10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C.  20549

 FORM 10-Q 

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                    to

Commission File Number:  1-768

CATERPILLAR INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware				37-0602744
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)				(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
510 Lake Cook Road,	Suite 100,	Deerfield,	Illinois	60015
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (224) 551-4000 

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol (s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)	CAT	New York Stock Exchange	¹
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023	CAT23	New York Stock Exchange
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035	CAT35	New York Stock Exchange

¹    In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☒

At June 30, 2021, 547,471,467 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	49
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	78
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	78
Part II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	79
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	79
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	79
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	*
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	*
Item 5.	Other Information	79
Item 6.	Exhibits	80

* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

2

Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	12,193	$	9,310
Revenues of Financial Products	696		687
Total sales and revenues	12,889		9,997
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	8,881		7,113
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,364		1,179
Research and development expenses	446		341
Interest expense of Financial Products	116		149
Other operating (income) expenses	293		431
Total operating costs	11,100		9,213
Operating profit	1,789		784
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	120		135
Other income (expense)	201		29
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,870		678
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	470		227
Profit of consolidated companies	1,400		451
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	14		8
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,414		459
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	1		1
Profit 1	$	1,413	$	458
Profit per common share	$	2.58	$	0.84
Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	2.56	$	0.84
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	547.9		541.5
– Diluted 2	552.1		544.5

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	1,414	$	459
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:	99		175
Pension and other postretirement benefits:	(7)		(5)
Derivative financial instruments:	43		(12)
Available-for-sale securities:	1		39
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	136		197
Comprehensive income	1,550		656
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	1		1
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	1,549	$	655

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	23,384	$	19,224
Revenues of Financial Products	1,392		1,408
Total sales and revenues	24,776		20,632
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	16,893		14,379
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,603		2,300
Research and development expenses	820		697
Interest expense of Financial Products	241		324
Other operating (income) expenses	616		744
Total operating costs	21,173		18,444
Operating profit	3,603		2,188
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	262		248
Other income (expense)	526		251
Consolidated profit before taxes	3,867		2,191
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	945		652
Profit of consolidated companies	2,922		1,539
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	23		13
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	2,945		1,552
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		2
Profit 1	$	2,943	$	1,550
Profit per common share	$	5.38	$	2.85
Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	5.33	$	2.83
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	547.1		544.5
– Diluted 2	551.8		548.2

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	2,945	$	1,552
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:	(248)		(185)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:	(15)		(12)
Derivative financial instruments:	12		(72)
Available-for-sale securities:	(15)		21
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(266)		(248)
Comprehensive income	2,679		1,304
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	2		2
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	2,677	$	1,302

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	10,831	$	9,352
Receivables – trade and other	7,840		7,317
Receivables – finance	9,523		9,463
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,080		1,930
Inventories	12,672		11,402
Total current assets	42,946		39,464
Property, plant and equipment – net	12,014		12,401
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,206		1,185
Long-term receivables – finance	12,590		12,222
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,455		1,523
Intangible assets	1,176		1,308
Goodwill	6,372		6,394
Other assets	3,938		3,827
Total assets	$	81,697	$	78,324
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	4	$	10
Financial Products	3,421		2,005
Accounts payable	6,921		6,128
Accrued expenses	3,556		3,642
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,759		1,096
Customer advances	1,157		1,108
Dividends payable	608		562
Other current liabilities	2,126		2,017
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	50		1,420
Financial Products	7,906		7,729
Total current liabilities	27,508		25,717
Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,752		9,749
Financial Products	16,452		16,250
Liability for postemployment benefits	6,581		6,872
Other liabilities	4,524		4,358
Total liabilities	64,817		62,946
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (6/30/21 and 12/31/20 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	6,293		6,230
Treasury stock (6/30/21 – 267,423,157 shares; 12/31/20 – 269,590,777 shares) at cost	(25,240)		(25,178)
Profit employed in the business	36,934		35,167
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,154)		(888)
Noncontrolling interests	47		47
Total shareholders’ equity	16,880		15,378
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	81,697	$	78,324

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	Common stock		Treasury stock		Profit employed in the business		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Noncontrolling interests		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	6,046	$	(25,341)	$	35,504	$	(2,012)	$	42	$	14,239
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		458		—		1		459
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		175		—		175
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(5)		—		(5)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(12)		—		(12)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		39		—		39
Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,121)		—		—		(1,121)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888	(4)		17		—		—		—		13
Stock-based compensation expense	67		—		—		—		—		67
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 2	—		(87)		—		—		—		(87)
Other	11		(1)		—		—		—		10
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	6,120	$	(25,412)	$	34,841	$	(1,815)	$	43	$	13,777
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	6,215	$	(25,049)	$	36,697	$	(1,290)	$	44	$	16,617
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		1,413		—		1		1,414
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		99		—		99
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(7)		—		(7)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		43		—		43
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		1		—		1
Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,176)		—		—		(1,176)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 869,892	(2)		60		—		—		—		58
Stock-based compensation expense	69		—		—		—		—		69
Common shares repurchased: 1,161,9552	—		(251)		—		—		—		(251)
Other	11		—		—		—		2		13
Balance at June 30, 2021	$	6,293	$	(25,240)	$	36,934	$	(1,154)	$	47	$	16,880

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

2 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	Common stock		Treasury stock		Profit employed in the business		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Noncontrolling interests		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	5,935	$	(24,217)	$	34,437	$	(1,567)	$	41	$	14,629
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance
Credit losses	—		—		(25)		—		—		(25)
Balance at January 1, 2020	5,935		(24,217)		34,412		(1,567)		41		14,604
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		1,550		—		2		1,552
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(185)		—		(185)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(12)		—		(12)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(72)		—		(72)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		21		—		21
Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,121)		—		—		(1,121)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,519,971	(66)		56		—		—		—		(10)
Stock-based compensation expense	114		—		—		—		—		114
Common shares repurchased: 10,096,006 2	—		(1,250)		—		—		—		(1,250)
Other	137		(1)		—		—		—		136
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	6,120	$	(25,412)	$	34,841	$	(1,815)	$	43	$	13,777
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	6,230	$	(25,178)	$	35,167	$	(888)	$	47	$	15,378
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		2,943		—		2		2,945
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(248)		—		(248)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(15)		—		(15)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		12		—		12
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		(15)		—		(15)
Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,176)		—		—		(1,176)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		(2)		(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 3,329,575	(65)		188		—		—		—		123
Stock-based compensation expense	111		—		—		—		—		111
Common shares repurchased: 1,161,955 2	—		(251)		—		—		—		(251)
Other	17		1		—		—		—		18
Balance at June 30, 2021	$	6,293	$	(25,240)	$	36,934	$	(1,154)	$	47	$	16,880

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

2 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

9

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	2,945	$	1,552
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,173		1,222
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations	—		(132)
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	68		(32)
Other	(20)		674
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(343)		1,176
Inventories	(1,179)		(145)
Accounts payable	893		(655)
Accrued expenses	22		(253)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	618		(648)
Customer advances	49		(2)
Other assets – net	(47)		(7)
Other liabilities – net	(133)		(229)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	4,046		2,521
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(419)		(472)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(681)		(526)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	636		382
Additions to finance receivables	(6,203)		(6,712)
Collections of finance receivables	5,580		6,801
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	27		31
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(398)		(49)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	28		13
Proceeds from sale of securities	276		151
Investments in securities	(500)		(369)
Other – net	(63)		7
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,717)		(743)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,126)		(1,125)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	123		(10)
Common shares repurchased	(251)		(1,130)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	494		1,991
Financial Products	4,412		4,168
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(1,902)		(12)
Financial Products	(4,064)		(4,617)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	1,460		(477)
Other – net	(2)		(1)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(856)		(1,213)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3		(66)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	1,476		499
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,366		8,292
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	10,842	$	8,791

 All short-term investments, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, are considered to be cash equivalents.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1.     A.  Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2020 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2020 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2020 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks were evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Reference rate reform (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04) – In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued accounting guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur between March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, we elected to adopt optional expedients impacting our derivative instruments. We continue to evaluate the impact of reference rate reform on our other contracts and assess the impacts of adopting this guidance on our financial statements.

11

We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2021, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:

ASU	Description
2020-01	Investments - Equity securities, equity method and joint ventures and derivatives and hedging
2020-08	Codification improvements – Receivables - Nonrefundable fees and other costs
2021-01	Reference rate reform - Scope

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3.     Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products. In addition, Cat Financial provides wholesale inventory financing for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We include wholesale inventory receivables in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $6,673 million, $6,310 million and $7,648 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $654 million, $657 million and $693 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $1,576 million, $1,526 million and $1,654 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized $241 million and $674 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2021. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized $331 million and $699 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2020.

As of June 30, 2021, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $5.8 billion, with about one-third of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2021. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

4.                                     Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $69 million and $111 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $67 million and $114 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

12

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021					Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,084,821	$	56.30	$	219.76	1,913,888	$	25.98	$	127.60
RSUs	448,311	$	219.76	$	219.76	705,287	$	127.60	$	127.60
PRSUs	266,894	$	219.76	$	219.76	371,641	$	127.60	$	127.60

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2021	2020
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.60%	2.47%
Weighted-average volatility	32.9%	25.7%
Range of volatilities	29.2% - 45.8%	24.5% - 29.7%
Range of risk-free interest rates	0.06% - 1.41%	1.21% - 1.39%
Weighted-average expected lives	8 years	8 years

As of June 30, 2021, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $235 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.

We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

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We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of June 30, 2021, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 60 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian Krona, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

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We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	59	$	74
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	64		71
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(23)		(36)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	—		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	49		1
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(54)		(148)
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	—		4
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		2
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	38		57
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(8)		(5)
		$	125	$	20
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	12	$	10
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(5)		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	43		17
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6		7
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(18)		(107)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	56		35
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	3		2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(1)		—
		$	96	$	(37)

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The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	3,859	$	3,553
Financial Products	$	10,575	$	11,260

The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	54	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(10)	$	12,193
			Cost of goods sold	10		8,881
Financial Products	(38)		Interest expense of Financial Products	—		116
			Other income (expense)	(32)		201
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		120
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(6)		116
	$	17		$	(39)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(34)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11	$	9,310
			Cost of goods sold	(32)		7,113
Financial Products	(35)		Interest expense of Financial Products	9		149
			Other income (expense)	(43)		29
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(12)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		135
Financial Products	(9)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(19)		149
	$	(90)		$	(75)

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Cash Flow Hedges
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(23)	$	23,384
			Cost of goods sold	38		16,893
Financial Products	81		Interest expense of Financial Products	2		241
			Other income (expense)	80		526
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		262
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(16)		241
	$	96		$	79

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(124)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	16	$	19,224
			Cost of goods sold	(43)		14,379
Financial Products	66		Interest expense of Financial Products	20		324
			Other income (expense)	28		251
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(16)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		248
Financial Products	(24)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(24)		324
	$	(98)		$	(5)

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The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021		Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	11	$	16
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(58)		(23)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	45		15
		$	(2)	$	8
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	3	$	13
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	28		85
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	65		(31)
		$	96	$	67

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

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The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	194	$	—	$	194	$	(29)	$	—	$	165
Financial Products	136		—		136		(55)		—		81
Total	$	330	$	—	$	330	$	(84)	$	—	$	246

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(29)	$	—	$	(29)	$	29	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(80)		—		(80)		55		—		(25)
Total	$	(109)	$	—	$	(109)	$	84	$	—	$	(25)

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	196	$	—	$	196	$	(38)	$	—	$	158
Financial Products	85		—		85		(57)		—		28
Total	$	281	$	—	$	281	$	(95)	$	—	$	186

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(38)	$	—	$	(38)	$	38	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(260)		—		(260)		57		—		(203)
Total	$	(298)	$	—	$	(298)	$	95	$	—	$	(203)

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6.                                     Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Raw materials	$	4,598	$	4,021
Work-in-process	1,389		1,052
Finished goods	6,405		6,054
Supplies	280		275
Total inventories	$	12,672	$	11,402

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill

A.  Intangible assets

Intangible assets were comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,457	$	(1,655)	$	802
Intellectual property	12	1,447		(1,129)		318
Other	14	165		(109)		56
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,069	$	(2,893)	$	1,176

		December 31, 2020
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,493	$	(1,600)	$	893
Intellectual property	12	1,439		(1,073)		366
Other	14	164		(115)		49
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,096	$	(2,788)	$	1,308

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $76 million and $153 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $78 million and $158 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	Thereafter
$149	$284	$226	$167	$157	$193

B.  Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020		Acquisitions 1		Other Adjustments 2		June 30, 2021
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	320	$	—	$	(14)	$	306
Impairments	(22)		—		—		(22)
Net goodwill	298		—		(14)		284
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,253		—		(32)		4,221
Impairments	(1,175)		—		—		(1,175)
Net goodwill	3,078		—		(32)		3,046
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,959		43		(15)		2,987
All Other 3
Goodwill	59		—		(4)		55
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,591		43		(65)		7,569
Impairments	(1,197)		—		—		(1,197)
Net goodwill	$	6,394	$	43	$	(65)	$	6,372

1 See Note 21 for additional details.

2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

3 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities as available-for-sale, and we include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of these debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

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	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	57		1		58		58		1		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	991		37		1,028		962		50		1,012
Asset-backed securities	150		2		152		156		3		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	346		9		355		362		12		374
Residential	5		—		5		5		—		5
Commercial	80		3		83		60		4		64
Total debt securities	$	1,639	$	52	$	1,691	$	1,613	$	70	$	1,683

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position:
	June 30, 2021
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	118	$	1	$	5	$	—	$	123	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	89		1		2		—		91		1
Total	$	207	$	2	$	7	$	—	$	214	$	2

	December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	13	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	17	$	—
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	2		—		5		—		7		—
Total	$	15	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	24	$	—
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Corporate Bonds The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

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The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	146	$	148
Due after one year through five years	725		753
Due after five years through ten years	284		292
Due after ten years	53		55
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	346		355
Residential mortgage-backed securities	5		5
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	80		83
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,639	$	1,691

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	125	$	66	$	225	$	124
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	2		1		2		1
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	—		1		—		1

For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $21 million and $26 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $38 million and $(14) million, respectively.

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9.                                     Postretirement benefits

A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    

	U.S. Pension Benefits				Non-U.S. Pension Benefits				Other Postretirement Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30				June 30				June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	14	$	25	$	24
Interest cost	83		121		13		21		16		27
Expected return on plan assets	(179)		(198)		(33)		(38)		(1)		(3)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(10)		(10)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		120		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(96)	$	(75)	$	(5)	$	138	$	30	$	38
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	29	$	28	$	50	$	47
Interest cost	165		242		27		40		32		53
Expected return on plan assets	(358)		(396)		(65)		(73)		(3)		(6)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(20)		(19)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		(134)		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(193)	$	(152)	$	(9)	$	(118)	$	59	$	75

1    Total lump-sum transfers out of certain pension plans exceeded the service and interest cost for 2020, which required us to follow settlement accounting and remeasure the plans' obligations as of March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020.

2    The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $54 million and $160 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2021 contributions of approximately $310 million.

B.  Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
U.S. Plans	$	115	$	126	$	240	$	145
Non-U.S. Plans	28		20		54		43
	$	143	$	146	$	294	$	188

The increase in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.

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10.       Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Finance lease revenue	$	124	$	119	$	249	$	244
Operating lease revenue	281		285		575		588
Total	$	405	$	404	$	824	$	832

We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap.

Supplier consortium performance guarantee

We have provided a guarantee to a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries is a member. The guarantee covers potential damages incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium's non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortium to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee will expire when the supplier consortium performs all of its contractual obligations, which is expected to be completed in 2022.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the related recorded liability was $5 million. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	955	$	993
Supplier consortium performance guarantee	261		258
Other guarantees	226		234
Total guarantees	$	1,442	$	1,485

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Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program.  Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity.  Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the SPC’s assets of $966 million and $1,026 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $965 million and $1,025 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

	First Six Months
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020
Warranty liability, beginning of period	$	1,612	$	1,541
Reduction in liability (payments)	(442)		(436)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	515		428
Warranty liability, end of period	$	1,685	$	1,533

12.                               Profit per share

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,413	$	458	$	2,943	$	1,550
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	547.9		541.5		547.1		544.5
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	4.2		3.0		4.7		3.7
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	552.1		544.5		551.8		548.2
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.58	$	0.84	$	5.38	$	2.85
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.56	$	0.84	$	5.33	$	2.83
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					547.5		541.5
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we excluded 1.1 million and 4.9 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. As of June 30, 2021, approximately $4.5 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, at an aggregate cost of $251 million. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we repurchased 0.8 million and 10.1 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $87 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

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	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance	(1,257)		(1,847)		(910)		(1,487)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	92		168		(231)		(206)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(7)		(9)		17		1
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	99		177		(248)		(207)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	99		175		(248)		(185)
Ending balance	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance	(40)		(10)		(32)		(3)
Current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(10)		(10)		(20)		(19)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(3)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(7)		(7)		(15)		(14)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(7)		(5)		(15)		(12)
Ending balance	$	(47)	$	(15)	$	(47)	$	(15)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance	(31)		(157)		—		(97)
Gains (losses) deferred	17		(90)		96		(98)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	3		(20)		19		(23)
Net gains (losses) deferred	14		(70)		77		(75)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	39		75		(79)		5
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	10		17		(14)		2
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	29		58		(65)		3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	43		(12)		12		(72)
Ending balance	$	12	$	(169)	$	12	$	(169)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance	38		2		54		20
Gains (losses) deferred	3		52		(18)		30
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	1		13		(4)		9
Net gains (losses) deferred	2		39		(14)		21
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(2)		—		(2)		—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(1)		—		(1)		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(1)		—		(1)		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1		39		(15)		21
Ending balance	$	39	$	41	$	39	$	41
Total AOCI Ending Balance at June 30	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)

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14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 27, 2020, the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (“IBAMA”) issued Caterpillar Brasil Ltda a notice of violation regarding allegations around the requirements for use of imported oils at the Piracicaba, Brazil facility. We have instituted processes to address the allegations. While we are still discussing resolution of these allegations with IBAMA, the initial notice from IBAMA included a proposed fine of approximately $300,000. We do not expect this fine or our response to address the allegations to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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15.                              Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was primarily related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.

In addition, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $22 million tax charge was also recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to the $132 million of remeasurement net gain resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.

On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent’s Report from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), based on the IRS examination team’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant change to our unrecognized tax benefits for this position within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

16.                              Segment information

A.    Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B.    Description of segments

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing, research and development for drivetrains, hydraulic systems, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

•ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

•We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

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•We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

•We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

•We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

•Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

•We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 33 to 36 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

•Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. Only certain restructuring costs in 2020 are excluded from segment profit. See Note 20 for more information.

•Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,498	$	430	$	1,291	$	1,384	$	5,603		$	53	$	5,656
Resource Industries	799		487		525		660		2,471			108		2,579
Energy & Transportation	1,992		250		1,196		682		4,120			855		4,975
Financial Products Segment	488		65		96		125		774		1	—		774
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	5,777		1,232		3,108		2,851		12,968			1,016		13,984
All Other operating segment	11		1		4		18		34			94		128
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(69)		(12)		(10)		(22)		(113)			(1,110)		(1,223)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	5,719	$	1,221	$	3,102	$	2,847	$	12,889		$	—	$	12,889
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	1,604	$	212	$	933	$	1,283	$	4,032		$	16	$	4,048
Resource Industries	507		270		379		554		1,710			116		1,826
Energy & Transportation	1,816		197		929		599		3,541			608		4,149
Financial Products Segment	493		60		96		114		763		1	—		763
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	4,420		739		2,337		2,550		10,046			740		10,786
All Other operating segment	7		1		5		15		28			87		115
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(41)		(10)		(9)		(17)		(77)			(827)		(904)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	4,386	$	730	$	2,333	$	2,548	$	9,997		$	—	$	9,997

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $92 million and $88 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	4,624	$	822	$	2,372	$	3,226	$	11,044		$	71	$	11,115
Resource Industries	1,456		892		999		1,221		4,568			227		4,795
Energy & Transportation	3,774		506		2,289		1,209		7,778			1,704		9,482
Financial Products Segment	964		127		196		248		1,535		1	—		1,535
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	10,818		2,347		5,856		5,904		24,925			2,002		26,927
All Other operating segment	24		1		7		40		72			186		258
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(132)		(23)		(18)		(48)		(221)			(2,188)		(2,409)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	10,710	$	2,325	$	5,845	$	5,896	$	24,776		$	—	$	24,776
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	3,689	$	477	$	1,822	$	2,356	$	8,344		$	10	$	8,354
Resource Industries	1,203		590		774		1,122		3,689			221		3,910
Energy & Transportation	3,554		446		1,982		1,177		7,159			1,339		8,498
Financial Products Segment	1,018		130		198		231		1,577		1	—		1,577
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	9,464		1,643		4,776		4,886		20,769			1,570		22,339
All Other operating segment	12		3		16		25		56			168		224
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(110)		(24)		(22)		(37)		(193)			(1,738)		(1,931)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	9,366	$	1,622	$	4,770	$	4,874	$	20,632		$	—	$	20,632

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Oil and gas	$	1,137	$	1,027	$	2,052	$	1,888
Power generation	1,052		895		2,015		1,749
Industrial	899		678		1,712		1,479
Transportation	1,032		941		1,999		2,043
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,120	$	3,541	$	7,778	$	7,159

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	1,024	$	518	$	2,059	$	1,158
Resource Industries	361		152		689		456
Energy & Transportation	731		624		1,397		1,226
Financial Products Segment	243		148		487		253
Total profit from reportable segments	2,359		1,442		4,632		3,093
Profit from All Other operating segment	(10)		(3)		(7)		4
Cost centers	11		(23)		32		9
Corporate costs	(202)		(120)		(387)		(287)
Timing	(124)		(24)		(190)		(51)
Restructuring costs	(25)		(96)		(89)		(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	7		(38)		7		(18)
Postretirement benefit expense	86		(118)		154		285
Stock-based compensation expense	(69)		(67)		(111)		(114)
Financing costs	(109)		(119)		(239)		(199)
Currency	50		(60)		236		(208)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(72)		(80)		(121)		(172)
Other methodology differences	(32)		(16)		(50)		(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	1,870	$	678	$	3,867	$	2,191

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Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	4,416	$	4,259
Resource Industries	5,848		6,035
Energy & Transportation	9,179		8,582
Financial Products Segment	34,933		34,278
Total assets from reportable segments	54,376		53,154
Assets from All Other operating segment	1,583		1,717
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	10,028		8,822
Deferred income taxes	1,352		1,413
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,924		4,847
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	3,110		2,833
Inventory methodology differences	(2,707)		(2,536)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,387		8,466
Other	(356)		(392)
Total assets	$	81,697	$	78,324

Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	59	$	61	$	118	$	122
Resource Industries	101		104		200		207
Energy & Transportation	142		149		284		295
Financial Products Segment	191		198		387		403
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	493		512		989		1,027
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	60		63		122		125
Cost centers	24		32		50		65
Other	10		1		12		5
Total depreciation and amortization	$	587	$	608	$	1,173	$	1,222

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Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	36	$	28	$	64	$	48
Resource Industries	34		36		57		53
Energy & Transportation	143		144		224		231
Financial Products Segment	361		256		589		503
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	574		464		934		835
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	32		23		47		38
Cost centers	—		6		19		15
Timing	(15)		(14)		109		146
Other	5		(29)		(9)		(36)
Total capital expenditures	$	596	$	450	$	1,100	$	998

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments

A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer

Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use, the majority of which operate in construction-related industries. Cat Financial also provides financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 48 months with an average remaining term of approximately 26 months as of June 30, 2021.

Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's forecasts for the markets in which it operates reflected an overall rebound in economic conditions, which had deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from a growing economy, improved unemployment rates and a decrease in delinquencies. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer

Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.

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Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

Classes of finance receivables

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial's finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.

•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

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An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021						Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	393	$	44	$	437	$	408	$	45	$	453
Write-offs	(68)		—		(68)		(36)		—		(36)
Recoveries	14		—		14		6		—		6
Provision for credit losses	13		—		13		86		—		86
Other	2		—		2		3		—		3
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021						Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	431	$	44	$	475	$	375	$	45	$	420
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance 1	—		—		—		12		—		12
Write-offs	(102)		—		(102)		(73)		—		(73)
Recoveries	24		—		24		13		—		13
Provision for credit losses	3		—		3		146		—		146
Other	(2)		—		(2)		(6)		—		(6)
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Individually evaluated	$	183	$	39	$	222	$	184	$	39	$	223
Collectively evaluated	171		5		176		283		6		289
Ending Balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated	$	492	$	78	$	570	$	601	$	78	$	679
Collectively evaluated	19,356		2,585		21,941		17,869		3,305		21,174
Ending Balance	$	19,848	$	2,663	$	22,511	$	18,470	$	3,383	$	21,853
1 Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to credit losses.

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

Customer

The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

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(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	2,469	$	3,224	$	1,931	$	957	$	325	$	111	$	117	$	9,134
31-60 days past due	12		37		25		19		8		3		—		104
61-90 days past due	4		7		5		5		2		2		—		25
91+ days past due	2		17		27		15		10		6		2		79
EAME
Current	952		1,275		669		329		126		38		—		3,389
31-60 days past due	6		10		15		2		1		1		—		35
61-90 days past due	—		7		4		2		—		—		—		13
91+ days past due	3		11		7		6		3		61		—		91
Asia/Pacific
Current	857		1,088		498		151		33		6		—		2,633
31-60 days past due	4		22		17		8		1		—		—		52
61-90 days past due	—		8		9		4		—		—		—		21
91+ days past due	—		12		8		8		1		—		—		29
Mining
Current	433		420		478		272		89		191		71		1,954
31-60 days past due	—		3		—		—		—		—		—		3
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		1		2		4		2		—		—		9
Latin America
Current	315		452		233		93		30		19		—		1,142
31-60 days past due	1		14		6		3		1		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	—		3		2		1		—		—		—		6
91+ days past due	—		18		11		11		6		8		—		54
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	27		215		132		82		209		180		109		954
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
91+ days past due	—		2		—		20		3		69		—		94
Total Customer	$	5,085	$	6,846	$	4,079	$	1,992	$	850	$	697	$	299	$	19,848

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(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	3,777	$	2,423	$	1,344	$	522	$	212	$	27	$	89	$	8,394
31-60 days past due	52		49		33		16		7		2		—		159
61-90 days past due	22		25		16		9		2		1		—		75
91+ days past due	14		35		31		20		9		4		2		115
EAME
Current	1,605		931		501		203		60		18		—		3,318
31-60 days past due	5		15		3		2		—		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	1		1		2		1		—		—		—		5
91+ days past due	7		7		12		4		39		43		—		112
Asia/Pacific
Current	1,375		745		321		61		10		3		—		2,515
31-60 days past due	12		22		13		6		—		—		—		53
61-90 days past due	7		11		7		1		—		—		—		26
91+ days past due	4		10		9		3		—		—		—		26
Mining
Current	490		571		287		152		92		151		137		1,880
31-60 days past due	5		—		5		1		—		—		—		11
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		11		8		2		—		—		1		22
Latin America
Current	561		348		151		48		13		34		—		1,155
31-60 days past due	3		6		4		3		—		—		—		16
61-90 days past due	1		7		6		3		2		—		—		19
91+ days past due	2		14		11		24		5		4		—		60
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	217		172		111		273		99		117		119		1,108
31-60 days past due	—		—		6		—		—		—		—		6
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		9		—		9
91+ days past due	2		—		20		3		25		79		—		129
Total Customer	$	8,162	$	5,403	$	2,901	$	1,357	$	575	$	492	$	348	$	19,238

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other machinery. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the machinery.

Dealer

As of June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $78 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which was originated in 2017. As of December 31, 2020, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $81 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America. Of these past due receivables, $78 million were originated in 2017 and $3 million were originated prior to 2016.

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Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due or have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:

	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
(Millions of dollars)	Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing		Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing
North America	$	62	$	1	$	19	$	86	$	1	$	34
EAME	89		—		2		113		1		1
Asia/Pacific	19		1		11		13		—		13
Mining	9		1		—		21		1		—
Latin America	57		—		1		63		—		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	113		—		—		170		17		—
Total	$	349	$	3	$	33	$	466	$	20	$	49

There was $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There were $6 million and $5 million of interest income recognized during the six month ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status were $78 million and $81 million, respectively, all of which was in Latin America. There were no finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment more than 90 days past due and still accruing income as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and no interest income was recognized on dealer finance receivables on non-accrual status during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

Troubled debt restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. Cat Financial individually evaluates TDR contracts and establishes an allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable's effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.

41

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021				Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
Customer
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	—		—		17		17
Latin America	6		6		—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	26	$	26	$	71	$	71
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021				Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	11		5		17		17
Latin America	6		6		2		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	37	$	31	$	73	$	73

The Post-TDR amortization costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
Customer	2021		2020		2021		2020
North America	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—
EAME	—		—		—		10
Asia/Pacific	2		—		6		—
Latin America	15		—		15		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		5		—
Total	$	17	$	—	$	27	$	11

18.                              Fair value disclosures

    A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

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•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:

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	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		58		—		—		58
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,028		—		—		1,028
Asset-backed securities	—		152		—		—		152
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		355		—		—		355
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		83		—		—		83
Total debt securities	10		1,681		—		—		1,691
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	234		—		—		—		234
Smaller company growth	40		—		—		—		40
REIT	—		—		—		152		152
Total equity securities	274		—		—		152		426
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		221		—		—		221
Total assets	$	284	$	1,902	$	—	$	152	$	2,338

	December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		59		—		—		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,012		—		—		1,012
Asset-backed securities	—		159		—		—		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		374		—		—		374
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		64		—		—		64
Total debt securities	10		1,673		—		—		1,683
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	199		—		—		—		199
Smaller company growth	58		—		—		—		58
REIT	—		—		—		148		148
Total equity securities	257		—		—		148		405
Total assets	$	267	$	1,673	$	—	$	148	$	2,088
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17
Total liabilities	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17

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In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $157 million and $243 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.  

    B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Finance receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Wholesale inventory receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximates fair value.

Long-term debt

We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.

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Fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	10,831	$	10,831	$	9,352	$	9,352	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	236		236		14		14		1
Investments in debt and equity securities	2,117		2,117		2,088		2,088		1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	14,275		14,452		14,028		14,357		3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	832		806		929		911		3
Foreign currency contracts – net	133		133		—		—		2	Note 5
Interest rate contracts – net	30		30		58		58		2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	58		58		37		37		2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,425		3,425		2,015		2,015		1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,802		12,544		11,169		14,549		2
Financial Products	24,358		24,811		23,979		24,614		2
Foreign currency contracts – net	—		—		112		112		2	Note 5
Guarantees	5		5		5		5		3	Note 11

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $8,147 million and $7,961 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

19.                         Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30					Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020			2021		2020
Investment and interest income	$	21	$	27		$	44	$	70
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(32)		(4)			63		(79)
License fee income	32		23			57		48
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	111		(63)		2	222		270		2
Gains (losses) on securities	17		37			42		(21)
Miscellaneous income (loss)	52		9			98		(37)
Total	$	201	$	29		$	526	$	251

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

2 Includes remeasurement losses of $(122) million and a remeasurement net gain of $132 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, from the settlement of certain pension obligations. See Note 9 for further details.

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20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Employee separations 1	$	17	$	123	$	62	$	134
Contract terminations 1	—		2		—		3
Long-lived asset impairments 1	(7)		14		4		23
Other 2	15		8		23		24
Total restructuring costs	$	25	$	147	$	89	$	184
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, project management and inventory write-downs, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address certain product lines. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the restructuring costs were primarily related to various voluntary and involuntary employee separation programs implemented across the company and a strategic action to address a certain product line, which were partially offset by a gain on the sale of a manufacturing facility that had been closed.

In 2021, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit. In 2020, only certain restructuring costs were excluded from segment profit. Restructuring costs included in segment profit were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Construction Industries	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	5
Resource Industries	—		15		—		16
Energy & Transportation	—		17		—		21
Financial Products Segment	—		1		—		1

The following table summarizes the 2021 and 2020 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Liability balance, beginning of period	$	164	$	48
Increase in liability (separation charges)	62		134
Reduction in liability (payments)	(82)		(95)
Liability balance, end of period	$	144	$	87

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2021 is expected to be paid in 2021 and 2022.

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21.                     Acquisitions

SPM Oil & Gas

On February 1, 2021, Caterpillar completed the acquisition of varying equity interests and assets of the Weir Group PLC, collectively known as SPM Oil & Gas (SPM). Headquartered near Fort Worth, Texas, SPM Oil & Gas produces a full line of pumps, flow iron, consumable parts, wellhead and pressure control products that are offered via an extensive global network of service centers. This acquisition, included in the Energy & Transportation segment, is consistent with our strategy of providing our customers expanded offerings and services which will now be one of the broadest in the well service industry. The purchase price, net of $22 million of acquired cash, was approximately $361 million.

We financed the transaction with available cash. Tangible assets as of the acquisition date were $518 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included cash of $22 million, receivables of $101 million, inventories of $159 million, leased assets of $105 million, and property, plant, and equipment of $117 million. Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $23 million included developed technology and trade names and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average amortization period of approximately 8 years. Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $187 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included lease liabilities of $105 million and accounts payable of $33 million. Goodwill of $29 million represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets acquired. These values represent a preliminary allocation of purchase price subject to finalization of post-closing procedures. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report and our discussion of significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2020 Form 10-K.

Highlights for the second quarter of 2021 include:

•Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.

•Operating profit margin was 13.9 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 7.8 percent for the second quarter of 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.1 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 9.3 percent for the second quarter of 2020.

•Second-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.56, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.60. Second-quarter 2020 profit per share was $0.84, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $1.27.

•Caterpillar ended the second quarter of 2021 with $10.8 billion of enterprise cash.

Highlights for the six months ended June 30, 2021 include:

•Total sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

•Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 10.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 11.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

•Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $5.33, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $5.47. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2.83, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.92.

•Enterprise operating cash flow was $4.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

•In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 68.

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021				Three Months Ended June 30, 2020				Six Months Ended June 30, 2021				Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share
Profit................................................................................	$	1,870	$	2.56	$	678	$	0.84	$	3,867	$	5.33	$	2,191	$	2.83
Restructuring costs........................................................	25		0.04		147		0.24		89		0.14		184		0.30
Remeasurement (gains) losses of pension obligations....	—		—		122		0.19		—		—		(132)		(0.20)
Adjusted profit.................................................................	$	1,895	$	2.60	$	947	$	1.27	$	3,956	$	5.47	$	2,243	$	2.92
Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.

Overview

Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased their inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021. Favorable currency impacts were related to the Australian dollar, euro and Chinese yuan. Favorable price realization also contributed to the sales improvement. Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.

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Second-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.56, compared with $0.84 profit per share in the second quarter of 2020. Profit per share for both quarters included restructuring costs, while the second quarter of 2020 also included pre-tax remeasurement losses of $122 million, or $0.19 per share, resulting from the settlements of pension obligations. Profit for the second quarter of 2021 was $1.413 billion, an increase of $955 million, or 209 percent, compared with $458 million for the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses and unfavorable manufacturing costs were mostly offset by lower restructuring costs, the absence of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlement of pension obligations that occurred in the second quarter of 2020 and higher profit from Financial Products.

Sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $5.33, an increase of $2.50, or 88 percent, compared with $2.83 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Profit per share for both periods included restructuring costs, while the six months ended June 30, 2020, also included a pre-tax remeasurement net gain of $132 million, or $0.20 per share, resulting from the settlements of pension obligations. Profit for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $2.943 billion, an increase of $1.393 billion, or 90 percent, compared with $1.550 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Response to COVID-19 and Global Business Conditions:

We continue to implement safeguards in our facilities to protect team members, including increased frequency of cleaning and disinfecting, social distancing practices and other measures consistent with specific governmental requirements and guidance from health authorities. We’ve offered assistance to some governments and public health authorities in the vaccine distribution process, and as vaccines become available, we are assisting in onsite vaccine distribution for employees in some of our facilities.

We continue to monitor a variety of external factors including the pandemic’s recent emergence of the Delta variant of COVID-19 around the world, supply chain disruptions and associated cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include semiconductors, transportation and raw materials. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. While none of these factors have significantly impacted our operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021, we will continue to monitor the situation as conditions remain fluid and evolve throughout the year.

Notes:

•Glossary of terms is included on pages 62 - 64; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.

•Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 68.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2021 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the second quarter of 2020 (at left) and the second quarter of 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2021 were $12.889 billion, an increase of $2.892 billion, or 29 percent, compared with $9.997 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories by $1.4 billion during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a decrease of $400 million during the second quarter of 2021. Favorable currency impacts were related to the Australian dollar, euro and Chinese yuan. Favorable price realization also contributed to the sales improvement.

Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 34 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, the impact of changes in dealer inventories and favorable price realization. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.

Sales increased 72 percent in Latin America due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services across most of the region and the impact of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.

EAME sales increased 34 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, the impact of changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro and British pound. Dealers decreased inventories during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a slight increase during the second quarter of 2021.

Asia/Pacific sales increased 12 percent driven by the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts related to the Australian dollar and the Chinese yuan, partially offset by lower end-user demand. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.

Dealers decreased inventories by $1.4 billion during the second quarter of 2020, compared with a decrease of $400 million during the second quarter of 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rental rates and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. We do not expect a significant dealer inventory increase in 2021.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2020		Sales Volume		Price Realization		Currency		Inter-Segment / Other		Second Quarter 2021		$ Change		% Change
Construction Industries	$	4,048	$	1,171	$	238	$	162	$	37	$	5,656	$	1,608	40	%
Resource Industries	1,826		712		(17)		66		(8)		2,579		753		41	%
Energy & Transportation	4,149		456		12		111		247		4,975		826		20	%
All Other Segment	115		4		—		2		7		128		13		11	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(828)		(34)		—		—		(283)		(1,145)		(317)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	9,310		2,309		233		341		—		12,193		2,883		31	%
Financial Products Segment	763		—		—		—		11		774		11		1	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(76)		—		—		—		(2)		(78)		(2)
Financial Products Revenues	687		—		—		—		9		696		9		1	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	9,997	$	2,309	$	233	$	341	$	9	$	12,889	$	2,892	29	%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

	North America				Latin America				EAME				Asia/Pacific				External Sales and Revenues					Inter-Segment				Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$			% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg
Second Quarter 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,498	56	%	$	430	103	%	$	1,291	38	%	$	1,384	8	%	$	5,603		39	%	$	53	231	%	$	5,656	40	%
Resource Industries	799		58	%	487		80	%	525		39	%	660		19	%	2,471			45	%	108		(7	%)	2,579		41	%
Energy & Transportation	1,992		10	%	250		27	%	1,196		29	%	682		14	%	4,120			16	%	855		41	%	4,975		20	%
All Other Segment	11		57	%	1		—	%	4		(20	%)	18		20	%	34			21	%	94		8	%	128		11	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(31)				(1)				(1)				(2)				(35)					(1,110)				(1,145)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	5,269		34	%	1,167		72	%	3,015		34	%	2,742		12	%	12,193			31	%	—		—		12,193		31	%
Financial Products Segment	488		(1	%)	65		8	%	96		—	%	125		10	%	774		1	1	%	—		—		774		1	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(38)				(11)				(9)				(20)				(78)					—				(78)
Financial Products Revenues	450		—	%	54		6	%	87		—	%	105		6	%	696			1	%	—		—		696		1	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	5,719	30	%	$	1,221	67	%	$	3,102	33	%	$	2,847	12	%	$	12,889		29	%	$	—	—		$	12,889	29	%
Second Quarter 2020
Construction Industries	$	1,604			$	212			$	933			$	1,283			$	4,032				$	16			$	4,048
Resource Industries	507				270				379				554				1,710					116				1,826
Energy & Transportation	1,816				197				929				599				3,541					608				4,149
All Other Segment	7				1				5				15				28					87				115
Corporate Items and Eliminations	2				(1)				—				(2)				(1)					(827)				(828)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	3,936				679				2,246				2,449				9,310					—				9,310
Financial Products Segment	493				60				96				114				763		1			—				763
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(43)				(9)				(9)				(15)				(76)					—				(76)
Financial Products Revenues	450				51				87				99				687					—				687
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	4,386			$	730			$	2,333			$	2,548			$	9,997				$	—			$	9,997

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $92 million and $88 million in the second quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the second quarter of 2020 (at left) and the second quarter of 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the second quarter of 2021 was $1.789 billion, an increase of $1.005 billion, or 128 percent, compared with $784 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume. Favorable price realization, lower restructuring expenses (included in other) and higher profit from Financial Products were mostly offset by higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses and higher manufacturing costs.

The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was mainly driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, which was reinstated in 2021.

Unfavorable manufacturing costs reflected higher period manufacturing and material costs, partially offset by favorable cost absorption. Period manufacturing costs increased primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense and higher labor-related costs. Cost absorption was favorable as inventory increased during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.

Short-term incentive compensation expense was about $400 million in the second quarter of 2021, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized in the second quarter of 2020. In the first quarter of 2020, in response to the continued global economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Caterpillar suspended 2020 short-term incentive compensation plans for many employees and all senior executives.

Operating profit margin was 13.9 percent for the second quarter of 2021, compared with 7.8 percent for the second quarter of 2020.

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Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2021		Second Quarter 2020		$ Change		%  Change
Construction Industries	$	1,024	$	518	$	506	98	%
Resource Industries	361		152		209		138	%
Energy & Transportation	731		624		107		17	%
All Other Segment	(10)		(3)		(7)		(233	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(453)		(542)		89
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	1,653		749		904		121	%
Financial Products Segment	243		148		95		64	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(29)		(38)		9
Financial Products	214		110		104		95	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(78)		(75)		(3)
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	1,789	$	784	$	1,005	128	%

Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the second quarter of 2021 was $120 million, compared with $135 million in the second quarter of 2020. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the second quarter of 2021, compared with the second quarter of 2020.

▪Other income (expense) in the second quarter of 2021 was income of $201 million, compared with income of $29 million in the second quarter of 2020. The change was primarily due to the absence of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations that occurred in the second quarter of 2020, as well as favorable pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) costs.

▪The provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2021 reflected a lower estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the second quarter of 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was mainly related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.

In addition, a discrete tax benefit of $17 million was recorded in the second quarter of 2021 for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $21 million tax benefit was also recorded in the second quarter of 2020 related to the $122 million of remeasurement losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $5.656 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $1.608 billion, or 40 percent, compared with $4.048 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, favorable price realization and favorable currency impacts from the euro, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Overall, dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.

