shares traded on the OTCQB(R) Venture Market (our “F Shares”) under the ticker symbol “ARBKF” from January 13, 2021 until February 23, 2021, and traded on the OTCQX from February 24, 2021 to December 31, 2022. Our ADSs have traded on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol ARBK since September 24, 2021.

Our 8.75% Senior Notes due 2026 have traded under the ticker symbol ARBKL on Nasdaq since November 18, 2021.

Capital Expenditures and Divestitures

Historically, our capital expenditures have consisted primarily of purchasing mining machines and computer equipment and improvements to the mining facilities in which we operate. In 2021 and 2022, our capital expenditures were for the purchase of mining machines and for acquiring and building mining facilities that we own and operate. This included the purchase of two mining facilities in Canada in 2021, as well as real estate in Texas in 2021 where we constructed the Helios mining facility which commenced operations in 2022. Our capital expenditures, net of disposals, were $213.1 million, $95.6 million, and $5.2 million in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

In December 2022, we divested our Helios facility via a sale of Argo Innovation Facilities (US), Inc. to a wholly owned subsidiary of Galaxy for approximately $65.0 million in gross proceeds. The proceeds were used primarily to pay down existing indebtedness.

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More Information

The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The Company’s SEC filings can be found there and on the Company’s website at https://argoblockchain.com/investors/financial-information/financials.

B. Business Overview

We are a leading blockchain technology company focused on large-scale mining of Bitcoin. We mine using purpose-built computers (or “mining machines”) to solve complex cryptographic algorithms (or “verify” or “solve” blocks) on the blockchain in exchange for rewards and fees denominated in the native token of that blockchain network.

Our mining strategy is to cost-effectively acquire and deploy advanced mining technology solutions in North American facilities that utilize predominantly renewable and inexpensive electricity. As of December 31, 2023, we had a fleet of more than 33,750 machines mining Bitcoin that can generate up to 2.8 exahash per second of computing power.

We began 2023 on the heels of a transformational and strategic pivot in our operations. In December 2022 we sold the Helios facility, which we designed, constructed, and energized over the course of 2021 and 2022. The transaction strengthened our balance sheet through $41 million of debt reduction and through a refinance of our remaining machine-backed loans with a new asset-backed loan from Galaxy.

Argo maintained ownership of its entire fleet of mining machines, including 23,619 Bitmain S19J Pro machines that were operating at the Helios facility prior to the sale. Those miners remained at the Helios facility following the sale and continue to operate pursuant to a hosting agreement with Galaxy. Currently, approximately 2.4 EH/s of total hashrate capacity is deployed at the Helios facility, and the machines continue to perform very well in the custom-designed immersion-cooled facility.

The hosting agreement with Galaxy allows Argo to share in the proceeds from economic curtailment, which occurs when Helios monetizes its fixed-price power purchase agreement during periods of high power prices. During the year, Argo generated approximately $7.2 million in power credits, with $3.8 million generated in the month of August during a state-wide heat wave. Not only does the ability to curtail operations benefit Argo economically, but it greatly enhances the stability of the Texas grid.

Throughout the year, the Company focused on three key pillars: financial discipline, operational excellence, and strategic partnerships for growth.

Financial discipline

After the sale of the Helios facility, the Company was able to significantly reduce its operating expenses. During the first quarter alone, Argo reduced its non-mining operating expenses by 68% compared to the run rate in the second half of 2022. The Company has been able to sustain these cost reductions, achieving a 58% reduction in non-mining operating expenses for the full year 2023 compared to the prior year.

The Company has also made progress in strengthening its balance sheet by reducing debt. For the full year 2023, the company reduced its debt by $13 million to $66 million. Most of the debt reduction was focused on the asset-backed loans with Galaxy through monthly amortization, supplemented by additional prepayments throughout the year. The prepayments were funded with proceeds of non-core asset sales and a portion of the proceeds from an equity raise completed in July 2023.

In addition, subsequent to year end, the Company paid down an additional $12.4 million of debt using a portion of proceeds raised through an equity raise in January 2024, the proceeds of the sale of non-core assets, including the Mirabel facility, and $3.3 million through monthly amortization payments. As of March 31, 2024, the debt balance owed to Galaxy was $12.8 million, and total debt was $54.0 million.

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Operational excellence

After selling the Mirabel facility in March 2024, Argo continues to own and operate its data center in Baie Comeau, Quebec. The Baie Comeau site is over 40,000 square feet and has 15 MW of 99% renewable power capacity sourced from the nearby Baie Comeau hydroelectric dam.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company deployed approximately 2,750 BlockMiner machines from ePIC Blockchain Technologies, representing approximately 300 petahash per second, at its Quebec facilities. This deployment increased the Company’s total hashrate capacity by 12% to 2.8 exahash per second.

Additionally, the Company has the ability to expand its capacity at Baie Comeau from 15 MW to 23 MW. The local municipality has approved the expansion, and the Company is in the evaluation phase of this project.

Growth and strategic partnerships

The Company continues to explore opportunities where mining can be paired with stranded or wasted energy. There is tremendous potential for energy generators to utilize mining as a balancing and optimization tool, particularly in the energy transition where limitations currently exist in the ability to store renewable energy. Argo is evaluating several projects with companies across the energy value chain.

Since inception, we have mined more than 9,756 Bitcoin for our own account through December 31, 2023. In 2023, our treasury management strategy was to sell our mined Bitcoin on a weekly basis in order to fund our operating expenses and for working capital needs. On December 31, 2023, we held 27 Bitcoin valued at approximately $1.1 million based on prices as of such date. Our total revenue was $50.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of 14% compared to total revenue of $58.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. We generated a net loss of $35.0 million and $229.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. We generated Adjusted EBITDA of $8.3 million and $(46.7) million in the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure not defined by IFRS. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA, an explanation of our management’s use of this measure and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income/(loss), see Item 5. A “Key Indicators of Performance and Financial Condition and Non-IFRS Financial Measures.”

Cryptocurrency and Cryptocurrency Mining Overview

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Overview

Cryptocurrencies are a type of digital asset that function as a medium of exchange, a unit of account and/or a store of value (i.e. a new form of digital money). Cryptocurrencies operate by means of blockchain technology, which generally uses open-source, peer-to-peer software to create a decentralized digital ledger that enables the secure use and transfer of digital assets. We believe cryptocurrencies and associated blockchain technologies have potential advantages over traditional payment systems, including: the tamper-resistant nature of blockchain networks, rapid-to-immediate settlement of transactions, lower fees, elimination of counterparty risk, protection from identity theft, broad accessibility, and a decentralized nature that enhances network security by reducing the likelihood of a “single point of failure.” In recent years, cryptocurrencies have gained widespread mainstream attention and have begun to experience greater adoption by both retail and institutional investors and the broader financial markets. On January 10, 2024, the SEC approved the listing and trading of exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) to track the spot price of Bitcoin. As of March 31, 2024, net inflows to the spot Bitcoin ETFs are estimated to exceed $12 billion, and the price of Bitcoin has increased by 53% since the SEC approval of the ETFs. In March 2024, the aggregate market value of Bitcoin exceeded $1 trillion, based on Bitcoin prices quoted on CoinGecko.com. While we expect the value of Bitcoin to remain volatile, we believe the approval of the spot Bitcoin ETF and the increase in aggregate market value signal institutionalization and wider adoption of Bitcoin.

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Cryptocurrency Mining and Mining Pools

As a cryptocurrency miner, we use specialized mining machines to solve cryptographic math problems necessary to record and “publish” cryptocurrency transactions to blockchain ledgers. Generally, each cryptocurrency has its own blockchain, which consists of software code (also known as a protocol), which is run by all the computers on the network for such blockchain. Within this code, transactions are collated into blocks, and these blocks must meet certain requirements to be verified by the blockchain software, added to the blockchain or ledger of all transactions and published to all participants on the network that are running the blockchain software. After a transaction is verified, it is combined with other transactions to create a new block of data for the blockchain. For proof-of-work blockchains, the process of verifying valid blocks requires computational effort to solve a cryptographic equation, and this computational effort protects the integrity of the blockchain ledger. This process is referred to as “mining.” As a reward for verifying a new block, miners receive payment in the form of the native cryptocurrency of the network (e.g., Bitcoin). This payment is comprised of a block reward (i.e., the automatic issue of new cryptocurrency tokens) and the aggregated transaction fees for the transactions included in the block (paid in existing cryptocurrency tokens by the participants to the transactions). The block reward payments and the aggregated transaction fees are what provide the incentive for miners to contribute hashrate to the network.

A “hash” is the actual cryptographic function run by the mining machines and is a unique set of numbers and letters derived from the content of the block. The protocol governing the relevant blockchain sets certain requirements for the hash. Mining machines compete to be the first to generate a valid hash meeting these requirements and, thereby, secure payment for solving the block. Hashrate is the speed at which mining machines can complete the calculation, and therefore is a critical measure of performance and computational power. A high rate means a mining machine may complete more calculations over a given period and has a greater chance to solve a block. An individual miner has a hashrate total of its mining machines seeking to mine a specific cryptocurrency, and the blockchain-wide hashrate for a specific cryptocurrency can be understood as the aggregate of the hashrates of all of the mining machines actively trying to solve a block on that blockchain at a given time.

The protocols governing Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are coded to regulate the frequency at which new blocks are verified by automatically adjusting what is known as the “mining difficulty,” which is the level of computational activity required before a new block is solved and verified. For example, on the Bitcoin blockchain the protocol is coded such that a new block is solved and verified approximately every 10 minutes. As such, to the extent the hash power on the network is increased or decreased due to, for example, fluctuations in the number of active mining machines online, mining difficulty is correspondingly increased or decreased to maintain the preset interval for the verification of new blocks.

On certain cryptocurrency networks, including Bitcoin, the rewards for solving a block are also subject to periodic incremental halving. Halving is a process designed to control the overall supply and reduce the risk of inflation in cryptocurrencies using a proof-of-work consensus algorithm. After a predetermined number of blocks are added to the blockchain, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” The last halving for Bitcoin occurred on April 19, 2024, and the next halving for Bitcoin is expected in 2028. Transaction fees are variable and depend on the level of activity on the network. Generally, transaction fees increase during times of network congestion, as miners will prefer transactions with higher fees, and therefore a higher fee can reduce the time to process a transaction. Conversely, transaction fees generally decrease when there are fewer transactions on the network.

As the total amount of available hashrate has increased (particularly on the Bitcoin network), it has become increasingly difficult for any individual miner to independently solve a block. As a result, “mining pools” have emerged as an efficient way for miners to pool resources. Mining pools aggregate the hashrate of various miners participating in the mining pool. In this way the mining pool, rather than an individual miner, receives the block reward and related transaction fees. The mining pool is organized by a third party who, in return for a percentage of the earned block rewards and transaction fees as a fee, administers the pool and ensures that the participants in the pool receive their share of the block reward and related transaction fees, generally pro-rata to their contributed hashrate. Mining pools offer miners more predictable and consistent revenue compared to mining individually.

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Our Strategy

Balance between owned & operated mining facilities and utilizing third party sites

Beginning with the sale of our Helios facility to Galaxy, we have adopted a strategy of striking a balance between owning and operating our own mining facilities and utilizing third party facilities with access to reliable, low-cost and renewable energy.

Utilizing third party hosting facilities allows us to focus capital investments on mining operations without the high cost of facility ownership, maintenance and operation. By contrast, owning and operating our mining machines at facilities offers certain advantages, including access to reliable, low-cost, renewable power and room for expansion. We also may enhance our ability to intelligently and quickly adapt our operating model and reap savings compared to paying for outsourced operations and infrastructure. We anticipate that we will continue to consider other opportunities to integrate our operations, including with respect to both the software utilized by our fleet and the associated hardware.

We will continue to evaluate opportunities from hosting providers that would offer reliable, low-cost, renewable power in order to balance or fulfill the gap between our available capacity and the power needed to run our mining operations.

Focus on reliable, low-cost, renewable power

Power represents our highest variable direct cost for our mining operations, with electrical power required both to operate the mining machines and to dissipate the significant amount of heat generated by the machines’ operation. We believe the combination of increased mining difficulty, driven by greater hashrates, and the periodic adjustment of reward rates, such as the halving of Bitcoin rewards, will drive the increasing importance of power efficiency in cryptocurrency mining over the long term. As a result, we are focused on deploying our mining machines at locations with access to reliable, renewable power sources, as successfully doing so should enable us to reduce our power costs. Our Quebec facilities are primarily powered using renewable hydroelectric power, and the Helios facility, where we have approximately 23,619 machines hosted, is located in the Texas Panhandle where more than 85% of the installed electricity generation capacity comes from renewable power.

Emphasis on sustainability

We believe that as cryptocurrency adoption continues, it is increasingly important that this asset class evolves in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. Since inception, Argo has always maintained a strong focus on environmental sustainability, and to our knowledge, we are also the first publicly traded Bitcoin mining company to publish a sustainability report in alignment with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”) framework.

Diversification

Over the long term, our strategy is to diversify our sources of revenue and value creation by investing in and developing other commercial opportunities at the intersection of energy, finance, and technology.

We plan on leveraging our team’s expertise and relationships in the industry to invest in or develop mining advisory services, software or financial services related to blockchain technology or to the cryptocurrency mining industry.

Mining Equipment and Suppliers

Our mining hardware primarily consists of Bitmain Antminer S19, S19 Pro, S19J Pro, and ePIC BlockMiners, featuring the latest application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”) for cryptocurrency mining. These machines offer superior speed and efficiency in cryptocurrency mining compared to general computing hardware. As of December 31, 2023, we had a fleet of more than 33,750 ASIC-based mining machines.

In the third quarter of 2023, we deployed approximately 2,750 BlockMiners at our Quebec facilities. The BlockMiners, which utilize the Intel Blockscale ASIC, are comparable in performance and efficiency to the Bitmain Antminer S19J Pro.

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Sustainability Initiatives

We believe that cryptocurrency miners have a social responsibility to obtain the power required for their operations from clean power sources. From inception, we have concentrated mining operations in areas with plentiful renewable energy resources to support our operations. Our Quebec facilities are primarily powered using renewable hydroelectric power, and we built the Helios facility in the Texas panhandle which is a region where more than 85% of the installed power generation capacity comes from renewable sources, namely from wind and solar.

To our knowledge, we are also the first publicly traded Bitcoin mining company to publish a sustainability report in alignment with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”) framework.

Exchanges, Trading Venues and Custodian

As we mine cryptocurrency, we recognize revenue on a daily basis at the market price of the cryptocurrency. We generally sell our mined cryptocurrency assets on a weekly basis in order to fund our operating expenses and for working capital needs. When we sell our cryptocurrency assets for fiat currency, we typically use OTC trading desks and exchanges that are, to the best of our knowledge, appropriately licensed and regulated to provide these services.

Our Bitcoin holdings are held by our Custodian. Additionally, we may also hold immaterial amounts of cryptocurrencies from time to time in our accounts at digital asset trading venues, in assets management platforms, or in hardware wallets maintained by us. Exchange accounts are generally subject to less stringent regulatory supervision than custodians regulated as banks or trust companies and may be subject to more security and operational risks than assets held by our Custodian.

Mining Pools

We currently contribute 100% of our hash power to mining pools. We currently mine Bitcoin through the Foundry USA Pool, which represents approximately 31% of the total Bitcoin network hashrate. Our decision to contribute hash power to a particular mining pool is based primarily on the net payout per petahash contributed. Fees (and payouts) fluctuate and are typically less than 0.3% per reward earned, on average. Mining pools are subject to various risks, including but not limited to disruption, down time, and financial solvency. If a pool experiences down time or is not yielding returns, our results may be impacted. However, this is something that we monitor closely and we are able to switch mining pools relatively quickly and easily.

Competition

We compete with companies that focus on some or all of the same aspects of our business, including, but not limited to purchasing mining machines, leasing or developing facilities to host our mining machines, accessing low-cost and renewable power, offering mining advisory services, and developing blockchain and related technologies. The cryptocurrency industry is dynamic and constantly evolving with new companies and technologies that could impact the way we do business. Increased competition has recently been driven by the price increases in Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies since late 2020. We expect that new and existing competitors may look to build or increase bitcoin mining operations if the price increases in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies continue.

We compete on the basis of:

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operational efficiency;

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hashrate;

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reliable, low-cost, renewable power; and

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innovation.

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We believe that we will maintain and improve our competitive position by continuing our strategy of balancing between owned & operated mining facilities and utilizing third party sites, accessing renewable power at low prices, and investing in new and innovative technologies. Several public companies (traded in the United States and internationally), including but not limited to the following, may be considered to compete with us: Bit Digital, Inc., Bitdeer Technologies Group, Bitfarms Technologies Ltd., Cipher Mining, CleanSpark Inc., Core Scientific, Inc., DMG Blockchain Solutions Inc., HIVE Blockchain Technologies Ltd, Hut 8 Mining Corp, Iris Energy Company, Marathon Digital Holdings, Inc., Northern Data AG, Riot Platforms Inc., Stronghold Digital Mining, and TeraWulf Inc.

Proof-of-stake networks also compete with the Bitcoin blockchain. Proof-of-stake algorithms do not rely on resource intensive calculations to validate transactions and create new blocks in a blockchain; instead, the validator of the next block is determined by reference to the amount of digital assets a user has “staked” and the amount of time it has been “staked,” which typically generates payments to such user in additional digital assets. Should a digital asset network shift from a proof-of-work based consensus mechanism to a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, the transaction confirmation process would require less power and may render any company that maintains advantages in the current climate with respect to proof-of-work mining (for example, from lower priced electricity, processing, real estate, or hosting) less competitive.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

Our team facilitates direct and frequent communication. We focus on reinforcing a culture that emphasizes teamwork and process improvement. We work to identify, attract, and retain employees who are aligned with and will help us progress our business strategy, and we seek to provide competitive compensation. We believe we have a good relationship with our employees and our unique, strong culture differentiates us and is a key driver of business success. None of our employees are currently covered by collective bargaining agreements or represented by labor unions.

As of December 31 for the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had 32, 48, and 31 full time employees, respectively.

Marketing and Research and Development

We utilize traditional media and social media channels for our marketing and communications effort, which are principally focused on keeping our investors and other stakeholders informed and up-to-date regarding our operations.

We have developed and may continue to research and develop certain proprietary technologies for purposes of optimizing and enhancing our cryptocurrency mining operations. Marketing, research and development have not been significant components of our business and have been immaterial to our financial condition and results of operations, however such activities may become more significant in the future.

Intellectual Property

We use third party hardware and software for our mining operations. To the extent that there are license agreements in place governing our use of such hardware and software, we intend to adhere to the terms of such license agreements. We rely upon trade secret laws to protect proprietary aspects of our blockchain and cryptocurrency-related operations. We do not currently own any patents and are not seeking patent protection for any proprietary aspects of our existing and planned blockchain and cryptocurrency-related operations.

Cybersecurity

We have put in place security measures such as implementing two-factor authentication and secondary confirmation for any changes to our accounts at service providers. Despite these efforts, there is no guarantee that these measures will protect against an actual or alleged cyber threat and security breach. In addition, insurance providers are currently reluctant to provide cybersecurity insurance for cryptocurrency mining operations and digital asset holdings; therefore, in the event of theft or an unauthorized or illegal manipulation of or access to the digital asset networks used in connection with the mining process, such assets may not be fully or partially recoverable.

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Seasonality

Our annual and quarterly operating results have the potential to be significantly affected by seasonality related to weather and the related energy commodity price volatility. The price of electric power typically peaks during the winter and summer months, and more generally during extreme weather events, which can potentially impact the Company’s results. Additionally, extreme weather conditions may impact the efficiency and uptime of our mining operations which will have an impact on operating results.

Regulation

The laws and regulations applicable to cryptocurrency are evolving and subject to interpretation and change. Governments around the world have reacted differently to cryptocurrencies; certain governments have deemed them illegal, and others have allowed their use and trade without restriction, while in some jurisdictions, such as in the United States, cryptocurrencies are subject to extensive, and in some cases overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements. As cryptocurrencies have grown in both popularity and market value, the U.S. Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies, including FinCEN, SEC, CFTC, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the IRS and state financial regulators, have been examining the operations of cryptocurrency networks, cryptocurrency users and cryptocurrency exchange markets, with particular focus on the extent to which cryptocurrencies can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities or fund criminal or terrorist enterprises and the safety and soundness and consumer-protective safeguards of exchanges or other service-providers that hold, transfer, trade or exchange digital assets for users. Many of these state and federal agencies have issued consumer advisories regarding the risks posed by cryptocurrencies to investors. In addition, federal and state agencies, and other countries have issued rules or guidance about the treatment of cryptocurrency transactions or requirements for businesses engaged in activities related to cryptocurrencies. Depending on the regulatory characterization of the cryptocurrencies we mine, the markets for those cryptocurrencies in general, and our activities in particular, may be subject to one or more regulators in the United States and globally. On-going and future regulatory actions may alter, perhaps to a materially adverse extent, the nature of cryptocurrency markets and our cryptocurrency operations. Additionally, U.S. state and federal, and foreign regulators and legislatures have taken action against cryptocurrency businesses, enacted restrictive regimes in response to adverse publicity arising from hacks, consumer harm, or criminal activity stemming from cryptocurrency activity or have taken actions that make it more difficult for cryptocurrency companies to obtain banking services. There is also increasing attention being paid by U.S. federal and state energy regulatory authorities as the total load of crypto-mining grows and potentially alters the supply and dispatch functionality of the wholesale grid and retail distribution systems. Many state legislative bodies are also actively reviewing the impact of crypto-mining in their respective states.

We are unable to predict the effect that any future regulatory change, or any overlapping or unclear regulations, may have on us, but such change, overlap or lack of clarity could be substantial and make it difficult for us to operate our business or materially impact the market for cryptocurrencies that we mine or may mine in the future. FinCEN has issued guidance stating its position that it does not differentiate between fiat currency (which FinCEN calls “real currency”) and cryptocurrencies that are convertible into fiat currency or other forms of convertible virtual currencies (which FinCEN calls “virtual currency”) for purposes of determining whether a person or entity is engaging in “money transmission services.” Persons and entities engaging in virtual currency activities that amount to “money transmission services,” or otherwise cause them to be deemed a “money services business” under FinCEN’s regulations, must register as a money services business, implement an “effective” anti-money laundering program and comply with FinCEN’s reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

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In May 2019, FinCEN issued guidance relating to how the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and its implementing regulations relating to money services businesses apply to certain businesses that transact in convertible virtual currencies. Although the guidance generally indicates that certain mining and mining pool operations will not be treated as money transmission, the guidance also addresses when certain activities, including certain services offered in connection with operating mining pools such as hosting convertible virtual currency wallets on behalf of pool members or purchasers of computer mining power, may be subject to regulation. Although we believe that our mining activities do not presently trigger FinCEN registration requirements under the BSA, if our activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation, under federal law, we may be required to register at the federal level and comply with laws that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, and other operational requirements. In such an event, to the extent we decide to proceed with some or all of our operations, the required registration and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ADSs, operating results or financial condition in a material and adverse manner. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

According to the CFTC, at least some cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, fall within the definition of a “commodity” under the U.S. Commodities Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”). Under the CEA, the CFTC has broad enforcement authority to police market manipulation and fraud in spot cryptocurrency markets in which we may transact. Beyond instances of fraud or manipulation, the CFTC generally does not oversee cash or spot market exchanges or transactions involving cryptocurrencies that do not utilize margin, leverage, or financing. The National Futures Association (“NFA”) is the self-regulatory agency for the U.S. futures industry, and as such has jurisdiction over Bitcoin futures contracts and certain other cryptocurrency derivatives. However, the NFA does not have regulatory oversight authority for the cash or spot market for cryptocurrency trading or transactions. In addition, CFTC regulations and CFTC oversight and enforcement authority apply with respect to futures, swaps, other derivative products, and certain retail leveraged commodity transactions involving cryptocurrencies, including the markets on which these products trade.

The SEC has taken the position that many cryptocurrencies may be securities under U.S. federal securities laws. Some senior members of the staff of the SEC have expressed the view that Bitcoin and Ethereum are not securities under U.S. federal securities laws. However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other cryptocurrency. The SEC’s Strategic Hub for Innovation and Financial Technology published a framework for analyzing whether any given cryptocurrency is a security in April 2019, however this framework is also not a rule, regulation or statement of the SEC and is similarly not binding on the SEC. Notwithstanding that the SEC has not asserted regulatory authority over Bitcoin or trading or ownership of Bitcoin and has not expressed the view that Bitcoin should be classified or treated as a security for purposes of U.S. federal securities laws, the SEC has commented on Bitcoin and Bitcoin-related market developments and has taken action against investment schemes involving Bitcoin. For example, the SEC has charged at least three Bitcoin mining companies in connection with a Ponzi scheme to defraud investors in their mining operation. The SEC has also repeatedly denied proposed rule changes by exchanges to list and trade shares of certain Bitcoin-related investment vehicles on public markets, citing significant investor protection concerns regarding the markets for cryptocurrencies, including the potential for market manipulation and fraud. Although the SEC has not stated that mining Bitcoin is itself a regulated activity, to the extent any cryptocurrencies we mine are deemed to be securities, the offer, sale, and trading of those cryptocurrencies would be subject to the U.S. federal securities laws.

In addition to the SEC, state securities regulators and several foreign governments have also issued warnings that certain cryptocurrencies may be classified as securities in their jurisdictions, and that transactions in such cryptocurrencies may be subject to applicable securities regulations. Furthermore, certain state securities regulators have taken the position that certain cryptocurrency mining operations may involve the offer of securities. For example, the Texas State Securities Board (“TSSB”) has taken enforcement action against the operator of a cloud mining company, whereby customers could purchase hashrate managed by the cloud mining company in exchange for a share of the mining reward, for offering unregistered securities.

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State financial regulators such as the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) have also implemented licensure regimes, or repurposed pre-existing fiat money transmission licensure regimes, for the supervision, examination and regulation companies that engage in certain cryptocurrency activities. The NYDFS requires that businesses apply for and receive a license, known as the “BitLicense,” to participate in a “virtual currency business activity” in New York or with New York customers, and prohibits any person or entity involved in such activity from conducting activities without a license. Louisiana also has enacted a licensure regime for companies engaging in a “virtual currency business activity,” and other states are considering proposed laws to establish licensure regimes for certain cryptocurrency businesses as well. Some state legislatures have amended their money transmitter statutes to require businesses engaging in certain cryptocurrency activities to seek licensure as a money transmitter, and some state financial regulators have issued guidance applying existing money transmitter licensure requirements to certain cryptocurrency businesses. The Conference of State Bank Supervisors also has proposed a model statute for state level cryptocurrency regulation. Although we believe that our mining activities do not presently trigger these state licensing requirements in any state in which we operate or plan to operate, if our activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation under the law of any state in which we operate or plan to operate, we may be required to seek a license or register at the state level and comply with laws that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, consumer protective safeguards, and other operational requirements. In such an event, to the extent we decide to proceed with some or all of our operations, the required registrations, licensure and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ADSs, our net income in a material and adverse manner. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Examples of overlapping, unclear and evolving regulatory requirements outside the United States include the following:

In Europe, at an EU level and in a number of EU member states (as well as the UK), other than in respect of anti-money laundering (as discussed below), cryptocurrencies taking the form of assets designed for the exchange of value (such as Bitcoin) generally remain outside of the financial services regulatory perimeter. Nonetheless, the regulatory treatment of any particular cryptocurrency is highly fact specific. At present, cryptocurrency mining activities are not subject to any regulatory authorization requirements with any UK financial services regulator.

Multiple regulators have highlighted the need for more stringent regulatory scrutiny for all types of cryptocurrencies and have taken legislative action directed at certain cryptocurrencies. In general, where regulatory action has been taken in Europe, it has typically been in response to concerns arising in relation to AML and consumer protection.

Under the EU’s Fifth Money Laundering Directive (MLD5), custodian wallet providers and providers engaged in exchange services between cryptocurrencies (referred to as virtual currencies) and fiat currencies are subject to registration with the relevant supervisory authority in their jurisdiction and must comply with day-to-day AML and counter-terrorist financing measures, including client due diligence obligations. Certain EU member states have implemented further measures in addition to the requirements of MLD5, including, (i) an order introduced by several French ministries in December 2020, which aims to ban anonymous crypto accounts and regulate crypto-related transactions in light of concerns for terrorism financing and money laundering; and (ii) strengthened anti-money laundering protections introduced by the Dutch regulator in November 2020, which were perceived to be targeting privacy coins as the protections impose client information and verification requirements. The EU Fifth Money Laundering Directive has been retained as UK law (subject to certain amendments) following the UK’s withdrawal from the EU and its requirements apply to in-scope firms that conduct business in the UK. However, taking account of relevant guidance as to the scope of the UK’s AML regime published by the UK Joint Money Laundering Steering Group, we do not believe that we fall within scope of the UK’s anti-money laundering regime as either a custodian wallet provider or a virtual currency exchange provider.

From a consumer protection perspective, in January 2021 the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority imposed a ban on the sale of crypto-derivatives and exchange traded notes to retail investors in light of concerns for consumer harm, criminal activity and value fluctuations, following a number of warnings to consumers about the risks of investing in cryptocurrencies. In March 2021, the European Supervisory Authorities reissued earlier warnings reminding consumers of the need to be alert to the “high risks” of cryptocurrencies, “including the possibility of losing all their money.”

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Cryptocurrencies remain a key focus for European regulators and future measures could be introduced that have an impact on firms engaging in cryptocurrency related businesses. In September 2020, the European Commission published a proposal to introduce a “Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation” that would, if enacted, bring substantially all cryptocurrencies within the EU regulatory perimeter and impose authorization requirements on firms providing cryptocurrency services. At present, the proposals do not extend to cryptocurrency mining activities, however.

FATF, an independent inter-governmental standard-setting body of which the United States is a member, develops and promotes policies to protect the global financial system against money laundering, terrorist financing and the financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. FATF generally refers to cryptocurrency as a form of “virtual currency,” a digital representation of value that does not have legal tender status.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. As we disclosed on February 8, 2023, we are currently subject to a class action lawsuit. The case, Murphy vs Argo Blockchain plc et al, was filed in the Eastern District of New York on January 26, 2023. We filed a motion to dismiss the case on February 7, 2024, and are still awaiting the judge's ruling on the motion to dismiss at the time of this filing. The Company refutes all of the allegations and believes that this class action lawsuit is without merit. Argo is vigorously defending itself against the action. We are not currently subject to any other material pending legal proceedings or claims.

Environmental, Health and Safety Matters

Our operations and properties are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and every other country and locality in which we operate. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that can be released into the environment; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands; imposing specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by noise or the release of hazardous substances into the environment.

Concerns have been raised about the electricity required to secure and maintain digital asset networks. Although measuring the electricity consumed by this process is difficult because these operations are performed by various machines with varying levels of efficiency, the process consumes a significant amount of power. Further, in addition to the direct power costs of performing these calculations, there are indirect costs that impact a digital asset network’s total power consumption, including the costs of cooling the machines that perform these calculations. Due to these concerns around power consumption, particularly as such concerns relate to public utilities companies, various jurisdictions (including certain cities) have implemented, or are considering implementing, moratoriums on digital asset mining in their jurisdictions. A significant reduction in mining activity as a result of such actions could adversely affect the security of the Bitcoin network by making it easier for a malicious actor or botnet to manipulate the Bitcoin blockchains, which may in turn adversely affect our ability to securely mine Bitcoin. Changes to our ability to mine Bitcoin could have a negative impact on our results of operation, which may in turn adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

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We believe our operations are in material compliance with existing environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and that our compliance with such regulations will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, environmental and safety laws and regulations are subject to change. The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to impact the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental regulation compliance or remediation. New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

C. Organizational Structure

Argo Blockchain plc is the parent holding company of the Group. The Group consists of Argo Blockchain plc and the following subsidiaries of Argo Blockchain plc:

●

Argo Holdings US Inc., a wholly owned direct subsidiary, incorporated in Delaware on November 22, 2022;

●

Argo Operating US LLC, a wholly owned indirect subsidiary, incorporated in Delaware on November 22, 2022; and

●

9377-2556 Quebec Inc., a wholly owned indirect subsidiary incorporated in Quebec, Canada.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

We operate our cryptocurrency mining machines from two owned facilities in Canada and one hosted facility in the United States. The details of the facilities are set out below:


	OWNED OR		FACILITY	POWER CAPACITY
LOCATION	HOSTED		SIZE (FT) ⁽¹⁾	(MW)⁽²⁾
Quebec, Canada	Owned		40,000	15
Quebec, Canada	Owned	⁽³⁾	100,000	5
Texas, United States	Hosted		125,000	100

Notes

(1)	Square footage refers to the total facility size, not the area devoted to cryptocurrency mining operations.

(2)	For owned facilities, this reflects the maximum power capacity accessible on site. For hosted facilities, this reflects the maximum anticipated power usage of our mining machines hosted at that facility. The exact power usage depends on a variety of factors.

(3)	This facility was sold on March 26, 2024.

Under the terms of our hosting arrangement in Texas, our hosting provider provides hosting services, which include the supply of electric power and maintenance, for our mining machines located at their facilities. Subject to any one-time costs (such as installation and repairs) and adjustments, our fees payable to our hosting providers are based upon our mining machines’ actual power consumption.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments.

On September 19, 2023, the Company received a comment letter from the SEC on its 2022 20 - F filing. The Company responded on October 13, 2023. We received a follow up response from the SEC on March 22, 2024 to which the Company responded on April 5, 2024.

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Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included in this Annual Report, as well as “Presentation of Financial and Certain Other Information,” Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” and Item 4.B. “Business Overview.”

The following discussion includes certain forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview

We are a leading blockchain technology company focused on large-scale mining of Bitcoin.We mine using purpose-built computers (or “mining machines”) to solve complex cryptographic algorithms (or “verify” or “solve” blocks) in the blockchain in exchange for rewards and fees denominated in the native token of that blockchain network.

We were founded in late 2017, and initially focused on providing our mining capacity as a service to our customers. In this initial model, customers contracted Bitcoin mining services from us for a fee, and our customers would earn the Bitcoin rewards generated from the contracted mining services directly to their cryptocurrency wallet address. Beginning in 2019, we chose to wind down our mining-as-a-service business and shifted to mining for our own account to increase our revenues and margins. In 2023, we did not have any mining-as-a service revenue.

Upon our shift to mining for our own account, we began substantially increasing our investment in mining machines, and we have our mining machines hosted in facilities operated by third parties as well as in facilities that we own and operate. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 2.8 exahash of mining capacity, of which approximately 0.4 exahash was located in facilities we own in Quebec, Canada, and approximately 2.4 exahash was located in hosted facilities.

In 2023, our treasury management strategy was to sell our mined Bitcoin on a weekly basis in order to fund our operating expenses and for working capital needs. Cryptocurrency held in treasury is marked to market at the end of each of our financial reporting periods, with gains and losses reflected as changes in fair value of digital currencies in our income statement. As a result, our operating results and total assets vary in direct proportion to the value of the applicable cryptocurrencies we hold in a given period, and these variations may be substantial.

In 2021, 2022 and 2023, we mined 2,045, 2,156, and 1,760 Bitcoin, respectively, and our total revenues were $98.7 million, $58.5 million, and $50.6 million, respectively. In 2022, our total comprehensive loss was $246.7 million and, in 2023, our total comprehensive loss was $32.2 million.

Our recurring losses from operations, the pending maturities of and debt service on our outstanding indebtedness, and macroeconomic conditions in the cryptocurrency markets, among other factors, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. These factors and management’s assessment of our prospects to continue as a going concern are included disclosures in Note 3 of the financial statements, and our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 with respect to this uncertainty. Our 2023 financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to obtain additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our operations, and our stockholders could lose all, or a significant portion, of their investment in us.

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A. Operating Results

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Market Value of Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrency.

Substantially all of our current business is focused on mining Bitcoin. Our revenue is primarily comprised of the value of Bitcoin rewards and transaction fees we earn by mining the blockchain. Our operating results and financial condition are substantially affected by fluctuations and long-term trends in the value of Bitcoin. In 2022, the rapid decline in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency pricing materially and adversely affected our revenue, financial condition and operating results, and required us to divest a substantial portion of our Bitcoin as well as our Helios mining facility in Texas in order to meet operating expenses and avoid default under our credit facilities. In 2023, Bitcoin mining economics improved, allowing us to significantly reduce our debt, deploy additional hashrate capacity in Quebec, and strengthen our balance sheet. We carefully monitor fluctuations and longer-term trends in the value of Bitcoin, which impacts the price of machines, when planning our short- and long-term operating strategies and capital expenditures. We also regularly evaluate potential innovations in geography, physical footprint, infrastructure computing technology and similar areas to improve our operations and productivity. We believe this strategy will enable us to build value over the long term, and differentiates us from competitors whose decisions, we believe, are driven principally by short-term market dynamics and opportunities.

The market for cryptocurrencies is new, rapidly evolving and subject to regulatory, tax, political and market factors beyond our control. Increased hashrate in the market resulting from the deployment of new mining machines will generally lead to increases in mining difficulty, which in turn decreases our revenue and adversely affects our mining margins. Further, reward rates for cryptocurrency are subject to adjustments at predetermined intervals. For example, for Bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 Bitcoin rewards per block and this was cut in half to 25 on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000, again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000 and again to 6.25 on May 11, 2020 at block 630,000. The most recent halving for Bitcoin occured on April 19, 2024 at block 840,000, when the reward was reduced to 3.125. These adjustments have had and will continue to have material effects on the economic viability of mining assets that are in production. These factors could lead to material adverse changes in the market for Bitcoin, which could in turn result in substantial damage to or even the failure of our business. See Item 3. D. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Cryptocurrency Mining — The cryptocurrency for which we currently mine, Bitcoin, is subject to halving; the cryptocurrency reward for successfully uncovering a block will halve several times in the future and the cryptocurrency’s value may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.”

Capacity and Efficiency of Mining Machines.

The cryptocurrency mining industry is currently undergoing an arms race in mining technology and increased capacity, as miners need to deploy increasingly sophisticated mining machines in ever greater quantities to remain competitive. While many of our competitors have embraced a “bigger is better” growth strategy, we believe that our commitment to mining efficiency and return on investment in mining machines will remain our competitive advantage. To maintain this competitive advantage over the long term, we must develop and maintain strong relationships across the mining machine supply chain, strategically invest in state-of-the art mining machines at attractive prices, and effectively manage our fleet as it ages along the obsolescence curve.

Cost and Source of Power.

Mining cryptocurrency is a power-intensive process, with electrical power required both to operate the mining machines and to dissipate the significant amount of heat generated by operating the machines. We believe the combination of the increasing difficulty of successfully mining rewards, driven by greater hashrates, and the periodic adjustment of reward rates, such as the halving of Bitcoin rewards, will drive the increasing importance of power efficiency in cryptocurrency mining over the long term. Moreover, we believe that cryptocurrency miners have a social responsibility to obtain the power required for their operations from clean power sources as much as possible. However, there is no guarantee that we will be able to negotiate these power agreements on these terms, or at all, including for example, due to limitations in availability and fluctuations in the cost of electricity. See Item 3. D. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Cryptocurrency Mining — We may not be able to secure access to electricity on a sufficiently firm and unrestricted basis or at a price that we are willing to pay” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Cryptocurrency Mining — We may be affected by price fluctuations in the wholesale and retail power markets.”

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Competition.

Our business environment is constantly evolving, and cryptocurrency miners can range from individual enthusiasts to professional mining operations with dedicated mining facilities. We compete with other companies that focus all or a portion of their activities on mining activities at scale. We believe that the trend of increasing market prices for Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies we observed beginning in the third quarter of 2020 has resulted in an increase in the scale and sophistication of competition in the cryptocurrency mining industry, with new entrants and existing competitors gaining access to substantial capital resources to build ever larger mining operations. To the extent the market price for Bitcoin increases, we believe many new and existing competitors may be encouraged to build or expand Bitcoin mining operations.

Key Indicators of Performance and Financial Condition and Non-IFRS Financial Measures

Key operating and financial metrics that we use, in addition to our IFRS consolidated financial statements, to assess the performance of our business are set forth below for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, along with the most comparable IFRS measures:


	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
	2023			2022			2021
Bitcoin Mined		1,760			2,156			2,045
Gross Margin		8	%		(73)	%		72	%
Mining Profit Margin		43	%		54	%		79	%
Average Total Cost Per Bitcoin Mined	$	26,962		$	21,905		$	14,437
Average Direct Cost Per Bitcoin Mined	$	16,362		$	12,411		$	7,510
Net Income/(Loss) ($000s)	$	(35,003)		$	(228,961)		$	40,942
Adjusted EBITDA ($000s)	$	8,341		$	(46,741)		$	74,915

Mining Profit Margin, Average Total Cost per Bitcoin Mined, Average Direct Cost Per Bitcoin Mined, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are not measures defined by IFRS. Average Total Cost Per Bitcoin Mined equals direct costs divided by total bitcoin mined. The other key measures are defined below.

These measures should not be considered as an alternative to IFRS measures, and they are not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, you should not consider these measures in isolation from, or as a substitute analysis for, our gross margin or net income/(loss), as applicable, as determined in accordance with IFRS.

Bitcoin Mined

We measure the production of our mining activities in a given period as Bitcoin Mined. In prior years, Bitcoin Mined included rewards and transaction fees for mining Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. We generally exchange forms of cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin into Bitcoin in the period in which such currency is earned, and we hold Bitcoin in treasury that we do not otherwise sell to fund our operating expenses. As such, we believe that the number of Bitcoin that we mine is a useful metric for investors to measure our mining activity.

