Restructuring Costs (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring and related costs

Restructuring costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30
	2018		2017
Employee separations 1	$	44	$	8
Contract terminations 1	—		6
Long-lived asset impairments 1	18		31
Other 2	48		45
Total restructuring costs	$	110	$	90
	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2018		2017
Employee separations 1	$	121	$	514
Contract terminations 1	—		32
Long-lived asset impairments 1	49		306
Defined benefit plan curtailments and termination benefits 3	—		29
Other 2	123		130
Total restructuring costs	$	293	$	1,011
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, project management costs, equipment relocation, inventory write-downs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.
3 Recognized in Other income (expense).

Summary of separation activity

The following table summarizes the 2017 and 2018 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)
Liability balance at December 31, 2016	$	147
Increase in liability (separation charges)	525
Reduction in liability (payments)	(423		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2017	$	249
Increase in liability (separation charges)	121
Reduction in liability (payments)	(233		)
Liability balance at September 30, 2018	$	137