▪In North America, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand primarily in residential construction and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.

▪Sales increased in Latin America mostly due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand across the region for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.

▪In EAME, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable currency impacts primarily from a stronger euro. Higher sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.

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▪Sales increased in Asia/Pacific primarily due to favorable currency impacts from a stronger Australian dollar and Chinese yuan and favorable price realization, partially offset by lower sales volume. Lower sales volume was driven by lower end-user demand for equipment, primarily in China, partially offset by the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and higher end-user demand for aftermarket parts. Dealers decreased inventories more during the second quarter of 2020 than during the second quarter of 2021.

Construction Industries’ profit was $1.024 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $506 million, or 98 percent, compared with $518 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses and unfavorable manufacturing costs.

The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Increased manufacturing costs reflected higher period manufacturing and material costs partially offset by favorable impacts of cost absorption and variable labor and burden. The increase in period manufacturing costs was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense and higher labor costs. Cost absorption was favorable as inventory increased during the second quarter of 2021, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2020.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 18.1 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 12.8 percent in the second quarter of 2020.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $2.579 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $753 million, or 41 percent, compared with $1.826 billion in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impacts of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the second quarter of 2020, compared to remaining about flat during the second quarter of 2021. End-user demand was higher in heavy construction and quarry and aggregates; it was also higher in mining, although to a lesser extent.

Resource Industries’ profit was $361 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $209 million, or 138 percent, compared with $152 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 14.0 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 8.3 percent in the second quarter of 2020.

Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2021		Second Quarter 2020		$ Change		%  Change
Oil and Gas	$	1,137	$	1,027	$	110	11	%
Power Generation	1,052		895		157		18	%
Industrial	899		678		221		33	%
Transportation	1,032		941		91		10	%
External Sales	4,120		3,541		579		16	%
Inter-segment	855		608		247		41	%
Total Sales	$	4,975	$	4,149	$	826	20	%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $4.975 billion in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $826 million, or 20 percent, compared with $4.149 billion in the second quarter of 2020. Sales increased across all applications.

•Oil and Gas – Sales increased mainly due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts in all regions. The increase was partially offset by lower sales in reciprocating engines used in well servicing applications and turbines and turbine-related services.

•Power Generation – Sales increased due to higher sales volume in large reciprocating engines, primarily driven by data centers, and reciprocating engine aftermarket parts.

•Industrial – Sales were up due to higher demand across all regions.

•Transportation – Sales increased in rail services and marine.

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Energy & Transportation’s profit was $731 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $107 million, or 17 percent, compared with $624 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses and period manufacturing costs. Both SG&A/R&D expenses and period manufacturing costs were driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense and acquisition-related expenses.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 14.7 percent in the second quarter of 2021, compared with 15.0 percent in the second quarter of 2020.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $774 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $11 million, or 1 percent, from the second quarter of 2020.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $243 million in the second quarter of 2021, compared with $148 million in the second quarter of 2020. The increase was mainly due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, higher net yield on average earning assets and a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment. These favorable impacts were partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

At the end of the second quarter of 2021, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.58 percent, compared with 3.74 percent at the end of the second quarter of 2020. Past dues decreased across all portfolio segments as global markets generally improved. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $54 million for the second quarter of 2021, compared with $30 million for the second quarter of 2020. As of June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $402 million, or 1.46 percent of finance receivables, compared with $441 million, or 1.64 percent of finance receivables at March 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2020 was $479 million, or 1.77 percent of finance receivables.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $482 million in the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $98 million from the second quarter of 2020, primarily due to favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences and lower restructuring costs, partially offset by higher expenses due to timing differences.

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SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2021 COMPARED WITH SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the six months ended June 30, 2020 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues were $24.776 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.144 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $20.632 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories about $1.2 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase of about $300 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Favorable currency impacts related to the euro, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan also contributed to the sales improvement.

Sales were higher across all regions and in the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 16 percent driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2020, than during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Sales increased 47 percent in Latin America due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

EAME sales increased 23 percent due to higher end-user demand for equipment and services, favorable currency impacts related to a stronger euro and British pound and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2021, than during the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Asia/Pacific sales increased 22 percent driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, favorable currency impacts related to a stronger Australian dollar and Chinese yuan and higher end-user demand. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with dealer inventories that were about flat during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Dealers decreased inventories about $1.2 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase of about $300 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rental rates and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. We do not expect a significant dealer inventory increase in 2021.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020		Sales Volume		Price Realization		Currency		Inter-Segment / Other		Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		$ Change		% Change
Construction Industries	$	8,354	$	2,177	$	215	$	308	$	61	$	11,115	$	2,761	33	%
Resource Industries	3,910		844		(64)		99		6		4,795		885		23	%
Energy & Transportation	8,498		415		19		185		365		9,482		984		12	%
All Other Segment	224		13		—		3		18		258		34		15	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(1,762)		(53)		(1)		—		(450)		(2,266)		(504)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	19,224		3,396		169		595		—		23,384		4,160		22	%
Financial Products Segment	1,577		—		—		—		(42)		1,535		(42)		(3	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(169)		—		—		—		26		(143)		26
Financial Products Revenues	1,408		—		—		—		(16)		1,392		(16)		(1	%)
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	20,632	$	3,396	$	169	$	595	$	(16)	$	24,776	$	4,144	20	%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

	North America				Latin America				EAME				Asia/Pacific				External Sales and Revenues					Inter-Segment				Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$			% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	4,624	25	%	$	822	72	%	$	2,372	30	%	$	3,226	37	%	$	11,044		32	%	$	71	610	%	$	11,115	33	%
Resource Industries	1,456		21	%	892		51	%	999		29	%	1,221		9	%	4,568			24	%	227		3	%	4,795		23	%
Energy & Transportation	3,774		6	%	506		13	%	2,289		15	%	1,209		3	%	7,778			9	%	1,704		27	%	9,482		12	%
All Other Segment	24		100	%	1		(67	%)	7		(56	%)	40		60	%	72			29	%	186		11	%	258		15	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(70)				(1)				(1)				(6)				(78)					(2,188)				(2,266)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	9,808		16	%	2,220		47	%	5,666		23	%	5,690		22	%	23,384			22	%	—		—	%	23,384		22	%
Financial Products Segment	964		(5	%)	127		(2	%)	196		(1	%)	248		7	%	1,535		1	(3	%)	—		—	%	1,535		(3	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(62)				(22)				(17)				(42)				(143)					—				(143)
Financial Products Revenues	902		(2	%)	105		(4	%)	179		(1	%)	206		4	%	1,392			(1	%)	—		—	%	1,392		(1	%)
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	10,710	14	%	$	2,325	43	%	$	5,845	23	%	$	5,896	21	%	$	24,776		20	%	$	—	—	%	$	24,776	20	%
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	3,689			$	477			$	1,822			$	2,356			$	8,344				$	10			$	8,354
Resource Industries	1,203				590				774				1,122				3,689					221				3,910
Energy & Transportation	3,554				446				1,982				1,177				7,159					1,339				8,498
All Other Segment	12				3				16				25				56					168				224
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(13)				(3)				(4)				(4)				(24)					(1,738)				(1,762)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	8,445				1,513				4,590				4,676				19,224					—				19,224
Financial Products Segment	1,018				130				198				231				1,577		1			—				1,577
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(97)				(21)				(18)				(33)				(169)					—				(169)
Financial Products Revenues	921				109				180				198				1,408					—				1,408
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	9,366			$	1,622			$	4,770			$	4,874			$	20,632				$	—			$	20,632

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the six months ended June 30, 2020 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2021 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $3.603 billion, an increase of $1.415 billion, or 65 percent, compared with $2.188 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, higher profit from Financial Products and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses.

The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, which was reinstated in 2021.

Short-term incentive compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was about $700 million, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2020. For 2021, short-term incentive compensation expense is expected to be about $1.5 billion, compared to no short-term incentive compensation expense recognized in 2020. Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. In the first quarter of 2020, in response to the continued global economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Caterpillar suspended 2020 short-term incentive compensation plans for many employees and all senior executives.

Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 10.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020		$ Change		%  Change
Construction Industries	$	2,059	$	1,158	$	901	78	%
Resource Industries	689		456		233		51	%
Energy & Transportation	1,397		1,226		171		14	%
All Other Segment	(7)		4		(11)		n/a
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(821)		(754)		(67)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	3,317		2,090		1,227		59	%
Financial Products Segment	487		253		234		92	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(48)		9		(57)
Financial Products	439		262		177		68	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(153)		(164)		11
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	3,603	$	2,188	$	1,415	65	%

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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was $262 million, compared with $248 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher average debt outstanding during the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2020.

▪Other income/expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, was income of $526 million, compared with income of $251 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The change was primarily due to favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange gains (losses) and commodity hedges. The company experienced foreign currency exchange net losses in the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with net gains in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The company experienced net gains in commodity hedges in the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with net losses in the six months ended June 30, 2020.

▪The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was primarily related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.

In addition, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $22 million tax charge was also recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to the $132 million of remeasurement net gain resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $11.115 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $2.761 billion, or 33 percent, compared with $8.354 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, favorable currency impacts related to the euro, Chinese yuan and Australian dollar and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

•In North America, sales increased due to higher end-user demand, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and favorable price realization. Dealers decreased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2020, than during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

•Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher end-user demand and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

•In EAME, sales increased due to higher end-user demand, favorable currency impacts from a stronger euro and British pound and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the six months ended June 30, 2021, than during the six months ended June 30, 2020.

•Sales increased in Asia/Pacific due to higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts, the impacts from changes in dealer inventories and favorable currency impacts related to the Chinese yuan and Australian dollar. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Construction Industries’ profit was $2.059 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $901 million, or 78 percent, compared with $1.158 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Higher SG&A/R&D expenses were driven primarily by higher short-term incentive compensation expense, partially offset by other cost reductions.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 18.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 13.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

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Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $4.795 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $885 million, or 23 percent, compared with $3.910 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume driven by higher end-user demand for equipment and aftermarket parts and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers decreased inventories during the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared with dealer inventories that were about flat during the six months ended June 30, 2021. End-user demand was higher in mining, as well as heavy construction and quarry and aggregates.

Resource Industries’ profit was $689 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $233 million, or 51 percent, compared with $456 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 14.4 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 11.7 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020		$ Change		%  Change
Oil and Gas	$	2,052	$	1,888	$	164	9	%
Power Generation	2,015		1,749		266		15	%
Industrial	1,712		1,479		233		16	%
Transportation	1,999		2,043		(44)		(2	%)
External Sales	7,778		7,159		619		9	%
Inter-Segment	1,704		1,339		365		27	%
Total Sales	$	9,482	$	8,498	$	984	12	%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $9.482 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $984 million, or 12 percent, compared with $8.498 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Sales increased across all applications except in Transportation, which decreased slightly.

•Oil and Gas – Sales increased mainly due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts in all regions. This was partially offset by lower sales in reciprocating engines used in well servicing applications and turbine and turbine related services.

•Power Generation – Sales increased due to higher sales volume in large reciprocating engines, primarily driven by data centers, reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and turbine and turbine related services. Sales also increased due to favorable currency impacts.

•Industrial – Sales were up due to higher demand across all regions as well as favorable currency impacts.

•Transportation – Sales decreased primarily due to Rail with lower deliveries of locomotives mainly in North America. The decline was partially offset by higher sales for rail services and marine primarily due to currency impacts.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $1.397 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $171 million, or 14 percent, compared with $1.226 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was due to higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense and acquisition-related expenses.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 14.7 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with 14.4 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $1.535 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $42 million, or 3 percent, from the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily because of lower average financing rates in North America, partially offset by a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment in North America.

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Financial Products’ segment profit was $487 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $253 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, a favorable impact from equity securities in Insurance Services, higher net yield on average earning assets and a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment. These favorable impacts were partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses primarily due to higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $869 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $124 million from the six months ended June 30, 2020, primarily due to timing of corporate-level expenses.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

We expect to incur about $250 million of restructuring costs in 2021. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $200 million in 2021 compared with 2020.

Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs as a percent of sales and revenues.

2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding remeasurement gains/losses resulting from the settlements of pension obligations in 2020 and restructuring costs.

3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.

4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools.

6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs, and inter-segment eliminations.

7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).

8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.

9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

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10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.

11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.

12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.

15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.

16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements, and accruals.

17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.

18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.

19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefit (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.

20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.

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21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing, research and development for drivetrains, hydraulic systems, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.

22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.

24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of funds

We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. We had positive operating cash flow in the first six months of 2021 within both our ME&T and Financial Products' operations. On a consolidated basis, we ended the first six months of 2021 with $10.83 billion of cash, an increase of $1.48 billion from year-end 2020. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.

Consolidated operating cash flow for the first six months of 2021 was $4.05 billion, up $1.53 billion compared to the same period last year. The increase was primarily due to higher profit adjusted for non-cash items, including higher accruals for short-term incentive compensation. In addition, lower payments for short-term incentive compensation favorably impacted cash flow. Partially offsetting these items were increased working capital requirements during the first six months of 2021 compared to the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in accounts receivable and inventory unfavorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by favorable changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer advances.

Total debt as of June 30, 2021 was $37.59 billion, an increase of $422 million from year-end 2020. Debt related to Financial Products increased $1.80 billion, primarily due to an increase in commercial paper due to short term funding needs. Debt related to ME&T decreased $1.37 billion in the first six months of 2021 due to the repayment of maturing debt. In addition, during the first quarter of 2021, we issued $500 million of ten-year bonds at 1.9 percent and utilized the net proceeds to redeem all of our $500 million 2.6 percent notes due in 2022.

As of June 30, 2021, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of June 30, 2021 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:

•The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2021.

64

•The three-year facility, as amended and restated in September of 2019, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2022.

•The five-year facility, as amended and restated in September of 2019, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2024.

At June 30, 2021, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $16.93 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At June 30, 2021, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 2.19 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at June 30, 2021, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 6.94 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At June 30, 2021, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Our total credit commitments and available credit as of June 30, 2021 were:

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$	10,500	$	2,750	$	7,750
Other external	3,264		187		3,077
Total credit lines available	13,764		2,937		10,827
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(2,863)		—		(2,863)
Less: Utilized credit	(639)		(4)		(635)
Available credit	$	10,262	$	2,933	$	7,329

The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of June 30, 2021 totaled $3.26 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.

We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. In April 2021, Moody’s upgraded our debt rating to "mid-A", while Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies would result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

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We facilitate voluntary supply chain finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allows them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amounts payable to participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs and included in Accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $647 million and $533 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amounts settled through the Programs and paid to participating financial institutions were $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion during the first six months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. We account for payments made under the Programs, the same as our other Accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of supply chain financing will have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation

Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.80 billion in the first six months of 2021, compared with $975 million for the same period in 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher profit adjusted for non-cash items, including higher accruals for short-term incentive compensation. In addition, lower payments for short-term incentive compensation as well as reduced working capital requirements favorably impacted operating cash flow during the first six months of 2021 compared with the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and customer advances favorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by unfavorable changes in inventories and accounts receivable.

Net cash provided by investing activities in the first six months of 2021 was $85 million, compared with net cash provided of $91 million in the first six months of 2020. The change was primarily due to increased investment activity mostly offset by increased activity related to intercompany lending with Financial Products. In February 2021, we acquired the Oil & Gas division of the Weir Group PLC for $361 million, net of cash acquired.

Net cash used for financing activities during the first six months of 2021 was $2.67 billion, compared with net cash used of $281 million in the same period of 2020. The change was primarily due to the repayment of maturing debt and lower proceeds from debt issuances. These items were partially offset by lower share repurchases in the first six months of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.

While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:

Strong financial position – Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.

Operational excellence and commitments – Capital expenditures were $430 million during the first six months of 2021, compared to $464 million for the same period in 2020. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2021 to be about $1.0 billion to $1.2 billion. We made $160 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2021. We currently anticipate full-year 2021 contributions of approximately $310 million. In comparison, we made $170 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2020.

Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders – We intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings and services, including acquisitions.

As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions less capital expenditures. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders through the cycles in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining our mid-A rating.

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Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In July 2018, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $10 billion of Caterpillar common stock (the 2018 Authorization) effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In the second quarter of 2021, we resumed our share repurchase program under the 2018 Authorization. In the first six months of 2021, we repurchased $251 million of Caterpillar common stock, with $4.5 billion remaining under the 2018 Authorization as of June 30, 2021. Our basic shares outstanding as of June 30, 2021 were approximately 547 million.

Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In June 2021, the Board of Directors approved an 8 percent increase in the quarterly dividend to $1.11 per share and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.13 billion in the first six months of 2021.

Financial Products

Financial Products operating cash flow was $636 million in the first six months of 2021, compared with $653 million for the same period a year ago. Net cash used for investing activities was $839 million for the first six months of 2021, compared with net cash provided of $581 million for the same period in 2020. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash provided by financing activities was $464 million for the first six months of 2021, compared with net cash used of $1.45 billion for the same period in 2020. The change was primarily due to higher portfolio funding requirements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS

Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Order Backlog

At the end of the second quarter of 2021, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $18.4 billion, about $1.5 billion higher than the first quarter of 2021. The order backlog increased across the three primary segments, with all segments increasing approximately the same amount. Of the total backlog at June 30, 2021, approximately $3.7 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.

We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of two significant items in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. These items consist of (i) restructuring costs, which were incurred to generate longer-term benefits and (ii) remeasurement (gain) loss resulting from the settlement of pension obligations in 2020. We do not consider these items indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:

(Dollars in millions except per share data)	Operating Profit		Operating Profit Margin		Profit Before Taxes		Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		Effective Tax Rate		Profit		Profit per Share
Three Months Ended June, 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP	$	1,789	13.9	%	$	1,870	$	470	25.1	%	$	1,413	$	2.56
Restructuring costs	25		0.2	%	25		3		15.0	%	22		$	0.04
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 - Adjusted	$	1,814	14.1	%	$	1,895	$	473	25.0	%	$	1,435	$	2.60
Three Months Ended June, 30, 2020 - U.S. GAAP	$	784	7.8	%	$	678	$	227	33.5	%	$	458	$	0.84
Restructuring costs	147		1.5	%	147		15		10.2	%	132		$	0.24
Remeasurement losses of pension obligations	—		—	%	122		21		17.2	%	101		$	0.19
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 - Adjusted	$	931	9.3	%	$	947	$	263	27.8	%	$	691	$	1.27
Six Months Ended June, 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP	$	3,603	14.5	%	$	3,867	$	945	24.4	%	$	2,943	$	5.33
Restructuring costs	89		0.4	%	89		13		15.0	%	76		$	0.14
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 - Adjusted	$	3,692	14.9	%	$	3,956	$	958	24.2	%	$	3,019	$	5.47
Six Months Ended June, 30, 2020 - U.S. GAAP	$	2,188	10.6	%	$	2,191	$	652	29.8	%	$	1,550	$	2.83
Restructuring costs	184		0.9	%	184		22		12.0	%	162		$	0.30
Remeasurement losses of pension obligations	—		—	%	(132)		(22)		16.8	%	(110)		$	(0.20)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 - Adjusted	$	2,372	11.5	%	$	2,243	$	652	29.1	%	$	1,602	$	2.92

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1	$	3,799	$	975
ME&T capital expenditures	$	(430)	$	(464)
ME&T free cash flow	$	3,369	$	511
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 76 - 77.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data

We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:

Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.

The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 70 to 77 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

69

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	12,193	$	12,193	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	696		—		796		(100)		1
Total sales and revenues	12,889		12,193		796		(100)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	8,881		8,884		—		(3)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,364		1,210		159		(5)		2
Research and development expenses	446		446		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	116		—		116		—
Other operating (income) expenses	293		—		307		(14)		2
Total operating costs	11,100		10,540		582		(22)
Operating profit	1,789		1,653		214		(78)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	120		120		—		—
Other income (expense)	201		445		28		(272)		3
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,870		1,978		242		(350)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	470		415		55		—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,400		1,563		187		(350)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	14		17		—		(3)		4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,414		1,580		187		(353)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	1		1		3		(3)		5
Profit 6	$	1,413	$	1,579	$	184	$	(350)

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

70

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	23,384	$	23,384	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	1,392		—		1,584		(192)		1
Total sales and revenues	24,776		23,384		1,584		(192)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	16,893		16,897		—		(4)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,603		2,324		283		(4)		2
Research and development expenses	820		820		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	241		—		241		—
Other operating (income) expenses	616		26		621		(31)		2
Total operating costs	21,173		20,067		1,145		(39)
Operating profit	3,603		3,317		439		(153)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	262		262		—		—
Other income (expense)	526		676		47		(197)		3
Consolidated profit before taxes	3,867		3,731		486		(350)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	945		827		118		—
Profit of consolidated companies	2,922		2,904		368		(350)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	23		29		—		(6)		4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	2,945		2,933		368		(356)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		2		6		(6)		5
Profit 6	$	2,943	$	2,931	$	362	$	(350)

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

71

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	9,310	$	9,310	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	687		—		780		(93)		1
Total sales and revenues	9,997		9,310		780		(93)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	7,113		7,114		—		(1)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,179		984		201		(6)		2
Research and development expenses	341		341		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	149		—		149		—
Other operating (income) expenses	431		122		320		(11)		2
Total operating costs	9,213		8,561		670		(18)
Operating profit	784		749		110		(75)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	135		135		—		—
Other income (expense)	29		(57)		31		55		3
Consolidated profit before taxes	678		557		141		(20)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	227		190		37		—
Profit of consolidated companies	451		367		104		(20)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	8		13		—		(5)		4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	459		380		104		(25)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	1		1		5		(5)		5
Profit 6	$	458	$	379	$	99	$	(20)

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

72

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	19,224	$	19,224	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	1,408		—		1,610		(202)		1
Total sales and revenues	20,632		19,224		1,610		(202)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	14,379		14,381		—		(2)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,300		1,924		383		(7)		2
Research and development expenses	697		697		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	324		—		325		(1)		3
Other operating (income) expenses	744		132		640		(28)		2
Total operating costs	18,444		17,134		1,348		(38)
Operating profit	2,188		2,090		262		(164)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	248		247		—		1		3
Other income (expense)	251		122		(16)		145		4
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,191		1,965		246		(20)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	652		587		65		—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,539		1,378		181		(20)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	13		22		—		(9)		5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,552		1,400		181		(29)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		2		9		(9)		6
Profit 7	$	1,550	$	1,398	$	172	$	(20)

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.