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Mining Profit Margin

We define Mining Profit Margin as the difference between cryptocurrency mining revenue and our direct costs (excluding depreciation of mining equipment), divided by cryptocurrency mining revenue, expressed as a percentage. We use this measure, and believe it is meaningful to investors, because it is reflective of the return on marginal investment of mining Bitcoin. In addition, because we have generally recovered the original cost of our mining machines in advance of their thirty-six to forty-eight month accounting depreciation curve, once machines are installed and operating we internally monitor Mining Profit to obtain what we believe to be an accurate reflection of the profitability of our core mining operations. Mining Profit Margin is a supplemental measure of our performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, IFRS. This measure should not be considered as an alternative to gross margin determined in accordance with IFRS. The decrease in mining margin from 2022 was driven primarily by the 71% increase in average network difficulty in 2023. The table below reconciles Mining Profit to gross profit, the most directly comparable IFRS measure:


	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31
	2023		2022		2021

(in $’000’s)
Gross profit (loss)	3,839		(42,623)		71,391
Gross margin	8	%	(73)	%	72	%
Depreciation of mining equipment	18,656		20,469		14,339
Crypto asset fair value movement	(738)		53,978		(2,167)
Non-mining revenue	—		(119)		(5,162)
Mining Profit	21,757		31,705		78,401
Mining Profit Margin	43	%	54	%	79	%

Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined.

We define the Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined as the total direct costs of mining at both our owned facilities and hosted facilities (excluding depreciation of mining equipment), divided by total Bitcoin Mined over a given period. For mining at owned facilities, direct mining expenses are inclusive of power costs. For mining at hosted facilities, direct mining expenses are inclusive of the all-in hosting fee that is charged as well as any related service fees. We believe this measure is a useful complement to Mining Profit, as it reflects the average marginal direct cost of each reward earned irrespective of the value of such reward at the time it is earned. Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined excludes the depreciation of mining equipment and so does not reflect the full cost of our mining operations. In addition, Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined or similar non-IFRS measures are utilized by analysts in the cryptocurrency mining industry to compare results across peer companies, and accordingly we believe that excluding the depreciation of mining equipment from Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined is appropriate to facilitate accurate comparisons to the financial performance of other industry participants. Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined is a supplemental measure of our performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, IFRS. This measure should not be considered as an alternative to IFRS measures. The table below reconciles Average Direct Cost Per Bitcoin Mined to Average Total Cost Per Bitcoin Mined, the most directly comparable IFRS measure:


	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31
	2023	2022	2021
Bitcoin Mined (number of Bitcoin)	1,760	2,156	2,045
Total Cost of Bitcoin Mined ($000s)	47,457	47,228	29,524
Average Total Cost Per Bitcoin Mined ($)	26,962	21,905	14,437
Depreciation of mining equipment ($000s)	(18,656)	(20,469)	(14,339)
Direct Cost of Bitcoin Mined ($000s)	28,800	26,759	15,185
Average Direct Cost Per Bitcoin Mined ($)	16,362	12,411	7,425

EBITDA

We define EBITDA as our operating income plus depreciation and amortization. As a capital intensive business, EBITDA removes the cost of depreciation of mining equipment. This metric allows us to monitor the profitability of our underlying business on a current basis, and we believe it provides a useful metric for comparing our performance to those of similar companies.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA provides this same indicator of Argo’s EBITDA from operations but additionally excludes any unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses, stock-based compensation charges, restructuring charges, and other one-time impairments and costs that are not expected to be repeated in order to provide greater insight into the cash flow being produced from our operating business, without the influence of extraneous events.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, IFRS. This measure should not be considered as an alternative to operating income/(loss) determined in accordance with IFRS. The table below reconciles Adjusted EBITDA to net income/(loss), the most directly comparable IFRS measure:


	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
	2023	2022	2021

(in $’000’s)
Net income/(loss)	(35,033)	(228,961)	40,942
Interest expense	11,556	22,661	2,850
Depreciation / amortization	20,129	29,003	14,847
Taxation	—	(11,731)	11,319
EBITDA	(3,348)	(189,028)	69,958
Impairment of tangible fixed assets	855	55,838	—
Impairment of intangible fixed assets	1,082	5,155	—
Gain on disposal of intangible fixed assets	(428)	—	—
Gain on sale of subsidiary and investments	(36)	55,418	—
Loss on sale of fixed assets	—	23,228	—
Foreign exchange	(1,597)	(21,337)	784
Restructuring and transaction-related fees	4,969	11,862	—
Share based payment charge	3,892	6,096	2,579
Equity accounted loss from associate	716	6,027	1,594
Write off of investment	2,236	—	—
Adjusted EBITDA	8,341	(46,741)	74,915

Supplemental Information


	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
	2023	2022	2021
(in $000’s, except “per Bitcoin” figures, Bitcoin price, and deployed miners)
Number of Bitcoin Mined	1,760	2,156	2,045

Total revenue	50,558	58,583	98,748
Non-mining revenue	—	119	5,162
Mining revenue	50,558	58,464	93,586
Mining revenue per Bitcoin Mined	28,723	27,117	45,763

Average Direct Cost per Bitcoin Mined (excludes depreciation of mining machines)	16,362	12,411	7,510
Average Mining Profit per Bitcoin Mined (excludes depreciation of mining machines)	12,361	14,706	38,253

Average Total Cost per Bitcoin Mined	26,962	21,905	14,437
Average Mining Profit Per Bitcoin	1,761	5,212	31,326

Maximum Bitcoin price during the period ($)⁽¹⁾	44,202	47,816	67,617
Minimum Bitcoin price during the period ($)⁽¹⁾	16,616	15,742	29,352
Time-weighted average Bitcoin price during the period ($)⁽²⁾	28,864	28,215	47,489

Data miners deployed at the end of the period⁽³⁾	33,750	31,000	24,000

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Notes

(1)	Source – Closing price of Bitcoin as reported on CoinGecko.com

(2)	Calculated by taking the yearly average of the daily closing price of Bitcoin as reported on CoinGecko.com

(3)	Includes all miners contained at our self-mined sites of Baie Comeau and Mirabel and miners that are hosted at the Helios site.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Total revenue

Our revenues primarily consist of cryptocurrency that we mine. In 2021, 2022 and 2023, we principally focused on mining Bitcoin. We participate in mining pools, with the pool’s performance obligation being the delivery of cryptocurrency into our wallet once an algorithm has been solved by the pool. Our mining revenue consists of our share of the block reward the pool earns for solving the block, and our share of transaction fees associated with the transactions comprising the block. Our share of the block reward and related transaction fees is determined by the proportion of hash power we contribute toward the pool as a whole. The block reward is pre-determined and hard coded into the protocol governing the relevant blockchain, while the transaction fees are the aggregate fees paid by parties whose transactions are included in the block. In 2023, transaction fees represented approximately 6% of our Bitcoin mining revenue. Over time, as the block reward decreases (including as a result of block reward halving events) transaction fees will become a larger proportion of our revenue. The block reward and transaction fees are paid in-kind in the native digital currency of the blockchain.

Power and hosting costs

Direct costs of mining revenue are comprised of power costs and the fees we pay to third parties to host, operate and maintain our mining machines.

Power credits

The hosting agreement with Galaxy allows Argo to share in the proceeds from economic curtailment, which occurs when Helios monetizes its fixed-price PPA during periods of high power prices.

Change in fair value of digital currencies and realized loss on sale of digital currencies

In all periods presented, we have mined cryptocurrency and sold portions of the cryptocurrencies mined in exchange for fiat currency to fund our operating expenses. As such, we were mining to sell, and the cryptocurrency we earned from mining was recorded as a current asset on our balance sheet. Change in fair value of digital currencies consists of the net change in the value of cryptocurrency assets held in treasury due to fluctuations in the market of those assets. In each of the periods presented, cryptocurrency held in treasury was marked to market at either the date on which such currency was disposed or, if not disposed, at the end of such period, with gains and losses reflected as change in fair value of digital currencies or realized loss on sale of digital currencies in our income statement. In recent periods, these fluctuations have materially affected our operating results and we expect this to continue for the foreseeable future.

Depreciation of mining equipment

We capitalize the cost of our mining machines and record depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the machines, which is generally 36 to 48 months.

Operating expenses

General and administrative expenses represent salary and other employee costs, restructuring costs, insurance fees, non-mining depreciation and amortization, legal and professional fees, regulatory fees, consulting fees, foreign exchange gains and losses, and other expenses.

Income tax expense

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We are liable to pay tax in a number of jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Our effective tax rate represents the weighted average of the tax rates for which we are liable in those jurisdictions. We did not occur any income tax expense in any of the jurisdictions that we operate.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


	2023	2022	2021
(in $’000’s)
Revenues	50,558	58,583	98,748
Power and hosting costs	(35,964)	(26,759)	(15,185)
Power credits	7,163	—	—
Change in fair value of digital currencies	738	(53,978)	2,167
Depreciation of mining equipment	(18,656)	(20,469)	(14,339)
Gross profit (loss)	3,839	(42,623)	71,391
Operating expenses	(19,345)	(34,057)	(11,743)
Gain on hedging	—	2,097	—
Share based payment charge	(3,892)	(6,096)	(2,579)
Operating profit (loss)	(19,398)	(80,679)	57,069
Gain/(loss) on sale of investments	36	—	(837)
Loss on sale of subsidiary	—	(55,418)	—
Write off of investment	(2,236)	—	—
Loss on disposal of fixed assets	—	(23,228)	—
Investment fair value movement	—	(406)	244
Finance costs	(11,556)	(22,661)	(2,935)
Other income	346	3,726	—
Impairment of tangible fixed assets	(855)	(55,838)	—
Gain on disposal of Intangible Assets	428	—	—
Impairment of intangible fixed assets	(1,082)	(5,155)	—
Equity accounted loss from associate	(716)	(6,027)	(1,594)
Revaluation of contingent consideration	—	4,994	314
Profit (loss) before taxation	(35,033)	(240,692)	52,261
Income tax expense (recovery)	—	11,731	(11,319)
Profit (loss) after taxation	(35,033)	(228,961)	40,942
Other comprehensive income –currency translation reserve	(779)	(20,639)	(8,834)
Other comprehensive income – equity accounted OCI from associate	—	(8,744)	8,744
Other comprehensive income – fair value reserve	—	(551)	551
Total comprehensive income (loss)	(35,812)	(258,895)	41,403

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in ‘000’s)

Total revenue

Total revenue decreased by $8,026 to $50,558 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $58,583 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the increase in the global network hashrate and the associated 71% increase in average network difficulty in 2023 compared to 2022, which resulted in a 40% decrease in hashprice. In 2023 we mined 1,760 bitcoin and realized $28,723 per bitcoin as compared to 2,156 and $27,117 in 2022, respectively.

Power and hosting costs

Power and hosting costs increased by $9,205 to $35,964 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $26,759 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by higher power and hosting costs in Texas due to a full year’s production at in 2023 compared to a partial year of production in 2022.

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Power credits

The hosting agreement with Galaxy allows Argo to share in the proceeds from economic curtailment, which occurs when Helios monetizes its fixed-price PPA during periods of high power prices. During the year, Argo generated approximately $7.2 million in power credits, with $3.8 million generated in the month of August during a state-wide heat wave. Not only does the ability to curtail operations benefit Argo economically, but it greatly enhances the stability of the Texas grid.

Change in fair value of digital currencies and realized loss on sale of digital currencies

Change in fair value of digital currencies resulted in a gain of $84 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to a loss of $53,978 for the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2023, our treasury management strategy was to sell our mined Bitcoin on a weekly basis in order to fund our operating expenses and for working capital needs. This resulted in reduced changes in fair value of digital currencies and reduced realized losses on sale of digital of digital currencies.

Depreciation of mining equipment

Depreciation of mining equipment decreased by $1,813 to $18,656 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $20,469 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the lower book value of our machines in 2023 after accounting for impairments in 2022, partially offset by new mining machines energized in 2023.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses decreased by $15,226 to $18,831 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $34,057 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements details our operating expenses for 2023 and 2022. The decrease over 2022 was primarily driven by the sale of the Helios facility in December 2022, which significantly decreased the Company’s headcount and salary costs, and reduced other non-mining operating expenses such as restructuring costs, depreciation and amortization, and insurance fees.

Share based payment

Share based payment decreased to $3,892 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $6,096 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was driven by the large number of options that lapsed early in 2023 with the reduction in work force and the higher share price associated with options granted in 2021 and 2022 as compared to the restricted and performance share units granted in 2023.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased by $11,105 to $11,556 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $22,661 for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the significant reduction of debt that occurred in conjunction with the sale of the Helios facility to Galaxy in December 2022.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in ‘000’s)

Total revenue

Total revenue decreased by $40,165 to $58,583 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $98,748 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily driven by the overall decrease in the price of Bitcoin (average for Q4 2021 of $54,804 per Bitcoin and average of Q4 2022 of $18,066).

Power and hosting costs

Power costs increased by $11,574 to $26,759 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $15,185 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by higher power costs in Texas due to the opening of the Helios facility during 2022.

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Change in fair value of digital currencies and realized loss on sale of digital currencies

Change in fair value of digital currencies resulted in a loss of $53,978 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a gain of $2,167 for year ended December 31, 2021. This change was primarily driven by the realization of losses from the sale of Bitcoin held at December 31, 2021.

Depreciation of mining equipment

Depreciation of mining equipment increased by $6,130 to $20,469 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $14,339 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by continued investment in the expansion of our mining fleet and the resulting depreciation of those capital investments.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses increased by $22,314 to $34,057 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $11,743 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by increased salary costs and other non-mining operating expenses such as insurance and depreciation and amortization as the Group energized its Helios facility. Operating expenses such as legal and directors and officers insurance also increased as a result of operating as a public company listed in the U.S.

Share based payment

Share based payment increased to $6,096 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2,579 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was driven by the increase in options granted during the year, the increase in share price, and the material nature of the charge calculated thereon.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $19,726 to $22,661 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2,935 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by the lease costs related to the S19 and S19 Pro machine purchase where payment began in January 2021, interest on the Galaxy Term Loan, bond interest, and interest resulting from prepaying loans during the year.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through cash generated by sales of cryptocurrency, sales of equity securities, issuing bonds and incurring debt. In 2022, the rapid decline in Bitcoin price adversely affected our revenue, financial condition and operating results, and required us to divest a substantial portion of our Bitcoin as well as our Helios mining facility in Texas in order to meet operating expenses and avoid default under our credit facilities. In 2023, Bitcoin mining economics improved, allowing us to significantly reduce our debt, deploy additional hashrate capacity in Quebec, and strengthen our balance sheet. Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are to finance working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. We believe that our sources of liquidity and capital resources will be sufficient to meet our existing business needs for at least the next 12 months. However, our recurring losses from operations, our debt service obligations, and the volatility in Bitcoin prices do raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, management has included disclosures in Note 3 of the financial statements and our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 with respect to this uncertainty. From time to time, we may raise additional capital through the issuance of debt or equity securities or additional borrowings to the extent required, or to the extent that we believe such capital is available on favorable terms. Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents and cryptocurrency held in treasury.

During the course of 2023, our treasury management strategy was to sell our mined cryptocurrency assets on a weekly basis in order to fund our operating expenses and for working capital needs. In the future, as with any business which mines a commodity, we expect to sell Bitcoin to satisfy our fiat cash requirements.

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In March 2022, we entered into an equipment financing agreement (the “Financing Agreement”) with NYDIG, a wholly owned subsidiary of New York Digital Investment Group LLC. As part of the Financing Agreement, NYDIG loaned Argo an aggregate principal amount of $27 million to recapitalize the purchase of electrical infrastructure equipment for the Helios facility in Dickens County, Texas. Outstanding borrowings under the Financing Agreement were secured by the infrastructure financed equipment and the contracts to acquire the infrastructure financed equipment. In April 2022, we entered into additional equipment financing with NYDIG under which NYDIG agreed to loan to Argo, in a series of loans from April to September 2022, an aggregate principal amount of up to $71 million to recapitalize the purchase of digital asset mining equipment for the Helios facility. Additional borrowings under the Financing Agreement were secured by the mining financed equipment and the contracts to acquire the mining financed equipment. The equipment financing agreements entered into with NYDIG were repaid in full in December 2022.

On December 28, 2022, we announced a series of transactions with Galaxy that strengthened our balance sheet, improved our liquidity position, and enabled us to continue mining operations. As part of the transactions, we sold the Helios facility and real property in Dickens County, Texas to Galaxy for $65 million and refinanced existing asset-backed loans via a new $35 million, three-year asset-backed loan with Galaxy (the “Galaxy ABS Loan”). The Galaxy ABS Loan also includes events of default, which are customary for facilities of this type (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all amounts outstanding under the Galaxy ABS Loan may be accelerated. The Galaxy ABS Loan contains usual and customary limitations on indebtedness, liens, restricted payments, acquisitions and asset sales in the form of affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for financings of this type. The Galaxy ABS Loan is secured by a collateral package that includes 23,619 Bitmain S19J Pro mining machines currently operating at the Helios facility and certain machines located at Argo’s Canadian data centers. The term of the Galaxy ABS Loan is 18 months with an option to extend for another 18 months if certain financial thresholds are met. The interest rate is SOFR plus 11% with a 1.5% renewal fee in the event the maturity is extended. The cash proceeds received from the sale of the Helios facility, along with a portion of the borrowings under the Galaxy ABS Loan, were used to repay all existing indebtedness, prepayment interest, and other fees of approximately $84 million owed to NYDIG and other existing indebtedness. The transactions reduced total indebtedness by $41 million and allowed us to simplify our operating structure.

On July 19, 2023, the Company raised $7.5 million of gross proceeds via a non-preemptive placing of 57,500,000 new ordinary shares to both institutional and retail investors in the UK. The proceeds were used for general corporate purposes and to repay a portion of the Galaxy ABS Loan.

On January 8, 2024, the Company raised $9.9 million of gross proceeds via a non-preemptive placing of 38,064,000 new ordinary shares to institutional investors in the UK. The proceeds were used for general corporate purposes and to repay a portion of the Galaxy ABS Loan.

At any time and from time to time, we may repay or redeem our outstanding debt, including purchases of our outstanding bonds in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or a combination thereof, in each case using cash and cash equivalents, cash from our short-term investments, cash from operating activities, proceeds from the issuance of debt or equity or proceeds from asset divestitures. Any repayment or redemption of our debt will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. In connection with such repurchases or redemptions, we may incur cash and non-cash charges, which could be material in the period in which they are incurred.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and other commitments (in thousands) as of December 31, 2023, and the years in which these obligations are due:


	Total	Less than 1 Year	1 – 3 Years
(in ’000’s)	$	$	$
Bonds	38,170	—	38,170
Galaxy Term Loan	22,674	13,444	9,230
Mortgages	1,397	600	797
Liabilities Held for Sale	2,090	538	1,552
Other	277	277	—

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During the periods presented, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Cash Flows

The table below summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	2023	2022	2021
(in ’000’s)	$	$	$
Net cash flow from / (used in) operating activities.	3,831	13,409	(41,944)
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities	(1,062)	(97,321)	(178,141)
Net cash generated from / (used in) financing activities	(15,778)	84,177	233,062
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(13,009)	265	12,977

Operating Activities

Net cash generated from operating activities of $3,831 in the year ended December 31, 2023 was comprised of our net loss before tax of $35,033 and working capital changes, reduced by non-cash addbacks for finance costs, impairments, depreciation, foreign exchange and investment write offs.

Net cash generated from operating activities of $13,409 in the year ended December 31, 2022 was comprised of our net loss before tax of $240,693 and working capital changes, reduced by non-cash addbacks for impairments, loss on sale of subsidiary, foreign exchange and digital currency revaluations.

Net cash used in operating activities of $41,944 in the year ended December 31, 2021 was comprised of our operating profit of $52,261, reduced by working capital changes.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1,062, which was comprised principally $1,112 for the purchase of tangible fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $97,321, which was comprised principally of $108 million for the purchase of tangible fixed assets and $12.4 million for the disposal of tangible fixed assets.

Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021 was $178,141, which was comprised principally of $105.1 million for purchase of mining machines and build out of the Helios facility and $63.1 million in mining equipment prepayment.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 was $15,778, which was comprised principally of $14,064 of loan repayments and $10,661 of interest payments, partially offset by $7,518 of proceeds from shares issued.

Net cash generated from financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $84,177 which was comprised principally of $106,931 in loan proceeds partially offset by $22,661 in interest costs.

Net cash generated from financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021 was $233,062 and was comprised principally of $179.2 million of proceeds from shares issued and $35.8 million in loan proceeds.

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Capital Expenditures

Historically, our capital expenditures have consisted primarily of purchasing mining machines and computer equipment and improvements to the mining facilities in which we operate. Our capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2020 were principally for purchasing mining machines. Beginning in 2021 and continuing into 2022, in addition to the acquisition of mining machines, our capital expenditures expanded to include acquiring and building mining facilities that we planned to own and operate. Our capital expenditures including mining machine prepayments, net of disposals, were $168.2 million, $95.6 million, and $1.1 million in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

We have developed and may continue to research and develop certain proprietary technologies for purposes of optimizing and enhancing our cryptocurrency mining operations. Research and development have not been significant components of our business and have been immaterial to our financial condition and results of operations, however such activities may become more significant in the future.

D. Trend Information

Please refer to our disclosures set forth under Item 3.D “Risk Factors,” Item 4 “Information on the Company,” and elsewhere in this Item 5 “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” for information regarding the material risks, business developments and strategies, factors, and trends that are most likely to affect our business and results of operations through 2024.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Not applicable.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A.	Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our current executive officers and directors, including their ages as of April 16, 2024.


NAME	AGE	POSITION(S)
Executive Officers
Thomas Chippas⁽¹⁾	53	Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director
Jim MacCallum⁽²⁾	54	Chief Financial Officer
Non-Executive Directors
Maria Perrella	58	Director
Matthew Shaw⁽³⁾	64	Director and Chairman
Raghav Chopra	39	Director

(1)

Effective November 27, 2023, Thomas Chippas was appointed as Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director. Seif El-Bakly served as Interim Chief Executive Officer beginning February 9, 2023, following the departure of Peter Wall, as described below in the section titled “Changes to our Executive Officers and Board of Directors.” Following the appointment of Thomas Chippas, Seif El-Bakly returned to his role as Chief Operating Officer and subsequently resigned from the Company effective January 5, 2024.

(2)	Effective April 5, 2023, Jim MacCallum was appointed as our Chief Financial Officer following the departure of Alex Appleton as described below in the section titled “Changes to our Executive Officers and Board of Directors”.

(3)	Effective February 9, 2023, Matthew Shaw was appointed as Chairman of our board of directors following the departure of Peter Wall as described below in the section titled “Changes to our Executive Officers and Board of Directors”.

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The current business address for our executive officers and directors is c/o Argo Blockchain plc, Eastcastle House, 27/28 Eastcastle Street, London, W1W 8DH, England.

Executive Officers

The following is a brief summary of the business experience of our executive officers.

Thomas Chippas has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2023. Mr. Chippas is a seasoned executive with significant experience in digital assets, technology, and financial services. Most recently he served as the Chief Executive Officer of CBOE Digital where he was also a former member of its Board of Directors. He has previously held the positions of Chief Executive Officer of Citadel Technology LLC, Chief Operating Officer of Axoni and Managing Director of Citigroup, Barclays and Deutsche Bank. He currently serves as a director of TS Imagine. Mr. Chippas graduated from the University of Illinois with a BSc, Accounting.

Jim MacCallum has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2023. Mr. MacCallum brings over thirty years of experience across various roles in finance and accounting. Most recently, he served as Chief Financial Officer of East Side Games Group, a publicly-traded mobile game platform technology company based in Canada from March 2021 to April 2023. Prior to East Side Games Group, he was Senior Vice President, Finance and Acting Chief Financial Officer at Westport Fuel Systems Inc, a dual-listed and publicly-traded clean transportation technology company from 2015 to 2021. Mr. MacCallum is a Certified Public Accountant and a CFA Charterholder. He graduated from the University of British Columbia with a B.A. in Economics and completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School.

Non-Executive Directors

The following is a brief summary of the business experience of our non-executive board members.

Matthew Shaw has served on our board of directors since July 2019, and he became Chairman of the Board in February 2023. He brings over 25 years of experience as an international banker, corporate adviser, and serial entrepreneur. He has been specializing in the blockchain and cryptocurrency sector since 2017. He is currently Chief Executive Officer of Webslinger Advisors, a specialist web3 advisory and administration firm which provides services to Cayman Foundations/DAOs. He previously co-founded Protos Asset Management, a Swiss company that manages a cryptocurrency fund, and co-founded DeFi Yield Technologies, a DeFi firm acquired by Dispersion Holdings (now AQRU). He is also currently Chief Executive Officer of Blimp Technologies and is also president of a proprietary family investment company. Mr. Shaw holds a B.A. in English Language and Literature from Manchester University and an M.B.A. from Bradford University.

Maria Perrella has served on our board of directors since July 2021. Over the last 25 years, Ms. Perrella has held several senior leadership positions and currently Maria Perrella serves as Chief Financial Officer of Samuel, Son & Co., a leading metals distributor and industrial products manufacturer. Previously, she served as the Chief Financial Officer of MDA, a Canadian-based international space mission partner, and she spent the previous 12 years at Automation Tooling Systems Inc. (ATS)(ATA.TSX). Her various roles have allowed her to develop skills in financial planning and corporate governance and compliance, and her many years as a Chief Financial Officer have provided her with extensive experience in mergers and acquisitions, capital markets, and strategic corporate finance. Ms. Perrella holds a B.B.A. from Schulich, York University and is a Chartered Public Accountant in Ontario, Canada.

Raghav Chopra has served on our board of directors since February 2022. Mr. Chopra is an investor with over 16 years of experience and is currently Managing Partner of Tephra Digital, a privately held digital assets investment firm. He was previously a Portfolio Manager for AllianceBernstein LP and has managed a significant and wide range of technology investments at leading hedge funds. Prior to that, Mr. Chopra was an Associate in private equity at The Carlyle Group and an Analyst in investment banking at Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Chopra serves on the Board of the Harvard Club of New York City Foundation and is a member of the Economic Club of New York. Mr. Chopra holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Economics with Distinction from Yale University, and an M.B.A. with High Distinction from the Harvard Business School, where he was named a George F. Baker Scholar.

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There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors. There are no agreements or understandings between the directors and members of senior management and any of our major shareholders, customers, suppliers or other persons pursuant to which such directors and members of senior management were selected as directors or members of senior management.

Changes to Our Executive Officers and Board of Directors

Effective January 30, 2023, Alex Appleton stepped down from his positions as Chief Financial Officer and executive director and separated from service with the Company.

Effective February 8, 2023, Sarah Gow resigned from her position as non-executive director on the board of directors due to health reasons.

Effective February 9, 2023, Peter Wall stepped down from his positions as Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chairman of the board of directors and separated from service with the Company.

Effective February 9, 2023, the Company appointed Seif El-Bakly as the Company’s Interim Chief Executive Officer.

Effective February 9, 2023, the Company appointed Matthew Shaw as the Chairman of the board of directors.

Effective April 5, 2023, the Company appointed Jim MacCallum as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer.

Effective November 27, 2023, the Company appointed Thomas Chippas as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director. Seif El-Bakly, who held the position of Interim Chief Executive Officer from February 9, 2023, returned to his position as Chief Operating Officer.

Effective January 5, 2024, Seif El-Bakly resigned from his position as Chief Operating Officer and separated from service with the Company. Mr. El-Bakly received CAD$135,592.50 in respect of his separation, in exchange for which he agreed to certain restrictive covenants including with respect to confidentiality, non-solicitation, non-competition and intellectual property. In addition, Mr. El-Bakly's previously awarded Performance Share Units vested effective January 5, 2024. A portion of Mr. El-Bakly's termination payment was provided as consideration for a full and final release of claims from Mr. El-Bakly in favor of the Company. Mr. El-Bakly agreed to remain as an advisor to the Company for a period of one month following his separation to support the transition.

During the term of Mr. El-Bakly's Interim Chief Executive Officer appointment, the Company’s operations were overseen by the Chief Strategy Officer, Sebastien Chalus. Mr. Chalus will continue to oversee all operations going forward, following Mr. El-Bakly's resignation.

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B. Compensation

Executive Officer Remuneration

The following table sets forth the compensation paid to our executive officers during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Compensation consisted of fixed and variable elements. During 2023, we paid our executive officers a base salary, an annual cash bonus, and equity in the form of either Restricted Share Units or Performance Share Units.


			EQUITY	LOSS OF
	SALARY		COMPENSATION	OFFICE	TOTAL
NAME AND PRINCIPAL POSITION	$	BONUS ($)⁽¹⁾	($)⁽²⁾	($)	($)⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾
Thomas Chippas	38,512	—	3,277,500	—	3,316,012
Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director
Jim MacCallum	217,234	149,906	394,700	—	761,840
Chief Financial Officer
Seif El-Bakly	381,930	—	457,652	100,472	940,054
Former Interim Chief Executive Officer
Peter Wall	85,766	—	—	618,614	704,379
Former Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chairman
Alex Appleton	20,905	—	—	145,833	166,738
Former Chief Financial Officer

(1)	Amounts shown reflect the discretionary cash bonuses that our board of directors awarded to the executive officers in 2024 for performance in 2023.

(2)	Total compensation set out in this table does not include the value of options to acquire our ordinary shares or awards granted to or held by our executive officers, which is described in “— Equity Compensation Arrangements.”

(3)

As further described in “— Equity Officer Service Agreements,” each of Mr. El-Bakly and Mr. Wall were entitled to certain employer matching contributions under a retirement plan maintained by the Company during 2023. Neither of them elected to participate, and therefore neither received employer matching contributions under the arrangement.

(4)	Further described in " - Equity Officer Service Agreements," Mr. Chippas is entitled to certain employer matching contributions under a 401k plan maintained by the Company during 2023. Mr. Chippas is participating in this plan.

Non-Executive Director Remuneration

The following table presents the individual compensation and benefits provided to our non-executive directors in their capacity as non-executive directors during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023:




		DIRECTOR FEES
NAME AND PRINCIPAL POSITION		($)
Non-Executive Directors⁽¹⁾
Mathew Shaw		170,554
Raghav Chopra		135,105
Maria Perrella		129,752
Sarah Gow⁽²⁾		10,601

(1)

We reimburse all reasonable expenses incurred by non-employee directors in connection with their service on our board of directors. This would include expenses incurred for attending board or committee meetings. In addition, we provide liability-related insurance and indemnification benefits to our directors.

(2)	Sarah Gow ceased to be a non-executive director on February 8, 2023.

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Executive Officer Service Agreements

Thomas Chippas

Effective as of November 27, 2023, we entered into an employment contract with Thomas Chippas, pursuant to which Mr. Chippas serves as our Chief Executive Officer (the “Chippas Employment Agreement”). Under the terms of the Chippas Employment Agreement, Mr. Chippas is entitled to receive $400,000 annually, participate in the Company’s group health benefits on a 90% subsidized basis, participate in the Company’s 401k plan, under which the Company provides an employer matching contribution of up to 6% of eligible compensation, and earn an annual bonus equal to up to 100% of his annual base salary, as determined by the board of directors. In addition, Mr. Chippas was awarded 2,850,000 ADSs, which vest over three years (with a one year initial cliff) subject to certain performance conditions.

Under the Chippas Employment Agreement, we may terminate Mr. Chippas’ employment by providing Mr. Chippas with the minimum (i) notice, or pay in lieu thereof, or some combination of the two, (ii) severance pay (if applicable), (iii) period of benefits continuation, and (iv) vacation pay, and in each case, subject to payment of severance equal to 12 months’ base salary, provided that we may terminate the services of Mr. Chippas at any time with immediate effect for certain reasons including misconduct, criminal offense, or other reasons “for cause”. Mr. Chippas may terminate his contract with us by providing the company with a minimum of 60 days’ notice. The Chippas Employment Agreement also contains restrictive covenants pursuant to which Mr. Chippas has agreed to refrain from competing with us or soliciting certain clients or employees of the Company who could materially damage our interests if involved in a competing business, for a period of 12 months following his termination of services.

Jim MacCallum

Effective as of April 5, 2023, we entered into an employment contract with Jim MacCallum, pursuant to which Mr. MacCallum serves as our Chief Financial Officer (the “MacCallum Employment Agreement”). Under the terms of the MacCallum Employment Agreement, Mr. MacCallum is entitled to receive $307,500 annually, participate in the Company’s group health benefits on a fully-subsidized basis, participate in the Company’s Canadian registered retirement savings plan, under which the Company provides an employer matching contribution of up to 6% of eligible compensation and earn an annual bonus equal to up to 65% of his annual base salary, as determined by the board of directors. In addition, Mr. MacCallum was awarded 3,070,467 RSU’s which vest over three years. Effective November 1, 2023, a portion of Mr. MacCallum’s compensation is paid through JMM Consulting Inc.

Under the MacCallum Employment Agreement, we may terminate Mr. MacCallum’s employment by providing Mr. MacCallum with the minimum (i) notice, or pay in lieu thereof, or some combination of the two, (ii) severance pay (if applicable), (iii) period of benefits continuation, (iv) vacation pay, and (v) other entitlements, if any, as required by the ESA, and in each case, subject to payment of severance equal to 12 months’ base salary, provided that we may terminate the services of Mr. MacCallum at any time with immediate effect for certain reasons including misconduct, criminal offense, or other reasons “for cause” under ESA within the Province of British Columbia. Mr. MacCallum may terminate his contract with us by providing the company with a minimum of 90 days’ notice. The MacCallum Employment Agreement also contains restrictive covenants pursuant to which Mr. MacCallum has agreed to refrain from soliciting certain clients or employees of the Company who could materially damage our interests if involved in a competing business, for a period of 12 months following his termination of services.

Non-Executive Director Letter Agreements

We have entered into service contracts with our directors for their services, which are subject to a three-month termination period. There are no arrangements under which any non-executive director is entitled to receive compensation upon the early termination of his or her appointment.

Equity Compensation Arrangements

We have granted and expect to continue to grant share options and other awards under our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”). We previously granted share options and awards under our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), including the UK Non-Tax Advantaged Sub-Plan maintained under the 2018 Plan (the “UK Sub-Plan”) and our 2021 U.S. Equity Incentive Plan (the “U.S. Plan”).

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The 2022 Plan

Our board of directors adopted the 2022 Plan effective as of June 29, 2022, the date on which the 2022 Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders. The 2022 Plan was amended and restated effective as of March 7, 2023.

Eligibility, Awards and Administration

Employees, including executive directors of the Company and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate in the 2022 Plan. Under the 2022 Plan, our board of directors may grant non-qualified stock option awards, share appreciation rights, restricted share awards, restricted share unit awards, performance and other share awards in order to align the interests of our shareholders and the recipients of awards, to advance our interests by attracting and retaining executive directors, officers and other employees and to motivate such persons to act in the long-term best interests of the Company and its shareholders. Grants under the 2022 Plan are subject to an overall limit and an individual limit. The overall limit applies, and an award may not be granted, if such grant would result in the total number of “dilutive shares” issued or subject to outstanding awards exceeding 10% of the Company’s issued share capital during the shorter of the ten years ending on and including the relevant date and the period of time since June 29, 2022, the adoption date of the 2022 Plan. The individual limit generally provides that, other than in exceptional circumstances, the fair market value of ordinary shares subject to stock option awards made to an executive director during any year may not exceed 300% of such individual’s salary or annual fee income. The 2022 Plan is currently administered by the Remuneration Committee of our board of directors and the Remuneration Committee may delegate its administrative authority under the plan to a subcommittee. The authority of the Remuneration Committee includes, among other things, the authority to make and amend rules and regulations for the administration of the 2022 Plan.

Vesting, Exercise and Clawback

The vesting schedule for each award granted under the 2022 Plan is set forth in the applicable award agreement. For any award granted to an Executive Director of the Company, vesting of the award must be subject to achievement of pre-set performance metrics assessed over a period of at least one year.

Awards under the 2022 Plan and any cash payment or shares delivered pursuant to such an award are subject to forfeiture, recovery by the Company or other action pursuant to the applicable awards agreement or any clawback or recoupment policy that the Company may adopt. The circumstances in which such recoupment may apply include, without limitation, serious misconduct by the individual, material misstatement or restatement of the results of the Company, or significant reputational damage to the Company, its subsidiaries or affiliates.

Upon vesting, stock options generally remain exercisable until the tenth anniversary of the grant date, subject to earlier termination upon a cessation of the optionholder’s services to the Company. Unless otherwise provided in the option agreement, an optionholder (or the optionholder’s personal representative) may be permitted to exercise a stock option during a limited period of time after the optionholder’s termination of services. Such period of exercisability ranges from 90 days to 12 months, depending on the reason for the termination.

Certain Adjustments

In the event of any equity restructuring, such as the declaration of stock dividends, a stock split, spinoff, rights offering or recapitalization through an extraordinary cash dividend, appropriate adjustments will be made in the number and price of shares subject to each outstanding award, the terms of each outstanding award, and the number of shares available for grant under the 2022 Plan.

Change in Control

In the event of a change in control of the Company, our board of directors may provide for accelerated vesting and deemed satisfaction of performance conditions, equitable substitution of awards or cancellation and cash out of awards.

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Amendment and Termination

Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the 2022 Plan, except that no such amendment will be effective without the approval of the Company’s shareholders if shareholder approval is required by applicable law, rule or regulation, and no amendment may materially impair the rights of a holder of an outstanding award without such holder’s consent. The 2022 Plan will terminate on June 29, 2032, unless terminated earlier by the board of directors.

The 2018 Plan

Our board of directors adopted the 2018 Plan on July 25, 2018.

Eligibility, Awards and Administration

Employees, consultants and directors of the Company and its affiliates, and certain other individuals designated by the board of directors who are expected to become employees, consultants or directors of the Company and its affiliates, are eligible to participate in the 2018 Plan. Under the 2018 Plan, our board of directors may grant stock option awards in order to attract and retain such persons who will contribute to our long-term success, to provide incentives that align the interests of such persons with those of the our shareholders, and to promote the success of our business. Grants under the 2018 Plan are subject to an overall limit and an individual limit. The overall limit applies, and an award may not be granted, if such grant would result in the total number of “dilutive shares” issued or subject to outstanding stock option awards under the 2018 Plan exceeding 10% of the Company’s issued share capital. The individual limit generally provides that, other than in exceptional circumstances, the fair market value of ordinary shares subject to stock option awards made to an individual during any year may not exceed 200% of such individual’s salary or annual fee income. The 2018 Plan is administered by our board of directors or any committee to which it delegates such authority. The authority of the board of directors includes, among other things, the authority to make and amend rules and regulations for the administration of the 2018 Plan.

Vesting, Exercise and Clawback

The vesting schedule for each stock option granted under the 2018 Plan is set forth in the applicable stock option agreement. Upon vesting, stock options generally remain exercisable until the tenth anniversary of the grant date, subject to earlier termination upon a cessation of the optionholder’s services to the Company. As an alternative to exercising a stock option, the board of directors may permit an optionholder who holds a vested stock option to surrender such stock option in exchange for a cash payment equal to the difference between the exercise price that the optionholder would have been required to pay to exercise such stock option and the then-current fair market value of the ordinary shares subject to the surrendered stock option, less applicable tax withholding. The board of directors may specify in a stock option agreement that the optionholder’s rights, payments and benefits with respect to an award will be subject to reduction, cancellation, forfeiture or recoupment upon the occurrence of certain events, including without limitation, breach of non-competition, non-solicitation, confidentiality, or other restrictive covenants that are contained in the option agreement or otherwise applicable to the optionholder, a termination of the optionholder’s continuous service for “cause” (as defined in the 2018 Plan), or other conduct by the optionholder that is detrimental to our business or reputation.

If an optionholder dies or ceases to provide services while a stock option award is outstanding, such stock option award will lapse on a ratable basis based on the portion of the vesting period which remains. An optionholder (or the optionholder’s personal representative) may be permitted to exercise a stock option during a limited period of time after the optionholder’s termination of services. Such period of exercisability ranges from 90 days to 12 months and may occur immediately upon such termination or at a future time tied to either the date on which the stock options would have originally vested or the occurrence of certain specified corporate transactions. Whether and to what extent an optionholder may exercise a vested stock option after the applicable termination of services will depend on the circumstances of such termination.

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Certain Transactions

Outstanding stock options will accelerate in full and vest upon certain change in control events described in the 2018 Plan. Upon the occurrence of any such change in control event, the board of directors has discretion, with at least ten days’ advance notice to optionholders, to cancel outstanding awards in exchange for payments to affected optionholders in cash, stock or a combination thereof.

Amendment and Termination

Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate the 2018 Plan, except that an optionholder must consent to any amendment that would materially adversely affect the optionholder’s rights. Certain amendments to the 2018 Plan require shareholder approval, including the increase in the limit on the maximum number of shares issuable under the 2018 Plan and the reduction of the exercise price of a stock option. No new awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan while the 2018 Plan is suspended or after it is terminated, but awards previously granted may extend beyond the date of suspension or termination.

The UK Sub-Plan

Our board of directors adopted the UK Sub-Plan on July 25, 2018. The UK Sub-Plan includes substantially the same provisions as the 2018 Plan except those with respect to United Kingdom tax liabilities, including liabilities relating to the United Kingdom National Insurance contributions.

2021 U.S. Equity Incentive Plan

Our board of directors adopted the U.S. Plan on July 26, 2021.

Eligibility, Awards and Administration

Employees, consultants and directors of the Company and its present and future divisions and affiliates are eligible to participate in the U.S. Plan. Under the U.S. Plan, our board of directors may grant non-qualified stock option awards in order to attract and retain such persons who will contribute to our long-term success, to provide incentives that align the interests of such persons with those of our shareholders, and to promote the success of our business. An award may not be granted if such grant would result in the total number of “dilutive shares” issued or subject to outstanding options under any equity compensation arrangements exceeding 10% of the Company’s issued share capital. The U.S. Plan is currently administered by our board of directors and the board of directors may delegate its administrative authority under the plan to a committee. The authority of the board of directors includes, among other things, the authority to make and amend rules and regulations for the administration of the U.S. Plan.

Vesting and Exercise

The vesting schedule for each stock option granted under the U.S. Plan is set forth in the applicable option agreement. Upon vesting, stock options generally remain exercisable until the tenth anniversary of the grant date, subject to earlier termination upon a cessation of the optionholder’s services to the Company.

Unless otherwise provided in the option agreement, an optionholder (or the optionholder’s personal representative) may be permitted to exercise a stock option during a limited period of time after the optionholder’s termination of services. Such period of exercisability ranges from 90 days to 12 months, depending on the reason for the termination.

Certain Adjustments

If any change is made in the number of outstanding shares through the declaration of stock dividends, a stock split or a combination or exchange of shares, appropriate adjustments will be made in the number and price of shares subject to each outstanding award and the number of shares available for grant under the U.S. plan; provided, however, that any fractional shares resulting from such adjustments will be eliminated.

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Corporate Transactions

In the event of a proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or certain other corporate transactions including but not limited to a split-up, split-off, spin-off, or a merger or consolidation of the Company with another corporation (other than certain mergers or consolidations in which the Company is the surviving corporation), our board of directors may provide that (i) the holders of then-exercisable stock options will have the right to exercise such options solely for the kind and amount of shares of stock and other securities, property, cash or any combination thereof receivable upon such dissolution, liquidation or other transactions; or (ii) each stock option award granted under the U.S. Plan will terminate, with at least 10 day’s advance notice to optionholders informing them of the right to exercise during the 10-day period preceding such termination.

Amendment and Termination

Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the U.S. Plan, except that no suspension, termination, amendment or modification may adversely affect any stock options previously granted unless the written consent of the affected optionholders is obtained. No new options may be granted under the U.S. Plan following the 10-year anniversary of its adoption by our board of directors.

The following table summarizes the number of RSUs, PSUs, and options granted to executive officers and non-executive directors as of December 31, 2023:


		ORDINARY	EXERCISE
	ORDINARY	SHARES	PRICE		EXPIRATION
	SHARES	UNDERLYING	PER ORDINARY		DATE
NAME	RSUs / PSUs	OPTIONS	SHARE (£)	GRANT DATE	(IF APPLICABLE)
Executive officers
Thomas Chippas	28,850,000	—	n/a	11/27/2023	n/a
Jim MacCallum	1,690,740	—	n/a	9/6/2023	n/a
	1,379,737	—	n/a	12/5/2023	n/a
Non-executive directors
Matthew Shaw		537,037	0.16	7/17/2019	7/17/2025
		294,048	0.07	2/5/2020	2/4/2030
		250,000	1.57	9/22/2021	9/21/2031
Maria Perrella		500,000	1.57	9/22/2021	9/21/2031
Raghav Chopra		500,000	0.49	5/23/22	5/23/32

Pension, Retirement or Similar Benefits

As of December 31, 2023 we support the following pension related benefits: employees and non-executive directors located in the UK receive 6% in pension contributions, employees located in Canada receive the mandatory Canada Pension Plan percentage, along with a 6% employer match for the Company Canadian registered retirement savings plan, and employees located in the U.S. receive a 6% employer match for the Company 401K plan.

C.	Board Practices

Composition of our Board of Directors

As of December 31, 2023, our board of directors was composed of four members. As a foreign private issuer, under the listing requirements and rules of Nasdaq, we are not required to have independent directors on our board of directors, except that our audit committee is required to consist fully of independent directors, subject to certain phase-in schedules. Our board of directors has determined that Maria Perrella, Matthew Shaw and Raghav Chopra do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under Nasdaq rules.

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Committees of our Board of Directors

Our board of directors has an audit committee, a remuneration committee, and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Each of these committees is governed by a charter that is consistent with applicable UK law and SEC and Nasdaq corporate governance rules which will be available on the Investors section of our website at https://argoblockchain.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this report.

Audit Committee

As of December 31, 2023, our Audit Committee consisted of Maria Perrella, Matthew Shaw and Raghav Chopra. Maria Perrella serves as the chair of the Audit Committee. Our board determined that both members of our Audit Committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Our board determined that Maria Perrella is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the Nasdaq corporate governance rules.

Our board determined that each member of our audit committee is “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of board and committee members.

The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:

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the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work and termination of any independent auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit services;

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pre-approving the audit services and non-audit services to be provided by our independent auditor before the auditor is engaged to render such services;

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evaluating the independent auditor’s qualifications, performance and independence, and presenting its conclusions to the full board on at least an annual basis;

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reviewing and discussing with the executive officers, the board and the independent auditor our financial statements and our financial reporting process;

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approving or ratifying any related person transaction (as defined in our related person transaction policy) in accordance with our related person transaction policy;

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reviewing and overseeing the adequacy and effectiveness of our financial reporting and internal control policies and systems; and

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reviewing and recommending amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

The Audit Committee meets with such frequency and at such intervals as it determines necessary to carry out its duties and responsibilities and at such other times as the chairman of the Audit Committee shall think fit. The Audit Committee meets at least once per year with our independent auditor, without our management being present.

Remuneration Committee

As of December 31, 2023, our Remuneration Committee consisted of Maria Perrella and Raghav Chopra. Maria Perrella serves as the chair of the committee.

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The Remuneration Committee is responsible for:

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identifying, reviewing and proposing policies relevant to executive officer compensation;

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evaluating each executive officer’s performance in light of such policies and reporting to the board;

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determining any equity long-term incentive component of each executive officer’s compensation in line with the remuneration policy and reviewing our executive officer compensation and benefits policies generally; and

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reviewing and assessing risks arising from our compensation policies and practices.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

As of December 31, 2023, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consisted of Matthew Shaw and Maria Perrella. Matthew Shaw serves as chair of the committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for:

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drawing up selection criteria and appointment procedures for board members;

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recommending nominees for election to our board and its corresponding committees; and

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assessing the functioning of individual members of board and executive officers and reporting the results of such assessment to the board.

Terms of Directors

Our directors are not subject to a term of office and will hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders or by the board. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; or (ii) is found by our Company to be or becomes of unsound mind. See Item 6. A. “Directors and Senior Management” for additional information about our current directors and Item 7. B. “Related Party Transactions” for additional information about employment agreements for our executive officers.

D. Employees

As of December 31 of the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had 32, 48, and 31 employees, respectively, not inclusive of non-executive directors. Below is a breakdown of employees by their departments as of December 31, 2023.


	Number of
Department	employees	% of total
Research and development and technology	2	6
Compliance, legal and finance	7	22
Business and customer support	4	13
Marketing	1	3
Operations	18	56
General and administration	0	0
Total	32	100	%

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E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of April 16, 2024 for:

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each beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares;

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each of our directors and executive officers; and

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all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024. Percentage ownership calculations are based on ordinary shares outstanding as of April 16, 2024.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are ordinary shares and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.

Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of the directors, executive officers and named beneficial owners are of Argo Blockchain plc, Eastcastle House, 27/28 Eastcastle Street, London, England W1W 8DH.


	NUMBER OF
	ORDINARY SHARES	PERCENTAGE OF
	BENEFICIALLY	ORDINARY SHARES
NAME OF BENEFICIAL OWNER	OWNED	BENEFICIALLY OWNED
5% or Greater Shareholders:
none	—	—	%
Executive Officers and Directors:	*
Thomas Chippas	*	*
Jim MacCallum	*	*
Matthew Shaw	*	*
Raghav Chopra	*	*
Maria Perrella	*	*

* Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

Ordinary Shares

In accordance with our Articles of Association, the following summarizes the rights of holders of our ordinary shares:

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each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share on all matters to be voted on by shareholders generally;

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each holder of the ordinary shares is entitled to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at our general meetings; and

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each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to receive such dividends as are recommended by our directors and declared by our shareholders.

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Restricted Stock Units

The Company grants Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) awards as part of its employee compensation strategy. RSUs are awards granted to employees that represent the right to receive the Company's ordinary shares at a future date, subject to the fulfillment of vesting conditions based on continued employment.

Performance Stock Units

The Company also grants Performance Share Unit (PSU) awards to the Chief Executive Officer as a key component of its long-term incentive compensation strategy. PSUs are awards granted to the Chief Executive Officer that represent the right to receive the Company’s ordinary shares at a future date, subject to vesting conditions and the achievement of predetermined performance goals over a specified performance period.

Options

As of December 31, 2023, there were options to purchase 10,312,208 ordinary shares outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of £0.80 per ordinary share.

For a summary of the options to purchase ordinary shares granted to executive officers and non-executive directors as of December 31, 2023 and arrangements involving our employees in our share capital, see Item 6. B. “Equity Compensation Arrangements.”

Warrants

As of December 31, 2023, there were warrants to purchase 715,821 ordinary shares outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of £1.19 per ordinary share. The warrants lapse between three and five years from the date of grant.

F. Disclosure of a registrant’s action to recover erroneously awarded compensation.

Not applicable.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders

To the best of the Company’s knowledge, as of April 16, 2024, the Company is not aware of any beneficial owners that directly or indirectly exercises control or direction over more than 5% of the voting rights to the Company ordinary shares.

As of April 16, 2024, there were 577,616,315 ordinary shares of the Company issued and outstanding.

The Company is not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal person severally or jointly. Furthermore, the Company is not aware of any arrangements which may at some subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

B. Related Party Transactions

The following is a description of our related party transactions since January 1, 2022.

Certain of these related party transactions relate to former directors and members of the management team during their time with the Company.

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Agreements with Board Members and Executive Officers

Executive Officer Service Agreements

The Company has entered into service agreements with Thomas Chippas and Jim MacCallum. See Item 6. B. “Executive Officer Service Agreements.”

Non-Executive Director Letter Agreements

Related Person Transaction Policy

Our board of directors has adopted a written statement of policy regarding transactions with related persons (the “Related Person Policy”). Our Related Person Policy requires that a “related person” (as defined in paragraph (a) of Item 404 of Regulation S-K) must promptly disclose to the board of directors any “related person transaction” (defined as any transaction or any material amendment or modification to an existing Related Person Transaction that is not in the ordinary course of business and not on normal market terms, in which we were or are to be a participant and in which any related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest) and all material facts with respect thereto. No Related Person Transaction will be executed without the approval or ratification of our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, as applicable. It is our policy that directors interested in a Related Person Transaction will recuse himself or herself and abstain from discussion and voting on the approval of the Related Person Transaction.

C. Interests of experts and counsels

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See Item 18. “Financial Statements” for the annual consolidated financial statements including the notes thereto and report of its independent registered public accounting firm.

A.7.Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We are currently subject to a securities class action lawsuit. The case, vs Argo Blockchain plc et al, was filed in the Eastern District of New York on January 26, 2023 (the “Class Action”). In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, we cannot state what the eventual outcome of the Class Action or other matters that we may become involved in will be, but the Company refutes all of the allegations in the Class Action and believes that the Class Action is without merit. Other than the Class Action, based on our knowledge, were not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm, and other factors.

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A.8.Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We intend to retain earnings, if any, for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Under current English law, a company’s accumulated realized profits must exceed its accumulated realized losses (on a non-consolidated basis) before dividends can be declared and paid. Therefore, we must have distributable profits before declaring and paying a dividend. In addition, as a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales, we will only be able to make a distribution if the amount of our net assets is not less than the aggregate of our called-up share capital and undistributable reserves and if, and to the extent that, the distribution does not reduce the amount of those assets to less than that aggregate.

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed in this Annual Report, no significant changes have occurred since December 31, 2023, the date of the financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

Not applicable except for Item 9.A.4 and Item 9.C.

The Company’s ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARBK,” the Company’s 8.75% Senior Notes due 2026 are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARBKL” and the Company’s ordinary shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange Main Market under the symbol “ARB.”

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

The information set forth under “Articles of Association” on page 117 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File Number 333-2258926), effective September 22, 2021 is incorporated herein by reference.

Articles of Association

Shares and Rights Attaching to Them

Objects

The objects of our Company are unrestricted.

Share Rights

Subject to the Companies Act and any rights attaching to shares already in issue, our shares may be issued with or have attached to them any rights and restrictions as we may by ordinary resolution of the shareholders determine or, in the absence of any such determination, as our board of directors may determine.

Voting Rights

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and any restrictions imposed in our Articles of Association and any rights or restrictions attached to any class of shares of our share capital, the general voting rights attaching to the shares are that on a poll every shareholder present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote has one vote for every share of which he is a holder.

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Restrictions on Voting

No shareholder shall be entitled to be present or to be counted in the quorum or vote, either in person or by proxy, at any general meeting or at any separate class meeting of the holders of a class of shares or on a poll or to exercise other rights conferred by the shareholders in relation to the meeting or poll, unless all calls or other monies due and payable in respect of the shareholder’s shares have been paid up.

The board of directors may from time to time make calls upon the shareholders in respect of any money unpaid on their shares and each shareholder shall (subject to at least 14 clear days’ notice specifying the time or times and place of payment) pay at the time or times so specified the amount called on their shares.

If a shareholder or a person appearing to be interested in shares held by that shareholder has been issued with a notice under section 793 of the Companies Act (“Section 793 Notice”) by the Company and has failed in relation to those shares (“Default Shares” which expression includes any shares issued after the date of such notice in right of those shares) and has failed to respond to the Section 793 Notice by not providing the information required within 14 days following the date of service of the notice, the member holding the Default Shares shall not be entitled in respect of the Default Shares to be present or to vote (either in person or representative or proxy) at a general meeting or a separate meeting of the holders of the same class of shares, or on a poll or to exercise other rights conferred by virtue of being a shareholder of the Company. The restriction on voting shall cease to apply : (i) if the shares are transferred by means of an excepted transfer but only in respect of the shares transferred; or (ii) at the end of the period of seven days (or such shorter period as the board of directors may determine) following receipt by the Company of the information required by the Section 793 Notice and the board of directors being fully satisfied that such information is full and complete.

Dividends

We may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and the Articles of Association, declare dividends out of profits available for distribution in accordance with the respective rights and priorities of the shareholders and no such dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by the board of directors.

Subject to the rights or privileges attached to any shares carrying a preferential or special rights to dividends, all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid up on the shares and shall be apportioned and paid pro rata according to the amounts paid up on the shares during any part of the period in respect of which the dividend is paid, except that if any share is issued on terms providing that it carried any particular dividend rights, such share will rank for the dividend accordingly.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and the Articles of Association, the board of directors may from time to time pay shareholders such interim dividends as appears to the board of directors to be justified by the profits available for distribution. If the share capital is divided into different classes, the board of directors may pay interim dividends on shares which confer deferred or non-preferred rights with regard to dividend as well as on shares which confer preferential rights with regard to dividend, but no interim dividend shall be paid on shares carrying deferred or non-preferred rights if, at the time of payment, any preferential dividend is in arrears. The board of directors may also pay half yearly, or at other suitable intervals to be settled by them, any fixed rate dividend if in the opinion of the board of directors the distributable profits justify the payment and if permitted by the Companies Act.

The board of directors may deduct from any dividend or other money payable to any person on or in respect of a share all such sums as may be due from such shareholder to the Company on account of calls or otherwise in relation to the shares of the Company.

Subject to any special rights attaching to or the terms of issue of any share, no dividend or other moneys payable by us on or in respect of any share shall bear interest against us. Any dividend unclaimed after a period of 12 years from the date such dividend became due for payment shall, if the board of directors so resolve, be forfeited and shall revert to us absolutely.

Dividends may be declared or paid in any currency and the board may decide the rate of exchange for any currency conversions that may be required, and how any costs involved are to be met.

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The board of directors may, by ordinary resolution of the Company, direct (or in the case of an interim dividend may without the authority of an ordinary resolution direct) that payment of any dividend declared may be satisfied wholly or partly by the distribution of assets, and in particular of paid up shares or debentures of any other company, or in any one or more of such ways. Dividends may be declared or paid in any currency and the board may decide the rate of exchange for any currency conversions that may be required, and how any costs involved are to be met.

If a notice in respect of an excepted transfer has been served on a shareholder by the Company who holds at least 0.25% in nominal value of the issued shares of their class, the payment of any dividend declared and which is payable in respect of the Default Shares will be withheld by the Company, and no interest will be payable on it, and the shareholder is not entitled to elect to receive shares instead of the dividend. The withholding of the dividend shall cease to apply seven days after the earlier of receipt by the Company of (i) notice of registration of an excepted transfer of the Default Shares and (ii) all information required by the Section 793 Notice, in a form satisfactory to the board of the Company, in relation to any Default Shares.

Change of Control

There is no specific provision in our Articles of Association that would have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control.

Depositary Arrangements

The Articles of Association have been amended to provide for depositary arrangements and allow for the operation of the deposit agreement with the depositary, as well as a number of amendments that have been made to the Articles of Association to facilitate the acquisition of stock through ADRs, including a requirement to vote on poll.

Distributions on Winding Up

If the Company is wound up (whether the liquidation is voluntary, under supervision or by the court) the liquidator may, with the authority of a special resolution, divide among the shareholders whose names are entered on the register of members of the Company at the date of winding up, in specie or kind the whole or any part of the assets of the Company. Whether or not the assets consist of property of one kind or of different kinds the liquidator can set such value as he deems fair upon any one or more class or classes of property and can determine how such division is carried out as between such members or different classes of members. If any such division shall be other than in accordance with the existing rights of such members, every member shall have the same right of dissent and other ancillary rights as if the resolution were a special resolution passed in accordance with section 110 of the Insolvency Act 1986. The liquidator may also, with the authority of a special resolution, vest any part of the assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of such members as the liquidator thinks fit. The liquidation of the Company may then be closed and the Company dissolved, but no contributory shall be compelled to accept any shares or other property in respect of which there is a liability.

Variation of Rights

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, whenever the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the rights or privileges attached to any class may, whether or not the Company is being wound up, be modified, varied, extended, abrogated or surrendered either in the manner provided by such rights or (in the absence of such provision) with the written consent of the shareholders of at least three-fourths in nominal value of the issued shares of that class (excluding any shares held as treasury shares) or by special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of such shares. The Companies Act provides a right to object to the variation of the share capital by the shareholders who did not vote in favor of the variation. Should an aggregate of 15% of the shareholders of the issued shares in question apply to the court within 21 days of consent being given to the variation to have the variation cancelled, the variation shall have no effect unless and until it is confirmed by the court.

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Alteration to Share Capital

We may, by ordinary resolution of shareholders, consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger nominal value than our existing shares, or sub-divide our shares or any of them into shares of a smaller nominal value. We may, by special resolution of shareholders, confirmed by the court, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve or any share premium account in any manner authorized by the Companies Act. We may redeem or purchase all or any of our shares (provided at least one non-redeemable share is in issue following a reduction in capital) as described in “- Other UK Law Considerations - Purchase of Own Shares.”

Preemption Rights

In certain circumstances, our shareholders may have statutory preemption rights under the Companies Act in respect of the allotment of new shares as described in “- Preemptive Rights” and “- Differences in Corporate Law - Preemptive Rights” in this section.

Transfer of Shares

Any certificated shareholder may transfer all or any of his shares by an instrument of transfer in writing in any usual or common form or in any other manner approved by the board of directors. Any written instrument of transfer shall be executed by or on behalf of the transferor and (in the case of a partly paid share) the transferee.

All transfers of uncertificated shares shall be made in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the Uncertificated Securities Regulations 2001 and the facilities and requirements of its relevant system. The Uncertificated Securities Regulations 2001 permit shares to be issued and held in uncertificated form and transferred by means of a computer-based system.

The board of directors may decline to register any transfer of any share held in certificated form unless:

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it is for a share which is fully paid up;

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it is for a share upon which the Company has no lien;

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it is only for one class of share;

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it is in favor of not more than four joint transferees;

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it is duly stamped (if required);

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it being subject to an excepted transfer, is:

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pursuant to a takeover offer for the Company as defined in section 974 of the Companies Act;

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as a consequence of a sale made through Nasdaq or a recognized investment exchange (as defined in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000) or another stock exchange outside of the United Kingdom on which shares in the capital of the Company are normally traded; or

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a transfer which is shown to the satisfaction of the board of the Company to be made in consequence of a bona fide sale of the whole of the beneficial interest in the shares to a person who is unconnected with the shareholder and with any other person appearing to be interested in the shares,

●

it is lodged at our registered office or such other place as the board of directors may decide, accompanied by the certificate for shares to which it relates (except in the case of a transfer by a recognized person to whom the certificate and to whom a certificate was issued) and such other evidence (if any) as the board of directors may reasonably require to prove the title of the transferor or, if the transfer is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person to do so.

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Shareholder Meetings

Annual General Meetings

In accordance with the Companies Act, we are required in each year to hold an annual general meeting in addition to any other general meetings in that year and to specify the meeting as such in the notice convening it. The annual general meeting shall be convened whenever and wherever the board of directors sees fit, subject to the requirements of the Companies Act, as described in “- Differences in Corporate Law - Annual General Meeting” and “- Differences in Corporate Law - Notice of General Meetings” below. In addition, customary amendments have been made to the Articles of Association to provide for hybrid and electronic meetings of the members at which members can participate from more than one location.

Notice of General Meetings

The arrangements for the calling of general meetings are described in “- Differences in Corporate Law - Notice of General Meetings” below.

Quorum of General Meetings

No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present. Except as otherwise provided by the Articles of Association, at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy or as a representative of a corporation which is a shareholder and entitled to vote shall be a quorum for all purposes. If within half an hour from the time appointed for the holding of a general meeting a quorum is not present, the meeting, if convened on the requisition of members, shall be dissolved. In any other case it shall be adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place, or to such other day any at such other time and place as the board of directors may determine. If at an adjourned meeting a quorum is not present within 15 minutes from the time appointed for holding the meeting, the member or members present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote will have the power to decide upon all matters that could properly have been disposed of at the meeting as originally convened.

Class Meetings

The provisions in our Articles of Association relating to general meetings apply to every separate general meeting of the holders of a class of shares except that:

●

the quorum for such class meeting shall be two holders in person or by proxy representing not less than one-third in nominal value of the issued shares of the class (excluding any shares held in treasury); and

●

if at any adjourned meeting of such holders a quorum is not present at the meeting, one holder of shares of the class present in person or by proxy at an adjourned meeting constitutes a quorum.

Directors

Number of Directors

Our board of directors is not subject to any maximum but shall not have less than two directors. We may, by ordinary resolution of the shareholders, vary the minimum and/or determine a maximum number of directors from time to time.

Retirement and Appointment of Directors

If a director was appointed by the board, at the next annual general meeting after his appointment, he shall retire from office and be eligible for reappointment. At the third annual general meeting after an annual general meeting or general meeting at which the director was appointed or reappointed, such director will retire from office and be eligible for reappointment.

Any director who has held office with us (other than employment or executive office) for nine years or more as at the date of any annual general meeting, will be subject to reappointment at each annual general meeting.

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The shareholders may, at the meeting at which a director retires, fill the vacated office by electing a person and in default the retiring director shall, if willing to continue to act, be deemed to have been reappointed, unless at such meeting it is expressly resolved not to fill such vacated office or unless a resolution for the re-election of such director shall have been put to the meeting and lost.

No person other than a director retiring, by rotation or otherwise, may be appointed or reappointed as a director at any general meeting unless: (i) he is recommended by the directors for appointment or not fewer than seven nor more than 42 clear days before the date of the meeting; and (ii) we receive notices in writing given by (a) a shareholder duly qualified to be present and to vote at that meeting, containing his intention to propose the person for appointment stating the required particulars for the purposes of our register of directors; and (b) the person proposed as a director stating his willingness to be elected.

At a general meeting, a motion for the appointment of two or more persons as directors by a single resolution will be void unless a resolution that it is so made has been first agreed to by the meeting without any vote being given against it.

We and our board of directors each have the power to appoint any person to be a director, either to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing board of directors but so that the total number of directors does not exceed the maximum number fixed by or in accordance with our Articles of Association. Any director so appointed by the board of directors shall retire from office at the next annual general meeting. Such a director is eligible for election at that meeting but shall not be taken into account in determining the directors or the number of directors who are to retire by rotation at such meeting.

The board of directors may from time to time appoint one of more of their body to be the holder of an executive office on such terms as they think fit.

Directors’ Interests

A director may hold any other office or employment with the Company, other than the office of auditor, in conjunction with his office of director and may act in a professional capacity to the Company, on such terms as to tenure of office, remuneration and otherwise as the board of directors may determine.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and the Articles of Association, no director or intended director is disqualified by his office from contracting with the Company either with regard to his tenure or any other office or employment, or as seller, purchase or otherwise. No such contract, or any contract or arrangement entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which any director is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested, is liable to be avoided, nor is any director so contracting or being so interested obliged to account to the Company for any profit realized from any such contract or arrangement by reason of the director holding that office or of his fiduciary relationship with the Company.

Any director may continue to be or become a director or other officer, employee or member of or otherwise interested in any other company promoted by the Company or in which the Company may be interested, as a seller, member or otherwise, or which is a holding company of the Company or a subsidiary of any such holding company. No such director is accountable for any remuneration or other benefits received by him as a director or other officer or member of, or from his interest in, any such other company. The board of directors may exercise the voting power conferred by the shares in any other company held or owned by the Company, or exercisable by the directors of such other company, in such manner in all respects as they think fit, subject to any relevant restrictions set out in the Articles of Association.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract, transaction or arrangement or proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, with the Company must declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the board of directors. In the case of a proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, the declaration must be made at the meeting of the board of directors at which the question of entering into the contract, transaction or arrangement is first taken into consideration or, if the director was not at the date of that meeting interested in the proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, at the next meeting of the board of directors held after he became so interested. In the case where the director becomes interested in a contract, transaction or arrangement after it is made, the declaration must be made at the first meeting of the board of directors held after the director becomes so interested. In a case where the director is interested in a contract, transaction or arrangement which has been made before he was appointed a director, the declaration must be made at the first meeting of the board of directors held after he is so appointed.

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Except as provided in the Articles of Association, a director shall not vote at a meeting of the board or of a committee of the board of directors on any resolution concerning a matter in which he has a material interest (other than an interest in shares or debentures or other securities of or in the Company) and which conflicts or may conflict with the interests of the Company. A director shall not be counted in the quorum at a meeting in relation to any resolution on which he is debarred from voting.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a director shall be entitled to vote and be counted in the quorum in respect of any resolution concerning any of the following matters:

●

the giving of any security, guarantee or indemnity in respect of money lent or obligations incurred by him or by any other person at the request of or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiary undertakings;

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the giving of any security, guarantee or indemnity to a third party in respect of a debt or obligation of the Company or any of its subsidiaries for which the director himself has assumed responsibility in whole or in part under a guarantee or indemnity or by the giving of security;

●

any proposal concerning an offer of shares of debentures or other securities of or by the Company or any of its subsidiaries for subscription or purchase in which offer he is or is to be interested as a participant as a holder of such shares, debentures or other securities or in its underwriting of sub-underwriting;

●

any contract, arrangement or transaction or other proposal concerning any other company in which he holds an interest not representing 1% or more of any class of the equity share capital (calculated exclusive of any shares of that class held as treasury shares) of such company, or of any third company through which his interest is derived, or of the voting rights available to members of the relevant company, any such interest being deemed to be a material interest in all circumstances;

●

any contract, arrangement or transaction or other proposal concerning the adoption, modification or operation of a superannuation fund or retirement, death or disability benefits scheme under which he may benefit and which has been approved by or is subject to and conditional upon approval by HM Revenue & Customs;

●

any contract, arrangement, transaction or other proposal concerning the adoption, modification or operation of a scheme for enabling employees including full time executive directors of the Company and/or any subsidiary to acquire shares of the Company or any arrangement for the benefit of employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, which does not award him any privilege or benefit not awarded to the employees to whom such scheme relates; or

●

any contract, arrangement, transaction or other proposal concerning the insurance which the Company proposes to maintain or purchase for the benefit of the directors or for the benefit of persons including the directors.

If a question arises at a meeting as to the materiality of a director’s interests or as to the entitlement of any director to vote and such question is not resolved by his voluntarily agreeing to abstain from voting, such question must be referred to the chairman of the meeting, and his ruling in relation to the other director shall be final and conclusive except in a case where the nature or extent of the interest of the director concerned has not been fairly disclosed. If the question relates to the chairman, it must be referred to such other director present at the meeting, other than the chairman, as the directors present appoint.

The directors may provide or pay pensions, annuities, gratuities and superannuation or other allowances or benefits to any director, ex-director, employee or ex-employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or to the spouse, civil partner, children and dependents of any such director, ex-director, employee or ex-employee.

Directors’ Fees and Remuneration

The directors are entitled to fees (in addition to salaries) at such rate as may from time to time be determined by the board of directors provided that the aggregate of all such fees so paid to directors shall not exceed £500,000 (five hundred thousand pounds) per annum, or such additional sum as may from time to time be determined by ordinary resolution of the shareholders.

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The Company by ordinary resolution may also vote extra fees to the directors which will, unless otherwise determined by the resolution by which it is voted, be divided among the directors as they may agree, or failing agreement, equally.

Any director who serves on any committee or who devotes special attention to the business of our company, or who otherwise performs services which in the opinion of the directors are outside the scope of the ordinary duties of a director, may be paid such extra remuneration by way of salary, commissions, participation in profits or otherwise as the directors may determine.

The directors are entitled to be paid all traveling, hotel and other expenses properly incurred by them in connection with the business of the Company or in attending and returning from meetings of the board of directors or of committees of the board of directors or general meetings.

Borrowing Powers

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, the board of directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge our undertaking, property and assets and uncalled capital or any part thereof and to issue debentures and other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of us or of any third party.

CREST

The board of directors may implement such arrangements as they think fit in order for any class of shares to be held in uncertificated form and for title to those shares to be transferred by means of a system such as CREST (being a computerized paperless share transfer and settlement system that allows shares to be transferred by electronic means) in accordance with the Uncertificated Securities Regulations 2001 and the Company will not be required to issue a certificate to any person holding such shares in uncertificated form.

Indemnity

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, every director, alternate director, secretary or other officer (other than any person (whether an officer or not) engaged by the Company as auditor) shall be indemnified out of the assets of the Company against all costs, charges, expenses, losses and liabilities incurred in connection with the execution of his duties or the exercise of his powers or otherwise in relation to them, including any liability for negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust by him in relation to anything done or omitted to be done or alleged to have been done or omitted to be done by him as a director. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, the Company may purchase and maintain for the benefit of any director, secretary or other officer, insurance against any liability which by virtue of law would otherwise attach to him in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust which he may be guilty in relation to the Company.

Other UK Law Considerations

Mandatory Purchases and Acquisitions

Pursuant to Sections 979 to 991 of the Companies Act, where a takeover offer has been made for us and the offeror has acquired or unconditionally contracted to acquire not less than 90% in value of the shares to which the offer relates and not less than 90% of the voting rights carried by those shares, the offeror may give notice to the holder of any shares to which the offer relates which the offeror has not acquired or unconditionally contracted to acquire that he wishes to acquire, and is entitled to so acquire, those shares on the same terms as the general offer. The offeror would do so by sending a notice to the outstanding minority shareholders telling them that it will compulsorily acquire their shares.

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Such notice must be sent within three months of the last day on which the offer can be accepted in the prescribed manner or if earlier, and the offer is not one to which section 943(1) of the Companies Act applies, within the period of six months beginning with the date of the offer. The squeeze out of the minority shareholders can be completed at the end of six weeks from the date the notice has been given, subject to the minority shareholders failing to successfully lodge an application to the court to prevent such squeeze out any time prior to the end of those six weeks following which the offeror can execute a transfer of the outstanding shares in its favor and pay the consideration to us, which would hold the consideration on trust for the outstanding minority shareholders. The consideration offered to the outstanding minority shareholders whose shares are compulsorily acquired under the Companies Act must, in general, be the same as the consideration that was available under the takeover offer.

Sell Out

The Companies Act also gives our minority shareholders a right to be bought out in certain circumstances by an offeror who has made a takeover offer for all of our shares. The holder of shares to which the offer relates, and who has not otherwise accepted the offer, may require the offeror to acquire his shares if, prior to the expiry of the acceptance period for such offer, (1) the offeror has acquired or unconditionally agreed to acquire not less than 90% in value of the voting shares, and (2) not less than 90% of the voting rights carried by those shares. The offeror may impose a time limit on the rights of minority shareholders to be bought out that is not less than three months after the end of the acceptance period. If a shareholder exercises his rights to be bought out, the offeror is required to acquire those shares on the terms of this offer or on such other terms as may be agreed.

Disclosure of Interest in Shares

Pursuant to Part 22 of the Companies Act, we are empowered by notice in writing to require any person whom we know or have reasonable cause to believe to be interested in our shares, or at any time during the three years immediately preceding the date on which the notice is issued has been so interested, within a reasonable time to disclose to us particulars of that person’s interest and (so far as is within his knowledge) particulars of any other interest that subsists or subsisted in those shares.

Under our Articles of Association, if a person defaults in supplying us with the required particulars in relation to the shares in question, or default shares, within the prescribed period, the directors may by notice direct that:

●

in respect of the default shares, the relevant shareholder shall not be entitled to vote (either in person or by representative or proxy) at any general meeting or to exercise any other right conferred by a shareholding in relation to general meetings; and

●

where the default shares represent at least 0.25% in nominal value of the issued shares of their class, (a) any dividend or other money payable in respect of the default shares shall be retained by us without liability to pay interest and/or (b) no transfers by the relevant shareholder of any default shares may be registered (unless the shareholder himself is not in default and the shareholder provides a certificate, in a form satisfactory to the directors, to the effect that after due and careful enquiry the shareholder is satisfied that none of the shares to be transferred are default shares).

Pursuant to the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules of the UK Financial Conduct Authority (“DTRs”), a shareholder of a company incorporated in the United Kingdom and whose shares are admitted to trading on a regulated market (as our shares are by virtue of their admission to the Standard segment of the Official List and to trading on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange) is required to notify the Company, as soon as possible and in any event within two trading days, of the percentage of voting rights that shareholder holds or is deemed to hold through his direct and indirect holding of financial instruments (as more particularly set out in the DTRs), or a combination of such holdings, if the percentage of those voting rights (aggregated if required by the DTRs):

(1)

reaches, exceeds or falls below 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% and each 1% threshold thereafter up to 100% as a result of an acquisition or disposal of shares or financial instruments;

(2)

reaches, exceeds or falls below an applicable threshold in (1) as a result of events changing the breakdown of voting rights and on the basis of information disclosed by the issuer in accordance with the DTRs.

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Upon receipt of a notification from a shareholder, the Company must, as soon as possible and in any event by not later than the end of the trading day following receipt of the notification make public all of the information contained in the notification.

Purchase of Own Shares

Under the laws of England and Wales, a limited company may only purchase its own shares out of the distributable profits of the company or the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of financing the purchase, subject to complying with procedural requirements under the Companies Act and provided that they are not restricted from doing so by their articles of association. A limited company may not purchase its own shares if, as a result of the purchase, there would no longer be any issued shares of the company other than redeemable shares or shares held as treasury shares. Shares must be fully paid in order to be repurchased.

Any such purchase will be either a “market purchase” or “off market purchase,” each as defined in the Companies Act. A “market purchase” is a purchase made on a “recognized investment exchange” (other than an overseas exchange) as defined in the UK Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended, or FSMA. An “off market purchase” is a purchase that is not made on a “recognized investment exchange.” Both “market purchases” and “off market purchases” require prior shareholder approval by way of an ordinary resolution. In the case of an “off market purchase,” a company’s shareholders, other than the shareholders from whom the company is purchasing shares, must approve the terms of the contract to purchase shares and in the case of a “market purchase,” the shareholders must approve the maximum number of shares that can be purchased and the maximum and minimum prices to be paid by the company. Both resolutions authorizing “market purchases” and “off-market purchases” must specify a date, not later than five years after the passing of the resolution, on which the authority to purchase is to expire.

Distributions and Dividends

Under the Companies Act, before a company can lawfully make a distribution or dividend, it must ensure that it has sufficient distributable reserves (on a non-consolidated basis). The basic rule is that a company’s profits available for the purpose of making a distribution are its accumulated, realized profits, so far as not previously utilized by distribution or capitalization, less its accumulated, realized losses, so far as not previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital duly made. The requirement to have sufficient distributable reserves before a distribution or dividend can be paid applies to us and to each of our subsidiaries that has been incorporated under the laws of England and Wales.

It is not sufficient that we, as a public company, have made a distributable profit for the purpose of making a distribution. An additional capital maintenance requirement is imposed on us to ensure that the net worth of the Company is at least equal to the amount of its capital. A public company can only make a distribution:

●

if, at the time that the distribution is made, the amount of its net assets (that is, the total excess of assets over liabilities) is not less than the total of its called up share capital and distributable reserves; and

●

if, and to the extent that, the distribution itself, at the time that it is made, does not reduce the amount of the net assets to less than that total.

City Code on Takeovers and Mergers

As a public company incorporated in England and Wales with our registered office in England and Wales and that has shares admitted to the Official List and traded on the London Stock Exchange, we are subject to the UK City Code on Takeovers and Mergers (the “City Code”), which is issued and administered by the UK Panel on Takeovers and Mergers (the “Panel”). The City Code provides a framework within which takeovers of companies subject to it are conducted. In particular, the City Code contains certain rules in respect of mandatory offers. Under Rule 9 of the City Code, if a person:

●

acquires an interest in our shares which, when taken together with shares in which he or persons acting in concert with him are interested, carries 30% or more of the voting rights of our shares;

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who, together with persons acting in concert with him, is interested in shares that in the aggregate carry not less than 30% and not more than 50% of the voting rights of our shares, and such persons, or any person acting in concert with him, acquires additional interests in shares that increase;

●

the percentage of shares carrying voting rights in which that person is interested; or

●

the acquirer and depending on the circumstances, its concert parties, would be required (except with the consent of the Panel) to make an offer for our outstanding shares in cash or be accompanied by a cash alternative at a price not less than the highest price paid for any interests in the shares by the acquirer or its concert parties during the previous 12 months.

Shareholder Rights

Certain rights granted under the Companies Act, including the right to requisition a general meeting or require a resolution to be put to shareholders at the annual general meeting, are only available to our shareholders. For English law purposes, our shareholders are the persons who are registered as the owners of the legal title to the shares and whose names are recorded in our share register. If a person who holds their ADSs in DTC wishes to exercise certain of the rights granted under the Companies Act, they may be required to first take steps to withdraw their ADSs from the settlement system operated by DTC and become the registered holder of the shares in our share register. A withdrawal of shares from DTC may have tax implications.

Differences in Corporate Law

The applicable provisions of the Companies Act differ from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. See “Exhibit 15.1 — Differences in Corporate Law” for a summary of certain differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware relating to shareholders’ rights and protections. Such summary is not intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to Delaware law and the laws of England and Wales.

C. Material Contracts

In addition to contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, the following material contracts have been entered into by the Company within two years immediately preceding the date of this Annual Report:

Equity Purchase Agreement and Asset-Backed Loan with Galaxy

On December 28, 2022, we announced a series of transactions with Galaxy that strengthened our balance sheet, improved our liquidity position, and enabled us to continue mining operations. As part of the transactions, we sold the Helios facility and real property in Dickens County, Texas to Galaxy for approximately $65 million and refinanced existing asset-backed loans via the $35 million, three-year Galaxy ABS Loan. The Galaxy ABS Loan also includes events of default, which are customary for facilities of this type (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all amounts outstanding under the Galaxy ABS Loan may be accelerated. The Galaxy ABS Loan contains usual and customary limitations on indebtedness, liens, restricted payments, acquisitions and asset sales in the form of affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for financings of this type. The Galaxy ABS Loan is secured by a collateral package that includes 23,619 Bitmain S19J Pro mining machines currently operating at the Helios facility and certain machines located at Argo’s Canadian data centers. The term of the Galaxy ABS Loan is 18 months with an option to extend for another 18 months if certain financial thresholds are met. The interest rate is SOFR plus 11% with a 1.5% renewal fee in the event the maturity is extended.

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Hosting Services Agreement with Galaxy

On December 28, 2022, in connection with the sale of our Helios facility to Galaxy, we entered into a two-year hosting services agreement allowing our approximately 23,619 Bitmain S19J Pro mining machines that were operating at the Helios facility to remain in operation at that facility. As the owner of the Helios facility, Galaxy entered into a fixed-price power purchase agreement with a licensed retail electricity provider to procure electricity for the facility. The hosting agreement provides that we will have access to this electricity at the fixed-price power purchase agreement rate. We pay Galaxy a hosting fee and collaborate with Galaxy on designing a curtailment strategy in order to participate in certain demand response programs offered by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, which manages the Texas power grid.