4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

7Profit attributable to common shareholders.

73

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At June 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	10,831	$	10,028	$	803	$	—
Receivables – trade and other	7,840		3,169		455		4,216		1,2
Receivables – finance	9,523		—		13,863		(4,340)		2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,080		1,756		479		(155)		3
Inventories	12,672		12,672		—		—
Total current assets	42,946		27,625		15,600		(279)
Property, plant and equipment – net	12,014		8,035		3,979		—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,206		375		176		655		1,2
Long-term receivables – finance	12,590		—		13,273		(683)		2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,455		1,980		103		(628)		4
Intangible assets	1,176		1,176		—		—
Goodwill	6,372		6,372		—		—
Other assets	3,938		3,250		1,899		(1,211)		5
Total assets	$	81,697	$	48,813	$	35,030	$	(2,146)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	3,425	$	4	$	3,421	$	—
Accounts payable	6,921		6,830		215		(124)		6
Accrued expenses	3,556		3,191		365		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,759		1,719		40		—
Customer advances	1,157		1,157		—		—
Dividends payable	608		608		—		—
Other current liabilities	2,126		1,658		646		(178)		4,7
Long-term debt due within one year	7,956		50		7,906		—
Total current liabilities	27,508		15,217		12,593		(302)
Long-term debt due after one year	26,204		9,780		16,452		(28)		8
Liability for postemployment benefits	6,581		6,580		1		—
Other liabilities	4,524		3,851		1,374		(701)		4
Total liabilities	64,817		35,428		30,420		(1,031)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	6,293		6,293		919		(919)		9
Treasury stock	(25,240)		(25,240)		—		—
Profit employed in the business	36,934		32,846		4,077		11		9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,154)		(563)		(591)		—
Noncontrolling interests	47		49		205		(207)		9
Total shareholders’ equity	16,880		13,385		4,610		(1,115)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	81,697	$	48,813	$	35,030	$	(2,146)

1    Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4    Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

74

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At December 31, 2020

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	9,352	$	8,822	$	530	$	—
Receivables – trade and other	7,317		3,846		397		3,074		1,2
Receivables – finance	9,463		—		13,681		(4,218)		2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,930		1,376		624		(70)		3
Inventories	11,402		11,402		—		—
Total current assets	39,464		25,446		15,232		(1,214)
Property, plant and equipment – net	12,401		8,309		4,092		—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,185		363		164		658		1,2
Long-term receivables – finance	12,222		—		12,895		(673)		2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,523		2,058		110		(645)		4
Intangible assets	1,308		1,308		—		—
Goodwill	6,394		6,394		—		—
Other assets	3,827		3,158		1,871		(1,202)		5
Total assets	$	78,324	$	47,036	$	34,364	$	(3,076)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	2,015	$	10	$	2,005	$	—
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies	—		—		1,000		(1,000)		6
Accounts payable	6,128		6,060		212		(144)		7
Accrued expenses	3,642		3,099		543		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,096		1,081		15		—
Customer advances	1,108		1,108		—		—
Dividends payable	562		562		—		—
Other current liabilities	2,017		1,530		580		(93)		4,8
Long-term debt due within one year	9,149		1,420		7,729		—
Total current liabilities	25,717		14,870		12,084		(1,237)
Long-term debt due after one year	25,999		9,764		16,250		(15)		6
Liability for postemployment benefits	6,872		6,872		—		—
Other liabilities	4,358		3,691		1,385		(718)		4
Total liabilities	62,946		35,197		29,719		(1,970)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	6,230		6,230		919		(919)		9
Treasury stock	(25,178)		(25,178)		—		—
Profit employed in the business	35,167		31,091		4,065		11		9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(888)		(352)		(536)		—
Noncontrolling interests	47		48		197		(198)		9
Total shareholders’ equity	15,378		11,839		4,645		(1,106)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	78,324	$	47,036	$	34,364	$	(3,076)

1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

7     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

8     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

75

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	2,945	$	2,933	$	368	$	(356)	1, 5
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,173		772		401		—
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	68		111		(43)		—
Other	(20)		74		(169)		75		2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(343)		(206)		11		(148)		2, 3
Inventories	(1,179)		(1,180)		—		1		2
Accounts payable	893		871		2		20		2
Accrued expenses	22		93		(71)		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	618		593		25		—
Customer advances	49		49		—		—
Other assets – net	(47)		(154)		15		92		2
Other liabilities – net	(133)		(157)		97		(73)		2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	4,046		3,799		636		(389)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(419)		(417)		(7)		5		2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(681)		(13)		(670)		2		2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	636		49		595		(8)		2
Additions to finance receivables	(6,203)		—		(6,680)		477		3
Collections of finance receivables	5,580		—		6,095		(515)		3
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—		—		(78)		78		3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	27		—		27		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		1,000		2		(1,002)		4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(398)		(398)		—		—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	28		28		—		—
Proceeds from sale of securities	276		35		241		—
Investments in securities	(500)		(225)		(275)		—
Other – net	(63)		26		(89)		—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,717)		85		(839)		(963)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,126)		(1,126)		(350)		350		5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	123		123		—		—
Common shares repurchased	(251)		(251)		—		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		(2)		(1,000)		1,002		4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	4,906		494		4,412		—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(5,966)		(1,902)		(4,064)		—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	1,460		(6)		1,466		—
Other – net	(2)		(2)		—		—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(856)		(2,672)		464		1,352
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3		(5)		8		—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	1,476		1,207		269		—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,366		8,822		544		—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	10,842	$	10,029	$	813	$	—

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

76

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	1,552	$	1,400	$	181	$	(29)	1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,222		805		417		—
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations	(132)		(132)		—		—
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	(32)		40		(72)		—
Other	674		338		145		191		2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	1,176		539		(77)		714		2, 3
Inventories	(145)		(137)		—		(8)		2
Accounts payable	(655)		(664)		(5)		14		2
Accrued expenses	(253)		(237)		(16)		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(648)		(614)		(34)		—
Customer advances	(2)		(2)		—		—
Other assets – net	(7)		30		30		(67)		2
Other liabilities – net	(229)		(391)		84		78		2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	2,521		975		653		893
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(472)		(465)		(7)		—
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(526)		1		(540)		13		2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	382		104		283		(5)		2
Additions to finance receivables	(6,712)		—		(7,352)		640		3
Collections of finance receivables	6,801		—		7,442		(641)		3
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—		—		920		(920)		3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	31		—		31		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		500		2		(502)		4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(49)		(49)		—		—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	13		13		—		—
Proceeds from sale of securities	151		12		139		—
Investments in securities	(369)		(10)		(359)		—
Other – net	7		(15)		22		—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(743)		91		581		(1,415)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,125)		(1,125)		(20)		20		5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	(10)		(10)		—		—
Common shares repurchased	(1,130)		(1,130)		—		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		(2)		(500)		502		4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	6,159		1,991		4,168		—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(4,629)		(12)		(4,617)		—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	(477)		8		(485)		—
Other – net	(1)		(1)		—		—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(1,213)		(281)		(1,454)		522
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(66)		(54)		(12)		—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	499		731		(232)		—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	8,292		7,302		990		—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	8,791	$	8,033	$	758	$	—

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

77

Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) the duration and geographic spread of, business disruptions caused by, and the overall global economic impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

During the second quarter of 2021, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

78

PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased2	Average Price Paid per Share2		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Program (in billions)1
April 1-30, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	4.767
May 1-31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	4.767
June 1-30, 2021	1,161,955	$	216.01	1,161,955	$	4.516
Total	1,161,955	$	216.01	1,161,955
1 In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration (the 2018 Authorization). As of June 30, 2021, approximately $4.5 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.
2 In June of 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares for an aggregate of $251 million in open market transactions at an average price per share of $216.01.

Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans

As of June 30, 2021, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 12,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the second quarter of 2021, approximately 65,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.

Item 5. Other Information

Disclosures Required Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

During the second quarter ended June 30, 2021, Caterpillar Eurasia LLC, one of our affiliates, engaged in limited transactions or dealings with the Federal Security Service of Russia (the “FSB”). Specifically, Caterpillar Eurasia LLC, from time to time, directly or indirectly, makes required submissions to and receives regulatory authorizations from the FSB related to the importation of software used in the on-board telematics and control systems of Caterpillar machines that are imported into Russia. Caterpillar Eurasia LLC did not generate any net revenue or net profits from such approval activity and does not make any sales to or have other dealings with the FSB. Caterpillar Eurasia LLC plans to continue these activities as long as it remains lawful to do so.

79

Item 6. Exhibits

31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32	Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

80

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	CATERPILLAR INC.
August 4, 2021	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III
August 4, 2021	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield
August 4, 2021	/s/ Suzette M. Long	Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel
	Suzette M. Long
August 4, 2021	/s/ G. Michael Marvel	Chief Accounting Officer
	G. Michael Marvel

81

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, D. James Umpleby III, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Caterpillar Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 4, 2021	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Andrew R.J. Bonfield, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Caterpillar Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 4, 2021	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield

EX-32

EXHIBIT 32

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Caterpillar Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending June 30, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of our knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

August 4, 2021	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III
August 4, 2021	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Caterpillar Inc. and will be retained by Caterpillar Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Cover Page	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021 shares
Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2021
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-768
Entity Registrant Name	CATERPILLAR INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	37-0602744
Entity Address, Address Line One	510 Lake Cook Road,
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 100,
Entity Address, City or Town	Deerfield,
Entity Address, State or Province	IL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	60015
City Area Code	224
Local Phone Number	551-4000
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	547,471,467
Entity Central Index Key	0000018230
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2021
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Common Stock
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock ($1.00 par value)
Trading Symbol	CAT
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	8% Debentures due February 15, 2023
Trading Symbol	CAT23
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035
Trading Symbol	CAT35
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021		Jun. 30, 2020		Jun. 30, 2021		Jun. 30, 2020
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues	$ 12,889		$ 9,997		$ 24,776		$ 20,632
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	8,881		7,113		16,893		14,379
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,364		1,179		2,603		2,300
Research and development expenses	446		341		820		697
Other operating (income) expenses	293		431		616		744
Total operating costs	11,100		9,213		21,173		18,444
Operating profit	1,789		784		3,603		2,188
Other income (expense)	201		29		526		251
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,870		678		3,867		2,191
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	470		227		945		652
Profit of consolidated companies	1,400		451		2,922		1,539
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	14		8		23		13
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,414		459		2,945		1,552
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests	1		1		2		2
Profit	$ 1,413	[1]	$ 458	[1]	$ 2,943	[2]	$ 1,550	[2]
Profit per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 2.58		$ 0.84		$ 5.38		$ 2.85
Profit per common share - diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 2.56	[3]	$ 0.84	[3]	$ 5.33	[4]	$ 2.83	[4]
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
Basic (in shares)	547.9		541.5		547.1		544.5
Diluted (in shares)	552.1	[3]	544.5	[3]	551.8	[4]	548.2	[4]
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues	$ 12,193		$ 9,310		$ 23,384		$ 19,224
Financial Products
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues	696		687		1,392		1,408
Operating costs:
Interest Expense	116		149		241		324
All other excluding Financial Products
Operating costs:
Interest Expense	$ 120		$ 135		$ 262		$ 248

[1] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[2] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[3] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

[4] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

XML

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ 1,414	$ 459	$ 2,945	$ 1,552
Foreign currency translation	99	175	(248)	(185)
Pension and other post retirement benefits	(7)	(5)	(15)	(12)
Derivative financial instruments	43	(12)	12	(72)
Available for sale securities	1	39	(15)	21
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	136	197	(266)	(248)
Comprehensive income	1,550	656	2,679	1,304
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	1	1	2	2
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$ 1,549	$ 655	$ 2,677	$ 1,302

XML

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$ 10,831	$ 9,352
Receivables - trade and other	7,840	7,317
Receivables - finance	9,523	9,463
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,080	1,930
Inventories	12,672	11,402
Total current assets	42,946	39,464
Property, plant and equipment - net	12,014	12,401
Long-term receivables - trade and other	1,206	1,185
Long-term receivables - finance	12,590	12,222
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,455	1,523
Intangible assets	1,176	1,308
Goodwill	6,372	6,394
Other assets	3,938	3,827
Total assets	81,697	78,324
Short-term borrowings:
Accounts payable	6,921	6,128
Accrued expenses	3,556	3,642
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,759	1,096
Customer advances	1,157	1,108
Dividends payable	608	562
Other current liabilities	2,126	2,017
Long-term debt due within one year:
Total current liabilities	27,508	25,717
Long-term debt due after one year:
Liability for postemployment benefits	6,581	6,872
Other liabilities	4,524	4,358
SPC liabilities in consolidated statement	64,817	62,946
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders' equity
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (6/30/21 and 12/31/20 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	6,293	6,230
Treasury stock (6/30/21 – 267,423,157 shares; 12/31/20 – 269,590,777 shares) at cost	(25,240)	(25,178)
Profit employed in the business	36,934	35,167
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,154)	(888)
Noncontrolling interests	47	47
Total shareholders' equity	16,880	15,378
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 81,697	$ 78,324
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1.00	$ 1.00
Common stock, Authorized shares	2,000,000,000	2,000,000,000
Common stock, Issued shares	814,894,624	814,894,624
Treasury stock, shares	267,423,157	269,590,777
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	$ 4	$ 10
Long-term debt due within one year:
Long-term debt due within one year	50	1,420
Long-term debt due after one year:
Long-term Debt due after one year	9,752	9,749
Financial Products
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	3,421	2,005
Long-term debt due within one year:
Long-term debt due within one year	7,906	7,729
Long-term debt due after one year:
Long-term Debt due after one year	$ 16,452	$ 16,250

XML

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1.00	$ 1.00
Common stock, Authorized shares	2,000,000,000	2,000,000,000
Common stock, Issued shares	814,894,624	814,894,624
Treasury stock, shares	267,423,157	269,590,777

XML

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Total	Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Adjusted beginning balance	Common stock	Common stock Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Common stock Adjusted beginning balance	Treasury stock	Treasury stock Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Treasury stock Adjusted beginning balance	Profit employed in the business	Profit employed in the business Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Profit employed in the business Adjusted beginning balance	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Adjusted beginning balance	Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance	Noncontrolling interests Adjusted beginning balance
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019		$ 14,629		$ 14,604	$ 5,935		$ 5,935	$ (24,217)		$ (24,217)	$ 34,437		$ 34,412	$ (1,567)		$ (1,567)	$ 41		$ 41
Balance (Credit losses) at Dec. 31, 2019			$ (25)			$ 0			$ 0			$ (25)			$ 0			$ 0
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		1,552			0			0			1,550			0			2
Foreign currency translation		(185)			0			0			0			(185)			0
Pension and other post retirement benefits		(12)			0			0			0			(12)			0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(72)			0			0			0			(72)			0
Available for sale securities		21			0			0			0			21			0
Dividends, Common Stock, Cash	[1]	(1,121)			0			0			(1,121)			0			0
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888 for QTD 2020, 1,519,971 for YTD 2020; and 869,892 for QTD 2021, 3,239,575 for YTD 2021		(10)			(66)			56			0			0			0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		114			114			0			0			0			0
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 for QTD 2020, 10,096,006 for YTD 2020; and 1,161,955 for QTD 2021, 1,161,955 for YTD 2021	[2]	(1,250)			0			(1,250)			0			0			0
Other		136			(137)			1			0			0			0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020		$ 13,777			6,120			(25,412)			34,841			(1,815)			43
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Common shares issued, Shares, from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)		1,519,971
Common shares repurchased (in shares)		10,096,006
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared		$ 2.06
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020		$ 14,239			6,046			(25,341)			35,504			(2,012)			42
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		459			0			0			458			0			1
Foreign currency translation		175			0			0			0			175			0
Pension and other post retirement benefits		(5)			0			0			0			(5)			0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(12)			0			0			0			(12)			0
Available for sale securities		39			0			0			0			39			0
Dividends, Common Stock, Cash	[3]	(1,121)			0			0			(1,121)			0			0
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888 for QTD 2020, 1,519,971 for YTD 2020; and 869,892 for QTD 2021, 3,239,575 for YTD 2021		13			(4)			17			0			0			0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		67			67			0			0			0			0
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 for QTD 2020, 10,096,006 for YTD 2020; and 1,161,955 for QTD 2021, 1,161,955 for YTD 2021	[4]	(87)			0			(87)			0			0			0
Other		10			11			(1)			0			0			0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020		$ 13,777			6,120			(25,412)			34,841			(1,815)			43
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Common shares issued, Shares, from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)		322,888
Common shares repurchased (in shares)		767,822
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared		$ 2.06
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020		$ 15,378			6,230			(25,178)			35,167			(888)			47
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		2,945			0			0			2,943			0			2
Foreign currency translation		(248)			0			0			0			(248)			0
Pension and other post retirement benefits		(15)			0			0			0			(15)			0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		12			0			0			0			12			0
Available for sale securities		(15)			0			0			0			(15)			0
Dividends, Common Stock, Cash	[1]	(1,176)			0			0			(1,176)			0			0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(2)			0			0			0			0			(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888 for QTD 2020, 1,519,971 for YTD 2020; and 869,892 for QTD 2021, 3,239,575 for YTD 2021		123			(65)			188			0			0			0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		111			111			0			0			0			0
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 for QTD 2020, 10,096,006 for YTD 2020; and 1,161,955 for QTD 2021, 1,161,955 for YTD 2021	[2]	(251)			0			(251)			0			0			0
Other		18			17			1			0			0			0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2021		$ 16,880			6,293			(25,240)			36,934			(1,154)			47
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Common shares issued, Shares, from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)		3,329,575
Common shares repurchased (in shares)		1,161,955
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared		$ 2.14
Balance at Mar. 31, 2021		$ 16,617			6,215			(25,049)			36,697			(1,290)			44
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		1,414			0			0			1,413			0			1
Foreign currency translation		99			0			0			0			99			0
Pension and other post retirement benefits		(7)			0			0			0			(7)			0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		43			0			0			0			43			0
Available for sale securities		1			0			0			0			1			0
Dividends, Common Stock, Cash	[3]	(1,176)			0			0			(1,176)			0			0
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 322,888 for QTD 2020, 1,519,971 for YTD 2020; and 869,892 for QTD 2021, 3,239,575 for YTD 2021		58			(2)			60			0			0			0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		69			69			0			0			0			0
Common shares repurchased: 767,822 for QTD 2020, 10,096,006 for YTD 2020; and 1,161,955 for QTD 2021, 1,161,955 for YTD 2021	[4]	(251)			0			(251)			0			0			0
Other		13			11			0			0			0			2
Balance at Jun. 30, 2021		$ 16,880			$ 6,293			$ (25,240)			$ 36,934			$ (1,154)			$ 47
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Common shares issued, Shares, from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)		869,892
Common shares repurchased (in shares)		1,161,955
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared		$ 2.14

[1] Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

[2] See Note 12 for additional information

[3] Dividends per share of common stock of $2.14 and $2.06 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

[4] See Note 12 for additional information.

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ 2,945	$ 1,552
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,173	1,222
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations	0	(132)
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	68	(32)
Other	(20)	674
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables - trade and other	(343)	1,176
Inventories	(1,179)	(145)
Accounts payable	893	(655)
Accrued expenses	22	(253)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	618	(648)
Customer advances	49	(2)
Other assets - net	(47)	(7)
Other liabilities - net	(133)	(229)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	4,046	2,521
Cash flow from investing activities:
Payments to Acquire Property, Plant, and Equipment	(419)	(472)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(681)	(526)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	636	382
Additions to finance receivables	(6,203)	(6,712)
Collections of finance receivables	5,580	6,801
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	27	31
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(398)	(49)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	28	13
Proceeds from sale of securities	276	151
Investments in securities	(500)	(369)
Other - net	(63)	7
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities	(1,717)	(743)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,126)	(1,125)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	123	(10)
Common shares repurchased	(251)	(1,130)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	494	1,991
Financial Products	4,412	4,168
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(1,902)	(12)
Financial Products	(4,064)	(4,617)
Short-term borrowings - net (original maturities three months or less)	1,460	(477)
Other - net	(2)	(1)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(856)	(1,213)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	3	(66)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	1,476	499
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,366	8,292
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	10,842	8,791
Foreign Plan
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Net gain on remeasurement of pension obligations	$ 0	$ (134)

XML

Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Change in Accounting Principle

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

A.  Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2020 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2020 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2020 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks were evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

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New Accounting Guidance

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

New Accounting Guidance

New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Reference rate reform (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04) – In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued accounting guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur between March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, we elected to adopt optional expedients impacting our derivative instruments. We continue to evaluate the impact of reference rate reform on our other contracts and assess the impacts of adopting this guidance on our financial statements.