D. Exchange Controls

There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the United Kingdom that may affect the import or export of capital, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs representing our ordinary shares, other than withholding tax requirements. There is no limitation imposed by the laws of England and Wales or in the Articles of Association on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.

E. Taxation

Material United Kingdom Tax Considerations

The following is intended as a general guide to current UK tax law and HM Revenue & Customs’ (“HMRC”) practice applying as at the date of this Annual Report (both of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retrospective effect) relating to the holding of our ADSs. It does not constitute legal or tax advice and does not purport to be a complete analysis of all UK tax considerations relating to the holding of ADSs, or all of the circumstances in which holders of ADSs may benefit from an exemption or relief from UK taxation. It is written on the basis that the Company does not (and will not) directly or indirectly derive 75% or more of its qualifying asset value from UK land, and that the Company is and remains solely resident in the United Kingdom for tax purposes and will therefore be subject to the UK tax regime (and not, for example, the U.S. tax regime (save as set out below under “Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.”))

Except to the extent that the position of non-UK resident persons is expressly referred to, this guide relates only to persons who are resident (and, in the case of individuals, domiciled or deemed domiciled) for tax purposes solely in the United Kingdom to whom split-year treatment does not apply and do not have a permanent establishment, branch, agency (or equivalent) or fixed base in any other jurisdiction with which the holding of the ADSs is connected (“UK Holders”), who are absolute beneficial owners of the ADSs and who hold the ADSs as investments (where the ADSs are not held through an Individual Savings Account or a Self-Invested Personal Pension).

This guide may not relate to certain classes of UK Holders, such as (but not limited to):

●

persons who are connected with the Company;

●

financial institutions;

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insurance companies;

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charities or tax-exempt organizations;

●

collective investment schemes;

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pension schemes;

●

market makers, intermediaries, brokers or dealers in securities;

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persons who have (or are deemed to have) acquired their ADSs by virtue of an office or employment or who are or have been officers or employees of the Company or any of its affiliates; and

●

individuals who are subject to UK taxation on a remittance basis.

The decision of the First-tier Tribunal (Tax Chamber) in HSBC Holdings PLC and The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation v HMRC (2012) cast some doubt on whether a holder of a depositary receipt is the beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares. However, based on published HMRC guidance we would expect that HMRC will regard a holder of ADSs as holding the beneficial interest in the underlying ordinary shares and therefore these paragraphs assume that a holder of ADSs is the beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares and any dividends paid in respect of the underlying ordinary shares (where the dividends are otherwise regarded for UK purposes as that person’s own income) for UK direct tax purposes.

THESE PARAGRAPHS ARE A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN MATERIAL UNITED KINGDOM TAX CONSIDERATIONS AND ARE INTENDED AS A GENERAL GUIDE ONLY. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ALL HOLDERS OF ADSs OBTAIN ADVICE AS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSAL OF THE ADSs IN THEIR OWN SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES FROM THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS. IN PARTICULAR, NON-UK RESIDENT OR DOMICILED PERSONS ARE ADVISED TO CONSIDER THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ANY RELEVANT DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS.

Dividends

Withholding Tax

Dividends paid by the Company will not be subject to any withholding or deduction for or on account of UK tax.

Income Tax

An individual UK Holder may, depending on his or her particular circumstances, be subject to UK tax on dividends received from the Company. An individual holder of ADSs who is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not be chargeable to UK income tax on dividends received from the Company unless he or she carries on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a branch or agency to which the ADSs are attributable. There are certain exceptions for trading in the United Kingdom through independent agents, such as some brokers and investment managers.

All dividends received by an individual UK Holder from us or from other sources will form part of that UK Holder’s total income for income tax purposes and will constitute the top slice of that income. A nil rate of income tax will apply to the first £1,000 of taxable dividend income received by the individual UK Holder in the 2023/24 tax year. From the 2024/25 tax year, the nil rate band will be reduced to the first £500 of taxable dividend income received by the individual UK holder. Income within the nil rate band will be taken into account in determining whether income in excess of the £1,000 tax-free allowance (or £500 tax-free allowance from the 2024/25 tax year onwards) falls within the basic rate, higher rate or additional rate tax bands. Dividend income in excess of the tax-free allowance will (subject to the availability of any income tax personal allowance) be taxed at 8.75% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the basic rate tax band, 33.75% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the higher rate tax band and 39.35% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the additional rate tax band

Corporation Tax

A corporate holder of ADSs who is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not be chargeable to UK corporation tax on dividends received from the Company unless it carries on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment to which the ADSs are attributable.

Corporate UK Holders should not be subject to UK corporation tax on any dividend received from the Company so long as the dividends qualify for an exemption, which should be the case, although certain conditions must be met. If the conditions for the exemption are not satisfied, or such UK Holder elects for an otherwise exempt dividend to be taxable, UK corporation tax will be chargeable on the amount of any dividends (at the current main rate of 125%).

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Chargeable Gains

A disposal or deemed disposal of ADSs by a UK Holder may, depending on the UK Holder’s circumstances and subject to any available exemptions or reliefs (such as the annual exemption), give rise to a chargeable gain or an allowable loss for the purposes of UK capital gains tax and corporation tax on chargeable gains.

If an individual UK Holder who is subject to UK income tax at either the higher or the additional rate is liable to UK capital gains tax on the disposal of ADSs, the current applicable rate will be 20%. For an individual UK Holder who is subject to UK income tax at the basic rate and liable to UK capital gains tax on such disposal, the current applicable rate would be 10%, save to the extent that any capital gains when aggregated with the UK Holder’s other taxable income and gains in the relevant tax year exceed the unused basic rate tax band. In that case, the rate currently applicable to the excess would be 20%.

If a corporate UK Holder makes a disposal (or deemed disposal) of ADSs, it would be subject to UK corporation tax (subject to any available exemptions or reliefs) at the rate applicable to that corporate holder.

A holder of ADSs which is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not normally be liable to UK capital gains tax or corporation tax on chargeable gains on a disposal (or deemed disposal) of ADSs unless the person is carrying on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a branch or agency (or, in the case of a corporate holder of ADSs, a trade through a permanent establishment) to which the ADSs are attributable. However, an individual holder of ADSs who has ceased to be resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom for a period of less than five years and who disposes of ADSs during that period may be liable on his or her return to the United Kingdom to UK tax on any capital gain realized (subject to any available exemption or relief).

Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax

The discussion below relates to the holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs wherever resident, however it should be noted that special rules may apply to certain persons such as market makers, brokers, dealers or intermediaries.

Issue of Shares

No UK stamp duty is payable on the issue of the underlying ordinary shares in the Company into a depositary receipt system (such as that operated by JPMorgan) or a clearance service (such as DTC). No UK stamp duty reserve tax (“SDRT”) should be payable on the issue of the Company’s ordinary shares into a depositary receipt system or a clearance service. Accordingly, no stamp duty or SDRT should be payable on the creation and issue of the ADSs pursuant to the issue of the Company’s ordinary shares to JPMorgan.

Transfers of Shares

An unconditional agreement to transfer ordinary shares in certificated form will normally give rise to a charge to SDRT at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration payable for the transfer. The purchaser of the shares is liable for the SDRT. Transfers of ordinary shares in certificated form are generally also subject to stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration given for the transfer (rounded up to the next £5.00). Stamp duty is normally paid by the purchaser. The charge to SDRT will be canceled or, if already paid, repaid (generally with interest), where a transfer instrument has been duly stamped within six years of that charge arising (either by paying the stamp duty or by claiming an appropriate relief) or if the instrument is otherwise exempt from stamp duty.

An unconditional agreement to transfer ordinary shares to, or to a nominee or agent for, a person whose business is or includes the issue of depositary receipts or the provision of clearance services will generally be subject to SDRT (or, where the transfer is effected by a written instrument, stamp duty) at a higher rate of 1.5% of the amount or value of the consideration given for the transfer unless the clearance service has made and maintained an election under section 97A of the UK Finance Act 1986, or a “section 97A election.” It is understood that HMRC regards the facilities of DTC as a clearance service for these purposes and we are not aware of any section 97A election having been made by DTC. However, no SDRT is generally payable where the transfer of ordinary shares to a clearance service or depositary receipt system is an integral part of an issue of new share capital.

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Any stamp duty or SDRT payable on a transfer of ordinary shares to a depositary receipt system or clearance service will in practice generally be paid by the participants in the clearance service or depositary receipt system.

Transfers of ADSs

No SDRT should be required to be paid on a paperless transfer of ADSs through the clearance service facilities of DTC, provided that no section 97A election has been made by DTC, and such ADSs are held through DTC at the time of any agreement for their transfer.

No UK stamp duty will in practice be payable on a written instrument transferring an ADS provided that the instrument of transfer is executed and remains at all times outside the United Kingdom. Where these conditions are not met, the transfer of, or agreement to transfer, an ADS could, depending on the circumstances, attract a charge to UK stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration. If it is necessary to pay stamp duty, it may also be necessary to pay interest and penalties.

Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion sets forth the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders, as defined below, of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares or ADSs. This discussion does not apply to persons holding ordinary shares or ADSs that are not U.S. Holders. It does not describe all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire ordinary shares or ADSs. This discussion applies only to ordinary shares or ADSs acquired for cash and held as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes and does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. income or other tax consequences. In addition, it does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant in light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax consequences, the potential application of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as:

●

certain financial institutions or insurance companies;

●

dealers or traders in securities or other persons who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;

●

persons holding ordinary shares or ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or other integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the ordinary shares or ADSs;

●

U.S. Holders whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

●

entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors in such entities);

●

tax-exempt or flow-through entities, including an “individual retirement account” or “Roth IRA,” governmental organizations, grantor trusts, regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts;

●

persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of their use of applicable financial statements within the meaning of Section 451(b)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”);

●

persons that own, directly or indirectly, or are deemed to own by attribution ten percent or more of our shares (by vote or value); or

●

persons holding ordinary shares or ADSs in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.

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If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ordinary shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding ordinary shares or ADSs and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the ordinary shares or ADSs.

This discussion is based on the Code, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. We have not sought and will not seek an advance ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) regarding any matter discussed in this report and the statements in this report are not binding on the IRS or any court. Thus, no assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below.

As used in this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of ordinary shares or ADSs who is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

●

a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

●

a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia;

●

an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

●

a trust (i) with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (ii) that has elected under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a domestic trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

●

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of owning and disposing of ordinary shares or ADSs in their particular circumstances.

Generally, we believe a U.S. Holder of ADSs should be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs, and following discussion assumes such treatment is respected. Accordingly, no gain or loss will generally be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs.

Taxation of Distributions

Subject to the PFIC rules described below, a U.S. Holder will be subject to the following tax consequences upon receipt of distributions in respect of the ordinary shares or ADSs:

●

Distributions paid on ordinary shares or ADSs, other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares or ADSs, will be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, we expect that distributions will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. The amount of a dividend will include amounts withheld (if any) in respect of taxes imposed under United Kingdom laws.

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●

If we are eligible for the benefits of the United States-United Kingdom Income Tax Convention (as currently in force) or our ordinary shares or ADSs are treated as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders will be eligible for taxation as “qualified dividend income” and therefore, subject to applicable limitations, will be taxable at rates not in excess of the long-term capital gain rate applicable to such U.S. Holder, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met, including that we are not treated as a PFIC during the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or in the preceding taxable year. We expect to be eligible for the United States-United Kingdom Income Tax Convention. Our ordinary shares or ADSs will generally be considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on the Nasdaq, as it is expected that the ADSs will be. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends with respect to distributions on the ordinary shares or ADSs in light of their particular circumstances.

●

The amount of any distribution paid in foreign currency that will be included in the gross income of a U.S. Holder will be the U.S. dollar value of the distribution payment based on the exchange rate in effect on the date such distribution is included in such holder’s income, whether or not the payment is converted into U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the foreign currency will equal the U.S. dollar amount included in income. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currency for a different U.S. dollar amount generally will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

●

The amount of the dividend will generally be treated as foreign-source dividend income for foreign tax credit purposes and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the Code. The rules governing U.S. foreign tax credits are complex, and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADSs

Subject to the PFIC rules described below, a U.S. Holder will be subject to the following tax consequences upon a disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs:

●

The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference (if any) between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ordinary shares or ADSs disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars.

●

Gain or loss realized on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain (taxable at a reduced rate for a non-corporate U.S. Holder) or loss if the U.S. Holder held the ordinary shares or ADSs for more than one year.

●

Subject to certain exceptions, this gain or loss will be U.S.-source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.

●

The deductibility of capital losses is subject to various limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

Under the Code, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, if, after the application of certain “look-through” rules with respect to our subsidiaries, either:

●

75% or more of our gross income consists of “passive income,” or

●

50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets consist of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, “passive income.”

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For purposes of these tests, passive income includes dividends, interest, certain gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and certain rents and royalties. Cash, cash-equivalents and cryptocurrencies generally are passive assets for these purposes. Goodwill is active to the extent attributable to activities that produce or are intended to produce active income. In addition, for purposes of the above calculations, we will be treated as if we hold our proportionate share of the assets of, and receive directly our proportionate share of the income of, any other corporation in which we directly or indirectly own at least 25%, by value, of the shares. Based on our analysis of our activities and current estimates of the composition of our income and assets (including goodwill), we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, because PFIC status is determined on an annual basis, and therefore our PFIC status for the current taxable year and any future taxable year will depend upon the future composition of our income and assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. In particular, the application of the PFIC rules to cryptocurrencies is subject to uncertainty. In addition, the total value of our assets (including goodwill) for PFIC testing purposes may be determined in part by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs from time to time, which may fluctuate considerably. Even if we determine that we are not a PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with our conclusion and that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds ordinary shares or ADSs, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to that U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds ordinary shares or ADSs, even if we cease to meet the threshold requirements for PFIC status, unless the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ordinary shares or ADSs.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds ordinary shares or ADSs (assuming such U.S. Holder has not made a timely mark-to-market election, as described below):

●

gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of the ordinary shares or ADSs would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares or ADSs,

●

the amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income, and

●

the amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that taxable year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount allocated to that taxable year.

Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its ordinary shares or ADSs exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the ordinary shares or ADSs received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain described immediately above.

If we are treated as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will generally be subject to similar rules with respect to distributions we receive from, and our dispositions of the stock of, any of our direct or indirect lower-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries that are also treated as PFICs, as if such distributions were indirectly received by, or dispositions were indirectly carried out by, such U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to our lower-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries.

A U.S. Holder can avoid certain of the adverse rules described above by making a timely mark-to-market election with respect to its ordinary shares or ADSs, provided that the ordinary shares or ADSs are “marketable.” ordinary shares or ADSs will be marketable if they are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” or other market within the meaning of applicable Treasury regulations. In general, an ordinary share or an ADS will be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which such ordinary share or ADS is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least fifteen days during each calendar quarter. Our ordinary shares or ADSs will be treated as “marketable” as long as they remain listed on the Nasdaq and are regularly traded. If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, it will be subject to the following tax consequences:

●

The U.S. Holder will recognize each taxable year as ordinary income any excess of the fair market value of the ordinary shares or ADSs at the end of such taxable year over their adjusted tax basis.

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●

The U.S. Holder will recognize each taxable year an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the ordinary shares or ADSs over their fair market value at the end of such taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election).

●

The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ordinary shares or ADSs will be adjusted annually to reflect the income or loss amounts recognized.

●

Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated first as ordinary loss (to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election) and thereafter as capital loss.

A mark-to-market election will not apply to any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, and therefore, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to tax under the rules discussed above with respect to any of our lower-tier subsidiaries that are treated as PFICs, notwithstanding such U.S. Holder’s mark-to-market election for our ordinary shares or ADSs.

In addition, in order to avoid the application of the foregoing rules, a United States person that owns ordinary shares or ADSs in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes may make a “qualified electing fund election” with respect to such PFIC if the PFIC provides the information necessary for such election to be made. We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections.

In addition, if we were a PFIC or, with respect to particular U.S. Holder, were treated as a PFIC for the taxable year in which we paid a dividend or for the prior taxable year, the preferential dividend rates discussed above with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders that would otherwise be eligible for taxation as qualified dividend income would not apply.

If a U.S. Holder owns ordinary shares or ADSs during any year in which we are a PFIC, the holder must file annual reports containing such information as the U.S. Treasury may require on IRS Form 8621 (or any successor form) with respect to us as well as any of our subsidiaries that are PFICs, with the holder’s federal income tax return for that year.

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning our potential PFIC status and the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investments in our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries are subject to certain information reporting requirements, and may be subject to backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies under penalties of perjury that it is not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax, and the amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the backup withholding tax and information reporting rules.

Information Reporting With Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

Certain U.S. Holders may be required to report information relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” which include an interest in our ordinary shares or ADSs, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for ordinary shares or ADSs held in accounts maintained by certain U.S. financial institutions). Persons who are required to report specified foreign financial assets and fail to do so may be subject to substantial penalties. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the effect, if any, of this legislation on their ownership and disposition of the ordinary shares or ADSs.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

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G. Statement of Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

The documents concerning the Company which are referred to in this Annual Report may be inspected at the Company's offices located at Eastcastle House, 27/28 Eastcastle Street, London, England W1W 8DH.

The Company files reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, furnishes current reports on Form 6-K and discloses other information with the SEC pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC that apply to foreign private issuers. These may be accessed by visiting the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

The Company also makes available on its investor relations webpage, free of charge, its Annual Report and the text of its reports on Form 6 - K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information contained on the Company's website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Value of Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrency Risk

Substantially all of our current business is focused on mining Bitcoin. Our revenue is primarily comprised of the value of Bitcoin rewards and transaction fees we earn by mining the blockchain, and, as of December 31, 2023, less than 2% of our total assets were represented by our holdings of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in treasury. Our operating results and financial condition are affected by fluctuations and long-term trends in the value of Bitcoin and, to a lesser extent, other cryptocurrency. Each cryptocurrency has its own unique dynamic in terms of valuation, reward rates and similar factors. Any of these factors could lead to material adverse changes in the market for cryptocurrencies, which could in turn result in substantial damage to or even the failure of our business.

A 10% increase or decrease in the market value of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies over the course of 2022 would have increased or decreased our revenue by 10% for the year. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies accounted for less than 2% of our total assets; as such, a 10% increase or decrease in Bitcoin’s or other cryptocurrencies’ value as at December 31, 2023 would not have had a material effect on our total assets as at that date. However, given we were selling Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to cover operating expenses during the year, increases or decreases in the market value of these cryptocurrencies would have resulted in increased or decreased holdings of these cryptocurrencies at the end of the year. See Item 5. A. “Factors Affecting our Results of Operations — Market Value of Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrency.”

Cost of Power Risk

Mining cryptocurrency is a highly power-intensive process, with electrical power required both to operate the mining machines and to dissipate the significant amount of heat generated by operating the machines. In 2023, the cost of power represented 52% of our direct costs and 56% of our cryptocurrency mining revenue. A 10% change in the cost of power over the course of 2023 would have changed our gross profit by $2.8 million for the year. See Item 5. A. “Factors Affecting our Results of Operations — Cost and Source of Power.”

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Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities.

To be provided as an exhibit.

B. Warrants and Rights.

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities.

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

ADS Overview

We have appointed JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMorgan”), as depositary. The depositary’s office is located at 383 Madison Avenue, Floor 11, New York, New York 10179. A copy of the form of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a registration statement on Form F-6. A copy of the deposit agreement is available from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to registration number 333-259507 when retrieving such copy.

Each ADS represents an ownership interest in a designated number of ordinary shares deposited with the custodian, as agent of the depositary, under the deposit agreement among ourselves, the depositary, and all ADR holders, and all beneficial owners of an interest in the ADSs evidenced by ADRs from time to time. Each ADS represents any securities, cash or other property deposited with the depositary but which they have not distributed directly to the holders. Unless certificated ADRs are specifically requested by the holder all ADSs are issued on the books of our depositary in book-entry form and periodic statements will be mailed to the holder which reflect the holder’s ownership interest in such ADSs. In our description, references to American depositary receipts or ADRs shall include the statements holders will receive which reflect their ownership of ADSs.

The holders may hold ADSs either directly or indirectly through their broker or other financial institution. If a holder holds ADSs directly, by having an ADS registered in their name on the books of the depositary, they are an ADR holder. This description assumes they are an ADR holder and hold their ADSs directly. If holders have a beneficial ownership interest in ADSs but hold the ADSs through their broker or financial institution nominee, they are a beneficial owner of ADSs and must rely on the procedures of such broker or financial institution to assert the rights of an ADR holder described in this section. Holders should consult with their broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are. If a holder is a beneficial owner, they will only be able to exercise any right or receive any benefit under the deposit agreement solely through the ADR holder which holds the ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs owned by the holder, and the arrangements between the holder and such ADR holder may affect their ability to exercise any rights they may have. For all purposes under the deposit agreement, an ADR holder is deemed to have all requisite authority to act on behalf of any and all beneficial owners of the ADSs evidenced by the ADR(s) registered in such ADR holders name. The depositary’s only notification obligations under the deposit agreement shall be to the ADR holders, and notice to an ADR holder shall be deemed, for all purposes of the deposit agreement, to constitute notice to any and all beneficial owners of the ADSs evidenced by such ADR holder’s ADRs.

ADR holders or beneficial owners will not be treated as shareholders of ours and they will not have any shareholder rights. English law governs shareholder rights. Because the depositary or its nominee will be the shareholder of record for the shares represented by all outstanding ADSs, shareholder rights rest with such record holder. Holders’ rights are those of an ADR holder or of a beneficial owner. Such rights derive from the terms of the deposit agreement to be entered into among the depositary and all registered holders and beneficial owners from time to time of ADSs issued under the deposit agreement and, in the case of a beneficial owner, from the arrangements between the beneficial owner and the holder of the corresponding ADRs.

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Our obligations and the obligations of the depositary and its agents are also set out in the deposit agreement. Because the depositary or its nominee will actually be the registered owner of the shares, holders must rely on it to exercise the rights of a shareholder on their behalf. The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs are governed by New York law. Under the deposit agreement, an ADR holder or a beneficial owner of ADSs agrees that any legal suit, action or proceeding brought by holders against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, may only be instituted in the United States District court for the Southern District of New York (or in the state courts of New York County in New York if either (i) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable).

ADS Fees and Expenses

The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADSs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, or upon which a share distribution or elective distribution is made or offered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

The following additional charges shall also be incurred by the ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADSs and/or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADSs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

●

a fee of up to $0.05 per ADS held upon which any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement or in the case of an elective cash/stock dividend, upon which a cash distribution or an issuance of additional ADSs is made as a result of such elective dividend;

●

an aggregate fee of up to $0.05 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against ADR holders as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable in the manner described in the next succeeding provision);

●

a fee for the reimbursement of such fees, charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of its agents (including, without limitation, the custodian and expenses incurred on behalf of ADR holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law, rule or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the shares or other deposited securities, the sale of securities (including, without limitation, deposited securities), the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which fees and charges shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against ADR holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such ADR holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

●

a fee for the distribution of securities (or the sale of securities in connection with a distribution), such fee being in an amount equal to the $0.05 per ADS issuance fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if they were shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those ADR holders entitled thereto;

●

stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

●

SWIFT, cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at holders’ request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares, ADRs or deposited securities;

●

transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities; and

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fees of any division, branch or affiliate of the depositary utilized by the depositary to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement.

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PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividends Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

A. – D. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders.

None.

E. Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, that being as at December 31, 2023. This evaluation was carried out by our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). Based upon that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

It should be noted that while our CEO and CFO believe that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures provide a reasonable level of assurance that they are effective, they do not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f ) and 15d-15(f ) define this as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with (a) UK-adopted international accounting standards; and (b) IFRS, including interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria, established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report is not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

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Changes In Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the period ended December 31, 2023, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f)and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16. RESERVED

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Company’s Board of Directors has determined that Maria Perrella is an audit committee financial expert. Ms. Perrella is “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, and her experience is disclosed in this Annual Report under Item 6.A “Directors and Senior Management.”

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which covers a broad range of matters including the handling of conflicts of interest, compliance issues and other corporate policies such as equal opportunity and non-discrimination standards. This Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to all of our executive officers, board members and employees. We have not granted any waiver from the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

This Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website, www.argoblockchain.com. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included in, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is PKF Littlejohn LLP, of London, England; Auditor Firm ID: 2814.

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by the categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firms for the periods indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023	2022
	£ ‘000	£ ‘000
Audit fees ⁽¹⁾	240	254
Tax Fees ⁽³⁾	—	—
All other fees ⁽⁴⁾	—	—
	240	254

(1)	Audit fees represent the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements, the review of our quarterly financial statements.

(2)	Audit related fees represent the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors not reported in (1).

(3)	Tax fees represent the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.

(4)	All other fees represent the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for services not reported in (1) to (3).

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Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Company’s Audit Committee is responsible for appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

None.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

As a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC, we are permitted to follow home country corporate governance practices instead of certain corporate governance practices required by Nasdaq applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We intend to voluntarily follow some Nasdaq corporate governance rules. However, we intend to follow UK corporate governance practices in lieu of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules as follows:

●

We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5620(c) regarding quorum requirements applicable to meetings of shareholders. Such quorum requirements are not required under English law. In accordance with generally accepted business practice, our Amended and Restated Articles of Association provide alternative quorum requirements that are generally applicable to meetings of shareholders.

●

We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires that independent directors regularly meet in executive session, where only independent directors are present. Our independent directors may choose to meet in executive session at their discretion.

●

We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5635(c), which requires shareholder approval for the establishment of or any material amendments to equity compensation or purchase plans or other equity compensation arrangements.

●

We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), which requires shareholder approval in order to enter into any transaction, other than a public offering, involving the sale, issuance or potential issuance by the Company of ordinary shares (or securities convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares) equal to 20% or more of the outstanding share capital of the Company or 20% or more of the voting power outstanding before the issuance for less than the greater of book or market value of the ordinary shares. We will follow English law with respect to any requirement to obtain shareholder approval in connection with any private placements of equity securities.

We may in the future decide to use other foreign private issuer exemptions with respect to some or all of the other Nasdaq corporate governance rules.

Although we may rely on certain home country corporate governance practices, we will be required to comply with the Notification of Noncompliance requirement (Nasdaq Rule 5625) and the Voting Rights requirement (Nasdaq Rule 5640). Further, we will be required to have an audit committee that satisfies Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(3), which addresses audit committee responsibilities and authority, and consists of committee members that meet the independence requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii).

If we cease to be a “foreign private issuer” under the Nasdaq rules and the Exchange Act, as applicable, we will take all action necessary to comply with applicable Nasdaq corporate governance rules.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

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Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Item 16J. Insider Trading Policy

Not applicable.

Item 16K. Information on Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

As an emerging growth company, we recognize the critical importance of cybersecurity in safeguarding our assets, maintaining the trust of our customers, and ensuring the integrity of our operations. We face various cybersecurity risks and threats, including but not limited to unauthorized access, data breaches, malware attacks, and phishing attempts. These risks are inherent in the use of technology and the internet for conducting business.

We have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity program designed to mitigate these risks and protect our systems and data. This program includes:

Risk Assessment: Regular assessments of cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities to identify potential threats and areas for improvement.

Security Controls: Implementation of technical controls such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and multi-factor authentication to secure our networks and data.

Employee Training: Ongoing training and awareness programs for employees to educate them about cybersecurity best practices and the importance of data protection.

Incident Response Plan: Development and maintenance of an incident response plan to quickly detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents.

Third-Party Oversight: Monitoring and evaluating the cybersecurity practices of third-party vendors and service providers with access to our systems or data.

Third-Party Consulting: Engaging external experts to enhance our cyber security program. Their insights and recommendations drive ongoing enhancements to ensure our defenses remain robust against evolving threats.

Despite our efforts, we cannot guarantee that our cybersecurity measures will prevent all incidents or breaches. Cyber threats are constantly evolving, and determined attackers may find ways to circumvent even the most robust security measures.

In the event of a significant cybersecurity incident that poses a material impact on our business, financial condition, or reputation, we will promptly disclose relevant information in accordance with our disclosure obligations. We may also notify affected individuals, regulatory authorities, and other stakeholders as required by law or industry standards.

Our commitment to cybersecurity extends to our ongoing efforts to enhance and adapt our security measures in response to emerging threats and regulatory developments. We remain vigilant in monitoring the cybersecurity landscape and implementing proactive measures to protect our stakeholders and assets.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its overall risk oversight function. The Board oversees the management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

Management updates the Board, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.

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PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

See Item 18. “Financial Statements.”.

Item 18. Financial Statements

The audited consolidated financial statements as required under Item 18 are attached hereto starting on page F-1 of this Annual Report.

Item 19. Exhibits

A list of exhibits included as part of this Annual Report is set forth in the Index to Exhibits immediately following this Item 19.

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101.CAL	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104	*	Cover page interactive data (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

# Portions of the exhibit have been or will be excluded because it is both not material and is the type of information that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

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SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.


	ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

	/s/ Thomas Chippas
	Name:	Thomas Chippas
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Dated: April 30, 2024

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Argo Blockchain plc

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying group statements of financial position of Argo Blockchain plc and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the group statements of comprehensive income, group statements of cash flows and group statements of changes in equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Going concern uncertainty

We draw attention to note 3 in the financial statements, which indicates that due to the group’s debt service obligations and the exposure to Bitcoin, power and hashprice price which have shown significant volatility over recent years, resulting in a current loss recorded for the year. In addition to this, the group needs to raise further funding during the assessment period, in order to meet liabilities as they fall due for the foreseeable future. As stated in note 3, these events or conditions, along with the other matters as set forth in note 3, raise substantial doubt about the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the director’s use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate. Our evaluation of the directors’ assessment of the group’s and parent company’s ability to continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting included a review of management’s cash flow forecasts to June 2025, along with an assessment of the “downside case” forecast as well as its likelihood. The audit team performed sensitivity analysis on the hashprice applied throughout the assessment period and the refinancing of the debt position. We have reviewed all key inputs into the cash flow forecasts, with particular emphasis on those areas of judgement and estimation uncertainty such as the hashprice, power costs, loan repayments and hashpower, and ensured they are appropriate and no evidence of management bias exists.

Basis for opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Group is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial

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statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters do not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, in addition to the going concern uncertainty, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Critical Audit Matter

How our scope addressed this matter

Carrying value of mining machines (Note 19)

The group holds a significant value of mining machines at the year end totaling $51,158k (2022: $65,358k), which is made up of newly acquired machines in the year as well as those in place from prior periods.

The machine prices fluctuate based on their hashpower rating and the price of bitcoin.

Although the bitcoin price has recovered during the current year, there are numerous factors which indicate a potential impairment under IAS 36. These factors include, but are not limited to: bitcoin halving, power costs, curtailments and machine uptime.

Where an impairment indicator exists, management are required to prepare an assessment of the recoverable amount of said machines, being the higher of their fair value less costs to sell and the value in use.

The key assumptions and inputs underlying the Value in Use (‘VIU’) calculations, including the cash flow forecasts and discount rates, require significant judgement and estimation by management and therefore this has been assessed as a key audit matter.

In responding to the identified key audit matter we completed the following audit procedures:

●Reviewing management’s VIU calculations and challenging the key assumptions made, including obtaining both corroborative and contradictory evidence of the key inputs;

●Evaluating the allocation of relevant costs relating to mining machines and ensuring completeness and reasonableness of the key inputs;

●Ensuring mathematical accuracy of the VIU calculations;

●Obtaining evidence of current selling prices of new and used machines in order to assess the recoverable value if the machines were to be sold to a third party and to also assess the validity of the salvage value as part of the VIU calculation;

●Performing sensitivity analysis on the key inputs in the VIU calculations prepared, and assessing the accuracy of previous forecasts to actual results;

●Engaging our internal valuation specialists to perform a Weighted Average Capital Cost calculation to compare against the discount rate applied by management in their assessment;

●Performing physical verification checks of the mining machinery to assess for any indicators of impairment;

●Reviewing management’s assessment of the useful life of mining machinery and ensuring this is appropriate; and

●Reviewing the disclosures in the financial statements and ensuring they provide a true and fair view of management’s assessment performed.

Key observations:

We are satisfied that management’s impairment assessment and key assumptions applied in the VIU calculation are reasonable.

/s/ PKF Littlejohn LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

London, England

Date: 30/04/2024

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


		Year ended	Year ended	Year ended
		December	December	December
		2023	2022	2021
			(Restated,
			Note 2)
Continuing operations	Note	$’000	$’000	$’000

Revenues	7	50,558	58,583	98,748

Power and hosting costs	7	(35,964)	(26,759)	(15,185)
Power Credits	7	7,163	—	—
Change in fair value of digital currencies	18, 21	738	(53,978)	2,167
Depreciation – mining hardware	19	(18,656)	(20,469)	(14,339)
Gross profit (loss)		3,839	(42,623)	71,391
Operating costs	8	(19,345)	(34,057)	(11,743)
Gain on hedging		—	2,097	—
Share based payment charge	22	(3,892)	(6,096)	(2,579)
Operating loss		(19,398)	(80,679)	57,069
Gain/(loss) on sale of investments		36	—	(837)
Loss on sale of subsidiary	14	—	(55,418)	—
Write off of investment	17	(2,236)	—	—
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		—	(23,228)	244
Investment fair value movement	16	—	(406)	—
Finance costs	8	(11,556)	(22,661)	(2,935)
Other income		346	3,726	—
Impairment of tangible fixed assets	19	(855)	(55,838)	—
Gain on disposal of intangible assets	18	428	—	—
Impairment of intangible assets	18	(1,082)	(5,155)	—
Equity accounted loss from associate	17	(716)	(6,027)	(1,594)
Revaluation of contingent consideration		—	4,994	314
Loss before taxation		(35,033)	(240,692)	52,261
Tax credit (expense)	13	—	11,731	(11,319)
Loss after taxation		(35,033)	(228,961)	40,942
Other comprehensive income

Currency translation reserve		(779)	(20,639)	(8,834)
Equity accounted OCI from associate	17	—	(8,744)	8,744
Fair value reserve		—	(551)	551
Total other comprehensive loss		(779)	(29,934)	461

Total comprehensive loss attributable to the equity holders of the Company		(35,812)	(258,895)	41,403
Loss per share attributable to equity owners (cents)
Basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share	12	(0.07)	(0.48)	0.10

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

GROUP STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION


		As at	As at	As at
		31 December	31 December	1 January
		2023	2022	2022
			(Restated,
			Note 2)
	Note	$’000	$’000	$’000

ASSETS
Non-current assets
Investments at fair value through income or loss	16	400	414	543
Investments accounted for using the equity method	17	—	2,863	18,642
Intangible fixed assets	18	888	2,103	7,560
Property, plant and equipment	19	59,728	76,991	150,571
Right of use assets	19	—	525	472
Total non-current assets		61,016	82,896	177,788
Current assets
Trade and other receivables	20	2,480	823	10,072
Prepaids	20	1,355	5,979	75,409
Digital assets	21	385	443	108,956
Cash and cash equivalents	27	7,443	20,092	15,923
		11,663	27,337	210,360
Assets Held for sale	15	3,261	—	—
Total current assets		14,924	27,337	210,360
Total assets		75,940	110,233	388,148
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Common Stock	23	712	634	622
Additional paid-in capital	23	209,779	202,103	196,911
Share based payment reserve	24	12,166	8,528	2,531
Currency translation reserve	24	(30,129)	(29,350)	(8,711)
Fair value reserve		—	—	551
Other comprehensive income of equity accounted associates		—	—	8,744
Accumulated surplus (loss)	24	(192,370)	(157,337)	71,624
Total equity		158	24,578	272,272
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	25	11,175	9,780	20,566
Income Tax		—	—	10,360
Deferred Tax	13	—	—	386
Contingent consideration		—	—	10,889
Loans and Borrowings	26	14,320	11,605	31,558
Lease liability	26	—	5	10
		25,495	21,390	73,769
Liabilities held for sale	15	2,090	—	—
Total current liabilities		27,585	21,390	73,769
Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax	13	—	—	730
Issued debt - bond	4	38,170	37,809	36,303
Loans	26	10,027	25,916	4,575
Lease liability	26	—	540	499
Total liabilities		75,782	85,655	115,876

Total equity and liabilities		75,940	110,233	388,148

The Group financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 24 April 2024 and authorised for issue; they are signed on its behalf by:

Thomas Chippas Chief Executive Officer

The accounting policies and notes form part of the financial statements. Registered number: 11097258

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

GROUP STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY


				Share
		Additional	Currency	based	Accumulated
	Common	paid in	translation	payment	surplus/
	Stock	Capital	reserve	reserve	(deficit)	Total
	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Balance at 1 January 2023	634	202,103	(29,350)	8,528	(157,337)	24,578
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period	—	—	—	—	(35,033)	(35,033)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	(779)	—	—	(779)
Total comprehensive loss for the period	—	—	(779)	—	(35,033)	(35,812)
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock Issued	78	7,676	—	—	—	7,754
Share based compensation charge	—	—	—	3,892	—	3,892
Share RSUs vested	—	—	—	(254)	—	(254)
Total transactions with equity owners	78	7,676	—	3,638	—	11,392

Balance at 31 December 2023	712	209,779	(30,129)	12,166	(192,370)	158


				Share		Other
		Additional	Currency	based	Fair	comprehensive	Accumulated
	Common	paid in	translation	payment	Revaluation	income of	surplus/
	Stock	Capital	reserve	reserve	Reserve	associates	(deficit)	Total
	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Balance at 1 January 2022	622	196,911	(8,711)	2,531	551	8,744	71,624	272,272
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period	—	—	—	—		—	(228,961)	(228,961)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	(20,639)	—	(551)	(8,744)	—	(29,934)
Total comprehensive loss for the period	—	—	(20,639)	—	(551)	(8,744)	(228,961)	(258,895)
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock Issued	12	5,192	—	—	—	—	—	5,204
Share based compensation charge	—	—	—	6,096	—	—	—	6,096
Common stock options/warrants exercised	—	—	—	(99)	—	—	—	(99)
Total transactions with equity owners	12	5,192	—	5,997	—	—	—	11,201

Balance at 31 December 2022	634	202,103	(29,350)	8,528	—	—	(157,337)	24,578


				Share		Other
		Additional	Currency	based	Fair	comprehensive	Accumulated
	Common	paid in	translation	payment	Revaluation	income of	surplus/
	Stock	Capital	reserve	reserve	Reserve	associates	(deficit)	Total
	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Balance at 1 January 2021	403	1,724	123	97	—	—	30,682	33,029
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period	—	—	—	—	—	—	40,942	40,942
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	(8,834)	—	551	8,744	—	461
Total comprehensive loss for the period	—	—	(8,834)	—	551	8,744	40,942	41,403
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock issued	219	195,187	—	—	—	—	—	195,406
Share based compensation charge	—	—	—	2,579	—	—	—	2,579
Common stock options/warrants exercised	—	—	—	(145)	—	—	—	(145)
Total transactions with equity owners	219	195,187	—	2,434	—	—	—	197,840
Balance at 31 December 2021	622	196,911	(8,711)	2,531	551	8,744	71,624	272,272

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS


		Year ended	Year ended	Year ended
		December	December	December
			(Restated,
			Note 2)
		2023	2022	2021
	Note	$’000	$’000	$’000
Cash flows from operating activities
Loss before tax		(35,033)	(240,692)	52,261
Adjustments for:
Depreciation and amortisation	18,19	20,129	29,003	15,318
Foreign exchange movements		(1,597)	(21,337)	784
Loss on disposal of tangible assets		—	23,228
Finance cost	8	11,556	22,662	2,851
Loss on sale of subsidiary and investment		—	55,418	837
Fair value change in digital assets through profit or loss	21	(738)	55,555	(2,166)
Revenue from digital assets	21	(50,558)	(60,172)	(106,902)
Impairment of intangible digital assets	18	654	5,548	712
Impairment of property, plant and equipment	19	855	55,838
Investment fair value movement	17	—	406	(244)
Write off of investment	17	2,236	—
Share of loss from associate		716	6,027	1,594
Non-cash settlement of management fees		—	—	(2,077)
Gain on sale of investment		(36)	—
Revaluation of contingent consideration		—	(4,994)	(314)
Derecognition of contingent consideration		—	—	(468)
Hedging gain		—	(2,097)
Purchase of digital assets		—	—	(19,973)
Proceeds from sale of digital assets	21	51,866	114,646	15,048
Stock based compensation expense	10	3,892	6,096	2,579
Working capital changes:
(Increase)/decrease in trade and other receivables	20	(1,152)	(26,150)	(18,136)
Increase/(decrease) in trade and other payables	25	1,041	(5,576)	16,352
Net cash generated from operating activities		3,831	13,409	(41,944)
Investing activities
Investments at fair value through profit or loss		—	—	(293)
Investment in associate		—	—	(9,785)
Acquisition of subsidiary, net of cash acquired		—	—	(884)
Mining equipment prepayment		—	—	(63,113)
Cash transferred on disposal of subsidiary		—	(1,678)
Proceeds from sale of investment	16	50	—	1,027
Purchase of tangible fixed assets	19	(1,112)	(108,047)	(105,093)
Proceeds from disposal of tangible fixed assets		—	12,404
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,062)	(97,321)	(178,141)
Financing activities
Increase in loans	26	1,429	96,995	29,595
Lease payments	27		(93)	(9,820)
Loan repayments	26	(14,064)	—	(1,592)
Interest paid		(10,661)	(22,661)	(162)
Proceeds from issue of loan in conjunction with the disposal of subsidiary		—	9,936
Proceeds from debt issue		—	—	35,808
Proceeds from common stock issued – net of issue costs	24	7,518	—	179,233
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities		(15,778)	84,177	233,062
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(13,009)	265	12,977
Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents		360	3,904	161
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		20,092	15,923	2,785
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		7,443	20,092	15,923

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Material non-cash movements:

●

The Group sold its Helios facility in December 2022, in exchange for paying down existing debt and obtaining new debt. See Note 20 for additional details.

●

In March 2022, the Group entered into an agreement to exchange mining machines and terminate a hosting agreement. See Note 20 for additional details.

●

During the period, the Group utilised “Prepayments for mining machines” amounting to $4,118,000 included within receivables in order to acquire mining machines within property plant and equipment additions


		Year ended	Year ended
		31 December	31 December
		2023	2022
Group - net debt reconciliation		$’000	$’000
Current loans and borrowings	27	(14,320)	(11,605)
Non-current issued debt – bonds	27	(38,170)	(37,809)
Non-current loans and borrowings	27	(10,027)	(25,916)
Lease liability		—	(545)
Cash and cash equivalents		7,443	20,092
Total net debt		(55,074)	(55,783)

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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.COMPANY INFORMATION

Argo Blockchain PLC (“the company”) is a public company, limited by shares, and incorporated in England and Wales. The registered office is Eastcastle House, 27-28 Eastcastle Street, London, W1W 8DH. The company was incorporated on 5 December 2017 as GoSun Blockchain Limited and changed its name to Argo Blockchain Limited on 21 December 2017. Also on 21 December 2017, the company re-registered as a public company, Argo Blockchain plc. Argo Blockchain plc acquired a 100% subsidiary, Argo Innovation Labs Inc. (together “the Group”), incorporated in Canada, on 12 January 2018.

On 4 March 2022 the Group acquired 100% of the share capital of DPN LLC and was merged into new US entity Argo Innovation Facilities (US) Inc (also 100% owned by Argo Blockchain plc).

On 11 May 2022 the Group acquired 100% of the share capital of 9377-2556 Quebec Inc and 9366-5230 Quebec Inc. These are held by Argo Innovation Labs Inc. (Canada).

On 22 November 2022, the Group formed Argo Operating US LLC and Argo Holdings US Inc.

On 21 December 2022, Argo Innovation Facilities (US) Inc became Galaxy Power LLC. On 28 December 2022, the Group sold Galaxy Power LLC.

The principal activity of the group is that of Bitcoin mining.

The common shares of the Group are listed under the trading symbol ARB on the London Stock Exchange. The American Depositary Receipt of the Group are listed under the trading symbol ARBK on Nasdaq. The Group bond is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol ARBKL.

The financial statements cover the year ended 31 December 2023.

2.BASIS OF PREPARATION

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with international financial reporting standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”). The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, except for the measurement to fair value certain financial and digital assets and financial instruments as described in the accounting policies below.

During 2023, the Group changed its reporting currency to US dollars as further described in Note 3. Monetary amounts in these financial statements are rounded to the nearest thousand US dollars. Argo Blockchain PLC’s functional currency is GBP. Argo Innovations Labs Inc., 9377-2556 Quebec Inc, and 9366-5230 Quebec Inc.’s functional currency is Canadian Dollars; Argo Operating US LLC and Argo Holdings US Inc.’s functional currency is United States Dollars; all entries from these entities are presented in the Group’s presentational currency of US dollars. This change in accounting policy applied retrospectively requires a third balance sheet as at the beginning of the preceding comparative period to be reported Where the subsidiary's functional currency is different from the parent, the assets and liabilities presented are translated at the closing rate as at the Statement of Financial Position date. Income and expenses are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions).

Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expense. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The significant judgements made by management in applying the Group’s accounting policies and the key sources of estimation uncertainty are disclosed in Note 6.

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Prior year restatement

The 2022 income tax accounting was completed based on preliminary information at the time of the financial statement completion. When updating the income taxes for 2023 it was determined that the 2022 estimates were inaccurate and have been restated.

The impact on the 2022 financial statements are as follows:

Income tax recovery increased by $11,285,000 from $446,000 to $11,731,000.

Cumulative translation adjustment increased by $455,000 from $20,184,000 to $20,639,000

Net loss decreased by $11,285,000 from a loss of $240,246,000 to a loss of $228,961,000.

Deferred tax liability decreased by $10,589,000 from $10,589,000 to $nil.

Statement of Cashflows reclassification

Proceeds from the sale of digital assets were reclassified from investing cashflows to operating cashflows in the 2022 Statements of Cashflows, amongst other presentational changes in 2022 in order to ensure comparability with the presentation and classification in the current year.

3.ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are below.

Change in Presentation Currency

The Group changed its presentational currency to US Dollars during 2023 due to the fact its revenues, direct costs, capital expenditures and debt obligations are predominantly denominated in US Dollars. In order to satisfy the requirements of IAS 21 with respect to a change in the presentation currency, the financial information as previously reported in the Group’s Annual Reports have been restated from GBP into US Dollars using the procedures outlined below:

●

Assets and liabilities were translated to US Dollars at the closing rates of exchange at each respective balance sheet date

●

Share capital, share premium and other reserves were translated at the historic rates prevailing at the dates of transactions

●

Income and expenses were translated to US Dollars at an average rate at each of the respective reporting years

●

Differences resulting from the retranslation were taken to reserves

●

All exchange rates used were extracted from the Group’s underlying financial records

Going Concern

The preparation of consolidated ﬁnancial statements requires an assessment on the validity of the going concern assumption.

On 28 December 2022, the Group announced a series of transactions with Galaxy Digital Holdings, Ltd. (“Galaxy”) that improved the Group’s liquidity position and enabled the Group to continue its mining operations. As part of the transactions, Argo sold the Helios facility and real property in Dickens County, Texas to Galaxy for $65 million and refinanced existing asset-backed loans via a new $35 million, three-year asset-backed loan with Galaxy. The transactions reduced total indebtedness by $41 million and allowed Argo to simplify its operating structure. During 2023 and through March 31, 2024, the Group has repaid a significant portion of the Galaxy debt by making its scheduled amortization payments, sweeps on equity raises, and through the sale of non-core assets. In addition, an equity raise completed in January 2024 provided the Group with additional cash resources. This has strengthened the Group’s balance sheet and liquidity position. However,

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material uncertainties exist that may cast significant doubt regarding the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and meet its liabilities as they come due. The significant uncertainties are:

The Group’s debt service obligations as of reporting date are approximately $18 million (Galaxy principal and interest on Galaxy and the bonds) from 31 March 2024 to 30 June 2025.

The Group’s exposure to Bitcoin prices, power prices, and hashprice, each of which have shown volatility over recent years and have a significant impact on the Group’s future profitability. The Group may have difficulty meeting its liabilities if there are significant declines to the hashprice assumption or significant increases to the power price, particularly where there is a combination of both factors. The recent April 2024 Bitcoin halving has created pressure on the hashprice. The Directors’ assessment of going concern includes forecasted scenarios drawn up to 30 June 2025 using the Group’s estimate of potential hashprices and power costs.

Offsetting these potential risks to the Group’s cash flow are the Group’s current cash balance, cash generated from operations and the Group’s ability to generate additional funds by issuing equity for cash proceeds.

Based on information from Management, as well as independent advisors, the Directors have considered the period to 30 June 2025, as a reasonable time period given the variable outlook of cryptocurrencies and the Bitcoin halving in April 2024. Based on the above considerations, the Board believes it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis in the preparation of the Financial Statements. However, the Board notes that the significant debt service requirements and the volatile economic environment, indicate the existence of material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt regarding the applicability of the going concern assumption and the auditors have made reference to this in their audit report.

Revenue and Other Income Recognition

Mining Revenue

The provision of hash calculation services is an output of our ordinary activities from the Company’s mining equipment. The Company has entered into arrangements with a Mining pool and has undertaken the performance obligation of providing computing power used for hashing calculations to the Mining pool in exchange for noncash consideration in the form of cryptocurrency, which is variable consideration. Providing our computing power is at the Company’s discretion and our enforceable right to compensation begins when, and continues for as long as, services are provided. The cryptocurrency earnings are calculated based on a formula which, in turn, is based on the hashrate contributed by the Company's provided computing power used for hashing calculations allocated to the Mining pool, assessed over a 24-hour period, and distributed daily based on the Full Pay Per Share (“FPPS”) methodology. The Company assesses the estimated amount of the variable non-cash consideration to which it expects to be entitled for providing computational power used for hashing calculations at contract inception and subsequently measures if it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. The uncertainties regarding the daily variable consideration to which the Company is entitled for providing its computational power used for hashing calculations are no longer constrained at 23:59:59 UTC regardless of the timing of the BTC received. The amount earned is calculated based on the Company's computing power used for hashing calculations provided to the Mining pool and the estimated (i) block subsidies and (ii) daily average transaction fees which the Mining Pool expects to earn, less (iii) a Mining pool discount.

Block subsidies refers to the block reward that are expected to be generated on the BTC network as a whole. The fee earned by the Company is first calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of hashrate the Company provides to the Mining pool operator, by (b) the total BTC network’s implied hashrate (as determined by the BTC network difficulty), multiplied by (c) the total amount of block subsidies that are expected to be generated on the BTC network as a whole.

Transaction fees refer to the total fees paid by users of the network to execute transactions. The fee paid out by the Mining pool operator to the Company is further calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of transaction fees that are actually generated on the BTC network as a whole less the 3 largest and 3 smallest transactions per block, by (b) the total amount of block subsidies that are actually generated on the BTC network as a whole, multiplied by (c)

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the Company’s fee earned as calculated in (i) above. The Company is entitled to its relative share of consideration even if a block is not successfully added to the blockchain by the mining pool.

Mining pool discount refers to the discount applied to the total FPPS payout otherwise attributed to computing power service providers for their sale of computing power used for hashing calculations as defined in the rate schedule of the agreement with the Mining pool operator.

The Company is entitled to the fee from the Mining Pool as calculated above regardless of the actual performance of the Mining Pool operator. Therefore, even if the Mining Pool does not successfully add any block to the blockchain in a given contract period, the fee remains payable by the Mining Pool to the Company. Accordingly, the Company is not sharing in the earnings of the Mining pool operator.

The Company’s agreements with the Mining pool operator provide the Mining pool operator and the Company with the enforceable right to terminate the contract at any time without substantively compensating the other party for the termination. Upon termination, the Mining pool operator is required to pay the Company the amount due related to previously satisfied performance obligations. As a result, the Company has determined that the duration of the contract is less than 24 hours and the contract is continuously renewed throughout the day. The Company has also determined that the Mining pool operator’s renewal right is not a material right as the terms, conditions, and compensation amounts are at then-current market rates.

The cryptocurrency earned is received in full and can be paid in fractions of cryptocurrency. Revenues from providing cryptocurrency computational power used for hashing calculations are recognized upon delivery of the service over a 24-hour period, which generally coincides with the receipt of crypto assets in exchange for the provision of computational power used for hashing calculations and the contract inception date. The Company updates the estimated transaction price of the non-cash consideration received at its fair market value. Management estimates fair value daily based on the quantity of cryptocurrency received multiplied by the price quoted from Coingecko on the day it was received. Management considers the prices quoted on Coingecko to be a level 1 input under IFRS 13, Fair Value Measurement.

Power Credits - Power credits are credits we receive in Texas when we curtail our mining production and sell the power back to the grid. The hosting agreement with Galaxy allows Argo to share in the proceeds from these curtailments, which occurs when the Helios facility monetizes its fixed-price PPA during periods of high power prices. The Company records power credits in the period they are earned provided they are estimable and recoverable.

Management fees: In 2022, the Group recognised management fees on the services provided to third parties for management of mining machines on their behalf, ensuring the machines are optimised and mining as efficiently as possible. The performance obligation is identified as the services are performed, and thus revenue is recorded over time.

Other Income: The Group receives credits and or coupons for the purchase and use of “Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (“ASICs”) on a periodic basis for Bitcoin Mining. These credits are provided to the Group after it purchases ASICs based on the variance between the price paid by the Group versus the reduction in ASIC prices. The credits are transferable. The Group elects to sell the credits at the market rate to willing buyers upon receipt of the credits. Other income is recognised at the date the sale is completed.

Derivative Contracts – Hedging: In 2022, the Group used derivatives contracts in connection with some of its lending activities and its treasury management. Derivative contracts are susceptible to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of the investment. The Group’s derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are subject to interest rate risk, credit risk, foreign exchange risk, and macroeconomic risks. In addition, Argo is also subject to additional counterparty risks due to the potential inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. There were no hedging contracts in 2023.

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Basis of consolidation

Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The Group assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Group gains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

The group consists of Argo Blockchain plc and its wholly owned subsidiaries Argo Innovation Labs Inc, Argo Operating US LLC and Argo Holdings US Inc., 9366-5230 and 9377-2556 and Argo Innovation Labs Ltd. Argo Innovation Labs Ltd has been dormant since incorporation.

In the parent company financial statements, investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are accounted for at cost less impairment.

The consolidated financial statements incorporate those of Argo Blockchain plc and all of its subsidiaries (i.e., entities that the group controls through its power to govern the financial and operating policies so as to obtain economic benefits). Subsidiaries acquired during the year are consolidated using the purchase method. Their results are incorporated from the date that control passes.

All intra-group transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated on consolidation.

Business Combinations

The group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquisition and the equity interests issued by the group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis, either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the recognised amounts of acquiree’s identifiable net assets.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

Associates

Associates are all entities over which the Group has significant influence but not control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recognised at cost, and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognise the investor’s share of the profit or loss of the investee after the date of acquisition. The Group’s investment in associates includes goodwill identified on acquisition.

If the ownership interest in an associate is reduced but significant influence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate.

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The Group’s share of post-acquisition profit or loss is recognised in the income statement, and its share of post-acquisition movements in other comprehensive income is recognised in other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the investment. When the Group’s share of losses in an associate equal or exceeds its interest in the associate, including any other unsecured receivables, the Group does not recognise further losses, unless it has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate.

The Group determines at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that the investment in the associate is impaired. If this is the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and its carrying value and recognises the amount adjacent to ‘share of profit/(loss) of associates in the income statement.

Segmented reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing the performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the CEO or equivalent. The directors consider that the Group has only one significant reporting segment being crypto mining which is fully earned by a Canadian and USA subsidiary for the financial year ended 31 December 2023.

Loans and issued debt

Loans and issued debt are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Loans and issued debt are subsequently carried at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds and the redemption value is recognised in the income statement over the period of the borrowings, using the effective interest method. Loans and issued debt are removed from the statement of financial position when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. Loans and borrowings and issued debt are classified as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of a liability for at least 12 months after the end of the reporting period.

Intangible assets

Intangible fixed assets comprise of the Group’s website and digital assets that were not mined by the Group and are held by Argo Labs (our internal team) as investments. The Group’s website is recognised at cost and is amortised over its useful life. Amortisation is recorded within administration expenses. Digital assets recorded under IAS 38 have an indefinite useful life initially measured at cost, and subsequently measured at fair value.

Argo’s primary business is focused on cryptocurrency mining. Argo Labs is an in-house innovation arm focused on identifying opportunities within the disruptive and innovative sectors of the broader cryptocurrency ecosystem. Argo Labs uses a portion of Argo’s crypto assets to deploy into various blockchain projects.

Increases in the carrying amount arising on revaluation of digital assets are credited to other comprehensive income and shown as other reserves in shareholders’ equity. Decreases that offset previous increases of the same asset are charged in other comprehensive income and debited against the fair value reserve directly in equity; all other decreases are charged to the income statement.

The fair value of intangible cryptocurrencies on hand at the end of the reporting period is calculated as the quantity of cryptocurrencies on hand multiplied by price quoted on www.coingecko.com, one of the leading crypto websites, as at the reporting date.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost (being the excess of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held of the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the difference is recognised in profit or loss.

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Tangible fixed assets

Tangible fixed assets are comprised of right of use assets, office equipment, mining and computer equipment, data centres, leasehold improvements, and electrical equipment.

Right of use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of the right of use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right of use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Office equipment assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Office equipment is depreciated over 3 years on a straight-line basis.

Mining and computer equipment and leasehold improvements: Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their estimated useful lives. It is 3 to 4 years in the case of mining and computer equipment and 5 years in the case of the leasehold improvements, on a straight-line basis.

Data centres: Depreciation on the data centres is recognised so as to write off the cost or valuation of assets less their residual values over their estimated useful lives of 25 years on a straight-line basis from when they are brought into use. Depreciation is recorded in the Income Statement within general administrative expenses once the asset is brought into use. Any land component is not depreciated.

Electrical equipment: Depreciation is recognised on a straight-line basis to write off the cost less their residual values over their estimated useful lives of 7 years.

Management assesses the useful lives based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events which may impact their useful life.

Assets Held for Resale

An asset is classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through sale rather than through continuing use, which is when the sale is highly probable, and it is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets. Assets classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount upon classification and the fair value less costs to sell. Assets classified as held for sale and the associated liabilities are presented separately from other assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Once assets are classified as held for sale, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are no longer subject to depreciation or amortisation.

Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting period end date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group and Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

Digital assets

Digital assets consist of mined bitcoin, and do not qualify for recognition as cash and cash equivalents or financial assets and have an active market which provides pricing information on an ongoing basis.

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The Group has assessed that the most appropriate accounting for its digital assets is IAS 2, Inventories, in characterising its holding of Digital assets as inventory. If assets held by the Group are principally acquired for the purpose of selling in the near future and generating a profit from fluctuations in price, such assets are accounted for as inventory, and changes in fair value (less costs to sell) are recognised in profit or loss. Digital assets are initially measured at fair value. Subsequently, digital assets are measured at fair value with gains and losses recognised directly in profit or loss.

Digital assets are included in current assets as management intends to dispose of them within 12 months of the end of the reporting period. Digital assets are cryptocurrencies mined by the Group. Cryptocurrencies not mined by the Group are recorded as Intangible Assets (see note 18).

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash held at banks with high credit ratings. The Group considers the credit risk on cash and cash equivalents to be limited because the counterparties are banks with high credit ratings assigned by international credit rating agencies.

Financial instruments

Financial assets: Financial assets are recognised in the Statement of Financial Position when the Group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets are classified into specified categories. The classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of recognition. Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through OCI, or fair value through profit and loss.

The classification of financial assets at initial recognition that are debt instruments depends on the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the Group’s business model for managing them. The Group initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs.

In order for a financial asset to be classified and measured at amortised cost, it needs to give rise to cash flows that are ‘solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI)’ on the principal amount outstanding. This assessment is referred to as the SPPI test and is performed at an instrument level.

The Group’s business model for managing financial assets refers to how it manages its financial assets in order to generate cash flows. The business model determines whether cash flows will result from collecting contractual cash flows, selling the financial assets, or both.

Subsequent measurement: For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

●

Financial assets at amortised cost

●

Financial assets at fair value through OCI with recycling of cumulative gains and losses (debt instruments)

●

Financial assets designated at fair value through OCI with no recycling of cumulative gains and losses upon derecognition (equity instruments)

●

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Equity Instruments: The Group subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognised in profit or loss as other income when the Group’s right to receive payments is established. Changes in the fair value of financial assets at FVPL are recognised in other gains/(losses) in the statement of profit or loss as applicable.

Financial assets at amortised cost (debt instruments): This category is the most relevant to the Group. The Group measures financial assets at amortised cost if both of the following conditions are met:

●

The financial asset is held within a business model with the objective to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

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●

The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Financial assets at amortised cost are subsequently measured using the effective interest rate (EIR) method and are subject to impairment. Interest received is recognised as part of finance income in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised, modified or impaired. The Group’s financial assets at amortised cost include other receivables and cash and cash equivalents.

Derecognition: A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e., removed from the Group’s consolidated Balance sheet) when:

●

The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or

●

The Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (a) the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Group has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset

When the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if, and to what extent, it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the Group continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of its continuing involvement. In that case, the Group also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Group has retained.

Impairment of financial assets: The Group recognises an allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) for all debt instruments not held at fair value through profit or loss. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original EIR. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

The Group considers a financial asset in default when contractual payments are 90 days past due. However, in certain cases, the Group may also consider a financial asset to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Group is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Group. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the contractual cash flows and usually occurs when past due for more than one year and not subject to enforcement activity.

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost are credit impaired. A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. The Company has an Intercompany loan due from its 100% Canadian subsidiary for which there is no formal agreement including payment date and therefore it cannot be considered to be in breach of an agreement and accordingly the loan is not subject to adjustments and is maintained at its book value in the financial statements.

Financial liabilities: Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Group’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables and loans.

Subsequent measurement: The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Loans and trade and other payables: After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings and trade and other payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income when the liabilities are derecognised, as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

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Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. This category generally applies to trade and other payables.

Derecognition: A financial liability is derecognised when the associated obligation is discharged or cancelled or expires.

When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in profit or loss or other comprehensive income.

Equity instruments: Equity instruments issued by the group are recorded at the proceeds received, net of transaction costs. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Leases

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group uses the definition of a lease in IFRS 16.

The Group recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Group by the end of the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Group will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

The Group determines its incremental borrowing rate by obtaining interest rates from various external financing sources and makes certain adjustments to reflect the terms of the lease and type of the asset leased. The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments.

When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

Taxation

The tax expense or recovery represents the sum of tax currently payable or receivable and deferred tax.

Current tax: The tax currently payable or receivable is based on taxable profit or loss for the year. Taxable profit or loss differs from net profit or loss as reported in the income statement because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The group’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting end date.

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Deferred tax: Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit and is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Deferred income tax assets are recognised on deductible temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint arrangements only to the extent that it is probable the temporary difference will reverse in the future and there is sufficient taxable profit available against which the temporary difference can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled, or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or credited to the income statement, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.

Employee benefits

The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense.

Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.

The group does not have any pension schemes.

Share-based payments

Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments granted using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value determined at the grant date is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the estimate of shares that will eventually vest. A corresponding adjustment is made to equity.

Cancellations or settlements are treated as an acceleration of vesting and the amount that would have been recognised over the remaining vesting period is recognised immediately.

RSUs (Restricted Stock Units)

Where RSUs are granted to employees, the fair value of the RSUs at grant date is based upon the market price of the shares underlying the awards and is charged to the Statement of Comprehensive Income over the vesting period. The expense charged is adjusted based on actual forfeitures.

Foreign exchange

Transactions in currencies other than US dollars are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each reporting end date, monetary assets and liabilities that are determined in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the reporting end date - Gains and losses arising on translation are included in the income statement for the period. At each reporting end date, non-monetary assets and liabilities that are determined in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the opening balance sheet date. Gains and losses arising on translation of subsidiary undertakings are included in other comprehensive income and contained within the foreign currency translation reserve.

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Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing:

●

the profit attributable to owners of the company, excluding any costs of servicing equity other than ordinary shares;

●

by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the financial year, adjusted for bonus elements in ordinary shares issued during the year and excluding treasury shares.

●

Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:

●

the after-income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential ordinary shares; and

●

the weighted average number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding, assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

4.FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS

The Group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s overall risk management programme seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on the Group’s financial performance. Risk management is undertaken by the Board of Directors.

Market Risk

The Group is dependent on the state of the cryptocurrency market, sentiments of crypto assets as a whole, as well as general economic conditions and their effect on exchange rates, interest rates and inflation rates. During the year the Group sold its digital assets held at 31 December 2022 at a loss. The Group now sells its Bitcoin production as it is mined to reduce the impact of Bitcoin prices.

The Group is also subject to market fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The subsidiary (Argo Innovation Labs Inc.) is based in Canada, and transacts in CAD$, USD$ and GBP. 9377-2556 Quebec Inc. and 9366-5230 Quebec Inc. are based in Canada and transact in CAD. Argo Innovations Facilities (US) Inc., Argo Holdings US Inc. and Argo Operating US LLC are located in the United States of America and transacts in USD. The Group bond is denominated in USD. Cryptocurrency is primarily convertible into fiat through USD currency pairs and through USD denominated stable coins and is the primary method for the Group for conversion into cash. The Group maintains bank accounts in all applicable currency denominations.

Foreign currency sensitivity

The following tables demonstrate the sensitivity to a reasonable possible change in GBP and CAD exchange rates, with all other variables held constant. The impact on the Group’s profit before tax is due to changes in the fair value of monetary assets and liabilities.


			Effect on profit
	Change in GBP		before tax
	rate		$’000
2023	+/-10	%	+/-74


2022	+/-10	%	+/-77

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			Effect on profit	Effect on pre-
	Change in CAD		before tax	tax equity
	rate		$’000	$’000
2023	+/-10	%	+/-274	—


2022	+/-10	%	+/-1,384	+/-3,208

Interest rate sensitivity

The following table demonstrates the sensitivity to a reasonable possible change in interest rates on the portion of the loans and borrowings affected. With other variables held constant, the impact on the Group’s profit before tax is affected through the impact on floating rate borrowings, as follows.


		Effect on
	Increase/decrease	profit before tax
	in basis points	$’000
2023	+/-180	+/-464


2022	+/-180	+/-665

Credit risk

Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents as well as any outstanding receivables. Management does not expect any losses from non-performance of these receivables. The amount of exposure to any individual counter party is subject to a limit, which is assessed by the Board.

The Group considers the credit risk on cash and cash equivalents to be limited because the counterparties are banks with high credit ratings assigned by international credit rating agencies.

The carrying amount of financial assets recorded in the financial statements represents the Group’s and Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk. The Group and Company do not hold any collateral or other credit enhancements to cover this credit risk.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk arises from the Group’s management of working capital. It is the risk that the Group will encounter difficulty in meeting its financial obligations as they fall due.

Management updates cashflow projections on a regular basis and closely monitors the cryptocurrency market on a daily basis. Accordingly, the Group’s controls over expenditure are carefully managed, in order to maintain its cash reserves. The Treasury committee meets on a weekly basis to make decisions around future cashflows and working capital requirements. Decisions may include considering debt/equity options alongside selling Bitcoin.

The table below analyses the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities and net-settled derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings, based on the remaining period at the Statement of Financial Position to the contractual maturity date. Derivative financial liabilities are included in the analysis if their contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

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The Group complied with all covenants during the year and through to the reporting date.


	Less than 1	Between 1	Between 2
	year	and 2 years	and 5 years	Over 5 years
At 31 December 2023
Loans	14,320	9,830	197	—
Issued debt - bonds	—	—	38,170	—
At December 2022
Loans	11,605	13,643	12,273	—
Lease liabilities	5	5	15	511
Issued debt - bonds	—	—	37,810	—

Capital risk management

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern, in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders, and to maintain an optimal capital structure.

5.ADOPTION OF NEW AND REVISED STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS

The Group has adopted all recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements of IFRS, including any new and revised standards and Interpretations of IFRS, in effect for annual periods commencing on or after 1 January 2023. The adoption of these standards and amendments did not have any material impact on the financial result or position of the Group.

At the date of authorisation of these financial statements, the following Standards and Interpretation, which have not yet been applied in these financial statements, were in issue but not yet effective:

Standard or Interpretation	Description	Effective date for annual accounting period beginning on or after
IFRS S1	General Requirements for Disclosure of Sustainability-related Financial Information	1 January 2024
IFRS S2	Climate-related Disclosures	1 January 2024
IAS 1 (Amendments)	Classification of Liabilities as Current and Non-current	1 January 2024
IAS 1 (Amendments)	Presentation of Non-current Liabilities with Covenants	1 January 2024
IAS 7 and IFRS 7 (Amendments)	Disclosure on Supplier Finance Arrangements	January 2024

The Group has not early adopted any of the above standards and intends to adopt them when they become effective.

6.KEY JUDGEMENTS AND ESTIMATES

In the application of the Group’s accounting policies, the directors are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised where the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods where the revision affects both current and future periods. The estimates and assumptions which have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are outlined below.

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Valuation of tangible fixed assets- Note 19

The directors considered whether any impairments were required on the value of the property, plant and equipment. In doing so they made use of forecasts of revenues and expenditure prepared by the Group and came to the conclusion that impairment of those assets was required based on current forecasts. Key assumptions include Bitcoin production, hashprice, power prices and discount rate.

Share-based payments – Note 21

The company has issued options and warrants to Directors, consultants and employees which have been valued in accordance with the Black Scholes model. Significant estimation and judgement is required in determining the assumptions under the Black Scholes method. Further details of these estimates are available in note 21.

The company has issued restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) to employees which have been valued based on the share price on the date of the award. The RSUs vest over three years, beginning six months after the award and then every three months thereafter. It is assumed that employees will meet each vesting period and a related expense is recorded each month. If an employee's employment is terminated prior to a vesting date, the prior expense for that vesting period is reversed. PSUs are amortised over the vesting period based on the mostly outcome of the performance metrics.

Taxation and Contingent liabilities – Notes 13 and 28

The Group is subject to tax liabilities (both income and excise taxes)as assessed by the tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Group has recorded its tax liabilities based on the information which it has available, as described in Note 13.

However, a tax authority could challenge our allocation of income, transfer pricing and eligibility for input tax credits or assert that we are subject to a tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection. If successful, these challenges could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. The Group is also subject to a class action lawsuit as described in Note 28 and no accrual has been made as there is no basis to estimate any liability.

7.REVENUES


	2023	2022	2021
	$’000	$’000	$’000
Crypto currency mining - worldwide	50,558	58,464	93,586
Crypto currency management fees – United States	—	119	5,162
Total revenue	50,558	58,583	98,748

Cryptocurrency mining revenues are recognised at a point in time.

Cryptocurrency management fees are services recognised over time.

Other Income

Argo held 2,441 Bitcoin (fair valued at $80 million as at 31 December 2022) on its Balance Sheet at the beginning of 2022. The Group used up to 1,504 Bitcoins as collateral with Galaxy Digital LP for a short-term payable on demand loan of USD$30 million taken out on December 23, 2022. To protect its Bitcoin holdings used as collateral for the loan and reduce overall exposure, Argo took positions in the markets which resulted in a net hedge gain of $2.1 million for 2022. There were no hedging contracts in 2023.

During the year, Argo generated $7,163,000 in power credits (2022: $nil), with $3.8 million generated in the month of August during a state-wide heat wave.

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8.EXPENSES BY NATURE


	2023	2022	2021
Operating expenses	$’000	$’000	$’000
Salary and other employee related costs	6,430	11,887	3,542
Restructuring and transaction related costs	4,969	11,862
Settlement re Crypto mining management fees			(2,077)
Insurance	2,128	7,455	1,874
Depreciation and amortisation	1,473	8,535	508
Legal, professional and regulatory fees	1,431	3,925	2,040
Indirect taxes	994	4,208	—
Property tax	919	349	—
Consulting fees	533	1,024	910
Repairs and maintenance	455	1,067	921
Audit fees	341	383	318
Office general expenses	285	1,039	564
Public relations and associated activities	255	642	930
Travel	226	839	170
Carbon credits	129	—	335
Bank charges	34	297	329
Derecognition of variable contingent consideration	—	—	(468)
Impairment of intangible assets	—	—	712
Hedging costs	—	—	434
Freight, postage and delivery	30	1,625	—
Capital loss	—	143	—
Research costs	—	11	—
Foreign exchange loss	(1,287)	(21,234)	701
Total operating expenses	19,345	34,057	11,743
Finance costs – interest on borrowings and bond	11,556	22,661	2,935
Total finance costs	11,556	22,661	2,935

9.AUDITOR’S REMUNERATION


	2023	2022	2021
	$’000	$’000	$’000
In relation to statutory audit services	341	383	318
Total auditor’s remuneration	341	383	318

10.EMPLOYEES

The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the group during the period was:

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The aggregate remuneration (including directors) comprised of:


	2023	2022	2021
	$’000	$’000	$’000
Wages and salaries	6,017	11,051	3,042
Social security costs	250	799	265
Pension costs	163	37	33
Share based payments	3,892	6,096	1,825
	10,322	17,983	5,165

11.DIRECTOR’S REMUNERATION


	2023	2022	2021
	$’000	$’000	$’000
Director’s remuneration for qualifying services	591	1,588	1,139
Severance	765	—	176
Share based payments	916	1,883	574
Total remuneration for directors and key management	2,272	3,471	1,888

Further details of Directors’ remuneration are available in note 29.

12.EARNINGS PER SHARE

The basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the loss attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of shares in issue.


	2023	2022	2021
Net loss for the period attributable to ordinary equity holders from continuing operations ($’000)	(35,033)	(228,961)	40,941
Finance Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue (‘000)	503,917	473,930	397,513
Basic earnings/(loss) per share for continuing operations ($USD)	(0.07)	(0.48)	0.10


	2023	2022	2021
Net loss for the period attributable to ordinary equity holders from continuing operations ($’000)	(35,033)	(228,961)	40,941
Diluted number of ordinary shares in issue (‘000)	503,917	473,930	415,201
Diluted earnings/(loss) per share for continuing operations ($USD)	(0.07)	(0.48)	0.1

The diluted loss per Ordinary Share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding to consider the impact of options, warrants and other dilutive securities. As the effect of potential dilutive Ordinary Shares in the current and prior year would be anti-dilutive, they are not included in the above calculation of dilutive earnings per Ordinary Share for 2023 and 2022.

13.TAXATION


	2023	2022	2021
Current tax:	$’000	$’000	$’000

Current tax recovery on loss for the year	—	(11,731)	10,979
Total current tax	—	(11,731)	10,979

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	2023	2022	2021
Deferred tax:	$’000	$’000	$’000

Origination and reversal of temporary differences	—	—	340
Total deferred tax liability	—	—	340
Total tax credit	—	(11,731)	11,319

No deferred tax has been recognised on the losses brought forward and carried forward on the UK, Canada and US losses given the uncertainty on the generation of future profits.

Income tax expense

The tax on the Group’s profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:


	2023	2022	2021
	$’000	$’000	$’000
Profit (loss) before taxation	(35,033)	(240,693)	52,261
Expected tax charge (recovery) based on a weighted average of 25% (2022 - 25)% (UK, US and Canada)	(8,758)	(60,172)	12,971

Effect of expenses not deductible in determining taxable profit	851	32,662	2,366
Temporary differences	5,930	8,470	(5,529)
Other tax adjustments	18	254	(182)
Origination and reversal of temporary differences	—	(1,023)	1,101
Unutilised tax losses carried forward	1,959	8,078	592
Taxation charge in the financial statements	—	(11,731)	11,319

The group has tax losses available to be carried forward and used against trading profits arising in future periods of approximately $136,000,000 (2022 - $87,000,000).

The weighted average applicable tax rate was 25% (2022: 25%).

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, His Majesty’s Revenue & Customs (“HMRC”), the IRS or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

14.INVESTMENT IN SUBSIDIARIES AND LOSS ON SALE OF SUBSIDIARY

Company

Details of the Company’s subsidiaries at 31 December 2023 are as follows:


	Country of	Ownership		Voting Power		Nature of
Name of Undertaking	Incorporation	Interest (%)		Held (%)		Business
Argo Innovation Labs Inc.	Canada	100	%	100	%	***
9377-2556 Quebec Inc.	Canada	100	%	100	%	**
9366-5230 Quebec Inc.	Canada	100	%	100	%	**
Argo Holdings US Inc.	USA	100	%	100	%	****
Argo Operating US LLC	USA	100	%	100	%	*

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* The provision of cryptocurrency mining services

** The provision of cryptocurrency mining sites

*** Converted from the provision of cryptocurrency mining services to cost centre in 2023

**** Holding company


	2023	2022
Investment in subsidiaries	$’000	$’000

At January 1	65,000	15,067
Impairment	(21,017)	—
Additions	—	65,000
Disposals	—	(15,067)
At 31 December	43,983	65,000

Argo Holdings US Inc. was incorporated on November 22, 2023, with a registered office of 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, Delaware, USA, 19801. The company contributed shares in Argo Innovation Facilities (US) valued at $65m.

Argo Operations US LLC was formed on November 22, 2022, with a registered office of 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, Delaware, USA, 19801.

Argo Innovation Facilities (US) Inc was incorporated on 25 February 2022 with a registered address of 2028 East Ben White Blvd. Austin, TX 78740. This entity held the Helios facility and real property in Dickens County, Texas. On 21 December 2023, Argo Innovation Facilities (US) Inc. was converted to Galaxy Power LLC. Galaxy Power LLC was sold on 28 December 2022 pursuant to an equity purchase agreement. The proceeds received for the sale were $65 million against a book value of $120 million resulting in a loss on sale for the Group of $55 million.

The effects of the disposal of Galaxy Power LLC on the cash flows of the Group were:


		Group
		At 28 December
		2022
		$000
Carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as at the date of disposal:
Cash and bank balances		1,678
Property, plant and equipment		129,736
Trade and other debtors		367
Total assets		131,782
Trade and other creditors		12,077
Total liabilities		12,077
Net assets disposed of		119,705
Cash flows arising from disposal:
Proceeds used to paydown existing debt		56,029
Proceeds used for new loans		8,258
Total Proceeds		64,287
Net assets disposed of (as above)		119,705
Loss on disposal		(55,418)

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15.ASSETS AND LIABLITIES HELD FOR SALE

In December 2023, the group signed an offer to purchase 9366-5230 Quebec Inc. In March 2024, a purchase and sale agreement was signed for the sale of 9366-5230 Quebec Inc. (“Mirabel”) for proceeds of $6.1 million. As a result of the sale, the material assets and liabilities of Mirabel were reclassified to be held for sale as at December 31, 2023, as follows:


		2023
Non-current Assets		$'000
Tangible Fixed Assets		2,725
Right of use assets		536
Assets held for sale		3,261

		2023
Non-current liabilities		$'000
Mortgage Payable		1,532
Lease Liability		558
Liabilities held for sale		2,090

16.INVESTMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS


Non-current	2023	2022
Group	$’000	$’000
At 1 January	414	543
Foreign exchange movement	—	1
Additions	—	300
Fair value through profit or loss	—	(430)
Disposals	(14)	—
At 31 December	400	414

17.INVESTMENTS ACCOUNTED FOR USING THE EQUITY METHOD


	2023	2022
	$’000	$’000
Opening balance	2,863	18,642
Share of loss	(716)	(6,027)
Share of fair value (losses)/gains on intangible assets through other comprehensive income	—	(8,744)
Foreign exchange movement	89	(1,008)
Write off of investment	(2,236)	—
Closing balance	—	2,863

Nature of investment in associates:


		% of
	Address of the	ownership		Nature of	Measurement
Name of entity	registered office	interest		relationship	method

Emergent Entertainment PLC Previously Pluto Digital plc)	Hill Dickinson LLP, 8th Floor The Broadgate Tower, 20 Primrose Street, London, United Kingdom, EC2A 2EW	19.5	%	Refer below	Equity

In December 2023, Emergent Entertainment Ltd (“EEL”) announced they have engaged an insolvency advisor to place it in liquidation. On January 10, 2024, EEL appointed liquidators to voluntarily wind up the company. The Group has written off the balance of the investment in 2023.

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18.INTANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS


		Digital		2023
	Goodwill	assets	Website	Total
Group	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Cost
At 1 January 2023	96	5,722	873	6,691

Foreign Exchange Movements	16	334	19	369
Disposals	—	(727)	—	(727)
At 31 December 2023	112	5,329	892	6,333

Amortisation and impairment
At 1 January 2023	—	3,809	779	4,588
Foreign exchange movement	—	90	1	91
Fair value movement	—	654	—	654
Amortisation charged during the period	—	—	112	112
At 31 December 2023	—	4,553	892	5,445
Balance At 31 December 2023	112	776	—	888


		Digital		2022
	Goodwill	assets	Website	Total
Group	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Cost
At 1 January 2022	96	6,394	873	7,364

Foreign Exchange movement	—	(274)	—	(274)
Additions	—	2,084	—	2,084
Disposals	—	(2,482)	—	(2,482)
At 31 December 2022	96	5,722	873	6,691

Amortisation and impairment
At 1 January 2022	—	146	543	689
Foreign exchange movement	—	(1,492)	(31)	(1,521)
Fair Value movement	—	5,155	—	5,155
Amortisation charged during the period	—	—	267	267
At 31 December 2022	—	3,809	779	4,588

Balance At 31 December 2022	96	1,913	94	2,103

Digital assets are cryptocurrencies not mined by the Group. The Group held crypto assets during the year, which are recorded at cost on the day of acquisition. Movements in fair value between acquisition (date mined) and disposal (date sold), and the movement in fair value in crypto assets held at the year end, impairment of the intangible assets and any increase in fair value are recorded in the fair value reserve.

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The digital assets held below are held in Argo Labs (a division of the Group) as discussed above. The assets are all held in secure custodian wallets controlled by the Group team and not by individuals within the Argo Labs team. The assets detailed below are all accessible and liquid in nature.