We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2021, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:

ASU	Description
2020-01	Investments - Equity securities, equity method and joint ventures and derivatives and hedging
2020-08	Codification improvements – Receivables - Nonrefundable fees and other costs
2021-01	Reference rate reform - Scope

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

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Sales and revenue contract information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue from contracts with customers

Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products. In addition, Cat Financial provides wholesale inventory financing for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We include wholesale inventory receivables in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $6,673 million, $6,310 million and $7,648 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize short-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $654 million, $657 million and $693 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recognize long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users in Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $1,576 million, $1,526 million and $1,654 million as of June 30, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized $241 million and $674 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2021. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized $331 million and $699 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2020.

As of June 30, 2021, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $5.8 billion, with about one-third of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2021. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

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Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $69 million and $111 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, and $67 million and $114 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021					Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,084,821	$	56.30	$	219.76	1,913,888	$	25.98	$	127.60
RSUs	448,311	$	219.76	$	219.76	705,287	$	127.60	$	127.60
PRSUs	266,894	$	219.76	$	219.76	371,641	$	127.60	$	127.60

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2021	2020
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.60%	2.47%
Weighted-average volatility	32.9%	25.7%
Range of volatilities	29.2% - 45.8%	24.5% - 29.7%
Range of risk-free interest rates	0.06% - 1.41%	1.21% - 1.39%
Weighted-average expected lives	8 years	8 years

As of June 30, 2021, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $235 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.

We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of June 30, 2021, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 60 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian Krona, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	59	$	74
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	64		71
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(23)		(36)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	—		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	49		1
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(54)		(148)
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	—		4
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		2
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	38		57
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(8)		(5)
		$	125	$	20
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	12	$	10
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(5)		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	43		17
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6		7
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(18)		(107)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	56		35
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	3		2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(1)		—
		$	96	$	(37)

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	3,859	$	3,553
Financial Products	$	10,575	$	11,260

The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	54	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(10)	$	12,193
			Cost of goods sold	10		8,881
Financial Products	(38)		Interest expense of Financial Products	—		116
			Other income (expense)	(32)		201
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		120
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(6)		116
	$	17		$	(39)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(34)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11	$	9,310
			Cost of goods sold	(32)		7,113
Financial Products	(35)		Interest expense of Financial Products	9		149
			Other income (expense)	(43)		29
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(12)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		135
Financial Products	(9)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(19)		149
	$	(90)		$	(75)

Cash Flow Hedges
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(23)	$	23,384
			Cost of goods sold	38		16,893
Financial Products	81		Interest expense of Financial Products	2		241
			Other income (expense)	80		526
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		262
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(16)		241
	$	96		$	79

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(124)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	16	$	19,224
			Cost of goods sold	(43)		14,379
Financial Products	66		Interest expense of Financial Products	20		324
			Other income (expense)	28		251
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(16)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		248
Financial Products	(24)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(24)		324
	$	(98)		$	(5)

The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021		Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	11	$	16
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(58)		(23)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	45		15
		$	(2)	$	8
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	3	$	13
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	28		85
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	65		(31)
		$	96	$	67

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	194	$	—	$	194	$	(29)	$	—	$	165
Financial Products	136		—		136		(55)		—		81
Total	$	330	$	—	$	330	$	(84)	$	—	$	246

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(29)	$	—	$	(29)	$	29	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(80)		—		(80)		55		—		(25)
Total	$	(109)	$	—	$	(109)	$	84	$	—	$	(25)

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	196	$	—	$	196	$	(38)	$	—	$	158
Financial Products	85		—		85		(57)		—		28
Total	$	281	$	—	$	281	$	(95)	$	—	$	186

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(38)	$	—	$	(38)	$	38	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(260)		—		(260)		57		—		(203)
Total	$	(298)	$	—	$	(298)	$	95	$	—	$	(203)

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Inventories

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Raw materials	$	4,598	$	4,021
Work-in-process	1,389		1,052
Finished goods	6,405		6,054
Supplies	280		275
Total inventories	$	12,672	$	11,402

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets and goodwill

A.  Intangible assets

Intangible assets were comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,457	$	(1,655)	$	802
Intellectual property	12	1,447		(1,129)		318
Other	14	165		(109)		56
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,069	$	(2,893)	$	1,176

		December 31, 2020
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,493	$	(1,600)	$	893
Intellectual property	12	1,439		(1,073)		366
Other	14	164		(115)		49
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,096	$	(2,788)	$	1,308

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $76 million and $153 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $78 million and $158 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	Thereafter
$149	$284	$226	$167	$157	$193

B.  Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020.

The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020		Acquisitions 1		Other Adjustments 2		June 30, 2021
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	320	$	—	$	(14)	$	306
Impairments	(22)		—		—		(22)
Net goodwill	298		—		(14)		284
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,253		—		(32)		4,221
Impairments	(1,175)		—		—		(1,175)
Net goodwill	3,078		—		(32)		3,046
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,959		43		(15)		2,987
All Other 3
Goodwill	59		—		(4)		55
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,591		43		(65)		7,569
Impairments	(1,197)		—		—		(1,197)
Net goodwill	$	6,394	$	43	$	(65)	$	6,372

1 See Note 21 for additional details.

2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

3 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities as available-for-sale, and we include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of these debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	57		1		58		58		1		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	991		37		1,028		962		50		1,012
Asset-backed securities	150		2		152		156		3		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	346		9		355		362		12		374
Residential	5		—		5		5		—		5
Commercial	80		3		83		60		4		64
Total debt securities	$	1,639	$	52	$	1,691	$	1,613	$	70	$	1,683

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position:
	June 30, 2021
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	118	$	1	$	5	$	—	$	123	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	89		1		2		—		91		1
Total	$	207	$	2	$	7	$	—	$	214	$	2

	December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	13	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	17	$	—
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	2		—		5		—		7		—
Total	$	15	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	24	$	—
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Corporate Bonds The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2021.

The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	146	$	148
Due after one year through five years	725		753
Due after five years through ten years	284		292
Due after ten years	53		55
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	346		355
Residential mortgage-backed securities	5		5
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	80		83
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,639	$	1,691

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	125	$	66	$	225	$	124
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	2		1		2		1
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	—		1		—		1

For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $21 million and $26 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2021 and 2020 were $38 million and $(14) million, respectively.

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Postretirement Benefits

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Postretirement Benefits

Postretirement benefits

A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    

	U.S. Pension Benefits				Non-U.S. Pension Benefits				Other Postretirement Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30				June 30				June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	14	$	25	$	24
Interest cost	83		121		13		21		16		27
Expected return on plan assets	(179)		(198)		(33)		(38)		(1)		(3)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(10)		(10)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		120		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(96)	$	(75)	$	(5)	$	138	$	30	$	38
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	29	$	28	$	50	$	47
Interest cost	165		242		27		40		32		53
Expected return on plan assets	(358)		(396)		(65)		(73)		(3)		(6)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(20)		(19)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		(134)		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(193)	$	(152)	$	(9)	$	(118)	$	59	$	75

1    Total lump-sum transfers out of certain pension plans exceeded the service and interest cost for 2020, which required us to follow settlement accounting and remeasure the plans' obligations as of March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020.

2    The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $54 million and $160 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2021 contributions of approximately $310 million.

B.  Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
U.S. Plans	$	115	$	126	$	240	$	145
Non-U.S. Plans	28		20		54		43
	$	143	$	146	$	294	$	188

The increase in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.

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Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Finance lease revenue	$	124	$	119	$	249	$	244
Operating lease revenue	281		285		575		588
Total	$	405	$	404	$	824	$	832

We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

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Guarantees and Product Warranty

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Guarantees and Product Warranty

Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap.

Supplier consortium performance guarantee

We have provided a guarantee to a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries is a member. The guarantee covers potential damages incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium's non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortium to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee will expire when the supplier consortium performs all of its contractual obligations, which is expected to be completed in 2022.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the related recorded liability was $5 million. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	955	$	993
Supplier consortium performance guarantee	261		258
Other guarantees	226		234
Total guarantees	$	1,442	$	1,485

Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program.  Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity.  Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the SPC’s assets of $966 million and $1,026 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $965 million and $1,025 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

	First Six Months
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020
Warranty liability, beginning of period	$	1,612	$	1,541
Reduction in liability (payments)	(442)		(436)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	515		428
Warranty liability, end of period	$	1,685	$	1,533

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Profit Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Profit Per Share

Profit per share

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,413	$	458	$	2,943	$	1,550
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	547.9		541.5		547.1		544.5
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	4.2		3.0		4.7		3.7
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	552.1		544.5		551.8		548.2
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.58	$	0.84	$	5.38	$	2.85
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.56	$	0.84	$	5.33	$	2.83
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					547.5		541.5
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we excluded 1.1 million and 4.9 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. As of June 30, 2021, approximately $4.5 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, at an aggregate cost of $251 million. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we repurchased 0.8 million and 10.1 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $87 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance	(1,257)		(1,847)		(910)		(1,487)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	92		168		(231)		(206)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(7)		(9)		17		1
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	99		177		(248)		(207)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	99		175		(248)		(185)
Ending balance	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance	(40)		(10)		(32)		(3)
Current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(10)		(10)		(20)		(19)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(3)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(7)		(7)		(15)		(14)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(7)		(5)		(15)		(12)
Ending balance	$	(47)	$	(15)	$	(47)	$	(15)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance	(31)		(157)		—		(97)
Gains (losses) deferred	17		(90)		96		(98)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	3		(20)		19		(23)
Net gains (losses) deferred	14		(70)		77		(75)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	39		75		(79)		5
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	10		17		(14)		2
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	29		58		(65)		3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	43		(12)		12		(72)
Ending balance	$	12	$	(169)	$	12	$	(169)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance	38		2		54		20
Gains (losses) deferred	3		52		(18)		30
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	1		13		(4)		9
Net gains (losses) deferred	2		39		(14)		21
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(2)		—		(2)		—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(1)		—		(1)		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(1)		—		(1)		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1		39		(15)		21
Ending balance	$	39	$	41	$	39	$	41
Total AOCI Ending Balance at June 30	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)

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Environmental and legal matters

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Environmental and legal matters

Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 27, 2020, the Brazilian Federal Environmental Agency (“IBAMA”) issued Caterpillar Brasil Ltda a notice of violation regarding allegations around the requirements for use of imported oils at the Piracicaba, Brazil facility. We have instituted processes to address the allegations. While we are still discussing resolution of these allegations with IBAMA, the initial notice from IBAMA included a proposed fine of approximately $300,000. We do not expect this fine or our response to address the allegations to have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 31 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2020, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2020 was approximately 28 percent. The decrease in the estimated annual tax rate from full-year 2020 was primarily related to changes in the expected geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective for 2021.

In addition, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $60 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. A $22 million tax charge was also recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2020, related to the $132 million of remeasurement net gain resulting from the settlements of pension obligations.

On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent’s Report from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), based on the IRS examination team’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant change to our unrecognized tax benefits for this position within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

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Segment Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

Segment information

A.    Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B.    Description of segments

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing, research and development for drivetrains, hydraulic systems, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

•ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

•We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

•We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

•We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

•We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

•Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

•We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 33 to 36 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

•Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. Only certain restructuring costs in 2020 are excluded from segment profit. See Note 20 for more information.

•Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,498	$	430	$	1,291	$	1,384	$	5,603		$	53	$	5,656
Resource Industries	799		487		525		660		2,471			108		2,579
Energy & Transportation	1,992		250		1,196		682		4,120			855		4,975
Financial Products Segment	488		65		96		125		774		1	—		774
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	5,777		1,232		3,108		2,851		12,968			1,016		13,984
All Other operating segment	11		1		4		18		34			94		128
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(69)		(12)		(10)		(22)		(113)			(1,110)		(1,223)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	5,719	$	1,221	$	3,102	$	2,847	$	12,889		$	—	$	12,889
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	1,604	$	212	$	933	$	1,283	$	4,032		$	16	$	4,048
Resource Industries	507		270		379		554		1,710			116		1,826
Energy & Transportation	1,816		197		929		599		3,541			608		4,149
Financial Products Segment	493		60		96		114		763		1	—		763
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	4,420		739		2,337		2,550		10,046			740		10,786
All Other operating segment	7		1		5		15		28			87		115
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(41)		(10)		(9)		(17)		(77)			(827)		(904)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	4,386	$	730	$	2,333	$	2,548	$	9,997		$	—	$	9,997

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $92 million and $88 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	4,624	$	822	$	2,372	$	3,226	$	11,044		$	71	$	11,115
Resource Industries	1,456		892		999		1,221		4,568			227		4,795
Energy & Transportation	3,774		506		2,289		1,209		7,778			1,704		9,482
Financial Products Segment	964		127		196		248		1,535		1	—		1,535
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	10,818		2,347		5,856		5,904		24,925			2,002		26,927
All Other operating segment	24		1		7		40		72			186		258
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(132)		(23)		(18)		(48)		(221)			(2,188)		(2,409)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	10,710	$	2,325	$	5,845	$	5,896	$	24,776		$	—	$	24,776
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	3,689	$	477	$	1,822	$	2,356	$	8,344		$	10	$	8,354
Resource Industries	1,203		590		774		1,122		3,689			221		3,910
Energy & Transportation	3,554		446		1,982		1,177		7,159			1,339		8,498
Financial Products Segment	1,018		130		198		231		1,577		1	—		1,577
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	9,464		1,643		4,776		4,886		20,769			1,570		22,339
All Other operating segment	12		3		16		25		56			168		224
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(110)		(24)		(22)		(37)		(193)			(1,738)		(1,931)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	9,366	$	1,622	$	4,770	$	4,874	$	20,632		$	—	$	20,632

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Oil and gas	$	1,137	$	1,027	$	2,052	$	1,888
Power generation	1,052		895		2,015		1,749
Industrial	899		678		1,712		1,479
Transportation	1,032		941		1,999		2,043
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,120	$	3,541	$	7,778	$	7,159

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	1,024	$	518	$	2,059	$	1,158
Resource Industries	361		152		689		456
Energy & Transportation	731		624		1,397		1,226
Financial Products Segment	243		148		487		253
Total profit from reportable segments	2,359		1,442		4,632		3,093
Profit from All Other operating segment	(10)		(3)		(7)		4
Cost centers	11		(23)		32		9
Corporate costs	(202)		(120)		(387)		(287)
Timing	(124)		(24)		(190)		(51)
Restructuring costs	(25)		(96)		(89)		(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	7		(38)		7		(18)
Postretirement benefit expense	86		(118)		154		285
Stock-based compensation expense	(69)		(67)		(111)		(114)
Financing costs	(109)		(119)		(239)		(199)
Currency	50		(60)		236		(208)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(72)		(80)		(121)		(172)
Other methodology differences	(32)		(16)		(50)		(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	1,870	$	678	$	3,867	$	2,191

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	4,416	$	4,259
Resource Industries	5,848		6,035
Energy & Transportation	9,179		8,582
Financial Products Segment	34,933		34,278
Total assets from reportable segments	54,376		53,154
Assets from All Other operating segment	1,583		1,717
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	10,028		8,822
Deferred income taxes	1,352		1,413
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,924		4,847
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	3,110		2,833
Inventory methodology differences	(2,707)		(2,536)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,387		8,466
Other	(356)		(392)
Total assets	$	81,697	$	78,324

Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	59	$	61	$	118	$	122
Resource Industries	101		104		200		207
Energy & Transportation	142		149		284		295
Financial Products Segment	191		198		387		403
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	493		512		989		1,027
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	60		63		122		125
Cost centers	24		32		50		65
Other	10		1		12		5
Total depreciation and amortization	$	587	$	608	$	1,173	$	1,222

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	36	$	28	$	64	$	48
Resource Industries	34		36		57		53
Energy & Transportation	143		144		224		231
Financial Products Segment	361		256		589		503
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	574		464		934		835
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	32		23		47		38
Cost centers	—		6		19		15
Timing	(15)		(14)		109		146
Other	5		(29)		(9)		(36)
Total capital expenditures	$	596	$	450	$	1,100	$	998

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Cat Financial Financing Activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Receivables [Abstract]

Cat Financial Financing Activities

Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments

A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer

Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use, the majority of which operate in construction-related industries. Cat Financial also provides financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 48 months with an average remaining term of approximately 26 months as of June 30, 2021.

Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's forecasts for the markets in which it operates reflected an overall rebound in economic conditions, which had deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from a growing economy, improved unemployment rates and a decrease in delinquencies. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer

Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

Classes of finance receivables

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial's finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.

•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021						Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	393	$	44	$	437	$	408	$	45	$	453
Write-offs	(68)		—		(68)		(36)		—		(36)
Recoveries	14		—		14		6		—		6
Provision for credit losses	13		—		13		86		—		86
Other	2		—		2		3		—		3
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021						Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	431	$	44	$	475	$	375	$	45	$	420
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance 1	—		—		—		12		—		12
Write-offs	(102)		—		(102)		(73)		—		(73)
Recoveries	24		—		24		13		—		13
Provision for credit losses	3		—		3		146		—		146
Other	(2)		—		(2)		(6)		—		(6)
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Individually evaluated	$	183	$	39	$	222	$	184	$	39	$	223
Collectively evaluated	171		5		176		283		6		289
Ending Balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated	$	492	$	78	$	570	$	601	$	78	$	679
Collectively evaluated	19,356		2,585		21,941		17,869		3,305		21,174
Ending Balance	$	19,848	$	2,663	$	22,511	$	18,470	$	3,383	$	21,853
1 Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to credit losses.

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

Customer

The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	2,469	$	3,224	$	1,931	$	957	$	325	$	111	$	117	$	9,134
31-60 days past due	12		37		25		19		8		3		—		104
61-90 days past due	4		7		5		5		2		2		—		25
91+ days past due	2		17		27		15		10		6		2		79
EAME
Current	952		1,275		669		329		126		38		—		3,389
31-60 days past due	6		10		15		2		1		1		—		35
61-90 days past due	—		7		4		2		—		—		—		13
91+ days past due	3		11		7		6		3		61		—		91
Asia/Pacific
Current	857		1,088		498		151		33		6		—		2,633
31-60 days past due	4		22		17		8		1		—		—		52
61-90 days past due	—		8		9		4		—		—		—		21
91+ days past due	—		12		8		8		1		—		—		29
Mining
Current	433		420		478		272		89		191		71		1,954
31-60 days past due	—		3		—		—		—		—		—		3
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		1		2		4		2		—		—		9
Latin America
Current	315		452		233		93		30		19		—		1,142
31-60 days past due	1		14		6		3		1		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	—		3		2		1		—		—		—		6
91+ days past due	—		18		11		11		6		8		—		54
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	27		215		132		82		209		180		109		954
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
91+ days past due	—		2		—		20		3		69		—		94
Total Customer	$	5,085	$	6,846	$	4,079	$	1,992	$	850	$	697	$	299	$	19,848

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	3,777	$	2,423	$	1,344	$	522	$	212	$	27	$	89	$	8,394
31-60 days past due	52		49		33		16		7		2		—		159
61-90 days past due	22		25		16		9		2		1		—		75
91+ days past due	14		35		31		20		9		4		2		115
EAME
Current	1,605		931		501		203		60		18		—		3,318
31-60 days past due	5		15		3		2		—		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	1		1		2		1		—		—		—		5
91+ days past due	7		7		12		4		39		43		—		112
Asia/Pacific
Current	1,375		745		321		61		10		3		—		2,515
31-60 days past due	12		22		13		6		—		—		—		53
61-90 days past due	7		11		7		1		—		—		—		26
91+ days past due	4		10		9		3		—		—		—		26
Mining
Current	490		571		287		152		92		151		137		1,880
31-60 days past due	5		—		5		1		—		—		—		11
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		11		8		2		—		—		1		22
Latin America
Current	561		348		151		48		13		34		—		1,155
31-60 days past due	3		6		4		3		—		—		—		16
61-90 days past due	1		7		6		3		2		—		—		19
91+ days past due	2		14		11		24		5		4		—		60
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	217		172		111		273		99		117		119		1,108
31-60 days past due	—		—		6		—		—		—		—		6
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		9		—		9
91+ days past due	2		—		20		3		25		79		—		129
Total Customer	$	8,162	$	5,403	$	2,901	$	1,357	$	575	$	492	$	348	$	19,238

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other machinery. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the machinery.

Dealer

As of June 30, 2021, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $78 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which was originated in 2017. As of December 31, 2020, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $81 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America. Of these past due receivables, $78 million were originated in 2017 and $3 million were originated prior to 2016.

Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due or have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:

	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
(Millions of dollars)	Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing		Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing
North America	$	62	$	1	$	19	$	86	$	1	$	34
EAME	89		—		2		113		1		1
Asia/Pacific	19		1		11		13		—		13
Mining	9		1		—		21		1		—
Latin America	57		—		1		63		—		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	113		—		—		170		17		—
Total	$	349	$	3	$	33	$	466	$	20	$	49

There was $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There were $6 million and $5 million of interest income recognized during the six month ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status were $78 million and $81 million, respectively, all of which was in Latin America. There were no finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment more than 90 days past due and still accruing income as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and no interest income was recognized on dealer finance receivables on non-accrual status during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

Troubled debt restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. Cat Financial individually evaluates TDR contracts and establishes an allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable's effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021				Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
Customer
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	—		—		17		17
Latin America	6		6		—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	26	$	26	$	71	$	71
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021				Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	11		5		17		17
Latin America	6		6		2		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	37	$	31	$	73	$	73

The Post-TDR amortization costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
Customer	2021		2020		2021		2020
North America	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—
EAME	—		—		—		10
Asia/Pacific	2		—		6		—
Latin America	15		—		15		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		5		—
Total	$	17	$	—	$	27	$	11

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Fair Value Disclosures

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures

    A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		58		—		—		58
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,028		—		—		1,028
Asset-backed securities	—		152		—		—		152
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		355		—		—		355
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		83		—		—		83
Total debt securities	10		1,681		—		—		1,691
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	234		—		—		—		234
Smaller company growth	40		—		—		—		40
REIT	—		—		—		152		152
Total equity securities	274		—		—		152		426
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		221		—		—		221
Total assets	$	284	$	1,902	$	—	$	152	$	2,338

	December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		59		—		—		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,012		—		—		1,012
Asset-backed securities	—		159		—		—		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		374		—		—		374
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		64		—		—		64
Total debt securities	10		1,673		—		—		1,683
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	199		—		—		—		199
Smaller company growth	58		—		—		—		58
REIT	—		—		—		148		148
Total equity securities	257		—		—		148		405
Total assets	$	267	$	1,673	$	—	$	148	$	2,088
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17
Total liabilities	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17

In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $157 million and $243 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.  

    B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Finance receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Wholesale inventory receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximates fair value.

Long-term debt

We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.

Fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	10,831	$	10,831	$	9,352	$	9,352	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	236		236		14		14		1
Investments in debt and equity securities	2,117		2,117		2,088		2,088		1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	14,275		14,452		14,028		14,357		3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	832		806		929		911		3
Foreign currency contracts – net	133		133		—		—		2	Note 5
Interest rate contracts – net	30		30		58		58		2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	58		58		37		37		2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,425		3,425		2,015		2,015		1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,802		12,544		11,169		14,549		2
Financial Products	24,358		24,811		23,979		24,614		2
Foreign currency contracts – net	—		—		112		112		2	Note 5
Guarantees	5		5		5		5		3	Note 11

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $8,147 million and $7,961 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Other Income (expense)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30					Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020			2021		2020
Investment and interest income	$	21	$	27		$	44	$	70
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(32)		(4)			63		(79)
License fee income	32		23			57		48
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	111		(63)		2	222		270		2
Gains (losses) on securities	17		37			42		(21)
Miscellaneous income (loss)	52		9			98		(37)
Total	$	201	$	29		$	526	$	251

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

2 Includes remeasurement losses of $(122) million and a remeasurement net gain of $132 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, from the settlement of certain pension obligations. See Note 9 for further details.

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Restructuring Costs

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Employee separations 1	$	17	$	123	$	62	$	134
Contract terminations 1	—		2		—		3
Long-lived asset impairments 1	(7)		14		4		23
Other 2	15		8		23		24
Total restructuring costs	$	25	$	147	$	89	$	184
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, project management and inventory write-downs, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address certain product lines. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the restructuring costs were primarily related to various voluntary and involuntary employee separation programs implemented across the company and a strategic action to address a certain product line, which were partially offset by a gain on the sale of a manufacturing facility that had been closed.

In 2021, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit. In 2020, only certain restructuring costs were excluded from segment profit. Restructuring costs included in segment profit were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Construction Industries	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	5
Resource Industries	—		15		—		16
Energy & Transportation	—		17		—		21
Financial Products Segment	—		1		—		1

The following table summarizes the 2021 and 2020 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Liability balance, beginning of period	$	164	$	48
Increase in liability (separation charges)	62		134
Reduction in liability (payments)	(82)		(95)
Liability balance, end of period	$	144	$	87

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2021 is expected to be paid in 2021 and 2022.

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Acquisitions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

SPM Oil & Gas

On February 1, 2021, Caterpillar completed the acquisition of varying equity interests and assets of the Weir Group PLC, collectively known as SPM Oil & Gas (SPM). Headquartered near Fort Worth, Texas, SPM Oil & Gas produces a full line of pumps, flow iron, consumable parts, wellhead and pressure control products that are offered via an extensive global network of service centers. This acquisition, included in the Energy & Transportation segment, is consistent with our strategy of providing our customers expanded offerings and services which will now be one of the broadest in the well service industry. The purchase price, net of $22 million of acquired cash, was approximately $361 million.

We financed the transaction with available cash. Tangible assets as of the acquisition date were $518 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included cash of $22 million, receivables of $101 million, inventories of $159 million, leased assets of $105 million, and property, plant, and equipment of $117 million. Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $23 million included developed technology and trade names and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted-average amortization period of approximately 8 years. Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $187 million, recorded at their fair values, and primarily included lease liabilities of $105 million and accounts payable of $33 million. Goodwill of $29 million represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets acquired. These values represent a preliminary allocation of purchase price subject to finalization of post-closing procedures. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results.

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Risk Management Policy

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of June 30, 2021, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 60 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian Krona, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the period

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021					Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,084,821	$	56.30	$	219.76	1,913,888	$	25.98	$	127.60
RSUs	448,311	$	219.76	$	219.76	705,287	$	127.60	$	127.60
PRSUs	266,894	$	219.76	$	219.76	371,641	$	127.60	$	127.60

Schedule providing assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2021	2020
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.60%	2.47%
Weighted-average volatility	32.9%	25.7%
Range of volatilities	29.2% - 45.8%	24.5% - 29.7%
Range of risk-free interest rates	0.06% - 1.41%	1.21% - 1.39%
Weighted-average expected lives	8 years	8 years

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Derivative

Location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	59	$	74
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	64		71
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(23)		(36)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	—		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	49		1
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(54)		(148)
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	—		4
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—		2
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	38		57
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(8)		(5)
		$	125	$	20
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	12	$	10
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(5)		(1)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	43		17
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6		7
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(18)		(107)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	56		35
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Long-term receivables – trade and other	3		2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(1)		—
		$	96	$	(37)

Total notional amounts of derivative instruments

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	3,859	$	3,553
Financial Products	$	10,575	$	11,260

Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	54	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(10)	$	12,193
			Cost of goods sold	10		8,881
Financial Products	(38)		Interest expense of Financial Products	—		116
			Other income (expense)	(32)		201
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		120
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(6)		116
	$	17		$	(39)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(34)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11	$	9,310
			Cost of goods sold	(32)		7,113
Financial Products	(35)		Interest expense of Financial Products	9		149
			Other income (expense)	(43)		29
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(12)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1)		135
Financial Products	(9)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(19)		149
	$	(90)		$	(75)

Cash Flow Hedges
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
			Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(23)	$	23,384
			Cost of goods sold	38		16,893
Financial Products	81		Interest expense of Financial Products	2		241
			Other income (expense)	80		526
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		262
Financial Products	1		Interest expense of Financial Products	(16)		241
	$	96		$	79

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
			Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI		Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI		Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(124)	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	16	$	19,224
			Cost of goods sold	(43)		14,379
Financial Products	66		Interest expense of Financial Products	20		324
			Other income (expense)	28		251
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(16)		Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2)		248
Financial Products	(24)		Interest expense of Financial Products	(24)		324
	$	(98)		$	(5)

Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations was as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021		Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	11	$	16
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(58)		(23)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	45		15
		$	(2)	$	8
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	3	$	13
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	28		85
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	65		(31)
		$	96	$	67

Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative assets

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	194	$	—	$	194	$	(29)	$	—	$	165
Financial Products	136		—		136		(55)		—		81
Total	$	330	$	—	$	330	$	(84)	$	—	$	246

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	196	$	—	$	196	$	(38)	$	—	$	158
Financial Products	85		—		85		(57)		—		28
Total	$	281	$	—	$	281	$	(95)	$	—	$	186

Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative liabilities

June 30, 2021							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(29)	$	—	$	(29)	$	29	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(80)		—		(80)		55		—		(25)
Total	$	(109)	$	—	$	(109)	$	84	$	—	$	(25)

December 31, 2020							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(38)	$	—	$	(38)	$	38	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	(260)		—		(260)		57		—		(203)
Total	$	(298)	$	—	$	(298)	$	95	$	—	$	(203)

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Inventories (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Raw materials	$	4,598	$	4,021
Work-in-process	1,389		1,052
Finished goods	6,405		6,054
Supplies	280		275
Total inventories	$	12,672	$	11,402

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets

Intangible assets were comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,457	$	(1,655)	$	802
Intellectual property	12	1,447		(1,129)		318
Other	14	165		(109)		56
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,069	$	(2,893)	$	1,176

		December 31, 2020
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,493	$	(1,600)	$	893
Intellectual property	12	1,439		(1,073)		366
Other	14	164		(115)		49
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,096	$	(2,788)	$	1,308

Expected amortization expense related to intangible assets

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	Thereafter
$149	$284	$226	$167	$157	$193

Goodwill acquired

The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020		Acquisitions 1		Other Adjustments 2		June 30, 2021
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	320	$	—	$	(14)	$	306
Impairments	(22)		—		—		(22)
Net goodwill	298		—		(14)		284
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,253		—		(32)		4,221
Impairments	(1,175)		—		—		(1,175)
Net goodwill	3,078		—		(32)		3,046
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,959		43		(15)		2,987
All Other 3
Goodwill	59		—		(4)		55
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,591		43		(65)		7,569
Impairments	(1,197)		—		—		(1,197)
Net goodwill	$	6,394	$	43	$	(65)	$	6,372

1 See Note 21 for additional details.

2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

3 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale securities

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	57		1		58		58		1		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	991		37		1,028		962		50		1,012
Asset-backed securities	150		2		152		156		3		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	346		9		355		362		12		374
Residential	5		—		5		5		—		5
Commercial	80		3		83		60		4		64
Total debt securities	$	1,639	$	52	$	1,691	$	1,613	$	70	$	1,683

Investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position:
	June 30, 2021
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	118	$	1	$	5	$	—	$	123	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	89		1		2		—		91		1
Total	$	207	$	2	$	7	$	—	$	214	$	2

	December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	13	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	17	$	—
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	2		—		5		—		7		—
Total	$	15	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	24	$	—
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity

The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	146	$	148
Due after one year through five years	725		753
Due after five years through ten years	284		292
Due after ten years	53		55
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	346		355
Residential mortgage-backed securities	5		5
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	80		83
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,639	$	1,691

Schedule of proceeds and gross gain and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	125	$	66	$	225	$	124
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	2		1		2		1
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	—		1		—		1

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Postretirement Benefits (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Schedule of net benefit costs

	U.S. Pension Benefits				Non-U.S. Pension Benefits				Other Postretirement Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30				June 30				June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	14	$	25	$	24
Interest cost	83		121		13		21		16		27
Expected return on plan assets	(179)		(198)		(33)		(38)		(1)		(3)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(10)		(10)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		120		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(96)	$	(75)	$	(5)	$	138	$	30	$	38
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	29	$	28	$	50	$	47
Interest cost	165		242		27		40		32		53
Expected return on plan assets	(358)		(396)		(65)		(73)		(3)		(6)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(20)		(19)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations 1	—		2		—		(134)		—		—
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits 1	—		—		—		21		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 2	$	(193)	$	(152)	$	(9)	$	(118)	$	59	$	75

1    Total lump-sum transfers out of certain pension plans exceeded the service and interest cost for 2020, which required us to follow settlement accounting and remeasure the plans' obligations as of March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020.

2    The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

Company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
U.S. Plans	$	115	$	126	$	240	$	145
Non-U.S. Plans	28		20		54		43
	$	143	$	146	$	294	$	188

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Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Revenue from sales-type and operating lease

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Finance lease revenue	$	124	$	119	$	249	$	244
Operating lease revenue	281		285		575		588
Total	$	405	$	404	$	824	$	832

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Guarantees

The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	955	$	993
Supplier consortium performance guarantee	261		258
Other guarantees	226		234
Total guarantees	$	1,442	$	1,485

Product warranty

We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

	First Six Months
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020
Warranty liability, beginning of period	$	1,612	$	1,541
Reduction in liability (payments)	(442)		(436)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	515		428
Warranty liability, end of period	$	1,685	$	1,533

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Profit Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computations of profit per share

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,413	$	458	$	2,943	$	1,550
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	547.9		541.5		547.1		544.5
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	4.2		3.0		4.7		3.7
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	552.1		544.5		551.8		548.2
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.58	$	0.84	$	5.38	$	2.85
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.56	$	0.84	$	5.33	$	2.83
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					547.5		541.5
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Equity [Abstract]

Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance	(1,257)		(1,847)		(910)		(1,487)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	92		168		(231)		(206)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(7)		(9)		17		1
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	99		177		(248)		(207)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(2)		—		22
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	99		175		(248)		(185)
Ending balance	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)	$	(1,158)	$	(1,672)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance	(40)		(10)		(32)		(3)
Current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net current year prior service credit (cost)	—		2		—		2
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(10)		(10)		(20)		(19)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(3)		(3)		(5)		(5)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(7)		(7)		(15)		(14)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(7)		(5)		(15)		(12)
Ending balance	$	(47)	$	(15)	$	(47)	$	(15)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance	(31)		(157)		—		(97)
Gains (losses) deferred	17		(90)		96		(98)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	3		(20)		19		(23)
Net gains (losses) deferred	14		(70)		77		(75)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	39		75		(79)		5
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	10		17		(14)		2
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	29		58		(65)		3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	43		(12)		12		(72)
Ending balance	$	12	$	(169)	$	12	$	(169)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance	38		2		54		20
Gains (losses) deferred	3		52		(18)		30
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	1		13		(4)		9
Net gains (losses) deferred	2		39		(14)		21
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(2)		—		(2)		—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(1)		—		(1)		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(1)		—		(1)		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1		39		(15)		21
Ending balance	$	39	$	41	$	39	$	41
Total AOCI Ending Balance at June 30	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)	$	(1,154)	$	(1,815)

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Segment Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,498	$	430	$	1,291	$	1,384	$	5,603		$	53	$	5,656
Resource Industries	799		487		525		660		2,471			108		2,579
Energy & Transportation	1,992		250		1,196		682		4,120			855		4,975
Financial Products Segment	488		65		96		125		774		1	—		774
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	5,777		1,232		3,108		2,851		12,968			1,016		13,984
All Other operating segment	11		1		4		18		34			94		128
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(69)		(12)		(10)		(22)		(113)			(1,110)		(1,223)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	5,719	$	1,221	$	3,102	$	2,847	$	12,889		$	—	$	12,889
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	1,604	$	212	$	933	$	1,283	$	4,032		$	16	$	4,048
Resource Industries	507		270		379		554		1,710			116		1,826
Energy & Transportation	1,816		197		929		599		3,541			608		4,149
Financial Products Segment	493		60		96		114		763		1	—		763
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	4,420		739		2,337		2,550		10,046			740		10,786
All Other operating segment	7		1		5		15		28			87		115
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(41)		(10)		(9)		(17)		(77)			(827)		(904)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	4,386	$	730	$	2,333	$	2,548	$	9,997		$	—	$	9,997

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $92 million and $88 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	4,624	$	822	$	2,372	$	3,226	$	11,044		$	71	$	11,115
Resource Industries	1,456		892		999		1,221		4,568			227		4,795
Energy & Transportation	3,774		506		2,289		1,209		7,778			1,704		9,482
Financial Products Segment	964		127		196		248		1,535		1	—		1,535
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	10,818		2,347		5,856		5,904		24,925			2,002		26,927
All Other operating segment	24		1		7		40		72			186		258
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(132)		(23)		(18)		(48)		(221)			(2,188)		(2,409)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	10,710	$	2,325	$	5,845	$	5,896	$	24,776		$	—	$	24,776
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Construction Industries	$	3,689	$	477	$	1,822	$	2,356	$	8,344		$	10	$	8,354
Resource Industries	1,203		590		774		1,122		3,689			221		3,910
Energy & Transportation	3,554		446		1,982		1,177		7,159			1,339		8,498
Financial Products Segment	1,018		130		198		231		1,577		1	—		1,577
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	9,464		1,643		4,776		4,886		20,769			1,570		22,339
All Other operating segment	12		3		16		25		56			168		224
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(110)		(24)		(22)		(37)		(193)			(1,738)		(1,931)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	9,366	$	1,622	$	4,770	$	4,874	$	20,632		$	—	$	20,632

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $176 million and $193 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Oil and gas	$	1,137	$	1,027	$	2,052	$	1,888
Power generation	1,052		895		2,015		1,749
Industrial	899		678		1,712		1,479
Transportation	1,032		941		1,999		2,043
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,120	$	3,541	$	7,778	$	7,159

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	1,024	$	518	$	2,059	$	1,158
Resource Industries	361		152		689		456
Energy & Transportation	731		624		1,397		1,226
Financial Products Segment	243		148		487		253
Total profit from reportable segments	2,359		1,442		4,632		3,093
Profit from All Other operating segment	(10)		(3)		(7)		4
Cost centers	11		(23)		32		9
Corporate costs	(202)		(120)		(387)		(287)
Timing	(124)		(24)		(190)		(51)
Restructuring costs	(25)		(96)		(89)		(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	7		(38)		7		(18)
Postretirement benefit expense	86		(118)		154		285
Stock-based compensation expense	(69)		(67)		(111)		(114)
Financing costs	(109)		(119)		(239)		(199)
Currency	50		(60)		236		(208)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(72)		(80)		(121)		(172)
Other methodology differences	(32)		(16)		(50)		(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	1,870	$	678	$	3,867	$	2,191

Reconciliation of Assets:

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	4,416	$	4,259
Resource Industries	5,848		6,035
Energy & Transportation	9,179		8,582
Financial Products Segment	34,933		34,278
Total assets from reportable segments	54,376		53,154
Assets from All Other operating segment	1,583		1,717
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	10,028		8,822
Deferred income taxes	1,352		1,413
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,924		4,847
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	3,110		2,833
Inventory methodology differences	(2,707)		(2,536)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,387		8,466
Other	(356)		(392)
Total assets	$	81,697	$	78,324

Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:

Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	59	$	61	$	118	$	122
Resource Industries	101		104		200		207
Energy & Transportation	142		149		284		295
Financial Products Segment	191		198		387		403
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	493		512		989		1,027
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	60		63		122		125
Cost centers	24		32		50		65
Other	10		1		12		5
Total depreciation and amortization	$	587	$	608	$	1,173	$	1,222

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	36	$	28	$	64	$	48
Resource Industries	34		36		57		53
Energy & Transportation	143		144		224		231
Financial Products Segment	361		256		589		503
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	574		464		934		835
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	32		23		47		38
Cost centers	—		6		19		15
Timing	(15)		(14)		109		146
Other	5		(29)		(9)		(36)
Total capital expenditures	$	596	$	450	$	1,100	$	998

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Cat Financial Financing Activities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Jun. 30, 2020

Receivables [Abstract]

Allowance for credit losses and total finance receivables

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021						Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	393	$	44	$	437	$	408	$	45	$	453
Write-offs	(68)		—		(68)		(36)		—		(36)
Recoveries	14		—		14		6		—		6
Provision for credit losses	13		—		13		86		—		86
Other	2		—		2		3		—		3
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021						Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	431	$	44	$	475	$	375	$	45	$	420
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance 1	—		—		—		12		—		12
Write-offs	(102)		—		(102)		(73)		—		(73)
Recoveries	24		—		24		13		—		13
Provision for credit losses	3		—		3		146		—		146
Other	(2)		—		(2)		(6)		—		(6)
Ending balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Individually evaluated	$	183	$	39	$	222	$	184	$	39	$	223
Collectively evaluated	171		5		176		283		6		289
Ending Balance	$	354	$	44	$	398	$	467	$	45	$	512
Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated	$	492	$	78	$	570	$	601	$	78	$	679
Collectively evaluated	19,356		2,585		21,941		17,869		3,305		21,174
Ending Balance	$	19,848	$	2,663	$	22,511	$	18,470	$	3,383	$	21,853
1 Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to credit losses.

Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators

The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2021
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	2,469	$	3,224	$	1,931	$	957	$	325	$	111	$	117	$	9,134
31-60 days past due	12		37		25		19		8		3		—		104
61-90 days past due	4		7		5		5		2		2		—		25
91+ days past due	2		17		27		15		10		6		2		79
EAME
Current	952		1,275		669		329		126		38		—		3,389
31-60 days past due	6		10		15		2		1		1		—		35
61-90 days past due	—		7		4		2		—		—		—		13
91+ days past due	3		11		7		6		3		61		—		91
Asia/Pacific
Current	857		1,088		498		151		33		6		—		2,633
31-60 days past due	4		22		17		8		1		—		—		52
61-90 days past due	—		8		9		4		—		—		—		21
91+ days past due	—		12		8		8		1		—		—		29
Mining
Current	433		420		478		272		89		191		71		1,954
31-60 days past due	—		3		—		—		—		—		—		3
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		1		2		4		2		—		—		9
Latin America
Current	315		452		233		93		30		19		—		1,142
31-60 days past due	1		14		6		3		1		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	—		3		2		1		—		—		—		6
91+ days past due	—		18		11		11		6		8		—		54
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	27		215		132		82		209		180		109		954
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
91+ days past due	—		2		—		20		3		69		—		94
Total Customer	$	5,085	$	6,846	$	4,079	$	1,992	$	850	$	697	$	299	$	19,848

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2020
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	3,777	$	2,423	$	1,344	$	522	$	212	$	27	$	89	$	8,394
31-60 days past due	52		49		33		16		7		2		—		159
61-90 days past due	22		25		16		9		2		1		—		75
91+ days past due	14		35		31		20		9		4		2		115
EAME
Current	1,605		931		501		203		60		18		—		3,318
31-60 days past due	5		15		3		2		—		—		—		25
61-90 days past due	1		1		2		1		—		—		—		5
91+ days past due	7		7		12		4		39		43		—		112
Asia/Pacific
Current	1,375		745		321		61		10		3		—		2,515
31-60 days past due	12		22		13		6		—		—		—		53
61-90 days past due	7		11		7		1		—		—		—		26
91+ days past due	4		10		9		3		—		—		—		26
Mining
Current	490		571		287		152		92		151		137		1,880
31-60 days past due	5		—		5		1		—		—		—		11
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		11		8		2		—		—		1		22
Latin America
Current	561		348		151		48		13		34		—		1,155
31-60 days past due	3		6		4		3		—		—		—		16
61-90 days past due	1		7		6		3		2		—		—		19
91+ days past due	2		14		11		24		5		4		—		60
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	217		172		111		273		99		117		119		1,108
31-60 days past due	—		—		6		—		—		—		—		6
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		9		—		9
91+ days past due	2		—		20		3		25		79		—		129
Total Customer	$	8,162	$	5,403	$	2,901	$	1,357	$	575	$	492	$	348	$	19,238

Investment in finance receivables on non-accrual status

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:

	June 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
(Millions of dollars)	Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing		Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing
North America	$	62	$	1	$	19	$	86	$	1	$	34
EAME	89		—		2		113		1		1
Asia/Pacific	19		1		11		13		—		13
Mining	9		1		—		21		1		—
Latin America	57		—		1		63		—		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	113		—		—		170		17		—
Total	$	349	$	3	$	33	$	466	$	20	$	49

There was $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There were $6 million and $5 million of interest income recognized during the six month ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

Finance receivables modified as TDRs

Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021				Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
Customer
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	—		—		17		17
Latin America	6		6		—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	26	$	26	$	71	$	71
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021				Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
North America	$	4	$	4	$	9	$	9
Asia/Pacific	—		—		8		8
Mining	11		5		17		17
Latin America	6		6		2		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	16		16		37		37
Total	$	37	$	31	$	73	$	73

The Post-TDR amortization costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
Customer	2021		2020		2021		2020
North America	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—
EAME	—		—		—		10
Asia/Pacific	2		—		6		—
Latin America	15		—		15		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		5		—
Total	$	17	$	—	$	27	$	11

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Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:

	June 30, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		58		—		—		58
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,028		—		—		1,028
Asset-backed securities	—		152		—		—		152
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		355		—		—		355
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		83		—		—		83
Total debt securities	10		1,681		—		—		1,691
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	234		—		—		—		234
Smaller company growth	40		—		—		—		40
REIT	—		—		—		152		152
Total equity securities	274		—		—		152		426
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		221		—		—		221
Total assets	$	284	$	1,902	$	—	$	152	$	2,338

	December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		59		—		—		59
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		1,012		—		—		1,012
Asset-backed securities	—		159		—		—		159
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		374		—		—		374
Residential	—		5		—		—		5
Commercial	—		64		—		—		64
Total debt securities	10		1,673		—		—		1,683
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	199		—		—		—		199
Smaller company growth	58		—		—		—		58
REIT	—		—		—		148		148
Total equity securities	257		—		—		148		405
Total assets	$	267	$	1,673	$	—	$	148	$	2,088
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17
Total liabilities	$	—	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	17

Fair values of financial instruments

Fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	10,831	$	10,831	$	9,352	$	9,352	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	236		236		14		14		1
Investments in debt and equity securities	2,117		2,117		2,088		2,088		1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	14,275		14,452		14,028		14,357		3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	832		806		929		911		3
Foreign currency contracts – net	133		133		—		—		2	Note 5
Interest rate contracts – net	30		30		58		58		2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	58		58		37		37		2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,425		3,425		2,015		2,015		1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,802		12,544		11,169		14,549		2
Financial Products	24,358		24,811		23,979		24,614		2
Foreign currency contracts – net	—		—		112		112		2	Note 5
Guarantees	5		5		5		5		3	Note 11

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $8,147 million and $7,961 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Other income (expense) (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30					Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020			2021		2020
Investment and interest income	$	21	$	27		$	44	$	70
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(32)		(4)			63		(79)
License fee income	32		23			57		48
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	111		(63)		2	222		270		2
Gains (losses) on securities	17		37			42		(21)
Miscellaneous income (loss)	52		9			98		(37)
Total	$	201	$	29		$	526	$	251

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

2 Includes remeasurement losses of $(122) million and a remeasurement net gain of $132 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, from the settlement of certain pension obligations. See Note 9 for further details.

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Restructuring Costs (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring and related costs

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Employee separations 1	$	17	$	123	$	62	$	134
Contract terminations 1	—		2		—		3
Long-lived asset impairments 1	(7)		14		4		23
Other 2	15		8		23		24
Total restructuring costs	$	25	$	147	$	89	$	184
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, project management and inventory write-downs, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

Restructuring costs included in segment profit were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Construction Industries	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	5
Resource Industries	—		15		—		16
Energy & Transportation	—		17		—		21
Financial Products Segment	—		1		—		1

Summary of separation activity

The following table summarizes the 2021 and 2020 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30
	2021		2020
Liability balance, beginning of period	$	164	$	48
Increase in liability (separation charges)	62		134
Reduction in liability (payments)	(82)		(95)
Liability balance, end of period	$	144	$	87

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Sales and revenue contract information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Trade receivables from dealers and end users	$ 6,673		$ 6,673		$ 6,310	$ 7,648
Long term trade receivables from dealers and end users	654		654		657	693
Contract liabilities	1,576		1,576		$ 1,526	$ 1,654
Revenue recognized from contract liability balance at beginning of period	241	$ 331	674	$ 699
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction
Unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration greater than one year	$ 5,800		$ 5,800
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2021-07-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction
Expected period of performance satisfaction	12 months		12 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Percentage	33.00%		33.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Stock-based compensation awards
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)	$ 69	$ 67	$ 111	$ 114
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent)			0.06%	1.21%
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent)			1.41%	1.39%
Rate of volatilities, Minimum			29.20%	24.50%
Rate of volatilities, Maximum			45.80%	29.70%
Assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards
Weighted-average dividend yield (as a percent)			2.60%	2.47%
Weighted-average volatility (as a percent)			32.90%	25.70%
Rate of volatilities, Minimum			29.20%	24.50%
Rate of volatilities, Maximum			45.80%	29.70%
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent)			0.06%	1.21%
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent)			1.41%	1.39%
Weighted-average expected lives (in years)			8 years	8 years
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards (in dollars)	$ 235		$ 235
Term of amortization of unrecognized compensation cost over weighted-average remaining requisite service periods (in years)			1 year 9 months 18 days
Stock Options
Stock-based compensation awards
Shares Granted (in shares)			1,084,821	1,913,888
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 56.30	$ 25.98
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	$ 219.76	$ 127.60	219.76	127.60
RSUs
Stock-based compensation awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	219.76	127.60	$ 219.76	$ 127.60
Shares Granted (in shares)			448,311	705,287
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 219.76	$ 127.60
PRSUs
Stock-based compensation awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	$ 219.76	$ 127.60	$ 219.76	$ 127.60
Shares Granted (in shares)			266,894	371,641
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 219.76	$ 127.60

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum allowable period (in years)	5 years
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum period (in months)	60 months
Commodity forward and option contracts, maximum period (in years)	5 years

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Asset (liability) fair value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	$ 330	$ 281
Liability Fair Value	(109)	(298)
Designated Derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	125	20
Undesignated Derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	96	(37)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	194	196
Liability Fair Value	(29)	(38)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	59	74
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	64	71
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(23)	(36)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Other Liabilities
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	0	(1)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	4
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	12	10
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(5)	(1)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	56	35
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	3	2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(1)	0
Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	136	85
Liability Fair Value	(80)	(260)
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	1
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	49	1
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(54)	(148)
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	2
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	38	57
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(8)	(5)
Financial Products | Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	43	17
Financial Products | Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	6	7
Financial Products | Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	$ (18)	$ (107)

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Notional amounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 3,859	$ 3,553
Financial Products
Derivative
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 10,575	$ 11,260

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	$ 17	$ (90)	$ 96	$ (98)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	39	75	(79)	5
Sales and revenues	12,889	9,997	24,776	20,632
Cost of goods sold	8,881	7,113	16,893	14,379
Other income (expense)	201	29	526	251
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	17	(90)	96	(98)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(39)	(75)	79	(5)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Sales and revenues	12,193	9,310	23,384	19,224
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	54	(34)	7	(124)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(10)	11	(23)	16
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Cost of Sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	10	(32)	38	(43)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	0	(12)	7	(16)
Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Sales and revenues	696	687	1,392	1,408
Interest Expense	116	149	241	324
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	(38)	(35)	81	66
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(32)	(43)	80	28
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	0	9	2	20
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	1	(9)	1	(24)
Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(6)	(19)	(16)	(24)
All other excluding Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Interest Expense	120	135	262	248
All other excluding Financial Products | Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	$ (1)	$ (1)	$ (2)	$ (2)

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management- Effect of Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (Details) - Undesignated Derivatives - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ (2)	$ 8	$ 96	$ 67
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Financial Products | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(58)	(23)	28	85
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	11	16	3	13
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Commodity contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ 45	$ 15	$ 65	$ (31)

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management-Effect of net settlement provisions upon default or termination- Offsetting assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	$ 330	$ 281
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	330	281
Financial Instruments	(84)	(95)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	246	186
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	194	196
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	194	196
Financial Instruments	(29)	(38)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	165	158
Financial Products
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	136	85
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	136	85
Financial Instruments	(55)	(57)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	$ 81	$ 28

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Effect of net settlement provisions upon default or termination- Offsetting liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	$ (109)	$ (298)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(109)	(298)
Financial Instruments	84	95
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	(25)	(203)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(29)	(38)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(29)	(38)
Financial Instruments	29	38
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	0	0
Financial Products
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(80)	(260)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(80)	(260)
Financial Instruments	55	57
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	$ (25)	$ (203)

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 4,598	$ 4,021
Work-in-process	1,389	1,052
Finished goods	6,405	6,054
Supplies	280	275
Total inventories	$ 12,672	$ 11,402

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended			6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		14 years		14 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	$ 4,069			$ 4,069		$ 4,096
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(2,893)			(2,893)		(2,788)
Net	1,176			1,176		1,308
Amortization expense	76		$ 78	153	$ 158
Remaining Six Months of 2021	149			149
2022	284			284
2023	226			226
2024	167			167
2025	157			157
Thereafter	193			$ 193
Customer Relationships
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		15 years		15 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	2,457			$ 2,457		2,493
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(1,655)			(1,655)		(1,600)
Net	802			$ 802		893
Intellectual Property
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		12 years		12 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	1,447			$ 1,447		1,439
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(1,129)			(1,129)		(1,073)
Net	318			$ 318		366
Other
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		14 years		14 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	165			$ 165		164
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	(109)			(109)		(115)
Net	$ 56			$ 56		$ 49

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	$ 7,591
Impairments, beginning of period	(1,197)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	6,394
Goodwill Acquired	43
Goodwill impairment charge	0	$ 0
Other adjustments	(65)
Goodwill, end of period	7,569
Impairments, end of period	(1,197)
Net goodwill, end of period	6,372
Construction Industries
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	320
Impairments, beginning of period	(22)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	298
Other adjustments	(14)
Goodwill, end of period	306
Impairments, end of period	(22)
Net goodwill, end of period	284
Resource Industries
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	4,253
Impairments, beginning of period	(1,175)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	3,078
Other adjustments	(32)
Goodwill, end of period	4,221
Impairments, end of period	(1,175)
Net goodwill, end of period	3,046
Energy & Transportation
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	2,959
Goodwill Acquired	43
Other adjustments	(15)
Goodwill, end of period	2,987
All Other Operating Segments
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	59
Other adjustments	(4)
Goodwill, end of period	$ 55

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	$ 1,639	$ 1,613
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	52	70
Fair Value	1,691	1,683
U.S. treasury bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	10	10
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	0
Fair Value	10	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	57	58
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	1	1
Fair Value	58	59
Corporate bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	991	962
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	37	50
Fair Value	1,028	1,012
Asset-backed securities
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	150	156
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	2	3
Fair Value	152	159
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	346	362
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	9	12
Fair Value	355	374
Residential
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	5	5
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	0
Fair Value	5	5
Commercial
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost basis	80	60
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	3	4
Fair Value	$ 83	$ 64

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position
Less than 12 months - Fair Value	$ 207	$ 15
Less than 12 months - Unrealized losses	2	0
12 months or more - Fair Value	7	9
12 months or more - Unrealized losses	0	0
Total - Fair Value	214	24
Total - Unrealized losses	2	0
Corporate bonds
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position
Less than 12 months - Fair Value	118	13
Less than 12 months - Unrealized losses	1	0
12 months or more - Fair Value	5	4
12 months or more - Unrealized losses	0	0
Total - Fair Value	123	17
Total - Unrealized losses	1	0
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position
Less than 12 months - Fair Value	89	2
Less than 12 months - Unrealized losses	1	0
12 months or more - Fair Value	2	5
12 months or more - Unrealized losses	0	0
Total - Fair Value	91	7
Total - Unrealized losses	$ 1	$ 0

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, Cost Basis	$ 146		$ 146
Due after one year through five years, Cost Basis	725		725
Due after five through ten years, Cost Basis	284		284
Due after ten years, Cost Basis	53		53
Due in one year or less, Fair Value	148		148
Due after one year through five years, Fair Value	753		753
Due after five years through ten years, Fair Value	292		292
Due after ten years, Fair Value	55		55
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	1,639		1,639		$ 1,613
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,691		1,691		1,683
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities	21	$ 26	38	$ (14)
Available-for-sale Securities, Proceeds, Gains and Losses
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	125	66	225	124
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	2	1	2	1
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	0	$ 1	0	$ 1
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	346		346		362
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	355		355		374
Residential
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	5		5		5
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	5		5		5
Commercial
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	80		80		60
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	$ 83		$ 83		$ 64

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Postretirement Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations		$ 122	$ 0	$ (132)
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
Pension and other postretirement benefit contributions
Contributions to pension and other postretirement benefit plans	$ 54		160
Expected full year contributions to pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the year	310		310
Other Postretirement Benefits Plan
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	25	24	50	47
Interest cost	16	27	32	53
Expected return on plan assets	(1)	(3)	(3)	(6)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	(10)	(10)	(20)	(19)
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits	0	0	0	0
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations	0	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	30	38	59	75
UNITED STATES
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	0	0	0	0
Interest cost	83	121	165	242
Expected return on plan assets	(179)	(198)	(358)	(396)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	0	0	0	0
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits	0	0	0	0
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations	0	2	0	2
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	(96)	(75)	(193)	(152)
Foreign Plan
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	15	14	29	28
Interest cost	13	21	27	40
Expected return on plan assets	(33)	(38)	(65)	(73)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	0	0	0	0
Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits	0	21	0	21
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of pension obligations	0	120	0	(134)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$ (5)	$ 138	$ (9)	$ (118)

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Postretirement Benefits (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Defined Contribution Plan
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 143	$ 146	$ 294	$ 188
U.S. Plans
Defined Contribution Plan
Costs related to defined contribution plans	115	126	240	145
Non-U.S. Plans
Defined Contribution Plan
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 28	$ 20	$ 54	$ 43

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Leases Lease revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Leases [Abstract]
Finance lease revenue	$ 124	$ 119	$ 249	$ 244
Operating lease revenue	281	285	575	588
Total	$ 405	$ 404	$ 824	$ 832

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Related liability	$ 5	$ 5
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	1,442	1,485
SPC assets in consolidated statement	81,697	78,324
SPC liabilities in consolidated statement	64,817	62,946
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	955	993
Supplier consortium performance guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	261	258
Other guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	226	234
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary
Guarantor Obligations
SPC assets in consolidated statement	966	1,026
SPC liabilities in consolidated statement	$ 965	$ 1,025

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Movement in Standard Product Warranty Accrual
Warranty liability, beginning balance	$ 1,612	$ 1,541
Reduction in liability (payments)	(442)	(436)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	515	428
Warranty liability, ending balance	$ 1,685	$ 1,533

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Profit Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021		Jun. 30, 2020		Jun. 30, 2021		Jun. 30, 2020		Jul. 01, 2018
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Profit for the period (A) (in dollars)	$ 1,413	[1]	$ 458	[1]	$ 2,943	[2]	$ 1,550	[2]
Determination of shares (in millions)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B) (in shares)	547,900,000		541,500,000		547,100,000		544,500,000
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price (in shares)	4,200,000		3,000,000.0		4,700,000		3,700,000
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) (in shares)	552,100,000	[3]	544,500,000	[3]	551,800,000	[4]	548,200,000	[4]
Profit (loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B) (in dollars per share)	$ 2.58		$ 0.84		$ 5.38		$ 2.85
Assuming full dilution (A/C) (in dollars per share)	$ 2.56	[3]	$ 0.84	[3]	$ 5.33	[4]	$ 2.83	[4]
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)	547,500,000		541,500,000		547,500,000		541,500,000
Common shares under SARs and stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)	1,100,000		4,900,000		1,100,000		4,900,000
Stock repurchase
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount									$ 10,000
Stock repurchase program, remaining authorized repurchase amount	$ 4,500				$ 4,500
Common shares repurchased (in shares)	1,161,955		767,822		1,161,955		10,096,006
Cost of repurchase	$ 251	[5]	$ 87	[5]	$ 251	[6]	$ 1,250	[6]

[1] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[2] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[3] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

[4] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

[5] See Note 12 for additional information.

[6] See Note 12 for additional information

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Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment	$ (1,158)	$ (1,672)	$ (1,158)	$ (1,672)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	92	168	(231)	(206)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(7)	(9)	17	1
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	99	177	(248)	(207)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	0	(2)	0	22
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	0	0	0	0
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	0	(2)	0	22
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	99	175	(248)	(185)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension and other postretirement benefits	(47)	(15)	(47)	(15)
Current year prior service credit (cost)	0	2	0	2
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Current year prior service credit (cost), tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	0
Net current year prior service credit (cost)	0	2	0	2
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	(10)	(10)	(20)	(19)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(3)	(3)	(5)	(5)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(7)	(7)	(15)	(14)
Pension and other post retirement benefits	(7)	(5)	(15)	(12)
AOCI, Cash Flow Hedge, Cumulative Gain (Loss), after Tax	12	(169)	12	(169)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	17	(90)	96	(98)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Gain (Loss), before Reclassification, Tax	3	(20)	19	(23)
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax	14	(70)	77	(75)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	39	75	(79)	5
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Gain (Loss), Reclassification, Tax	10	17	(14)	2
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	29	58	(65)	3
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	43	(12)	12	(72)
AOCI, Debt Securities, Available-for-sale securities	39	41	39	41
Gains (losses) deferred	3	52	(18)	30
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	1	13	(4)	9
Net gains (losses) deferred	2	39	(14)	21
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(2)	0	(2)	0
Available-for-sale securities, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit	(1)	0	(1)	0
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(1)	0	(1)	0
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1	39	(15)	21
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$ (1,154)	$ (1,815)	$ (1,154)	$ (1,815)		$ (888)
Adjusted beginning balance
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment					$ (1,257)	(910)	$ (1,847)	$ (1,487)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension and other postretirement benefits					(40)	(32)	(10)	(3)
AOCI, Cash Flow Hedge, Cumulative Gain (Loss), after Tax					(31)	0	(157)	(97)
AOCI, Debt Securities, Available-for-sale securities					$ 38	$ 54	$ 2	$ 20

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Environmental and legal matters Environmental and legal matters (Details)	Jan. 27, 2020 USD ($)	Mar. 03, 2017
IBAMA allegations
Loss Contingencies
Proposed fine by IBAMA	$ 300,000
IRS investigation
Loss Contingencies
Number of facilities served search and seizure warrants		3

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Estimated annual effective tax rate (as a percent)			26.00%	31.00%	28.00%
Income Tax Disclosure
Tax benefit for settlement of stock-based compensation awards			$ 60	$ 8
Income tax (expense) benefit reported discretely in the period and excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate				(22)
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of pension obligations		$ (122)	0	132
Foreign Plan
Income Tax Disclosure
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of pension obligations	$ 0	$ (120)	0	$ 134
Tax Year Prior Years
Income Tax Contingency
Income tax examination, proposed liability increase/(decrease)	$ 2,300		$ 2,300

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Segment Information (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021 segments group_presidents
Segment Reporting Information
Number of group presidents | group_presidents	4
Number of operating segments	5
Useful life to amortize goodwill for segment assets	20 years
Reportable Segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of operating segments led by Group Presidents	3
Number of operating segments led by Group President responsible for corporate services	1
Number of reportable segments	4
All Other operating segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of group presidents | group_presidents	1
Number of smaller operating segments led by Group President | group_presidents	1