		Fair value
Crypto asset name	Coins / tokens	$’000
Polkadot – DOT	16,554	135
Ethereum – ETH	4	10
USDC (stable coin – fixed to USD)	31,713	55
Other tokens, NFTs and other digital assets	N/A	576
As at 31 December 2023	—	776


		Fair value
Crypto asset name	Coins / tokens	$’000
Token Deals	N/A	931
Ethereum – ETH	518	626
Polkadot – DOT	32,964	142
Other tokens, NFTs and other digital assets	N/A	214
As at 31 December 2022		1,913

19.TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS


	Mining	Data
	Machinery	Centres	Equipment	Total
Group	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Cost
At 1 January 2023	162,839	8,700	5,414	176,953

Foreign Exchange Movement	108	517	569	1,195
Additions	5,203	—	27	5,230
Transfer to Assets held for sale	—	(2,937)	(1,976)	(4,913)
At 31 December 2023	168,150	6,280	4,034	178,464

Depreciation and impairment
At 1 January 2023	(97,481)	(1,924)	(31)	(99,437)
Foreign exchange movement	—	(38)	(43)	(81)
Depreciation charged during the period	(18,656)	(359)	(1,000)	(20,015)
Impairment in asset	(855)	—	—	(855)
Transfer to Assets held for sale	—	784	868	1,652
At 31 December 2023	(116,992)	(1,537)	(206)	(118,736)

Carrying amount
At 1 January 2023	65,358	6,775	5,383	77,516
At 31 December 2023	51,158	4,743	3,828	59,728

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	Mining	Assets under	Data
	Machines	construction	Centres	Equipment	Total
Group	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Cost
At 1 January 2022	70,539	73,924	7,900	5,313	157,676

Foreign exchange movement	3,310	8,787	701	—	12,797
Additions	162,315	—	99	103	162,518
Transfers to another class – cost	—	(82,711)	82,711	—	—
Disposals	(73,325)	—	(82,711)	(2)	(156,038)
At 31 December 2022	162,839	—	8,700	5,414	176,953

Depreciation and impairment
At 1 January 2022	(22,316)	—	(364)	—	(22,680)
Foreign exchange movement	(1,047)	—	(17)	—	(1,064)
Depreciation charged	(19,955)	—	(8,286)	(31)	(28,273)
Impairment in asset	(54,163)	—	(271)	—	(54,434)
Transfer to another class	—	—	7,014	—	7,014
At 30 December 2022	(97,481)	—	(1,924)	(31)	(99,437)

Carrying amount
At 1 January 2022	48,223	73,924	7,536	5,313	134,966
At 31 December 2022	65,358	—	6,775	5,383	77,516

Acquisition of DPN LLC

On 8 March 2022 the Group completed the acquisition of DPN LLC to acquire 160 acres (with option to purchase a further 157 acres) of land in West Texas for the construction of a 200MW mining facility for completion mid-2023.

The acquisition of DPN LLC, effectively comprising the land acquisition in West Texas, has been treated as an asset acquisition in the financial statements. The consideration for the acquisition was an initial price of GBP 3.6m, satisfied by the issue and allotment to the shareholders of DPN LLC of 3,497,817 new ordinary shares in Argo, with up to a further 8.6m of shares payable if certain contractual milestones related to the facility are fulfilled.

The initial issue and allotment of GBP 3.6m has been recognised based on the estimated fair value of assets received at acquisition in line with IFRS 2 Share - based payments. Contingent consideration balance of this business combination has been subsequently measured at fair value with changes recognised in profit and loss in line with IFRS 9. The fair value of assets acquired was assessed in line with independent valuations of the site by CBRE as well as external financial due diligence and financial modelling. Financial models used historical power purchase assumptions for the area and the Company’s internal hash rate and Bitcoin pricing assumptions to help the Company evaluate the financial benefits of developing a Bitcoin mining operation on the land. Work performed by DPN LLC from August 2019, when it purchased the land, to March 2022, when it sold the land to the Company, to prepare for a Bitcoin mining operation added to the value of the land for that purpose.

Consideration at 8 March 2022


		$’000
Share based payment		4,355
Contingent consideration to be settled in shares		10,710
Total		15,065

Allocated as follows


		$’000
Tangible fixed assets (Asset under construction)		15,065
Total		15,065

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Property, Plant and Equipment Impairments and Loss on Sale

The Group has a single line of business, crypto mining. As such, the Group has one cash generating unit (CGU). At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If an indication exists, the Group estimates an asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset or CGU’s fair value, less costs of disposal and its value in use. When the carrying value of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing the fair value of Mining and Computer Equipment, the Group used readily available tera hash pricing ("hashprice") less a 15% discount for used equipment. In assessing value in use, the discounted estimated future cash flows over the useful life of the mining machines using a pre-tax discount rate of 14.09%. As a result of the analysis, an impairment charge of $0.9 million (2022 - $55.8 million) was recorded. A 5% change in the hashprice has a $1.5 million impact on the impairment. A 1% change in the discount rate has a $0.4 million impact on the impairment.

Impairment of Chips

In assessing the fair value of machine components, the Group used readily available chip set prices and management’s estimate of other components in the chip sets to determine the value of chips on hand. As a result of this analysis, an impairment of $(0.1 million) was recorded (2022 - $18 million).

Loss on Sale

During 2022, the Group sold chips for proceeds of $12,404 and recorded a loss on disposal of $23,228.

Mining Machine Swap

In March 2022, the Group entered into an agreement to exchange mining machines and terminate a hosting agreement. With the completion of Helios, the Group no longer required third party hosting services. The agreement provided the hosting provider with ownership of the Group's machines at their facilities in exchange for new mining machines for our Helios facility. The hash rate between the two groups of mining machines was similar.This transaction lacks commercial substance, therefore, IFRS 16 requires the mining machines acquired to be recorded at the book value of the mining machines transferred to the hosting service provider.

20.TRADE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES


	Group	Group
	2023	2022
	$’000	$’000
Trade and other receivables	1,131	—
Prepaids	1,355	—
Mining equipment prepayments	—	5,978
Other taxation and social security	1,349	824
Total trade and other receivables	3,835	6,802

Within other taxation and social security is a provision against GST/QST/VAT receivable of $2,325,000 in relation to ongoing matters in connection with GST Notice 324 released by the Canadian Revenue Authority, and ongoing discussions with HMRC. The Group have included the provision for prudence and upon conclusion of the matter, the Group will adjust this provision accordingly.

21.DIGITAL ASSETS

The Group mined crypto assets during the period, which are recorded at fair value on the day of acquisition. Movements in fair value between acquisition (date mined) and disposal (date sold), and the movement in fair value in crypto assets held at the year end, are recorded in profit or loss.

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All of the Group’s holding in crypto currencies other than Bitcoin are now classified as intangible assets.

At the period end, the Group held Bitcoin representing a fair value of $385k. The breakdown of which can be seen below:


	2023	2022
Group	$’000	$’000
At 1 January	443	108,956

Foreign Exchange Movement	24	833
Crypto assets purchased and received	—	264
Crypto assets mined	50,558	60,172
Total additions	50,582	61,269

Disposals
Transferred to/from intangible assets	—	420
Crypto assets sold	(51,378)	(114,646)
Total disposals	(51,378)	(114,226)
Fair value movements
Gain/(loss) on crypto asset sales	738	(55,410)
Movements on crypto assets held at the year end	—	(145)
Total fair value movements	738	(55,555)
At 31 December	385	443

As at 31 December 2023, digital assets comprised of 9 Bitcoin (2022: 25 Bitcoin).

22.SHARE OPTIONS, RESTRICED STOCK UNITS AND WARRANTS

In 2022, the Remuneration Committee of the Board (“Committee”) approved the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (“the Plan”). Under the Plan, the Committee, at its discretion, may issue awards, including share awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units, performance awards and American Depository Shares to any employee of the Group. The exercise price of stock options and the base price of SARs may not be less than the market price of the underlying shares on the date of grant. Stock options and SARs may have an exercise period up to ten years after the grant date.

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	2023	2022
Stock options and warrants	3,332	6,096
Restricted stock units	287	—
Performance stock units	273	—
	3,892	6,096


	Number of	Weighted
	options and	average exercise
	warrants ‘000	price £
At 1 January 2023	18,698	0.78
Granted	659	0.13
Exercised	—	—
Lapsed	(8,329)	0.67
Outstanding at 31 December 2023	11,028	0.83
Exercisable at 31 December 2023	7,904	0.89

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	Number of	Weighted
	options and	average exercise
	warrants ‘000	price £
At 1 January 2022	17,689	0.81
Granted	5,220	0.50
Exercised	(1,593)	0.07
Lapsed	(2,618)	0.89
Outstanding at 31 December 2022	18,698	0.78
Exercisable at 31 December 2022	11,345	0.61

The weighted average remaining contractual life of options and warrants as at 31 December 2023 is 83 months (2022 -93 months). If the exercisable shares had been exercised on 31 December 2023 this would have represented 1.5% (2022 – 2.3%) of the enlarged share capital.

At the grant date, the fair value of the options and warrants prior to the listing date was the net asset value and post listing determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Volatility was calculated based on data from comparable listed technology start-up companies, with an appropriate discount applied due to being an unlisted entity at grant date. Risk free interest has been based on UK Government Gilt rates for an equivalent term. The inputs into the Black-Scholes model are as follows:


	2023		2022
Grant date share price £	0.14		0.94 - 1.57
Exercise price £	0.13		0.94 - 1.57
Volatility	187	%	91 – 169	%
Life	10 years		5 – 10 years
Risk free rate	3.4	%	1.6 - 3.6	%
Dividend yield	0	%	0	%

Restricted Stock Units

In 2023, the Committee approved the grant of RSUs to employees. The RSUs vest quarterly beginning the sixth month after the grant date over a three-year period. The weighted average remaining vesting period is the period to the last vesting date.


	2023
			Weighted Average
	Number of	Weighted Average	Remaining Vesting
	Awards	Grant Date Price £	Period (months)
Outstanding at beginning of period	—	—	—
Granted during the period	12,041,192	0.13	—
Vested during the period	(3,617,136)	0.13	—
Forfeited during the period	(1,424,239)	0.13	—
Outstanding at the end of period	6,999,817	0.12	28

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Performance Stock Units (American Depository Shares)

In 2023, the Committee approved the grant of PSUs for the American Depository Shares to the CEO of the Group. The PSUs vest annually over a three-year period. The annual vesting amount may vary from 25% - 100%. The weighted average remaining vesting period assumes the last vesting date is the latest vesting date possible.


	2023
			Weighted Average
	Number of	Weighted Average	Remaining Vesting
	Awards	Grant Date Price $	Period (months)
Outstanding at beginning of the period	—	—	—
Granted during the period	2,850,000	1.15	—
Vested during the period	—	—	—
Forfeited during the period	—	—	—
Outstanding at the end of the period	2,850,000	1.15	35

23.ORDINARY SHARES


	As at 31	As at 31
	December 2023	December 2022
	$’000	$’000
Ordinary share capital
Issued and fully paid
477,825,166 Ordinary Shares of $0.001 each	634	622
Issued in the period
59,138,305 Ordinary Shares of $0.001 each	78	12
536,963,471 Ordinary Shares of $0.001 each	712	634

Additional paid in Capital
At beginning of the period	202,103	196,911
Issued in the period	7,676	5,192
Issue costs	—	—
At the end of period	209,779	202,103

See the subsequent events note for additional shares issued after period end.

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24.RESERVES

The following describes the nature and purpose of each reserve:

Reserve		Description
Ordinary Shares		Represents the nominal value of equity shares

Share Premium		Amount subscribed for share capital in excess of nominal value

Share based payment reserve		Represents the fair value of options and warrants granted less amounts transferred on exercise, lapse or expiry

Currency translation reserve		Cumulative effects of translation of opening balances on non-monetary assets between subsidiaries functional currencies (Canadian dollars and Uk Sterling) and Group presentational currency (US Dollars).

Fair value reserve		Cumulative net gains on the fair value of intangible assets

Other comprehensive income of equity accounted associates		The other comprehensive income of any associates is recognised in this reserve

Accumulated surplus		Cumulative net gains and losses and other transactions with equity holders not recognised elsewhere.

25.TRADE AND OTHER PAYABLES


	Group	Group
	2023	2022
	$’000	$’000
Trade payables	2,336	3,079
Accruals and other payables	7,153	6,012
Other taxation and social security	1,686	689
Total trade and other creditors	11,175	9,780

The directors consider that the carrying value of trade and other payables is equal to their fair value.

Contingent consideration

In June 2022, the Company issued 8,147,831 Ordinary Shares to settle $5.0 million in contingent consideration. The remaining contingent consideration of $5.0 million was not earned and as a result was reversed into profit or loss.

26.LOANS AND BORROWINGS


	As at 31 December	As at 31 December
	2023	2022
Non-current liabilities	$’000	$’000
Issued debt - bond (a)	38,170	37,810
Galaxy loan (b)	9,230	18,475
Mortgage – Quebec facility (c)	797	2,785
Lease liability	—	531
Total	48,197	59,601
Current liabilities
Galaxy loan (b)	13,444	10,169
Mortgage- Quebec facility (c)	600	1,130
Other Loans	276	306
Lease liability	—	5
Total	14,320	11,610

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

(a)Unsecured Bonds:

In November 2021, the Group issued an unsecured 5-year bond with an interest rate of 8.75%. The bonds mature on 30 November 2026. The bonds may be redeemed for cash in whole or in part at any time at the Group’s option (i) on or after 30 November 2023 and prior to 30 November 2024, at a price equal to 102% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, (ii) on or after 30 November 30 and prior to 30 November 2025, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, and (iii) on or after November 30, 2025 and prior to maturity, at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The Group may redeem the bonds, in whole, but not in part, at any time at its option, at a redemption price equal to 100.5% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption, upon the occurrence of certain change of control events. The bonds are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol ARBKL.

(b)Galaxy and related loans

On 23 December 2021 the Group entered into a loan agreement with Galaxy Digital LP for a loan of USD$30 million. The proceeds of the loan were used, in conjunction with funds raised previously, to continue the build-out of the Texas data centre, Helios. The short-term loan was a Bitcoin collateralised loan with an interest rate of 8% per annum. This loan was repaid during 2022 as part of the Galaxy transaction.

In March 2022, the Group entered into loan agreements with NYDIG ABL LLC for loans in the amounts of USD$97 million for the purchase of mining machines and Helios infrastructure, respectively. The loan was repaid during the year as part of the Galaxy transaction.

In May 2022, the Group entered into a loan agreement with Liberty Commercial Finance for a loan of USD$1.2 million ($1.0m) to purchase equipment. The loan is repayable over a period of 36 months with an interest rate of 11.9%. In June 2022, the loan was assigned to North Mill Equipment Finance LLC (“New Mill”). The loan was repaid during the year as part of the Galaxy transaction.

In December 2022, the Group sold Galaxy Power LLC (see note 15) and entered into a loan agreement with Galaxy Digital LLC for USD$35 million. Proceeds were used to pay off the Galaxy Digital LP, New Mill and NYDIG loans and working capital. The Galaxy Digital LLC loan is payable monthly based on an amortization schedule over 32 months with an interest rate of the secured overnight financing rate by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus 11%. The loan is secured by the Group’s property, plant and equipment.

(c)Mortgage – Quebec Facility

The mortgage is secured against the property at Baie-Comeau and is repayable over 36 months at an interest rate of Lender Prime + 0.5%. (7.7% as of 31 December 2023).

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

27.FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS


	Group	Group
	2023	2022
	$’000	$’000
Carrying amount of financial assets
Measured at amortised cost
- Mining equipment prepayments	—	5,978
- Trade and other receivables	1,131	—
- Cash and cash equivalents	7,443	20,091
Measured at fair value through profit or loss	400	414
Total carrying amount of financial assets	8,974	26,483

Carrying amount of financial liabilities
Measured at amortised cost
- Trade and other payables	7,501	10,020
- Short term loans	280	11,605
- Long term loans	25,599	25,915
- Issued debt - bonds	38,170	37,810
- Lease liabilities	—	545
Total carrying amount of financial liabilities	71,550	85,895

Fair Value Estimation

Fair value measurements are disclosed according to the following fair value measurement hierarchy:

●

Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1)

●

Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (that is, as prices), or indirectly (that is, derived from prices) (Level 2)

●

Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (that is, unobservable inputs) (Level 3). This is the case for unlisted equity securities.

The following table presents the Group’s assets that are measured at fair value at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022.


	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Assets	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
- Equity holdings	—	—	400	400
- Digital assets	—	385	—	385
Total at 31 December 2023	—	385	400	785

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Assets	$’000	$’000	$’000	$’000
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
- Equity holdings	14	—	400	414
- Digital assets	—	443	—	443
Total at 31 December 2022	329	443	400	857

All financial assets are in listed and unlisted securities and digital assets.

There were no transfers between levels during the period.

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ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC

The Group recognises the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss relating to unlisted investments at the cost of investment unless:

●

There has been a specific change in the circumstances which, in the Group’s opinion, has permanently impaired the value of the financial asset. The asset will be written down to the impaired value;

●

There has been a significant change in the performance of the investee compared with budgets, plans or milestones;

●

There has been a change in expectation that the investee’s technical product milestones will be achieved or a change in the economic environment in which the investee operates;

●

There has been an equity transaction, subsequent to the Group’s investment, which crystallises a valuation for the financial asset which is different to the valuation at which the Group invested. The asset’s value will be adjusted to reflect this revised valuation; or

●

An independently prepared valuation report exists for the investee within close proximity to the reporting date.

●

The deferred consideration has been fair valued to the year - end date as the amount is to be paid in Argo shares.

28.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Group’s material contractual commitments relate to the hosting services agreement with Galaxy Digital Qualified Opportunity Zone Business LLC, which provides hosting, power and support services at the Helios facility. Whilst management do not envisage terminating agreements in the immediate future, it is impracticable to determine monthly commitments due to large fluctuations in power usage and variations on foreign exchange rates, and as such a commitment over the contract life has not been determined. The agreement is for services with no identifiable assets, therefore, there is no right of use asset associated with the agreement.

As the company disclosed on February 8, 2023, it is currently subject to a class action lawsuit. The case, Murphy vs Argo Blockchain plc et al, was filed in the Eastern District of New York on 26 January 2023. The company refutes all of the allegations and believes that this class action lawsuit is without merit. The company is vigorously defending itself against the action. We are not currently subject to any other material pending legal proceedings or claims.

The Company is also subject to other litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. Subsequent to period end, the Company settled a breach of contract claim for $0.5 million. This was accrued in operating expenses at 31 December 2023.

29.RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The compensation paid to related parties in respect of services rendered in 2023 were:

●	$170,554 (2022 - $133,867) to Webslinger Advisors in respect of fees of Matthew Shaw (Non-executive director);

●	$129,752 (2022 - $148,679) in respect of fees for Maria Perrella (Non-executive director);

●	$135,105 (2022 - $130,438) in respect of fees for Raghav Chopra (Non-executive director);

●	$27,659 (2022 - $nil) to Jim MacCallum (CFO) through JMM Consulting Inc.;

●	$166,738 (2022 - $803,112) to Alex Appleton (Previous CFO) through Appleton Business Advisors Limited.

30.CONTROLLING PARTY

There is no controlling party of the Group.

31.POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

In January 2024, the Company issued 38,064,000 new ordinary shares at a price per share of £0.205 to certain institutional investors for gross proceeds of $9.9 million.

In March 2024, the Group sold its Mirabel Facility for proceeds of $6.1 million. See note 15 for additional details.

F-39

Exhibit 2.1

Description of Registrant’s Securities

DESCRIPTION OF ORDINARY SHARES

In accordance with our Articles of Association, the following summarizes the rights of holders of our ordinary shares:

·each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share on all matters to be voted on by shareholders generally;

·each holder of the ordinary shares is entitled to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at our general meetings; and

·each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to receive such dividends as are recommended by our directors and declared by our shareholders.

Registered Shares

We are required by the Companies Act to keep a register of our shareholders. Under the laws of England and Wales, the ordinary shares are deemed to be issued when the name of the shareholder is entered in our share register. The share register therefore is prima facie evidence of the identity of our shareholders and the shares that they hold. The share register generally provides limited, or no, information regarding the ultimate beneficial owners of our ordinary shares. Our share register is maintained by our registrar, Computershare Investor Services PLC.

Under the Companies Act, we must enter an allotment of shares in our share register as soon as practicable and in any event within two months of the allotment. We perform all procedures necessary to update the share register to reflect the ordinary shares being sold, including updating the share register with the number of ordinary shares issued to the depositary. We also are required by the Companies Act to register a transfer of shares (or give the transferee notice of and reasons for refusal) as soon as practicable and in any event within two months of receiving notice of the transfer.

We, any of our shareholders or any other affected person may apply to the court for rectification of the share register if:

·the name of any person, without sufficient cause, is wrongly entered in or omitted from our register of members; or

·there is a default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member or on which we have a lien, provided that such refusal does not prevent dealings in the shares taking place on an open and proper basis.

Preemptive Rights

The laws of England and Wales generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash; however, it is possible for a company’s Articles of Association, or shareholders at a general meeting representing at least 75% of our ordinary shares present (in

person or by proxy) and voting at that general meeting, to disapply these preemptive rights. Such a disapplication or preemptive rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years from the date of adoption of the Articles of Association, if the disapplication is contained in the Articles of Association, or from the date of the shareholder resolution, if the disapplication is by shareholder resolution. In either case, this disapplication would need to be renewed by the company’s shareholders upon its expiration (i.e., at least every five years).

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS

Each American Depositary Share (“ADS”) represents an ownership interest in a designated number of ordinary shares deposited with the custodian, as agent of the depositary, under the deposit agreement among ourselves, the depositary, and all ADR holders, and all beneficial owners of an interest in the ADSs evidenced by ADRs from time to time. Each ADS represents any securities, cash or other property deposited with the depositary but which they have not distributed directly to the holders. Unless certificated ADRs are specifically requested by the holder, all ADSs are issued on the books of our depositary in book-entry form and periodic statements are mailed to the holder which reflect the holder’s ownership interest in such ADSs. In our description, references to American depositary receipts (“ADRs”) shall include the statements holders receive which reflect their ownership of ADSs.

The holders may hold ADSs either directly or indirectly through their broker or other financial institution. If a holder holds ADSs directly, by having an ADS registered in their name on the books of the depositary, they are an ADR holder. This description assumes they are an ADR holder and hold their ADSs directly. If holders have a beneficial ownership interest in ADSs but hold the ADSs through their broker or financial institution nominee, they are a beneficial owner of ADSs and must rely on the procedures of such broker or financial institution to assert the rights of an ADR holder described in this section. Holders should consult with their broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are. If a holder is a beneficial owner, they are only be able to exercise any right or receive any benefit under the deposit agreement solely through the ADR holder which holds the ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs owned by the holder, and the arrangements between the holder and such ADR holder may affect their ability to exercise any rights they may have. For all purposes under the deposit agreement, an ADR holder is deemed to have all requisite authority to act on behalf of any and all beneficial owners of the ADSs evidenced by the ADR(s) registered in such ADR holders name. The depositary’s only notification obligations under the deposit agreement shall be to the ADR holders, and notice to an ADR holder shall be deemed, for all purposes of the deposit agreement, to constitute notice to any and all beneficial owners of the ADSs evidenced by such ADR holder’s ADRs.

ADR holders or beneficial owners are not treated as shareholders of ours and they do not have any shareholder rights. English law governs shareholder rights. Because the depositary or its nominee is the shareholder of record for the shares represented by all outstanding ADSs, shareholder rights rest with such record holder. Holders’ rights are those of an ADR holder or of a beneficial owner. Such rights derive from the terms of the deposit agreement to be entered into among the depositary and all registered holders and beneficial owners from time to time of ADSs issued under the deposit agreement and, in the case of a beneficial owner, from the arrangements between the beneficial owner and the holder of the corresponding ADRs.

Our obligations and the obligations of the depositary and its agents are also set out in the deposit agreement. Because the depositary or its nominee is actually the registered owner of the shares, holders must rely on it to exercise the rights of a shareholder on their behalf. The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs are governed by New York law. Under the deposit agreement, an ADR holder or a beneficial owner of ADSs agrees that any legal suit, action or proceeding brought by holders against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, may only be instituted in the United States District court for the Southern District of New York (or in the state courts of New York County in New York if either (i) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable).

The following is a summary of what we believe to be the material terms of the deposit agreement. Notwithstanding this, because it is a summary, it may not contain all the information that holders may otherwise deem important. For more complete information, holders should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR which contains the terms of their ADSs. Holders can read a copy of the deposit agreement which is filed as an exhibit to, or incorporated by reference in, the most recent Form F-6 registration statement (or amendment thereto) filed with the SEC. Holders may also obtain a copy of the form of deposit agreement at the SEC’s Public Reference Room which is located at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Holders may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-732-0330. Holders may also find the registration statement and the attached deposit agreement on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Share Dividends and Other Distributions

We may make various types of distributions with respect to our securities. The depositary has agreed that, to the extent practicable, it will pay to holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on shares or other deposited securities, after converting any cash received into U.S. dollars (if it determines such conversion may be made on a reasonable basis) and, in all cases, making any necessary deductions provided for in the deposit agreement. The depositary may utilize a division, branch or affiliate of JPMorgan to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement. Such division, branch and/or affiliate may charge the depositary a fee in connection with such sales, which fee is considered an expense of the depositary. Holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of underlying securities that their ADSs represent.

Except as stated below, the depositary will deliver such distributions to ADR holders in proportion to their interests in the following manner:

·Cash. The depositary will distribute any U.S. dollars available to it resulting from a cash dividend or other cash distribution or the net proceeds of sales of any other distribution or portion thereof (to the extent applicable), on an averaged or other practicable basis, subject to (i) appropriate adjustments for taxes withheld, (ii) such distribution being impermissible or impracticable with respect to certain ADR holders, and (iii) deduction of the depositary’s

and/or its agents’ expenses in (1) converting any foreign currency to U.S. dollars to the extent that it determines that such conversion may be made on a reasonable basis, (2) transferring foreign currency or U.S. dollars to the United States by such means as the depositary may determine to the extent that it determines that such transfer may be made on a reasonable basis, (3) obtaining any approval or license of any governmental authority required for such conversion or transfer, which is obtainable at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable time and (4) making any sale by public or private means in any commercially reasonable manner. If exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert a foreign currency, holders may lose some or all of the value of the distribution.

·Shares. In the case of a distribution in shares, the depositary will issue additional ADRs to evidence the number of ADSs representing such shares. Only whole ADSs will be issued. Any shares which would result in fractional ADSs will be sold and the net proceeds will be distributed in the same manner as cash to the ADR holders entitled thereto.

·Rights to receive additional shares. In the case of a distribution of rights to subscribe for additional shares or other rights, if we timely provide evidence satisfactory to the depositary that it may lawfully distribute such rights, the depositary will distribute warrants or other instruments in the discretion of the depositary representing such rights. However, if we do not timely furnish such evidence, the depositary may: (i) sell such rights if practicable and distribute the net proceeds in the same manner as cash to the ADR holders entitled thereto; or (ii) if it is not practicable to sell such rights by reason of the non-transferability of the rights, limited markets therefor, their short duration or otherwise, do nothing and allow such rights to lapse, in which case ADR holders will receive nothing and the rights may lapse. We have no obligation to file a registration statement under the Securities Act in order to make any rights available to ADR holders.

·Other Distributions. In the case of a distribution of securities or property other than those described above, the depositary may either (i) distribute such securities or property in any manner it deems equitable and practicable or (ii) to the extent the depositary deems distribution of such securities or property not to be equitable and practicable, sell such securities or property and distribute any net proceeds in the same way it distributes cash.

·Elective Distributions. In the case of a dividend payable at the election of our shareholders in cash or in additional shares, we will notify the depositary at least 30 days prior to the proposed distribution stating whether or not we wish such elective distribution to be made available to ADR holders. The depositary shall make such elective distribution available to ADR holders only if (i) we shall have timely requested that the elective distribution is available to ADR holders, (ii) the depositary shall have determined that such distribution is reasonably practicable and (iii) the depositary shall have received satisfactory documentation within the terms of the deposit agreement including any legal opinions of counsel that the depositary in its reasonable discretion may request. If the above conditions are not satisfied, the depositary shall, to the extent permitted by law, distribute to the ADR holders, on the basis of the same determination as is made in the local market in respect of the shares for which no election is made, either (x) cash or (y) additional ADSs representing such additional shares. If the above conditions are satisfied, the depositary shall establish procedures to enable ADR holders to elect the receipt of the proposed dividend in cash or in

additional ADSs. There can be no assurance that ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs generally, or any ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs in particular, will be given the opportunity to receive elective distributions on the same terms and conditions as the holders of shares.

If the depositary determines in its discretion that any distribution described above is not practicable with respect to any specific ADR holder, the depositary may (after consultation with the Company, if practicable, in the case where the depositary believes such distribution is not practicable with respect to all ADR holders) choose any method of distribution that it deems practicable for such ADR holder, including the distribution of foreign currency, securities or property, or it may retain such items, without paying interest on or investing them, on behalf of the ADR holder as deposited securities, in which case the ADSs will also represent the retained items.

Any U.S. dollars will be distributed by checks drawn on a bank in the United States for whole dollars and cents. Fractional cents will be withheld without liability and dealt with by the depositary in accordance with its then current practices.

The depositary is not responsible if it fails to determine that any distribution or action is lawful or reasonably practicable.

There can be no assurance that the depositary will be able to convert any currency at a specified exchange rate or sell any property, rights, shares or other securities at a specified price, nor that any of such transactions can be completed within a specified time period. All purchases and sales of securities are handled by the depositary in accordance with its then current policies, which are currently set forth on https://www.adr.com/disclosure/disclosures, the location and contents of which the depositary shall be solely responsible for.

Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

The depositary will issue ADSs if holders or a holder’s broker deposit shares or evidence of rights to receive shares with the custodian and pay the fees and expenses owing to the depositary in connection with such issuance.

Shares deposited in the future with the custodian must be accompanied by certain delivery documentation and shall, at the time of such deposit, be registered in the name of JPMorgan, as depositary for the benefit of ADR holders or in such other name as the depositary shall direct.

The custodian holds all deposited shares for the account and to the order of the depositary, in each case for the benefit of ADR holders, to the extent not prohibited by law. ADR holders and beneficial owners thus have no direct ownership interest in the shares and only have such rights as are contained in the deposit agreement. The custodian also holds any additional securities, property and cash received on or in substitution for the deposited shares. The deposited shares and any such additional items are referred to as “deposited securities.”

Deposited securities are not intended to, and shall not, constitute proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in deposited securities is intended to be, and shall at all times during the term of the deposit agreement continue to be,

vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing such deposited securities. Notwithstanding anything else contained herein, in the deposit agreement, in the form of ADR and/or in any outstanding ADSs, the depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees are intended to be, and shall at all times during the term of the deposit agreement be, the record holder(s) only of the deposited securities represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the ADR holders. The depositary, on its own behalf and on behalf of the custodian and their respective nominees, disclaims any beneficial ownership interest in the deposited securities held on behalf of the ADR holders.

Upon each deposit of shares, receipt of related delivery documentation and compliance with the other provisions of the deposit agreement, including the payment of the fees and charges of the depositary and any taxes or other fees or charges owing, the depositary issues an ADR or ADRs in the name or upon the order of the person entitled thereto evidencing the number of ADSs to which such person is entitled. All of the ADSs issued are, unless specifically requested to the contrary, part of the depositary’s direct registration system, and an ADR holder receives periodic statements from the depositary which shows the number of ADSs registered in such ADR holder’s name. An ADR holder can request that the ADSs not be held through the depositary’s direct registration system and that a certificated ADR be issued.

When holders turn in their ADR certificate at the depositary’s office, or when they provide proper instructions and documentation in the case of direct registration ADSs, the depositary will, upon payment of certain applicable fees, charges and taxes, deliver the underlying shares to holders or upon their written order. Delivery of deposited securities in certificated form is made at the custodian’s office. At the holder’s risk, expense and request, the depositary may deliver deposited securities at such other place as holders may request.

The depositary may only restrict the withdrawal of deposited securities in connection with:

·temporary delays caused by closing our transfer books or those of the depositary or the deposit of shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting, or the payment of dividends;

·the payment of fees, taxes and similar charges; or

·compliance with any U.S. or foreign laws or governmental regulations relating to the ADRs or to the withdrawal of deposited securities. This right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement.

Record Dates

The depositary may, after consultation with us if practicable, fix record dates (which, to the extent applicable, shall be as near as practicable to any corresponding record dates set by us) for the determination of the ADR holders who are entitled (or obligated, as the case may be):

·to receive any distribution on or in respect of deposited securities,

·to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights at a meeting of holders of shares,

·to pay any fees, charges or expenses assessed by, or owing to the depositary, or

·to receive any notice or to act or be obligated in respect of other matters,

·all subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement.

Voting Rights

If a holder is an ADR holder and the depositary asks the holder to provide it with voting instructions, the holder may instruct the depositary how to exercise the voting rights for the shares which underlie their ADSs. As soon as practicable after receiving notice from us of any meeting at which the holders of shares are entitled to vote, or of our solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of shares, the depositary shall fix the ADS record date in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, provided that if the depositary receives a written request from us in a timely manner and at least 30 days prior to the date of such vote or meeting, the depositary shall, at our expense, distribute to the ADR holders a notice stating (i) final information particular to such vote and meeting and any solicitation materials, (ii) that each ADR holder on the record date set by the depositary will, subject to any applicable provisions of the laws of England and Wales, the provisions of the deposit agreement, the articles of association of the company and the provisions of, or governing, the deposited securities, be entitled to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights, if any, pertaining to the shares underlying such ADR holder’s ADSs and (iii) the manner in which such instructions may be given, including instructions to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us. Each ADR holder is solely responsible for the forwarding of such notices to the beneficial owners of ADSs registered in such ADR holder’s name. Following actual receipt by the ADR department responsible for proxies and voting of ADR holders’ instructions (including, without limitation, instructions of any entity or entities acting on behalf of the nominee for DTC), the depositary shall, in the manner and on or before the time established by the depositary for such purpose, endeavor to vote or cause to be voted the shares represented by the ADSs evidenced by such ADR holders’ ADRs in accordance with such instructions insofar as practicable and permitted under the provisions of or governing our shares.

ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs are strongly encouraged to forward their voting instructions to the depositary as soon as possible. For instructions to be valid, the ADR department of the depositary that is responsible for proxies and voting must receive them in the manner and on or before the time specified, notwithstanding that such instructions may have been physically received by the depositary prior to such time. The depositary does not itself exercise any voting discretion. Notwithstanding anything contained in the deposit agreement or any ADR, the depositary may, to the extent not prohibited by any law, rule or regulation, or by the rules and/or requirements of the stock exchange or market on which the ADSs are listed or traded, in lieu of distribution of the materials provided to the depositary in connection with any meeting of, or solicitation of consents or proxies from, holders of deposited securities, distribute to the ADR holders a notice that provides such ADR holders with, or otherwise publicizes to such ADR holders, instructions on how to retrieve such materials or receive such materials upon request (i.e., by reference to a website containing the materials for retrieval or a contact for requesting copies of the materials).

There is no guarantee that ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs generally, or any ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs in particular, will receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote and it is possible that holders, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.

Reports and Other Communications

The depositary makes available for inspection by ADR holders at the offices of the depositary and the custodian the deposit agreement, the provisions of or governing deposited securities, and any written communications from us which are both received by the custodian or its nominee as a holder of deposited securities and made generally available to the holders of deposited securities.

Additionally, if we make any written communications generally available to holders of our shares, and we furnish copies thereof (or English translations or summaries) to the depositary, it will distribute the same to ADR holders.

Fees and Expenses

·a fee of up to $0.05 per ADS held upon which any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement or in the case of an elective cash/stock dividend, upon which a cash distribution or an issuance of additional ADSs is made as a result of such elective dividend;

·an aggregate fee of up to $0.05 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against ADR holders as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable in the manner described in the next succeeding provision);

·a fee for the reimbursement of such fees, charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of its agents (including, without limitation, the custodian and expenses

incurred on behalf of ADR holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law, rule or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the shares or other deposited securities, the sale of securities (including, without limitation, deposited securities), the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which fees and charges shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against ADR holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such ADR holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

·a fee for the distribution of securities (or the sale of securities in connection with a distribution), such fee being in an amount equal to the $0.05 per ADS issuance fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if they were shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those ADR holders entitled thereto;

·stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

·SWIFT, cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at holders’ request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares, ADRs or deposited securities;

·transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities; and

·fees of any division, branch or affiliate of the depositary utilized by the depositary to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement.

To facilitate the administration of various depositary receipt transactions, including disbursement of dividends or other cash distributions and other corporate actions, the depositary may engage the foreign exchange desk within JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) and/or its affiliates in order to enter into spot foreign exchange transactions to convert foreign currency into U.S. dollars (“FX Transactions”). For certain currencies, FX Transactions are entered into with the Bank or an affiliate, as the case may be, acting in a principal capacity. For other currencies, FX Transactions are routed directly to and managed by an unaffiliated local custodian (or other third-party local liquidity provider), and neither the Bank nor any of its affiliates is a party to such FX Transactions.

The foreign exchange rate applied to an FX Transaction will be either (i) a published benchmark rate, or (ii) a rate determined by a third-party local liquidity provider, in each case plus or minus a spread, as applicable. The depositary will disclose which foreign exchange rate and spread, if any, apply to such currency on the “Disclosure” page (or successor page) of www.adr.com (as updated by the depositary from time to time, “ADR.com”). Such applicable foreign exchange rate and spread may (and neither the depositary, the Bank nor any of their affiliates is under any obligation to ensure that such rate does not) differ from rates and spreads at which comparable transactions are entered into with other customers or the range of foreign exchange rates and

spreads at which the Bank or any of its affiliates enters into foreign exchange transactions in the relevant currency pair on the date of the FX Transaction. Additionally, the timing of execution of an FX Transaction varies according to local market dynamics, which may include regulatory requirements, market hours and liquidity in the foreign exchange market or other factors. Furthermore, the Bank and its affiliates may manage the associated risks of their position in the market in a manner they deem appropriate without regard to the impact of such activities on us, the depositary, ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs. The spread applied does not reflect any gains or losses that may be earned or incurred by the Bank and its affiliates as a result of risk management or other hedging related activity.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent we provide U.S. dollars to the depositary, neither the Bank nor any of its affiliates will execute an FX Transaction as set forth herein. In such case, the depositary will distribute the U.S. dollars received from us.

Further details relating to the applicable foreign exchange rate, the applicable spread and the execution of FX Transactions will be provided by the depositary on ADR.com. We and by holding an ADS or an interest therein, ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs will each be acknowledging and agreeing that the terms applicable to FX Transactions disclosed from time to time on ADR.com will apply to any FX Transaction executed pursuant to the deposit agreement.

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the depositary.

The fees and charges holders may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. ADR holders will receive prior notice of the increase in any such fees and charges. The right of the depositary to charge and receive payment of fees, charges and expenses as provided above shall survive the termination of the deposit agreement.

The depositary may make available to us a set amount or a portion of the depositary fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary will generally set off the amounts owing from distributions made to ADR holders. If, however, no distribution exists and payment owing is not timely received by the depositary, the depositary may refuse to provide any further services to ADR holders that have not paid those fees and expenses owing until such fees and expenses have been paid. At the discretion of the depositary, all fees and charges owing under the deposit agreement are due in advance and/or when declared owing by the depositary.

Payment of Taxes

ADR holders or beneficial owners must pay any tax or other governmental charge payable by the custodian or the depositary on any ADS or ADR, deposited security or distribution. If any taxes or other governmental charges (including any penalties and/or interest) shall become payable by or on behalf of the custodian or the depositary with respect to any ADR, any deposited securities represented by the ADSs evidenced thereby or any distribution thereon, such tax or other governmental charge shall be paid by the applicable ADR holder to the depositary and by holding or owning, or having held or owned, an ADR or any ADSs evidenced thereby, the ADR holder and all beneficial owners of such ADSs, and all prior registered holders of such ADRs and prior beneficial owners of such ADSs, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify, defend and save harmless each of the depositary and its agents in respect of such tax or governmental charge. Each ADR holder and beneficial owner of ADSs, and each prior ADR holder and beneficial owner of ADSs, by holding or having held an ADR or an interest in ADSs, acknowledges and agrees that the depositary shall have the right to seek payment of any taxes or governmental charges owing with respect to the relevant ADRs from any one or more such current or prior ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs, as determined by the depositary in its sole discretion, without any obligation to seek payment of amounts owing from any other current or prior ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs. If an ADR holder owes any tax or other governmental charge, the depositary may (i) deduct the amount thereof from any cash distributions, or (ii) sell deposited securities (by public or private sale) and deduct the amount owing from the net proceeds of such sale. In either case the ADR holder remains liable for any shortfall. If any tax or governmental charge is unpaid, the depositary may also refuse to effect any registration, registration of transfer, split-up or combination of deposited securities or withdrawal of deposited securities until such payment is made. If any tax or governmental charge is required to be withheld on any cash distribution, the depositary may deduct the amount required to be withheld from any cash distribution or, in the case of a non-cash distribution, sell the distributed property or securities (by public or private sale) in such amounts and in such manner as the depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay such taxes and distribute any remaining net proceeds or the balance of any such property after deduction of such taxes to the ADR holders entitled thereto.

ADR holders or beneficial owners will be agreeing to indemnify us, the depositary, its custodian and any of our or their respective officers, directors, employees, agents and affiliates against, and hold each of them harmless from, any claims by any governmental authority with respect to taxes, additions to tax, penalties or interest arising out of any refund of taxes, reduced rate of withholding at source or other tax benefit obtained.

Reclassifications, Recapitalizations and Mergers

If we take certain actions that affect the deposited securities, including (i) any change in par value, split-up, consolidation, cancellation or other reclassification of deposited securities or (ii) any distributions of shares or other property not made to ADR holders or (iii) any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, liquidation, receivership, bankruptcy or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, then the depositary may choose to, and shall if reasonably requested by us:

·amend the form of ADR;

·distribute additional or amended ADRs;

·distribute cash, securities or other property it has received in connection with such actions;

·sell any securities or property received and distribute the proceeds as cash; or

·none of the above.

If the depositary does not choose any of the above options, any of the cash, securities or other property it receives will constitute part of the deposited securities and each ADS will then represent a proportionate interest in such property.

Amendment and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADSs without holders’ consent for any reason. ADR holders must be given at least 30 days’ notice of any amendment that imposes or increases any fees or charges on a per ADS basis (other than stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges, transfer or registration fees, SWIFT, cable, telex or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses), or otherwise prejudices any substantial existing right of ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs. Such notice need not describe in detail the specific amendments effectuated thereby, but must identify to ADR holders and beneficial owners a means to access the text of such amendment. If an ADR holder continues to hold an ADR or ADRs after being so notified, such ADR holder and the beneficial owner of the corresponding ADSs are deemed to agree to such amendment and to be bound by the deposit agreement as so amended. No amendment, however, will impair holders’ right to surrender their ADSs and receive the underlying securities, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law.

Any amendments or supplements which (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by us and the depositary) in order for (A) the ADSs to be registered on Form F-6 under the Securities Act or (B) the ADSs or shares to be traded solely in electronic book-entry form and (ii) do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by ADR holders, shall be deemed not to prejudice any substantial rights of ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any governmental body or regulatory body should adopt new laws, rules or regulations which would require amendment or supplement of the deposit agreement or the form of ADR to ensure compliance therewith, we and the depositary may amend or supplement the deposit agreement and the form of ADR (and all outstanding ADRs) at any time in accordance with such changed laws, rules or regulations, which amendment or supplement to the deposit agreement in such circumstances may become effective before a notice of such amendment or supplement is given to ADR holders or within any other period of time as required for compliance. Notice of any amendment to the deposit agreement or form of ADRs shall not need to describe in detail the specific amendments effectuated thereby, and failure to describe the specific amendments in any such notice shall not render such notice invalid, provided, however, that in each such case, the notice given to the ADR holders identifies a means for ADR holders and beneficial owners to retrieve or receive the text of such amendment (i.e., upon retrieval from the SEC’s, the depositary’s or our website or upon request from the depositary).

The depositary may, and shall at our written direction, terminate the deposit agreement and the ADRs by mailing notice of such termination to the ADR holders at least 30 days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination; provided, however, that if the depositary shall have (i) resigned as depositary under the deposit agreement, notice of such termination by the depositary shall not be provided to ADR holders unless a successor depositary shall not be operating under the deposit agreement within 60 days of the date of such resignation, and (ii) been removed as depositary under the deposit agreement, notice of such termination by the depositary shall not be provided to ADR holders unless a successor depositary shall not be operating under the deposit agreement on the 60th day after our notice of removal was first provided to the depositary. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the depositary may terminate the deposit agreement without notifying us, but subject to giving 30 days’ notice to the ADR holders, under the following circumstances: (i) in the event of our bankruptcy or insolvency, (ii) if the shares cease to be listed on an internationally recognized stock exchange, (iii) if we effect (or will effect) a redemption of all or substantially all of the deposited securities, or a cash or share distribution representing a return of all or substantially all of the value of the deposited securities, or (iv) there occurs a merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all assets or other transaction as a result of which securities or other property are delivered in exchange for or in lieu of deposited securities. After the date so fixed for termination, the depositary and its agents will perform no further acts under the deposit agreement and the ADRs, except to receive and hold (or sell) distributions on deposited securities and deliver deposited securities being withdrawn. As soon as practicable after the date so fixed for termination, the depositary shall use its reasonable efforts to sell the deposited securities and shall thereafter (as long as it may lawfully do so) hold in an account (which may be a segregated or unsegregated account) the net proceeds of such sales, together with any other cash then held by it under the deposit agreement, without liability for interest, in trust for the pro rata benefit of the ADR holders who have not theretofore surrendered their ADRs. After making such sale, the depositary shall be discharged from all obligations in respect of the deposit agreement and the ADRs, except to account for such net proceeds and other cash. After the date so fixed for termination, we shall be discharged from all obligations under the deposit agreement except for our obligations to the depositary and its agents.

Limitations on Obligations and Liability to ADR holders

Limits on our obligations and the obligations of the depositary; limits on liability to ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs

Prior to the issue, registration, registration of transfer, split-up, combination, or cancellation of any ADRs, or the delivery of any distribution in respect thereof, and from time to time in the case of the production of proofs as described below, we or the depositary or its custodian may require:

·payment with respect thereto of (i) any stock transfer or other tax or other governmental charge, (ii) any stock transfer or registration fees in effect for the registration of transfers of shares or other deposited securities upon any applicable register and (iii) any applicable fees and expenses described in the deposit agreement;

·the production of proof satisfactory to it of (i) the identity of any signatory and genuineness of any signature and (ii) such other information, including without limitation, information as to citizenship, residence, exchange control approval, beneficial or other ownership of, or interest in, any securities, compliance with applicable law, regulations, provisions of or governing deposited securities and terms of the deposit agreement and the ADRs, as it may deem necessary or proper; and

·compliance with such regulations as the depositary may establish consistent with the deposit agreement.

The issuance of ADRs, the acceptance of deposits of shares, the registration, registration of transfer, split-up or combination of ADRs or the withdrawal of shares, may be suspended, generally or in particular instances, when the ADR register or any register for deposited securities is closed or when any such action is deemed advisable by the depositary; provided that the ability to withdraw shares may only be limited under the following circumstances: (i) temporary delays caused by closing transfer books of the depositary or our transfer books or the deposit of shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting, or the payment of dividends, (ii) the payment of fees, taxes, and similar charges, and (iii) compliance with any laws or governmental regulations relating to ADRs or to the withdrawal of deposited securities.

The deposit agreement expressly limits the obligations and liability of the depositary, ourselves and each of our and the depositary’s respective agents, provided, however, that no provision of the deposit agreement is intended to constitute a waiver or limitation of any rights which ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs may have under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, to the extent applicable. In the deposit agreement it provides that neither we nor the depositary nor any such agent will be liable to ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs if:

·any present or future law, rule, regulation, fiat, order or decree of the United States, England, Wales or any other country or jurisdiction, or of any governmental or regulatory authority or securities exchange or market or automated quotation system, the provisions of or governing any deposited securities, any present or future provision of our charter, any act of God, war, terrorism, nationalization, epidemic, pandemic, expropriation, currency restrictions, work stoppage, strike, civil unrest, revolutions, rebellions, explosions, computer failure or circumstance beyond our, the depositary’s or our respective agents’ direct and immediate control shall prevent or delay, or shall cause any of them to be subject to any civil or criminal penalty in connection with, any act which the deposit agreement or the ADRs provide shall be done or performed by us, the depositary or our respective agents (including, without limitation, voting);

·it exercises or fails to exercise discretion under the deposit agreement or the ADRs including, without limitation, any failure to determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable;

·it performs its obligations under the deposit agreement and ADRs without gross negligence or willful misconduct;

·it takes any action or refrains from taking any action in reliance upon the advice of or information from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting shares for deposit, any ADR holder, or any other person believed by it to be competent to give such advice or information, or in the case of the depositary only, our company; or

·it relies upon any written notice, request, direction, instruction or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed, presented or given by the proper party or parties.

The depositary shall not be a fiduciary or have any fiduciary duty to ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs. Neither the depositary nor its agents have any obligation to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any deposited securities, the ADSs or the ADRs. We and our agents shall only be obligated to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any deposited securities, the ADSs or the ADRs, which in our opinion may involve us in expense or liability, if indemnity satisfactory to us against all expense (including fees and disbursements of counsel) and liability is furnished as often as may be required. The depositary and its agents may fully respond to any and all demands or requests for information maintained by or on its behalf in connection with the deposit agreement, any ADR holder or holders, any ADRs or otherwise related to the deposit agreement or ADRs to the extent such information is requested or required by or pursuant to any lawful authority, including without limitation laws, rules, regulations, administrative or judicial process, banking, securities or other regulators. The depositary shall not be liable for the acts or omissions made by, or the insolvency of, any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system. Furthermore, the depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, the insolvency of any custodian that is not a branch or affiliate of JPMorgan. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the deposit agreement or any ADRs, the depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, any act or omission to act on the part of the custodian except to the extent that any ADR holder has incurred liability directly as a result of the custodian having (i) committed fraud or willful misconduct in the provision of custodial services to the depositary or (ii) failed to use reasonable care in the provision of custodial services to the depositary as determined in accordance with the standards prevailing in the jurisdiction in which the custodian is located. The depositary and the custodian(s) may use third party delivery services and providers of information regarding matters such as, but not limited to, pricing, proxy voting, corporate actions, class action litigation and other services in connection with the ADRs and the deposit agreement, and use local agents to provide services such as, but not limited to, attendance at any meetings of security holders. Although the depositary and the custodian use reasonable care (and cause their agents to use reasonable care) in the selection and retention of such third-party providers and local agents, they are not responsible for any errors or omissions made by them in providing the relevant information or services. The depositary shall not have any liability for the price received in connection with any sale of securities, the timing thereof or any delay in action or omission to act nor shall it be responsible for any error or delay in action, omission to act, default or negligence on the part of the party so retained in connection with any such sale or proposed sale.

The depositary has no obligation to inform ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs about the requirements of any laws, rules or regulations or any changes therein or thereto.

Additionally, none of us, the depositary or the custodian shall be liable for the failure by any ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs to obtain the benefits of credits or refunds of non-U.S. tax paid against such ADR holder’s or beneficial owner’s income tax liability. The depositary is under no obligation to provide ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs, or any of them, with any information about the tax status of our company. Neither we nor the depositary shall incur any liability for any tax or tax consequences that may be incurred by ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs on account of their ownership or disposition of the ADRs or ADSs.

Neither the depositary nor its agents will be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the deposited securities, for the manner in which any such vote is cast, or for the effect of any such vote. The depositary may rely upon instructions from us or our counsel in respect of any approval or license required for any currency conversion, transfer or distribution. The depositary shall not incur any liability for the content of any information submitted to it by us or on our behalf for distribution to ADR holders or for any inaccuracy of any translation thereof, for any investment risk associated with acquiring an interest in the deposited securities, for the validity or worth of the deposited securities, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse upon the terms of the deposit agreement or for the failure or timeliness of any notice from us. The depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the depositary. Neither the depositary, the Company, nor any of their respective agents shall be liable to ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential damages (including, without limitation, legal fees and expenses) or lost profits, in each case of any form incurred by any person or entity (including, without limitation, ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs), whether or not foreseeable and regardless of the type of action in which such a claim may be brought.

The depositary and its agents may own and deal in any class of securities of our company and our affiliates and in ADSs.

Disclosure of Interest in ADSs

To the extent that the provisions of or governing any deposited securities may require disclosure of or impose limits on beneficial or other ownership of deposited securities, other shares and other securities and may provide for blocking transfer, voting or other rights to enforce such disclosure or limits, ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs agree to comply with all such disclosure requirements and ownership limitations and to comply with any reasonable instructions we may provide in respect thereof. We reserve the right to instruct ADR holders (and through any such ADR holder, the beneficial owners of ADSs evidenced by the ADRs registered in such ADR holder’s name) to deliver their ADSs for cancellation and withdrawal of the deposited securities so as to permit us to deal directly with the ADR holder and/or beneficial owner of ADSs as a holder of shares and, by holding an ADS or an interest therein, ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs will be agreeing to comply with such instructions.

Notwithstanding any provision of the deposit agreement or the ADRs, and without limiting the foregoing, by being an ADR holder or beneficial owner, each ADR holder and beneficial owner agrees to provide such information as the Company may request in a disclosure notice (a

“Disclosure Notice”) given pursuant to the UK Companies Act or the Articles of Association of the Company. Each ADR holder and beneficial owner acknowledges that it understands that failure to comply with a Disclosure Notice may result in the imposition of sanctions against the ADR Holder or beneficial owner in respect of which the non-complying person is or was, or appears to be or has been, interested as provided in the UK Companies Act and the Articles of Association which currently may include, subject to the granting of an appropriate order by the court, the withdrawal of the voting rights of such ADR holder or beneficial owner and the imposition of restrictions on the rights to receive dividends on and to transfer such ordinary shares indirectly held or owned by such ADR holder and/or beneficial owner through the ADSs representing such ordinary shares (including the ADRs evidencing such ADSs). In addition, each ADR holder and beneficial owner agrees to comply with the provisions of the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules published by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (as amended from time to time, the “DTRs”) with regard to the notification to the Company of interests (including indirect interests by holding or owning an interest in ADRs) in Company ordinary shares underlying ADSs and certain financial instruments, which currently provide, inter alia, that an ADR holder and beneficial owner must notify the Company of the percentage of its voting rights he held or deemed to hold through his direct or indirect holding of certain financial instruments (or a combination of such holdings), including indirectly by holding or owning an interest in ADRs, if the percentage of those voting rights reaches, exceeds or falls below specified thresholds.

Books of Depositary

The depositary or its agent will maintain a register for the registration, registration of transfer, combination and split-up of ADRs, which register shall include the depositary’s direct registration system. ADR holders may inspect such records at the depositary’s office at all reasonable times, but solely for the purpose of communicating with other ADR holders in the interest of the business of our company or a matter relating to the deposit agreement. Such register (and/or any portion thereof) may be closed at any time or from time to time, when deemed expedient by the depositary. Additionally, at the reasonable request of the Company, the depositary may close the issuance book portion of the ADR register in order to enable the Company to comply with applicable law.

The depositary will maintain facilities for the delivery and receipt of ADRs.

Appointment

In the deposit agreement, each ADR holder and each beneficial owner of ADSs, upon acceptance of any ADSs (or any interest therein) issued in accordance with the terms and conditions of the deposit agreement will be deemed for all purposes to:

·be a party to and bound by the terms of the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR or ADRs, and

·appoint the depositary its attorney-in-fact, with full power to delegate, to act on its behalf and to take any and all actions contemplated in the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR or ADRs, to adopt any and all procedures necessary to comply with applicable laws

and to take such action as the depositary in its sole discretion may deem necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR and ADRs, the taking of such actions to be the conclusive determinant of the necessity and appropriateness thereof.

Each ADR holder and beneficial owner of ADSs is further deemed to acknowledge and agree that (i) nothing in the deposit agreement or any ADR shall give rise to a partnership or joint venture among the parties thereto nor establish a fiduciary or similar relationship among such parties, (ii) the depositary, its divisions, branches and affiliates, and their respective agents, may from time to time be in the possession of non-public information about our company, the ADR holders, the beneficial owners of ADSs and/or their respective affiliates, (iii) the depositary and its divisions, branches and affiliates may at any time have multiple banking relationships with us, ADR holders, beneficial owners of ADSs and/or the affiliates of any of them, (iv) the depositary and its divisions, branches and affiliates may, from time to time, be engaged in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADR holders or beneficial owners of ADSs may have interests, (v) nothing contained in the deposit agreement or any ADR(s) shall (A) preclude the depositary or any of its divisions, branches or affiliates from engaging in such transactions or establishing or maintaining such relationships, or (B) obligate the depositary or any of its divisions, branches or affiliates to disclose such transactions or relationships or to account for any profit made or payment received in such transactions or relationships, and (vi) the depositary shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any information held by any branch, division or affiliate of the depositary.

Governing Law and Consent to Jurisdiction

The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. In the deposit agreement, we have submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York and appointed an agent for service of process on our behalf.

By holding or owning an ADR or ADS or an interest therein, ADR holders and beneficial owners of ADSs each irrevocably agree that any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving any holder or beneficial owner brought by or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs and the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and each irrevocably waives any objection which it may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. By holding or owning an ADR or ADS or an interest therein, holders and beneficial owners each also irrevocably agree that any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us and/or the depositary brought by holders or beneficial owners, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated therein, including, without limitation, claims under the Securities Act, may be instituted only in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or in the state courts of New York County in New York if either (i) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable).

Jury Trial Waiver

The deposit agreement provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, each party thereto (including, for avoidance of doubt, each ADR holder and beneficial owner and/or holder of interests in ADSs) irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the right to a jury trial in any suit, action or proceeding against us or the depositary directly or indirectly arising out of or relating to our shares or other deposited securities, the ADSs, the ADRs, the deposit agreement, or any transaction contemplated therein, or the breach thereof (whether based on contract, tort, common law or other theory), including any suit, action or proceeding under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary were to oppose a jury trial demand based on such waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable state and federal law, including whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. The waiver to right to a jury trial of the deposit agreement is not intended to be deemed a waiver by any ADR holder or beneficial owner of ADSs of our or the depositary’s compliance with the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, to the extent applicable.

DESCRIPTION OF NOTES

We issued $40,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 8.75% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”) under an indenture dated as of November 17, 2021 (the “base indenture”) between us and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB as trustee (the “trustee”), as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture thereto (together with the base indenture, the “indenture”). Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” in this section refer solely to Argo Blockchain plc, the issuer of the Notes, and not to any of its subsidiaries.

The following description is only a summary of certain provisions of the indenture and the Notes. You should read these documents in their entirety because they, and not this description, define your rights as holders of the Notes. The following summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the indenture and to the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”), and to all of the provisions of the indenture and those terms made a part of the indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.

General

The Notes:

·are our general unsecured, senior obligations;

·are initially limited to an aggregate principal amount of $40,000,000 (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Notes described herein);

·mature on November 30, 2026 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased, and 100% of the aggregate principal amount will be paid at maturity;

·bear cash interest from November 17, 2021 at an annual rate of 8.75%, payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31 of each year, beginning on January 31, 2022, and at maturity;

·are redeemable at our option, in whole or in part, at any time on or after November 30, 2023, at the prices and on the terms described under “— Optional Redemption” below;

·are issued in minimum denominations of $25 and integral multiples of $25 in excess thereof;

·do not have a sinking fund;

·are expected to be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARBKL”;

·are represented by one or more registered Notes in global form, but in certain limited circumstances may be represented by Notes in definitive form; and

·are redeemable at our option, in whole, but not in part, at any time upon the occurrence of certain change of control events, at the prices and on the terms described under “— Optional Redemption Upon Change of Control” below.

The indenture does not limit the amount of indebtedness that we or our subsidiaries may issue. The indenture does not contain any financial covenants and does not restrict us from paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing our other securities. Other than restrictions described under “— Covenants — Merger, Consolidation or Sale of Assets” below, the indenture does not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to afford holders of the Notes protection in the event of a highly leveraged transaction involving us or in the event of a decline in our credit rating as the result of a takeover, recapitalization, highly leveraged transaction or similar restructuring involving us that could adversely affect such holders.

We may from time to time, without the consent of the existing holders, issue additional Notes having the same terms as to status, redemption or otherwise (except the price to public, the issue date and, if applicable, the initial interest accrual date and the initial interest payment date) that may constitute a single fungible series with the Notes; provided that if any such additional Notes are not fungible with the Notes that were initially offered for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such additional Notes will have one or more separate CUSIP numbers. For the avoidance of doubt, such additional Notes will still constitute a single series with all other Notes issued under the indenture for all purposes, including waivers, amendments, redemptions and offers to purchase.

Ranking

The Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company, and, upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, rank (i) senior to our outstanding ordinary shares, (ii) senior to any of our future subordinated debt, (iii) pari passu (or equally) with our future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, (iv) effectively subordinated to our existing and any future secured indebtedness (including indebtedness that is initially unsecured to which we subsequently grant security), to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and (v) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness other liabilities or preferred equity of our subsidiaries, financing vehicles or similar facilities. The Notes are obligations solely of the Company and are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries.

Claims of creditors of our subsidiaries generally have priority with respect to the assets and earnings of such subsidiaries over the claims of our creditors, including holders of the Notes. As a result, the Notes are effectively subordinated to creditors, including trade creditors and preferred shareholders, if any, other than us, of our subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $75.9 million of outstanding indebtedness, $38.5 million of which was secured.

Interest

Interest on the Notes accrues at an annual rate equal to 8.75% from and including November 17, 2021 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier acceleration or redemption and are payable

quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31 of each year, beginning on January 31, 2022 and at maturity, to the holders of record at the close of business on the immediately preceding January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 (and November 15 immediately preceding the maturity date), as applicable (whether or not a business day).

The initial interest period for the Notes is the period from and including November 17, 2021, to, but excluding, January 31, 2022, and subsequent interest periods are the periods from and including an interest payment date to, but excluding, the next interest payment date or the stated maturity date, as the case may be. The amount of interest payable for any interest period, including interest payable for any partial interest period, is computed on the basis of a 360-day year comprised of twelve 30-day months. If an interest payment date falls on a non-business day, the applicable interest payment is made on the next business day and no additional interest accrues as a result of such delayed payment.

“Business day” means, for any place where the principal and interest on the Notes is payable, each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday which is not a day in which banking institutions in New York, Wilmington, Delaware or London, England are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.

Optional Redemption

Except as described below and under “— Optional Redemption Upon Change of Control” or “Optional Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes” the Notes are not redeemable by us at our option prior to November 30, 2023.

The Notes may be redeemed for cash in whole or in part at any time at our option (i) on or after November 30, 2023 and prior to November 30, 2024, at a price equal to 102% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, (ii) on or after November 30, 2024 and prior to November 30, 2025, at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, and (iii) on or after November 30, 2025 and prior to maturity, at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

In each case, redemption shall be upon notice not fewer than 10 days and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption, except that redemption notices may be delivered more than 60 days prior to a redemption date if the notice is issued in connection with a defeasance of the Notes or a discharge of the indenture. Notices of redemption may be subject to satisfaction or waiver of one or more conditions precedent specified in the notice of redemption.

If less than all of the Notes are to be redeemed, the particular Notes to be redeemed will be selected not more than 45 days prior to the redemption date by the trustee from the outstanding Notes not previously called for redemption, by lot, or in the trustee’s discretion, on a pro-rata basis, provided that the unredeemed portion of the principal amount of any Notes will be in an authorized denomination (which will not be less than the minimum authorized denomination) for such Notes. The trustee shall promptly notify us in writing of the Notes selected for redemption and, in the case of any Notes selected for partial redemption, the principal amount thereof to be redeemed. Beneficial interests in any of the Notes or portions thereof called for redemption that

are registered in the name of DTC or its nominee will be selected by DTC in accordance with DTC’s applicable procedures.

The trustee shall have no obligation to calculate any redemption price or any component thereof, and the trustee shall be entitled to receive and conclusively rely upon an officers’ certificate delivered by the Company that specifies any redemption price.

Unless we default on the payment of the redemption price, on and after the date of redemption, interest will cease to accrue on the Notes called for redemption.

We may at any time, and from time to time, purchase Notes at any price or prices in the open market or otherwise.

Optional Redemption Upon Change of Control

The Notes shall be redeemable for cash in whole but not in part at our option at any time within 90 days of the occurrence of a Change of Control, at a price equal to 100.5% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Redemption shall be upon notice not fewer than 10 days and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption. Notices of redemption may be subject to satisfaction or waiver of one or more conditions precedent specified in the notice of redemption.

A “Change of Control” will be deemed to have occurred at the time after the Notes are originally issued if:

(1)

any “Person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) is or becomes the “Beneficial Owner” (as defined in Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act, except that for purposes of this clause (1) such Person shall be deemed to have “Beneficial Ownership” of all shares that any such Person has the right to acquire, whether such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time), directly or indirectly, of more than 50.0% of the total voting power of the Voting Shares of the Company;

(2)

the merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person or the merger of another Person with or into the Company, or the sale of all or substantially all the assets of the Company (determined on a consolidated basis) to another Person other than a transaction following which, in the case of a merger or consolidation transaction, holders of securities that represented 100.0% of the Voting Shares of the Company immediately prior to such transaction (or other securities into which such securities are converted as part of such merger or consolidation transaction) own directly or indirectly at least a majority of the voting power of the Voting Shares of the surviving Person in such merger or consolidation transaction immediately after such transaction and in substantially the same proportion as before the transaction;

(3)

“Continuing Directors” (as defined below) cease to constitute at least a majority of the Company’s board of directors; or

(4)

if after the Notes are initially listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or another national securities exchange in the United States, the Notes fail, or at any point cease, to be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or such other national securities exchange. For the avoidance of doubt, it shall not be a Change of Control if after the Notes are initially listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or another national securities exchange, such Notes are subsequently listed on a different national securities exchange and the prior listing is terminated.

“Continuing Director” means a director who either was a member of our board of directors on the original issue date of the Notes or who becomes a member of our board of directors subsequent to that date and whose election, appointment or nomination for election by our shareholders is duly approved by a majority of the continuing directors on our board of directors at the time of such approval by such election or appointment.

“Voting Shares” of any specified Person as of any date means the share capital of such Person that is at the time entitled to vote generally in the election of the board of directors of such Person.

Optional Redemption for Changes in Withholding Taxes

The Company is entitled to redeem the Notes issued by it, at its option, in whole but not in part, upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at 100.0% thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest (if any) to the date of redemption (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), if due to a Change in Tax Law (as defined below) the Company has, or would, on the next date on which any amount would be payable with respect to such Notes, become obligated to pay to the holder or beneficial owner of any Notes any Additional Amounts (as defined below under “— Additional Amounts”); provided, however, that the Company determines, in its reasonable judgment, that the obligation to pay such Additional Amounts cannot be avoided by the use of reasonable measures available to it, and provided, further, that at the time such notice is given, such obligation to pay Additional Amounts remains in effect. For the avoidance of doubt, reasonable measures do not include changing the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company or any successor to the Company.

For purposes hereof, a “Change in Tax Law” shall mean any change in or an amendment to the laws, treaties, regulations or rulings of the Relevant Taxing Jurisdiction (as defined below under “— Additional Amounts”), including any change in the application, administration or administrative or judicial interpretation of such laws, treaties, regulations or rulings; which change or amendment has not been publicly announced as formally proposed before, and which becomes effective on or after, the original issue date of the Notes.

Notice of any such redemption shall be irrevocable. Prior to the publication or, where relevant, mailing of any notice of redemption, the Company shall deliver to the trustee:

(a)

an officers’ certificate stating that the Company is entitled to effect such redemption in accordance with the terms set forth in the indenture and setting forth in reasonable detail a statement of the facts relating thereto; and

(b)

a written opinion of independent counsel of recognized standing satisfactory to the trustee to the effect that the Company has become obligated to pay such Additional Amounts as a result of a Change in Tax Law).

The trustee accepts and shall be entitled to rely absolutely on such officers’ certificate and opinion of counsel as sufficient evidence of the satisfaction of the conditions precedent described above, without further inquiry, in which event it is conclusive and binding on the holders of the Notes.

The foregoing provisions shall apply mutatis mutandis to any successor person, after such successor person becomes a party to the indenture, with respect to a Change in Tax Law occurring after the time such successor person becomes a party to the indenture.

Additional Amounts

All payments made by the Company under or with respect to the Notes under the indenture shall be made free and clear of and without withholding or deduction for or on account of any present or future taxes or any duties, levies, imposts, assessments or similar governmental charges in the nature of Tax (collectively, “Taxes”). If we are required to withhold or deduct any amount for or on account of any such Taxes imposed or levied by or on behalf of the United Kingdom or any political subdivision or governmental authority thereof or therein having the power to tax (the “Relevant Taxing Jurisdiction”), from any payment made under or with respect to any Notes, the Company will pay such additional amounts (“Additional Amounts”) as may be necessary so that the net amount received by each holder after such withholding or deduction will not be less than the amount such holder would have received if such Taxes had not been withheld or deducted.

Notwithstanding the foregoing no Additional Amounts are payable with respect to payments made to any holder or beneficial owner for or on account of:

(a)

any Taxes that would not have been imposed, assessed, levied or collected but for the existence of a present or former business or personal connection between the holder or beneficial owner (or a fiduciary, settler, beneficiary, partner, member or shareholder of, or possessor of power over the relevant holder, if the relevant holder is an estate, nominee, trust, partnership or corporation) of the applicable Notes and the United Kingdom (including, but not limited to, citizenship, nationality, residence, domicile, physical presence or existence of a business, a permanent establishment, a place of business or a place of management present or deemed present within the United Kingdom) other than the mere receipt, ownership, holding or disposition of such Notes, or the receipt of any payments or the exercise or enforcement of rights under such Notes;

(b)

any Taxes that would not have been imposed, assessed, levied or collected but for the fact that, where presentation is required, the applicable Note was presented for payment more than 30 days after the Relevant Date (as defined below) except to the extent that a holder would have been entitled to such Additional Amounts if it had presented the Note on any day during such 30-day period;

(c)

any Taxes that would not have been imposed, assessed, levied or collected had the holder or beneficial owner of the applicable Notes complied on a timely basis, with a written

request of the Company for any applicable information or certification that would have, if provided on a timely basis, permitted the payment to be made without withholding or deduction (or with a reduced rate of withholding or deduction);

(d)

any estate, inheritance, gift, sales, excise, transfer, personal property or similar Taxes;

(e)

any Taxes payable other than by deduction or withholding from payments under, or with respect to, the applicable Notes;

(f)

any withholding or deduction required to be made from a payment pursuant to Sections 1471‑1474 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), as of the original issue date of the Notes, any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof, any similar law or regulations adopted pursuant to an intergovernmental agreement between a non-U.S. jurisdiction and the United States with respect to the foregoing or any agreements entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Code;

(g)

any Taxes that were imposed with respect to any payment on a Note to any fiduciary or partnership or person other than the sole beneficial owner of such payment to the extent that no Additional Amounts would have been payable had the beneficial owner of the applicable Note been the holder of such Note; or

(h)

any Taxes that are payable on account of any combination of (a) through (g) above.

For purposes of the foregoing, the “Relevant Date” means, in respect of any payment, the date on which such payment first becomes due and payable, but if the full amount of the monies payable has not been received by the paying agent on or prior to such due date, the Relevant Date means the first date on which, the full amount of such monies having been so received and being available for payment to holders, notice to that effect has been duly given to the holders.

Wherever in the indenture or the Notes there are mentioned, in any context, (1) the payment of principal, (2) interest or (3) any other amount payable on or with respect to any of the Notes, such reference shall be deemed to include payment of Additional Amounts as described under this heading to the extent that, in such context, Additional Amounts are, were or would be payable in respect thereof.

At least 30 days prior to each date on which any payment under or with respect to the Notes is to be made (unless an obligation to pay Additional Amounts arises less than 45 days prior to that payment date, in which case it shall be promptly thereafter), if the Company is obligated to pay Additional Amounts with respect to any such payment, the Company will furnish to the trustee and the paying agent, if other than the trustee, an officers’ certificate stating that such Additional Amounts are payable and the amounts estimated to be so payable, and will set forth such other information necessary to enable the trustee or the paying agent to pay such Additional Amounts to the holders on the payment date.

The Company will make all withholdings and deductions required by law and will remit the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant tax authority in accordance with applicable law. The Company will use its reasonable efforts to obtain tax receipts from each tax authority evidencing

the payment of any Taxes so deducted or withheld. The Company will furnish to the trustee, within a reasonable time after the date the payment of any Taxes so deducted or withheld is made, certified copies of tax receipts evidencing payment by the Company or if, notwithstanding such entity’s efforts to obtain receipts, receipts are not obtained, other evidence of payments (reasonably satisfactory to the trustee) by such entity provided, however, that in no event shall the Company be required to disclose any information that it reasonably deems to be confidential. The trustee shall not have any duty to verify our calculations of Additional Amounts.

The foregoing obligations survive any termination, defeasance or discharge of the indenture. References in this section (“— Additional Amounts”) to the Company shall apply to any successor(s) thereto.

Events of Default

Holders of our Notes have rights if an Event of Default occurs in respect of the Notes and is not cured, as described later in this subsection. The term “Event of Default” in respect of the Notes means any of the following:

·we do not pay interest on any Note when due, and such default is not cured within 30 days;

·we do not pay the principal of the Notes when due and payable;

·we breach any covenant in the indenture with respect to the Notes and such breach continues for 60 days after we receive a written notice of such breach from the trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the principal amount of the Notes (with a copy to the trustee) specifying that it is a “Notice of Default”; and

·certain specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur and remain undischarged or unstayed for a period of 90 days.

The trustee may withhold notice to the holders of the Notes of any default, except in the payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, if the trustee in good faith determines the withholding of notice to be in the interest of the holders of the Notes.

Each year, we will furnish to the trustee a written statement of certain of our officers certifying that to their knowledge we are in compliance with the indenture and the Notes, or else specifying any default, its status and what actions we are taking or propose to take with respect thereto.

Remedies if an Event of Default Occurs

If an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes may declare the entire principal amount of the Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to be due and payable immediately by a notice in writing to us and, if notice is given by the holders of the Notes, the trustee. This is called an “acceleration of maturity.” If the Event of Default occurs in relation to our filing for bankruptcy or certain other events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur, the principal amount of the Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, will

automatically, and without any declaration or other action on the part of the trustee or the holders, become immediately due and payable.

At any time after a declaration of acceleration of the Notes has been made by the trustee or the holders of the Notes and before any judgment or decree for payment of money due has been obtained by the trustee, the holders of a majority of the outstanding principal of the Notes, by written notice to us and the trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if (i) we have paid or deposited with the trustee all amounts due and owed with respect to the Notes (other than principal that has become due solely by reason of such acceleration) and certain other amounts, and (ii) any other Events of Default have been cured or waived.

At our election, the sole remedy with respect to an Event of Default due to our failure to comply with certain reporting requirements under the Trust Indenture Act or under “— Covenants — Reporting” below, for the first 180 calendar days after the occurrence of such Event of Default, consists exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the Notes at an annual rate equal to (1) 0.25% for the first 90 calendar days after such default and (2) 0.50% for calendar days 91 through 180 after such default. On the 181st day after such Event of Default, if such violation is not cured or waived, the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes (with a copy to the trustee) may declare the principal, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on the Notes to be due and payable immediately. If we choose to pay such additional interest, we must notify the trustee and the holders of the Notes by certificate of our election at any time on or before the close of business on the first business day following the Event of Default and we shall deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate (upon which the trustee may rely absolutely) to that effect stating (i) the amount of such additional interest that is payable and (ii) the date on which such additional interest is payable. Unless and until the trustee receives such a certificate, the trustee may assume without inquiry that no election to pay such additional interest has been made and no such additional interest is payable and the trustee shall not have any duty to verify our calculations of additional interest.

Before a holder of the Notes is allowed to bypass the trustee and bring a lawsuit or other formal legal action or take other steps to enforce such holder’s rights relating to the Notes, the following must occur:

·such holder must give the trustee written notice that the Event of Default has occurred and remains uncured;

·the holders of not less than 25% of the outstanding principal of the Notes must have made a written request to the trustee to institute proceedings in respect of such Event of Default in its own name as trustee;

·such holder or holders must have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to the trustee against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred in compliance with such request;

·the trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity has failed to institute any such proceeding; and

·no direction inconsistent with such written request has been given to the trustee during such 60-day period by holders of a majority of the outstanding principal of the Notes.

No delay or omission in exercising any right or remedy is treated as a waiver of that right, remedy or Event of Default.

The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding Notes may waive any default or Event of Default and its consequences, except defaults or Events of Default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or Event of Default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or Event of Default.

Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an Event of Default occurs and continues, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders, unless such holders have offered the trustee security or indemnity satisfactory to the trustee. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding Notes have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the Notes, provided that:

·the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the indenture, nor does it subject the trustee to a risk of personal liability in respect of which the trustee has not received indemnification satisfactory to it in its sole discretion against all losses, liabilities and expenses caused by taking or not taking such action; and

·the trustee may take any other action deemed proper by the trustee which is not inconsistent with such direction.

Book-entry and other indirect holders of the Notes should consult their banks or brokers for information on how to give notice or direction to or make a request of the trustee and how to declare or cancel an acceleration of maturity.

Waiver of Defaults

The holders of not less than a majority of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes may on behalf of the holders of all Notes waive any past default with respect to the Notes other than (i) a default in the payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest on the Notes when such payments are due and payable (other than by acceleration as described above), or (ii) in respect of a covenant that cannot per the terms of the indenture be modified or amended without the consent of each holder of Notes.

Covenants

In addition to standard covenants relating to payment of principal, premium, if any, and interest, maintaining an office where payments may be made or securities can be surrendered for payment, payment of taxes by us and related matters, the following covenants apply to the Notes.

Merger, Consolidation or Sale of Assets

The indenture provides that we will not merge or consolidate with or into any other person (other than a merger of a wholly owned subsidiary into us), or sell, transfer, lease, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all our property (provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, a pledge

of assets pursuant to any secured debt instrument of ours or any of our subsidiaries shall not be deemed to be any such sale, transfer, lease, conveyance or disposition), in any one transaction or series of related transactions unless:

·we are the surviving entity or the entity (if other than us) formed by such merger or consolidation or to which such sale, transfer, lease, conveyance or disposition is made organized under the laws of England and Wales, the United States of America, any state thereof or the District of Columbia or of another country which is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;

·the surviving entity (if other than us) expressly assumes, by supplemental indenture in form reasonably satisfactory to the trustee, executed and delivered to the trustee by such surviving entity, the due and punctual payment of the principal of, and premium, if any, and interest on, all the Notes outstanding, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and conditions of the indenture to be performed by us;

·immediately after giving effect to such transaction or series of related transactions, no default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing; and

·in the case of a merger where the surviving entity is other than us, we or such surviving entity will deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the trustee, an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that such transaction and the supplemental indenture, if any, in respect thereto, comply with this covenant and that all conditions precedent in the indenture relating to such transaction have been complied with; provided that in giving an opinion of counsel, counsel may rely on an officers’ certificate as to any matters of fact, including as to the satisfaction of the preceding bullet.

The surviving entity (if other than us) will succeed to, and be substituted for, and may exercise every right and power of, the Company under the Notes and the indenture, and the Company will automatically and unconditionally be released and discharged from its obligations under the Notes and the indenture.

Reporting

So long as the Notes are issued and outstanding and we are, at any time, not subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, we agree to make available to Holders and the Trustee our audited annual consolidated financial statements and unaudited interim consolidated financial statements within the time periods that were specified and applicable to us under the Exchange Act immediately prior to us no longer being subject to the reporting requirements of Exchange Act. All such financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards or U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, as applicable. For the avoidance of doubt, the filing or furnishing of the foregoing financial statements or other information to the SEC, or the publication thereof on our website, shall be deemed effective delivery of such information to the Holders and the Trustee.

The posting or delivery of any such information, documents and reports to the trustee is for informational purposes only and the trustee’s receipt of such shall not constitute actual or constructive notice of any information contained therein or determinable from information

contained therein, including the Company’s compliance with any of the covenants under the indenture (as to which the trustee is entitled to rely exclusively on an officers’ certificate). The trustee shall have no duty to review or analyze reports, information and documents delivered to it. Additionally, the trustee shall not be obligated to monitor or confirm, on a continuing basis or otherwise, the Company’s compliance with any of the covenants under the indenture, to determine whether any such information, reports or other documents are filed or furnished with the SEC, on any website or on any protected online data system or to participate on any conference calls.

Modification or Waiver

There are three types of changes we can make to the indenture and the Notes:

Changes Not Requiring Approval

We can make certain changes to the indenture and the Notes without the specific approval of the holders of the Notes. This type is limited to clarifications and certain other changes that would not adversely affect holders of the Notes in any material respect and include changes:

·to evidence the succession of another corporation, and the assumption by the successor corporation of our covenants, agreements and obligations under the indenture and the Notes;

·to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of the holders of the Notes, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any of such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default;

·to modify, eliminate or add to any of the provisions of the indenture to such extent as necessary to effect the qualification of the indenture under the Trust Indenture Act, and to add to the indenture such other provisions as may be expressly permitted by the Trust Indenture Act, excluding however, the provisions referred to in Section 316(a)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act;

·to cure any ambiguity or to correct or supplement any provision contained in the indenture or in any supplemental indenture which may be defective or inconsistent with other provisions;

·to conform the terms of the indenture or instruments evidencing the Notes to the terms thereof;

·to secure the Notes;

·to evidence and provide for the acceptance and appointment of a successor trustee and to add or change any provisions of the indenture as necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trust by more than one trustee; and

·to make provisions in regard to matters or questions arising under the indenture, so long as such other provisions do not materially affect the interest of any other holder of the Notes.

Changes Requiring Approval of Each Holder

We cannot make certain changes to the Notes without the specific approval of each holder of the Notes. The following is a list of those types of changes:

·changing the stated maturity of the principal of, or any installment of interest on, any Note;

·reducing the principal amount or rate of interest of any Note;

·changing the place of payment where any Note or any interest is payable;

·impairing the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment on or after the date on which it is due and payable;

·reducing the percentage in principal amount of holders of the Notes whose consent is needed to modify or amend the indenture; and

·reducing the percentage in principal amount of holders of the Notes whose consent is needed to waive compliance with certain provisions of the indenture or to waive certain defaults.

Changes Requiring Majority Approval

Any other change to the indenture and the Notes would require the approval by holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes.