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Sales and revenues by geographic region (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	$ 12,889	$ 9,997	$ 24,776	$ 20,632
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	13,984	10,786	26,927	22,339
Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	12,968	10,046	24,925	20,769
Reportable Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,016	740	2,002	1,570
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(1,223)	(904)	(2,409)	(1,931)
Corporate Items and Eliminations | Corporate, Non-Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(113)	(77)	(221)	(193)
Corporate Items and Eliminations | Intersegment Eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(1,110)	(827)	(2,188)	(1,738)
North America
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	5,719	4,386	10,710	9,366
North America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	5,777	4,420	10,818	9,464
North America | Corporate Items and Eliminations | Corporate, Non-Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(69)	(41)	(132)	(110)
Latin America
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,221	730	2,325	1,622
Latin America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,232	739	2,347	1,643
Latin America | Corporate Items and Eliminations | Corporate, Non-Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(12)	(10)	(23)	(24)
EAME
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	3,102	2,333	5,845	4,770
EAME | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	3,108	2,337	5,856	4,776
EAME | Corporate Items and Eliminations | Corporate, Non-Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(10)	(9)	(18)	(22)
Asia/Pacific
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	2,847	2,548	5,896	4,874
Asia/Pacific | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	2,851	2,550	5,904	4,886
Asia/Pacific | Corporate Items and Eliminations | Corporate, Non-Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	(22)	(17)	(48)	(37)
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	5,656	4,048	11,115	8,354
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	5,603	4,032	11,044	8,344
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	53	16	71	10
Construction Industries | North America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	2,498	1,604	4,624	3,689
Construction Industries | Latin America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	430	212	822	477
Construction Industries | EAME | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,291	933	2,372	1,822
Construction Industries | Asia/Pacific | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,384	1,283	3,226	2,356
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	2,579	1,826	4,795	3,910
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	2,471	1,710	4,568	3,689
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	108	116	227	221
Resource Industries | North America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	799	507	1,456	1,203
Resource Industries | Latin America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	487	270	892	590
Resource Industries | EAME | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	525	379	999	774
Resource Industries | Asia/Pacific | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	660	554	1,221	1,122
Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	4,120	3,541	7,778	7,159
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	4,975	4,149	9,482	8,498
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	4,120	3,541	7,778	7,159
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	855	608	1,704	1,339
Energy & Transportation | North America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,992	1,816	3,774	3,554
Energy & Transportation | Latin America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	250	197	506	446
Energy & Transportation | EAME | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1,196	929	2,289	1,982
Energy & Transportation | Asia/Pacific | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	682	599	1,209	1,177
Financial Products Segment
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenue from Related Parties	92	88	176	193
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	774	763	1,535	1,577
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	774	763	1,535	1,577
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	0	0	0	0
Financial Products Segment | North America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	488	493	964	1,018
Financial Products Segment | Latin America | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	65	60	127	130
Financial Products Segment | EAME | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	96	96	196	198
Financial Products Segment | Asia/Pacific | Reportable Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	125	114	248	231
All Other Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	128	115	258	224
All Other Operating Segments | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	34	28	72	56
All Other Operating Segments | Segment Reconciling Items
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	94	87	186	168
All Other Operating Segments | North America | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	11	7	24	12
All Other Operating Segments | Latin America | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	1	1	1	3
All Other Operating Segments | EAME | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	4	5	7	16
All Other Operating Segments | Asia/Pacific | Operating Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues	$ 18	$ 15	$ 40	$ 25

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Energy & Transportation sales (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	$ 12,889	$ 9,997	$ 24,776	$ 20,632
Energy & Transportation
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	4,120	3,541	7,778	7,159
Energy & Transportation | Oil And Gas Customer
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	1,137	1,027	2,052	1,888
Energy & Transportation | Power generation
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	1,052	895	2,015	1,749
Energy & Transportation | Industrial
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	899	678	1,712	1,479
Energy & Transportation | Transportation
Energy and transportation sales
Sales and revenues	$ 1,032	$ 941	$ 1,999	$ 2,043

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Reconciliations of consolidated profit before taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	$ 1,870	$ 678	$ 3,867	$ 2,191
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	2,359	1,442	4,632	3,093
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	1,024	518	2,059	1,158
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	361	152	689	456
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	731	624	1,397	1,226
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	243	148	487	253
Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(10)	(3)	(7)	4
Intersegment Eliminations | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	11	(23)	32	9
Intersegment Eliminations | Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(202)	(120)	(387)	(287)
Intersegment Eliminations | Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(124)	(24)	(190)	(51)
Intersegment Eliminations | Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(25)	(96)	(89)	(124)
Intersegment Eliminations | Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	7	(38)	7	(18)
Intersegment Eliminations | Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	86	(118)	154	285
Intersegment Eliminations | Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(69)	(67)	(111)	(114)
Intersegment Eliminations | Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(109)	(119)	(239)	(199)
Intersegment Eliminations | Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	50	(60)	236	(208)
Intersegment Eliminations | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	(72)	(80)	(121)	(172)
Intersegment Eliminations | Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Reclassifications before tax	$ (32)	$ (16)	$ (50)	$ (27)

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Reconciliation of assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	$ 81,697	$ 78,324
Intersegment Eliminations
Reconciliation of Assets
Inventory Methodology Difference	(2,707)	(2,536)
Intersegment Eliminations | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	10,028	8,822
Intersegment Eliminations | Deferred Income Taxes
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	1,352	1,413
Intersegment Eliminations | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	4,924	4,847
Intersegment Eliminations | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	3,110	2,833
Intersegment Eliminations | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	9,387	8,466
Intersegment Eliminations | Other
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	(356)	(392)
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	54,376	53,154
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	4,416	4,259
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	5,848	6,035
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	9,179	8,582
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	34,933	34,278
Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Assets	$ 1,583	$ 1,717

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Reconciliations of depreciation and amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	$ 587	$ 608	$ 1,173	$ 1,222
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	493	512	989	1,027
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	59	61	118	122
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	101	104	200	207
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	142	149	284	295
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	191	198	387	403
Intersegment Eliminations | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	60	63	122	125
Intersegment Eliminations | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	24	32	50	65
Intersegment Eliminations | Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization	$ 10	$ 1	$ 12	$ 5

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Reconciliations of capital expenditures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	$ 596	$ 450	$ 1,100	$ 998
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	574	464	934	835
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	36	28	64	48
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	34	36	57	53
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	143	144	224	231
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	361	256	589	503
Intersegment Eliminations | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	32	23	47	38
Intersegment Eliminations | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	0	6	19	15
Intersegment Eliminations | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	(15)	(14)	109	146
Intersegment Eliminations | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Segment Reporting Information, Expenditure for Additions Long-Lived Assets	$ 5	$ (29)	$ (9)	$ (36)

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Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details-Allowance for credit losses) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance	$ 437	$ 453	$ 475	$ 420
Write-offs	(68)	(36)	(102)	(73)
Recoveries	14	6	24	13
Provision for credit losses	13	86	3	146
Other	2	3	(2)	(6)
Ending balance	398	512	398	512
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated	222	223	222	223
Collectively evaluated	176	289	176	289
Ending Balance	398	512	398	512	$ 475
Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated	570	679	570	679
Collectively evaluated	21,941	21,174	21,941	21,174
Total Finance Receivables	22,511	21,853	22,511	21,853
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Credit losses
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance			0	12
Allowance for Credit Losses
Ending Balance					0
Customer
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance	393	408	431	375
Write-offs	(68)	(36)	(102)	(73)
Recoveries	14	6	24	13
Provision for credit losses	13	86	3	146
Other	2	3	(2)	(6)
Ending balance	354	467	354	467
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated	183	184	183	184
Collectively evaluated	171	283	171	283
Ending Balance	354	467	354	467	431
Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated	492	601	492	601
Collectively evaluated	19,356	17,869	19,356	17,869
Total Finance Receivables	19,848	18,470	19,848	18,470	19,238
Customer | Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Credit losses
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance			0	12
Allowance for Credit Losses
Ending Balance					0
Dealer
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance	44	45	44	45
Write-offs	0	0	0	0
Recoveries	0	0	0	0
Provision for credit losses	0	0	0	0
Other	0	0	0	0
Ending balance	44	45	44	45
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated	39	39	39	39
Collectively evaluated	5	6	5	6
Ending Balance	44	45	44	45	44
Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated	78	78	78	78
Collectively evaluated	2,585	3,305	2,585	3,305
Total Finance Receivables	$ 2,663	$ 3,383	2,663	3,383
Dealer | Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Credit losses
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Beginning balance			$ 0	$ 0
Allowance for Credit Losses
Ending Balance					$ 0

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities Cat Financing Activities (Details Credit quality- Customer Receivables Aging by origination year -Vintage disclosure) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020
Receivables [Abstract]
Period after which Unpaid Installments are Considered as Past Due	30 days
Dealer | Latin America | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2018 and 2017, respectively		$ 78
2017 and 2016, respectively	$ 78
Prior		3
Total Finance Receivables		81
Finance Receivables
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
Total Finance Receivables	22,511		$ 21,853
Finance Receivables | Customer
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	5,085	8,162
2020 and 2019, respectively	6,846	5,403
2019 and 2018, respectively	4,079	2,901
2018 and 2017, respectively	1,992	1,357
2017 and 2016, respectively	850	575
Prior	697	492
Revolving Finance Receivables	299	348
Total Finance Receivables	19,848	19,238	18,470
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	2,469	3,777
2020 and 2019, respectively	3,224	2,423
2019 and 2018, respectively	1,931	1,344
2018 and 2017, respectively	957	522
2017 and 2016, respectively	325	212
Prior	111	27
Revolving Finance Receivables	117	89
Total Finance Receivables	9,134	8,394
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	12	52
2020 and 2019, respectively	37	49
2019 and 2018, respectively	25	33
2018 and 2017, respectively	19	16
2017 and 2016, respectively	8	7
Prior	3	2
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	104	159
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	4	22
2020 and 2019, respectively	7	25
2019 and 2018, respectively	5	16
2018 and 2017, respectively	5	9
2017 and 2016, respectively	2	2
Prior	2	1
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	25	75
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	2	14
2020 and 2019, respectively	17	35
2019 and 2018, respectively	27	31
2018 and 2017, respectively	15	20
2017 and 2016, respectively	10	9
Prior	6	4
Revolving Finance Receivables	2	2
Total Finance Receivables	79	115
Finance Receivables | Customer | EAME | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	952	1,605
2020 and 2019, respectively	1,275	931
2019 and 2018, respectively	669	501
2018 and 2017, respectively	329	203
2017 and 2016, respectively	126	60
Prior	38	18
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	3,389	3,318
Finance Receivables | Customer | EAME | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	6	5
2020 and 2019, respectively	10	15
2019 and 2018, respectively	15	3
2018 and 2017, respectively	2	2
2017 and 2016, respectively	1	0
Prior	1	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	35	25
Finance Receivables | Customer | EAME | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	1
2020 and 2019, respectively	7	1
2019 and 2018, respectively	4	2
2018 and 2017, respectively	2	1
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	13	5
Finance Receivables | Customer | EAME | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	3	7
2020 and 2019, respectively	11	7
2019 and 2018, respectively	7	12
2018 and 2017, respectively	6	4
2017 and 2016, respectively	3	39
Prior	61	43
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	91	112
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia/Pacific | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	857	1,375
2020 and 2019, respectively	1,088	745
2019 and 2018, respectively	498	321
2018 and 2017, respectively	151	61
2017 and 2016, respectively	33	10
Prior	6	3
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	2,633	2,515
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia/Pacific | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	4	12
2020 and 2019, respectively	22	22
2019 and 2018, respectively	17	13
2018 and 2017, respectively	8	6
2017 and 2016, respectively	1	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	52	53
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia/Pacific | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	7
2020 and 2019, respectively	8	11
2019 and 2018, respectively	9	7
2018 and 2017, respectively	4	1
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	21	26
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia/Pacific | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	4
2020 and 2019, respectively	12	10
2019 and 2018, respectively	8	9
2018 and 2017, respectively	8	3
2017 and 2016, respectively	1	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	29	26
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	433	490
2020 and 2019, respectively	420	571
2019 and 2018, respectively	478	287
2018 and 2017, respectively	272	152
2017 and 2016, respectively	89	92
Prior	191	151
Revolving Finance Receivables	71	137
Total Finance Receivables	1,954	1,880
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	5
2020 and 2019, respectively	3	0
2019 and 2018, respectively	0	5
2018 and 2017, respectively	0	1
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	3	11
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	0
2020 and 2019, respectively	0	0
2019 and 2018, respectively	0	0
2018 and 2017, respectively	0	0
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	0	0
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	0
2020 and 2019, respectively	1	11
2019 and 2018, respectively	2	8
2018 and 2017, respectively	4	2
2017 and 2016, respectively	2	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	1
Total Finance Receivables	9	22
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	315	561
2020 and 2019, respectively	452	348
2019 and 2018, respectively	233	151
2018 and 2017, respectively	93	48
2017 and 2016, respectively	30	13
Prior	19	34
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	1,142	1,155
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	1	3
2020 and 2019, respectively	14	6
2019 and 2018, respectively	6	4
2018 and 2017, respectively	3	3
2017 and 2016, respectively	1	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	25	16
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	1
2020 and 2019, respectively	3	7
2019 and 2018, respectively	2	6
2018 and 2017, respectively	1	3
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	2
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	6	19
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	2
2020 and 2019, respectively	18	14
2019 and 2018, respectively	11	11
2018 and 2017, respectively	11	24
2017 and 2016, respectively	6	5
Prior	8	4
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	54	60
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | Current
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	27	217
2020 and 2019, respectively	215	172
2019 and 2018, respectively	132	111
2018 and 2017, respectively	82	273
2017 and 2016, respectively	209	99
Prior	180	117
Revolving Finance Receivables	109	119
Total Finance Receivables	954	1,108
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31-60 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	0
2020 and 2019, respectively	0	0
2019 and 2018, respectively	0	6
2018 and 2017, respectively	0	0
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	0	6
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61-90 days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	0
2020 and 2019, respectively	0	0
2019 and 2018, respectively	0	0
2018 and 2017, respectively	0	0
2017 and 2016, respectively	0	0
Prior	2	9
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	2	9
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91+ days past due
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
2021 and 2020, respectively	0	2
2020 and 2019, respectively	2	0
2019 and 2018, respectively	0	20
2018 and 2017, respectively	20	3
2017 and 2016, respectively	3	25
Prior	69	79
Revolving Finance Receivables	0	0
Total Finance Receivables	94	$ 129
Finance Receivables | Dealer
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator
Total Finance Receivables	$ 2,663		$ 3,383

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Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details Non-accrual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Receivables [Abstract]
Period after which Collection of Future Income is Considered as Not Probable			120 days
Dealer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Interest income recognized for finance receivables on non-accrual status	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Interest income recognized for finance receivables on non-accrual status	1	$ 1	6	$ 5
Finance Receivables | Dealer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	0		0		$ 0
Finance Receivables | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	349		349		466
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	3		3		20
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	33		33		49
Finance Receivables | North America | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	62		62		86
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	1		1		1
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	19		19		34
Finance Receivables | EAME | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	89		89		113
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	0		0		1
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	2		2		1
Finance Receivables | Asia/Pacific | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	19		19		13
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	1		1		0
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	11		11		13
Finance Receivables | Mining | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	9		9		21
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	1		1		1
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	0		0		0
Finance Receivables | Latin America | Dealer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	78		78		81
Finance Receivables | Latin America | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	57		57		63
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	0		0		0
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	1		1		1
Finance Receivables | Caterpillar Power Finance | Customer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual With an Allowance	113		113		170
Amortized Cost, Non-accrual Without an Allowance	0		0		17
Financing Receivable, 91 days past due and still accruing	$ 0		$ 0		$ 0

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details TDR) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) Contracts
Customer
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	$ 26	$ 71	$ 37	$ 73
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	26	71	31	73
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	17	0	27	11
Customer | North America
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	4	9	4	9
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	4	9	4	9
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	0	0	1	0
Customer | EMEA
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	0	0	0	10
Customer | Asia/Pacific
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	0	8	0	8
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	0	8	0	8
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	2	0	6	0
Customer | Mining
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	0	17	11	17
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	0	17	5	17
Customer | Latin America
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	6	0	6	2
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	6	0	6	2
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	15	0	15	1
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Pre-TDR Amortized Cost	16	37	16	37
Post-TDR Amortized Cost	16	37	16	37
TDRs which had been modified within twelve months of the default date
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring, Subsequent Default	$ 0	$ 0	$ 5	$ 0
Dealer
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	0	0	0	0

XML

Fair Value Disclosures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	$ 1,691	$ 1,683
Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,691	1,683
Equity Securities, FV-NI	426	405
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	221	(17)
Total Assets	2,338	2,088
Liabilities
Total Liabilities		17
U.S. treasury bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	10	10
U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	10	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	58	59
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	58	59
Corporate bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,028	1,012
Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,028	1,012
Asset-backed securities
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	152	159
Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	152	159
U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	355	374
Residential
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	5	5
Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	5	5
Commercial
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	83	64
Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	83	64
Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	234	199
Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	40	58
REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	152	148
Level 1 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	10	10
Equity Securities, FV-NI	274	257
Total Assets	284	267
Level 1 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	10	10
Level 1 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	234	199
Level 1 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	40	58
Level 2 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,681	1,673
Derivative Assets (Liabilities), at Fair Value, Net	221	(17)
Total Assets	1,902	1,673
Liabilities
Total Liabilities		17
Level 2 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	58	59
Level 2 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,028	1,012
Level 2 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	152	159
Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	355	374
Level 2 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	5	5
Level 2 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	83	64
Fair Value Measured on Net Asset Value (NAV) | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	152	148
Total Assets	152	148
Fair Value Measured on Net Asset Value (NAV) | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity Securities, FV-NI	152	148
Financial Products | Level 3 | Nonrecurring basis
Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value
Loans carried at fair value	$ 157	$ 243

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Fair Value Disclosures (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$ 10,831	$ 9,352
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	4	10
Financial Products
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,421	2,005
Carrying Amount
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	10,831	9,352
Restricted cash and short-term investments	236	14
Investments in debt and equity securities	2,117	2,088
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	14,275	14,028
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	832	929
Foreign currency contracts-net	133	0
Interest rate contracts asset-net	30	58
Commodity contracts-net	58	37
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,425	2,015
Foreign currency contracts-net	0	112
Guarantees	5	5
Carrying Amount | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	9,802	11,169
Carrying Amount | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	24,358	23,979
Carrying amount of assets excluded from measurement at fair value
Liabilities
Excluded items: Finance leases and failed sale leasebacks, Carrying Value	8,147	7,961
Level 1 | Fair Value
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	10,831	9,352
Restricted cash and short-term investments	236	14
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	3,425	2,015
Level 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Foreign currency contracts-net	133	0
Interest rate contracts asset-net	30	58
Commodity contracts-net	58	37
Liabilities
Foreign currency contracts-net	0	112
Level 2 | Fair Value | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	12,544	14,549
Level 2 | Fair Value | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	24,811	24,614
Level 3 | Fair Value
Assets
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	14,452	14,357
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	806	911
Liabilities
Guarantees	5	5
Level1 and 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Investments in debt and equity securities	$ 2,117	$ 2,088

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Other income (expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Investment and interest income	$ 21	$ 27	$ 44	$ 70
Foreign exchange gains (losses)	(32)	(4)	63	(79)
License fee income	32	23	57	48
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	111	(63)	222	270
Gains (losses) on securities	17	37	42	(21)
Miscellaneous income (loss)	52	9	98	(37)
Total	201	29	526	251
Other income (expense) [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of pension obligations		(122)	0	132
Foreign Plan
Other income (expense) [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of pension obligations	$ 0	$ (120)	$ 0	$ 134

XML

Restructuring Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	$ 25	$ 147	$ 89	$ 184
Employee Separation Charges [Roll Forward]
Restructuring Reserve, Beginning Balance			164	48
Restructuring Reserve, Ending Balance	144	87	144	87
Increase in liability (separation charges)			62	134
Payments for Restructuring			(82)	(95)
Construction Industries [Member]
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	0	4	0	5
Resource Industries
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	0	15	0	16
Energy & Transportation
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	0	17	0	21
Financial Products Segment
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	0	1	0	1
Employee separations | Other Operating Income (Expense)
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	17	123	62	134
Contract terminations | Other Operating Income (Expense)
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	0	2	0	3
Long-lived asset impairments | Other Operating Income (Expense)
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	(7)	14	4	23
Other | Cost of Sales
Restructuring and Related Cost
Restructuring costs	$ 15	$ 8	$ 23	$ 24

XML

Acquisitions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		6 Months Ended
	Feb. 01, 2021	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2020
Acquisitions
Net cash paid for acquisition		$ 398	$ 49
SPM Oil & Gas
Acquisitions
Net cash paid for acquisition	$ 361
Assets acquired
Tangible assets acquired	518
Cash	22
Business Combination, Lease Asset	105
Receivables	101
Inventory	159
Property, plant and equipment	$ 117
Finite-lived intangible assets, weighed average useful life (in years)	8 years
Finite-lived intangible assets acquired	$ 23
Business Combination, Goodwill	29
Liabilities assumed
Business Combination, Accounts Payable	33
Total liabilities assumed	187
Business Combination, Lease Obligation	$ 105