Consent from holders to any change to the indenture or the Notes must be given in writing. The consent of the holders of the Notes is not necessary under the indenture to approve the particular form of any proposed amendment. It is sufficient if such consent approves the substance of the proposed amendment.

Further Details Concerning Voting

The amount of Notes deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of voting includes all Notes authenticated and delivered under the indenture as of the date of determination except:

·Notes cancelled by the trustee or delivered to the trustee for cancellation;

·Notes for which we have deposited with the trustee or paying agent or set aside in trust money for their payment or redemption and, if money has been set aside for the redemption of the Notes, notice of such redemption has been duly given pursuant to the indenture to the satisfaction of the trustee;

·Notes held by the Company, its subsidiaries or any other entity which is an obligor under the Notes, unless such Notes have been pledged in good faith and the pledgee is not the Company, an affiliate of the Company or an obligor under the Notes;

·Notes which have undergone full defeasance, as described below; and

·Notes which have been paid or exchanged for other Notes due to such Notes loss, destruction or mutilation, with the exception of any such Notes held by bona fide purchasers who have presented proof to the trustee that such Notes are valid obligations of the Company.

We are generally entitled to set any day as a record date for the purpose of determining the holders of the Notes that are entitled to vote or take other action under the indenture, and the trustee is generally entitled to set any day as a record date for the purpose of determining the holders of the Notes that are entitled to join in the giving or making of any Notice of Default, any declaration of acceleration of maturity of the Notes, any request to institute proceedings or the reversal of such declaration. If we or the trustee set a record date for a vote or other action to be taken by the holders of the Notes, that vote or action can only be taken by persons who are holders of the Notes on the record date and, unless otherwise specified, such vote or action must take place on or prior to the 180th day after the record date. We may change the record date at our option, and we will provide written notice to the trustee and to each holder of the Notes of any such change of record date.

Discharge

The indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to the Notes, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:

·register the transfer or exchange of the Notes;

·replace stolen, lost or mutilated Notes;

·maintain paying agencies; and

·hold monies for payment in trust.

In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must (i) deposit with the trustee money or U.S. government obligations, or a combination thereof, sufficient (to the extent of any U.S. government obligations, in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants, investment bank or appraisal firm, to generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other applicable payments on the Notes on the applicable due date) to pay all the principal of, any premium and interest on, the Notes on the dates payments are due, (ii) deliver irrevocable instructions to the trustee to apply the deposited cash and/or U.S. government obligations toward the payment of the Notes at maturity or on the redemption date, as the case may be, and (iii) deliver an officers’ certificate and opinion of counsel to the trustee stating that all conditions precedent under the indenture relating to the satisfaction and discharge of the indenture have been complied with.

“U.S. government obligations” means securities that are (1) direct obligations of the United States for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged, or (2) obligations of a person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States, which in either case, are not callable or redeemable by the issuer thereof and shall also include a depository receipt issued by a bank (as defined in Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities

Act) as custodian with respect to any such U.S. government obligations or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such U.S. government obligations held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depository receipt; provided that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depository receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the U.S. government obligations or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the U.S. government obligations evidenced by such depository receipt.

Defeasance

The following defeasance provisions are applicable to the Notes. “Defeasance” means that, by irrevocably depositing with the trustee an amount of cash denominated in U.S. dollars and/or U.S. government obligations sufficient to pay all principal and interest, if any, on the Notes when due and satisfying any additional conditions noted below, we are deemed to have been discharged from our obligations under the Notes. In the event of a “covenant defeasance,” upon depositing such funds and satisfying similar conditions discussed below we would be released from certain covenants under the indenture governing the Notes. The consequences to the holders of the Notes would be that, while they would no longer benefit from certain covenants under the indenture, and while the Notes could not be accelerated for any reason, the holders of the Notes nonetheless would be guaranteed to receive the principal and interest owed to them.

Covenant Defeasance

Under the indenture, we have the option to take the actions described below and be released from some of the restrictive covenants under the indenture under which the Notes were issued. This is called “covenant defeasance.” In that event, holders of the Notes would lose the protection of those restrictive covenants but would gain the protection of having money and government securities set aside in trust to repay the Notes. In order to achieve covenant defeasance, the following must occur:

·we must irrevocably deposit or cause to be deposited with the trustee as trust funds for the benefit of all holders of the Notes cash, U.S. government obligations or a combination of cash and U.S. government obligations sufficient, without reinvestment, in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants, investment bank or appraisal firm, to generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other applicable payments on the Notes on their various due dates;

·we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel stating that under U.S. federal income tax law, we may make the above deposit and covenant defeasance without causing holders to be taxed on the Notes differently than if those actions were not taken;

·we must deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate stating that the Notes, if then listed on any securities exchange, will not be delisted as a result of the deposit;

·no default or Event of Default with respect to the Notes has occurred and is continuing, and no defaults or Events of Defaults related to bankruptcy, insolvency or organization occurs during the 90 days following the deposit;

·the covenant defeasance must not cause the trustee to have a conflicting interest within the meaning of the Trust Indenture Act;

·the covenant defeasance must not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, the indenture or any other material agreements or instruments to which we are a party;

·the covenant defeasance must not result in the trust arising from the deposit constituting an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), unless such trust is registered under the Investment Company Act or exempt from registration thereunder; and

·we must deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel stating that all conditions precedent with respect to the covenant defeasance have been complied with.

Full Defeasance

If there is a change in U.S. federal income tax law, we can legally release ourselves from all payment and other obligations on the Notes if we take the following actions below:

·we must irrevocably deposit or cause to be deposited with the trustee as trust funds for the benefit of all holders of the Notes cash, U.S. government obligations or a combination of cash and U.S. government obligations sufficient, without reinvestment, in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm, of independent public accountants, investment bank or appraisal firm, to generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other applicable payments on the Notes on their various due dates;

·we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel confirming that there has been a change to the current U.S. federal income tax law or an IRS ruling that allows us to make the above deposit without causing holders to be taxed on the Notes any differently than if we did not make the deposit;

·we must deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate stating that the Notes, if then listed on any securities exchange, will not be delisted as a result of the deposit;

·no default or Event of Default with respect to the Notes has occurred and is continuing and no defaults or Events of Defaults related to bankruptcy, insolvency or organization occurs during the 90 days following the deposit;

·the full defeasance must not cause the trustee to have a conflicting interest within the meaning of the Trust Indenture Act;

·the full defeasance must not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, the indenture or any other material agreements or instruments to which we are a party;

·the full defeasance must not result in the trust arising from the deposit constituting an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act unless such trust is registered under the Investment Company Act or exempt from registration thereunder; and

·we must deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel stating that all conditions precedent with respect to the full defeasance have been complied with.

In the event that the trustee is unable to apply the funds held in trust to the payment of obligations under the Notes by reason of a court order or governmental injunction or prohibition, then those of our obligations discharged under the full defeasance or covenant defeasance will be revived and reinstated as though no deposit of funds had occurred, until such time as the trustee is permitted to apply all funds held in trust under the procedure described above to the payment of obligations under the Notes. However, if we make any payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest on the Notes to the holders, we will have the right to receive such payments from the trust in the place of the holders.

Counsel may rely on an officers’ certificate as to any matters of fact in giving an opinion of counsel in connection with the full defeasance or covenant defeasance provisions.

Listing

The Notes are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARBKL.” The Notes trade “flat,” meaning that purchasers do not pay and sellers do not receive any accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes that is not included in the trading price thereof.

We use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure the Notes continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or another national securities exchange in the United States. However, we may alternatively, but need not, list the Notes on any other stock exchange that is a “recognized stock exchange” within the meaning of section 1005 of the United Kingdom Income Tax Act 2007. For the avoidance of doubt, it shall not be a default in the performance, or breach, of this covenant if we use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Notes to continue be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or another securities exchange and are unable to do so notwithstanding such efforts.

Consent to Service

We have initially designated Puglisi & Associates as our authorized agent for service of process in any related proceeding arising out of or relating to the performance of our obligations under the indenture and the Notes brought in any state or federal court in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, and have irrevocably submit (but for these purposes only) to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of any such court in any such suit, action or proceeding.

Governing Law

The indenture and the Notes are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

Global Notes; Book-Entry Issuance

The Notes were issued in the form of one or more global certificates, or “Global Notes,” registered in the name of The Depository Trust Company, or “DTC.” DTC’s nominee is Cede & Co. Accordingly, Cede & Co. is the initial registered holder of the Notes. No person that acquires

a beneficial interest in the Notes is entitled to receive a certificate representing that person’s interest in the Notes except as described herein. Unless and until definitive securities are issued under the limited circumstances described below, all references to actions by holders of the Notes refers to actions taken by DTC upon instructions from its participants, and all references to payments and notices to holders refer to payments and notices to DTC or Cede & Co., as the registered holder of these securities.

DTC has informed us that it is a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds and provides asset servicing for over 3.5 million issues of U.S. and non-U.S. equity issues, corporate and municipal debt issues, and money market instruments from over 100 countries that DTC’s participants, or “Direct Participants,” deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the post-trade settlement among Direct Participants of sales and other securities transactions in deposited securities through electronic computerized book-entry transfers and pledges between Direct Participants’ accounts. This eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct Participants include both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations and certain other organizations. DTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, or “DTCC.”

DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and clearing corporations that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a Direct Participant, either directly or indirectly (“Indirect Participants” and, together with Direct Participants, “Participants”). DTC has an S&P rating of AA+ and a Moody’s rating of Aaa. The DTC Rules applicable to its participants are on file with the SEC. More information about DTC can be found at www.dtcc.com.

Purchases of the Notes under the DTC system must be made by or through Direct Participants, which receive a credit for the Notes on DTC’s records. The ownership interest of each actual purchaser of each Note, or the “Beneficial Owner,” is in turn to be recorded on the Direct and Indirect Participants’ records. Beneficial Owners do not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchase. Beneficial Owners are, however, expected to receive written confirmations providing details of the transaction, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the Direct or Indirect Participant through which the Beneficial Owner entered into the transaction. Transfers of ownership interests in the Notes are to be accomplished by entries made on the books of Direct and Indirect Participants acting on behalf of Beneficial Owners. Beneficial Owners do not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in the Notes, except in the event that use of the book-entry system for the Notes is discontinued.

To facilitate subsequent transfers, all Notes deposited by Direct Participants with DTC are registered in the name of DTC’s partnership nominee, Cede & Co., or such other name as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. The deposit of the Notes with DTC and their

registration in the name of Cede & Co. or such other DTC nominee does not affect any change in beneficial ownership. DTC has no knowledge of the actual Beneficial Owners of the Notes; DTC’s records reflect only the identity of the Direct Participants to whose accounts the Notes are credited, which may or may not be the Beneficial Owners. The Direct and Indirect Participants remain responsible for keeping account of their holdings on behalf of their customers.

Conveyance of notices and other communications by DTC to Direct Participants, by Direct Participants to Indirect Participants, and by Direct Participants and Indirect Participants to Beneficial Owners is governed by arrangements among them, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements as may be in effect from time to time.

Redemption notices are sent to DTC. If less than all of the Notes are being redeemed, DTC’s practice is to determine by lot the amount of the interest of each Direct Participant in the Notes to be redeemed.

Neither DTC nor Cede & Co. (nor any other DTC nominee) consent or vote with respect to the Notes unless authorized by a Direct Participant in accordance with DTC’s applicable procedures. Under its usual procedures, DTC mails an Omnibus Proxy to us as soon as possible after the record date. The Omnibus Proxy assigns Cede & Co.’s consenting or voting rights to those Direct Participants to whose accounts the Notes are credited on the record date (identified in a listing attached to the Omnibus Proxy).

Redemption proceeds, distributions and interest payments on the Notes are made to Cede & Co., or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. DTC’s practice is to credit Direct Participants’ accounts upon DTC’s receipt of funds and corresponding detail information from us or the applicable trustee or depositary on the payment date in accordance with their respective holdings shown on DTC’s records. Payments by Participants to Beneficial Owners are governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with the Notes held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name,” and are the responsibility of such Participant and not of DTC nor its nominee, the applicable trustee or depositary, or us, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements as may be in effect from time to time. Payment of redemption proceeds, distributions and interest payments to Cede & Co. (or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC) is the responsibility of us or the applicable trustee or depositary. Disbursement of such payments to Direct Participants is the responsibility of DTC, and disbursement of such payments to the Beneficial Owners is the responsibility of Direct Participants and Indirect Participants.

The information in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system has been obtained from sources that we believe to be reliable, but we take no responsibility for the accuracy thereof.

None of the Company, the trustee, any depositary, or any agent of any of them have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of DTC’s or any participant’s records relating to, or for payments made on account of, beneficial interests in a Global Note, or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to such beneficial interests.


Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description
1.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on September 17, 2021)

2.1	*	Description of the registrant’s securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.

2.2		Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on September 17, 2021)

2.3		Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.2)

2.4		Form of Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on November 10, 2021)

2.5		Form of First Supplemental Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on November 10, 2021)

2.6		Form of Notes (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 2.5 above)

4.1		2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on September 17, 2021)

4.2		UK Non-Tax-Advantaged Sub-Plan to 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on September 17, 2021)

4.3		2021 U.S. Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 filed on September 17, 2021)

4.4		2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on March 8, 2023)

4.5	#	Senior Secured Credit Agreement, by and among Argo Blockchain plc, Argo Operating US LLC, Galaxy Digital LLC, the other guarantor and lender parties thereto from time to time (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Registrant’s Form F-20 F filed on May 2, 2023)

12.1	*	Certification Required by Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 – Thomas Chippas

12.2	*	Certification Required by Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 – Jim MacCallum.

13.1	*	Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code).

15.1	*	Differences in Corporate Law

21.1	*	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant

97.1	*	Executive Compensation Clawback Policy

101.INS	*	XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

		Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 2814)		F-2
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Group Statement of Comprehensive Income		F-3
Group Statement of Financial Position		F-5
Group Statements of changes in Equity		F-6
Group Statement of Cash Flows		F-7
Notes to the Financial Statements.		F-9


		Page
Presentation of Financial and Certain Other Information		3
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		4
Industry and Market Data		5
Glossary of Industry Terms and Concepts		6
Part I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	8
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	8
Item 3.	Key Information	8
Item 4.	Information on the Company	56
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	68
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	79
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	91
Item 8.	Financial Information	92
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	93
Item 10.	Additional Information	93
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	112
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	113
Part II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	115
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	115
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	115
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	116
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	116
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	116
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	117
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	117
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	117
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	117
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	117
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	118
Item 16K.	Information on Cybersecurity	118
Part III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	119
Item 18.	Financial Statements	119
Item 19.	Exhibits	119
	Index to Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 202	F-1
Signatures		122

Date: April 30, 2024

/s/ Thomas Chippas

Title: Chief Executive Officer
Argo Blockchain plc

Date: April 30, 2024

/s/ Jim MacCallum

Title: Chief Financial Officer
Argo Blockchain plc

	England and Wales	Delaware

Number of Directors	Under the Companies Act, a public limited company must have at least two directors and the number of directors may be fixed by or in the manner provided in a company’s articles of association.	Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least one director and the number of directors shall be fixed by or in the manner provided in the bylaws.

Removal of Directors	Under the Companies Act, shareholders may remove a director without cause by an ordinary resolution (which is passed by a simple majority of those voting in person or by proxy at a general meeting) irrespective of any provisions of any service contract the director has with the company, provided 28 clear days’ notice of the resolution has been given to the company and its shareholders. On receipt of notice of an intended resolution to remove a director, the company must forthwith send a copy of the notice to the director concerned. Certain other procedural requirements under the Companies Act must also be followed such as allowing the director to make representations against his or her removal either at the meeting or in writing.	Under Delaware law, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors, except (a) unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise, in the case of a corporation whose board of directors is classified, shareholders may effect such removal only for cause, or (b) in the case of a corporation having cumulative voting, if less than the entire board of directors is to be removed, no director may be removed without cause if the votes cast against his removal would be sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an election of the entire board of directors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which he is a part.

Vacancies on the Board of Directors	Under the laws of England and Wales, the procedure by which directors, other than a company’s initial directors, are appointed is generally set out in a company’s articles of association, provided that where two or more persons are appointed as directors of a public limited company by resolution of the shareholders, resolutions appointing each director must be voted on individually.	Under Delaware law, vacancies and newly created directorships may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office (even though less than a quorum) or by a sole remaining director unless (a) otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or by-laws of the corporation or (b) the certificate of incorporation directs that a particular class of stock is to elect such director, in which case a majority of the other directors elected by such class, or a sole remaining director elected by such class, will fill such vacancy.

	England and Wales	Delaware

Annual General Meeting	Under the Companies Act, a public limited company must hold an annual general meeting in each six-month period following its annual accounting reference date.	Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.

General Meeting	Under the Companies Act, a general meeting of the shareholders of a public limited company may be called by the directors. Shareholders holding at least 5% of the paid-up capital of the company carrying voting rights at general meetings (excluding any paid up capital held as treasury shares) can require the directors to call a general meeting and, if the directors fail to do so within a certain period, may themselves (or any of them representing more than one half of the total voting rights of all of them) convene a general meeting.	Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.

Notice of General Meetings	Subject to a company’s articles of association providing for a longer period, under the Companies Act, 21 clear days’ notice must be given for an annual general meeting and any resolutions to be proposed at the meeting. Under the Companies Act, as a traded company, the minimum notice period for any other general meeting of the Company is also 21 clear days, unless certain conditions relating to the general meeting are met and at the preceding Annual General Meeting shareholders have approved by special resolution the holding of general meetings on 14 clear days’ notice. In addition, certain matters, such as the removal of directors or auditors, require special notice, which is 28 clear	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, written notice of any meeting of the stockholders must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting and shall specify the place, date, hour, and purpose or purposes of the meeting.

	England and Wales	Delaware

	days’ notice. The shareholders of a company may in all cases consent to a shorter notice period, the proportion of shareholders’ consent required being 100% of those entitled to attend and vote in the case of an annual general meeting and, in the case of any other general meeting, a majority in number of the members having a right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority who together hold not less than 95% in nominal value of the shares giving a right to attend and vote at the meeting.

Quorum	Subject to the provisions of a company’s articles of association, the Companies Act provides that two shareholders present at a meeting (in person, by proxy or authorized representative under the Companies Act) shall constitute a quorum for companies with more than one member.	The certificate of incorporation or bylaws may specify the number of shares, the holders of which shall be present or represented by proxy at any meeting in order to constitute a quorum, but in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one third of the shares entitled to vote at the meeting. In the absence of such specification in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, a majority of the shares entitled to vote, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of stockholders.

Proxy	Under the Companies Act, at any meeting of shareholders, a shareholder may designate another person to attend, speak and vote at the meeting on their behalf by proxy.	Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, a stockholder may designate another person to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A director of a Delaware corporation may not issue a proxy representing the director’s voting rights as a director.

Preemptive Rights	Under the Companies Act, “equity securities,” being (1) shares in the	Under Delaware law, shareholders have no preemptive rights to

	England and Wales	Delaware

	company other than shares that, with respect to dividends and capital, carry a right to participate only up to a specified amount in a distribution, referred to as “ordinary shares,” or (2) rights to subscribe for, or to convert securities into, ordinary shares, proposed to be allotted for cash must be offered first to the existing equity shareholders in the Company in proportion to the respective nominal value of their holdings, unless an exception applies or a special resolution to the contrary has been passed by shareholders in a general meeting or the articles of association provide otherwise in each case in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act.	subscribe to additional issues of stock or to any security convertible into such stock unless, and except to the extent that, such rights are expressly provided for in the certificate of incorporation.

Authority to Allot	Under the Companies Act, the directors of a company must not allot shares or grant of rights to subscribe for or to convert any security into shares unless an exception applies or an ordinary resolution to the contrary has been passed by shareholders in a general meeting or the articles of association provide otherwise in each case in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act.	Under Delaware law, if the corporation’s charter or certificate of incorporation so provides, the board of directors has the power to authorize the issuance of stock. It may authorize capital stock to be issued for consideration consisting of cash, any tangible or intangible property or any benefit to the corporation or any combination thereof. It may determine the amount of such consideration by approving a formula. In the absence of actual fraud in the transaction, the judgment of the directors as to the value of such consideration is conclusive.

Liability of Directors and Officers	Under the Companies Act, any provision, whether contained in a company’s articles of association or any contract or otherwise, that purports to exempt a director of a company, to any extent, from any liability that would otherwise attach to him in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the Company is void.	Under Delaware law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may include a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation and its stockholders for damages arising from a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, no provision can limit the liability of a director for:

	England and Wales	Delaware

	Any provision by which a company directly or indirectly provides an indemnity, to any extent, for a director of the Company or of an associated company against any liability attaching to him in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the company of which he is a director is also void except as permitted by the Companies Act, which provides exceptions for the company to (a) purchase and maintain insurance against such liability; (b) provide a “qualifying third party indemnity” (being an indemnity against liability incurred by the director to a person other than the company or an associated company or criminal proceedings in which he is convicted); and (c) provide a “qualifying pension scheme indemnity” (being an indemnity against liability incurred in connection with our activities as trustee of an occupational pension plan).	▪ any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; ▪ acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; ▪ intentional or negligent payment of unlawful dividends or stock purchases or redemptions; or ▪ any transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit.

Voting Rights	For a company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, it is usual for the articles of association to provide that, unless a poll is demanded by the shareholders of a company or is required by the chairman of the meeting or our articles of association, shareholders shall vote on all resolutions on a show of hands. Under the Companies Act, a company’s articles may determine the procedure for demanding a poll, provided any provision in the articles is void if it has the effect of making ineffective a demand for a poll by (a) not fewer than five shareholders having the right to vote on the resolution; (b) any shareholder(s) representing not	Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.

	England and Wales	Delaware

	less than 10% of the total voting rights of all the shareholders having the right to vote on the resolution (excluding any voting rights attaching to treasury shares); or (c) any shareholder(s) holding shares in the company conferring a right to vote on the resolution (excluding any voting rights attaching to treasury shares) being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than 10% of the total sum paid up on all the shares conferring that right. A company’s articles of association may provide more extensive rights for shareholders to call a poll. Under the laws of England and Wales, an ordinary resolution is passed on a show of hands if it is approved by a simple majority (more than 50%) of the votes cast by shareholders present (in person or by proxy) and entitled to vote. If a poll is demanded, an ordinary resolution is passed if it is approved by holders representing a simple majority of the total voting rights of shareholders present, in person or by proxy, who, being entitled to vote, vote on the resolution. Special resolutions require the affirmative vote of not less than 75% of the votes cast by shareholders present, in person or by proxy, at the meeting. If a poll is demanded, a special resolution is passed if it is approved by holders representing not less than 75% of the total voting rights of shareholders in person or by proxy who, being entitled to vote, vote on the resolution.

Shareholder Vote on Certain Transactions	The Companies Act provides for schemes of arrangement, which are arrangements or compromises between a company and any class	Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of the stock,

	England and Wales	Delaware

	of shareholders or creditors and used in certain types of reconstructions, amalgamations, capital reorganizations, or takeovers. These arrangements require: ▪ the approval at a shareholders’ or creditors’ meeting convened by order of the court, of a majority in number of shareholders or creditors or a class thereof representing 75% in value of the capital held by, or debt owed to, the class of shareholders or creditors, or class thereof present and voting, either in person or by proxy; and ▪ the approval of the court.	completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation’s assets or dissolution requires: ▪ the approval of the board of directors; and ▪ approval by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock or, if the certificate of incorporation provides for more or less than one vote per share, a majority of the votes of the outstanding stock of a corporation entitled to vote on the matter.

Standard of Conduct for Directors	Under the laws of England and Wales, a director owes various statutory and fiduciary duties to the company, including: ▪ to act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to: (i) the likely consequences of any decision in the long-term, (ii) the interests of the company’s employees, (iii) the need to foster the company’s business relationships with suppliers, customers and others, (iv) the impact of the company’s operations on the community and the environment, (v) the desirability to maintain a reputation for high standards of business conduct, and (vi) the need to act fairly as between members of the company; ▪ to avoid a situation in which he has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly conflicts, with the interests of the company;	Delaware law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of the fiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by the courts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basis and in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interest of the stockholders. Directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the corporation and to its shareholders. The duty of care generally requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not

	England and Wales	Delaware

	▪ to act in accordance with our constitution and only exercise his powers for the purposes for which they are conferred; ▪ to exercise independent judgment; ▪ to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence; ▪ not to accept benefits from a third party conferred by reason of his being a director or doing, or not doing, anything as a director; and ▪ a duty to declare any interest that he has, whether directly or indirectly, in a proposed or existing transaction or arrangement with the company.	use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. In general, but subject to certain exceptions, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Delaware courts have also imposed a heightened standard of conduct upon directors of a Delaware corporation who take any action designed to defeat a threatened change in control of the corporation. In addition, under Delaware law, when the board of directors of a Delaware corporation approves the sale or break-up of a corporation, the board of directors may, in certain circumstances, have a duty to obtain the highest value reasonably available to the shareholders.

Shareholder Litigation	Under the laws of England and Wales, generally, the company, rather than its shareholders, is the proper claimant in an action in respect of a wrong done to the company or where there is an irregularity in the company’s internal management. Notwithstanding this general position, the Companies Act provides that (1) a court may allow a shareholder to bring a derivative claim (that is, an action in respect of and on behalf of the company) in respect of a cause of action arising from a director’s negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust and (2) a shareholder may bring a claim for a court order where our affairs have been or are being conducted	Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporation fails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must: ▪ state that the plaintiff was a stockholder at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff’s shares thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law; and ▪ allege with particularity the efforts made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors and the reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain the action; or ▪ state the reasons for not making the effort.

		England and Wales		Delaware

		in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to some of its shareholders.		Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholder through the duration of the derivative suit. The action will not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery.

Name of Subsidiary		Jurisdiction of Organization
Argo US Holdings Inc.		Delaware, United States
Argo Operating US LLC		Delaware, United States
Argo Innovation Labs, Inc.		British Columbia, Canada
9377-2556 Quebec Inc.		Quebec, Canada

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
Document and Entity Information	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	20-F
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40816
Entity Registrant Name	ARGO BLOCKCHAIN PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	X0
Entity Address, Address Line One	Eastcastle House
Entity Address, Address Line Two	27/28 Eastcastle Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1W 8DH
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	536,963,471
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Document Accounting Standard	International Financial Reporting Standards
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001841675
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Auditor Name	PKF Littlejohn LLP
Auditor Location	London, England
Auditor Firm ID	2814
American Depository Shares [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depository Shares, each representing ten ordinary shares
Trading Symbol	ARBK
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Senior Notes [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	8.75% Senior Notes due 2026
Trading Symbol	ARBKL
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares, nominal value of £0.001 per share
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
No Trading Symbol Flag	true
Business Contact [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	Eastcastle House
Entity Address, Address Line Two	27/28 Eastcastle Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1W 8DH
Entity Address, Country	GB
City Area Code	+44
Local Phone Number	20 788 400 3403
Contact Personnel Name	Jim MacCallum

GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
GROUP STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Revenues	$ 50,558,000	$ 58,583,000	$ 98,748,000
Power and hosting costs	(35,964,000)	(26,759,000)	(15,185,000)
Power Credits	7,163,000	0
Change in fair value of digital currencies	738,000	(53,978,000)	2,167,000
Depreciation - mining hardware	(18,656,000)	(20,469,000)	(14,339,000)
Gross profit (loss)	3,839,000	(42,623,000)	71,391,000
Operating costs	(19,345,000)	(34,057,000)	(11,743,000)
Gain on hedging		2,097,000
Share based payment charge	(3,892,000)	(6,096,000)	(2,579,000)
Operating loss	(19,398,000)	(80,679,000)	57,069,000
Gain/(loss) on sale of investments	36,000		(837,000)
Loss on sale of subsidiary		(55,418,000)
Write off of investment	(2,236,000)
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		(23,228,000)	244,000
Investment fair value movement		(406,000)
Finance costs	(11,556,000)	(22,661,000)	(2,935,000)
Other income	346,000	3,726,000
Impairment of tangible fixed assets	(855,000)	(55,838,000)
Gain on disposal of intangible assets	428,000
Impairment of intangible assets	(1,082,000)	(5,155,000)
Equity accounted loss from associate	(716,000)	(6,027,000)	(1,594,000)
Revaluation of contingent consideration		4,994,000	314,000
Loss before taxation	(35,033,000)	(240,692,000)	52,261,000
Tax credit (expense)		11,731,000	(11,319,000)
Loss after taxation	(35,033,000)	(228,961,000)	40,942,000
Other comprehensive income
Currency translation reserve	(779,000)	(20,639,000)	(8,834,000)
Equity accounted OCI from associate		(8,744,000)	8,744,000
Fair value reserve		(551,000)	551,000
Total other comprehensive loss	(779,000)	(29,934,000)	461,000
Total comprehensive loss attributable to the equity holders of the Company	$ (35,812,000)	$ (258,895,000)	$ 41,403,000
Loss per share attributable to equity owners (cents)
Basic earnings/(loss) per share	$ (0.07)	$ (0.48)	$ 0.10
Diluted earnings/(loss) per share	$ (0.07)	$ (0.48)	$ 0.1

GROUP STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Non-current assets
Investments at fair value through income or loss	$ 400	$ 414	$ 543
Investments accounted for using the equity method		2,863	18,642
Intangible fixed assets	888	2,103	7,560
Property, plant and equipment	59,728	76,991	150,571
Right of use assets		525	472
Total non-current assets	61,016	82,896	177,788
Current assets
Trade and other receivables	2,480	823	10,072
Prepaids	1,355	5,979	75,409
Digital assets	385	443	108,956
Cash and cash equivalents	7,443	20,092	15,923
Current assets	11,663	27,337	210,360
Assets Held for sale	3,261
Total current assets	14,924	27,337	210,360
Total assets	75,940	110,233	388,148
Equity
Common Stock	712	634	622
Additional paid-in capital	209,779	202,103	196,911
Share based payment reserve	12,166	8,528	2,531
Currency translation reserve	(30,129)	(29,350)	(8,711)
Fair value reserve			551
Other comprehensive income of equity accounted associates			8,744
Accumulated surplus (loss)	(192,370)	(157,337)	71,624
Total equity	158	24,578	272,272
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	11,175	9,780	20,566
Income Tax			10,360
Deferred Tax			386
Contingent consideration			10,889
Loans and Borrowings	14,320	11,605	31,558
Lease liability		5	10
Current liabilities	25,495	21,390	73,769
Liabilities held for sale	2,090
Total current liabilities	27,585	21,390	73,769
Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax			730
Issued debt - bond	38,170	37,809	36,303
Loans	10,027	25,916	4,575
Lease liability		540	499
Total liabilities	75,782	85,655	115,876
Total equity and liabilities	$ 75,940	$ 110,233	$ 388,148

GROUP STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Additional paid in Capital	Currency translation reserve	Share based payment reserve	Fair Revaluation Reserve	Other comprehensive income of associates	Accumulated surplus / (deficit)	Total
Balance at the beginning at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 403	$ 1,724	$ 123	$ 97			$ 30,682	$ 33,029
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period							40,942	40,942
Other comprehensive loss			(8,834)		$ 551	$ 8,744		461
Total comprehensive loss for the period			(8,834)		551	8,744	40,942	41,403
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock Issued	219	195,187						195,406
Share based compensation charge				2,579				2,579
Common stock options/warrants exercised				(145)				(145)
Total transactions with equity owners	219	195,187		2,434				197,840
Balance at the end at Dec. 31, 2021	622	196,911	(8,711)	2,531	551	8,744	71,624	272,272
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period							(228,961)	(228,961)
Other comprehensive loss			(20,639)		(551)	(8,744)		(29,934)
Total comprehensive loss for the period			(20,639)		$ (551)	$ (8,744)	(228,961)	(258,895)
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock Issued	12	5,192						5,204
Share based compensation charge				6,096				6,096
Common stock options/warrants exercised				(99)				(99)
Total transactions with equity owners	12	5,192		5,997				11,201
Balance at the end at Dec. 31, 2022	634	202,103	(29,350)	8,528			(157,337)	24,578
Total comprehensive loss for the period:
Loss for the period							(35,033)	(35,033)
Other comprehensive loss			(779)					(779)
Total comprehensive loss for the period			(779)				(35,033)	(35,812)
Transactions with equity owners:
Common Stock Issued	78	7,676						7,754
Share based compensation charge				3,892				3,892
Share RSUs vested				(254)				(254)
Total transactions with equity owners	78	7,676		3,638				11,392
Balance at the end at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 712	$ 209,779	$ (30,129)	$ 12,166			$ (192,370)	$ 158

GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Loss before tax	$ (35,033)	$ (240,692)	$ 52,261
Adjustments for:
Depreciation and amortisation	20,129	29,003	15,318
Foreign exchange movements	(1,597)	(21,337)	784
Loss on disposal of tangible assets		23,228
Finance cost	11,556	22,662	2,851
Loss on sale of subsidiary and investment		55,418	837
Fair value change in digital assets through profit or loss	(738)	55,555	(2,166)
Revenue from digital assets	(50,558)	(60,172)	(106,902)
Impairment of intangible digital assets	654	5,548	712
Impairment of property, plant and equipment	855	55,838
Investment fair value movement		406	(244)
Write off of investment	2,236
Share of loss from associate	716	6,027	1,594
Non-cash settlement of management fees			(2,077)
Gain on sale of investment	(36)
Revaluation of contingent consideration		(4,994)	(314)
Derecognition of contingent consideration			(468)
Hedging gain		(2,097)
Purchase of digital assets			(19,973)
Proceeds from sale of digital assets	51,866	114,646	15,048
Stock based compensation expense	3,892	6,096	2,579
Working capital changes:
(Increase)/decrease in trade and other receivables	(1,152)	(26,150)	(18,136)
Increase/(decrease) in trade and other payables	1,041	(5,576)	16,352
Net cash generated from operating activities	3,831	13,409	(41,944)
Investing activities
Investments at fair value through profit or loss			(293)
Investment in associate			(9,785)
Acquisition of subsidiary, net of cash acquired			(884)
Mining equipment prepayment			(63,113)
Cash transferred on disposal of subsidiary		(1,678)
Proceeds from sale of investment	50		1,027
Purchase of tangible fixed assets	(1,112)	(108,047)	(105,093)
Proceeds from disposal of tangible fixed assets		12,404
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,062)	(97,321)	(178,141)
Financing activities
Increase in loans	1,429	96,995	29,595
Lease payments		(93)	(9,820)
Loan repayments	(14,064)		(1,592)
Interest paid	(10,661)	(22,661)	(162)
Proceeds from issue of loan in conjunction with the disposal of subsidiary		9,936
Proceeds from debt issue			35,808
Proceeds from common stock issued - net of issue costs	7,518		179,233
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities	(15,778)	84,177	233,062
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(13,009)	265	12,977
Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents	360	3,904	161
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	20,092	15,923	2,785
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	7,443	20,092	15,923
Net debt
Current loans and borrowings	(14,320)	(11,605)	(31,558)
Non-current issued debt - bonds	(38,170)	(37,809)	(36,303)
Non-current loans and borrowings	(10,027)	(25,916)	(4,575)
Lease liability		(545)
Cash and cash equivalents	7,443	20,092	$ 15,923
Total net debt	$ (55,074)	$ (55,783)

GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS (Parenthetical)	12 Months Ended
GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS (Parenthetical)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
GROUP STATEMENT OF CASHFLOWS
Prepayments for mining assets utilised during the period	$ 4,118,000

COMPANY INFORMATION (Details)	Mar. 04, 2022	May 11, 2022	Jan. 12, 2018
Argo Innovation Facilities (US) Inc.
COMPANY INFORMATION
Proportion of ownership interest in subsidiary	100.00%
Argo innovation Labs Inc.
COMPANY INFORMATION
Percentage of equity interests acquired			100.00%
DPN LLC Inc
COMPANY INFORMATION
Percentage of equity interests acquired	100.00%
9377 2556 and 9366 5230 Quebec Inc
COMPANY INFORMATION
Percentage of equity interests acquired		100.00%

BASIS OF PREPARATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
BASIS OF PREPARATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Tax credit (expense)		$ 11,731	$ (11,319)
Currency translation reserve	$ 779	20,639	8,834
Loss for the period	$ (35,033)	(228,961)	$ 40,942
Deferred tax liabilities		0
Previously stated
Tax credit (expense)		446
Currency translation reserve		20,184
Loss for the period		(240,246)
Deferred tax liabilities		(10,589)
Increase (decrease) due to corrections of prior period errors
Tax credit (expense)		11,285
Currency translation reserve		455
Loss for the period		11,285
Deferred tax liabilities		$ 10,589

ACCOUNTING POLICIES - (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
ACCOUNTING POLICIES - (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 28, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) item
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Number of reportable segments \| item		1
31 March 2024 to 30 June 2025 \| Borrowings and bonds
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Debt service obligations		$ 18
Improvements To Data Centre
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		5 years
Office Equipment
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		3 years
Data centres and assets under construction
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		25 years
Electrical equipment
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		7 years
Argo innovation Labs Inc.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Proportion of ownership interest in subsidiary		100.00%
Loan agreement with Galaxy Digital LP
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Amount of loan facility	$ 35
Loan agreement with Galaxy Digital LP \| Asset-backed loans
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Consideration received for sale of assets under loan agreement	$ 65
Borrowings term	3 years
Reduction in total indebtedness	$ 41
Minimum
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Percentage of voting rights		20.00%
Minimum \| Mining And Computer Equipment
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		3 years
Maximum
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Percentage of voting rights		50.00%
Maximum \| Mining And Computer Equipment
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Useful life, property, plant and equipment		4 years

FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS - Foreign currency sensitivity (Details) - Currency risk - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
CAD
FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS
Increase in rate	10.00%	10.00%
Decrease in rate	10.00%	10.00%
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible increase in risk component	$ 274	$ 1,384
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible decrease in risk component	$ (274)	(1,384)
Effect on pre-tax equity, reasonably possible decrease in risk component		$ (3,208)
GBP
FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS
Increase in rate	10.00%	10.00%
Decrease in rate	10.00%	10.00%
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible increase in risk component	$ 74	$ 77
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible decrease in risk component	$ (74)	$ (77)

FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS - Interest rate sensitivity (Details) - Interest risk - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS
Increase in rate	1.80%	1.80%
Decrease in rate	1.80%	1.80%
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible increase in risk component	$ 464	$ 665
Effect on profit before tax, reasonably possible decrease in risk component	$ (464)	$ (665)

FINANCIAL RISK FACTORS - Contractual undiscounted cash flows (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Less than 1 year
Contractual undiscounted cash flows
Loans	$ 14,320	$ 11,605
Lease liabilities		5
Between 1 and 2 years
Contractual undiscounted cash flows
Loans	9,830	13,643
Lease liabilities		5
Between 2 and 5 years
Contractual undiscounted cash flows
Loans	197	12,273
Lease liabilities		15
Issued debt - bonds	$ 38,170	37,810
Over 5 years
Contractual undiscounted cash flows
Lease liabilities		$ 511

KEY JUDGEMENTS AND ESTIMATES (Details) - Restricted Stock Units	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Vesting period, share-based payment arrangements	3 years
Period between grant of award and first vesting occasion	6 months
Vesting interval after first vesting occasion	3 months

REVENUES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
REVENUES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
REVENUES
Total revenue	$ 50,558	$ 58,583	$ 98,748
Crypto currency mining
REVENUES
Total revenue	$ 50,558	58,464	93,586
United states \| Crypto currency management fees
REVENUES
Total revenue		$ 119	$ 5,162

REVENUES - Textual Information (Details)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
REVENUES - Textual Information (Details)	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 23, 2022 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2021 item
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Power Credits	$ 3,800,000	$ 7,163,000	$ 0
Number of bitcoins held \| item					2,441
Fair value of crypto assets			80,000,000
Gain on hedging			2,097,000
Galaxy Digital LP, on demand loan
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Amount of loan facility				$ 30,000,000
Number of bitcoins pledged as collateral for loans \| item				1,504
Gain on hedging			$ 2,100,000

EXPENSES BY NATURE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
EXPENSES BY NATURE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating expenses
Salary and other employee related costs	$ 6,430	$ 11,887	$ 3,542
Restructuring and transaction related costs	4,969	11,862
Settlement re Crypto mining management fees			(2,077)
Insurance	2,128	7,455	1,874
Depreciation and amortisation	1,473	8,535	508
Legal, professional and regulatory fees	1,431	3,925	2,040
Indirect taxes	994	4,208
Property tax	919	349
Consulting fees	533	1,024	910
Repairs and maintenance	455	1,067	921
Audit fees	341	383	318
Office general expenses	285	1,039	564
Public relations and associated activities	255	642	930
Travel	226	839	170
Carbon credits	129		335
Bank charges	34	297	329
Derecognition of variable contingent consideration			(468)
Impairment of intangible assets			712
Hedging Costs			434
Freight, postage & delivery	30	1,625
Capital loss		143
Research costs		11
Foreign exchange loss	(1,287)	(21,234)	701
Total operating expenses	19,345	34,057	11,743
Finance costs - interest on borrowings and bond	11,556	22,661	2,935
Total finance costs	$ 11,556	$ 22,661	$ 2,935

AUDITOR'S REMUNERATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
AUDITOR'S REMUNERATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
AUDITOR'S REMUNERATION
In relation to statutory audit services	$ 341	$ 383	$ 318
Total auditor's remuneration	$ 341	$ 383	$ 318

Number

Number

Number

Directors and employees